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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13614 ***
+
+STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME V
+
+   Erotic Symbolism
+   The Mechanism of Detumescence
+   The Psychic State in Pregnancy
+
+by
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS
+
+1927
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In this volume the terminal phenomena of the sexual process are discussed,
+before an attempt is finally made, in the concluding volume, to consider
+the bearings of the psychology of sex on that part of morals which may be
+called "social hygiene."
+
+Under "Erotic Symbolism" I include practically all the aberrations of the
+sexual instinct, although some of these have seemed of sufficient
+importance for separate discussion in previous volumes. It is highly
+probable that many readers will consider that the name scarcely suffices
+to cover manifestations so numerous and so varied. The term "sexual
+equivalents" will seem preferable to some. While, however, it may be fully
+admitted that these perversions are "sexual equivalents"--or at all events
+equivalents of the normal sexual impulse--that term is merely a
+descriptive label which tells us nothing of the phenomena. "Sexual
+Symbolism" gives us the key to the process, the key that makes all these
+perversions intelligible. In all of them--very clearly in some, as in
+shoe-fetichism; more obscurely in others, as in exhibitionism--it has come
+about by causes congenital, acquired, or both, that some object or class
+of objects, some act or group of acts, has acquired a dynamic power over
+the psycho-physical mechanism of the sexual process, deflecting it from
+its normal adjustment to the whole of a beloved person of the opposite
+sex. There has been a transmutation of values, and certain objects,
+certain acts, have acquired an emotional value which for the normal person
+they do not possess. Such objects and acts are properly, it seems to me,
+termed symbols, and that term embodies the only justification that in most
+cases these manifestations can legitimately claim.
+
+"The Mechanism of Detumescence" brings us at last to the final climax for
+which the earlier and more prolonged stage of tumescence, which has
+occupied us so often in these _Studies_, is the elaborate preliminary.
+"The art of love," a clever woman novelist has written, "is the art of
+preparation." That "preparation" is, on the physiological side, the
+production of tumescence, and all courtship is concerned in building up
+tumescence. But the final conjugation of two individuals in an explosion
+of detumescence, thus slowly brought about, though it is largely an
+involuntary act, is still not without its psychological implications and
+consequences; and it is therefore a matter for regret that so little is
+yet known about it. The one physiological act in which two individuals are
+lifted out of all ends that center in self and become the instrument of
+those higher forces which fashion the species, can never be an act to be
+slurred over as trivial or unworthy of study.
+
+In the brief study of "The Psychic State in Pregnancy" we at last touch
+the point at which the whole complex process of sex reaches its goal. A
+woman with a child in her womb is the everlasting miracle which all the
+romance of love, all the cunning devices of tumescence and detumescence,
+have been invented to make manifest. The psychic state of the woman who
+thus occupies the supreme position which life has to offer cannot fail to
+be of exceeding interest from many points of view, and not least because
+the maternal instinct is one of the elements even of love between the
+sexes. But the psychology of pregnancy is full of involved problems, and
+here again, as so often in the wide field we have traversed, we stand at
+the threshold of a door it is not yet given us to pass.
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS.
+
+Carbis Water, Lelant, Cornwall.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+EROTIC SYMBOLISM.
+
+I.
+
+The Definition of Erotic Symbolism. Symbolism of Act and Symbolism of
+Object. Erotic Fetichism. Wide Extension of the Symbols of Sex. The
+Immense Variety of Possible Erotic Fetiches. The Normal Foundations of
+Erotic Symbolism. Classification of the Phenomena. The Tendency to
+Idealize the Defects of a Beloved Person. Stendhal's "Crystallization".
+
+II.
+
+Foot-fetichism and Shoe-fetichism. Wide Prevalence and Normal Basis.
+Restif de la Bretonne. The Foot a Normal Focus of Sexual Attraction Among
+Some Peoples. The Chinese, Greeks, Romans, Spaniards, etc. The Congenital
+Predisposition in Erotic Symbolism. The Influence of Early Association and
+Emotional Shock. Shoe-fetichism in Relation to Masochism. The Two
+Phenomena Independent Though Allied. The Desire to be Trodden On. The
+Fascination of Physical Constraint. The Symbolism of Self-inflicted Pain.
+The Dynamic Element in Erotic Symbolism. The Symbolism of Garments.
+
+III.
+
+Scatalogic Symbolism. Urolagnia. Coprolagnia. The Ascetic Attitude Towards
+the Flesh. Normal Basis of Scatalogic Symbolism. Scatalogic Conceptions
+Among Primitive Peoples. Urine as a Primitive Holy Water. Sacredness of
+Animal Excreta. Scatalogy in Folk-lore. The Obscene as Derived from the
+Mythological. The Immature Sexual Impulse Tends to Manifest Itself in
+Scatalogic Forms. The Basis of Physiological Connection Between the
+Urinary and Genital Spheres. Urinary Fetichism Sometimes Normal in
+Animals. The Urolagnia of Masochists. The Scatalogy of Saints. Urolagnia
+More Often a Symbolism of Act Than a Symbolism of Object. Only
+Occasionally an Olfactory Fetichism. Comparative Rarity of Coprolagnia.
+Influence of Nates Fetichism as a Transition to Coprolagnia, Ideal
+Coprolagnia. Olfactory Coprolagnia. Urolagnia and Coprolagnia as Symbols
+of Coitus.
+
+IV.
+
+Animals as Sources of Erotic Symbolism. Mixoscopic Zoophilia. The
+Stuff-fetichisms. Hair-fetichism. The Stuff-fetichisms Mainly on a Tactile
+Base. Erotic Zoophilia. Zooerastia. Bestiality. The Conditions that Favor
+Bestiality. Its Wide Prevalence Among Primitive Peoples and Among
+Peasants. The Primitive Conception of Animals. The Goat. The Influence of
+Familiarity With Animals. Congress Between Women and Animals. The Social
+Reaction Against Bestiality.
+
+V.
+
+Exhibitionism. Illustrative Cases. A Symbolic Perversion of Courtship. The
+Impulse to Defile. The Exhibitionist's Psychic Attitude. The Sexual Organs
+as Fetiches. Phallus Worship. Adolescent Pride in Sexual Development.
+Exhibitionism of the Nates. The Classification of the Forms of
+Exhibitionism. Nature of the Relationship of Exhibitionism to Epilepsy.
+
+VI.
+
+The Forms of Erotic Symbolism are Simulacra of Coitus. Wide Extension of
+Erotic Symbolism. Fetichism Not Covering the Whole Ground of Sexual
+Selection. It is Based on the Individual Factor in Selection.
+Crystallization. The Lover and the Artist. The Key to Erotic Symbolism is
+to be Found in the Emotional Sphere. The Passage to Pathological Extremes.
+
+
+
+THE MECHANISM OF DETUMESCENCE.
+
+I.
+
+The Psychological Significance of Detumescence. The Testis and the Ovary.
+Sperm Cell and Germ Cell. Development of the Embryo. The External Sexual
+Organs. Their Wide Range of Variation. Their Nervous Supply. The Penis.
+Its Racial Variations. The Influence of Exercise. The Scrotum and
+Testicles. The Mons Veneris. The Vulva. The Labia Majora and their
+Varieties. The Public Hair and Its Characters. The Clitoris and Its
+Functions. The Anus as an Erogenous Zone. The Nymphæ and their Function.
+The Vagina. The Hymen. Virginity. The Biological Significance of the
+Hymen.
+
+II.
+
+The Object of Detumescence. Erogenous Zones. The Lips. The Vascular
+Characters of Detumescence. Erectile Tissue. Erection in Woman. Mucous
+Emission in Women. Sexual Connection. The Human Mode of Intercourse.
+Normal Variations. The Motor Characters of Detumescence. Ejaculation. The
+Virile Reflex. The General Phenomena of Detumescence. The Circulatory and
+Respiratory Phenomena. Blood Pressure. Cardiac Disturbance. Glandular
+Activity. Distillatio. The Essentially Motor Character of Detumescence.
+Involuntary Muscular Irradiation to Bladder, etc. Erotic Intoxication.
+Analogy of Sexual Detumescence and Vesical Tension. The Specifically
+Sexual Movements of Detumescence in Man. In Woman. The Spontaneous
+Movements of the Genital Canal in Woman. Their Function in Conception.
+Part Played by Active Movement of the Spermatozoa. The Artificial
+Injection of Semen. The Facial Expression During Detumescence. The
+Expression of Joy. The Occasional Serious Effects of Coitus.
+
+III.
+
+The Constituents of Semen. Function of the Prostate. The Properties of
+Semen. Aphrodisiacs. Alcohol, Opium, etc. Anaphrodisiacs. The Stimulant
+Influence of Semen in Coitus. The Internal Effects of Testicular
+Secretions. The Influence of Ovarian Secretion.
+
+IV.
+
+The Aptitude for Detumescence. Is There an Erotic Temperament? The
+Available Standards of Comparison. Characteristics of the Castrated.
+Characteristics of Puberty. Characteristics of the State of Detumescence.
+Shortness of Stature. Development of the Secondary Sexual Characters. Deep
+Voice. Bright Eyes. Glandular Activity. Everted Lips. Pigmentation.
+Profuse Hair. Dubious Significance of Many of These Characters.
+
+
+THE PSYCHIC STATE IN PREGNANCY.
+
+The Relationship of Maternal and Sexual Emotion. Conception and Loss of
+Virginity. The Anciently Accepted Signs of This Condition. The Pervading
+Effects of Pregnancy on the Organism. Pigmentation. The Blood and
+Circulation. The Thyroid. Changes in the Nervous System. The Vomiting of
+Pregnancy. The Longings of Pregnant Women. Mental Impressions. Evidence
+for and Against Their Validity. The Question Still Open. Imperfection of
+Our Knowledge. The Significance of Pregnancy.
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+Histories of Sexual Development.
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+
+
+
+EROTIC SYMBOLISM.
+
+I.
+
+The Definition of Erotic Symbolism--Symbolism of Act and Symbolism of
+Object--Erotic Fetichism--Wide extension of the symbols of Sex--The
+Immense Variety of Possible Erotic Fetiches--The Normal Foundations of
+Erotic Symbolism--Classification of the Phenomena--The Tendency to
+Idealize the Defects of a Beloved Person--Stendhal's "Crystallization."
+
+
+By "erotic symbolism" I mean that tendency whereby the lover's attention
+is diverted from the central focus of sexual attraction to some object or
+process which is on the periphery of that focus, or is even outside of it
+altogether, though recalling it by association of contiguity or of
+similarity. It thus happens that tumescence, or even in extreme cases
+detumescence, may be provoked by the contemplation of acts or objects
+which are away from the end of sexual conjugation.[1]
+
+In considering the phenomena of sexual selection in a previous volume,[2]
+it was found that there are four or five main factors in the constitution
+of beauty in so far as beauty determines sexual selection. Erotic
+symbolism is founded on the factor of individual taste in beauty; it
+arises as a specialized development of that factor, but it is,
+nevertheless, incorrect to merge it in sexual selection. The attractive
+characteristics of a beloved woman or man, from the point of view of
+sexual selection, are a complex but harmonious whole leading up to a
+desire for the complete possession of the person who displays them. There
+is no tendency to isolate and dissociate any single character from the
+individual and to concentrate attention upon that character at the expense
+of the attention bestowed upon the individual generally. As soon as such a
+tendency begins to show itself, even though only in a slight or temporary
+form, we may say that there is erotic symbolism.
+
+Erotic symbolism is, however, by no means confined to the individualizing
+tendency to concentrate amorous attention upon some single characteristic
+of the adult woman or man who is normally the object of sexual love. The
+adult human being may not be concerned at all, the attractive object or
+act may not even be human, not even animal, and we may still be concerned
+with a symbol which has parasitically rooted itself on the fruitful site
+of sexual emotion and absorbed to itself the energy which normally goes
+into the channels of healthy human love having for its final end the
+procreation of the species. Thus understood in its widest sense, it may be
+said that every sexual perversion, even homosexuality, is a form of erotic
+symbolism, for we shall find that in every case some object or act that
+for the normal human being has little or no erotic value, has assumed such
+value in a supreme degree; that is to say, it has become a symbol of the
+normal object of love. Certain perversions are, however, of such great
+importance on account of their wide relationships, that they cannot be
+adequately discussed merely as forms of erotic symbolism. This is notably
+the case as regards homosexuality, auto-erotism, and algolagnia, all of
+which phenomena have therefore been separately discussed in previous
+studies. We are now mainly concerned with manifestations which are more
+narrowly and exclusively symbolical.
+
+A portion of the field of erotic symbolism is covered by what Binet
+(followed by Lombroso, Krafft-Ebing, and others) has termed "erotic
+fetichism," or the tendency whereby sexual attraction is unduly exerted by
+some special part or peculiarity of the body, or by some inanimate object
+which has become associated with it. Such erotic symbolism of object
+cannot, however, be dissociated from the even more important erotic
+symbolism of process, and the two are so closely bound together that we
+cannot attain a truly scientific view of them until we regard them broadly
+as related parts of a common psychic tendency. If, as Groos asserts,[3] a
+symbol has two chief meanings, one in which it indicates a physical
+process which stands for a psychic process, and another in which it
+indicates a part which represents the whole, erotic symbolism of act
+corresponds to the first of these chief meanings, and erotic symbolism of
+object to the other.
+
+Although it is not impossible to find some germs of erotic symbolism in
+animals, in its more pronounced manifestations it is only found in the
+human species. It could not be otherwise, for such symbolism involves not
+only the play of fancy and imagination, the idealizing aptitude, but also
+a certain amount of power of concentrating the attention on a point
+outside the natural path of instinct and the ability to form new mental
+constructions around that point. There are, indeed, as we shall see,
+elementary forms of erotic symbolism which are not uncommonly associated
+with feeble-mindedness, but even these are still peculiarly human, and in
+its less crude manifestations erotic symbolism easily lends itself to
+every degree of human refinement and intelligence.
+
+    "It depends primarily upon an increase of the psychological
+    process of representation," Colin Scott remarks of sexual
+    symbolism generally, "involving greater powers of comparison and
+    analysis as compared with the lower animals. The outer
+    impressions come to be clearly distinguished as such, but at the
+    same time are often treated as symbols of inner experiences, and
+    a meaning read into them which they would not otherwise possess.
+    Symbolism or fetichism is, indeed, just the capacity to see
+    meaning, to emphasize something for the sake of other things
+    which do not appear. In brain terms it indicates an activity of
+    the higher centers, a sort of side-tracking or long-circuiting of
+    the primitive energy; ... Rosetti's poem, 'The Woodspurge,'
+    gives a concrete example of the formation of such a symbol. Here
+    the otherwise insignificant presentation of the three-cupped
+    woodspurge, representing originally a mere side-current of the
+    stream of consciousness, becomes the intellectual symbol or
+    fetich of the whole psychosis forever after. It seems, indeed, as
+    if the stronger the emotion the more likely will become the
+    formation of an overlying symbolism, which serves to focus and
+    stand in the place of something greater than itself; nowhere at
+    least is symbolism a more characteristic feature than as an
+    expression of the sexual instinct. The passion of sex, with its
+    immense hereditary background, in early man became centered often
+    upon the most trivial and unimportant features.... This
+    symbolism, now become fetichistic, or symbolic in a bad sense, is
+    at least an exercise of the increasing representative power of
+    man, upon which so much of his advancement has depended, while it
+    also served to express and help to purify his most perennial
+    emotion." (Colin Scott, "Sex and Art," _American Journal of
+    Psychology_, vol. vii, No. 2, p. 189.)
+
+In the study of "Love and Pain" in a previous volume, the analysis of the
+large and complex mass of sexual phenomena which are associated with pain,
+gradually resolved them to a considerable extent into a special case of
+erotic symbolism; pain or restraint, whether inflicted on or by the loved
+person, becomes, by a psychic process that is usually unconscious, the
+symbol of the sexual mechanism, and hence arouses the same emotions as
+that mechanism normally arouses. We may now attempt to deal more broadly
+and comprehensively with the normal and abnormal aspects of erotic
+symbolism in some of their most typical and least mixed forms.
+
+"When our human imagination seeks to animate artificial things," Huysmans
+writes in _Là-bas_, "it is compelled to reproduce the movements of animals
+in the act of propagation. Look at machines, at the play of pistons in the
+cylinders; they are Romeos of steel in Juliets of cast-iron." And not only
+in the work of man's hands but throughout Nature we find sexual symbols
+which are the less deniable since, for the most part, they make not the
+slightest appeal to even the most morbid human imagination. Language is
+full of metaphorical symbols of sex which constantly tend to lose their
+poetic symbolism and to become commonplace. Semen is but seed, and for the
+Latins especially the whole process of human sex, as well as the male and
+female organs, constantly presented itself in symbols derived from
+agricultural and horticultural life. The testicles were beans (_fabæ_) and
+fruit or apples (_poma_ and _mala_); the penis was a tree (_arbor_), or a
+stalk (_thyrsus_), or a root (_radix_), or a sickle (_falx_), or a
+ploughshare (_vomer_). The semen, again, was dew (_ros_). The labia majora
+or minora were wings (_alæ_); the vulva and vagina were a field (_ager_
+and _campus_), or a ploughed furrow (_sulcus_), or a vineyard (_vinea_),
+or a fountain (_fons_), while the pudendal hair was herbage
+(_plantaria_).[4] In other languages it is not difficult to trace similar
+and even identical imagery applied to sexual organs and sexual acts. Thus
+it is noteworthy that Shakespeare more than once applies the term
+"ploughed" to a woman who has had sexual intercourse. The Talmud calls the
+labia minora the doors, the labia majora hinges, and the clitoris the key.
+The Greeks appear not only to have found in the myrtle-berry, the fruit of
+a plant sacred to Venus, the image of the clitoris, but also in the rose
+an image of the feminine labia; in the poetic literature of many
+countries, indeed, this imagery of the rose may be traced in a more or
+less veiled manner.[5]
+
+The widespread symbolism of sex arose in the theories and conceptions of
+primitive peoples concerning the function of generation and its nearest
+analogies in Nature; it was continued for the sake of the vigorous and
+expressive terminology which it furnished both for daily life and for
+literature; its final survivals were cultivated because they furnished a
+delicately æsthetic method of approaching matters which a growing
+refinement of sentiment made it difficult for lovers and poets to approach
+in a more crude and direct manner. Its existence is of interest to us now
+because it shows the objective validity of the basis on which erotic
+symbolism, as we have here to understand it, develops. But from first to
+last it is a distinct phenomenon, having a more or less reasoned and
+intellectual basis, and it scarcely serves in any degree to feed the
+sexual impulse. Erotic symbolism is not intellectual but emotional in its
+origin; it starts into being, obscurely, with but a dim consciousness or
+for the most part none at all, either suddenly from the shock of some
+usually youthful experience, or more gradually through an instinctive
+brooding on those things which are most intimately associated with a
+sexually desirable person.
+
+    The kind of soil on which the germs of erotic symbolism may
+    develop is well seen in cases of sexual hyperæsthesia. In such
+    cases all the emotionally sexual analogies and resemblances,
+    which in erotic symbolism are fixed and organized, may be traced
+    in vague and passing forms, a single hyperæsthetic individual
+    perhaps presenting a great variety of germinal symbolisms.
+
+    Thus it has been recorded of an Italian nun (whose sister became
+    a prostitute) that from the age of 8 she had desire for coitus,
+    from the age of 10 masturbated, and later had homosexual
+    feelings, that the same feelings and practices continued after
+    she had taken the veil, though from time to time they assumed
+    religious equivalents. The mere contact, indeed, of a priest's
+    hand, the news of the presentation of an ecclesiastic she had
+    known to a bishopric, the sight of an ape, the contemplation of
+    the crucified Christ, the figure of a toy, the picture of a
+    demon, the act of defecation in the children entrusted to her
+    care (whom, on this account, and against the regulations, she
+    would accompany to the closets), especially the sight and the
+    mere recollection of flies in sexual connection--all these things
+    sufficed to produce in her a powerful orgasm. (_Archivio di
+    Psichiatria_, 1902, fasc. II-III, p. 338.)
+
+    A boy of 15 (given to masturbation), studied by Macdonald in
+    America, was similarly hyperæsthetic to the symbols of sexual
+    emotion. "I like amusing myself with my comrades," he told
+    Macdonald, "rolling ourselves into a ball, which gives one a
+    funny kind of warmth. I have a special pleasure in talking about
+    some things. It is the same when the governess kisses me on
+    saying good night or when I lean against her breast. I have that
+    sensation, too, when I see some of the pictures in the comic
+    papers, but only in those representing a woman, as when a young
+    man skating trips up a girl so that her clothes are raised a
+    little. When I read how a man saved a young girl from drowning,
+    so that they swam together, I had the same sensation. Looking at
+    the statues of women in the museum produces the same effect, or
+    when I see naked babies, or when a mother suckles a child. I
+    have often had that sensation when reading novels I ought not to
+    read, or when looking at a new-born calf, or seeing dogs and cows
+    and horses mounting on each other. When I see a girl flirting
+    with a boy, or leaning on his shoulder or with his arm round her
+    waist, I have an erection. It is the same when I see women and
+    little girls in bathing costume, or when boys talk of what their
+    fathers and mothers do together. In the Natural History Museum I
+    often see things which give me that sensation. One day when I
+    read how a man killed a young girl and carried her into a wood
+    and undressed her I had a feeling of enjoyment. When I read of
+    men who were bastards the idea of a woman having a child in that
+    way gives me this sensation. Some dances, and seeing young girls
+    astride a horse, excited me, too, and so in a circus when a woman
+    was shot out of a cannon and her skirts flew in the air. It has
+    no effect on me when I see men naked. Sometimes I enjoy seeing
+    women's underclothes in a shop, or when I see a lady or a girl
+    buying them, especially if they are drawers. When I saw a lady in
+    a dress which buttoned from top to bottom it had more effect on
+    me than seeing underclothes. Seeing dogs coupling gives me more
+    pleasure than looking at pretty women, but less than looking at
+    pretty little girls." In order of increasing intensity he placed
+    the phenomena that affected him thus: The coupling of flies, then
+    of horses, then the sight of women's undergarments, then a boy
+    and a girl flirting, then cows mounting on each other, the
+    statues of women with naked breasts, then contact with the
+    governess's body and breasts, finally coitus. (Arthur Macdonald,
+    _Le Criminel-Type_, pp. 126 et seq.)
+
+    It is worthy of remark that the instinct of nutrition, when
+    restrained, may exhibit something of an analogous symbolism,
+    though in a minor degree, to that of sex. The ways in which a
+    hyperæsthetic hunger may seek its symbols are illustrated in the
+    case of a young woman called Nadia, who during several years was
+    carefully studied by Janet. It is a case of obsession ("maladie
+    du scrupule"), simulating hysterical anorexia, in which the
+    patient, for fear of getting fat, reduced her nourishment to the
+    smallest possible amount. "Nadia is generally hungry, even very
+    hungry. One can tell this by her actions; from time to time she
+    forgets herself to such an extent as to devour greedily anything
+    she can put her hands on. At other times, when she cannot resist
+    the desire to eat, she secretly takes a biscuit. She feels
+    horrible remorse for the action, but, all the same, she does it
+    again. Her confidences are very curious. She recognizes that a
+    great effort is needed to avoid eating, and considers she is a
+    heroine to resist so long. 'Sometimes I spent whole hours in
+    thinking about food, I was so hungry; I swallowed my saliva, I
+    bit my handkerchief, I rolled on the floor, I wanted to eat so
+    badly. I would look in books for descriptions of meals and
+    feasts, and tried to deceive my hunger by imagining that I was
+    sharing all these good things,'" (P. Janet, "La Maladie du
+    Scrupule," _Revue Philosophique_, May, 1901, p. 502.) The
+    deviations of the instinct of nutrition are, however, confined
+    within narrow limits, and, in the nature of things, hunger,
+    unlike sexual desire, cannot easily accept a fetich.
+
+"There is almost no feature, article of dress, attitude, act," Stanley
+Hall declares, "or even animal or perhaps object in nature, that may not
+have to some morbid soul specialized erogenic and erethic power."[6] Even
+a mere shadow may become a fetich. Goron tells of a merchant in Paris--a
+man with a reputation for ability, happily married and the father of a
+family, altogether irreproachable in his private life--who was returning
+home one evening after a game of billiards with a friend, when, on
+chancing to raise his eyes, he saw against a lighted window the shadow of
+a woman changing her chemise. He fell in love with that shadow and
+returned to the spot every evening for many months to gaze at the window.
+Yet--and herein lies the fetichism--he made no attempt to see the woman or
+to find out who she was; the shadow sufficed; he had no need of the
+realty.[7] It is even possible to have a negative fetich, the absence of
+some character being alone demanded, and the case has been recorded in
+Chicago of an American gentleman of average intelligence, education, and
+good habits who, having as a boy cherished a pure affection for a girl
+whose leg had been amputated, throughout life was relatively impotent with
+normal women, but experienced passion and affection for women who had lost
+a leg; he was found by his wife to be in extensive correspondence with
+one-legged women all over the country, expending no little money on the
+purchase of artificial legs for his various protegées.[8]
+
+It is important to remember, however, that while erotic symbolism becomes
+fantastic and abnormal in its extreme manifestations, it is in its
+essence absolutely normal. It is only in the very grossest forms of sexual
+desire that it is altogether absent. Stendhal described the mental side of
+the process of tumescence as a crystallization, a process whereby certain
+features of the beloved person present points around which the emotions
+held in solution in the lover's mind may concentrate and deposit
+themselves in dazzling brilliance. This process inevitably tends to take
+place around all those features and objects associated with the beloved
+person which have most deeply impressed the lover's mind, and the more
+sensitive and imaginative and emotional he is the more certainly will such
+features and objects crystallize into erotic symbols. "Devotion and love,"
+wrote Mary Wollstonecraft, "may be allowed to hallow the garments as well
+as the person, for the lover must want fancy who has not a sort of sacred
+respect for the glove or slipper of his mistress. He would not confound
+them with vulgar things of the same kind." And nearly two centuries
+earlier Burton, who had gathered together so much of the ancient lore of
+love, clearly asserted the entirely normal character of erotic symbolism.
+"Not one of a thousand falls in love," he declares, "but there is some
+peculiar part or other which pleaseth most, and inflames him above the
+rest.... If he gets any remnant of hers, a busk-point, a feather of her
+fan, a shoe-tie, a lace, a ring, a bracelet of hair, he wears it for a
+favor on his arm, in his hat, finger, or next his heart; as Laodamia did
+by Protesilaus, when he went to war, sit at home with his picture before
+her: a garter or a bracelet of hers is more precious than any Saint's
+Relique, he lays it up in his casket (O blessed Relique) and every day
+will kiss it: if in her presence his eye is never off her, and drink he
+will where she drank, if it be possible, in that very place," etc.[9]
+
+    Burton's accuracy in describing the ways of lovers in his century
+    is shown by a passage in Hamilton's _Mémoires de Gramont_. Miss
+    Price, one of the beauties of Charles II's court, and Dongan were
+    tenderly attached to each other; when the latter died he left
+    behind a casket full of all possible sorts of love-tokens
+    pertaining to his mistress, including, among other things, "all
+    kinds of hair." And as regards France, Burton's contemporary,
+    Howell, wrote in 1627 in his _Familiar Letters_ concerning the
+    repulse of the English at Rhé: "A captain told me that when they
+    were rifling the dead bodies of the French gentlemen after the
+    first invasion they found that many of them had their mistresses'
+    favors tied about their genitories."
+
+    Schurig (_Spermatologia_, p. 357) at the beginning of the
+    eighteenth century knew a Belgian lady who, when her dearly loved
+    husband died, secretly cut off his penis and treasured it as a
+    sacred relic in a silver casket. She eventually powdered it, he
+    adds, and found it an efficacious medicine for herself and
+    others. An earlier example, of a lady at the French court who
+    embalmed and perfumed the genital organs of her dead husband,
+    always preserving them in a gold casket, is mentioned by
+    Brantôme. Mantegazza knew a man who kept for many years on his
+    desk the skull of his dead mistress, making it his dearest
+    companion. "Some," he remarks, "have slept for months and years
+    with a book, a garment, a trifle. I once had a friend who would
+    spend long hours of joy and emotion kissing a thread of silk
+    which _she_ had held between her fingers, now the only relic of
+    love." (Mantegazza, _Fisiologia dell' Amore_, cap. X.) In the
+    same way I knew a lady who in old age still treasured in her
+    desk, as the one relic of the only man she had ever been
+    attracted to, a fragment of paper he had casually twisted up in a
+    conversation with her half a century before.
+
+The tendency to treasure the relics of a beloved person, more especially
+the garments, is the simplest and commonest foundation of erotic
+symbolism. It is without doubt absolutely normal. It is inevitable that
+those objects which have been in close contact with the beloved person's
+body, and are intimately associated with that person in the lover's mind,
+should possess a little of the same virtue, the same emotional potency. It
+is a phenomenon closely analogous to that by which the relics of saints
+are held to possess a singular virtue. But it becomes somewhat less normal
+when the garment is regarded as essential even in the presence of the
+beloved person.[10]
+
+While an extremely large number of objects and acts may be found to
+possess occasionally the value of erotic symbols, such symbols most
+frequently fall into certain well-defined groups. A vast number of
+isolated objects or acts may be exceptionally the focus of erotic
+contemplation, but the objects and acts which frequently become thus
+symbolic are comparatively few.
+
+It seems to me that the phenomena of erotic symbolism may be most
+conveniently grouped in three great classes, on the basis of the objects
+or acts which arouse them.
+
+I. PARTS OF THE BODY.--_A. Normal:_ Hand, foot, breasts, nates, hair,
+secretions and excretions, etc.
+
+_B. Abnormal:_ Lameness, squinting, pitting of smallpox, etc. Paidophilia
+or the love of children, presbyophilia or the love of the aged, and
+necrophilia or the attraction for corpses, may be included under this
+head, as well as the excitement caused by various animals.
+
+
+II. INANIMATE OBJECTS.[11]--_A. Garments:_ Gloves, shoes and stockings and
+garters, caps, aprons, handkerchiefs, underlinen.
+
+_B. Impersonal Objects:_ Here may be included all the various objects that
+may accidentally acquire the power of exciting sexual feeling in
+auto-erotism. Pygmalionism may also be included.
+
+
+III. ACTS AND ATTITUDES.--_A. Active:_ Whipping, cruelty, exhibitionism.
+_B. Passive:_ Being whipped, experiencing cruelty. Personal odors and the
+sound of the voice may be included under this head. _C. Mixoscopic:_ The
+vision of climbing, swinging, etc. The acts of urination and defecation.
+The coitus of animals.
+
+Although the three main groups into which the phenomena of erotic
+symbolism are here divided may seem fairly distinct, they are yet very
+closely allied, and indeed overlap, so that it is possible, as we shall
+see, for a single complex symbol to fall into all three groups.
+
+A very complete kind of erotic symbolism is furnished by Pygmalionism or
+the love of statues.[12] It is exactly analogous to the child's love of a
+doll, which is also a form of sexual (though not erotic) symbolism. In a
+somewhat less abnormal form, erotic symbolism probably shows itself in its
+simplest shape in the tendency to idealize unbeautiful peculiarities in a
+beloved person, so that such peculiarities are ever afterward almost or
+quite essential in order to arouse sexual attraction. In this way men have
+become attracted to limping women. Even the most normal man may idealize a
+trifling defect in a beloved woman. The attention is inevitably
+concentrated on any such slight deviation from regular beauty, and the
+natural result of such concentration is that a complexus of associated
+thoughts and emotions becomes attached to something that in itself is
+unbeautiful. A defect becomes an admired focus of attention, the embodied
+symbol of the lover's emotion.
+
+    Thus a mole is not in itself beautiful, but by the tendency to
+    erotic symbolism it becomes so. Persian poets especially have
+    lavished the richest imagery on moles (_Anis El-Ochchâq_ in
+    _Bibliothèque des Hautes Etudes_, fasc, 25, 1875); the Arabs, as
+    Lane remarks (_Arabian Society in the Middle Ages_, p. 214), are
+    equally extravagant in their admiration of a mole.
+
+    Stendhal long since well described the process by which a defect
+    becomes a sexual symbol. "Even little defects in a woman's face,"
+    he remarked, "such as a smallpox pit, may arouse the tenderness
+    of a man who loves her, and throw him into deep reverie when he
+    sees them in another woman. It is because he has experienced a
+    thousand feelings in the presence of that smallpox mark, that
+    these feelings have been for the most part delicious, all of the
+    highest interest, and that, whatever they may have been, they are
+    renewed with incredible vivacity on the sight of this sign, even
+    when perceived on the face of another woman. If in such a case we
+    come to prefer and love _ugliness_, it is only because in such a
+    case ugliness is beauty. A man loved a woman who was very thin
+    and marked by smallpox; he lost her by death. Three years later,
+    in Rome, he became acquainted with two women, one very beautiful,
+    the other thin and marked by smallpox, on that account, if you
+    will, rather ugly. I saw him in love with this plain one at the
+    end of a week, which he had employed in effacing her plainness by
+    his memories." (_De l'Amour_, Chapter XVII.)
+
+In the tendency to idealize the unbeautiful features of a beloved person
+erotic symbolism shows itself in a simple and normal form. In a less
+simple and more morbid form it appears in persons in whom the normal paths
+of sexual gratification are for some reasons inhibited, and who are thus
+led to find the symbols of natural love in unnatural perversions. It is
+for this reason that so many erotic symbolisms take root in childhood and
+puberty, before the sexual instincts have reached full development. It is
+for the same reason also, that, at the other end of life, when the sexual
+energies are failing, erotic symbols sometimes tend to be substituted for
+the normal pleasures of sex. It is for this reason, again, that both men
+and women whose normal energies are inhibited sometimes find the symbols
+of sexual gratification in the caresses of children.
+
+    The case of a schoolmistress recorded by Penta instructively
+    shows how an erotic symbolism of this last kind may develop by no
+    means as a refinement of vice, but as the one form in which
+    sexual gratification becomes possible when normal gratification
+    has been pathologically inhibited. F.R., aged 48, schoolmistress;
+    she was some years ago in an asylum with religious mania, but
+    came out well in a few months. At the age of 12 she had first
+    experienced sexual excitement in a railway train from the jolting
+    of the carriage. Soon after she fell in love with a youth who
+    represented her ideal and who returned her affection. When,
+    however, she gave herself to him, great was her disillusion and
+    surprise to find that the sexual act which she had looked forward
+    to could not be accomplished, for at the first contact there was
+    great pain and spasmodic resistance of the vagina. There was a
+    condition of vaginismus. After repeated attempts on subsequent
+    occasions her lover desisted. Her desire for intercourse
+    increased, however, rather than diminished, and at last she was
+    able to tolerate coitus, but the pain was so great that she
+    acquired a horror of the sexual embrace and no longer sought it.
+    Having much will power, she restrained all erotic impulses during
+    many years. It was not until the period of the menopause that the
+    long repressed desires broke out, and at last found a symbolical
+    outlet that was no longer normal, but was felt to supply a
+    complete gratification. She sought the close physical contact of
+    the young children in her care. She would lie on her bed naked,
+    with two or three naked children, make them suck her breasts and
+    press them to every part of her body. Her conduct was discovered
+    by means of other children who peeped through the keyhole, and
+    she was placed under Penta for treatment. In this case the loss
+    of moral and mental inhibition, due probably to troubles of the
+    climacteric, led to indulgence, under abnormal conditions, in
+    those primitive contacts which are normally the beginning of
+    love, and these, supported by the ideal image of the early lover,
+    constituted a complete and adequate symbol of natural love in a
+    morbidly perverted individual. (P. Penta, _Archivio delle
+    Psicopatie Sessuali_, January, 1896.)
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] The term "erotic symbolism" has already been employed by Eulenburg
+(_Sexuale Neuropathie_, 1895, p. 101). It must be borne in mind that this
+term, implying the specific emotion, is much narrower than the term
+"sexual symbolism," which may be used to designate a great variety of
+ritual and social practices which have played a part in the evolution of
+civilization.
+
+[2] _Sexual Selection in Man_, iv, "Vision."
+
+[3] K. Groos, _Der Æsthetische Genuss_, p. 122. The psychology of the
+associations of contiguity and resemblance through which erotic symbolism
+operates its transference is briefly discussed by Ribot in the _Psychology
+of the Emotions_, Part 1, Chapter XII; the early chapters of the same
+author's _Logique des Sentiments_ may also be said to deal with the
+emotional basis on which erotic symbolism arises.
+
+[4] A number of synonyms for the female pudenda are brought together by
+Schurig--cunnus, hortus, concha, navis, fovea, larva, canis, annulus,
+focus, cymba, antrum, delta, myrtus, etc.--and he discusses many of them.
+(_Muliebria_, Section I, cap. I.)
+
+[5] Kleinpaul, _Sprache Ohne Worte_, pp. 24-29; cf. K. Pearson, on the
+general and special words for sex, _Chances of Death_, vol. ii, pp.
+112-245; a selection of the literature of the rose will be found in a
+volume of translations entitled _Ros Rosarum_.
+
+[6] G.S. Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. i, p. 470.
+
+[7] Goron, _Les Parias de l'Amour_, p. 45.
+
+[8] A.R. Reynolds, _Medical Standard_, vol. x, cited by Kiernan,
+"Responsibility in Sexual Perversion," _American Journal of Neurology and
+Psychiatry_, 1882.
+
+[9] R. Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. II,
+Subs. II, and Mem. III, Subs. I.
+
+[10] Numerous examples are given by Moll, _Konträre Sexualempfindung_,
+third edition, pp. 265-268.
+
+[11] Chevalier (_De l'Inversion_, 1885; id., _L'Inversion Sexuelle_, 1892,
+p. 52), followed by E. Laurent (_L'Amour Morbide_, 1891, Chapter X),
+separates this group from other fetichistic perversions, under the head of
+"azoöphilie." I see no adequate ground for this step. The various forms of
+fetichism are too intimately associated to permit of any group of them
+being violently separated from the others.
+
+[12] This has already been considered as a perversion founded on vision,
+in discussing _Sexual Selection in Man_. IV.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Foot-fetichism and Shoe-fetichism--Wide Prevalence and Normal
+Basis--Restif de la Bretonne--The Foot a Normal Focus of Sexual Attraction
+Among Some Peoples--The Chinese, Greeks, Romans, Spaniards, etc.--The
+Congenital Predisposition in Erotic Symbolism--The Influence of Early
+Association and Emotional Shock--Shoe-fetichism in Relation to
+Masochism--The Two Phenomena Independent Though Allied--The Desire to be
+Trodden On--The Fascination of Physical Constraint--The Symbolism of
+Self-inflicted Pain--The Dynamic Element in Erotic Symbolism--The
+Symbolism of Garments.
+
+
+Of all forms of erotic symbolism the most frequent is that which idealizes
+the foot and the shoe. The phenomena we here encounter are sometimes so
+complex and raise so many interesting questions that it is necessary to
+discuss them somewhat fully.
+
+It would seem that even for the normal lover the foot is one of the most
+attractive parts of the body. Stanley Hall found that among the parts
+specified as most admired in the other sex by young men and women who
+answered a _questionnaire_ the feet came fourth (after the eyes, hair,
+stature and size).[13] Casanova, an acute student and lover of women who
+was in no degree a foot fetichist, remarks that all men who share his
+interest in women are attracted by their feet; they offer the same
+interest, he considers, as the question of the particular edition offers
+to the book-lover.[14]
+
+    In a report of the results of a _questionnaire_ concerning
+    children's sense of self, to which over 500 replies were
+    received, Stanley Hall thus summarizes the main facts ascertained
+    with reference to the feet: "A special period of noticing the
+    feet comes somewhat later than that in which the hands are
+    discovered to consciousness. Our records afford nearly twice as
+    many cases for feet as for hands. The former are more remote from
+    the primary psychic focus or position, and are also more often
+    covered, so that the sight of them is a more marked and
+    exceptional event. Some children become greatly excited whenever
+    their feet are exposed. Some infants show signs of fear at the
+    movement of their own knees and feet covered, and still more
+    often fright is the first sensation which signalizes the child's
+    discovery of its feet.... Many are described as playing with them
+    as if fascinated by strange, newly-discovered toys. They pick
+    them up and try to throw them away, or out of the cradle, or
+    bring them to the mouth, where all things tend to go.... Children
+    often handle their feet, pat and stroke them, offer them toys and
+    the bottle, as if they, too, had an independent hunger to
+    gratify, an _ego_ of their own.... Children often develop [later]
+    a special interest in the feet of others, and examine, feel them,
+    etc., sometimes expressing surprise that the pinch of the
+    mother's toe hurts her and not the child, or comparing their own
+    and the feet of others point by point. Curious, too, are the
+    intensifications of foot-consciousness throughout the early years
+    of childhood, whenever children have the exceptional privilege of
+    going barefoot, or have new shoes. The feet are often
+    apostrophized, punished, beaten sometimes to the point of pain
+    for breaking things, throwing the child down, etc. Several
+    children have habits, which reach great intensity, and then
+    vanish, of touching or tickling the feet, with gales of laughter,
+    and a few are described as showing an almost morbid reluctance to
+    wear anything upon the feet, or even to having them touched by
+    others.... Several almost fall in love with the great toe or the
+    little one, especially admiring some crease or dimple in it,
+    dressing it in some rag of silk or bit of ribbon, or cut-off
+    glove fingers, winding it with string, prolonging it by tying on
+    bits of wood. Stroking the feet of others, especially if they are
+    shapely, often becomes almost a passion with young children, and
+    several adults confess a survival of the same impulse which it is
+    an exquisite pleasure to gratify. The interest of some mothers in
+    babies' toes, the expressions of which are ecstatic and almost
+    incredible, is a factor of great importance." (G. Stanley Hall,
+    "Some Aspects of the Early Sense of Self," _American Journal of
+    Psychology_, April, 1898.) In childhood, Stanley Hall remarks
+    elsewhere (_Adolescence_, vol. ii, p. 104), "a form of courtship
+    may consist solely in touching feet under the desk." It would
+    seem that even animals have a certain amount of sexual
+    consciousness in the feet; I have noticed a male donkey, just
+    before coitus, bite the feet of his partner.
+
+At the same time it is scarcely usual for the normal lover, in most
+civilized countries to-day, to attach primary importance to the foot, such
+as he very frequently attaches to the eyes, though the feet play a very
+conspicuous part in the work of certain novelists.[15]
+
+In a small but not inconsiderable minority of persons, however, the foot
+or the boot becomes the most attractive part of a woman, and in some
+morbid cases the woman herself is regarded as a comparatively unimportant
+appendage to her feet or her boots. The boots under civilized conditions
+much more frequently constitute the sexual symbol than do the feet
+themselves; this is not surprising since in ordinary life the feet are not
+often seen.
+
+    It is usually only under exceptionally favoring conditions that
+    foot-fetichism occurs, as in the case recorded by Marandon de
+    Montyel of a doctor who had been brought up in the West Indies.
+    His mother had been insane and he himself was subject to
+    obsessions, especially of being incapable of urinating; he had
+    had nocturnal incontinence of urine in childhood. All the women
+    of the people in the West Indies go about with naked feet, which
+    are often beautiful. His puberty evolved under this influence,
+    and foot-fetichism developed. He especially admired large, fat,
+    arched feet, with delicate skin and large, regular toes. He
+    masturbated with images of feet. At 15 he had relations with a
+    colored chambermaid, but feared to mention his fetichism, though
+    it was the touch of her feet that chiefly excited him. He now
+    gave up masturbation, and had a succession of mistresses, but was
+    always ashamed to confess his fancies until, at the age of 33, in
+    Paris, a very intelligent woman who had become his mistress
+    discovered his mania and skillfully enabled him to yield to it
+    without shock to his modesty. He was devoted to this mistress,
+    who had very beautiful feet (he had been horrified by the feet of
+    Europeans generally), until she finally left him. (_Archives de
+    Neurologie_, October, 1904.)
+
+    Probably the first case of shoe-fetichism ever recorded in any
+    detail is that of Restif de la Bretonne (1734-1806), publicist
+    and novelist, one of the most remarkable literary figures of the
+    later eighteenth century in France. Restif was a neurotic
+    subject, though not to an extreme degree, and his shoe-fetichism,
+    though distinctly pronounced, was not pathological; that is to
+    say, that the shoe was not itself an adequate gratification of
+    the sexual impulse, but simply a highly important aid to
+    tumescence, a prelude to the natural climax of detumescence; only
+    occasionally, and _faute de mieux_, in the absence of the beloved
+    person, was the shoe used as an adjunct to masturbation. In
+    Restif's stories and elsewhere the attraction of the shoe is
+    frequently discussed or used as a motive. His first decided
+    literary success, _Le Pied de Fanchette_, was suggested by a
+    vision of a girl with a charming foot, casually seen in the
+    street. While all such passages in his books are really founded
+    on his own personal feelings and experiences, in his elaborate
+    autobiography, _Monsieur Nicolas_, he has frankly set forth the
+    gradual evolution and cause of his idiosyncrasy. The first
+    remembered trace dated from the age of 4, when he was able to
+    recall having remarked the feet of a young girl in his native
+    place. Restif was a sexually precocious youth, and at the age of
+    9, though both delicate in health and shy in manners, his
+    thoughts were already absorbed in the girls around him. "While
+    little Monsieur Nicolas," he tells us, "passed for a Narcissus,
+    his thoughts, as soon as he was alone, by night or by day, had no
+    other object than that sex he seemed to flee from. The girls most
+    careful of their persons were naturally those who pleased him
+    most, and as the part least easy to keep clean is that which
+    touches the earth it was to the foot-gear that he mechanically
+    gave his chief attention. Agathe, Reine, and especially
+    Madeleine, were the most elegant of the girls at that time; their
+    carefully selected and kept shoes, instead of laces or buckles,
+    which were not yet worn at Sacy, had blue or rose ribbon,
+    according to the color of the skirt. I thought of these girls
+    with emotion; I desired--I knew not what; but I desired
+    something, if it were only to subdue them." The origin Restif
+    here assigns to his shoe-fetichism may seem paradoxical; he
+    admired the girls who were most clean and neat in their dress, he
+    tells us, and, therefore, paid most attention to that part of
+    their clothing which was least clean and neat. But, however
+    paradoxical the remark may seem, it is psychologically sound. All
+    fetichism is a kind of not necessarily morbid obsession, and as
+    the careful work of Janet and others in that field has shown, an
+    obsession is a fascinated attraction to some object or idea
+    which gives the subject a kind of emotional shock by its
+    contrast to his habitual moods or ideas. The ordinary morbid
+    obsession cannot usually be harmoniously co-ordinated with the
+    other experiences of the subject's daily life, and shows,
+    therefore, no tendency to become pleasurable. Sexual fetichisms,
+    on the other hand, have a reservoir of agreeable emotion to draw
+    on, and are thus able to acquire both stability and harmony. It
+    will also be seen that no element of masochism is involved in
+    Restif's fetichism, though the mistake has been frequently made
+    of supposing that these two manifestations are usually or even
+    necessarily allied. Restif wishes to subject the girl who
+    attracts him, he has no wish to be subjected by her. He was
+    especially dazzled by a young girl from another town, whose shoes
+    were of a fashionable cut, with buckles, "and who was a charming
+    person besides." She was delicate as a fairy, and rendered his
+    thoughts unfaithful to the robust beauties of his native Sacy.
+    "No doubt," he remarks, "because, being frail and weak myself, it
+    seemed to me that it would be easier to subdue her." "This taste
+    for the beauty of the feet," he continues, "was so powerful in me
+    that it unfailingly aroused desire and would have made me
+    overlook ugliness. It is excessive in all those who have it." He
+    admired the foot as well as the shoe: "The factitious taste for
+    the shoe is only a reflection of that for pretty feet. When I
+    entered a house and saw the boots arranged in a row, as is the
+    custom, I would tremble with pleasure; I blushed and lowered my
+    eyes as if in the presence of the girls themselves. With this
+    vivacity of feeling and a voluptuousness of ideas inconceivable
+    at the age of 10 I still fled, with an involuntary impulse of
+    modesty, from the girls I adored."
+
+    We may clearly see how this combination of sensitive and
+    precocious sexual ardor with extreme shyness, furnished the soil
+    on which the germ of shoe-fetichism was able to gain a firm root
+    and persist in some degree throughout a long life very largely
+    given up to a pursuit of women, abnormal rather by its
+    excessiveness than its perversity. A few years later, he tells
+    us, he happened to see a pretty pair of shoes in a bootmaker's
+    shop, and on hearing that they belonged to a girl whom at that
+    time he reverently adored at a distance he blushed and nearly
+    fainted.
+
+    In 1749 he was for a time attracted to a young woman very much
+    older than himself; he secretly carried away one of her slippers
+    and kept it for a day; a little later he again took away a shoe
+    of the same woman which had fascinated him when on her foot, and,
+    he seems to imply, he used it to masturbate with.
+
+    Perhaps the chief passion of Restif's life was his love for
+    Colette Parangon. He was still a boy (1752), she was the young
+    and virtuous wife of the printer whose apprentice Restif was and
+    in whose house he lived. Madame Parangon, a charming woman, as
+    she is described, was not happily married, and she evidently
+    felt a tender affection for the boy whose excessive love and
+    reverence for her were not always successfully concealed.
+    "Madonna Parangon," he tells us, "possessed a charm which I could
+    never resist, a pretty little foot; it is a charm which arouses
+    more than tenderness. Her shoes, made in Paris, had that
+    voluptuous elegance which seems to communicate soul and life.
+    Sometimes Colette wore shoes of simple white drugget or with
+    silver flowers; sometimes rose-colored slippers with green heels,
+    or green with rose heels; her supple feet, far from deforming her
+    shoes, increased their grace and rendered the form more
+    exciting." One day, on entering the house, he saw Madame Parangon
+    elegantly dressed and wearing rose-colored shoes with tongues,
+    and with green heels and a pretty rosette. They were new and she
+    took them off to put on green slippers with rose heels and
+    borders which he thought equally exciting. As soon as she had
+    left the room, he continues, "carried away by the most impetuous
+    passion and idolizing Colette, I seemed to see her and touch her
+    in handling what she had just worn; my lips pressed one of these
+    jewels, while the other, deceiving the sacred end of nature, from
+    excess of exaltation replaced the object of sex (I cannot express
+    myself more clearly). The warmth which she had communicated to
+    the insensible object which had touched her still remained and
+    gave a soul to it; a voluptuous cloud covered my eyes." He adds
+    that he would kiss with rage and transport whatever had come in
+    close contact with the woman he adored, and on one occasion
+    eagerly pressed his lips to her cast-off underlinen, _vela
+    secretiora penetralium_.
+
+    At this period Restif's foot-fetichism reached its highest point
+    of development. It was the aberration of a highly sensitive and
+    very precocious boy. While the preoccupation with feet and shoes
+    persisted throughout life, it never became a complete perversion
+    and never replaced the normal end of sexual desire. His love for
+    Madam Parangon, one of the deepest emotions in his whole life,
+    was also the climax of his shoe-fetichism. She represented his
+    ideal woman, an ethereal sylph with wasp-waist and a child's
+    feet; it was always his highest praise for a woman that she
+    resembled Madame Parangon, and he desired that her slipper should
+    be buried with him. (Restif de la Bretonne, _Monsieur Nicolas_,
+    vols. i-iv, vol. xiii, p. 5; id., _Mes Inscriptions_, pp. ci-cv.)
+
+    Shoe-fetichism, more especially if we include under this term all
+    the cases of real or pseudo-masochism in which an attraction to
+    the boots or slippers is the chief feature, is a not infrequent
+    phenomenon, and is certainly the most frequently occurring form
+    of fetichism. Many cases are brought together by Krafft-Ebing in
+    his _Psychopathia Sexualis_. Every prostitute of any experience
+    has known men who merely desire to gaze at her shoes, or possibly
+    to lick them, and who are quite willing to pay for this
+    privilege. In London such a person is known as a "bootman," in
+    Germany as a "Stiefelfrier."
+
+The predominance of the foot as a focus of sexual attraction, while among
+us to-day it is a not uncommon phenomenon, is still not sufficiently
+common to be called normal; the majority of even ardent lovers do not
+experience this attraction in any marked degree. But these manifestations
+of foot-fetichism which with us to-day are abnormal, even when they are
+not so extreme as to be morbid, may perhaps become more intelligible to us
+when we realize that in earlier periods of civilization, and even to-day
+in some parts of the world, the foot is generally recognized as a focus of
+sexual attraction, so that some degree of foot-fetichism becomes a normal
+phenomenon.
+
+The most pronounced and the best known example of such normal
+foot-fetichism at the present day is certainly to be found among the
+Southern Chinese. For a Chinese husband his wife's foot is more
+interesting than her face. A Chinese woman is as shy of showing her feet
+to a man as a European woman her breasts; they are reserved for her
+husband's eyes alone, and to look at a woman's feet in the street is
+highly improper and indelicate. Chinese foot-fetichism is connected with
+the custom of compressing the feet. This custom appears to rest on the
+fact that Chinese women naturally possess a very small foot and is thus an
+example of the universal tendency in the search for beauty to accentuate,
+even by deformation, the racial characteristics. But there is more than
+this. Beauty is largely a name for sexual attractiveness, and the energy
+expended in the effort to make the Chinese woman's small foot still
+smaller is a measure of the sexual fascination which it exerts. The
+practice arose on the basis of the sexual attractiveness of the foot,
+though it has doubtless served to heighten that attractiveness, just as
+the small waist, which (if we may follow Stratz) is a characteristic
+beauty of the European woman, becomes to the average European man still
+more attractive when accentuated, even to the extent of deformity, by the
+compression of the corset.
+
+    Referring to the sexual fascination exerted by the foot in China,
+    Matignon writes: "My attention has been drawn to this point by a
+    large number of pornographic engravings, of which the Chinese are
+    very fond. In all these lascivious scenes we see the male
+    voluptuously fondling the woman's foot. When a Celestial takes
+    into his hand a woman's foot, especially if it is very small, the
+    effect upon him is precisely the same as is provoked in a
+    European by the palpation of a young and firm bosom. All the
+    Celestials whom I have interrogated on this point have replied
+    unanimously: 'Oh, a little foot! You Europeans cannot understand
+    how exquisite, how sweet, how exciting it is!' The contact of the
+    genital organ with the little foot produces in the male an
+    indescribable degree of voluptuous feeling, and women skilled in
+    love know that to arouse the ardor of their lovers a better
+    method than all Chinese aphrodisiacs--including 'giusen' and
+    swallows' nests--is to take the penis between their feet. It is
+    not rare to find Chinese Christians accusing themselves at
+    confession of having had 'evil thoughts on looking at a woman's
+    foot.'" (Dr. J. Matignon, "A propos d'un Pied de Chinoise,"
+    _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1898.)
+
+    It is said that a Chinese Empress, noted for her vice and having
+    a congenital club foot, about the year 1100 B.C., desired all
+    women to resemble her, and that the practice of compressing the
+    foot thus arose. But this is only tradition, since, in 300 B.C.,
+    Chinese books were destroyed (Morache, Art. "Chine,"
+    _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales_, p. 191). It
+    is also said that the practice owes its origin to the wish to
+    keep women indoors. But women are not secluded in China, nor does
+    foot compression usually render a woman unable to walk. Many
+    intelligent Chinese are of opinion that its object is to promote
+    the development of the sexual parts and of the thighs, and so to
+    aid both intercourse and parturition. There is no ground for
+    believing that it has any such influence, though Morache found
+    that the mons veneris and labia are largely developed in Chinese
+    women, and not in Tartar women living in Pekin (who do not
+    compress the foot). If there is any correlation between the feet
+    and the pelvic regions, it is more probably congenital than due
+    to the artificial compression of the feet. The ancients seem to
+    have believed that a small foot indicated a small vagina. Restif
+    de la Bretonne, who had ample opportunities for forming an
+    opinion on a matter in which he took so great an interest,
+    believed that a small foot, round and short, indicated a large
+    vagina (_Monsieur Nicolas_, vol. i, reprint of 1883, p. 92).
+    Even, however, if we admit that there is a real correlation
+    between the foot and the vagina, that would by no means suffice
+    to render the foot a focus of sexual attraction.
+
+    It remains the most reasonable view that the foot bandage must be
+    regarded as strictly analogous to the waist bandage or corset
+    which also tends to produce deformity of the constricted region.
+    Stratz has ingeniously remarked (_Frauenkleidung_, third edition,
+    p. 101) that the success of the Chinese in dwarfing trees may
+    have suggested a similar attempt in regard to women's feet, and
+    adds that in any case both dwarfed trees and bound feet bear
+    witness in the Mongolian to the same love for small and elegant,
+    not to say deformed, things. For a Chinaman the deformed foot is
+    a "golden water-lily."
+
+    Many facts (together with illustrations) bearing on Chinese
+    deformation of the foot will be found in Ploss, _Das Weib_, vol.
+    i, Section IV.
+
+The significance of the sexual emotion aroused by the female foot in China
+and the origin of its compression begin to become clear when we realize
+that this foot-fetichism is merely an extreme development of a tendency
+which is fairly well marked among nearly all the peoples of yellow race.
+Jacoby, who has brought together a number of interesting facts bearing on
+the sexual significance of the foot, states that a similar tendency is to
+be found among the Mongol and Turk peoples of Siberia, and in the east and
+central parts of European Russia, among the Permiaks, the Wotiaks, etc.
+Here the woman, at all events when young, has always her feet, as well as
+head, covered, however little clothing she may otherwise wear.
+
+    "On hot nights or on baking days," Jacoby states, "you may see
+    these women with uncovered breasts, or even entirely naked
+    without embarrassment, but you will never see them with bare
+    feet, and no male relations, except the husband, will ever see
+    the feet and lower part of the legs of the women in the house.
+    These women have their modesty in their feet, and also their
+    coquetry; to unbind the feet of a woman is for a man a voluptuous
+    act, and the touch of the bands produces the same effect as a
+    corset still warm from a woman's body on a European man. A
+    woman's beauty, that which attracts and excites a man, lies in
+    her foot; in Mordvin love poems celebrating the beauty of women
+    there is much about her attire, especially her embroidered
+    chemise, but as regards the charms of her person the poet is
+    content to state that 'her feet are beautiful;' with that
+    everything is said. The young peasant woman of the central
+    provinces as part of her holiday raiment puts on great woolen
+    stockings which come up to the groin and are then folded over to
+    below the knee. To uncover the feet of a person of the opposite
+    sex is a sexual act, and has thus become the symbol of sexual
+    possession, so that the stocking or foot-gear became the emblem
+    of marriage, as later the ring. (It was so among the Jews, as we
+    see in the book of _Ruth_, Chapter III, v. 4, and Chapter IV, vv.
+    7 and 8). St. Vladimir the Great asked in marriage the daughter
+    of Prince Rogvold; as Vladimir's mother had been a serf, the
+    princess proudly replied that she 'would not uncover the feet of
+    a slave.' At the present time in the east of Russia when a young
+    girl tries to find out by divination whom she will have as a
+    husband the traditional formula is 'Come and take my stockings
+    off.' Among the populations of the north and east, it is
+    sometimes the bride who must do this for her husband on the
+    wedding night, and sometimes the bridegroom for his wife, not as
+    a token of love, but as a nuptial ceremony. Among the
+    professional classes and small nobility in Russia parents place
+    money in the stocking of their child at marriage as a present for
+    the other partner, it being supposed that the couple mutually
+    remove each other's foot raiment, as an act of sexual possession,
+    the emblem of coitus." (Paul Jacoby, _Archives d'Anthropologie
+    Criminelle_, December, 1903, p. 793.) The practice among
+    ourselves of children hanging up their stockings at night for
+    presents would seem to be a relic of the last-mentioned custom.
+
+While we may witness the sexual symbolism of the foot, with or without an
+associated foot-fetichism, most highly developed in Asia and Eastern
+Europe, it has by no means been altogether unknown in some stages of
+western civilization, and traces of it may be found here and there even
+yet. Schinz refers to the connection between the feet and sexual pleasure
+as existing not only among the Egyptians and the Arabs, but among the
+ancient Germans and the modern Spaniards,[16] while Jacoby points out that
+among the Greeks, the Romans, and especially the Etruscans, it was usual
+to represent chaste and virgin goddesses with their feet covered, even
+though they might be otherwise nude. Ovid, again, is never weary of
+dwelling on the sexual charm of the feminine foot. He represents the
+chaste matron as wearing a weighted _stola_ which always fell so as to
+cover her feet; it was only the courtesan, or the nymph who is taking part
+in an erotic festival, who appears with raised robes, revealing her
+feet.[17] So grave a historian as Strabo, as well as Ælian, refers to the
+story of the courtesan Rhodope whose sandal was carried off by an eagle
+and dropped in the King of Egypt's lap as he was administering justice, so
+that he could not rest until he had discovered to whom this delicately
+small sandal belonged, and finally made her his queen. Kleinpaul, who
+repeats this story, has collected many European sayings and customs
+(including Turkish), indicating that the slipper is a very ancient symbol
+of a woman's sexual parts.[18]
+
+    In Rome, Dufour remarks, "Matrons having appropriated the use of
+    the shoe (_soccus_) prostitutes were not allowed to use it, and
+    were obliged to have their feet always naked in sandals or
+    slippers (_crepida_ and _solea_), which they fastened over the
+    instep with gilt bands. Tibullus delights to describe his
+    mistress's little foot, compressed by the band that imprisoned
+    it: _Ansaque compressos colligat arcta pedes_. Nudity of the foot
+    in woman was a sign of prostitution, and their brilliant
+    whiteness acted afar as a pimp to attract looks and desires."
+    (Dufour, _Histoire de la Prostitution_, vol. II., ch. xviii.)
+
+    This feeling seems to have survived in a more or less vague and
+    unconscious form in mediæval Europe. "In the tenth century,"
+    according to Dufour (_Histoire de la Prostitution_, vol. VI., p.
+    11), "shoes _a la poulaine_, with a claw or beak, pursued for
+    more than four centuries by the anathemas of popes and the
+    invectives of preachers, were always regarded by mediæval
+    casuists as the most abominable emblems of immodesty. At a first
+    glance it is not easy to see why these shoes--terminating in a
+    lion's claw, an eagle's beak, the prow of a ship, or other metal
+    appendage--should be so scandalous. The excommunication inflicted
+    on this kind of foot-gear preceded the impudent invention of some
+    libertine, who wore _poulaines_ in the shape of the phallus, a
+    custom adopted also by women. This kind of _poulaine_ was
+    denounced as _mandite de Dicu_ (Ducange's Glossary, at the word
+    Poulainia) and prohibited by royal ordinances (see letter of
+    Charles V., 17 October, 1367, regarding the garments of the women
+    of Montpellier). Great lords and ladies continued, however, to
+    wear _poulaines_." In Louis XL's court they were still worn of a
+    quarter of an ell in length.
+
+    Spain, ever tenacious of ancient ideas, appears to have preserved
+    longer than other countries the ancient classic traditions in
+    regard to the foot as a focus of modesty and an object of sexual
+    attraction. In Spanish religious pictures it was always necessary
+    that the Virgin's feet should be concealed, the clergy ordaining
+    that her robe should be long and flowing, so that the feet might
+    be covered with decent folds. Pacheco, the master and
+    father-in-law of Velasquez, writes in 1649 in his _Arte de la
+    Pintura_: "What can be more foreign from the respect which we owe
+    to the purity of Our Lady the Virgin than to paint her sitting
+    down with one of her knees placed over the other, and often with
+    her sacred feet uncovered and naked. Let thanks be given to the
+    Holy Inquisition which commands that this liberty should be
+    corrected!" It was Pacheco's duty in Seville to see that these
+    commands were obeyed. At the court of Philip IV. at this time the
+    princesses never showed their feet, as we may see in the pictures
+    of Velasquez. When a local manufacturer desired to present that
+    monarch's second bride, Mariana of Austria, with some silk
+    stockings the offer was indignantly rejected by the Court
+    Chamberlain: "The Queen of Spain has no legs!" Philip V.'s, queen
+    was thrown from her horse and dragged by the feet; no one
+    ventured to interfere until two gentlemen bravely rescued her and
+    then fled, dreading punishment by the king: they were, however,
+    graciously pardoned. Reinach ("Pieds Pudiques," _Cultes, Mythes
+    et Religions_, pp. 105-110) brings together several passages from
+    the Countess D'Aulnoy's account of the Madrid Court in the
+    seventeenth century and from other sources, showing how careful
+    Spanish ladies were as regards their feet, and how jealous
+    Spanish husbands were in this matter. At this time, when Spanish
+    influence was considerable, the fashion of Spain seems to have
+    spread to other countries. One may note that in Vandyck's
+    pictures of English beauties the feet are not visible, though in
+    the more characteristically English painters of a somewhat later
+    age it became usual to display them conspicuously, while the
+    French custom in this matter is the farthest removed from the
+    Spanish. At the present day a well-bred Spanish woman shows as
+    little as possible of her feet in walking, and even in some of
+    the most characteristic Spanish dances there is little or no
+    kicking, and the feet may even be invisible throughout. It is
+    noteworthy that in numerous figures of Spanish women (probably
+    artists' models) reproduced in Ploss's _Das Weib_ the stockings
+    are worn, although the women are otherwise, in most cases, quite
+    naked. Max Dessoir mentions ("Psychologie der Vita Sexualis,"
+    _Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie_, 1894, p. 954) that in Spanish
+    pornographic photographs women always have their shoes on, and he
+    considers this an indication of perversity. I have seen the
+    statement (attributed to Gautier's _Voyage en Espagne_, where,
+    however, it does not occur) that Spanish prostitutes uncover
+    their feet in sign of assent, and Madame d'Aulnoy stated that in
+    her time to show her lover her feet was a Spanish woman's final
+    favor.
+
+The tendency, which we thus find to be normal at some earlier periods of
+civilization, to insist on the sexual symbolism of the feminine foot or
+its coverings, and to regard them as a special sexual fascination, is not
+without significance for the interpretation of the sporadic manifestations
+of foot-fetichism among ourselves. Eccentric as foot-fetichism may appear
+to us, it is simply the re-emergence, by a pseudo-atavism or arrest of
+development, of a mental or emotional impulse which was probably
+experienced by our forefathers, and is often traceable among young
+children to-day.[19] The occasional reappearance of this bygone impulse
+and the stability which it may acquire are thus conditioned by the
+sensitive reaction of an abnormally nervous and usually precocious
+organism to influences which, among the average and ordinary population of
+Europe to-day, are either never felt, or quickly outgrown, or very
+strictly subordinated in the highly complex crystallizations which the
+course of love and the process of tumescence create within us.
+
+    It may be added that this is by no means true of foot-fetichism
+    only. In some other fetichisms a seemingly congenital
+    predisposition is even more marked. This is not only the case as
+    regards hair-fetichism and fur-fetichism (see, e.g.,
+    Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of
+    tenth edition, pp. 233, 255, 262). In many cases of fetichisms of
+    all kinds not only is there no record of any commencement in a
+    definite episode (an absence which may be accounted for by the
+    supposition that the original incident has been forgotten), but
+    it would seem in some cases that the fetichism developed very
+    slowly.
+
+In this sense, it will be seen, although it is hazardous to speak of
+foot-fetichism as strictly an atavism, it may certainly be said to arise
+on a congenital basis. It represents the rare development of an inborn
+germ, usually latent among ourselves, which in earlier stages of
+civilization frequently reached a normal and general fruition.
+
+It is of interest to emphasize this congenital element of foot symbolism,
+because more than any other forms of sexual perversion the fetichisms are
+those which are most vaguely conditioned by inborn states of the organism
+and most definitely aroused by seemingly accidental associations or shocks
+in early life. Inversion is sometimes so fundamentally ingrained in the
+individual's constitution that it arises and develops in spite of the very
+strongest influence in a contrary direction. But a fetichism, while it
+tends to occur in sensitive, nervous, timid, precocious individuals--that
+is to say, individuals of more or less neuropathic heredity--can usually,
+though not always, be traced to a definite starting point in the shock of
+some sexually emotional episode in early life.
+
+    A few examples of the influences of such association may here be
+    given, referring miscellaneously to various forms of erotic
+    symbolism. Magnan has recorded the case of a hair-fetichist,
+    living in a district where the women wore their hair done up, who
+    at the age of 15 experienced pleasurable feelings with erection
+    at the sight of a village beauty combing her hair; from that time
+    flowing hair became his fetich, and he could not resist the
+    temptation to touch it and if possible sever it, thus becoming a
+    hair-despoiler, for which he was arrested but not sentenced.
+    (_Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle_, vol. v, No. 28.)
+
+    I have elsewhere recorded the history of a boy of 14, having
+    already had imperfect connection with a grown-up woman, who
+    associated much with a young married lady; he had no sexual
+    relations with her, but one day she urinated in his presence, and
+    he saw that her mons veneris was covered by very thick hair; from
+    that time he worshiped this woman in secret and acquired a
+    life-long fetichistic attraction to women whose pubic hair was
+    similarly abundant (_Studies in the Psychology of Sex_, vol. iii,
+    Appendix B, History V).
+
+    Roubaud reported the case of a general's son, sexually initiated
+    at the age of 14 by a blonde young lady of 21 who, in order to
+    avoid detection, always retained her clothing: gaiters, a corset
+    and a silk dress; when the boy's studies were completed and he
+    was sent to a garrison where he could enjoy freedom he found that
+    his sexual desires could only be aroused by blonde women dressed
+    like the lady who had first aroused his sexual desires;
+    consequently he gave up all thoughts of matrimony, as a woman in
+    nightclothes produced impotence (_Traité de l'Impuissance_, p.
+    439). Krafft-Ebing records the somewhat similar case of a nervous
+    Polish boy of old family seduced at the age of 17 by a French
+    governess, who during several months practiced mutual
+    masturbation with him; in this way his attention became
+    attracted by her very elegant boots, and in the end he became a
+    confirmed boot-fetichist (_Psychopathia Sexualis_, English
+    translation, p. 249).
+
+    A boy of 7, of bad heredity, was taught to masturbate by a
+    servant girl; on one occasion she practiced this on him with her
+    foot without taking off her shoe; it was the first time the
+    manoeuvre gave him any pleasure, and an association was thus
+    established which led to shoe-fetichism (Hammond, _Sexual
+    Impotence_, p. 44). A government official whose first coitus in
+    youth took place on a staircase; the sound of his partner's
+    creaking shoes against the stairs, produced by her efforts to
+    accelerate orgasm, formed an association which developed into an
+    auditory shoe-fetichism; in the streets he was compelled to
+    follow ladies whose shoes creaked, ejaculation being thus
+    produced, while to obtain complete satisfaction he would make a
+    prostitute, otherwise naked, sit in front of him in her shoes,
+    moving her feet so that the shoes creaked. (Moraglia, _Archivio
+    di Psichiatria_, vol. xiii, p. 568.)
+
+    Bechterew, in St. Petersburg, has recorded the case of a man who
+    when a child used to fall asleep at the knees of his nurse with
+    his head buried in the folds of her apron; in this position he
+    first experienced erection and voluptuous sensations; when a
+    youth he had no attraction to naked women, and in real life and
+    in dreams was only excited sexually under conditions recalling
+    his early experience; in his relations with women he preferred
+    them dressed, and was excited by the rustling sound of their
+    skirts; in this case there was no traceable neuropathic taint nor
+    any other personal peculiarity. (Summarized in _Journal de
+    Psychologie Normale et Pathologique_, January-February, 1904, p.
+    72.)
+
+    In a curious case recorded in detail by Moll, a philologist of
+    sensitive temperament but sound heredity, who had always been
+    fond of flowers, at the age of 21 became engaged to a young lady
+    who wore large roses fastened in her jacket; from this time roses
+    became to him a sexual fetich, to kiss them caused erection, and
+    his erotic dreams were accompanied by visions of roses and the
+    hallucination of their odor; the engagement was finally broken
+    off and the rose-fetichism disappeared (_Untersuchungen über
+    Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 540).
+
+Such associations may naturally occur in the early experiences of even the
+most normal persons. The degree to which they will influence the
+subsequent life and thought and feeling depends on the degree of the
+individual's morbid emotional receptivity, on the extent to which he is
+hereditarily susceptible of abnormal deviation. Precocity is undoubtedly a
+condition which favors such deviation; a child who is precociously and
+abnormally sensitive to persons of the opposite sex before puberty has
+established the normal channels of sexual desire, is peculiarly liable to
+become the prey of a chance symbolism. All degrees of such symbolism are
+possible. While the average insensitive person may fail to perceive them
+at all, for the more alert and imaginative lover they are a fascinating
+part of the highly charged crystallization of passion. A more nervously
+exceptional person, when once such a symbolism has become firmly
+implanted, may find it an absolutely essential element in the charm of a
+beloved and charming person. Finally, for the individual who is thoroughly
+unsound the symbol becomes generalized; a person is no longer desired at
+all, being merely regarded as an appendage of the symbol, or being
+dispensed with altogether; the symbol is alone desired, and is fully
+adequate to impart by itself complete sexual gratification. While it must
+be considered a morbid state to demand a symbol as an almost essential
+part of the charm of a desired person, it is only in the final condition,
+in which the symbol becomes all-sufficing, that we have a true and
+complete perversion. In the less complete forms of symbolism it is still
+the woman who is desired, and the ends of procreation may be served; when
+the woman is ignored and the mere symbol is an adequate and even preferred
+stimulus to detumescence the pathological condition becomes complete.
+
+Krafft-Ebing regarded shoe-fetichism as, in large measure, a more or less
+latent form of masochism, the foot or the shoe being the symbol of the
+subjection and humiliation which the masochist feels in the presence of
+the beloved object. Moll is also inclined to accept such a connection.
+
+    "The very numerous class of boot-and-shoe-fetichists,"
+    Krafft-Ebing wrote, "forms the transition to the manifestations
+    of another independent perversion, i.e., fetichism itself; but it
+    stands in closer relationship to the former.... It is highly
+    probable, and shown by a correct classification of the observed
+    cases, that the majority, and perhaps all of the cases of
+    shoe-fetichism, rest upon a basis of more or less conscious
+    masochistic desire for self-humiliation.... The majority or all
+    may be looked upon as instances of latent masochism (the motive
+    remaining unconscious) in which the _female foot or shoe, as the
+    masochist's fetich_, has acquired an independent significance."
+    (_Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of tenth edition,
+    pp. 159, et seq.) "Though Krafft-Ebing may not have cleared up
+    the whole matter," Moll remarks, "I regard his deductions
+    concerning the connection of foot-and-shoe fetichism to masochism
+    as the most important progress that has been made in the
+    theoretic study of sexual perversions.... In any case, the
+    connection is very frequent." (_Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third
+    edition, p. 306.)
+
+It is quite easy to see that this supposed identity of masochism and
+foot-fetichism forms a seductive theory. It is also undoubtedly true that
+a masochist may very easily be inclined to find in his mistress's foot an
+aid to the ecstatic self-abnegation which he desires to attain.[20] But
+only confusion is attained by any general attempt to amalgamate masochism
+and foot-fetichism. In the broad sense in which erotic symbolism is here
+understood, both masochism and foot-fetichism may be coördinated as
+symbolisms; for the masochist his self-humiliating impulses are the symbol
+of ecstatic adoration; for the foot-fetichist his mistress's foot or shoe
+is the concentrated symbol of all that is most beautiful and elegant and
+feminine in her personality. But if in this sense they are coördinated,
+they remain entirely distinct and have not even any necessary tendency to
+become merged. Masochism merely simulates foot-fetichism; for the
+masochist the boot is not strictly a symbol, it is only an instrument
+which enables him to carry out his impulse; the true sexual symbol for him
+is not the boot, but the emotion of self-subjection. For the
+foot-fetichist, on the other hand, the foot or the shoe is not a mere
+instrument, but a true symbol; the focus of his worship, an idealized
+object which he is content to contemplate or reverently touch. He has no
+necessary impulse to any self-degrading action, nor any constant emotion
+of subjection. It may be noted that in the very typical case of
+foot-fetichism which is presented to us in the person of Restif de la
+Bretonne (_ante_, p. 18), he repeatedly speaks of "subjecting" the woman
+for whom he feels this fetichistic adoration, and mentions that even when
+still a child he especially admired a delicate and fairy-like girl in this
+respect because she seemed to him easier to subjugate. Throughout life
+Restif's attitude toward women was active and masculine, without the
+slightest trace of masochism.[21]
+
+To suppose that a fetichistic admiration of his mistress's foot is due to
+a lover's latent desire to be kicked, is as unreasonable as it would be to
+suppose that a fetichistic admiration for her hand indicated a latent
+desire to have his ears boxed. In determining whether we are concerned
+with a case of foot-fetichism or of masochism we must take into
+consideration the whole of the subject's mental and emotional attitude. An
+act, however definite, will not suffice as a criterion, for the same act
+in different persons may have altogether different implications. To
+amalgamate the two is the result of inadequate psychological analysis and
+only leads to confusion.
+
+It is, however, often very difficult to decide whether we are dealing with
+a case which is predominantly one of masochism or of foot-fetichism. The
+nature of the action desired, as we have seen, will not suffice to
+determine the psychological character of the perversion. Krafft-Ebing
+believed that the desire to be trodden on, very frequently experienced by
+masochists, is absolutely symptomatic of masochism.[22] This is scarcely
+the case. The desire to be trodden on may be fundamentally an erotic
+symbolism, closely approaching foot-fetichism, and such slight indications
+of masochism as appear may be merely a parasitic growth on the symbolism,
+a growth perhaps more suggested by the circumstances involved in the
+gratification of the abnormal desire than inherent in the innate impulse
+of the subject. This may be illustrated by the interesting case of a very
+intelligent man with whom I am well acquainted.
+
+    C.P., aged 38. Heredity good. Parents both healthy and normal.
+    Several children of the marriage, all sexually normal so far as
+    is known. C.P. is the youngest of the family and separated from
+    the others by an interval of many years. He was a seven-months'
+    child. He has always enjoyed good health and is active and
+    vigorous, both mentally and physically.
+
+    From the age of 9 or 10 to 14 he masturbated occasionally for the
+    sake of physical relief, having discovered the act for himself.
+    He was, however, quite innocent and knew nothing of sexual
+    matters, never having been initiated either by servants or by
+    other boys.
+
+    "When I encounter a woman who very strongly attracts me and whom
+    I very greatly admire," he writes, "my desire is never that I may
+    have sexual connection with her in the ordinary sense, but that I
+    may lie down upon the floor on my back and be trampled upon by
+    her. This curious desire is seldom present unless the object of
+    my admiration is really a lady, and of fine proportions. She must
+    be richly dressed--preferably in an evening gown, and wear dainty
+    high-heeled slippers, either quite open so as to show the curve
+    of the instep, or with only one strap or 'bar' across. The skirts
+    should be raised sufficiently to afford me the pleasure of seeing
+    her feet and a liberal amount of ankle, but in no case above the
+    knee, or the effect is greatly reduced. Although I often greatly
+    admire a woman's intellect and even person, sexually no other
+    part of her has any serious attraction for me except the leg,
+    from the knee downwards, and the foot, and these must be
+    exquisitely clothed. Given this condition, my desire amounts to a
+    wish to gratify my sexual sense by contact with the (to me)
+    attractive part of the woman. Comparatively few women have a leg
+    or foot sufficiently beautiful to my mind to excite any serious
+    or compelling desire, but when this is so, or I suspect it, I am
+    willing to spend any time or trouble to get her to tread upon me
+    and am anxious to be trampled on with the greatest severity.
+
+    "The treading should be inflicted for a few minutes all over the
+    chest, abdomen and groin, and lastly on the penis, which is, of
+    course, lying along the belly in a violent state of erection, and
+    consequently too hard for the treading to damage it. I also enjoy
+    being nearly strangled by a woman's foot.
+
+    "If the lady finally stands facing my head and places her slipper
+    upon my penis so that the high heel falls about where the penis
+    leaves the scrotum, the sole covering most of the rest of it and
+    with the other foot upon the abdomen, into which I can _see_ as
+    well as feel it sink as she shifts her weight from one foot to
+    the other, orgasm takes place almost at once. Emission under
+    these conditions is to me an agony of delight, during which
+    practically the lady's whole weight should rest upon the penis.
+
+    "One reason for my special pleasure in this method seems to be
+    that first the heel and afterwards the sole of the slipper as it
+    treads upon the penis greatly check the passage of the semen and
+    consequently the pleasure is considerably prolonged. There is
+    also a curious mental side to the affair. I love to imagine that
+    the lady who is treading upon me is my mistress and I her slave,
+    and that she is doing it to punish me for some fault, or to give
+    _herself_ (not me) pleasure.
+
+    "It follows that the greater the contempt and severity with which
+    I am 'punished,' the greater becomes my pleasure. The idea of
+    'punishment' or 'slavery' is seldom aroused except when I have
+    great difficulty in accomplishing my desire and the treader is
+    more than usually handsome and heavy and the trampling
+    mercilessly inflicted. I have been trampled so long and so
+    mercilessly several times, that I have flinched each time the
+    slipper pressed its way into my aching body and have been black
+    and blue for days afterwards. I take the greatest interest in
+    leading ladies on to do this for me where I think I will not
+    offend, and have been surprisingly successful. I must have lain
+    beneath the feet of quite a hundred women, many of them of good
+    social position, who would never dream of permitting any ordinary
+    sexual intercourse, but who have been so interested or amused by
+    the idea as to do it for me--many of them over and over again. It
+    is perhaps needless to say that none of my own or the ladies'
+    clothing is ever removed, or disarranged, for the accomplishment
+    of orgasm in this manner. After a long and varied experience, I
+    may say that my favorite weight is 10 to 11 stone, and that
+    black, very high-heeled slippers, in combination with tan silk
+    stockings, seem to give me the greatest pleasure and create in me
+    the strongest desires.
+
+    "Boots, or outdoor shoes, do not attract me to anything like the
+    same degree, although I have, upon several occasions, enjoyed
+    myself fairly well by their use. Nude women repel me, and I find
+    no pleasure in seeing a woman in tights. I am not averse to
+    normal sexual connection and occasionally employ it. To me,
+    however, the pleasure is far inferior to that of being trampled
+    upon. I also derive keen pleasure--and usually have a strong
+    erection--from seeing a woman, dressed as I have described, tread
+    upon anything which yields under her foot--such as the seat of a
+    carriage, the cushions of a punt, a footstool, etc., and I enjoy
+    seeing her crush flowers by treading upon them. I have often
+    strolled along in the wake of some handsome lady at a picnic or
+    garden party, for the pleasure of seeing the grass upon which she
+    has trodden rise slowly again after her foot has pressed it. I
+    delight also to see a carriage sway as a woman leaves or enters
+    it--anything which needs the pressure of the foot.
+
+    "To pass now to the origin of this direction of my feelings.
+
+    "Even in early childhood I admired pretty feminine foot-gear, and
+    in the contemplation of it experienced vague sensations which I
+    now recognize as sexual. When a lad of 14 or so, I stayed a good
+    deal at the house of some intimate friends of my parents, the
+    daughter of the house--an only child--a beautiful and powerful
+    girl, about six years my senior, being my special chum. This girl
+    was always daintily dressed, and having most lovely feet and
+    ankles not unnaturally knew it. Whenever possible she dressed so
+    as to show off their beauty to the best advantage--rather short
+    skirts and usually little high-heeled slippers--and was not
+    averse to showing them in a most distractingly coquettish manner.
+    She seemed to have a passion for treading upon things which would
+    scrunch or yield under her foot, such as flowers, little
+    windfallen apples and pears, acorns, etc., or heaps of hay, straw
+    or cut grass. As we wandered about the gardens--for we were left
+    to do exactly as we liked--I got quite accustomed to seeing her
+    hunt out and tread upon such things, and used to chaff her about
+    it. At that time I was--as I am still--fond of lying at full
+    length on a thick hearthrug before a good fire. One evening as I
+    was lying in this way and we were alone, A. crossed the room to
+    reach a bangle from the mantelpiece. Instead of reaching over me,
+    she playfully stepped upon my body, saying that she would show me
+    how the hay and straw felt. Naturally I fell in with the joke and
+    laughed. After standing upon me a few moments she raised her
+    skirt slightly and, holding on to the mantelpiece for support,
+    stretched out one dainty foot in its brown silk stocking and
+    high-heeled slipper to the blaze to warm, while looking down and
+    laughing at my scarlet, excited face. She was a perfectly frank
+    and charming girl, and I feel pretty certain that, although she
+    evidently enjoyed my excitement and the feeling of my body
+    yielding under her feet, she did not on this first occasion
+    clearly understand my condition; nor can I remember that, though
+    the desire for sexual gratification drove me nearly mad, it
+    appeared to awaken in her any reciprocal feeling. I took hold of
+    her raised foot and, after kissing it, guided it by an absolutely
+    irresistible impulse on to my penis, which was as hard as wood
+    and seemed almost bursting. Almost at the moment that her weight
+    was thrown upon it, orgasm took place for the first time in my
+    life thoroughly and effectively. No description can give any idea
+    of what I felt--I only know that from that moment my distorted
+    sexual focus was fixed forever. Numberless times, after that
+    evening, I felt the weight of her dainty slippers, and nothing
+    will ever cause the memory of the pleasure she thus gave me to
+    fade. I know that A. came to enjoy treading upon me, as much as I
+    enjoyed having her do it. She had a liberal dress allowance and,
+    seeing the pleasure they gave me, she was always buying pretty
+    stockings and ravishing slippers with the highest and most
+    slender Louis heels she could find and would show them to me with
+    the greatest glee, urging me to lie down that she might try them
+    on me. She confessed that she loved to see and feel them sink
+    into my body as she trod upon me and enjoyed the crunch of the
+    muscles under her heel as she moved about. After some minutes of
+    this, I always guided her slipper on to my penis, and she would
+    tread carefully, but with her whole weight--probably about 9
+    stone--and watch me with flashing eyes, flushed cheeks, and
+    quivering lips, as she felt--as she must have done plainly--the
+    throbbing and swelling of my penis under her foot as emission
+    took place. I have not the smallest doubt that orgasm took place
+    simultaneously with her, though we never at any time spoke openly
+    of it. This went on for several years on almost every favorable
+    opportunity we had, and after a month or two of separation
+    sometimes four or five times during a single day. Several times
+    during A.'s absence I masturbated by getting her slipper and
+    pressing it with all my strength against the penis while
+    imagining that she was treading upon me. The pleasure was, of
+    course, very inferior to her attentions. There was never at any
+    time between us any question of normal sexual intercourse, and we
+    were both well content to let things drift as they were.
+
+    "A little after 20 I went abroad, and on my return about three
+    years later I found her married. Although we met often, the
+    subject was never alluded to, though we remained firm friends. I
+    confess I often, when I could do so without being seen, looked
+    longingly at her feet and would have gladly accepted the pleasure
+    she could have given me by an occasional resumption of our
+    strange practice--but it never came.
+
+    "I went abroad again, and now neither she nor her husband are
+    alive and leave no issue. From time to time I have had occasional
+    relations with prostitutes, but always in this manner, though I
+    much prefer to find some lady of or above my own social position
+    who will do the treading for me. This is, however, interestingly
+    difficult.
+
+    "Out of say a hundred women (which at home and abroad is what I
+    should estimate must have stood upon my body) I should say quite
+    80 or 85 were _not_ prostitutes. Certainly not more than 10 to 12
+    shared any _sexual_ excitement, but while they were evidently
+    excited they were not gratified. A. alone, so far as I know, had
+    complete sexual satisfaction of it. I have never asked a woman in
+    so many words to tread upon me for the purpose of gratifying my
+    sexual desires (prostitutes excepted), but have always tempted
+    them to do it in a jocular or teasing manner, and it is very
+    doubtful if more than a few (married) women really understood,
+    even after they had given me the extreme pleasure, that they had
+    done so, because any flushing and movement on my part under their
+    feet was not unnaturally put down to the trampling to which they
+    were subjecting me, and it was easy for me to guide the foot as
+    often as was necessary on to the penis till orgasm took place,
+    and even to keep it there by laying hold of the other one to kiss
+    it or on some other pretext during emission. Of course many
+    understood after once doing it (most have done it only once) what
+    I was at, and, although they did not ever discuss it nor did I,
+    they were not unwilling to give me as many treadings as I cared
+    to playfully suggest. I don't think they got any pleasure
+    sexually out of it themselves, though they could see plainly that
+    I did, and they did not object to give it me. I have spent as
+    long as twelve months with some women working gradually nearer
+    and nearer to my desire--often getting what I want in the end,
+    but more often failing. I _never_ risk it till I am certain it
+    would be safe to ask it, and have never had a serious rebuff. In
+    very many cases I should say the doing of what I want has simply
+    been regarded by the woman as gratifying a silly and perhaps
+    amusing whim, in which, beyond the novelty of treading on a man's
+    body, she has taken but little interest.
+
+    "As in normal seduction, the endeavor to win the woman over to do
+    what I want without arousing her antagonism is a great part of
+    the charm to me, and naturally the better her social position the
+    more difficult this becomes--and the more attractive. I have
+    found that in three instances prostitutes have performed the same
+    office for other men and knew all about it. It is not
+    uninteresting to note that these three women were all of fine,
+    massive build--one standing about 5 feet 10 inches and weighing
+    nearly 14 stone--but with comparatively uninteresting faces. The
+    weight, build and clothing count for a good deal in exciting me.
+    I find that a sudden check to a man at the supreme moment of
+    sexual pleasure tends to heighten and prolong the pleasure. My
+    physical satisfaction is due to the fact that by getting the lady
+    to stand with all her weight upon my penis (as it lies between
+    her foot and the soft bed of my own body into which it is deeply
+    pressed) the act of emission is enormously prolonged, with
+    corresponding enjoyment. For this reason also I prefer a very
+    high-heeled slipper. The seminal fluid has to be forced past two
+    separate obstacles--the pressure of the heel close at the root of
+    the penis and afterwards the ball of the foot which compresses
+    the outer half, leaving a free portion between them under the
+    arched sole of the slipper. I may add that the pleasure is
+    greatly increased by the retention of the urine, and I always try
+    to retain as much water as I dare. I have an unconquerable
+    aversion to red in slippers or stockings; it will even cause
+    impotence. Why, I know not. Strange as it may seem, although pain
+    and bruising are often inflicted by a severe treading, I have
+    never been in any way injured by the practice, and my pleasure in
+    it seems not to diminish by constant repetition. The comparative
+    difficulty of obtaining the pleasure from just the woman I want
+    has a never-ending, if inexplicable, charm for me."
+
+    It will be observed that in this case special importance is
+    attached to shoes with high heels, and the subject considers that
+    the pressure of such shoes is for mechanical reasons most
+    favorable for procuring ejaculation. Nearly all heterosexual
+    shoe-fetichists seem, however, to be equally attracted by high
+    heels. Restif de la Bretonne frequently referred to this point,
+    and he gave a number of reasons for the attractiveness of high
+    heels: (1) They are unlike men's boots and, therefore, have a
+    sexual fascination; (2) they make the leg and foot look more
+    charming; (3) they give a less bold and more sylph-like character
+    to the walk; (4) they keep the feet clean. (Restif de la
+    Bretonne, _Nuits de Paris_, vol. v, quoted in Preface to his _Mes
+    Inscriptions_, p. ciii.) It is doubtless the first reason--the
+    fact that high heels are a kind of secondary sexual
+    character--which is most generally potent in this attraction.
+
+The foregoing history, while it very distinctly brings before us a case of
+erotic symbolism, is not strictly an example of shoe-fetichism. The
+symbolism is more complex. The focus of beauty in a desirable woman is
+transferred and concentrated in the region below the knee; in that sense
+we have foot-fetichism. But the act of coitus itself is also symbolically
+transferred. Not only has the foot become the symbol of the vulva, but
+trampling has become the symbol of coitus; intercourse takes place
+symbolically _per pedem_. It is a result of this symbolization of the foot
+and of trampling that all acts of treading take on a new and symbolical
+sexual charm. The element of masochism--of pleasure in being a woman's
+slave--is a parasitic growth; that is to say, it is not founded in the
+subject's constitution, but chances to have found a favorable soil in the
+special circumstances under which his sexual life developed. It is not
+primary, but secondary, and remains an unimportant and merely occasional
+element.
+
+It may be instructive to bring forward for comparison a case in which also
+we have a symbolism involving boot-fetichism, but extending beyond it. In
+this case there is a basis of inversion (as is not infrequent in erotic
+symbolisms), but from the present point of view the psychological
+significance of the case remains the same.
+
+    A.N., aged 29, unmarried, healthy, though not robust, and without
+    any known hereditary taint. Has followed various avocations
+    without taking great interest in them, but has shown some
+    literary ability.
+
+    "I am an Englishman," his own narrative runs, "the third of three
+    children. At my birth my father was 41 and my mother 34. My
+    mother died of cancer when I was 15. My father is still alive, a
+    reserved man, who still nurses his sorrow for his wife's death. I
+    have no reason to believe my parents anything but normal and
+    useful members of society. My sister is normal and happily
+    married. My brother I have reason to believe to be an invert.
+
+    "A horoscope cast for me describes me in a way I think correct,
+    and so do my friends: 'A mild, obliging, gentle, amiable person,
+    with many fine traits of character; timid in nature, fond of
+    society, loving peace and quietude, delighting in warm and close
+    friendships. There is much that is firm, steadfast and
+    industrious, some self-love, a good deal of diplomacy, a little
+    that is subtle, or what is called finesse. You are reserved with
+    those you dislike. There is a serious and sad side to your
+    character; you are very thoughtful and contemplative when in
+    these moods. But you are not pessimistic. You have superior
+    abilities, for they are intuitively intellectual. There is a cold
+    reticence which restrains generous impulses and which inclines to
+    acquisitiveness; it will make you deliberate, inventive, adding
+    self-esteem, some vanity.'
+
+    "At an early age I was left much alone in the nursery and there
+    contracted the habit of masturbation long before the age of
+    puberty. I use the word 'masturbation' for want of a better,
+    though it may not quite describe my case. I have never used my
+    hand to the penis. As far back as I can remember I have had what
+    a Frenchman has described as 'le fetichisme de la chaussure,' and
+    in those early days, before I was 6 years old, I would put on my
+    father's boots, taken from a cupboard at hand, and then tying or
+    strapping my legs together would produce an erection, and all the
+    pleasurable feelings experienced, I suppose, by means of
+    masturbation. I always did this secretly, but couldn't tell why.
+    I continued this practice on and off all my boyhood and youth.
+    When I discovered the first emission I was much surprised. I
+    always did this thing without loosening my trousers. As to how
+    these feelings arose I am totally unable to say. I can't remember
+    being without such feelings, and they seem to me perfectly
+    normal. The sight, or even thought, of high boots, or leggings,
+    especially if well polished or in patent leather, would set all
+    my sexual passions aflame, and does yet. As a boy my great desire
+    was to wear these things. A soldier in boots and spurs, a groom
+    in tops, or even an errand-boy in patent leather leggings,
+    fascinated me, and to this day, despite reason and everything
+    else. The sight of such things produced an erection. An emission
+    I could always produce by tightly tying my legs together, but
+    only when wearing boots, and preferably leggings, which when I
+    had pocket money I bought for this purpose. (At the present
+    moment I have five pairs in the house and two pairs of high
+    boots, quite unjustified by ordinary use.) This habit I lapse
+    into yet at times. The smell of leather affects me, but I never
+    know how far this may be due to association with boots; the smell
+    suggests the image. Restraint by a leather strap is more exciting
+    than by cords. Erotic dreams always take the form of restraint on
+    the limbs when booted.
+
+    "Uniforms and liveries have a great temptation for me, but only
+    when of a tight-fitting nature and smart, as soldiers', grooms',
+    etc., but not sailors'; most powerfully when the person is in
+    boots or leggings and breeches.
+
+    "I was a quiet, sensitive boy, taking no part in games or sports.
+    Have always been indifferent to them. I made few friends, but
+    didn't want them. The craving for friendship came much later,
+    after I was 21. I was a day boy at a private school, and never
+    had any conversation with any boy on sexual matters, though I was
+    dimly aware of much 'nastiness' about the school. I knew nothing
+    of sodomy. But all these things were repulsive to me,
+    notwithstanding my secret practices. I was a 'good boy.'
+
+    "Up to the age of 21 I was perfectly satisfied with my own
+    society, something of a prig, fond of books and reading, etc. I
+    was and ever have been absolutely insensible to the influence of
+    the other sex. I am not a woman hater, and take intellectual
+    pleasure in the society of certain ladies, but they are nearly
+    all much older than myself. I have a strong repulsion from sexual
+    relations with women. I should not mind being married for the
+    sake of companionship and for the sake of having boys of my own.
+    But the sexual act would frighten me. I could not in my present
+    frame of mind go to bed with a woman. Yet I feel an immense envy
+    of my married friends in that they are able to give out, and find
+    satisfaction for, their affection in a way that is quite
+    impossible for me. I picture certain boys in the place of the
+    wife.
+
+    "I am now only happy in the society of men younger than myself,
+    age 17 to (say) 23 or 24, youths with smooth faces, or first sign
+    of hair on lip, well groomed, slightly effeminate in feature, of
+    sympathetic, perhaps weak nature. I feel I want to help them, do
+    something for them, devote myself entirely to their welfare.
+
+    "With such there is no fixed line between friendship and love. I
+    yearn for intimacy with particular friends, but never dare
+    express it. I find so many people object to any strong expression
+    of feeling that I dare not run the risk of appearing ridiculous
+    in the eyes of these desired intimates.
+
+    "I have no desire for _pædicatio_, but the idea itself does not
+    repulse me or seem unnatural, though personally it repels me a
+    little. But I think this to be mere prejudice on my part, which
+    might be broken down if the loved person showed a willingness to
+    act a passive part. I should never dare to make an advance,
+    however.
+
+    "I am restrained by moral and religious considerations from
+    making my real feelings known, and I feel I should sink in my own
+    estimation if I gave way, though my natural desire is to do so.
+    In the face of opportunities (not I mean of _pædicatio_, but of
+    expression of excessive affection, etc.), or what might be such,
+    I always fail to speak lest I should forfeit the esteem of the
+    other person. I have a feeling of surprise when any one I like
+    evinces a liking for me. I feel that those I love are
+    immeasurably my superiors, though my reason may tell me it is not
+    so. I would grovel at their feet, do anything to win a smile from
+    them, or to make them give me their company.
+
+    "Ordinary bodily contact with the boy I love gives me most
+    exquisite pleasure, and I never lose an opportunity of bringing
+    such contact about when it can be done naturally. I feel an
+    immense desire to embrace, kiss, squeeze, etc., the person, to
+    generally maul him, and say nice things--the kind of things a man
+    usually says to a woman. A handshake, the mere presence of the
+    person, makes me happy and content.
+
+    "I can say with the Albanian: 'If I find myself in the presence
+    of the beloved, I rest absorbed in gazing on him. Absent, I think
+    of nought but him. If the beloved unexpectedly appears I fall
+    into confusion. My heart beats faster. I have eyes and ears only
+    for the beloved.'
+
+    "I feel that my capacity of affection is finer and more spiritual
+    than that which commonly subsists between persons of different
+    sexes. And so, while trying to fight my instincts by religion, I
+    find my natural feeling to be part of my religion, and its
+    highest expression. In this sense I can speak from experience in
+    my own case, and more especially in that of my brother, that what
+    you have said about philanthropic activity resulting from
+    repressed homosexuality is very true indeed. I can say with one
+    of your female cases: 'Love is to me a religion. The very nature
+    of my affection for my friends precludes the possibility of any
+    element entering into it which is not absolutely pure and
+    sacred.' I am, however, madly jealous. I want entire possession,
+    and I can't bear for a moment that any one I do not care for
+    should know the person I love.
+
+    "I am never attracted by men older than myself. The youths who
+    attract me may be of any class, though preferably, I think, of a
+    class a little lower than myself. I am not quite sure of this,
+    however, as circumstances may have contributed more than
+    deliberate choice to bring certain youths under my notice. Those
+    who have exercised the most powerful influence on me have been an
+    Oxford undergraduate, a barber's assistant, and a plumber's
+    apprentice. Though naturally fond of intellectual society, I do
+    not ask for intellect in those I love. It goes for nothing. I
+    always prefer their company to that of the most educated persons.
+    This preference has alienated me to some extent from more refined
+    and educated circles that formerly I was intimate with.
+
+    "I have been led entirely out of my old habits by association
+    with younger friends, and now do things which before I should
+    never have dreamed of doing. My thoughts now are always with
+    certain youths, and if they speak of leaving the town, or in any
+    way talk of a future that I cannot share, I suffer horrid
+    sinkings of the heart and depression of spirits."
+
+This case, while it concerns a person of quite different temperament, with
+a more innate predisposition to specific perversions, is yet in many
+respects analogous to the previous case. There is boot-fetichism; nothing
+is felt to be so attractive as the foot-gear, and there is also at the
+same time more than this; there is the attraction of repression and
+constraint developed into a sexual symbol. In C.P.'s case that symbolism
+arises from the experience of an abnormal heterosexual relationship; in
+A.N.'s case it is founded on auto-erotic experiences associated with
+inversion; in both alike the entire symbolism has become diffused and
+generalized.
+
+In the two cases just brought forward we have an erotic symbolism of act
+founded on, and closely associated with, an erotic symbolism of object. It
+may be instructive to bring forward another case in which no fetichistic
+feeling toward an object can be traced, but an erotic symbolism still
+clearly exists. In this case pain, even when self-inflicted, has acquired
+a symbolic value as a stimulus to tumescence, without any element of
+masochism. Such a case serves to indicate how the sexual attraction of
+pain is really a special case of the erotic symbolism with which we are
+here concerned.
+
+    A.W., aged 50, a writer and lecturer, physically and mentally
+    energetic and enjoying good health. He is, however, very
+    emotional and of nervous temperament, but self-controlled. Though
+    physically well developed, the sexual organs are small. He is
+    married to an attractive woman, to whom he is much attached, and
+    has two healthy children.
+
+    At 10 or 12 years of age he had a frequent desire to be whipped,
+    his parents never having struck him, and on one occasion he asked
+    a brother to go with him to the closet to get him to whip him on
+    the posterior; but on arrival he was too shy to make the request.
+    He did not recognize the cause of these desires, knowing nothing
+    of such things except from the misinformation of his
+    school-fellows' talk. As far as he can remember, he was an
+    entirely normal, healthy boy up to the age of about 15, when his
+    attention was arrested by an advertisement of a quack medicine
+    for the results of "youthful excesses."
+
+    Being a city boy, he was unfamiliar with the coupling even of
+    animals, had never had a conscious erection and did not know of
+    frictional excitement. Experiment, however, resulted in an
+    orgasm, and, though believing that it was wicked or at least weak
+    and degrading, he indulged in masturbation at intervals, usually
+    about six times a month, and has continued even up to the
+    present.
+
+    He had an abnormally small opening in the prepuce, making the
+    uncovering of the glans almost impossible. (At the age of about
+    37, he himself slit the prepuce by three or four cuts of a
+    scissors at intervals of about ten days. This was followed by a
+    marked decrease in desire, especially as he shortly afterwards
+    learned the importance of local cleanliness.) While in college at
+    about the age of 19 he began to have nocturnal emissions
+    occasionally and once or twice a week when at stool. Alarmed by
+    these, he consulted a physician, who warned him of the danger,
+    gave him bromide and prescribed cold bathing of the parts, with a
+    hard, cool bed. These stopped the emissions.
+
+    He never had connection with women until the age of about 25, and
+    then only three times until his marriage at 30 years of age,
+    being deterred partly by conscientious scruples, but more by
+    shyness and convention, and deriving very little pleasure from
+    these instances. Even since marriage he has derived more pleasure
+    from sexual excitement than from coitus, and can maintain
+    erection for as long as two hours.
+
+    He has always been accustomed to torture himself in various
+    ingenious ways, nearly always connected with sex. He would burn
+    his skin deeply with red hot wire in inconspicuous places. These
+    and similar acts were generally followed by manual excitation
+    nearly always brought to a climax.
+
+    He considers that he is attracted to refined and intellectual
+    women. But he is without very ardent desires, having several
+    times gone to bed with attractive women who stripped themselves
+    naked, but without attempting any sexual intercourse with them.
+    He became interested in the "Karezza" theory and has tried to
+    practice it with his wife, but could never entirely control the
+    emission.
+
+    He has hired a masseur to whip him, as children are whipped, with
+    a heavy dog whip, which caused pleasurable excitement. During
+    this time he had relations with his wife generally about once a
+    week without any great ecstasy. She was cold and sexually slow,
+    owing to conventional sex repression and to an idea that the
+    whole thing was "like animals" and to fear of child-bearing,
+    usually necessitating the use of a cover or withdrawal. It was
+    only eight years after their marriage that she desired and
+    obtained a child. During these years he would often stick pins
+    through his mammæ and tie them together by a string round the
+    pins drawn so short as to cause great pain and then indulge
+    himself in the sexual act. He used strong wooden clips with a
+    tack fixed in them, so as to pierce and pinch the mammæ, and once
+    he drove a pin entirely through the penis itself, then obtaining
+    orgasm by friction. He was never able to get an automatic
+    emission in this way, though he often tried, not even by walking
+    briskly during an erection.
+
+In another class of cases a purely ideal symbolism may be present by means
+of a fetich which acts as a powerful stimulus without itself being felt to
+possess any attraction. A good illustration of this condition is furnished
+by a case which has been communicated to me by a medical correspondent in
+New Zealand.
+
+    "The patient went out to South Africa as a trooper with the
+    contingent from New Zealand, throwing up a good position in an
+    office to do so. He had never had any trouble as regards
+    connection with women before going out to South Africa. While in
+    active service at the front he sustained a nasty fall from his
+    horse, breaking his leg. He was unconscious for four days, and
+    was then invalided down to Cape Town. Here he rapidly got well,
+    and his accustomed health returning to him he started having what
+    he terms 'a good time.' He repeatedly went to brothels, but was
+    unable to have more than a temporary erection, and no ejaculation
+    would take place. In one of these places he was in company with a
+    drunken trooper, who suggested that they should perform the
+    sexual act with their boots and spurs (only) on. My patient, who
+    was also drunk, readily assented, and to his surprise was enabled
+    to perform the act of copulation without any difficulty at all.
+    He has repeatedly tried since to perform the act without any
+    spurs, but is quite unable to do so; with the spurs he has no
+    difficulty at all in obtaining all the gratification he desires.
+    His general health is good. His mother was an extremely nervous
+    woman, and so is his sister. His father died when he was quite
+    young. His only other relation in the colony is a married sister,
+    who seems to enjoy vigorous health."
+
+The consideration of the cases here brought forward may suffice to show
+that beyond those fetichisms which find their satisfaction in the
+contemplation of a part of the body or a garment, there is a more subtle
+symbolism. The foot is a center of force, an agent for exerting pressure,
+and thus it furnishes a point of departure not alone for the merely static
+sexual fetich, but for a dynamic erotic symbolization. The energy of its
+movements becomes a substitute for the energy of the sexual organs
+themselves in coitus, and exerts the same kind of fascination. The young
+girl (page 35) "who seemed to have a passion for treading upon things
+which would scrunch or yield under her foot," already possessed the germs
+of an erotic symbolism which, under the influence of circumstances in
+which she herself took an active part, developed into an adequate method
+of sexual gratification.[23] The youth who was her partner learned, in the
+same way, to find an erotic symbolism in all the pressure reactions of
+attractive feminine feet, the swaying of a carriage beneath their weight,
+the crushing of the flowers on which they tread, the slow rising of the
+grass which they have pressed. Here we have a symbolism which is
+altogether different from that fetichism which adores a definite object;
+it is a dynamic symbolism finding its gratification in the spectacle of
+movements which ideally recall the fundamental rhythm and pressure
+reactions of the sexual process.
+
+We may trace a very similar erotic symbolism in an absolutely normal form.
+The fascination of clothes in the lover's eyes is no doubt a complex
+phenomenon, but in part it rests on the aptitudes of a woman's garments to
+express vaguely a dynamic symbolism which must always remain indefinite
+and elusive, and on that account always possess fascination. No one has so
+acutely described this symbolism as Herrick, often an admirable
+psychologist in matters of sexual attractiveness. Especially instructive
+in this respect are his poems, "Delight in Disorder," "Upon Julia's
+Clothes," and notably "Julia's Petticoat." "A sweet disorder in the
+dress," he tells us, "kindles in clothes a wantonness;" it is not on the
+garment itself, but on the character of its movement that he insists; on
+the "erring lace," the "winning wave" of the "tempestuous petticoat;" he
+speaks of the "liquefaction" of clothes, their "brave vibration each way
+free," and of Julia's petticoat he remarks with a more specific symbolism
+still,
+
+    "Sometimes 'twould pant and sigh and heave,
+     As if to stir it scarce had leave;
+     But having got it, thereupon,
+     'Twould make a brave expansion."
+
+In the play of the beloved woman's garment, he sees the whole process of
+the central act of sex, with its repressions and expansions, and at the
+sight is himself ready to "fall into a swoon."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[13] G. Stanley Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. ii, p. 113. It will be noted
+that the hand does not appear among the parts of the body which are
+normally of supreme interest. An interest in the hand is by no means
+uncommon (it may be noted, for instance, in the course of History XII in
+Appendix B to vol. iii of these _Studies_), but the hand does not possess
+the mystery which envelops the foot, and hand-fetichism is very much less
+frequent than foot-fetichism, while glove-fetichism is remarkably rare. An
+interesting case of hand-fetichism, scarcely reaching morbid intensity, is
+recorded by Binet, _Etudes de Psychologie Expérimentale_, pp. 13-19; and
+see Krafft-Ebing, _Op. cit._, pp. 214 et seq.
+
+[14] _Mémoires_, vol. i, Chapter VII.
+
+[15] Among leading English novelists Hardy shows an unusual but by no
+means predominant interest in the feet and shoes of his heroines; see,
+e.g., the observations of the cobbler in _Under the Greenwood Tree_,
+Chapter III. A chapter in Goethe's _Wahlverwandtschaften_ (Part I, Chapter
+II) contains an episode involving the charm of the foot and the kissing of
+the beloved's shoe.
+
+[16] Schinz, "Philosophie des Conventions Sociales," _Revue
+Philosophique_, June, 1903, p. 626. Mirabeau mentions in his _Erotika
+Biblion_ that modern Greek women sometimes use their feet to provoke
+orgasm in their lovers. I may add that simultaneous mutual masturbation by
+means of the feet is not unknown to-day, and I have been told by an
+English shoe-fetichist that he at one time was accustomed to practice this
+with a married lady (Brazilian)--she with slippers on and he without--who
+derived gratification equal to his own.
+
+[17] Jacoby (loc. cit. pp. 796-7) gives a large number of references to
+Ovid's works bearing on this point. "In reading him," he remarks, "one is
+inclined to say that the psychology of the Romans was closely allied to
+that of the Chinese."
+
+[18] R. Kleinpaul, _Sprache ohne Worte_, p. 308. See also Moll, _Konträre
+Sexualempfindung_, third edition, pp. 306-308. Bloch brings together many
+interesting references bearing on the ancient sexual and religious
+symbolism of the shoe, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+Teil II, p. 324.
+
+[19] Jacoby (loc. cit. p. 797) appears to regard shoe-fetichism as a true
+atavism: "The sexual adoration of feminine foot-gear," he concludes,
+"perhaps the most enigmatic and certainly the most singular of
+degenerative insanities, is thus merely a form of atavism, the return of
+the degenerate to the very ancient and primitive psychology which we no
+longer understand and are no longer capable of feeling."
+
+[20] Moll has reported in detail (_Untersuchungen über die Libido
+Sexualis_, bd. i, Teil II, pp. 320-324) a case which both he and
+Krafft-Ebing regard as illustrative of the connection between
+boot-fetichism and masochism. It is essentially a case of masochism,
+though manifesting itself almost exclusively in the desire to perform
+humiliating acts in connection with the attractive person's boots.
+
+[21] Krafft-Ebing goes so far as to assert (_Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+English translation of tenth edition, p. 174) that "when in cases of
+shoe-fetichism the female shoe appears alone as the excitant of sexual
+desire one is justified in presuming that masochistic motives have
+remained latent.... Latent masochism may always be assumed as the
+unconscious motive." In this way he hopelessly misinterprets some of his
+own cases.
+
+[22] Krafft-Ebing goes so far as to assert (_Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+English translation, pp. 159 and 174). Yet some of the cases he brings
+forward (e.g., Coxe's as quoted by Hammond) show no sign of masochism,
+since, according to Krafft-Ebing's own definition (p. 116), the idea of
+subjugation by the opposite sex is of the essence of masochism.
+
+[23] Her actions suggest that there is often a latent sexual consciousness
+in regard to the feet in women, atavistic or pseudo-atavistic, and
+corresponding to the sexual attraction which the feet formerly aroused,
+almost normally, in men. This is also suggested by the case, referred to
+by Shufeldt, of an unmarried woman, belonging to a family exhibiting in a
+high degree both erotic and neurotic traits, who had "a certain
+uncontrollable fascination for shoes. She delights in new shoes, and
+changes her shoes all day long at regular intervals of three hours each.
+She keeps this row of shoes out in plain sight in her apartment." (R.W.
+Shufeldt, "On a Case of Female Impotency," 1896, p. 10.)
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+Scatalogic Symbolism--Urolagnia--Coprolagnia--The Ascetic Attitude Towards
+the Flesh--Normal basis of Scatalogic Symbolism--Scatalogic Conceptions
+Among Primitive Peoples--Urine as a Primitive Holy Water--Sacredness of
+Animal Excreta--Scatalogy in Folk-lore--The Obscene as Derived from the
+Mythological--The Immature Sexual Impulse Tends to Manifest Itself in
+Scatalogic Forms--The basis of Physiological Connection Between the
+Urinary and Genital Spheres--Urinary Fetichism Sometimes Normal in
+Animals--The Urolagnia of Masochists--The Scatalogy of Saints--Urolagnia
+More Often a Symbolism of Act Than a Symbolism of Object--Only
+Occasionally an Olfactory Fetichism--Comparative Rarity of
+Coprolagnia--Influence of Nates Fetichism as a Transition to
+Coprolagnia--Ideal Coprolagnia--Olfactory Coprolagnia--Urolagnia and
+Coprolagnia as Symbols of Coitus.
+
+
+We meet with another group of erotic symbolisms--alike symbolisms of
+object and of act--in connection with the two functions adjoining the
+anatomical sexual focus: the urinary and alvine excretory functions. These
+are sometimes termed the scatalogical group, with the two subdivisions of
+urolagnia and Coprolagnia.[24] _Inter fæces et urinam nascimur_ is an
+ancient text which has served the ascetic preachers of old for many
+discourses on the littleness of man and the meanness of that reproductive
+power which plays so large a part in man's life. "The stupid bungle of
+Nature," a correspondent writes, "whereby the generative organs serve as a
+means of relieving the bladder, is doubtless responsible for much of the
+disgust which those organs excite in some minds."
+
+At the same time, it is necessary to point out, such reflex influence may
+act not in one direction only, but also in the reverse direction. From
+the standpoint of ascetic contemplation eager to belittle humanity, the
+excretory centers may cast dishonor upon the genital center which they
+adjoin. From the more ecstatic standpoint of the impassioned lover, eager
+to magnify the charm of the woman he worships, it is not impossible for
+the excretory centers to take on some charm from the irradiating center of
+sex which they enclose.
+
+Even normally such a process is traceable. The normal lover may not
+idealize the excretory functions of his mistress, but the fact that he
+finds no repulsion in the most intimate contacts and feels no disgust at
+the proximity of the excretory orifices or the existence of their
+functions, indicates that the idealization of love has exerted at all
+events a neutralizing influence; indeed, the presence of an acute
+sensibility to the disturbing influence of this proximity of the excretory
+orifices and their functions must be considered abnormal; Swift's
+"Strephon and Chloe"--with the conviction underlying it that it is an easy
+matter for the excretory functions to drown the possibilities of
+love--could only have proceeded from a morbidly sensitive brain.[25]
+
+A more than mere neutralizing influence, a positively idealizing influence
+of the sexual focus on the excretory processes adjoining it, may take
+place in the lover's mind without the normal variations of sexual
+attraction being over-passed, and even without the creation of an
+excretory fetichism.
+
+    Reflections of this attitude may be found in the poets. In the
+    _Song of Songs_ the lover says of his mistress, "Thy navel is
+    like a round goblet, wherein no mingled wine is wanting;" in his
+    lyric "To Dianeme," Herrick says with clear reference to the
+    mons veneris:--
+
+        "Show me that hill where smiling love doth sit,
+        Having a living fountain under it;"
+
+    and in the very numerous poems in various languages which have
+    more or less obscurely dealt with the rose as the emblem of the
+    feminine pudenda there are occasional references to the stream
+    which guards or presides over the rose. It may, indeed, be
+    recalled that even in the name _nymphæ_ anatomists commonly apply
+    to the _labia minora_ there is generally believed to be a poetic
+    allusion to the Nymphs who presided over streams, since the
+    _labia minora_ exert an influence on the direction of the urinary
+    stream.
+
+    In _Wilhelm Meister_ (Part I, Chapter XV), Goethe, on the basis
+    of his own personal experiences, describes his hero's emotions in
+    the humble surroundings of Marianne's little room as compared
+    with the stateliness and order of his own home. "It seemed to him
+    when he had here to remove her stays in order to reach the
+    harpsichord, there to lay her skirt on the bed before he could
+    seat himself, when she herself with unembarrassed frankness would
+    make no attempt to conceal from him many natural acts which
+    people are accustomed to hide from others out of decency--it
+    seemed to him, I say, that he became bound to her by invisible
+    bands." We are told of Wordsworth (Findlay's _Recollections of De
+    Quincey_, p. 36) that he read _Wilhelm Meister_ till "he came to
+    the scene where the hero, in his mistress's bedroom, becomes
+    sentimental over her dirty towels, etc., which struck him with
+    such disgust that he flung the book out of his hand, would never
+    look at it again, and declared that surely no English lady would
+    ever read such a work." I have, however, heard a woman of high
+    intellectual distinction refer to the peculiar truth and beauty
+    of this very passage.
+
+    In one of his latest novels, _Les Rencontres de M. de Bréot_,
+    Henri de Régnier, one of the most notable of recent French
+    novelists, narrates an episode bearing on the matter before us. A
+    personage of the story is sitting for a moment in a dark grotto
+    during a night fête in a nobleman's park, when two ladies enter
+    and laughingly proceed to raise their garments and accomplish a
+    natural necessity. The man in the background, suddenly overcome
+    by a sexual impulse, starts forward; one lady runs away, the
+    other, whom he detains, offers little resistance to his advances.
+    To M. de Bréot, whom he shortly after encounters, he exclaims,
+    abashed at his own actions: "Why did I not flee? But could I
+    imagine that the spectacle of so disgusting a function would have
+    any other effect than to give me a humble opinion of human
+    nature?" M. de Bréot, however, in proceeding to reproach his
+    interlocutor for his inconsiderate temerity, observes: "What you
+    tell me, sir, does not entirely surprise me. Nature has placed
+    very various instincts within us, and the impulse that led you to
+    what you have just now done is not so peculiar as you think. One
+    may be a very estimable man and yet love women even in what is
+    lowliest in their bodies." In harmony with this passage from
+    Régnier's novel are the remarks of a correspondent who writes to
+    me of the function of urination that it "appeals sexually to most
+    normal individuals. My own observations and inquiries prove this.
+    Women themselves instinctively feel it. The secrecy surrounding
+    the matter lends, too, I think, a sexual interest."
+
+    The fact that scatalogic processes may in some degree exert an
+    attraction even in normal love has been especially emphasized by
+    Bloch (_Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil
+    II, pp. 222, et seq.): "The man whose intellect and æsthetic
+    sense has been 'clouded by the sexual impulse' sees these things
+    in an entirely different light from him who has not been overcome
+    by the intoxication of love. For him they are idealized (sit
+    venia verbo) since they are a part of the beloved person, and in
+    consequence associated with love." Bloch quotes the _Memoiren
+    einer Sängerin_ (a book which is said to be, though this seems
+    doubtful, genuinely autobiographical) in the same sense: "A man
+    who falls in love with a girl is not dragged out of his poetic
+    sphere by the thought that his beloved must relieve certain
+    natural necessities every day. It seems, indeed, to him to be
+    just the opposite. If one loves a person one finds nothing
+    obscene or disgusting in the object that pleases me." The
+    opposite attitude is probably in extreme cases due to the
+    influence of a neurotic or morbidly sensitive temperament. Swift
+    possessed such a temperament. The possession of a similar
+    temperament is doubtless responsible for the little prose poem,
+    "L'Extase," in which Huysmans in his first book, _Le Drageloir á
+    Epices_, has written an attenuated version of "Strephon and
+    Chloe" to express the disillusionment of love; the lover lies in
+    a wood clasping the hand of the beloved with rapturous emotion;
+    "suddenly she rose, disengaged her hand, disappeared in the
+    bushes, and I heard as it were the rustling of rain on the
+    leaves." His dream has fled.
+
+In estimating the significance of the lover's attitude in this matter, it
+is important to realize the position which scatologic conceptions took in
+primitive belief. At certain stages of early culture, when all the
+emanations of the body are liable to possess mysterious magic properties
+and become apt for sacred uses, the excretions, and especially the urine,
+are found to form part of religious ritual and ceremonial function. Even
+among savages the excreta are frequently regarded as disgusting, but under
+the influence of these conceptions such disgust is inhibited, and those
+emanations of the body which are usually least honored become religious
+symbols.
+
+    Urine has been regarded as the original holy water, and many
+    customs which still survive in Italy and various parts of Europe,
+    involving the use of a fluid which must often be yellow and
+    sometimes salt, possibly indicate the earlier use of urine. (The
+    Greek water of aspersion, according to Theocritus, was mixed
+    with salt, as is sometimes the modern Italian holy water. J.J.
+    Blunt, _Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Customs_, p. 173.) Among
+    the Hottentots, as Kolbein and others have recorded, the medicine
+    man urinated alternately on bride and bridegroom, and a
+    successful young warrior was sprinkled in the same way. Mungo
+    Park mentions that in Africa on one occasion a bride sent a bowl
+    of her urine which was thrown over him as a special mark of honor
+    to a distinguished guest. Pennant remarked that the Highlanders
+    sprinkled their cattle with urine, as a kind of holy water, on
+    the first Monday in every quarter. (Bourke, _Scatalogic Rites_,
+    pp. 228, 239; Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, "Bride-Ales.")
+
+    Even the excreta of animals have sometimes been counted sacred.
+    This is notably so in the case of the cow, of all animals the
+    most venerated by primitive peoples, and especially in India.
+    Jules Bois (_Visions de l'Inde_, p. 86) describes the spectacle
+    presented in the temple of the cows at Benares: "I put my head
+    into the opening of the holy stables. It was the largest of
+    temples, a splendor of precious stones and marble, where the
+    venerated heifers passed backwards and forwards. A whole people
+    adored them. They take no notice, plunged in their divine and
+    obscure unconsciousness. And they fulfil with serenity their
+    animal functions; they chew the offerings, drink water from
+    copper vessels, and when they are filled they relieve themselves.
+    Then a stercoraceous and religious insanity overcomes these
+    starry-faced women and venerable men; they fall on their knees,
+    prostrate themselves, eat the droppings, greedily drink the
+    liquid, which for them is miraculous and sacred." (Cf. Bourke,
+    _Scatalogic Rites_, Chapter XVII.)
+
+    Among the Chevsurs of the Caucasus, perhaps an Iranian people, a
+    woman after her confinement, for which she lives apart, purifies
+    herself by washing in the urine of a cow and then returns home.
+    This mode of purification is recommended in the Avesta, and is
+    said to be used by the few remaining followers of this creed.
+
+We have not only to take into account the frequency with which among
+primitive peoples the excretions possess a religious significance. It is
+further to be noted that in the folk-lore of modern Europe we everywhere
+find plentiful evidence of the earlier prevalence of legends and practices
+of a scatalogical character. It is significant that in the majority of
+cases it is easy to see a sexual reference in these stories and customs.
+The legends have lost their earlier and often mythical significance, and
+frequently take on a suggestion of obscenity, while the scatalogical
+practices have become the magical devices of lovelorn maidens or forsaken
+wives practiced in secrecy. It has happened to scatalogical rites to be
+regarded as we may gather from the _Clouds_ of Aristophanes, that the
+sacred leathern phallus borne by the women in the Bacchanalia was becoming
+in his time, an object to arouse the amusement of little boys.
+
+    Among many primitive peoples throughout the world, and among the
+    lower social classes of civilized peoples, urine possesses magic
+    properties, more especially, it would seem, the urine of women
+    and that of people who stand, or wish to stand, in sexual
+    relationship to each other. In a legend of the Indians of the
+    northwest coast of America, recorded by Boas, a woman gives her
+    lover some of her urine and says: "You can wake the dead if you
+    drop some of my urine in their ears and nose." (_Zeitschrift für
+    Ethnologie_, 1894, Heft IV, p. 293.) Among the same Indians there
+    is a legend of a woman with a beautiful white skin who found on
+    bathing every morning in the river that the fish were attracted
+    to her skin and could not be driven off even by magical
+    solutions. At last she said to herself: "I will make water on
+    them and then they will leave me alone." She did so, and
+    henceforth the fish left her. But shortly after fire came from
+    Heaven and killed her. (Ib., 1891, Heft V, p. 640.) Among both
+    Christians and Mohammedans a wife can attach an unfaithful
+    husband by privately putting some of her urine in his drink. (B.
+    Stern, _Medizin in der Türkei_, vol. ii, p. 11.) This practice is
+    world-wide; thus among the aborigines of Brazil, according to
+    Martius, the urine and other excretions and secretions are potent
+    for aphrodisiacal objects. (Bourke's _Scatalogic Rites of All
+    Nations_ contains many references to the folk-lore practices in
+    this matter; a study of popular beliefs in the magic power of
+    urine, published in Bombay by Professor Eugen Wilhelm in 1889, I
+    have not seen.)
+
+    The legends which narrate scatalogic exploits are numerous in the
+    literature of all countries. Among primitive peoples they often
+    have a purely theological character, for in the popular
+    mythologies of all countries (even, as we learn from
+    Aristophanes, among the Greeks) natural phenomena such as the
+    rain, are apt to be regarded as divine excretions, but in course
+    of time the legends take on a more erotic or a more obscene
+    character. In the Irish _Book of Leinster_ (written down
+    somewhere about the twelfth century, but containing material of
+    very much older date) we are told how a number of princesses in
+    Emain Macha, the seat of the Ulster Kings, resolved to find out
+    which of them could by urinating on it melt a snow pillar which
+    the men had made, the woman who succeeded to be regarded as the
+    best among them. None of them succeeded, and they sent for
+    Derbforgaill, who was in love with Cuchullain, and she was able
+    to melt the pillar; whereupon the other women, jealous of the
+    superiority she had thus shown, tore out her eyes. (Zimmer,
+    "Keltische Beiträge," _Zeitschrift für Deutsche Alterthum_, vol.
+    xxxii, Heft II, pp. 216-219.) Rhys considers that Derbforgaill
+    was really a goddess of dawn and dusk, "the drop glistening in
+    the sun's rays," as indicated by her name, which means a drop or
+    tear. (J. Rhys, _Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as
+    Illustrated by Celtic Heathendom_, p. 466.) It is interesting to
+    compare the legend of Derbforgaill with a somewhat more modern
+    Picardy folk-lore _conte_ which is clearly analogous but no
+    longer seems to show any mythologic element, "La Princesse qui
+    pisse par dessus les Meules." This princess had a habit of
+    urinating over hay-cocks; the king, her father, in order to break
+    her of the habit, offered her in marriage to anyone who could
+    make a hay-cock so high that she could not urinate over it. The
+    young men came, but the princess would merely laugh and at once
+    achieve the task. At last there came a young man who argued with
+    himself that she would not be able to perform this feat after she
+    had lost her virginity. He therefore seduced her first and she
+    then failed ignobly, merely wetting her stockings. Accordingly,
+    she became his bride. (Kryptadia, vol. i. p. 333.) Such legends,
+    which have lost any mythologic elements they may originally have
+    possessed and have become merely _contes_, are not uncommon in
+    the folk-lore of many countries. But in their earlier more
+    religious forms and in their later more obscene forms, they alike
+    bear witness to the large place which scatalogic conceptions play
+    in the primitive mind.
+
+It is a notable fact in evidence of the close and seemingly normal
+association with the sexual impulse of the scatalogic processes, that an
+interest in them, arising naturally and spontaneously, is one of the most
+frequent channels by which the sexual impulse first manifests itself in
+young boys and girls.
+
+    Stanley Hall, who has made special inquiries into the matter,
+    remarks that in childhood the products of excretion by bladder
+    and bowels are often objects of interest hardly less intense for
+    a time than eating and drinking. ("Early Sense of Self,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, April, 1898, p. 361.)
+    "Micturitional obscenities," the same writer observes again,
+    "which our returns show to be so common before adolescence,
+    culminate at 10 or 12, and seem to retreat into the background as
+    sex phenomena appear." They are, he remarks, of two classes:
+    "Fouling persons or things, secretly from adults, but openly with
+    each other," and less often "ceremonial acts connected with the
+    act or the product that almost suggest the scatalogical rites of
+    savages, unfit for description here, but of great interest and
+    importance." (G. Stanley Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. i, p. 116.)
+    The nature of such scatalogical phenomena in childhood--which are
+    often clearly the instinctive manifestations of an erotic
+    symbolism--and their wide prevalence among both boys and girls,
+    are very well illustrated in a narrative which I include in
+    Appendix B, History II.
+
+In boys as they approach the age of puberty, this attraction to the
+scatalogic, when it exists, tends to die out, giving place to more normal
+sexual conceptions, or at all events it takes a subordinate and less
+serious place in the mind. In girls, on the other hand, it often tends to
+persist. Edmond de Goncourt, a minute observer of the feminine mind,
+refers in _Chérie_ to "those innocent and triumphant gaieties which
+scatalogic stories have the privilege of arousing in women who have
+remained still children, even the most distinguished women." The extent to
+which innocent young women, who would frequently be uninterested or
+repelled in presence of the sexually obscene are sometimes attracted by
+the scatalogically obscene, becomes intelligible, however, if we realize
+that a symbolism comes here into play. In women the more specifically
+sexual knowledge and experience of life frequently develop much later than
+in men or even remains in abeyance, and the specifically sexual phenomena
+cannot therefore easily lend themselves to wit, or humor, or imagination.
+But the scatalogic sphere, by the very fact that in women it is a
+specially intimate and secret region which is yet always liable to be
+unexpectedly protruded into consciousness, furnishes an inexhaustible
+field for situations which have the same character as those furnished by
+the sexually obscene. It thus happens that the sexually obscene which in
+men tends to overshadow the scatalogically obscene, in women--partly from
+inexperience and partly, it is probable, from their almost physiological
+modesty--plays a part subordinate to the scatalogical. In a somewhat
+analogous way scatalogical wit and humor play a considerable part in the
+work of various eminent authors who were clergymen or priests.
+
+In addition to the anatomical and psychological associations which
+contribute to furnish a basis on which erotic symbolisms may spring up,
+there are also physiological connections between the genital and urinary
+spheres which directly favor such symbolisms. In discussing the analysis
+of the sexual impulse in a previous volume of these _Studies_, I have
+pointed out the remarkable relationship--sometimes of transference,
+sometimes of compensation--which exists between genital tension and
+vesical tension, both in men and women. In the histories of normal sexual
+development brought together at the end of that and subsequent volumes the
+relationship may frequently be traced, as also in the case of C.P. in the
+present study (p. 37). Vesical power is also commonly believed to be in
+relation with sexual potency, and the inability to project the urinary
+stream in a normal manner is one of the accepted signs of sexual
+impotency.[26] Féré, again, has recorded the history of a man with
+periodic crises of sexual desire, and subsequently sexual obsession
+without desire, which were always accompanied by the impulse to urinate
+and by increased urination.[27] In the case, recorded by Pitres and Régis,
+of a young girl who, having once at the sight of a young man she liked in
+a theater been overcome by sexual feeling accompanied by a strong desire
+to urinate, was afterward tormented by a groundless fear of experiencing
+an irresistible desire to urinate at inconvenient times,[28] we have an
+example of what may be called a physiological scatalogic symbolism of sex,
+an emotion which was primarily erotic becoming transferred to the bladder
+and then remaining persistent. From such a physiological symbolism it is
+but a step to the psychological symbolisms of scatalogic fetichism.
+
+    It is worthy of note, as an indication that such phenomena are
+    scarcely abnormal, that a urinary symbolism, and even a strictly
+    sexual fetichism, are normal among many animals.
+
+    The most familiar example of this kind is furnished by the dog,
+    who is sexually excited in this manner by traces of the bitch and
+    himself takes every opportunity of making his own path
+    recognizable. "This custom," Espinas remarks (_Des Sociétés
+    Animales_, p. 228), "has no other aim than to spread along the
+    road recognizable traces of their presence for the benefit of
+    individuals of the other sex, the odor of these traces doubtless
+    causing excitement."
+
+    It is noteworthy, also, that in animals as well as in man, sexual
+    excitement may manifest itself in the bladder. Thus Daumas states
+    (_Chevaux de Sahara_, p. 49) that if the mare urinates when she
+    hears the stallion neigh it is a sign that she is ready for
+    connection.
+
+It is in masochism, or passive algolagnia, that we may most frequently
+find scatalogic symbolism in its fully developed form. The man whose
+predominant impulse is to subjugate himself to his mistress and to receive
+at her hands the utmost humiliation, frequently finds the climax of his
+gratification in being urinated on by her, whether in actual fact or only
+in imagination.
+
+In many such cases, however, it is evident that we have a mixed
+phenomenon; the symbolism is double. The act becomes desirable because it
+is the outward and visible sign of an inwardly experienced abject slavery
+to an adored person. But it is also desirable because of intimately sexual
+associations in the act itself, as a symbolical detumescence, a simulacrum
+of the sexual act, and one which proceeds from the sexual focus itself.
+
+    Krafft-Ebing records various cases of masochism in which the
+    emission of urine on to the body or into the mouth formed the
+    climax of sexual gratification, as, for instance (_Psychopathia
+    Sexualis_, English translation, p. 183) in the case of a Russian
+    official who as a boy had fancies of being bound between the
+    thighs of a woman, compelled to sleep beneath her nates and to
+    drink her urine, and in later life experienced the greatest
+    excitement when practicing the last part of this early
+    imagination.
+
+    In another case, recorded by Krafft-Ebing and by him termed
+    "ideal masochism" (_Op. cit._, pp. 127-130), the subject from
+    childhood indulged in voluptuous day-dreams in which he was the
+    slave of a beautiful mistress who would compel him to obey all
+    her caprices, stand over him with one foot on his breast, sit on
+    his face and body, make him wait on her in her bath, or when she
+    urinated, and sometimes insist on doing this on his face; though
+    a highly intellectual man, he was always too timid to attempt to
+    carry any of his ideas into execution; he had been troubled by
+    nocturnal enuresis up to the age of 20.
+
+    Neri, again (_Archivio delle Psicopatie Sessuali_, vol. i, fasc.
+    7 and 8, 1896), records the case of an Italian masochist who
+    experienced the greatest pleasure when both urination and
+    defecation were practiced in this manner by the woman he was
+    attached to.
+
+    In a previous volume of these _Studies_ ("Sexual Inversion,"
+    History XXVI) I have recorded the masochistic day-dreams of a boy
+    whose impulses were at the same time inverted; in his reveries
+    "the central fact," he states, "became the discharge of urine
+    from my lover over my body and limbs, or, if I were very fond of
+    him, I let it be in my face." In actual life the act of urination
+    casually witnessed in childhood became the symbol, even the
+    reality, of the central secret of sex: "I stood rooted and
+    flushing with downcast eyes till the act was over, and was
+    conscious for a considerable time of stammering speech and
+    bewildered faculties.... I was overwhelmed with emotion and could
+    barely drag my feet from the spot or my eyes from the damp
+    herbage where he had deposited the waters of secrecy. Even to-day
+    I cannot dissociate myself from the shuddering charm that moment
+    had for me."
+
+It is not only the urine and the fæces which may thus acquire a symbolic
+fascination and attractiveness under the influence of masochistic
+deviations of sexual idealization. In some cases extreme rapture has been
+experienced in licking sweating feet. There is, indeed, no excretion or
+product of the body which has not been a source of ecstasy: the sweat from
+every part of the body, the saliva and menstrual fluid, even the wax from
+the ears.
+
+    Krafft-Ebing very truly points out (_Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+    English translation, p. 178) that this sexual scatalogic
+    symbolism is precisely paralleled by a religious scatalogic
+    symbolism. In the excesses of devout enthusiasm the ascetic
+    performs exactly the same acts as are performed in these excesses
+    of erotic enthusiasm. To mix excreta with the food, to lick up
+    excrement, to suck festering sores--all these and the like are
+    acts which holy and venerated women have performed.
+
+    Not only the saint, but also the prophet and medicine-man have
+    been frequently eaters of human excrement; it is only necessary
+    to refer to the instance of the prophet Ezekiel, who declared
+    that he was commanded to bake his bread with human dung, and to
+    the practices of medicine-men at Torres Straits, in whose
+    training the eating of human excrement takes a recognized part.
+    (Deities, notably Baal-Phegor, were sometimes supposed to eat
+    excrement, so that it was natural that their messengers and
+    representatives among men should do so. As regards Baal-Phegor,
+    see Dulaure, _Des Divinités Génératrices_, Chapter IV, and J.G.
+    Bourke, _Scatalogic Rites of All Nations_, p. 241. See also
+    Ezekiel, Chapter IV, v. 12, and _Reports Anthropological
+    Expedition to Torres Straits_, vol. v, p. 321.)
+
+    It must be added, however, that while the masochist is overcome
+    by sexual rapture, so that he sees nothing disgusting in his act,
+    the medicine-man and the ascetic are not so invariably overcome
+    by religious rapture, and several ascetic writers have referred
+    to the horror and disgust they experienced, at all events at
+    first, in accomplishing such acts, while the medicine-men when
+    novices sometimes find the ordeal too severe and have to abandon
+    their career. Brénier de Montmorand, while remarking, not without
+    some exaggeration, that "the Christian ascetics are almost all
+    eaters of excrement" ("Ascétisme et Mysticisme," _Revue
+    Philosophique_, March, 1904, p. 245), quotes the testimonies of
+    Marguerite-Marie and Madame Guyon as to the extreme repugnance
+    which they had to overcome. They were impelled by a merely
+    intellectual symbolism of self-mortification rather than by the
+    profoundly felt emotional symbolism which moves the masochist.
+
+    Coprophagic acts, whether under the influences of religious
+    exaltation or of sexual rapture, inevitably excite our disgust.
+    We regard them as almost insane, fortified in that belief by the
+    undoubted fact that coprophagia is not uncommon among the insane.
+    It may, therefore, be proper to point out that it is not so very
+    long since the ingestion of human excrement was carried out by
+    our own forefathers in the most sane and deliberate manner. It
+    was administered by medical practitioners for a great number of
+    ailments, apparently with entirely satisfactory results. Less
+    than two centuries ago, Schurig, who so admirably gathered
+    together and arranged the medical lore of his own and the
+    immediately preceding ages, wrote a very long and detailed
+    chapter, "De Stercoris Humani Usu Medico" (_Chylologia_, 1725,
+    cap. XIII; in the Paris _Journal de Médecine_ for February 19,
+    1905, there appeared an article, which I have not seen, entitled
+    "Médicaments oubliées: l'urine et la fiente humaine.") The
+    classes of cases in which the drug was found beneficial would
+    seem to have been extremely various. It must not be supposed that
+    it was usually ingested in the crude form. A common method was to
+    take the fæces of boys, dry them, mix them with the best honey,
+    and administer an electuary. (At an earlier period such drugs
+    appear to have met with some opposition from the Church, which
+    seems to have seen in them only an application of magic; thus I
+    note that in Burchard's remarkable Penitential of the fourteenth
+    century, as reproduced by Wasserschleben, 40 days' penance is
+    prescribed for the use of human urine or excrement as a medicine.
+    Wasserschleben _Die Bussordnungen der Abendländlichen Kirche_, p.
+    651.)
+
+The urolagnia of masochism is not a simple phenomenon; it embodies a
+double symbolism: on the one hand a symbolism of self-abnegation, such as
+the ascetic feels, on the other hand a symbolism of transferred sexual
+emotion. Krafft-Ebing was disposed to regard all cases in which a
+scatalogical sexual attraction existed as due to "latent masochism." Such
+a point of view is quite untenable. Certainly the connection is common,
+but in the majority of cases of slightly marked scatalogical fetichism no
+masochism is evident. And when we bear in mind the various considerations,
+already brought forward, which show how widespread and clearly realized is
+the natural and normal basis furnished for such symbolism, it becomes
+quite unnecessary to invoke any aid from masochism. There is ample
+evidence to show that, either as a habitual or more usually an occasional
+act, the impulse to bestow a symbolic value on the act of urination in a
+beloved person, is not extremely uncommon; it has been noted of men of
+high intellectual distinction; it occurs in women as well as men; when
+existing in only a slight degree, it must be regarded as within the normal
+limits of variation of sexual emotion.
+
+    The occasional cases in which the urine is drunk may possibly
+    suggest that the motive lies in the properties of the fluid
+    acting on the system. Support for this supposition might be found
+    in the fact that urine actually does possess, apart altogether
+    from its magic virtues embodied in folk-lore, the properties of a
+    general stimulant. In composition (as Masterman first pointed
+    out) "beef-tea differs little from healthy urine," containing
+    exactly the same constituents, except that in beef-tea there is
+    less urea and uric acid. Fresh urine--more especially that of
+    children and young women--is taken as a medicine in nearly all
+    parts of the world for various disorders, such as epistaxis,
+    malaria and hysteria, with benefit, this benefit being almost
+    certainly due to its qualities as a general stimulant and
+    restorative. William Salmon's _Dispensatory_, 1678 (quoted in
+    _British Medical Journal_, April 21, 1900, p. 974), shows that in
+    the seventeenth century urine still occupied an important place
+    as a medicine, and it frequently entered largely into the
+    composition of Aqua Divina.
+
+    Its use has been known even in England in the nineteenth century.
+    (Masterman, _Lancet_, October 2, 1880; R. Neale, "Urine as a
+    Medicine," _Practitioner_, November, 1881; Bourke brings together
+    a great deal of evidence as to the therapeutic uses of urine in
+    his _Scatalogic Rites_, especially pp. 331-335; Lusini has shown
+    that normal urine invariably increases the frequency of the heart
+    beats, _Archivio di Farmacologia_, fascs. 19-21, 1893.)
+
+    But it is an error to suppose that these facts account for the
+    urolagnic drinking of urine. As in the gratification of a normal
+    sexual impulse, the intense excitement of gratifying a scatalogic
+    sexual impulse itself produces a degree of emotional stimulation
+    far greater than the ingestion of a small amount of animal
+    extractives would be adequate to effect. In such cases, as much
+    as in normal sexuality, the stimulation is clearly psychic.
+
+When, as is most commonly the case, it is the process of urination and not
+the urine itself which is attractive, we are clearly concerned with a
+symbolism of act and not with the fetichistic attraction of an excretion.
+When the excretion, apart from the act, provides the attraction, we seem
+usually to be in the presence of an olfactory fetichism. These fetichisms
+connected with the excreta appear to be experienced chiefly by individuals
+who are somewhat weak-minded, which is not necessarily the case in regard
+to those persons for whom the act, rather than its product apart from the
+beloved person, is the attractive symbol.
+
+    The sexually symbolic nature of the act of urination for many
+    people is indicated by the existence, according to Bloch, who
+    enumerates various kinds of indecent photographs, of a group
+    which he terms "the notorious _pisseuses_." It is further
+    indicated by several of the reproductions in Fuch's _Erotsiche
+    Element in der Karikatur_, such as Delorme's "La Necessitê n'a
+    point de Loi." (It should be added that such a scene by no means
+    necessarily possesses any erotic symbolism, as we may see in
+    Rembrandt's etching commonly called "Le Femme qui Pisse," in
+    which the reflected lights on the partly shadowed stream furnish
+    an artistic motive which is obviously free from any trace of
+    obscenity.) In the case which Krafft-Ebing quotes from Maschka of
+    a young man who would induce young girls to dance naked in his
+    room, to leap, and to urinate in his presence, whereupon seminal
+    ejaculation would take place, we have a typical example of
+    urolagnic symbolism in a form adequate to produce complete
+    gratification. A case in which the urolagnic form of scatalogic
+    symbolism reached its fullest development as a sexual perversion
+    has been described in Russia by Sukhanoff (summarized in
+    _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, November, 1900, and
+    _Annales Medico-psychologiques_, February, 1901), that of a young
+    man of 27, of neuropathic temperament, who when he once chanced
+    to witness a woman urinating experienced voluptuous sensations.
+    From that moment he sought close contact with women urinating,
+    the maximum of gratification being reached when he could place
+    himself in such a position that a woman, in all innocence, would
+    urinate into his mouth. All his amorous adventures were concerned
+    with the search for opportunities for procuring this difficult
+    gratification. Closets in which he was able to hide, winter
+    weather and dull days he found most favorable to success. (A
+    somewhat similar case is recorded in the _Archives de
+    Neurologie_, 1902, p. 462.)
+
+    In the case of a robust man of neuropathic heredity recorded by
+    Pelanda some light is shed on the psychic attitude in these
+    manifestations; there was masturbation up to the age of 16, when
+    he abandoned the practice, and up to the age of 30 found complete
+    satisfaction in drinking the still hot urine of women. When a
+    lady or girl in the house went to her room to satisfy a need of
+    this kind, she had hardly left it but he hastened in, overcome by
+    extreme excitement, culminating in spontaneous ejaculation. The
+    younger the woman the greater the transport he experienced. It is
+    noteworthy that in this, as possibly in all similar cases, there
+    was no sensory perversion and no morbid attraction of taste or
+    smell; he stated that the action of his senses was suspended by
+    his excitement, and that he was quite unable to perceive the odor
+    or taste of the fluid. (Pelanda, "Pornopatice," _Archivio di
+    Psichiatria_, facs. iii-iv, 1889, p. 356.) It is in the emotional
+    symbolism that the fascination lies and not in any sensory
+    perversion.
+
+    Magnan records the spontaneous development of this sexual
+    symbolism in a girl of 11, of good intellectual development but
+    alcoholic heredity, who seduced a boy younger than herself to
+    mutual masturbation, and on one occasion, lying on the ground and
+    raising her clothes, asked him to urinate on her. (_International
+    Congress of Criminal Anthropology_, 1889.) This case (except for
+    the early age of the subject) illustrates sporadically occurring
+    urolagnic symbolism in a woman, to whom such symbolism is fairly
+    obvious on account of the close resemblance between the emission
+    of urine and the ejaculation of semen in the man, and the fact
+    that the same conduit serves for both fluids. (A urolagnic
+    day-dream of this kind is recorded in the history of a lady
+    contained in the third volume of these _Studies_, Appendix B,
+    History VIII.) The natural and inevitable character of this
+    symbolism is shown by the fact that among primitive peoples urine
+    is sometimes supposed to possess the fertilizing virtues of
+    semen. J.G. Frazer in his edition of Pausanias (vol. iv, p. 139)
+    brings together various stories of women impregnated by urine.
+    Hartland also (_Legend of Perseus_, vol. i, pp. 76, 92) records
+    legends of women who were impregnated by accidentally or
+    intentionally drinking urine.
+
+    The symbolic sexual significance of urolagnia has hitherto
+    usually been confused with the fetichistic and mainly olfactory
+    perversion by which the excretion itself becomes a source of
+    sexual excitement. Long since Tardieu referred, under the name of
+    "renifleurs," to persons who were said to haunt the neighborhood
+    of quiet passages, more especially in the neighborhood of
+    theatres, and who when they perceived a woman emerge after
+    urination, would hasten to excite themselves by the odor of the
+    excretion. Possibly a fetichism of this kind existed in a case
+    recorded by Belletrud and Mercier (_Annales d'Hygiène Publique_,
+    June, 1904, p. 48). A weak-minded, timid youth, who was very
+    sexual but not attractive to women, would watch for women who
+    were about to urinate and immediately they had passed on would go
+    and lick the spot they had moistened, at the same time
+    masturbating. Such a fetichistic perversion is strictly analogous
+    to the fetichism by which women's handkerchiefs, aprons or
+    underlinen become capable of affording sexual gratification. A
+    very complete case of such urolagnic fetichism--complete because
+    separated from association with the person accomplishing the act
+    of urination--has been recorded by Moraglia in a woman. It is the
+    case of a beautiful and attractive young woman of 18, with thick
+    black hair, and expressive vivacious eyes, but sallow complexion.
+    Married a year previously, but childless, she experienced a
+    certain amount of pleasure in coitus, but she preferred
+    masturbation, and frankly acknowledged that she was highly
+    excited by the odor of fermented urine. So strong was this
+    fetichism that when, for instance, she passed a street urinal she
+    was often obliged to go aside and masturbate; once she went for
+    this purpose into the urinal itself and was almost discovered in
+    the act, and on another occasion into a church. Her perversion
+    caused her much worry because of the fear of detection. She
+    preferred, when she could, to obtain a bottle of urine--which
+    must be stale and a man's (this, she said, she could detect by
+    the smell)--and to shut herself up in her own room, holding the
+    bottle in one hand and repeatedly masturbating with the other.
+    (Moraglia, "Psicopatie Sessuali," _Archivio di Psichiatria_, vol.
+    xiii, fasc. 6, p. 267, 1892.) This case is of especial interest
+    because of the great rarity of fully developed fetichism in
+    women. In a slight and germinal degree I believe that cases of
+    fetichism are not uncommon in women, but they are certainly rare
+    in a well-marked form, and Krafft-Ebing declared, even in the
+    late editions of his _Psychopathia Sexualis_, that he knew of no
+    cases in women.
+
+So far we have been concerned with the urolagnic rather than the
+coprolagnic variety of scatalogical symbolism. Although the two are
+sometimes associated there is no necessary connection, and most usually
+there is no tendency for the one to involve the other. Urolagnia is
+certainly much the more frequently found; the act of urination is far more
+apt to suggest erotically symbolical ideas than the idea of defecation.
+It is not difficult to understand why this should be so. The act of
+urination lends itself more easily to sexual symbolism; it is more
+intimately associated with the genital function; its repetition is
+necessary at more frequent intervals so that it is more in evidence;
+moreover, its product, unlike that of the act of defecation, is not
+offensive to the senses. Still coprolagnia occurs and not so very
+infrequently. Burton remarked that even the normal lover is affected by
+this feeling: "immo nec ipsum amicæ stercus foctet."[29]
+
+Of Caligula who, however, was scarcely sane, it was said "et quidem
+stercus uxoris degustavit."[30] In Parisian brothels (according to Taxil
+and others) provision is made for those who are sexually excited by the
+spectacle of the act of defecation (without reference to contact or odor)
+by means of a "tabouret de verre," from under the glass floor of which the
+spectacle of the defecating women may be closely observed. It may be added
+that the erotic nature of such a spectacle is referred to in the Marquis
+de Sade's novels.
+
+There is one motive for the existence of coprolagnia which must not be
+passed over, because it has doubtless frequently served as a mode of
+transition to what, taken by itself, may well seem the least æsthetically
+attractive of erotic symbols. I refer to the tendency of the nates to
+become a sexual fetich. The nates have in all ages and in all parts of the
+world been frequently regarded as one of the most æsthetically beautiful
+parts of the feminine body.[31] It is probable that on the basis of this
+entirely normal attraction more than one form of erotic symbolism is at
+all events in part supported. Dühren and others have considered that the
+æsthetic charm of the nates is one of the motives which prompt the desire
+to inflict flagellation on women. In the same way--certainly in some and
+probably in many cases--the sexual charm of the nates progressively
+extends to the anal region, to the act of defecation, and finally to the
+feces.
+
+    In a case of Krafft-Ebing's (_Op. cit._, p. 183) the subject,
+    when a child of 6, accidentally placed his hand in contact with
+    the nates of the little girl who sat next to him in school, and
+    experienced so great a pleasure in this contact that he
+    frequently repeated it; when he was 10 a nursery governess, to
+    gratify her own desires, placed his finger in her vagina; in
+    adult life he developed urolagnic tendencies.
+
+    In a case of Moll's the development of a youthful admiration for
+    the nates in a coprolagnic direction may be clearly traced. In
+    this case a young man, a merchant, in a good position, sought to
+    come in contact with women defecating; and with this object would
+    seek to conceal himself in closets; the excretal odor was
+    pleasurable to him, but was not essential to gratification, and
+    the sight of the nates was also exciting and at the same time not
+    essential to gratification; the act of defecation appears,
+    however, to have been regarded as essential. He never sought to
+    witness prostitutes in this situation; he was only attracted to
+    young, pretty and innocent women. The coprolagnia here, however,
+    had its source in a childish impression of admiration for the
+    nates. When 5 or 6 years old he crawled under the clothes of a
+    servant girl, his face coming in contact with her nates, an
+    impression that remained associated in his mind with pleasure.
+    Three or four years later he used to experience much pleasure
+    when a young girl cousin sat on his face; thus was strengthened
+    an association which developed naturally into coprolagnia. (Moll,
+    _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 837.)
+
+    It is scarcely necessary to remark that an admiration for the
+    nates, even when reaching a fetichistic degree, by no means
+    necessarily involves, even after many years, any attraction to
+    the excreta. A correspondent for whom the nates have constituted
+    a fetich for many years writes: "I find my craving for women with
+    profuse pelvic or posterior development is growing and I wish to
+    copulate from behind; but I would feel a sickening feeling if any
+    part of my person came in contact with the female anus. It is
+    more pleasing to me to see the nates than the mons, yet I loathe
+    everything associated with the anal region."
+
+Moll has recorded in detail a case of what may be described as "ideal
+coprolagnia"--that is to say, where the symbolism, though fully developed
+in imagination, was not carried into real life--which is of great interest
+because it shows how, in a very intelligent subject, the deviated
+symbolism may become highly developed and irradiate all the views of life
+in the same way as the normal impulse. (The subject's desires were also
+inverted, but from the present point of view the psychological interest of
+the case is not thereby impaired.) Moll's case was one of symbolism of
+act, the excreta offering no attraction apart from the process of
+defecation. In a case which has been communicated to me there was, on the
+other hand, an olfactory fetichistic attraction to the excreta even in the
+absence of the person.
+
+    In Moll's case, the patient, X., 23 years of age, belongs to a
+    family which he himself describes as nervous. His mother, who is
+    anæmic, has long suffered from almost periodical attacks of
+    excitement, weakness, syncope and palpitation. A brother of the
+    mother died in a lunatic asylum, and several other brothers
+    complain much of their nerves. The mother's sisters are very
+    good-natured, but liable to break out in furious passions; this
+    they inherit from their father. There appears to be no nervous
+    disease on the patient's father's side. X.'s sisters are also
+    healthy.
+
+    X. himself is of powerful undersized build and enjoys good
+    health, injured by no excesses. He considers himself nervous. He
+    worked hard at school and was always the first in his class; he
+    adds, however, that this is due less to his own abilities than
+    the laziness of his school-fellows. He is, as he remarks, very
+    religious and prays frequently, but seldom goes to church.
+
+    In regard to his psychic characters he says that he has no
+    specially prominent talent, but is much interested in languages,
+    mathematics, physics and philosophy, in fact, in abstract
+    subjects generally. "While I take a lively interest in every kind
+    of intellectual work," he says, "it is only recently that I have
+    been attracted to real life and its requirements. I have never
+    had much skill in physical exercises. For external things until
+    recently I have only had contempt. I have a delicately
+    constituted nature, loving solitude, and only associating with a
+    few select persons. I have a decided taste for fiction, poetry
+    and music; my temperament is idealistic and religious, with
+    strict conceptions of duty and morality, and aspirations towards
+    the good and beautiful. I detest all that is common and coarse,
+    and yet I can think and act in the way you will learn from the
+    following pages."
+
+    Regarding his sexual life, X. made the following communication:
+    "During the last two years I have become convinced of the
+    perversion of my sexual instinct. I had often previously thought
+    that in me the impulse was not quite normal, but it is only
+    lately that I have become convinced of my complete perversion. I
+    have never read or heard of any case in which the sexual feelings
+    were of the same kind. Although I can feel a lively inclination
+    towards superior representatives of the female sex, and have
+    twice felt something like love, the sight or the recollection
+    even of a beautiful woman have never caused sexual excitement."
+    In the two exceptional instances mentioned it appears that X. had
+    an inclination to kiss the women in question, but that the
+    thought of coitus had no attraction. "In my voluptuous dreams,
+    connected with the emission of semen, women in seductive
+    situations have never appeared. I have never had any desire to
+    visit a _puella publica_. The love-stories of my fellow-students
+    seemed very silly, dances and balls were a horror to me, and only
+    on very rare occasions could I be persuaded to go into society.
+    It will be easy to guess the diagnosis in my case: I suffer from
+    the sexual attraction of my own sex, I am a lover of boys.
+
+    "You cannot imagine what a world of thoughts, wishes, feelings
+    and impulses the words 'knabe,' 'pais,' 'garcon,' 'boy,'
+    'ragazzo' have for me; one of these words, even in an unmeaning
+    clause of a translation-book, calls before me the whole sum of
+    associations which in course of time have become bound up with
+    this idea, and it is only with an effort that I can scare away
+    the wild band. This group of thoughts shows a wonderful mixture
+    of warm sensuality and ideal love, it unites my lowest and
+    highest impulses, the strength and the weakness of my nature, my
+    curse and my blessing. My inclination is especially towards boys
+    of the age of 12 to 15; though they may be rather younger or
+    older. That I should prefer beautiful and intelligent boys is
+    comprehensible. I do not want a prostitute, but a friend or a
+    son, whose soul I love, whom I can help to become a more perfect
+    man, such as I myself would willingly be.
+
+    "When I myself belonged to that happy age (i.e., below 15) I had
+    no dearer wish than to possess a friend of similar tastes. I have
+    sought, hoped, waited, grieved, and been at last disillusioned,
+    overcome by desire and despair, and have not found that friend.
+    Even later the hope often reappeared, but always in vain, and I
+    cannot boast of that sure recognition which one reads of in the
+    autobiographies of Urnings. I do not know personally a single
+    fellow-sufferer. It is also doubtful whether such an
+    acquaintanceship would greatly help me, for I have a very
+    peculiar conception of homosexuality. As you will see, I have
+    little more in common with what are called pæderasts than sexual
+    indifference to the female sex, and I often ask myself: 'Does any
+    other man in the whole world feel like you? Are you alone in the
+    earth with your morbid desires? Are you a pariah of pariahs, or
+    is there, perhaps, another soul with similar longings living near
+    you? How often in summer have I gone to the lakes and streams
+    outside cities to seek boys bathing; but I always came back
+    unsatisfied, whether I found any or not. And in winter I have
+    been irresistibly impelled to return to the same spots, as if it
+    were sanctified by the boys, but my darlings had vanished and
+    cold winds blew over the icy floods, so that I would return
+    feeling as though I had buried all my happiness.
+
+    "It must be borne in mind, therefore, that what I have to say
+    regarding my sexual impulses only refers to fancies and never to
+    their practical realization. My sensual impulses are not
+    connected with the sexual organs; all my voluptuous ideas are not
+    in the least connected with these parts. For this reason I have
+    never practiced onanism and _immissio membri in anum_ is as
+    repulsive to me as to a normal man. Even every imitation of
+    coitus is, for me, without attraction. In a boy's body two things
+    specially excite me: _his belly and his nates_, the first as
+    containing the digestive tract, the second as holding the opening
+    of the bowels. Of the vegetable processes of life in the boy none
+    interest me nearly so much as the progress of his digestion and
+    the process of defecation. It is incredible to what an extent
+    this part of physiology has occupied me from youth. If as a boy I
+    wanted to read something of a piquantly exciting character I
+    sought in my father's encyclopædia for articles like:
+    Obstruction, Constipation, Hæmorrhoids, Fæces, etc. No function
+    of the body seemed to be so significant as this, and I regarded
+    its disturbances as the most important in the whole mechanism of
+    life. The description of other disorders I could read in cold
+    blood, but intussusception of the bowels makes me ill even
+    to-day. I am always extremely pleased to hear that the digestion
+    of the people around me is in good condition. A man who did not
+    sufficiently watch over his digestion aroused distrust in me, and
+    I imagined that wicked men must be horribly indifferent regarding
+    this weighty matter. Even more than in ordinary persons was I
+    interested in the digestion of more mysterious beings, like
+    magicians in legends, or men of other nations. I would willingly
+    have made an anthropological study of my favorite subject, only
+    to my annoyance books nearly always pass over the matter in
+    silence. In history and fiction I regretted the absence of
+    information concerning the state of my heroes' digestion when
+    they languished in prison or in some unaccustomed or unhealthy
+    spot. For this reason I held no book more precious than one which
+    describes how a young man after being shipwrecked lived for a
+    long time in a narrow snow-hut, and it was conscientiously stated
+    that he became aware of digestive disturbances. No immorality
+    angers me more than the foolish practice of ladies who in society
+    neglect the satisfaction of their natural needs from misplaced
+    motives of modesty. On a railway journey I suffer horribly from
+    the thought that one of my fellow-travelers may be prevented from
+    fulfilling some imperative natural necessity.
+
+    "I naturally devote the greatest attention to my own digestion.
+    With painful conscientiousness I go to stool every day at the
+    same hour; if the operation does not come off to my satisfaction
+    I feel not so much physical as mental discomfort. To this quite
+    useful hygienic interest became associated at puberty a sensual
+    interest. Since my fourteenth year I have had no greater
+    enjoyment than to defecate undressed (I do not do so now) after
+    having first carefully examined the distension of my abdomen. In
+    summer I would go into the woods, undress myself in a secluded
+    spot and indulge in the voluptuous pleasures of defecation. I
+    would sometimes combine with this a bath in a stream. I would
+    exhaust my imagination in the effort to invent specially
+    enjoyable variations, longed for a desert island where I could go
+    about naked, fill my body with much nourishing food, hold in the
+    excrement as long as possible and then discharge it in some
+    subtly-thought-out spot. These practices and ideas often caused
+    erections and later on emissions, but the genitals played no part
+    in my conceptions; their movements were uncomfortable and gave no
+    pleasure.
+
+    "I soon longed to be associated in these orgies with some boy of
+    the same age, but I wanted not only a companion in my passion,
+    but also a real friend. Since there could be no question of
+    masturbation or pæderasty, our love would have been limited to
+    kisses, embraces, and--as a compensation for coitus--defecation
+    together. That would have been perfect bliss to me. I will spare
+    you the unæsthetic contents of my voluptuous dreams. But I
+    remained without a companion, and, therefore, without real
+    enjoyment. [He has, however, on various occasions experienced
+    erections, and even emissions, on seeing, by chance, men or boys
+    defecate.] Hinc illæ lacrimæ; the excitement over my own
+    defecation only took place _faute de mieux_.
+
+    "I knew very well that my thoughts and practices were impure and
+    contemptible. Ah! how often, when the intoxication was over, have
+    I thrown myself remorsefully on my knees, praying to God for
+    pardon! For some weeks I repressed my longing; but at last it was
+    too strong for me, I tried to justify myself and fell into my
+    vice anew. That I was guilty of licentiousness and loved boys
+    sexually first became clear to me later on, when I knew the
+    significance of erection as a sign of sexual excitement.
+
+    "No one can imagine with what demoniacal joy I am possessed at
+    the thought of a beautiful naked boy whose abdomen is filled as
+    the result of long abstinence from stool. The thought powerfully
+    excites me, a flood of passion goes through my blood and my limbs
+    tremble. I would never grow tired of feeling that belly and
+    looking at it. My passion would express itself in tempestuous
+    caresses, and the boy would have to assume various positions in
+    order to show off the beauty of his form, i.e., to bring the
+    parts in question into better view. To observe defecation would
+    still further increase this peculiar enjoyment. If the boy's
+    bowels were not sufficiently filled I would feed him with all
+    sorts of food which produces much excrement, such as potatoes,
+    coarse bread, etc. If possible I would seek to delay defecation
+    for two or three days, so that it might be as copious as
+    possible. When at last it occurred it would be an unspeakable joy
+    for me to watch the fæces--which would have to be fairly
+    firm--emerging from the anus."
+
+    X. would like to be a teacher and thinks he could exert a
+    beneficial influence on boys. In spite of the pain he has
+    suffered he does not think he would like to be cured of his
+    perverse inclinations, for they have given him joy as well as
+    pain, and the pain has chiefly been owing to the fact that he
+    could not gratify his inclinations. X. smokes and drinks in
+    moderation, and has no feminine habits. (The foregoing is a
+    condensed summary of the case which is fully reported by Moll,
+    _Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third edition, pp. 295-305.)
+
+    The case of coprolagnia communicated to me is that of a married
+    man, normal in all other respects, intellectually brilliant and
+    filling successfully a very responsible position. When a child
+    the women of his household were always indifferent as to his
+    presence in their bedrooms, and would satisfy all natural calls
+    without reserve before him. He would dream of this with
+    erections. His sexual interests became slowly centered in the act
+    of defecation, and this fetich throughout life never appealed to
+    him so powerfully as when associated with the particular type of
+    household furniture which was used for this purpose in his own
+    house. The act of defecation in the opposite sex or anything
+    pertaining to or suggesting the same caused uncontrollable sexual
+    excitement; the nates also exerted a great attraction. The alvine
+    excreta exerted this influence even in the absence of the woman;
+    it was, however, necessary that she should be a sexually
+    desirable person. The perversion in this case was not complete;
+    that is to say, that the excitement produced by the act of
+    defecation or the excretion itself was not actually preferred to
+    coitus; the sexual idea was normal coitus in the normal manner,
+    but preceded by the visual and olfactory enjoyment of the
+    exciting fetich. When coitus was not possible the enjoyment of
+    the fetich was accompanied by masturbation (as in the analogous
+    case of urolagnia in a woman summarized on p. 62.) On one
+    occasion he was discovered by a friend in a bedroom belonging to
+    a woman, engaged in the act of masturbation over a vessel
+    containing the desired fetich. In an agony of shame he begged the
+    mercy of silence concerning this episode, at the same time
+    revealing his life-history. He has constantly been haunted by the
+    dread of detection, as well as by remorse and the consciousness
+    of degradation, also by the fear that his unconquerable obsession
+    may lead him to the asylum.
+
+The scatalogic groups of sexual perversions, urolagnia and coprolagnia, as
+may be sufficiently seen in this brief summary, are not merely olfactory
+fetiches. They are, in a larger proportion of cases, dynamic symbols, a
+preoccupation with physiological acts which, by associations of contiguity
+and still more of resemblance, have gained the virtue of stimulating in
+slight cases, and replacing in more extreme cases, the normal
+preoccupation with the central physiological act itself. We have seen that
+there are various considerations which amply suffice to furnish a basis
+for such associations. And when we reflect that in the popular mind, and
+to some extent in actual fact, the sexual act itself is, like urination
+and defecation, an excretory act, we can understand that the true
+excretory acts may easily become symbols of the pseudo-excretory act. It
+is, indeed, in the muscular release of accumulated pressures and tensions,
+involved by the act of liberating the stored-up excretion, that we have
+the closest simulacrum of the tumescence and detumescence of the sexual
+process.[32]
+
+In this way the erotic symbolism of urolagnia and coprolagnia is
+completely analogous with that dynamic symbolism of the clinging and
+swinging garments which Herrick has so accurately described, with the
+complex symbolism of flagellation and its play of the rod against the
+blushing and trembling nates, with the symbols of sexual strain and stress
+which are embodied in the foot and the act of treading.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[24] Fuchs (_Das Erotische Element In der Karikatur_, p. 26),
+distinguishing sharply between the "erotic" and the "obscene," reserves
+the latter term exclusively for the representation of excretory organs and
+acts. He considers that this is etymologically the most exact usage.
+However that may be, it seems to me that, in any case, "obscene" has
+become so vague a term that it is now impracticable to give it a
+restricted and precise sense.
+
+[25] In this connection we may profitably contemplate the hand and recall
+the vast gamut of functions, sacred and profane, which that organ
+exercises. Many savages strictly reserve the left hand to the lowlier
+purposes of life; but in civilization that is not considered necessary,
+and it may be wholesome for some of us to meditate on the more humble uses
+of the same hand which is raised in the supreme gesture of benediction and
+which men have often counted it a privilege to kiss.
+
+[26] See, e.g., Morselli, _Una Causa di Nullità del Matrimonio_, 1902, p.
+39.
+
+[27] Féré, _Comptes-Rendus Société de Biologie_, July 23, 1904.
+
+[28] Transactions of the International Medical Congress, Moscow, vol. iv,
+p. 19. A similar symbolism may be traced in many of the cases in which the
+focus of modesty becomes in modest women centered in the excretory sphere
+and sometimes exaggerated to the extent of obsession. It must not be
+supposed, however, that every obsession in this sphere has a symbolical
+value of an erotic kind. In the case, for instance, which has been
+recorded by Raymond and Janet (_Les Obsessions_, vol. ii, p. 306) of a
+woman who spent much of her time in the endeavor to urinate perfectly,
+always feeling that she failed in some respect, the obsession seems to
+have risen fortuitously on a somewhat neurotic basis without reference to
+the sexual life.
+
+[29] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. III, Subs. I.
+
+[30] It may be remarked here that while the eating of excrement (apart
+from its former use as a magic charm and as a therapeutic agent) is in
+civilization now confined to sexual perverts and the insane, among some
+animals it is normal as a measure of hygiene in relation to their young.
+Thus, as, e.g., the Rev. Arthur East writes, the mistle thrush swallows
+the droppings of its young. (_Knowledge_, June 1, 1899, p. 133.) In the
+dog I have observed that the bitch licks her puppies shortly after birth
+as they urinate, absorbing the fluid.
+
+[31] See, e.g., the previous volume of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection
+in Man," pp. 165 et seq., and Dühren, _Geschlechtsleben in England_, bd.
+ii, pp. 258, et seq.
+
+[32] In the study of _Love and Pain_ in a previous volume (p. 130) I have
+quoted the remarks of a lady who refers to the analogy between sexual
+tension and vesical tension--"Cette volupté que ressentent les bords de la
+mer, d'être toujours pleins sans jamais déborder"--and its erotic
+significance.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+Animals as Sources of Erotic Symbolism--Mixoscopic Zoophilia--The
+Stuff-fetichisms--Hair-fetichism--The Stuff-fetichisms Mainly on a Tactile
+Base--Erotic Zoophilia--Zooerastia--Bestiality--The Conditions that Favor
+Bestiality--Its Wide Prevalence Among Primitive Peoples and Among
+Peasants--The Primitive Conception of Animals--The Goat--The Influence of
+Familiarity with Animals--Congress Between Women and Animals--The Social
+Reaction Against Bestiality.
+
+
+The erotic symbols with which we have so far been concerned have in every
+case been portions of the body, or its physiological processes, or at
+least the garments which it has endowed with life. The association on
+which the symbol has arisen has in every case been in large measure,
+although not entirely, an association of contiguity. It is now necessary
+to touch on a group of sexual symbols in which the association of
+contiguity with the human body is absent: the various methods by which
+animals or animal products or the sight of animal copulation may arouse
+sexual desire in human persons. Here we encounter a symbolism mainly
+founded on association by resemblance; the animal sexual act recalls the
+human sexual act; the animal becomes the symbol of the human being.
+
+The group of phenomena we are here concerned with includes several
+subdivisions. There is first the more or less sexual pleasure sometimes
+experienced, especially by young persons, in the sight of copulating
+animals. This I would propose to call Mixoscopic Zoophilia; it falls
+within the range of normal variation. Then we have the cases in which the
+contact of animals, stroking, etc., produces sexual excitement or
+gratification; this is a sexual fetichism in the narrow sense, and is by
+Krafft-Ebing termed _Zoophilia Erotica_. We have, further, the class of
+cases in which a real or simulated sexual intercourse with animals is
+desired. Such cases are not regarded as fetichism by Krafft-Ebing,[33]
+but they come within the phenomena of erotic symbolism as here understood.
+This class falls into two divisions: one in which the individual is fairly
+normal, but belongs to a low grade of culture; the other in which he may
+belong to a more refined social class, but is affected by a deep degree of
+degeneration. In the first case we may properly apply the term bestiality;
+in the second case it may perhaps be better to use the term _zooerastia_,
+proposed by Krafft-Ebing.[34]
+
+Among children, both boys and girls, it is common to find that the
+copulation of animals is a mysteriously fascinating spectacle. It is
+inevitable that this should be so, for the spectacle is more or less
+clearly felt to be the revelation of a secret which has been concealed
+from them. It is, moreover, a secret of which they feel intimate
+reverberations within themselves, and even in perfectly innocent and
+ignorant children the sight may produce an obscure sexual excitement.[35]
+It would seem that this occurs more frequently in girls than in boys. Even
+in adult age, it may be added, women are liable to experience the same
+kind of emotion in the presence of such spectacles. One lady recalls, as a
+girl, that on several occasions an element of physical excitement entered
+into the feelings with which she watched the coquetry of cats. Another
+lady mentions that at the age of about 25, and when still quite ignorant
+of sexual matters, she saw from a window some boys tickling a dog and
+inducing sexual excitement in the animal; she vaguely divined what they
+were doing, and though feeling disgust at their conduct she at the same
+time experienced in a strong degree what she now knows was sexual
+excitement. The coupling of the larger animals is often an impressive and
+splendid spectacle which is far, indeed, from being obscene, and has
+commended itself to persons of intellectual distinction;[36] but in young
+or ill-balanced minds such sights tend to become both prurient and morbid.
+I have already referred to the curious case of a sexually hyperæsthetic
+nun who was always powerfully excited by the sight or even the
+recollection of flies in sexual connection, so that she was compelled to
+masturbate; this dated from childhood. After becoming a nun she recorded
+having had this experience, followed by masturbation, more than four
+hundred times.[37] Animal spectacles sometimes produce a sexual effect on
+children even when not specifically sexual; thus a correspondent, a
+clergyman, informs me that when a young and impressionable boy, he was
+much affected by seeing a veterinary surgeon insert his hand and arm into
+a horse's rectum, and dreamed of this several times afterward with
+emissions.
+
+While the contemplation of animal coitus is an easily intelligible and in
+early life, perhaps, an almost normal symbol of sexual emotion, there is
+another subdivision of this group of animal fetichisms which forms a more
+natural transition from the fetichisms which have their center in the
+human body: the stuff-fetichisms, or the sexual attraction exerted by
+various tissues, perhaps always of animal origin. Here we are in the
+presence of a somewhat complicated phenomenon. In part we have, in a
+considerable number of such cases, the sexual attraction of feminine
+garments, for all such tissues are liable to enter into the dress. In
+part, also, we have a sexual perversion of tactile sensibility, for in a
+considerable proportion of these cases it is the touch sensations which
+are potent in arousing the erotic sensations. But in part, also, it would
+seem, we have here the conscious or subconscious presence of an animal
+fetich, and it is notable that perhaps all these stuffs, and especially
+fur, which is by far the commonest of the groups, are distinctively animal
+products. We may perhaps regard the fetich of feminine hair--a much more
+important and common fetich, indeed, than any of the stuff fetichisms--as
+a link of transition. Hair is at once an animal and a human product, while
+it may be separated from the body and possesses the qualities of a stuff.
+Krafft-Ebing remarks that the senses of touch, smell, and hearing, as well
+as sight, seem to enter into the attraction exerted by hair.
+
+    The natural fascination of hair, on which hair-fetichism is
+    founded, begins at a very early age. "The hair is a special
+    object of interest with infants," Stanley Hall concludes, "which
+    begins often in the latter part of the first year.... The hair,
+    no doubt, gives quite unique tactile sensations, both in its own
+    roots and to hands, and is plastic and yielding to the motor
+    sense, so that the earliest interest may be akin to that in fur,
+    which is a marked object in infant experience. Some children
+    develop an almost fetichistic propensity to pull or later to
+    stroke the hair or beard of every one with whom they come in
+    contact." (G. Stanley Hall, "The Early Sense of Self," _American
+    Journal of Psychology_, April, 1898, p. 359.)
+
+    It should be added that the fascination of hair for the infantile
+    and childish mind is not necessarily one of attraction, but may
+    be of repulsion. It happens here, as in the case of so many
+    characteristics which are of sexual significance, that we are in
+    the presence of an object which may exert a dynamic emotional
+    force, a force which is capable of repelling with the same energy
+    that it attracts. Féré records the instructive case of a child of
+    3, of psychopathic heredity, who when he could not sleep was
+    sometimes taken by his mother into her bed. One night his hand
+    came in contact with a hairy portion of his mother's body, and
+    this, arousing the idea of an animal, caused him to leap out of
+    the bed in terror. He became curious as to the cause of his
+    terror and in time was able to observe "the animal," but the
+    train of feelings which had been set up led to a life-long
+    indifference to women and a tendency to homosexuality. It is
+    noteworthy that he was attracted to men in whom the hair and
+    other secondary sexual characters were well developed. (Féré,
+    _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, pp. 262-267.)
+
+    As a sexual fetich hair strictly belongs to the group of parts of
+    the body; but since it can be removed from the body and is
+    sexually effective as a fetich in the absence of the person to
+    whom it belongs, it is on a level with the garments which may
+    serve in a similar way, with shoes or handkerchiefs or gloves.
+    Psychologically, hair-fetichism presents no special problem, but
+    the wide attraction of hair--it is sexually the most generally
+    noted part of the feminine body after the eyes--and the peculiar
+    facility with which when plaited it may be removed, render
+    hair-fetichism a sexual perversion of specially great
+    medico-legal interest.
+
+    The frequency of hair-fetichism, as well as of the natural
+    admiration on which it rests, is indicated by a case recorded by
+    Laurent. "A few years ago," he states, "one constantly saw at the
+    Bal Bullier, in Paris, a tall girl whose face was lean and bony,
+    but whose black hair was of truly remarkable length. She wore it
+    flowing down her shoulders and loins. Men often followed her in
+    the street to touch or kiss the hair. Others would accompany her
+    home and pay her for the mere pleasure of touching and kissing
+    the long black tresses. One, in consideration of a relatively
+    considerable sum, desired to pollute the silky hair. She was
+    obliged to be always on her guard, and to take all sorts of
+    precautions to prevent any one cutting off this ornament, which
+    constituted her only beauty as well as her livelihood." (E.
+    Laurent, _L'Amour Morbide_, 1891, p. 164; also the same author's
+    _Fétichistes et Erotomanes_, p. 23.)
+
+    The hair despoiler (_Coupeur des Nattes_ or _Zopfabschneider_)
+    may be found in any civilized country, though the most carefully
+    studied cases have occurred in Paris. (Several medico-legal
+    histories of hair-despoilers are summarized by Krafft-Ebing, _Op.
+    cit._, pp. 329-334). Such persons are usually of nervous
+    temperament and bad heredity; the attraction to hair occasionally
+    develops in early life; sometimes the morbid impulse only appears
+    in later life after fever. The fetich may be either flowing hair
+    or braided hair, but is usually one or the other, and not both.
+    Sexual excitement and ejaculation may be produced in the act of
+    touching or cutting off the hair, which is subsequently, in many
+    cases, used for masturbation. As a rule the hair-despoiler is a
+    pure fetichist, no element of sadistic pleasure entering into his
+    feelings. In the case of a "capillary kleptomaniac" in Chicago--a
+    highly intelligent and athletic married young man of good
+    family--the impulse to cut off girls' braids appeared after
+    recovery from a severe fever. He would gaze admiringly at the
+    long tresses and then clip them off with great rapidity; he did
+    this in some fifty cases before he was caught and imprisoned. He
+    usually threw the braids away before he reached home. (_Alienist
+    and Neurologist_, April, 1889, p. 325.) In this case there is no
+    history of sexual excitement, probably because no proper
+    medico-legal examination was made. (It may be added that
+    hair-despoilers have been specially studied by Motet, "Les
+    Coupeurs de Nattes," _Annales d'Hygiène_, 1890.)
+
+The stuff-fetiches are most usually fur and velvet; feathers, silk, and
+leathers also sometimes exert this influence; they are all, it will be
+noted, animal substances.[38] The most interesting is probably fur, the
+attraction of which is not uncommon in association with passive
+algolagnia. As Stanley Hall has shown, the fear of fur, as well as the
+love of it, is by no means uncommon in childhood; it may appear even in
+infancy and in children who have never come in contact with animals.[39]
+It is noteworthy that in most cases of uncomplicated stuff-fetichism the
+attraction apparently arises on a congenital basis, as it appears in
+persons of nervous or sensitive temperament at an early age and without
+being attached to any definite causative incident. The sexual excitation
+is nearly always produced by the touch rather than by the sight. As we
+found, when dealing with the sense of touch in the previous volume, the
+specific sexual sensations may be regarded as a special modification of
+ticklishness. The erotic symbolism in the case of these stuff-fetichisms
+would seem to be a more or less congenital perversion of ticklishness in
+relation to specific animal contacts.
+
+A further degree of perversion in this direction is reached in a case of
+erotic _zoophilia_, recorded by Krafft-Ebing.[40] In this case a
+congenital neuropath, of good intelligence but delicate and anæmic, with
+feeble sexual powers, had a great love of domestic animals, especially
+dogs and cats, from an early age; when petting them he experienced sexual
+emotions, although he was innocent in sexual matters. At puberty he
+realized the nature of his feelings and tried to break himself of his
+habits. He succeeded, but then began erotic dreams accompanied by images
+of animals, and these led to masturbation associated with ideas of a
+similar kind. At the same time he had no wish for any sort of sexual
+intercourse with animals, and was indifferent as to the sex of the animals
+which attracted him; his sexual ideals were normal. Such a case seems to
+be fundamentally one of fetichism on a tactile basis, and thus forms a
+transition between the stuff-fetichisms and the complete perversions of
+sexual attraction toward animals.
+
+    In some cases sexually hyperæsthetic women have informed me that
+    sexual feeling has been produced by casual contact with pet dogs
+    and cats. In such cases there is usually no real perversion, but
+    it seems probable that we may here have an occasional foundation
+    for the somewhat morbid but scarcely vicious excesses of
+    affection which women are apt to display towards their pet dogs
+    or cats. In most cases of this affection there is certainly no
+    sexual element; in the case of childless women, it may rather be
+    regarded as a maternal than as an erotic symbolism. (The excesses
+    of this non-erotic zoophilia have been discussed by Féré,
+    _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, pp. 166-171.)
+
+Krafft-Ebing considers that complete perversion of sexual attraction
+toward animals is radically distinct from erotic _zoophilia_. This view
+cannot be accepted. Bestiality and _zooerastia_ merely present in a more
+marked and profoundly perverted form a further degree of the same
+phenomenon which we meet with in erotic _zoophilia_; the difference is
+that they occur either in more insensitive or in more markedly degenerate
+persons.
+
+A fairly typical case of _zooerastia_ has been recorded in America by
+Howard, of Baltimore. This was the case of a boy of 16, precociously
+mature and fairly bright. He was, however, indifferent to the opposite
+sex, though he had ample opportunity for gratifying normal passions. His
+parents lived in the city, but the youth had an inordinate desire for the
+country and was therefore sent to school in a village. On the second day
+after his arrival at school a farmer missed a sow which was found secreted
+in an outhouse on the school grounds. This was the first of many similar
+incidents in which a sow always took part. So strong was his passion that
+on one occasion force had to be used to take him away from the sow he was
+caressing. He did not masturbate, and even when restrained from
+approaching sows he had no sexual inclination for other animals. His
+nocturnal pollutions, which were frequent, were always accompanied by
+images of wallowing swine. Notwithstanding careful treatment no cure was
+effected; mental and physical vigor failed, and he died at the age of
+23.[41]
+
+It is, however, somewhat doubtful whether we can always or even usually
+distinguish between zooerastia and bestiality. Dr. G.F. Lydston, of
+Chicago, has communicated to me a case (in which he was consulted) which
+seems fairly typical and is instructive in this respect. The subject was a
+young man of 21, a farmer's son, not very bright intellectually, but very
+healthy and strong, of great assistance on the farm, very capable and
+industrious, such a good farm hand that his father was unwilling to send
+him away and to lose his services. There was no history of insanity or
+neurosis in the family, and no injury or illness in his own history. He
+had spells of moroseness and irritability, however, and had also been a
+masturbator. Women had no attraction for him, but he would copulate with
+the mares upon his father's farm, and this without regard to time, place,
+or spectators. Such a case would seem to stand midway between ordinary
+bestiality and pathological zooerastia as defined by Krafft-Ebing, yet it
+seems probable that in most cases of ordinary bestiality some slight
+traces of mental anomaly might be found, if such cases always were, as
+they should be, properly investigated.[42]
+
+We have here reached the grossest and most frequent perversion in this
+group; bestiality, or the impulse to attain sexual gratification by
+intercourse, or other close contact, with animals. In seeking to
+comprehend this perversion it is necessary to divest ourselves of the
+attitude toward animals which is the inevitable outcome of refined
+civilization and urban life. Most sexual perversions, if not in large
+measure the actual outcome of civilized life, easily adjust themselves to
+it. Bestiality (except in one form to be noted later) is, on the other
+hand, the sexual perversion of dull, insensitive and unfastidious persons.
+It flourishes among primitive peoples and among peasants. It is the vice
+of the clodhopper, unattractive to women or inapt to court them.
+
+Three conditions have favored the extreme prevalence of bestiality: (1)
+primitive conceptions of life which built up no great barrier between man
+and the other animals; (2) the extreme familiarity which necessarily
+exists between the peasant and his beasts, often combined with separation
+from women; (3) various folk-lore beliefs such as the efficacy of
+intercourse with animals as a cure for venereal disease, etc.[43]
+
+The beliefs and customs of primitive peoples, as well as their mythology
+and legends, bring before us a community of man and animals altogether
+unlike anything we know in civilization. Men may become animals and
+animals may become men; animals and men may communicate with each other
+and live on terms of equality; animals may be the ancestors of human
+tribes; the sacred totems of savages are most usually animals. There is no
+shame or degradation in the notion of a sexual relationship between men
+and animals, because in primitive conceptions animals are not inferior
+beings separated from man by a great gulf. They are much more like men in
+disguise, and in some respects possess powers which make them superior to
+men. This is recognized in those plays, festivals, and religious dances,
+so common among primitive peoples, in which animal disguises are worn.[44]
+When men admire and emulate the qualities of animals and are proud to
+believe that they descend from them, it is not surprising that they should
+sometimes see nothing derogatory in sexual intercourse with them.[45]
+
+A significant relic of primitive conceptions in this matter may perhaps be
+found in the religious rites connected with the sacred goat of Mendes
+described by Herodotus. After telling how the Mendesians reverence the
+goat, especially the he-goat, out of their veneration for Pan, whom they
+represent as a goat ("the real motive which they assign for this custom I
+do not choose to relate"), he adds: "It happened in this country, and
+within my remembrance, and was indeed universally notorious, that a goat
+had indecent and public communication with a woman."[46] The meaning of
+the passage evidently is that in the ordinary intercourse of women with
+the sacred goat, connection was only simulated or incomplete on account of
+the natural indifference of the goat to the human female, but that in rare
+cases the goat proved sexually excitable with the woman and capable of
+connection.[47] The goat has always been a kind of sacred emblem of lust.
+In the middle ages it became associated with the Devil as one of the
+favorite forms he assumed. It is significant of a primitively religious
+sexual association between men and animals, that witches constantly
+confessed, or were made to confess, that they had had intercourse with the
+Devil in the shape of an animal, very frequently a dog. The figures of
+human beings and animals in conjunction carved on temples in India, also
+seem to indicate the religious significance which this phenomenon
+sometimes presents. There is, indeed, no need to go beyond Europe even in
+her moments of highest culture to find a religious sanction for sexual
+union between human beings, or gods in human shape, and animals. The
+legends of Io and the bull, of Leda and the swan, are among the most
+familiar in Greek mythology, and in a later pictorial form they constitute
+some of the most cherished works of the painters of the Renaissance.
+
+As regards the prevalence of occasional sexual intercourse between men or
+women and animals among primitive peoples at the present time, it is
+possible to find many scattered references by travelers in all parts of
+the world. Such references by no means indicate that such practices are,
+as a rule, common, but they usually show that they are accepted with a
+good-humored indifference.[48]
+
+Bestiality is very rarely found in towns. In the country this vice of the
+clodhopper is far from infrequent. For the peasant, whose sensibilities
+are uncultivated and who makes but the most elementary demands from a
+woman, the difference between an animal and a human being in this respect
+scarcely seems to be very great. "My wife was away too long," a German
+peasant explained to the magistrate, "and so I went with my sow." It is
+certainly an explanation that to the uncultivated peasant, ignorant of
+theological and juridical conceptions, must often seem natural and
+sufficient.
+
+    Bestiality thus resembles masturbation and other abnormal
+    manifestations of the sexual impulse which may be practiced
+    merely _faute de mieux_ and not as, in the strict sense,
+    perversions of the impulse. Even necrophily may be thus
+    practiced. A young man who when assisting the grave-digger
+    conceived and carried out the idea of digging up the bodies of
+    young girls to satisfy his passions with, and whose case has
+    been recorded by Belletrud and Mercier, said: "I could find no
+    young girl who would agree to yield to my desires; that is why I
+    have done this. I should have preferred to have relations with
+    living persons. I found it quite natural to do what I did: I saw
+    no harm in it, and I did not think that any one else could. As
+    living women felt nothing but repulsion for me, it was quite
+    natural I should turn to the dead, who have never repulsed me. I
+    used to say tender things to them like 'my beautiful, my love, I
+    love you.'" (Belletrud and Mercier "Perversion de l'Instinct
+    Genésique," _Annales d'Hygiène Publique_, June, 1903.) But when
+    so highly abnormal an act is felt as natural we are dealing with
+    a person who is congenitally defective so far as the finer
+    developments of intelligence are concerned. It was so in this
+    case of necrophily; he was the son of a weak-minded woman of
+    unrestrainable sexual inclinations, and was himself somewhat
+    feeble-minded; he was also, it is instructive to observe,
+    anosmic.
+
+But it is by no means only their dulled sensibility or the absence of
+women, which accounts for the frequency of bestiality among peasants. A
+highly important factor is their constant familiarity with animals. The
+peasant lives with animals, tends them, learns to know all their
+individual characters; he understands them far better than he understands
+men and women; they are his constant companions, his friends. He knows,
+moreover, the details of their sexual lives, he witnesses the often highly
+impressive spectacle of their coupling. It is scarcely surprising that
+peasants should sometimes regard animals as being not only as near to them
+as their fellow human beings, but even nearer.
+
+The significance of the factor of familiarity is indicated by the great
+frequency of bestiality among shepherds, goatherds, and others whose
+occupation is exclusively the care of animals. Mirabeau, in the eighteenth
+century, stated, on the evidence of Basque priests, that all the shepherds
+in the Pyrenees practice bestiality. It is apparently much the same in
+Italy.[49] In South Italy and Sicily, especially, bestiality among
+goatherds and peasants is said to be almost a national custom.[50] In the
+extreme north of Europe, it is reported, the reindeer, in this respect,
+takes the place of the goat.
+
+The importance of the same factor is also shown by the fact that when
+among women in civilization animal perversions appear, the animal is
+nearly always a pet dog. Usually in these cases the animal is taught to
+give gratification by _cunnilinctus_. In some cases, however, there is
+really sexual intercourse between the animal and the woman.
+
+    Moll mentions that in a case of _cunnilinctus_ by a dog in
+    Germany there was a difficulty as to whether the matter should be
+    considered an unnatural offence or simply an offence against
+    decency; the lower court considered it in the former light, while
+    the higher court took the more merciful view. (Moll,
+    _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 697.) In a
+    case reported by Pfaff and mentioned by Moll, a country girl was
+    accused of having sexual intercourse with a large dog. On
+    examination Pfaff found in the girl's thick pubic hair a loose
+    hair which under the microscope proved to belong to the dog.
+    (_Loc. cit._, p. 698.) In such a case it must be noted that while
+    this evidence may be held to show sexual contact with the dog, it
+    scarcely suffices to show sexual intercourse. This has, however,
+    undoubtedly occurred from time to time, even more or less openly.
+    Bloch (_Op. cit._, pp. 277 and 282) remarks that this is not an
+    infrequent exhibition given by prostitutes in certain brothels.
+    Maschka has referred to such an exhibition between a woman and a
+    bull-dog, which was given to select circles in Paris. Rosse
+    refers to a case in which a young unmarried woman in Washington
+    was surprised during intercourse with a large English mastiff,
+    who in his efforts to get loose caused such severe injuries that
+    the woman died from hæmorrhage in about an hour. Rosse also
+    mentions that some years ago a performance of this kind between a
+    prostitute and a Newfoundland dog could be witnessed in San
+    Francisco by paying a small sum; the woman declared that a woman
+    who had once copulated with a dog would ever afterwards prefer
+    this animal to a man. Rosse adds that he was acquainted with a
+    similar performance between a woman and a donkey, which used to
+    take place in Europe (Irving Rosse, "Sexual Hypochondriasis and
+    Perversion of the Genesic Instinct," _Virginia Medical Monthly_,
+    October, 1892, p. 379). Juvenal mentions such relations between
+    the donkey and woman (vi, 332). Krauss (quoted by Bloch,
+    _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, p.
+    276) states that in Bosnia women sometimes carry on these
+    practices with dogs and also--as he would not have believed had
+    he not on one occasion observed it--with cats. "It seems to me,"
+    writes Dr. Kiernan, of Chicago, (private letter) "that what Rosse
+    says of the animal exhibitions in San Francisco is true of all
+    great cities. The animal employed in such exhibitions here has
+    usually been a donkey, and in one instance death occurred from
+    the animal trampling the girl partner. The practice described
+    occurs in country regions quite frequently. Thus in a case
+    reported in the suburbs of Omaha, Nebraska, a sixteen-year-old
+    boy engaged in rectal coitus with a large dog. In attempting to
+    extricate his swollen penis from the boy's rectum the dog tore
+    through the _sphincter ani_ an inch into the gluteus muscles.
+    (_Omaha Clinic_, March, 1893.) In a Missouri case, which I
+    verified, a smart, pretty, well-educated country girl was found
+    with a profuse offensive vaginal discharge which had been present
+    for about a week, coming on suddenly. After washing the external
+    genitals and opening the labia three rents were discovered, one
+    through the fourchette and two through the left nymphæ. The
+    vagina was excessively congested and covered with points bleeding
+    on the slightest irritation. The patient confessed that one day
+    while playing with the genitals of a large dog she became excited
+    and thought she would have slight coitus. After the dog had made
+    an entrance she was unable to free herself from him, as he
+    clasped her so firmly with his fore legs. The penis became so
+    swollen that the dog could not free himself, although for more
+    than an hour she made persistent efforts to do so. (_Medical
+    Standard_, June, 1903, p. 184). In an Indiana case, concerning
+    which I was consulted, the girl was a hebephreniac who had
+    resorted to this procedure with a Newfoundland dog at the
+    instance of another girl, seemingly normal as regards mentality,
+    and had been badly injured; a discharge resulted which resembled
+    gonorrhoea, but contained no gonococci. These cases are probably
+    more frequent than is usually assumed."
+
+    Women are known to have had intercourse with various other
+    animals, occasionally or habitually, in various parts of the
+    world. Monkeys have been mentioned in this connection. Moll
+    remarks that it seems to be an indication of an abnormal interest
+    in monkeys that some women are observed by the attendants in the
+    monkey-house of zoölogical gardens to be very frequent visitors.
+    Near the Amazon the traveler Castelnau saw an enormous Coati
+    monkey belonging to an Indian woman and tried to purchase it;
+    though he offered a large sum, the woman only laughed. "Your
+    efforts are useless," remarked an Indian in the same cabin, "he
+    is her husband." (So far as the early literature of this subject
+    is concerned, a number of facts and fables regarding the congress
+    of women with dogs, goats and other animals was brought together
+    at the beginning of the eighteenth century by Schurig in his
+    _Gynæcologia_, Section II, cap. VII; I have not drawn on this
+    collection.)
+
+    In some cases women, and also men, find gratification in the
+    sexual manipulation of animals without any kind of congress. This
+    may be illustrated by an observation communicated to me by a
+    correspondent, a clergyman. "In Ireland, my father's house
+    adjoined the residence of an archdeacon of the established
+    church. I was then about 20 and was still kept in religious awe
+    of evil ways. The archdeacon had two daughters, both of whom he
+    brought up in great strictness, resolved that they should grow up
+    examples of virtue and piety. Our stables adjoined, and were
+    separated only by a thin wall in which was a doorway closed up by
+    some boards, as the two stables had formerly been one. One night
+    I had occasion to go to our stable to search for a garden tool I
+    had missed, and I heard a door open on the other side, and saw a
+    light glimmer through the cracks of the boards. I looked through
+    to ascertain who could be there at that late hour, and soon
+    recognized the stately figure of one of the daughters, F.F. was
+    tall, dark and handsome, but had never made any advances to me,
+    nor had I to her. She was making love to her father's mare after
+    a singular fashion. Stripping her right arm, she formed her
+    fingers into a cone, and pressed on the mare's vulva. I was
+    astonished to see the beast stretching her hind legs as if to
+    accommodate the hand of her mistress, which she pushed in
+    gradually and with seeming ease to the elbow. At the same time
+    she seemed to experience the most voluptuous sensation, crisis
+    after crisis arriving." My correspondent adds that, being
+    exceedingly curious in the matter, he tried a somewhat similar
+    experiment himself with one of his father's mares and experienced
+    what he describes as "a most powerful sexual battery" which
+    produced very exciting and exhausting effects. Näcke
+    (_Psychiatrische en Neurologische Bladen_, 1899, No. 2) refers to
+    an idiot who thus manipulated the vulva of mares in his charge.
+    The case has been recorded by Guillereau (_Journal de Médicine
+    Véterinaire et de Zootechnie_, January, 1899) of a youth who was
+    accustomed to introduce his hand into the vulva of cows in order
+    to obtain sexual excitement.
+
+    The possibility of sexual excitement between women and animals
+    involves a certain degree of sexual excitability in animals from
+    contact with women. Darwin stated that there could be no doubt
+    that various quadrumanous animals could distinguish women from
+    men--in the first place probably by smell and secondarily by
+    sight--and be thus liable to sexual excitement. He quotes the
+    opinions on this point of Youatt, Brehm, Sir Andrew Smith and
+    Cuvier (_Descent of Man_, second edition, p. 8). Moll quotes the
+    opinion of an experienced observer to the same effect
+    (_Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, Bd. i, p. 429).
+    Hufeland reported the case of a little girl of three who was
+    playing, seated on a stool, with a dog placed between her thighs
+    and locked against her. Seemingly excited by this contact the
+    animal attempted a sort of copulation, causing the genital parts
+    of the child to become inflamed. Bloch (_Op. cit._, p. 280, _et
+    seq._) discusses the same point; he does not consider that
+    animals will of their own motion sexually cohabit with women, but
+    that they may be easily trained to it. There can be no doubt that
+    dogs at all events are sometimes sexually excited by the presence
+    of women, perhaps especially during menstruation, and many women
+    are able to bear testimony to the embarrassing attentions they
+    have sometimes received from strange dogs. There can be no
+    difficulty in believing that, so far as _cunnilinctus_ is
+    concerned dogs would require no training. In a case recorded by
+    Moll (_Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third edition, p. 560) a lady
+    states that this was done to her when a child, as also to other
+    children, by dogs who, she said, showed signs of sexual
+    excitement. In this case there was also sexual excitement thus
+    produced in the child, and after puberty mutual _cunnilinctus_
+    was practiced with girl friends. Guttceit (_Dreissig Jahre
+    Praxis_, Theil I, p. 310) remarks that some Russian officers who
+    were in the Turkish campaign of 1828 told him that from fear of
+    veneral infection in Wallachia they refrained from women and
+    often used female asses which appeared to show signs of sexual
+    pleasure.
+
+A very large number of animals have been recorded as having been employed
+in the gratification of sexual desire at some period or in some country,
+by men and sometimes by women. Domestic animals are naturally those which
+most frequently come into question, and there are few if any of these
+which can altogether be excepted. The sow is one of the animals most
+frequently abused in this manner.[51] Cases in which mares, cows, and
+donkeys figure constantly occur, as well as goats and sheep. Dogs, cats,
+and rabbits are heard of from time to time. Hens, ducks, and, especially
+in China, geese, are not uncommonly employed. The Roman ladies were said
+to have had an abnormal affection for snakes. The bear and even the
+crocodile are also mentioned.[52]
+
+The social and legal attitude toward bestiality has reflected in part the
+frequency with which it has been practiced, and in part the disgust mixed
+with mystical and sacrilegious horror which it has aroused. It has
+sometimes been met merely by a fine, and sometimes the offender and his
+innocent partner have been burnt together. In the middle ages and later
+its frequency is attested by the fact that it formed a favorite topic with
+preachers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is significant that
+in the Penitentials,--which were criminal codes, half secular and half
+spiritual, in use before the thirteenth century, when penance was
+relegated to the judgment of the confessor,--it was thought necessary to
+fix the periods of penance which should be undergone respectively by
+bishops, priests and deacons who should be guilty of bestiality.
+
+    In Egbert's Penitential, a document of the ninth and tenth
+    centuries, we read (V. 22): "Item Episcopus cum quadrupede
+    fornicans VII annos, consuetudinem X, presbyter V, diaconus III,
+    clerus II." There was a great range in the penances for
+    bestiality, from ten years to (in the case of boys) one hundred
+    days. The mare is specially mentioned (Haddon and Stubbs,
+    _Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents_, vol. iii, p. 422). In
+    Theodore's Penitential, another Anglo-Saxon document of about the
+    same age, those who habitually fornicate with animals are
+    adjudged ten years of penance. It would appear from the
+    _Penitentiale Pseudo-Romanum_ (which is earlier than the eleventh
+    century) that one year's penance was adequate for fornication
+    with a mare when committed by a layman (exactly the same as for
+    simple fornication with a widow or virgin), and this was
+    mercifully reduced to half a year if he had no wife.
+    (Wasserschleben, _Die Bussordnungen der Abendländlichen Kirche_,
+    p. 366). The _Penitentiale Hubertense_ (emanating from the
+    monastery of St. Hubert in the Ardennes) fixes ten years' penance
+    for sodomy, while Fulbert's Penitential (about the eleventh
+    century) fixes seven years for either sodomy or bestiality.
+    Burchard's Penitential, which is always detailed and precise,
+    specially mentions the mare, the cow and the ass, and assigns
+    forty days bread and water and seven years penance, raised to ten
+    years in the case of married men. A woman having intercourse with
+    a horse is assigned seven years penance in Burchard's
+    Penitential. (Wasserschleben, ib. pp. 651, 659.)
+
+The extreme severity which was frequently exercised toward those guilty of
+this offense, was doubtless in large measure due to the fact that
+bestiality was regarded as a kind of sodomy, an offense which was
+frequently viewed with a mystical horror apart altogether from any actual
+social or personal injury it caused. The Jews seem to have felt this
+horror; it was ordered that the sinner and his victim should both be put
+to death (Exodus, Ch. 22, v. 19; Leviticus, Ch. 20, v. 15). In the middle
+ages, especially in France, the same rule often prevailed. Men and sows,
+men and cows, men and donkeys were burnt together. At Toulouse a woman was
+burnt for having intercourse with a dog. Even in the seventeenth century a
+learned French lawyer, Claude Lebrun de la Rochette, justified such
+sentences.[53] It seems probable that even to-day, in the social and legal
+attitude toward bestiality, sufficient regard is not paid to the fact that
+this offense is usually committed either by persons who are morbidly
+abnormal or who are of so low a degree of intelligence that they border on
+feeble-mindedness. To what extent, and on what grounds, it ought to be
+punished is a question calling for serious reconsideration.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[33] For Krafft-Ebing's discussion of the subject see _Op. cit._, pp.
+530-539.
+
+[34] In England it is not uncommon to use the term "unnatural offence;"
+this is an awkward and possibly misleading practice which should not be
+followed. In Germany a similar confusion is caused by applying the term
+"sodomy" to these cases as well as to pederasty. Krafft-Ebing considers
+that this error is due to the jurists, while the theologians have always
+distinguished correctly. In this matter, he adds, science must be _ancilla
+theologiæ_ and return to the correct usage of words.
+
+[35] This childish interest, with later abnormal developments, may be seen
+in History I of the Appendix to this volume.
+
+[36] The Countess of Pembroke, Sir Philip Sidney's sister, appears to have
+found sexual enjoyment in the contemplation of the sexual prowess of
+stallions. Aubrey writes that she "was very salacious and she had a
+contrivance that in the spring of the year ... the stallions ... were to
+be brought before such a part of the house where she had a vidette to look
+on them." (_Short Lives_, 1898, vol. i, p. 311.) Although the modern
+editor's modesty has caused the disappearance of several lines from this
+passage, the general sense is clear. In the same century Burchard, the
+faithful secretary of Pope Alexander VI, describes in his invaluable diary
+how four race horses were brought to two mares in a court of the Vatican,
+the horses clamorously fighting for the possession of the mares and
+eventually mounting them, while the Pope and his daughter Lucrezia looked
+on from a window "cum magno risu et delectatione." (_Diarium_, ed Thuasne,
+vol. III, p. 169.)
+
+[37] _Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1902, fasc. ii-iii, p. 338. In the case of
+pathological sexuality in a boy of 15, reported by A. MacDonald, and
+already summarized, the sight of copulating flies is also mentioned among
+many other causes of sexual excitation.
+
+[38] Krafft-Ebing presents or quotes typical cases of all these fetiches,
+_Op. cit._, pp. 255-266.
+
+[39] G. Stanley Hall, "A study of Fears," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, 1897, pp. 213-215.
+
+[40] _Op. cit._, p. 268.
+
+[41] W. Howard, "Sexual Perversion," _Alienist and Neurologist_, January,
+1896. Krafft-Ebing (op. cit., p. 532) quotes from Boeteau the somewhat
+similar case of a gardener's boy of 16--an illegitimate child of
+neuropathic heredity and markedly degenerate--who had a passion, of
+irresistible and impulsive character, for rabbits. He was declared
+irresponsible. Moll (_Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, pp.
+431-433) presents the case of a neurotic man who from the age of 15 had
+been sexually excited by the sight of animals or by contact with them. He
+had repeatedly had connection with cows and mares; he was also sexually
+excited by sheep, donkeys, and dogs, whether female or male; the normal
+sexual instinct was weak and he experienced very slight attraction to
+women.
+
+[42] Moll also remarks ("Perverse Sexualempfindung," in Senator's and
+Kaminer's _Krankheiten und Ehe_) that in this matter it is often hardly
+possible to draw a sharp line between vice and disease.
+
+[43] Instances of this widespread belief--found among the Tamils of Ceylon
+as well as in Europe--are quoted from various authors by Bloch, _Beiträge
+zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, p. 278, and Moll,
+_Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 700. On the frequency
+of bestiality, from one cause or another, in the East, see, e.g., Stern,
+_Medizin und Geschlechtsleben in der Türkei_, bd. ii, p. 219.
+
+[44] Sometimes (as among the Aleuts) the animal pantomime dances of
+savages may represent the transformation of a captive bird into a lovely
+woman who falls exhausted into the arms of the hunter. (H.H. Bancroft,
+_Native Races of the Pacific_, vol. i, p. 93.) A system of beliefs which
+accepts the possibility that a human being may be latent in an animal
+obviously favors the practice of bestiality.
+
+[45] For an example of the primitive confusion between the intercourse of
+women with animals and with men see, e.g., Boas, "Sagen aus
+British-Columbia," _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, heft V, p. 558.
+
+[46] Herodotus, Book II, Chapter 46.
+
+[47] Dulare (_Des Divinités Génératrices_, Chapter II) brings together the
+evidence showing that in Egypt women had connection with the sacred goat,
+apparently in order to secure fertility.
+
+[48] Various facts and references bearing on this subject are brought
+together by Blumenbach, _Anthropological Memoirs_, translated by Bendyshe,
+p. 80; Block, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II,
+pp. 276-283; also Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, seventh edition, p. 520.
+
+[49] Mantegazza mentions (_Gli Amori degli Uomini_, cap V) that at Rimini
+a young goatherd of the Apennines, troubled with dyspepsia and nervous
+symptoms, told him this was due to excesses with the goats in his care. A
+finely executed marble group of a satyr having connection with a goat,
+found at Herculaneum and now in the Naples Museum (reproduced in Fuchs's
+_Erotische Element in der Karikatur_), perhaps symbolizes a traditional
+and primitive practice of the goatherd.
+
+[50] Bayle (_Dictionary_, Art, Bathyllus) quotes various authorities
+concerning the Italian auxiliaries in the south of France in the sixteenth
+century and their custom of bringing and using goats for this purpose.
+Warton in the eighteenth century was informed that in Sicily priests in
+confession habitually inquired of herdsmen if they had anything to do with
+their sows. In Normandy priests are advised to ask similar questions.
+
+[51] It is worth noting that in Greek the work choiros means both a sow
+and a woman's pudenda; in the _Acharnians_ Aristophanes plays on this
+association at some length. The Romans also (as may be gathered from
+Varro's _De Re Rustica_) called the feminine pudenda _porcus_.
+
+[52] Schurig, _Gynæcologia_, pp. 280-387; Bloch, op. cit., 270-277. The
+Arabs, according to Kocher, chiefly practice bestiality with goats, sheep
+and mares. The Annamites, according to Mondière, commonly employ sows and
+(more especially the young women) dogs. Among the Tamils of Ceylon
+bestiality with goats and cows is said to be very prevalent.
+
+[53] Mantegazza (_Gli Amori degli Uomini_, cap. V) brings together some
+facts bearing on this matter.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+Exhibitionism--Illustrative Cases--A Symbolic Perversion of Courtship--The
+Impulse to Defile--The Exhibitionist's Psychic Attitude--The Sexual Organs
+as Fetichs--Phallus Worship--Adolescent Pride in Sexual
+Development--Exhibitionism of the Nates--The Classification of the Forms
+of Exhibitionism--Nature of the Relationship of Exhibitionism to Epilepsy.
+
+
+There is a remarkable form of erotic symbolism--very definite and standing
+clearly apart from all other forms--in which sexual gratification is
+experienced in the simple act of exhibiting the sexual organ to persons of
+the opposite sex, usually by preference to young and presumably innocent
+persons, very often children. This is termed exhibitionism.[54] It would
+appear to be a not very infrequent phenomenon, and most women, once or
+more in their lives, especially when young, have encountered a man who has
+thus deliberately exposed himself before them.
+
+The exhibitionist, though often a young and apparently vigorous man, is
+always satisfied with the mere act of self-exhibition and the emotional
+reaction which that act produces; he makes no demands on the woman to whom
+he exposes himself; he seldom speaks, he makes no effort to approach her;
+as a rule, he fails even to display the signs of sexual excitation. His
+desires are completely gratified by the act of exhibition and by the
+emotional reaction it arouses in the woman. He departs satisfied and
+relieved.
+
+    A case recorded by Schrenck-Notzing very well represents both the
+    nature of the impulse felt by the exhibitionist and the way in
+    which it may originate. It is the case of a business man of 49,
+    of neurotic heredity, an affectionate husband and father of a
+    family, who, to his own grief and shame, is compelled from time
+    to time to exhibit his sexual organs to women in the street. As a
+    boy of 10 a girl of 12 tried to induce him to coitus; both had
+    their sexual parts exposed. From that time sexual contacts, as of
+    his own naked nates against those of a girl, became attractive,
+    as well as games in which the boys and girls in turn marched
+    before each other with their sexual parts exposed, and also
+    imitation of the copulation of animals. Coitus was first
+    practiced about the age of 20, but sight and touch of the woman's
+    sexual parts were always necessary to produce sexual excitement.
+    It was also necessary--and this consideration is highly important
+    as regards the development of the tendency to exhibition--that
+    the woman should be excited by the sight of his organs. Even when
+    he saw or touched a woman's parts orgasm often occurred. It was
+    the naked sexual organs in an otherwise clothed body which
+    chiefly excited him. He was not possessed of a high degree of
+    potency. Girls between the ages of 10 and 17 chiefly excited him,
+    and especially if he felt that they were quite ignorant of sexual
+    matters. His self-exhibition was a sort of psychic defloration,
+    and it was accompanied by the idea that other people felt as he
+    did about the sexual effects of the naked organs, that he was
+    shocking but at the same time sexually exciting a young girl. He
+    was thus gratifying himself through the belief that he was
+    causing sexual gratification to an innocent girl. This man was
+    convicted several times, and was finally declared to be suffering
+    from impulsive insanity. (Schrenck-Notzing,
+    _Kriminal-psychologische und Psycho-pathologische Studien_, 1902,
+    pp. 50-57.) In another case of Schrenck-Notzing's, an actor and
+    portrait painter, aged 31, in youth masturbated and was fond of
+    contemplating the images of the sexual organs of both sexes,
+    finding little pleasure in coitus. At the age of 24, at a bathing
+    establishment, he happened to occupy a compartment next to that
+    occupied by a lady, and when naked he became aware that his
+    neighbor was watching him through a chink in the partition. This
+    caused him powerful excitement and he was obliged to masturbate.
+    Ever since he has had an impulse to exhibit his organs and to
+    masturbate in the presence of women. He believes that the sight
+    of his organs excites the woman (Ib., pp. 57-68). The presence of
+    masturbation in this case renders it untypical as a case of
+    exhibitionism. Moll at one time went so far as to assert that
+    when masturbation takes place we are not entitled to admit
+    exhibitionism, (_Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i,
+    p. 661), but now accepts exhibitionism with masturbation
+    ("Perverse Sexualempfindung," _Krankheiten und Ehe_). The act of
+    exhibition itself gratifies the sexual impulse, and usually it
+    suffices to replace both tumescence and detumescence.
+
+    A fairly typical case, recorded by Krafft-Ebing, is that of a
+    German factory worker of 37, a good, sober and intelligent
+    workman. His parents were healthy, but one of his mother's and
+    also one of his father's sisters were insane; some of his
+    relatives are eccentric in religion. He has a languishing
+    expression and a smile of self-complacency. He never had any
+    severe illness, but has always been eccentric and imaginative,
+    much absorbed in romances (such as Dumas's novels) and fond of
+    identifying himself with their heroes. No signs of epilepsy. In
+    youth moderate masturbation, later moderate coitus. He lives a
+    retired life, but is fond of elegant dress and of ornament.
+    Though not a drinker, he sometimes makes himself a kind of punch
+    which has a sexually exciting effect on him. The impulse to
+    exhibitionism has only developed in recent years. When the
+    impulse is upon him he becomes hot, his heart beats violently,
+    the blood rushes to his head, and he is oblivious of everything
+    around him that is not connected with his own act. Afterwards he
+    regards himself as a fool and makes vain resolutions never to
+    repeat the act. In exhibition the penis is only half erect and
+    ejaculation never occurs. (He is only capable of coitus with a
+    woman who shows great attraction to him.) He is satisfied with
+    self-exhibition, and believes that he thus gives pleasure to the
+    woman, since he himself receives pleasure in contemplating a
+    woman's sexual parts. His erotic dreams are of self-exhibition to
+    young and voluptuous women. He had been previously punished for
+    an offense of this kind; medico-legal opinion now recognized the
+    incriminated man's psychopathic condition. (Krafft-Ebing, _Op.
+    cit._, pp. 492-494.)
+
+    Trochon has reported the case of a married man of 33, a worker in
+    a factory, who for several years had exhibited himself at
+    intervals to shop-girls, etc., in a state of erection, but
+    without speaking or making other advances. He was a hard-working,
+    honest, sober man of quiet habits, a good father to his family
+    and happy at home. He showed not the slightest sign of insanity.
+    But he was taciturn, melancholic and nervous; a sister was an
+    idiot. He was arrested, but on the report of the experts that he
+    committed these acts from a morbid impulse he could not control
+    he was released. (Trochon, _Archives de l'Anthropologie
+    Criminelle_, 1888, p. 256.)
+
+    In a case of Freyer's (_Zeitschrift für Medizinalbeamte_, third
+    year, No. 8) the occasional connection of exhibitionism with
+    epilepsy is well illustrated by a barber's assistant, aged 35,
+    whose father suffered from chronic alcoholism and was also said
+    to have committed the same kind of offense as his son. The mother
+    and a sister suffered nervously. From ages of 7 to 18 the subject
+    had epileptic convulsions. From 16 to 21 he indulged in normal
+    sexual intercourse. At about that time he had often to pass a
+    playground and at times would urinate there; it happened that the
+    children watched him with curiosity. He noticed that when thus
+    watched sexual excitement was caused, inducing erection and even
+    ejaculation. He gradually found pleasure in this kind of sexual
+    gratification; finally he became indifferent to coitus. His
+    erotic dreams, though still usually about normal coitus, were now
+    sometimes concerned with exhibition before little girls. When
+    overcome by the impulse he could see and hear nothing around him,
+    though he did not lose consciousness. After the act was over he
+    was troubled by his deed. In all other respects he was entirely
+    reasonable. He was imprisoned many times for exhibiting himself
+    to young schoolgirls, sometimes vaunting the beauty of his organs
+    and inviting inspection. On one occasion he underwent mental
+    examination, but was considered to be mentally sound. He was
+    finally held to be a hereditarily tainted individual with
+    neuropathic constitution. The head was abnormally broad, penis
+    small, patellar reflex absent, and there were many signs of
+    neurasthenia. (Krafft-Ebing, _Op. cit._, pp. 490-492.)
+
+    The prevalence of epilepsy among exhibitionists is shown by the
+    observations of Pelanda in Verona. He has recorded six cases of
+    this perversion, all of which eventually reached the asylum and
+    were either epileptics or with epileptic relations. One had a
+    brother who was also an exhibitionist. In some cases the penis
+    was abnormally large, in others abnormally small. Several had
+    very weak sexual impulse; one, at the age of 62, had never
+    effected coitus, and was proud of the fact that he was still a
+    virgin, considering, he would say, the epoch of demoralization in
+    which we live. (Pelanda, "Pornopatici," _Archivio di
+    Psichiatria_, fasc. ii-iv, 1889.)
+
+    In a very typical case of exhibitionism which Garnier has
+    recorded, a certain X., a gentleman engaged in business in Paris,
+    had a predilection for exhibiting himself in churches, more
+    especially in Saint-Roch. He was arrested several times for
+    exposing his sexual organs here before ladies in prayer. In this
+    way he finally ruined his commercial position in Paris and was
+    obliged to establish himself in a small provincial town. Here
+    again he soon exposed himself in a church and was again sent to
+    prison, but on his liberation immediately performed the same act
+    in the same church in what was described as a most imperturbable
+    manner. Compelled to leave the town, he returned to Paris, and in
+    a few weeks' time was again arrested for repeating his old
+    offense in Saint Roch. When examined by Garnier, the information
+    he supplied was vague and incomplete, and he was very embarrassed
+    in the attempt to explain himself. He was unable to say why he
+    chose a church, but he felt that it was to a church that he must
+    go. He had, however, no thought of profanation and no wish to
+    give offense. "Quite the contrary!" he declared. He had the sad
+    and tired air of a man who is dominated by a force stronger than
+    his will. "I know," he added, "what repulsion my conduct must
+    inspire. Why am I made thus? Who will cure me?" (P. Garnier,
+    "Perversions Sexuelles," _Comptes Rendus_, International Congress
+    of Medicine at Paris in 1900, _Section de Psychiatrie_, pp.
+    433-435.)
+
+    In some cases, it would appear, the impulse to exhibitionism may
+    be overcome or may pass away. This result is the more likely to
+    come about in those cases in which exhibitionism has been largely
+    conditioned by chronic alcoholism or other influences tending to
+    destroy the inhibiting and restraining action of the higher
+    centers, which may be overcome by hygiene and treatment. In this
+    connection I may bring forward a case which has been communicated
+    to me by a medical correspondent in London. It is that of an
+    actor, of high standing in his profession and extremely
+    intelligent, 49 years of age, married and father of a large
+    family. He is sexually vigorous and of erotic temperament. His
+    general health has always been good, but he is a high-strung,
+    neurotic man, with quick mental reactions. His habits had for a
+    long time been decidedly alcoholic, but two years ago, a small
+    quantity of albumen being found in the urine, he was persuaded to
+    leave off alcohol, and has since been a teetotaller. Though
+    ordinarily very reticent about sexual matters, he began four or
+    five years ago to commit acts of exhibitionism, exposing himself
+    to servants in the house and occasionally to women in the
+    country. This continued after the alcohol had been abandoned and
+    lasted for several years, though the attention of the police was
+    never attracted to the matter, and so far as possible he was
+    quietly supervised by his friends. Nine months after, the acts of
+    exhibitionism ceased, apparently in a spontaneous manner, and
+    there has so far been no relapse.
+
+Exhibitionism is an act which, on the face of it, seems nonsensical and
+meaningless, and as such, as an inexplicable act of madness, it has
+frequently been treated both by writers on insanity and on sexual
+perversion. "These acts are so lacking in common sense and intelligent
+reflection that no other reason than insanity can be offered for the
+patient," Ball concluded.[55] Moll, also, who defines exhibitionism
+somewhat too narrowly as a condition in which "the charm of the exhibition
+lies for the subject in the display itself," not sufficiently taking into
+consideration the imagined effect on the spectator, concludes that "the
+psychological basis of exhibitionism is at present by no means cleared
+up."[56]
+
+We may probably best approach exhibitionism by regarding it as
+fundamentally a symbolic act based on a perversion of courtship. The
+exhibitionist displays the organ of sex to a feminine witness, and in the
+shock of modest sexual shame by which she reacts to that spectacle, he
+finds a gratifying similitude of the normal emotions of coitus.[57] He
+feels that he has effected a psychic defloration.
+
+    Exhibitionism is thus analogous, and, indeed, related, to the
+    impulse felt by many persons to perform indecorous acts or tell
+    indecent stories before young and innocent persons of the
+    opposite sex. This is a kind of psychic exhibitionism, the
+    gratification it causes lying exactly, as in physical
+    exhibitionism, in the emotional confusion which it is felt to
+    arouse. The two kinds of exhibitionism may be combined in the
+    same person: Thus, in a case reported by Hoche (p. 97), the
+    exhibitionist an intellectual and highly educated man, with a
+    doctor's degree, also found pleasure in sending indecent poems
+    and pictures to women, whom, however, he made no attempt to
+    seduce; he was content with the thought of the emotions he
+    aroused or believed that he aroused.
+
+    It is possible that within this group should come the agent in
+    the following incident which was lately observed by a lady, a
+    friend of my own. An elderly man in an overcoat was seen standing
+    outside a large and well-known draper's shop in the outskirts of
+    London; when able to attract the attention of any of the
+    shop-girls or of any girl in the street he would fling back his
+    coat and reveal that he was wearing over his own clothes a
+    woman's chemise (or possibly bodice) and a woman's drawers; there
+    was no exposure. The only intelligible explanation of this action
+    would seem to be that pleasure was experienced in the mild shock
+    of interested surprise and injured modesty which this vision was
+    imagined to cause to a young girl. It would thus be a
+    comparatively innocent form of psychic defloration.
+
+It is of interest to point out that the sexual symbolism of active
+flagellation is very closely analogous to this symbolism of exhibitionism.
+The flagellant approaches a woman with the rod (itself a symbol of the
+penis and in some countries bearing names which are also applied to that
+organ) and inflicts on an intimate part of her body the signs of blushing
+and the spasmodic movements which are associated with sexual excitement,
+while at the same time she feels, or the flagellant imagines that she
+feels, the corresponding emotions of delicious shame.[58] This is an even
+closer mimicry of the sexual act than the exhibitionist attains, for the
+latter fails to secure the consent of the woman nor does he enjoy any
+intimate contact with her naked body. The difference is connected with the
+fact that the active flagellant is usually a more virile and normal person
+than the exhibitionist. In the majority of cases the exhibitionist's
+sexual impulse is very feeble, and as a rule he is either to some degree a
+degenerate, or else a person who is suffering from an early stage of
+general paralysis, dementia, or some other highly enfeebling cause of
+mental disorganization, such as chronic alcoholism. Sexual feebleness is
+further indicated by the fact that the individuals selected as witnesses
+are frequently mere children.
+
+    It seems probable that a form of erotic symbolism somewhat
+    similar to exhibitionism is to be found in the rare cases in
+    which sexual gratification is derived from throwing ink, acid or
+    other defiling liquids on women's dresses. Thoinot has recorded a
+    case of this kind (_Attentats aux Moeurs_, 1898, pp. 484, _et
+    seq._). An instructive case has been presented by Moll. In this
+    case a young man of somewhat neuropathic heredity had as a youth
+    of 16 or 17, when romping with his young sister's playfellows,
+    experienced sexual sensations on chancing to see their white
+    underlinen. From that time white underlinen and white dresses
+    became to him a fetich and he was only attracted to women so
+    attired. One day, at the age of 25, when crossing the street in
+    wet weather with a young lady in a white dress, a passing vehicle
+    splashed the dress with mud. This incident caused him strong
+    sexual excitement, and from that time he had the impulse to throw
+    ink, perchloride of iron, etc., on to ladies' white dresses, and
+    sometimes to cut and tear them, sexual excitement and ejaculation
+    taking place every time he effected this. (Moll, "Gutachten über
+    einem Sexual Perversen [Besudelungstrieb]," _Zeitschrift für
+    Medizinalbeamte_, Heft XIII, 1900). Such a case is of
+    considerable psychological interest. Thoinot considers that in
+    these cases the fleck is a fetich. That is an incorrect account
+    of the matter. In this case the white garments constituted the
+    primary fetich, but that fetich becomes more acutely realized,
+    and at the same time both parties are thrown into an emotional
+    state which to the fetichist becomes a mimicry of coitus, by the
+    act of defilement. We may perhaps connect with this phenomenon
+    the attraction which muddy shoes often exert over the
+    shoe-fetichist, and the curious way in which, as we have seen (p.
+    18), Restif de la Bretonne associates his love of neatness in
+    women with his attraction to the feet, the part, he remarks,
+    least easy to keep clean.
+
+    Garnier applied the term _sadi-fetichism_ to active flagellation
+    and many similar manifestations such as we are here concerned
+    with, on the grounds that they are hybrids which combine the
+    morbid adoration for a definite object with the impulse to
+    exercise a more or less degree of violence. From the standpoint
+    of the conception of erotic symbolism I have adopted there is no
+    need for this term. There is here no hybrid combination of two
+    unlike mental states. We are simply concerned with states of
+    erotic symbolism, more or less complete, more or less complex.
+
+The conception of exhibitionism as a process of erotic symbolism, involves
+a conscious or unconscious attitude of attention in the exhibitionist's
+mind to the psychic reaction of the woman toward whom his display is
+directed. He seeks to cause an emotion which, probably in most cases, he
+desires should be pleasurable. But from one cause or another his finer
+sensibilities are always inhibited or in abeyance, and he is unable to
+estimate accurately either the impression he is likely to produce or the
+general results of his action, or else he is moved by a strong impulsive
+obsession which overpowers his judgment. In many cases he has good reason
+for believing that his act will be pleasurable, and frequently he finds
+complacent witnesses among the low-class servant girls, etc.
+
+    It may be pointed out here that we are quite justified in
+    speaking of a penis-fetichism and also of a vulva-fetichism. This
+    might be questioned. We are obviously justified in recognizing a
+    fetichism which attaches itself to the pubic hair, or, as in a
+    case with which I am acquainted, to the clitoris, but it may seem
+    that we cannot regard the central sexual organs as symbols of
+    sex, symbols, as it were, of themselves. Properly regarded,
+    however, it is the sexual act rather than the sexual organ which
+    is craved in normal sexual desire; the organ is regarded merely
+    as the means and not as the end. Regarded as a means the organ is
+    indeed an object of desire, but it only becomes a fetich when it
+    arrests and fixes the attention. An attention thus pleasurably
+    fixed, a vulva-fetichism or a penis-fetichism, is within the
+    normal range of sexual emotion (this point has been mentioned in
+    the previous volume when discussing the part played by the
+    primary sexual organs in sexual selection), and in coarse-grained
+    natures of either sex it is a normal allurement in its
+    generalized shape, apart from any attraction to the person to
+    whom the organs belong. In some morbid cases, however, this
+    penis-fetichism may become a fully developed sexual perversion. A
+    typical case of this kind has been recorded by Howard in the
+    United States. Mrs. W., aged 39, was married at 20 to a strong,
+    healthy man, but derived no pleasure from coitus, though she
+    received great pleasure from masturbation practiced immediately
+    after coitus, and nine years after marriage she ceased actual
+    coitus, compelling her husband to adopt mutual masturbation. She
+    would introduce men into the house at all times of the day or
+    night, and after persuading them to expose their persons would
+    retire to her room to masturbate. The same man never aroused
+    desire more than once. This desire became so violent and
+    persistent that she would seek out men in all sorts of public
+    places and, having induced them to expose themselves, rapidly
+    retreat to the nearest convenient spot for self-gratification.
+    She once abstracted a pair of trousers she had seen a man wear
+    and after fondling them experienced the orgasm. Her husband
+    finally left her, after vainly attempting to have her confined in
+    an asylum. She was often arrested for her actions, but through
+    the intervention of friends set free again. She was a highly
+    intelligent woman, and apart from this perversion entirely
+    normal. (W.L. Howard, "Sexual Perversion," _Alienist and
+    Neurologist_, January, 1896.) It is on the existence of a more or
+    less developed penis-fetichism of this kind that the
+    exhibitionist, mostly by an ignorant instinct, relies for the
+    effects he desires to produce.
+
+The exhibitionist is not usually content to produce a mere titillated
+amusement; he seeks to produce a more powerful effect which must be
+emotional whether or not it is pleasurable. A professional man in
+Strassburg (in a case reported by Hoche[59]) would walk about in the
+evening in a long cloak, and when he met ladies would suddenly throw his
+cloak back under a street lamp, or igniting a red-fire match, and thus
+exhibit his organs. There was an evident effort--on the part of a weak,
+vain, and effeminate man--to produce a maximum of emotional effect. The
+attempt to heighten the emotional shock is also seen in the fact that the
+exhibitionist frequently chooses a church as the scene of his exploits,
+not during service, for he always avoids a concourse of people, but
+perhaps toward evening when there are only a few kneeling women scattered
+through the edifice. The church is chosen, often instinctively rather than
+deliberately, from no impulse to commit a sacrilegious outrage--which, as
+a rule, the exhibitionist does not feel his act to be--but because it
+really presents the conditions most favorable to the act and the effects
+desired. The exhibitionist's attitude of mind is well illustrated by one
+of Garnier's patients who declared that he never wished to be seen by more
+than two women at once, "just what is necessary," he added, "for an
+exchange of impressions." After each exhibition he would ask himself
+anxiously: "Did they see me? What are they thinking? What do they say to
+each other about me? Oh! how I should like to know!" Another patient of
+Garnier's, who haunted churches for this purpose, made this very
+significant statement: "Why do I like going to churches? I can scarcely
+say. _But I know that it is only there that my act has its full
+importance_. The woman is in a devout frame of mind, and she must see that
+such an act in such a place is not a joke in bad taste or a disgusting
+obscenity; _that if I go there it is not to amuse myself; it is more
+serious than that!_ I watch the effect produced on the faces of the ladies
+to whom I show my organs. I wish to see them express a profound joy. I
+wish, in fact, that they may be forced to say to themselves: _How
+impressive Nature is when thus seen!_"
+
+    Here we trace the presence of a feeling which recalls the
+    phenomena of the ancient and world-wide phallic worship, still
+    liable to reappear sporadically. Women sometimes took part in
+    these rites, and the osculation of the male sexual organ or its
+    emblematic representation by women is easily traceable in the
+    phallic rites of India and many other lands, not excluding Europe
+    even in comparatively recent times. (Dulaure in his _Divinités
+    Génératices_ brings together much bearing on these points; cf.:
+    Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i, Chapter XVII, and Bloch,
+    _Beiträge zur Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil I, pp. 115-117. Colin
+    Scott has some interesting remarks on phallic worship and the
+    part it has played in aiding human evolution, "Sex and Art,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, vol. vii, No. 2, pp. 191-197.
+    Irving Rosse describes some modern phallic rites in which both
+    men and women took part, similar to those practiced in vaudouism,
+    "Sexual Hypochondriasis," _Virginia Medical Monthly_, October,
+    1892.)
+
+    Putting aside any question of phallic worship, a certain pride
+    and more or less private feeling of ostentation in the new
+    expansion and development of the organs of virility seems to be
+    almost normal at adolescence. "We have much reason to assume,"
+    Stanley Hall remarks, "that in a state of nature there is a
+    certain instinctive pride and ostentation that accompanies the
+    new local development. I think it will be found that
+    exhibitionists are usually those who have excessive growth here,
+    and that much that modern society stigmatizes as obscene is at
+    bottom more or less spontaneous and perhaps in some cases not
+    abnormal. Dr. Seerley tells me he has never examined a young man
+    largely developed who had the usual strong instinctive tendency
+    of modesty to cover himself with his hands, but he finds this
+    instinct general with those whose development is less than the
+    average." (G. Stanley Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. ii, p. 97.) This
+    instinct of ostentation, however, so far as it is normal, is held
+    in check by other considerations, and is not, in the strict
+    sense, exhibitionism. I have observed a full-grown telegraph boy
+    walking across Hampstead Heath with his sexual organs exposed,
+    but immediately he realized that he was seen he concealed them.
+    The solemnity of exhibitionism at this age finds expression in
+    the climax of the sonnet, "Oraison du Soir," written at 16 by
+    Rimbaud, whose verse generally is a splendid and insolent
+    manifestation of rank  adolescence:--
+
+        "Doux comme le Seigneur du cèdre et des hysopes,
+        Je pisse vers les cieux bruns très haut et très loin,
+        Avec l'assentiment des grands héliotropes."
+
+        (J.A. Rimbaud, _Oeuvres_, p. 68.)
+
+    In women, also, there would appear to be traceable a somewhat
+    similar ostentation, though in them it is complicated and largely
+    inhibited by modesty, and at the same time diffused over the body
+    owing to the absence of external sexual organs. "Primitive
+    woman," remarks Madame Renooz, "proud of her womanhood, for a
+    long time defended her nakedness which ancient art has always
+    represented. And in the actual life of the young girl to-day
+    there is a moment when by a secret atavism she feels the pride of
+    her sex, the intuition of her moral superiority, and cannot
+    understand why she must hide its cause. At this moment, wavering
+    between the laws of Nature and social conventions, she scarcely
+    knows if nakedness should or should not affright her. A sort of
+    confused atavistic memory recalls to her a period before clothing
+    was known, and reveals to her as a paradisaical ideal the customs
+    of that human epoch." (Céline Renooz, _Psychologie Comparée de
+    l'Homme et de la Femme_, p. 85.) It may be added that among
+    primitive peoples, and even among some remote European
+    populations to-day, the exhibition of feminine nudity has
+    sometimes been regarded as a spectacle with religious or magic
+    operation. (Ploss, _Das Weib_, seventh edition, vol. ii, pp.
+    663-680; Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition, p.
+    304.) It is stated by Gopcevic that in the long struggle between
+    the Albanians and the Montenegrians the women of the former
+    people would stand in the front rank and expose themselves by
+    raising their skirts, believing that they would thus insure
+    victory. As, however, they were shot down, and as, moreover,
+    victory usually fell to the Montenegrians, this custom became
+    discredited. (Quoted by Bloch, _Op. cit._, Teil II, p. 307.)
+
+    With regard to the association, suggested by Stanley Hall,
+    between exhibitionism and an unusual degree of development of the
+    sexual organs, it must be remarked that both extremes--a very
+    large and a very small penis--are specially common in
+    exhibitionists. The prevalence of the small organ is due to an
+    association of exhibitionism with sexual feebleness. The
+    prevalence of the large organ may be due to the cause suggested
+    by Hall. Among Mahommedans the sexual organs are sometimes
+    habitually exposed by religious penitents, and I note that
+    Bernhard Stern, in his book on the medical and sexual aspects of
+    life in Turkey, referring to a penitent of this sort whom he saw
+    on the Stamboul bridge at Constantinople, remarks that the organ
+    was very largely developed. It may well be in such a case that
+    the penitent's religious attitude is reinforced by some lingering
+    relic of a more fleshly ostentation.
+
+It is by a pseudo-atavism that this phallicism is evoked in the
+exhibitionist. There is no true emergence of an ancestrally inherited
+instinct, but by the paralysis or inhibition of the finer and higher
+feelings current in civilization, the exhibitionist is placed on the same
+mental level as the man of a more primitive age, and he thus presents the
+basis on which the impulses belonging to a higher culture may naturally
+take root and develop.
+
+    Reference may here be made to a form of primitive exhibitionism,
+    almost confined to women, which, although certainly symbolic, is
+    absolutely non-sexual, and must not, therefore, be confused with
+    the phenomena we are here occupied with. I refer to the
+    exhibition of the buttocks as a mark of contempt. In its most
+    primitive form, no doubt, this exhibitionism is a kind of
+    exorcism, a method of putting evil spirits, primarily, and
+    secondarily evil-disposed persons, to flight. It is the most
+    effective way for a woman to display sexual centers, and it
+    shares in the magical virtues which all unveiling of the sexual
+    centers is believed by primitive peoples to possess. It is
+    recorded that the women of some peoples in the Balkan peninsula
+    formerly used this gesture against enemies in battle. In the
+    sixteenth century so distinguished a theologian as Luther when
+    assailed by the Evil One at night was able to put the adversary
+    to flight by protruding his uncovered buttocks from the bed. But
+    the spiritual significance of this attitude is lost with the
+    decay of primitive beliefs. It survives, but merely as a gesture
+    of insult. The symbolism comes to have reference to the nates as
+    the excretory focus, the seat of the anus. In any case it ignores
+    any sexual attractiveness in this part of the body. Exhibitionism
+    of this kind, therefore, can scarcely arise in persons of any
+    sensitiveness or æsthetic perception, even putting aside the
+    question of modesty, and there seems to be little trace of it in
+    classic antiquity when the nates were regarded as objects of
+    beauty. Among the Egyptians, however, we gather from Herodotus
+    (Bk. II, Chapter LX) that at a certain popular religious festival
+    men and women would go in boats on the Nile, singing and playing,
+    and when they approached a town the women on the boats would
+    insult the women of the town by injurious language and by
+    exposing themselves. Among the Arabs, however, the specific
+    gesture we are concerned with is noted, and a man to whom
+    vengeance is forbidden would express his feelings by exposing his
+    posterior and strewing earth on his head (Wellhausen, _Rests
+    Arabischen Heidentums_, 1897, p. 195). It is in Europe and in
+    mediæval and later times that this emphatic gesture seems to have
+    flourished as a violent method of expressing contempt. It was by
+    no means confined to the lower classes, and Kleinpaul, in
+    discussing this form of "speech without words," quotes examples
+    of various noble persons, even princesses, who are recorded thus
+    to have expressed their feelings. (Kleinpaul, _Sprache ohne
+    Worte_, pp. 271-273.) In more recent times the gesture has become
+    merely a rare and extreme expression of unrestrained feeling in
+    coarse-grained peasants. Zola, in the figure of Mouquette in
+    _Germinal_, may be said to have given a kind of classic
+    expression to the gesture. In the more remote parts of Europe it
+    appears to be still not altogether uncommon. This seems to be
+    notably the case among the South Slavs, and Krauss states that
+    "when a South Slav woman wishes to express her deepest contempt
+    for anyone she bends forward, with left hand raising her skirts,
+    and with the right slapping her posterior, at the same time
+    exclaiming: 'This for you!'" (Kryptadia, vol. vi, p. 200.)
+
+    A verbal survival of this gesture, consisting in the contemptuous
+    invitation to kiss this region, still exists among us in remote
+    parts of the country, especially as an insult offered by an angry
+    woman who forgets herself. It is said to be commonly used in
+    Wales. ("Welsh Ædoelogy," Kryptadia, vol. ii, pp. 358, et seq.)
+    In Cornwall, when addressed by a woman to a man it is sometimes
+    regarded as a deadly insult, even if the woman is young and
+    attractive, and may cause a life-long enmity between related
+    families. From this point of view the nates are a symbol of
+    contempt, and any sexual significance is excluded. (The
+    distinction is brought out by Diderot in _Le Neveu de Rameau:_
+    "_Lui:_--Il y a d'autres jours ou il ne m'en coûterait rien pour
+    être vil tant qu'on voudrait; ces jours-là, pour un liard, je
+    baiserais le cul à la petite Hus. _Moi:_--Eh! mais, l'ami, elle
+    est blanche, jolie, douce, potelée, et c'est un acte d'humilité
+    auquel un plus delicat que vous pourrait quelquefois s'abaisser.
+    _Lui:_--Entendons-nous; c'est qu'il y a baiser le cul au simple,
+    et baiser le cul au figuré.")
+
+    It must be added that a sexual form of exhibitionism of the nates
+    must still be recognized. It occurs in masochism and expresses
+    the desire for passive flagellation. Rousseau, whose emotional
+    life was profoundly affected by the castigations which as a child
+    he received from Mlle Lambercier, has in his _Confessions_ told
+    us how, when a youth, he would sometimes expose himself in this
+    way in the presence of young women. Such masochistic
+    exhibitionism seems, however, to be rare.
+
+While the manifestations of exhibitionism are substantially the same in
+all cases, there are many degrees and varieties of the condition. We may
+find among exhibitionists, as Garnier remarks, dementia, states of
+unconsciousness, epilepsy, general paralysis, alcoholism, but the most
+typical cases, he adds, if not indeed the cases to which the term properly
+belongs, are those in which it is an impulsive obsession. Krafft-Ebing[60]
+divides exhibitionists into four clinical groups: (1) acquired states of
+mental weakness, with cerebral or spinal disease clouding consciousness
+and at the same time causing impotence; (2) epileptics, in whom the act is
+an abnormal organic impulse performed in a state of imperfect
+consciousness; (3) a somewhat allied group of neurasthenic cases; (4)
+periodical impulsive cases with deep hereditary taint. This classification
+is not altogether satisfactory. Garnier's classification, placing the
+group of obsessional cases in the foreground and leaving the other more
+vaguely defined groups in the background, is probably better. I am
+inclined to consider that most of the cases fall into one or other of two
+mixed groups. The first class includes cases in which there is more or
+less congenital abnormality, but otherwise a fair or even complete degree
+of mental integrity; they are usually young adults, they are more or less
+precisely conscious of the end they wish to attain, and it is often only
+with a severe struggle that they yield to their impulses. In the second
+class the beginnings of mental or nervous disease have diminished the
+sensibility of the higher centers; the subjects are usually old men whose
+lives have been absolutely correct; they are often only vaguely aware of
+the nature of the satisfaction they are seeking, and frequently no
+struggle precedes the manifestation; such was the case of the overworked
+clergyman described by Hughes,[61] who, after much study, became morose
+and absent-minded, and committed acts of exhibitionism which he could not
+explain but made no attempt to deny; with rest and restorative treatment
+his health improved and the acts ceased. It is in the first class of cases
+alone that there is a developed sexual perversion. In the cases of the
+second class there is a more or less definite sexual intention, but it is
+only just conscious, and the emergence of the impulse is due not to its
+strength but to the weakness, temporary or permanent, of the higher
+inhibiting centers.
+
+Epileptic cases, with loss of consciousness during the act, can only be
+regarded as presenting a pseudo-exhibitionism. They should be excluded
+altogether. It is undoubtedly true that many cases of real or apparent
+exhibitionism occur in epileptics.[62] We must not, however, too hastily
+conclude that because these acts occur in epileptics they are necessarily
+unconscious acts. Epilepsy frequently occurs on a basis of hereditary
+degeneration, and the exhibitionism may be, and not infrequently is, a
+stigma of the degeneracy and not an indication of the occurrence of a
+minor epileptic fit. When the act of pseudo-exhibitionism is truly
+epileptic, it will usually have no psychic sexual content, and it will
+certainly be liable to occur under all sorts of circumstances, when the
+patient is alone or in a miscellaneous concourse of people. It will be on
+a level with the acts of the highly respectable young woman who, at the
+conclusion of an attack of _petit mal_, consisting chiefly of a sudden
+desire to pass urine, on one occasion lifted up her clothes and urinated
+at a public entertainment, so that it was with difficulty her friends
+prevented her from being handed over to the police.[63] Such an act is
+automatic, unconscious, and involuntary; the spectators are not even
+perceived; it cannot be an act of exhibitionism. Whenever, on the other
+hand, the place and the time are evidently chosen deliberately,--a quiet
+spot, the presence of only one or two young women or children,--it is
+difficult to admit that we are in the presence of a fit of epileptic
+unconsciousness, even when the subject is known to be epileptic.
+
+Even, however, when we exclude those epileptic pseudo-exhibitionists who,
+from the legal point of view, are clearly irresponsible, it must still be
+remembered that in every case of exhibitionism there is a high degree of
+either mental abnormality on a neuropathic basis, or else of actual
+disease. This is true to a greater extent in exhibitionism than in almost
+any other form of sexual perversion. No subject of exhibitionism should be
+sent to prison without expert medical examination.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[54] Lasège first drew attention to this sexual perversion and gave it its
+generally accepted name, "Les Exhibitionistes," _L'Union Médicale_, May,
+1877. Magnan, on various occasions (for example, "Les Exhibitionistes,"
+_Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle_, vol. v, 1890, p. 456), has given
+further development and precision to the clinical picture of the
+exhibitionist.
+
+[55] B. Ball. _La Folie Erotique_, p. 86.
+
+[56] Moll, _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 661.
+
+[57] "Exhibitionism in its most typical form is," Garnier truly says, "a
+_systematic act_, manifesting itself as the _strange equivalent of a
+sexual connection_, or its _substitution_." The brief account of
+exhibitionism (pp. 433-437) in Garnier's discussion of "Perversions
+Sexuelles" at the International Medical Congress at Paris in 1900
+(_Section de Psychiatrie: Comptes-Rendus_) is the most satisfactory
+statement of the psychological aspects of this perversion with which I am
+acquainted. Garnier's unrivalled clinical knowledge of these
+manifestations, due to his position during many years as physician at the
+Depôt of the Prefecture of Police in Paris, adds great weight to his
+conclusions.
+
+[58] The symbolism of coitus involved in flagellation has been touched on
+by Eulenburg (_Sexuale Neuropathie_, p. 121), and is more fully developed
+by Dühren (_Geschlechtsleben in England_, bd. ii, pp. 366, _et seq._).
+
+[59] A. Hoche, _Neurologische Centralblatt_, 1896, No. 2.
+
+[60] _Op. cit._, pp. 478, et seq.
+
+[61] C.H. Hughes, "Morbid Exhibitionism," _Alienist and Neurologist_,
+August, 1904. Another somewhat similar American case, also preceded by
+overwork, and eventually adjudged insane by the courts, is recorded by
+D.S. Booth, _Alienist and Neurologist_, February, 1905.
+
+[62] Exhibitionism in epilepsy is briefly discussed by Féré, _L'Instinct
+Sexuel_, second edition, pp. 194-195.
+
+[63] W.S. Colman, "Post-Epileptic Unconscious Automatic Actions,"
+_Lancet_, July 5, 1890.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+The Forms of Erotic Symbolism are Simulacra of Coitus--Wide
+Extension of Erotic Symbolism--Fetichism Not Covering the Whole
+Ground of Sexual Selection--It is Based on the Individual Factor in
+Selection--Crystallization--The Lover and the Artist--The Key to Erotic
+Symbolism to be Found in the Emotional Sphere--The Passage to Pathological
+Extremes.
+
+
+We have now examined several very various and yet very typical
+manifestations in all of which it is not difficult to see how, in some
+strange and eccentric form--on a basis of association through resemblance
+or contiguity or both combined--there arises a definite mimicry of the
+normal sexual act together with the normal emotions which accompany that
+act. It has become clear in what sense we are justified in recognizing
+erotic symbolism.
+
+    The symbolic and, as it were, abstracted nature of these
+    manifestations is shown by the remarkable way in which they are
+    sometimes capable of transference from the object to the subject.
+    That is to say that the fetichist may show a tendency to
+    cultivate his fetich in his own person. A foot-fetichist may like
+    to go barefoot himself; a man who admired lame women liked to
+    halt himself; a man who was attracted by small waists in women
+    found sexual gratification in tight-lacing himself; a man who was
+    fascinated by fine white skin and wished to cut it found
+    satisfaction in cutting his own skin; Moll's coprolagnic
+    fetichist found a voluptuous pleasure in his own acts of
+    defecation. (See, e.g., Krafft-Ebing, _Op. cit._, p. 221, 224,
+    226; Hammond, _Sexual Impotence_, p. 74; cf. _ante_, p. 68.) Such
+    symbolic transference seems to have a profoundly natural basis,
+    for we may see a somewhat similar phenomenon in the well-known
+    tendency of cows to mount a cow in heat. This would appear to be,
+    not so much a homosexual impulse, as the dynamic psychic action
+    of an olfactory sexual symbol in a transformed form.
+
+    We seem to have here a psychic process which is a curious
+    reversal of that process of _Einfühlung_--the projection of one's
+    own activities into the object contemplated--which Lipps has so
+    fruitfully developed as the essence of every æsthetic condition.
+    (T. Lipps, _Æsthetik_, Teil I, 1903.) By _Einfühlung_ our own
+    interior activity becomes the activity of the object perceived,
+    a thing being beautiful in proportion as it lends itself to our
+    _Einfühlung_. But by this action of erotic symbolism, on the
+    other hand, we transfer the activity of the object into
+    ourselves.
+
+When the idea of erotic symbolism as manifested in such definite and
+typical forms becomes realized, it further becomes clear that the vaguer
+manifestations of such symbolism are exceedingly widespread. When in a
+previous volume we were discussing and drawing together the various
+threads which unite "Love and Pain," it will now be understood that we
+were standing throughout on the threshold of erotic symbolism. Pain
+itself, in the sense in which we slowly learned to define it in this
+relationship--as a state of intense emotional excitement--may, under a
+great variety of special circumstances, become an erotic symbol and afford
+the same relief as the emotions normally accompanying the sexual act.
+Active algolagnia or sadism is thus a form of erotic symbolism; passive
+algolagnia or masochism is (in a man) an inverted form of erotic
+symbolism. Active flagellation or passive flagellation are, in exactly the
+same way, manifestations of erotic symbolism, the imaginative mimicry of
+coitus.
+
+Binet and also Krafft-Ebing[64] have argued in effect that the whole of
+sexual selection is a matter of fetichism, that is to say, of erotic
+symbolism of object. "Normal love," Binet states, "appears as the result
+of a complicated fetichism." Tarde also seems to have regarded love as
+normally a kind of fetichism. "We are a long time before we fall in love
+with a woman," he remarks; "we must wait to see the detail which strikes
+and delights us, and causes us to overlook what displeases us. Only in
+normal love the details are many and always changing. Constancy in love is
+rarely anything else but a voyage around the beloved person, a voyage of
+exploration and ever new discoveries. The most faithful lover does not
+love the same woman in the same way for two days in succession."[65]
+
+From that point of view normal sexual love is the sway of a fetich--more
+or less arbitrary, more or less (as Binet terms it) polytheistic--and it
+can have little objective basis. But, as we saw when considering "Sexual
+Selection in Man" in the previous volume, more especially when analyzing
+the notion of beauty, we are justified in believing that beauty has to a
+large extent an objective basis, and that love by no means depends simply
+on the capricious selection of some individual fetich. The individual
+factor, as we saw, is but one of many factors which constitute beauty. In
+the study of sexual selection that individual factor was passed over very
+lightly. We now see that it is often a factor of great importance, for in
+it are rooted all these outgrowths--normal in their germs, highly abnormal
+in their more extreme developments--which make up erotic symbolism.
+
+Erotic symbolism is therefore concerned with all that is least generic,
+least specific, all that is most intimately personal and individual, in
+sexual selection. It is the final point in which the decreasing circle of
+sexual attractiveness is fixed. In the widest and most abstract form
+sexual selection in man is merely human, and we are attracted to that
+which bears most fully the marks of humanity; in a less abstract form it
+is sexual, and we are attracted to that which most vigorously presents the
+secondary sexual characteristics; still narrowing, it is the type of our
+own nation and people that appeals most strongly to us in matters of love;
+and still further concentrating we are affected by the ideal--in
+civilization most often the somewhat exotic ideal--of our own day, the
+fashion of our own city. But the individual factor still remains, and amid
+the infinite possibilities of erotic symbolism the individual may evolve
+an ideal which is often, as far as he knows and perhaps in actuality, an
+absolutely unique event in the history of the human soul.
+
+Erotic symbolism works in its finer manifestations by means of the
+idealizing aptitudes; it is the field of sexual psychology in which that
+faculty of crystallization, on which Stendhal loved to dwell, achieves its
+most brilliant results. In the solitary passage in which we seem to see a
+smile on the face of the austere poet of the _De Rerum Naturâ_, Lucretius
+tells us how every lover, however he may be amused by the amorous
+extravagances of other men, is himself blinded by passion: if his mistress
+is black she is a fascinating brunette, if she squints she is the rival of
+Pallas, if too tall she is majestic, if too short she is one of the
+Graces, _tota merum sal_; if too lean it is her delicate refinement, if
+too fat then a Ceres, dirty and she disdains adornment, a chatterer and
+brilliantly vivacious, silent and it is her exquisite modesty.[66] Sixteen
+hundred years later Robert Burton, when describing the symptoms of love,
+made out a long and appalling list of the physical defects which the lover
+is prepared to admire.[67]
+
+Yet we must not be too certain that the lover is wrong in this matter. We
+too hastily assume that the casual and hasty judgment of the world is
+necessarily more reliable, more conformed to what we call "truth," than
+the judgment of the lover which is founded on absorbed and patient study.
+In some cases where there is lack of intelligence in the lover and
+dissimulation in the object of his love, it may be so. But even a poem or
+a picture will often not reveal its beauty except by the expenditure of
+time and study. It is foolish to expect that the secret beauty of a human
+person will reveal itself more easily. The lover is an artist, an artist
+who constructs an image, it is true, but only by patient and concentrated
+attention to nature; he knows the defects of his image, probably better
+than anyone, but he knows also that art lies, not in the avoidance of
+defects, but in the realization of those traits which swallow up defects
+and so render them non-existent. A great artist, Rodin, after a life spent
+in the study of Nature, has declared that for art there is no ugliness in
+Nature. "I have arrived at this belief by the study of Nature," he said;
+"I can only grasp the beauty of the soul by the beauty of the body, but
+some day one will come who will explain what I only catch a glimpse of and
+will declare how the whole earth is beautiful, and all human beings
+beautiful. I have never been able to say this in sculpture so well as I
+wish and as I feel it affirmed within me. For poets Beauty has always
+been some particular landscape, some particular woman; but it should be
+all women, all landscapes. A negro or a Mongol has his beauty, however
+remote from ours, and it must be the same with their characters. There is
+no ugliness. When I was young I made that mistake, as others do; I could
+not undertake a woman's bust unless I thought her pretty, according to my
+particular idea of beauty; to-day I should do the bust of any woman, and
+it would be just as beautiful. And however ugly a woman may look, when she
+is with her lover she becomes beautiful; there is beauty in her character,
+in her passions, and beauty exists as soon as character or passion becomes
+visible, for the body is a casting on which passions are imprinted. And
+even without that, there is always the blood that flows in the veins and
+the air that fills the lungs."[68]
+
+The saint, also, is here at one with the lover and the artist. The man who
+has so profoundly realized the worth of his fellow men that he is ready
+even to die in order to save them, feels that he has discovered a great
+secret. Cyples traces the "secret delights" that have thus risen in the
+hearts of holy men to the same source as the feelings generated between
+lovers, friends, parents, and children. "A few have at intervals walked in
+the world," he remarks, "who have, each in his own original way, found out
+this marvel.... Straightway man in general has become to them so sweet a
+thing that the infatuation has seemed to the rest of their fellows to be a
+celestial madness. Beggars' rags to their unhesitating lips grew fit for
+kissing, because humanity had touched the garb; there were no longer any
+menial acts, but only welcome services.... Remember by how much man is the
+subtlest circumstance in the world; at how many points he can attach
+relationships; how manifold and perennial he is in his results. All other
+things are dull, meager, tame beside him."[69]
+
+It may be added that even if we still believe that lover and artist and
+saint are drawing the main elements of their conceptions from the depths
+of their own consciousness, there is a sense in which they are coming
+nearer to the truth of things than those for whom their conceptions are
+mere illusions. The aptitude for realizing beauty has involved an
+adjustment of the nerves and the associated brain centers through
+countless ages that began before man was. When the vision of supreme
+beauty is slowly or suddenly realized by anyone, with a reverberation that
+extends throughout his organism, he has attained to something which for
+his species, and for far more than his species, is truth, and can only be
+illusion to one who has artificially placed himself outside the stream of
+life.
+
+    In an essay on "The Gods as Apparitions of the Race-Life," Edward
+    Carpenter, though in somewhat Platonic phraseology, thus well
+    states the matter: "The youth sees the girl; it may be a chance
+    face, a chance outline, amid the most banal surroundings. But it
+    gives the cue. There is a memory, a confused reminiscence. The
+    mortal figure without penetrates to the immortal figure within,
+    and there rises into consciousness a shining form, glorious, not
+    belonging to this world, but vibrating with the agelong life of
+    humanity, and the memory of a thousand love-dreams. The waking of
+    this vision intoxicates the man; it glows and burns within him; a
+    goddess (it may be Venus herself) stands in the sacred place of
+    his temple; a sense of awe-struck splendor fills him, and the
+    world is changed." "He sees something" (the same writer continues
+    in a subsequent essay, "Beauty and Duty") "which, in a sense, is
+    more real than the figures in the street, for he sees something
+    that has lived and moved for hundreds of years in the heart of
+    the race; something which has been one of the great formative
+    influences of his own life, and which has done as much to create
+    those very figures in the street as qualities in the circulation
+    of the blood may do to form a finger or other limb. He comes into
+    touch with a very real Presence or Power--one of those organic
+    centers of growth in the life of humanity--and feels this larger
+    life within himself, subjective, if you like, and yet intensely
+    objective. And more. For is it not also evident that the woman,
+    the mortal woman who excites his Vision, _has_ some closest
+    relation to it, and is, indeed, far more than a mere mask or
+    empty formula which reminds him of it? For she indeed has within
+    her, just as much as the man has, deep subconscious Powers
+    working; and the ideal which has dawned so entrancingly on the
+    man is in all probability closely related to that which has been
+    working most powerfully in the heredity of the woman, and which
+    has most contributed to mold _her_ form and outline. No wonder,
+    then, that her form should remind him of it. Indeed, when he
+    looks into her eyes he sees _through_ to a far deeper life even
+    than she herself may be aware of, and yet which is truly hers--a
+    life perennial and wonderful. The more than mortal in him beholds
+    the more than mortal in her; and the gods descend to meet."
+    (Edward Carpenter, _The Art of Creation_, pp. 137, 186.)
+
+It is this mighty force which lies behind and beneath the aberrations we
+have been concerned with, a great reservoir from which they draw the
+life-blood that vivifies even their most fantastic shapes. Fetichism and
+the other forms of erotic symbolism are but the development and the
+isolation of the crystallizations which normally arise on the basis of
+sexual selection. Normal in their basis, in their extreme forms they
+present the utmost pathological aberrations of the sexual instinct which
+can be attained or conceived. In the intermediate space all degrees are
+possible. In the slightest degree the symbol is merely a specially
+fascinating and beloved feature in a person who is, in all other respects,
+felt to be lovable; as such its recognition is a legitimate part of
+courtship, an effective aid to tumescence. In a further degree the symbol
+is the one arresting and attracting character of a person who must,
+however, still be felt as a sexually attractive individual. In a still
+further degree of perversion the symbol is effective, even though the
+person with whom it is associated is altogether unattractive. In the final
+stage the person and even all association with a person disappear
+altogether from the field of sexual consciousness; the abstract symbol
+rules supreme.
+
+Long, however, before the symbol has reached that final climax of morbid
+intensity we may be said to have passed beyond the sphere of sexual love.
+A person, not an abstracted quality, must be the goal of love. So long as
+the fetich is subordinated to the person it serves to heighten love. But
+love must be based on a complexus of attractive qualities, or it has no
+stability.[70] As soon as the fetich becomes isolated and omnipotent, so
+that the person sinks into the background as an unimportant appendage of
+the fetich, all stability is lost. The fetichist now follows an impersonal
+and abstract symbol withersoever it may lead him.
+
+It has been seen that there are an extraordinary number of forms in which
+erotic symbolism may be felt. It must be remembered, and it cannot be too
+distinctly emphasized, that the links that bind together the forms of
+erotic symbolism are not to be found in objects or even in acts, but in
+the underlying emotion. A feeling is the first condition of the symbol, a
+feeling which recalls, by a subtle and unconscious automatic association
+of resemblance or of contiguity, some former feeling. It is the similarity
+of emotion, instinctively apprehended, which links on a symbol only
+partially sexual, or even apparently not sexual at all, to the great
+central focus of sexual emotion, the great dominating force which brings
+the symbol its life-blood.[71]
+
+The cases of sexual hyperæsthesia, quoted at the beginning of this study,
+do but present in a morbidly comprehensive and sensitive form those
+possibilities of erotic symbolism which, in some degree, or at some
+period, are latent in most persons. They are genuinely instinctive and
+automatic, and have nothing in common with that fanciful and deliberate
+play of the intelligence around sexual imagery--not infrequently seen in
+abnormal and insane persons--which has no significance for sexual
+psychology.
+
+It is to the extreme individualization involved by the developments of
+erotic symbolism that the fetichist owes his morbid and perilous
+isolation. The lover who is influenced by all the elements of sexual
+selection is always supported by the fellow-feeling of a larger body of
+other human beings; he has behind him his species, his sex, his nation, or
+at the very least a fashion. Even the inverted lover in most cases is soon
+able to create around him an atmosphere constituted by persons whose
+ideals resemble his own. But it is not so with the erotic symbolist. He is
+nearly always alone. He is predisposed to isolation from the outset, for
+it would seem to be on a basis of excessive shyness and timidity that the
+manifestations of erotic symbolism are most likely to develop. When at
+length the symbolist realizes his own aspirations--which seem to him for
+the most part an altogether new phenomenon in the world--and at the same
+time realizes the wide degree in which they deviate from those of the rest
+of mankind, his natural secretiveness is still further reinforced. He
+stands alone. His most sacred ideals are for all those around him a
+childish absurdity, or a disgusting obscenity, possibly a matter calling
+for the intervention of the policeman. We have forgotten that all these
+impulses which to us seem so unnatural--this adoration of the foot and
+other despised parts of the body, this reverence for the excretory acts
+and products, the acceptance of congress with animals, the solemnity of
+self-exhibition--were all beliefs and practices which, to our remote
+forefathers, were bound up with the highest conceptions of life and the
+deepest ardors of religion.
+
+A man cannot, however, deviate at once so widely and so spontaneously in
+his impulses from the rest of the world in which he himself lives without
+possessing an aboriginally abnormal temperament. At the very least he
+exhibits a neuropathic sensitiveness to abnormal impressions. Not
+infrequently there is more than this, the distinct stigmata of
+degeneration, sometimes a certain degree of congenital feeble-mindedness
+or a tendency to insanity.
+
+Yet, regarded as a whole, and notwithstanding the frequency with which
+they witness to congenital morbidity, the phenomena of erotic symbolism
+can scarcely fail to be profoundly impressive to the patient and impartial
+student of the human soul. They often seem absurd, sometimes disgusting,
+occasionally criminal; they are always, when carried to an extreme degree,
+abnormal. But of all the manifestations of sexual psychology, normal and
+abnormal, they are the most specifically human. More than any others they
+involve the potently plastic force of the imagination. They bring before
+us the individual man, not only apart from his fellows, but in opposition,
+himself creating his own paradise. They constitute the supreme triumph of
+human idealism.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[64] Binet, _Etudes de Psychologie Expérimentale_, esp., p. 84;
+Krafft-Ebing, _Op. cit._, p. 18.
+
+[65] G. Tarde, "L'Amour Morbide," _Archives de l'Anthropologie
+Criminelle_, 1890, p. 585.
+
+[66] Lucretius, Lib. IV, vv. 1150-1163.
+
+[67] Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. III,
+Subs. I.
+
+[68] Judith Cladel, _Auguste Rodin Pris sur la Vie_, 1903, pp. 103-104.
+Some slight modifications have been made in the translation of this
+passage on account of the conversational form of the original.
+
+[69] W. Cyples, _The Process of Human Experience_, p. 462. Even if (as we
+have already seen, _ante_, p. 58) the saint cannot always feel actual
+physical pleasure in the intimate contact of humanity, the ardor of
+devoted service which his vision of humanity arouses remains unaffected.
+
+[70] "To love," as Stendhal defined it (_De l'Amour_, Chapter II), "is to
+have pleasure in seeing, touching, and feeling by all the senses, and as
+near as possible, a beloved object by whom one is oneself loved."
+
+[71] Pillon's study of "La Mémoire Affective" (_Revue Philosophique_,
+February, 1901) helps to explain the psychic mechanism of the process.
+
+
+
+
+THE MECHANISM OF DETUMESCENCE.
+
+I.
+
+The Psychological Significance of Detumescence--The Testis and the
+Ovary--Sperm Cell and Germ Cell--Development of the Embryo--The External
+Sexual Organs--Their Wide Range of Variation--Their Nervous Supply--The
+Penis--Its Racial Variations--The Influence of Exercise--The Scrotum and
+Testicles--The Mons Veneris--The Vulva--The Labia Majora and their
+Varieties--The Pubic Hair and Its Characters--The Clitoris and Its
+Functions--The Anus as an Erogenous Zone--The Nymphæ and their
+Function--The Vagina--The Hymen--Virginity--The Biological Significance of
+the Hymen.
+
+
+In analyzing the sexual impulse we have seen that the process whereby the
+conjunction of the sexes is achieved falls naturally into two phases: the
+first phase, of tumescence, during which force is generated in the
+organism, and the second phase, of detumescence, in which that force is
+discharged during conjugation.[72] Hitherto we have been occupied mainly
+with the first phase, that of tumescence, and with its associated psychic
+phenomena. It was inevitable that this should be so, for it is during the
+slow process of tumescence that sexual selection is decided, the
+crystallizations of love elaborated, and, to a large extent, the
+individual erotic symbols determined. But we can by no means altogether
+pass over the final phase of detumescence. Its consideration, it is true,
+brings us directly into the field of anatomy and physiology; while
+tumescence is largely under control of the will, when the moment of
+detumescence arrives the reins slip from the control of the will; the more
+fundamental and uncontrollable impulses of the organism gallop on
+unchecked; the chariot of Phaëthon dashes blindly down into a sea of
+emotion.
+
+Yet detumescence is the end and climax of the whole drama; it is an
+anatomico-physiological process, certainly, but one that inevitably
+touches psychology at every point.[73] It is, indeed, the very key to the
+process of tumescence, and unless we understand and realize very precisely
+what it is that happens during detumescence, our psychological analysis of
+the sexual impulse must remain vague and inadequate.
+
+From the point of view we now occupy, a man and a woman are no longer two
+highly sensitive organisms vibrating, voluptuously it may indeed be, but
+vaguely and indefinitely, to all kinds of influences and with fluctuating
+impulses capable of being directed into any channel, even in the highest
+degree divergent from the proper ends of procreation. They are now two
+genital organisms who exist to propagate the race, and whatever else they
+may be, they must be adequately constituted to effect the act by which the
+future of the race is ensured. We have to consider what are the material
+conditions which ensure the most satisfactory and complete fulfillment of
+this act, and how those conditions may be correlated with other
+circumstances in the organism. In thus approaching the subject we shall
+find that we have not really abandoned the study of the psychic aspects of
+sex.
+
+The two most primary sexual organs are the testis and the ovary; it is the
+object of conjugation to bring into contact the sperm from the testis with
+the germ from the ovary. There is no reason to suppose that the germ-cell
+and the sperm-cell are essentially different from each other. Sexual
+conjugation thus remains a process which is radically the same as the
+non-sexual mode of propagation which preceded it. The fusion of the nuclei
+of the two cells was regarded by Van Beneden, who in 1875 first accurately
+described it, as a process of conjugation comparable to that of the
+protozoa and the protophyta. Boveri, who has further extended our
+knowledge of the process, considers that the spermatozoon removes an
+inhibitory influence preventing the commencement of development in the
+ovum; the spermatozoon replaces a portion of the ovum which has already
+undergone degeneration, so that the object of conjugation is chiefly to
+effect the union of the properties of two cells in one, sexual
+fertilization achieving a division of labor with reciprocal inhibition;
+the two cells have renounced their original faculty of separate
+development in order to attain a fusion of qualities and thus render
+possible that production of new forms and qualities which has involved the
+progress of the organized world.[74]
+
+While in fishes this conjugation of the male and female elements is
+usually ensured by the female casting her spawn into an artificial nest
+outside the body, on to which the male sheds his milt, in all animals
+(and, to some extent, birds, who occupy an intermediate position) there is
+an organic nest, or incubation chamber as Bland Sutton terms it, the womb,
+in the female body, wherein the fertilized egg may develop to a high
+degree of maturity sheltered from those manifold risks of the external
+world which make it necessary for the spawn of fishes to be so enormous in
+amount. Since, however, men and women have descended from remote ancestors
+who, in the manner of aquatic creatures, exercised functions of
+sperm-extrusion and germ-extrusion that were exactly analogous in the two
+sexes, without any specialized female uterine organization, the early
+stages of human male and female foetal development still display the
+comparatively undifferentiated sexual organization of those remote
+ancestors, and during the first months of foetal life it is practically
+impossible to tell by the inspection of the genital regions whether the
+embryo would have developed into a man or into a woman. If we examine the
+embryo at an early stage of development we see that the hind end is the
+body stalk, this stalk in later stages becoming part of the umbilical
+cord. The urogenital region, formed by the rapid extension of the hind
+end beyond its original limit, which corresponds to what is later the
+umbilicus, develops mainly by the gradual differentiation of structures
+(the Wolffian and Müllerian bodies) which originally exist identically in
+both sexes. This process of sexual differentiation is highly complex, so
+that it cannot yet be said that there is complete agreement among
+investigators as to its details. When some irregularity or arrest of
+development occurs in the process we have one or other of the numerous
+malformations which may affect this region. If the arrest occurs at a very
+early stage we may even find a condition of things which seems to
+approximate to that which normally exists in the adult reptilia.[75] Owing
+to the fact that both male and female organs develop from more primitive
+structures which were sexually undifferentiated, a fundamental analogy in
+the sexual organs of the sexes always remains; the developed organs of one
+sex exist as rudiments in the other sex; the testicles correspond to the
+ovaries; the female clitoris is the homologue of the male penis; the
+scrotum of one sex is the labia majora in the other sex, and so
+throughout, although it is not always possible at present to be quite
+certain in regard to these homologics.
+
+Since the object to be attained by the sexual organs in the human species
+is identical with that which they subserve in their pre-human ancestors,
+it is not surprising to find that these structures have a clear
+resemblance to the corresponding structures in the apes, although on the
+whole there would appear to be in man a higher degree of sexual
+differentiation. Thus the uterus of various species of _semnopithecus_
+seems to show a noteworthy correspondence with the same organ in
+woman.[76] The somewhat less degree of sexual differentiation is well
+shown in the gorilla; in the male the external organs are in the passive
+state covered by the wrinkled skin of the abdomen, while in the female,
+on the contrary, they are very apparent, and in sexual excitement the
+large clitoris and nymphæ become markedly prominent. The penis of the
+gorilla, however, more nearly resembles that of man, according to
+Hartmann, than does that of the other anthropoid apes, which diverge from
+the human type in this respect more than do the cynocephalic apes and some
+species of baboon.
+
+From the psychological point of view we are less interested in the
+internal sexual organs, which are most fundamentally concerned with the
+production and reception of the sexual elements, than with the more
+external parts of the genital apparatus which serve as the instruments of
+sexual excitation, and the channels for the intromission and passage of
+the seminal fluid. It is these only which can play any part at all in
+sexual selection; they are the only part of the sexual apparatus which can
+enter into the formation of either normal or abnormal erotic conceptions;
+they are the organs most prominently concerned with detumescence; they
+alone enter normally into the conscious process of sex at any time. It
+seems desirable, therefore, to discuss them briefly at this point.
+
+    Our knowledge of the individual and racial variations of the
+    external sexual organs is still extremely imperfect. A few
+    monographs and collections of data on isolated points may be
+    found in more or less inaccessible publications. As regards
+    women, Ploss and Bartels have devoted a chapter to the sexual
+    organs of women which extends to a hundred pages, but remains
+    scanty and fragmentary. (_Das Weib_, vol. i, Chapter VI.) The
+    most systematic series of observations have been made in the case
+    of the various kinds of degenerates--idiots, the insane,
+    criminals, etc.--but it would be obviously unsafe to rely too
+    absolutely on such investigations for our knowledge of the sexual
+    organs of the ordinary population.
+
+    There can be no doubt, however, that the external sexual organs
+    in normal men and women exhibit a peculiarly wide range of
+    variation. This is indicated not only by the unsystematic results
+    attained by experienced observers, but also by more systematic
+    studies. Thus Herman has shown by detailed measurements that
+    there are great normal variations in the conformation of the
+    parts that form the floor of the female pelvis. He found that the
+    projection of the pelvic floor varied from nothing to as much as
+    two inches, and that in healthy women who had borne no children
+    the distance between the coccyx and anus, the length of the
+    perineum, the distance between the fourchette and the symphysis
+    pubis, and the length of the vagina are subject to wide
+    variations. (_Lancet_, October 12, 1889.) Even the female
+    urethral opening varies very greatly, as has been shown by Bergh,
+    who investigated it in nearly 700 women and reproduces the
+    various shapes found; while most usually (in about a third of the
+    cases observed), a longitudinal slit, it may be cross-shaped,
+    star-shaped, crescentic, etc.; and while sometimes very small, in
+    about 6 per cent. of the cases it admitted the tip of the little
+    finger. (Bergh, _Monatsheft für Praktische Dermatologie_, 15
+    Sept., 1897.)
+
+    As regards both sexes, Stanley Hall states that "Dr. F.N.
+    Seerley, who has examined over 2000 normal young men as well as
+    many young women, tells me that in his opinion individual
+    variations in these parts are much greater even than those of
+    face and form, and that the range of adult and apparently normal
+    size and proportion, as well as function, and of both the age and
+    order of development, not only of each of the several parts
+    themselves, but of all their immediate annexes, and in females as
+    well as males, is far greater than has been recognized by any
+    writer. This fact is the basis of the anxieties and fears of
+    morphological abnormality so frequent during adolescence." (G.S.
+    Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. i, p. 414).
+
+In accordance with the supreme importance of the part they play, and the
+intimately psychic nature of that part, the sexual organs, both internal
+and external, are very richly supplied with nerves. While the internal
+organs are very abundantly furnished with sympathetic nerves and ganglia,
+the external organs show the highest possible degree of specialization of
+the various peripheral nervous devices which the organism has developed
+for receiving, accumulating, and transmitting stimuli to the brain.[77]
+
+    "The number of conducting cords which attach the genitals to the
+    nervous centers is simply enormous," writes Bryan Robinson; "the
+    pudic nerve is composed of nearly all the third sacral and
+    branches from the second and fourth sacral. As one examines this
+    nerve he is forced to the conclusion that it is an enormous
+    supply for a small organ. The periphery of the pudic nerve
+    spreads itself like a fan over the genitals." The lesser sciatic
+    nerve supplies only one muscle--the gluteus maximus--and then
+    sends the large pudendal branch to the side of the penis, and
+    hence the friction of coitus induces active contraction of the
+    gluteus maximus, "the main muscle of coition." The large pudic
+    and the pudendal constitute the main supply of the external
+    genitals. In women the pudic nerve is equally large, but the
+    pudendal much smaller, possibly, Bryan Robinson suggests, because
+    women take a less active part in coitus. The nerve supply of the
+    clitoris, however, is three or four times as large as that of the
+    penis in proportion to size. (F.B. Robinson, "The Intimate
+    Nervous Connection of the Genito-Urinary Organs With the
+    Cerebro-Spinal and Sympathetic Systems," _New York Medical
+    Journal_, March 11, 1893; id., _The Abdominal Brain_, 1899.)
+
+Of all the sexual organs the penis is without doubt that which has most
+powerfully impressed the human imagination. It is the very emblem of
+generation, and everywhere men have contemplated it with a mixture of
+reverence and shuddering awe that has sometimes, even among civilized
+peoples, amounted to horror and disgust. Its image is worn as an amulet to
+ward off evil and invoked as a charm to call forth blessing. The sexual
+organs were once the most sacred object on which a man could place his
+hands to swear an inviolate oath, just as now he takes up the Testament.
+Even in the traditions of the great classic civilization which we inherit
+the penis is _fascinus_, the symbol of all fascination. In the history of
+human culture it has had far more than a merely human significance; it has
+been the symbol of all the generative force of Nature, the embodiment of
+creative energy in the animal and vegetable worlds alike, an image to be
+held aloft for worship, the sign of all unconscious ecstasy. As a symbol,
+the sacred phallus, it has been woven in and out of all the highest and
+deepest human conceptions, so intimately that it is possible to see it
+everywhere, that it is possible to fail to see it anywhere.
+
+In correspondence with the importance of the penis is the large number of
+names which men have everywhere bestowed upon it. In French literature
+many hundred synonyms may be found. They were also numerous in Latin. In
+English the literary terms for the penis seem to be comparatively few, but
+a large number of non-literary synonyms exist in colloquial and perhaps
+merely local usage. The Latin term penis, which has established itself
+among us as the most correct designation, is generally considered to be
+associated with _pendere_ and to be connected therefore with the usually
+pendent position of the organ. In the middle ages the general literary
+term throughout Europe was _coles_ (or _colis_) from _caulis_, a stalk,
+and _virga_, a rod. The only serious English literary term, yard (exactly
+equivalent to _virga_), as used by Chaucer--almost the last great English
+writer whose vocabulary was adequate to the central facts of life--has now
+fallen out of literary and even colloquial usage.
+
+    Pierer and Chaulant, in their anatomical and physiological
+    _Real-Lexicon_ (vol. vi, p. 134), give nearly a hundred synonyms
+    for the penis. Hyrtl (_Topographisches Anatomie_, seventh
+    edition, vol. ii, pp. 67-69), adds others. Schurig, in his
+    _Spermatologia_ (1720, pp. 89-91), also presents a number of
+    names for the penis; in Chapter III (pp. 189-192) of the same
+    book he discusses the penis generally with more fullness than
+    most authors. Louis de Landes, in his _Glossaire Erotique_ of the
+    French language (pp. 239-242), enumerates several hundred
+    literary synonyms for the penis, though many of them probably
+    only occur once.
+
+    There is no thorough and comprehensive modern study of the penis
+    on an anthropological basis (though I should mention a valuable
+    and fully illustrated study of anthropological and pathological
+    variations of the penis in a series of articles by Marandon de
+    Montyel, "Des Anomalies des Organs Génitaux Externes Chez les
+    Aliénées," etc., _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1895),
+    and it would be out of place here to attempt to collect the
+    scattered notices regarding racial and other variations. It may
+    suffice to note some of the evidence showing that such variations
+    seem to be numerous and important. The Arab penis (according to
+    Kocher) is slender and long (a third longer than the average
+    European penis) and with a club-shaped glans. It undergoes little
+    change when it enters the erect state. The clothes leaves it
+    quite free, and the Arab practices manual excitement at an early
+    age to favor its development.
+
+    Among the Fuegians, also, according to Hyades and Deniker (_Cap
+    Horn_, vol. vii, p. 153), the average length of the penis is 77
+    millimeters, which is longer than in Europeans.
+
+    In men of black race, also, the penis is decidedly large. Thus
+    Sir H.H. Johnston (_British Central Africa_, p. 399) states this
+    to be a universal rule. Among the Wankenda of Northern Nyassa,
+    for instance, he remarks that, while the body is of medium size,
+    the penis is generally large. He gives the usual length as about
+    six inches, reaching nine or ten in erection. The prepuce, it is
+    added, is often very long, and circumcision is practiced by many
+    tribes.
+
+    Among the American negroes Hrdlicka has found, also (_Proceedings
+    American Association for the Advancement of Science_, vol. xlvii,
+    p. 475), that the penis in black boys is larger than in white
+    boys.
+
+    The passages cited above suggest the question whether the penis
+    becomes larger by exercise of its generative functions. Most old
+    authors assert that frequent erection makes the penis large and
+    long (Schurig, _Spermatologia_, p. 107). Galen noted that in
+    singers and athletes, who were chaste in order to preserve their
+    strength, the sexual parts were small and rugrose, like those of
+    old men, and that exercise of the organs from youth develops
+    them; Roubaud, quoting this observation (_Traité de
+    l'Impuissance_, p. 373), agrees with the statement. It seems
+    probable that there is an element of truth in this ancient
+    belief. At the same time it must be remembered that the penis is
+    only to small extent a muscular organ, and that the increase of
+    size produced by frequent congestion of erectile tissues cannot
+    be either rapid or pronounced. Variations in the size of the
+    sexual organs are probably on the whole mainly inherited, though
+    it is impossible to speak decisively on this point until more
+    systematic observations become customary.
+
+The scrotum has usually, in the human imagination, been regarded merely as
+an appendage of the penis, of secondary importance, although it is the
+garment of the primary and essential organs of sex, and the fact that it
+is not the seat of any voluptuous sensation has doubtless helped to
+confirm this position. Even the name is merely a mediæval perversion of
+_scortum_, skin or hide. In classic times it was usually called the pouch
+or purse. The importance of the testicles has not, however, been
+altogether ignored, as the very word _testis_ itself shows, for the
+_testis_ is simply the _witness_ of virility.[78]
+
+It is easy to understand why the penis should occupy this special place in
+man's thoughts as the supreme sexual organ. It is the one conspicuous and
+prominent portion of the sexual apparatus, while its aptitude for swelling
+and erecting itself involuntarily, under the influence of sexual emotion,
+gives it a peculiar and almost unique position in the body. At the same
+time it is the point at which, in the male body, all voluptuous sensation
+is concentrated, the only normal masculine center of sex.[79]
+
+It is not easy to find any correspondingly conspicuous symbol of sex in
+the sexual region of women. In the normal position nothing is visible but
+the peculiarly human cushion of fat picturesquely termed the Mons Veneris
+(because, as Palfyn said, all those who enroll themselves under the banner
+of Venus must necessarily scale it), and even that is veiled from view in
+the adult by the more or less bushy plantation of hair which grows upon
+it. A triangle of varyingly precise definition is thus formed at the lower
+apex of the trunk, and this would sometimes appear to have been regarded
+as a feminine symbol.[80] But the more usual and typical symbol of
+femininity is the idealized ring (by some savages drawn as a lozenge) of
+the vulvar opening--the _yoni_ corresponding to the masculine
+_lingam_--which is normally closed from view by the larger lips arising
+from beneath the shadow of the _mons_. It is a symbol that, like the
+masculine phallus, has a double meaning among primitive peoples and is
+sometimes used to call down a blessing and sometimes to invoke a
+curse.[81]
+
+This external opening of the feminine genital passage with its two
+enclosing lips is now generally called the vulva. It would appear that
+originally (as by Celsus and Pliny) this term included the womb, also, but
+when the term "uterus" came into use "vulva" was confined (as its sense of
+folding doors suggests that it should be) to the external entrance. The
+classic term _cunnus_ for the external genitals was chiefly used by the
+poets; it has been the etymological source of various European names for
+this region, such as the old French _con_, which has now, however,
+disappeared from literature while even in popular usage it has given place
+to _lapin_ and similar terms. But there is always a tendency, marked in
+most parts of the world, for the names of the external female parts to
+become indecorous. Even in classic antiquity this part was the _pudendum_,
+the part to be ashamed of, and among ourselves the mass of the
+population, still preserving the traditions of primitive times, continue
+to cherish the same notion.
+
+    The anatomy, anthropology, folk-lore, and terminology of the
+    external and to some extent the internal feminine sexual region
+    may be studied in the following publications, among others:
+    Ploss, _Das Weib_, vol. i, Chapter VI; Hyrtl, _Topographisches
+    Anatomie_, vol. ii, and other publications by the same scholarly
+    anatomist; W.J. Stewart Mackay, _History of Ancient Gynæcology_,
+    especially pp. 244-250; R. Bergh, "Symbolæ ad Cognitionem
+    Genitalium Externorum Foeminearum" (in Danish),
+    _Hospitalstidende_, August, 1894; and also in _Monatshefte für
+    Praktische Dermatologie_, 1897. D.S. Lamb, "The Female External
+    Genital Organs," _New York Journal of Gynæcology_, August, 1894;
+    R.L. Dickinson, "Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their
+    Significance," _American Gynecology_, September, 1902; Kryptadia
+    (in various languages), vol. viii, pp. 3-11, 11-13, and many
+    other passages. Several of Schurig's works (especially
+    _Gynæcologia_, _Muliebria_, and _Parthenologia_) contain full
+    summaries of the statements of the early writers.
+
+The external or larger lips, like the mons veneris, are specifically human
+in their full development, for in the anthropoid apes they are small as is
+the mons, and in the lower apes absent altogether; they are, moreover,
+larger in the white than in the other human races. Thus in the negro, and
+to a less degree in the Japanese (Wernich) and the Javanese (Scherzer)
+they are less developed than in women of white race. The greater lips
+develop in the foetus later than the lesser lips, which are thus at first
+uncovered; this condition thus constitutes an infantile state which
+occasionally (in less than 2 per cent. of cases, according to Bergh)
+persists in the adult. Their generally accepted name, labia majora, is
+comparatively modern.[82]
+
+    The outer sides of the labia majora are covered with hair, and on
+    the inner sides, which are smooth and moist, but are not true
+    mucous membrane, there are a few sweat glands and numerous large
+    sebaceous glands. Bergh considers that there is little or no hair
+    on the inner sides of the labia majora, but Lamb states that
+    careful examination shows that from one- to two-thirds of the
+    inner surface in adult women show hairs like those of the
+    external surface. In brunettes and women of dark races this
+    surface is pigmented; in dark races it is usually a slate gray.
+    From an examination of 2200 young Danish prostitutes Bergh has
+    found that there are two main varieties in the shape of the labia
+    majora, with transitional forms. In the first and most frequent
+    form the labia tend to be less marked and more effaced and
+    separated at the upper and anterior part, often being lost in the
+    sides of the mons and presenting a fissure which is broader in
+    its upper part and showing the inner lips more or less bare. In
+    the second form the labia are thicker and more outstanding and
+    the inner edges lie in contact throughout their whole length,
+    showing the _rima pudendi_ as a long narrow fissure. Whatever the
+    form, the labia close more tightly together in virgins and in
+    young individuals generally than in the deflowered and the
+    elderly. In children, as Martineau pointed out, the vulva appears
+    to look directly forward and the clitoris and urinary meatus
+    easily appear, while in adult women, and especially after
+    attempts at coitus have been made, the vulva appears directed
+    more below and behind, and the clitoris and meatus more covered
+    by the labia majora; so that the child urinates forward, while
+    the adult woman is usually able to urinate almost directly
+    downwards in the erect position, though in some cases (as may
+    occasionally be observed in the street) she can only do so when
+    bending slightly forwards. This difference in the direction of
+    the stream formerly furnished one of the methods of diagnosing
+    virginity, an uncertain one, since the difference is largely due
+    to age and individual variation. The main factor in the position
+    and aspect of the vulva is pelvic inclination. (See Havelock
+    Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition, p. 64; Stratz, _Die
+    Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, Chapter XII.) In the European
+    woman, according to Stratz, a considerable degree of pelvic
+    inclination is essential to beauty, concealing all but the
+    anterior third of the vulva. In negresses and other women of
+    lower race the vulva, however, usually lies further back, being
+    more conspicuous from behind than in European women; in this
+    respect lower races resemble the apes. Those women of dark race,
+    therefore, whose modesty is focused behind rather than in front
+    thus have sound anatomical considerations on their side.
+
+    As Ploss and Bartels remark, a very common variation among
+    European women consists in an unusually posterior position of the
+    vulva and vaginal entrance, so that unless a cushion is placed
+    under the buttocks it is difficult for the man to effect coitus
+    in the usual position without giving much pain to the woman. They
+    add that another anomaly, less easy to remedy, consists in an
+    abnormally anterior position of the vaginal entrance close
+    beneath the pelvic bone, so that, although intromission is easy,
+    the spasmodic contraction of the vagina at the culmination of
+    orgasm presses the penis against the bone and causes intolerable
+    pain to the man.
+
+The mons veneris and the labia majora are, after the age of puberty,
+always normally covered by a more or less profuse growth of hair. It is
+notable that the apes, notwithstanding their general tendency to
+hairiness, show no such special development of hair in this region. We
+thus see that all the external and more conspicuous portions of the sexual
+sphere in woman--the mons veneris, the labia majora, and the
+hair--represent not so much an animal inheritance, such as we commonly
+misrepresent them to be, but a higher and genuinely human development. As
+none of these structures subserve any clear practical use, it would appear
+that they must have developed by sexual selection to satisfy the æsthetic
+demands of the eye.[83]
+
+    The character and arrangement of the pubic hair, investigated by
+    Eschricht and Voigt more than half a century ago, have been more
+    recently studied by Bergh. As these observers have pointed out,
+    there are various converging hair streams from above and below,
+    the clitoris seeming to be the center towards which they are
+    directed. The hair-covering thus formed is usually ample and, as
+    a rule, is more so in brunettes than in blondes. It is nearly
+    always bent, curly and more or less spirally twisted.[84] There
+    are frequently one or two curls at the commencement of the
+    fissure, rolled outwards, and occasionally a well marked tuft in
+    the middle line. In abundance the pubic hair corresponds with the
+    axillary hair; when one region is defective in hair the other is
+    usually so also. Strong eyebrows also usually indicate a strong
+    development of pubic hair. But the hair of the head usually
+    varies independently, and Bergh found that of 154 women with
+    spare pubic hair 72 had good and often profuse hair on the head.
+    Complete or almost complete absence of pubic hair is in Bergh's
+    experience only found in about 3 per cent. of women; these were
+    all young and blonde.
+
+Rothe, in his investigation of the pubic hair of 1000 Berlin women, found
+that no two women were really alike in this respect, but there was a
+tendency to two main types of arrangement, with minor subdivisions,
+according as the hair tended to grow chiefly in the middle line extending
+laterally from that line, or to grow equally over the whole extent of the
+pubic region; these two groups included half the cases investigated.
+
+    In men the pubic hair normally ascends anteriorly in a faint line
+    up to the navel, with tendency to form a triangle with the apex
+    above, and posteriorly extends backwards to the anus. In women
+    these anterior and posterior extensions are comparatively rare,
+    or at all events are only represented by a few stray hairs. Rothe
+    found this variation in 4 per cent. of North German women, though
+    a triangle of hair was only found in 2 per cent.; Lombroso found
+    it in 5 per cent, of Italian women; Bergh found it in only 1.6
+    per cent. among 1000 Danish prostitutes, all sixteen of whom with
+    three exceptions were brunettes. In Vienna, among 600 women, Coe
+    found only 1 per cent, with this distribution of hair, and states
+    that they were women of decidedly masculine type, though Ploss
+    and Bartels, as well as Rothe, find, however, that heterogeny, as
+    they term the masculine distribution, is more common in blondes.
+    The anterior extension of hair is usually accompanied by the
+    posterior extension around the anus, usually very slight, but
+    occasionally as pronounce as in men. (According to Rothe,
+    however, anterior heterogeny comparatively rare.) These masculine
+    variations in the extension of the pubic hair appear to be not
+    uncommonly associated with other physical and psychic anomalies;
+    it is on this account that they have sometimes been regarded as
+    indications of a vicious or a criminal temperament; they are,
+    however, found in quite normal women.
+
+    The pubic hair of women is usually shorter than that of men, but
+    thick, and the individual hairs stronger and larger in diameter
+    than those of men, as Pfaff first showed; dark hair is usually
+    stronger than light. In both length and size the individual
+    variations are considerable. The usual length is about 2 inches,
+    or 3-5 centimeters, occasionally reaching about 4 inches, or 9-10
+    centimeters, in the larger curls. In a series of 100 women
+    attended during confinement in London and the north of England I
+    have only once (in a rather blonde Lancashire woman) found the
+    hair on labia reaching a conspicuous length of several inches and
+    forming an obstruction to the manipulations involved in delivery.
+    But Jahn delivered a woman whose pubic hair was longer than that
+    of her head, reaching below her knee; Paulini also knew a woman
+    whose pubic hair nearly reached her knees and was sold to make
+    wigs; Bartholin mentions a soldier's wife who plaited her pubic
+    hair behind her back; while Brantôme has several references to
+    abnormally long hair in ladies of the French court during the
+    sixteenth century. In 8 cases out of 2200 Bergh found the pubic
+    hair forming a large curly wig extending to the iliac spines. The
+    individual hairs have occasionally been found so stiff and
+    brush-like as to render coitus difficult.
+
+    In color the pubic hair, while generally approximating to that of
+    the head, is sometimes (according to Rothe, in Germany, in
+    one-third cases) lighter, and sometimes somewhat darker, as is
+    found to be the case by Coe, especially in brunettes, and also by
+    Bergh, in Denmark. Bergh remarks that it is generally
+    intermediate in color between the eyebrows and the axillary hair,
+    the latter being more or less decolorized by sweat, and that,
+    owing to the influence of the urine and vaginal discharges, the
+    labial hair is paler than that on the mons; blondes with dark
+    eyebrows usually have dark hair on the mons. The hair on this
+    spot, as Aristotle observed, is usually the last to turn gray.
+
+The key to the genital apparatus in women from the psychic point of view,
+and, indeed, to some extent, its anatomical center, is to be found in the
+clitoris. Anatomically and developmentally the clitoris is the rudimentary
+analogue of the masculine penis. Functionally, however, its scope is very
+much smaller. While the penis both receives and imparts specific
+voluptuous sensations, and is at the same time both the intromittent organ
+for the semen and the conduit for the urine, the sole function of the
+clitoris is to enter into erection under the stress of sexual emotion and
+receive and transmit the stimulatory voluptuous sensations imparted to it
+by friction with the masculine genital apparatus. It is so insignificant
+an organ that it is only within recent times that its homology with the
+penis has been realized. In 1844 Kobelt wrote in his important book, _Die
+Mannlichen und Weiblichen Wollust-Organe_, that in his attempt to show
+that the female organs are exactly analogous to the male the reader will
+probably be unable to follow him, while even Johannes Müller, the father
+of scientific physiology, declared at about the same period that the
+clitoris is essentially different from the penis. It is indeed but three
+centuries since the clitoris was so little known that (in 1593) Realdus
+Columbus actually claimed the honor of discovering it. Columbus was not
+its discoverer, for Fallopius speedily showed that Avicenna and Albucasis
+had referred to it.[85] The Arabs appear to have been very familiar with
+it, and, from the various names they gave it, clearly understood the
+important part it plays in generating voluptuous emotion.[86] But it was
+known in classic antiquity; the Greeks called it myrton, the myrtle-berry;
+Galen and Soranus called it nymphê because it is covered as a bride is
+veiled, while the old Latin name was _tentigo_, from its power of entering
+into erection, and _columella_, the little pillar, from its shape. The
+modern term, which is Greek and refers to the sensitiveness of the part to
+voluptuous titillation, is said to have originated with Suidas and
+Pollux.[87] It was mentioned, though not adopted, by Rufus.
+
+"The clitoris," declared Haller, "is a part extremely sensible and
+wonderfully prurient." It is certainly the chief though by no means the
+only point through which the immediate call to detumescence is conveyed to
+the female organism. It is, indeed, as Bryan Robinson remarks, "a
+veritable electrical bell button which, being pressed or irritated, rings
+up the whole nervous system."
+
+    The nervous supply of this little organ is very large, and the
+    dorsal nerve of the clitoris is relatively three or four times
+    larger than that of the penis. Yet the sensitive point of this
+    organ is only 5 to 7 millimeters in extent. The length of the
+    clitoris is usually rather over 2 centimeters (or about an inch)
+    and 3 centimeters when erect; a length of 4 centimeters or more
+    was regarded by Martineau as within the normal range of
+    variation. It is not usual to find the clitoris longer than this
+    in Europe (for among some races like the negro the clitoris is
+    generally large), but all degrees of magnitude may be found as
+    rare exceptions. (See, e.g., Sir J.Y. Simpson, "Hermaphrodites,"
+    _Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions_, vol. ii, pp. 217-226; also
+    Dickinson, loc. cit.) It was formerly thought that the clitoris
+    is easily enlarged by masturbation, and Martineau believed that
+    in this way it might be doubled in length. It is probable that
+    slight enlargement of the clitoris may be caused by very
+    frequent masturbation, but only to an insignificant extent, and
+    it is impossible to diagnose masturbation from the size of the
+    clitoris. Among the women of Lake Nyassa, as well as in the
+    Caroline Islands, special methods are practiced for elongating
+    the clitoris, but in Europe, at all events, it is probable that
+    the variations in the size of the organ are mainly congenital. It
+    may well be that a congenitally large clitoris is associated with
+    an abnormally developed excitability of the sexual apparatus.
+    Tilt stated (_On Uterine and Ovarian Inflammation_, p. 37) that
+    in his experience there was a frequent though not invariable
+    connection between a large clitoris and sexual proclivity.
+    (Schurig referred to a case of intense and life-long sexual
+    obsession associated with an extremely large clitoris,
+    _Gynæcologia_, pp. 16-17.) Of recent years considerable
+    importance has been attached by some gynecologists (e.g., R.T.
+    Morris, "Is Evolution Trying to Do Away With the Clitoris?"
+    _Transactions American Association of Obstetricians and
+    Gynecologists_, vol. v, 1893) to preputial adhesions around the
+    clitoris as a source of nervous disturbance and invalidism in
+    young women.
+
+While the clitoris is anatomically analogous to the penis, its actual
+mechanism under the stress of sexual excitement is somewhat different. As
+Liétaud long since pointed out, it cannot rise freely in erection as the
+penis can; it is apparently bound down by its prepuce and its frenulum.
+Waldeyer, in his book on the pelvis, states more precisely that, unlike
+the penis, when erect it retains its angle, only this becomes somewhat
+rounded so that the organ is to some slight extent lifted and protruded.
+Waldeyer considered that the clitoris was thus perfectly fitted to fulfill
+its part as the recipient of erotic stimulation from friction by the
+penis. Adler, however, has pointed out with considerable justice, that
+this is not altogether the case. The clitoris was developed in mammals who
+practiced the posterior mode of coitus; in this position the clitoris was
+beneath the penis, which was thus easily able in coitus to press it
+against the pubic bone close beneath which it is situated, and thus impart
+the compression and friction which the feminine organ craves. But in the
+human anterior mode of coitus it is not necessarily brought into close
+contact with the penis during the act of coitus, and thus fails to receive
+powerful stimulation. Its restricted position, which is an advantage in
+posterior coitus, is a disadvantage in anterior coitus. Adler observes
+that it thus comes about that the human method of coitus, while by
+bringing breast to breast and face to face it has added a new dignity and
+refinement, a fresh source of enjoyment, to the embrace of the sexes, has
+not been an unmixed advantage to woman, for while man has lost nothing by
+the change, woman has now to contend with an increased difficulty in
+attaining an adequate amount of pressure on that "electric button" which
+normally sets the whole mechanism in operation.[88]
+
+We may well bring into connection with the changed conditions brought
+about by anterior coitus the interesting fact that while the clitoris
+remains the most exquisitely sensitive of the sexual centers in woman,
+voluptuous sensitivity is much more widely diffused in woman than in man.
+Over the whole body, indeed, it is apt to be more distinctly marked than
+is usually the case in man. But even if we confine ourselves to the
+genital region, while in man that portion of the penis which enters the
+vagina, and especially the glans, is normally the only portion which, even
+during turgescence, is sensitive to voluptuous contacts, in woman the
+whole of the region comprised within the larger lips, including even the
+anus and internally the vagina and the vaginal portion of the womb,[89]
+become sensitive to voluptuous contacts. Deprived of the penis the ability
+of a man to experience specifically sexual sensations becomes very limited
+indeed. But the loss of the clitoris or of any other structure involves no
+correspondingly serious disability on women. Ablation of the clitoris for
+sexual hyperæsthesia has for this reason been abandoned, except under
+special circumstances. The members of the Russian Skoptzy sect habitually
+amputate the clitoris, nymphæ, and breasts, yet many young Skoptzy women
+told the Russian physician, Guttceit, that they were perfectly well able
+to enjoy coitus.
+
+    Freud believes that in very young girls the clitoris is the
+    exclusive seat of sexual sensation, masturbation at this age
+    being directed to the clitoris alone, and spontaneous sexual
+    excitement being confined to twitchings and erection of this
+    organ, so that young girls are able, from their own experience,
+    to recognize without instruction the signs of sexual excitement
+    in boys. At a later age sexual excitability spreads from the
+    clitoris to other regions--just as the easy inflammability of
+    wood sets light to coal--though in the male the penis remains
+    from first to last normally the almost exclusive seat of specific
+    excitability. (S. Freud, _Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie_,
+    p. 62.)
+
+    The anus would, however, seem to be sometimes an erogenous zone
+    even at an early age. Titillation of the anus appears to be
+    frequently pleasurable in women; and this is not surprising
+    considering the high degree of erotic sensitivity which is easily
+    developed at the body orifices where skin meets mucous membrane.
+    (Thus the meatus of the urethra is a highly erogenous zone, as is
+    sufficiently shown by the frequency with which hair-pins and
+    other articles used in masturbation find their way into the
+    bladder.) It is in this germinal sensitivity, undoubtedly, that
+    we find a chief key to the practice of _pedicatio_. Freud
+    attaches great importance to the anus as a sexually erogenous
+    zone at a very early age, and considers that it very frequently
+    makes its influence felt in this respect. He believes that
+    intestinal catarrhs in very early life and hæmorrhoids later tend
+    to develop sensibility in the anus. He finds an indication that
+    the anus has become a sexually erogenous zone when children wish
+    to allow the contents of the rectum to accumulate so that
+    defecation may by its increased difficulty involve voluptuous
+    sensations, and adds that masturbatory excitation of the anus
+    with the fingers is by no means rare in older children. (S.
+    Freud, _Op. cit._, pp. 40-42.) A medical correspondent in India
+    tells me of a European lady who derived, she said, "quite as
+    much, indeed more," pleasure from digitally titillating her
+    rectum as from vulvo-vaginal titillation; she had several times
+    submitted to _pedicatio_ and enjoyed it, though it was painful
+    during penetration. The anus may retain this erogenous
+    irritability even in old age, and Routh mentions the case of a
+    lady of over 70, the reverse of lustful, who was so excited by
+    the act of defecation that she was invariably compelled to
+    masturbate, although this state of things was a source of great
+    mental misery to her. (C.H.F. Routh, _British Gynæcological
+    Journal_, February, 1887, p. 48.)
+
+    Bölsche has sought the explanation of the erogenous nature of the
+    anus, and the key to _pedicatio_, in an atavistic return to the
+    very remote amphibian days when the anus was combined with the
+    sexual parts in a common cloaca. But it is unnecessary to invoke
+    any vestigial inheritance from a vastly remote past when we bear
+    in mind that the innervation of these two adjoining regions is
+    inevitably very closely related. The presence of a body exit with
+    its marked and special sensitivity at a point where it can
+    scarcely fail to receive the nervous overflow from an immensely
+    active center of nervous energy quite adequately accounts for the
+    phenomenon in question.
+
+The inner lips, the nymphæ or labia minora, running parallel with the
+greater lips which enclose them, embrace the clitoris anteriorly and
+extend backward, enclosing the urethral exit between them as well as the
+vaginal entrance. They form little wings whence their old Latin name,
+_alæ_, and from their resemblance to the cock's comb were by Spigelius
+termed crista galli. The red and (especially in brunettes) dark appearance
+of the nymphæ suggests that they are mucous membrane and not
+integumentary; it is, however, now considered that even on the inner
+surface they are covered by skin and separated from the mucous membrane by
+a line.[90] In structure, as described by Waldeyer, they consist of fine
+connective tissue rich in elastic fibers as well as some muscular tissue,
+and full of large veins, so that they are capable of a considerable degree
+of turgescence resembling erection during sexual excitement, while
+Ballantyne finds that the nymphæ are supplied to a notable extent with
+nervous end-organs.
+
+More than any other part of the sexual apparatus in either sex, the lesser
+lips, on account of their shape, their position, and their structure, are
+capable of acquired modifications, more especially hypertrophy and
+elongation. By stretching, it is stated, a labium can be doubled in its
+dimensions. The "Hottentot apron," or elongated nymphæ, commonly found
+among some peoples in South Africa, has long been a familiar phenomenon.
+In such cases a length or transverse diameter of 3 to 5 centimeters is
+commonly found. But such elongated nymphæ are by no means confined to one
+part of the world or to one race; they are quite common among women of
+European race, and reach a size equal to most of the more reliably
+recorded Hottentot cases. Dickinson, who has very carefully studied this
+question in New York, finds that in 1000 consecutive gynæcological cases
+the labia showed some form of hypertrophy in 36 per cent., or more than 1
+in 3; while among 150 of these cases who were neurasthenic, the proportion
+reached 56 per cent., even when minor or doubtful enlargements were
+disregarded. Bergh, in about 16 per cent. cases, found very enlarged
+nymphæ, the height reached in about 5 per cent. of the cases of
+enlargement being nearly six centimeters. Ploss and Bartels, in a full
+discussion: of the "Hottentot apron," come to the conclusion that this
+condition is perhaps in most cases artificially produced. It is known that
+among the Basutos it is the custom for the elder girls to manipulate the
+nymphæ of younger children, when alone with them, almost from birth, and
+on account of the elastic nature of these structures such manipulation
+quite adequately accounts for the elongation. It is not necessary to
+suppose that the custom is practiced for the sake of producing sexual
+stimulation--though this may frequently occur--since there are numerous
+similar primitive customs involving deformation of the sexual organs
+without the production of sexual excitement. Dickinson has come to a
+similar conclusion as regards the corresponding elongation of the nymphæ
+in civilized European women. In 361 out of 1000 women of good social class
+he found elongation or thickening, often with a notable degree of
+wrinkling and pigmentation, and believes that this is always the result of
+frequently repeated masturbation practiced with the separation of the
+nymphæ; in 30 per cent. of the cases admission of masturbation was
+made.[91] While this conclusion is probably correct in the main, it
+requires some qualification. To assert that whenever in women who have
+not been pregnant the marked protrusion of the inner lips beyond the outer
+lips means that at some period manipulation has been practiced with or
+without the production of sexual excitement is to make too absolute a
+statement. It is highly probable that the nymphæ, like the clitoris, are
+congenitally more prominent in some of the lower human races, as they are
+also in the apes; among the Fuegians, for instance, according to Hyades
+and Deniker, the labia minora descend lower than in Europeans, although
+there is not the slightest reason to suppose that these women practice any
+manipulations. Among European women, again, the nymphæ sometimes protrude
+very prominently beyond the labia majora in women who are organically of
+somewhat infantile type; this occurs in cases in which we may be convinced
+that no manipulations have ever been practiced.[92]
+
+It is difficult to speak very decisively as to the function of the labia
+minora. They doubtless exert some amount of protective influence over the
+entrance to the vagina, and in this way correspond to the lips of the
+mouth after which they are called. They fulfill, however, one very
+definite though not obviously important function which is indicated by the
+mythologic name they have received. There is, indeed, some obscurity in
+the origin of this term, nymphæ, which has not, I believe, been
+satisfactorily cleared up. It has been stated that the Greek name nymphê
+has been transferred from the clitoris to the labia minora. Any such
+transfer could only have taken place when the meaning of the word had been
+forgotten, and nymphê had become the totally different word _nymphæ_, the
+goddesses who presided over streams. The old anatomists were much
+exercised in their minds as to the meaning of the name, but on the whole
+were inclined to believe that it referred to the action of the labia
+minora in directing the urinary stream. The term nymphæ was first applied
+in the modern sense, according to Bergh, in 1599, by Pinæus, mainly from
+the influence of these structures on the urinary stream, and he dilated in
+his _De Virginitate_ on the suitability of the term to designate so poetic
+a spot.[93] In more modern times Luschka and Sir Charles Bell considered
+that it is one of the uses of the nymphæ to direct the stream of urine,
+and Lamb from his own observation thinks the same conclusion probable. In
+reality there cannot be the slightest doubt about the function of the
+nymphæ, as, in Hyrtl's phrase, "the naiads of the urinary source," and it
+can be demonstrated by the simplest experiment.[94]
+
+The nymphæ form the intermediate portal of the vagina, as the canal which
+conducts to the womb was in anatomy first termed (according to Hyrtl) by
+De Graaf.[95] It is a secreting, erectile, more or less sensitive canal
+lined by what is usually considered mucous membrane, though some have
+regarded it as integument of the same character as that of the external
+genitals; it certainly resembles such integument more than, for instance,
+the mucous membrane of the rectum. In the woman who has never had sexual
+intercourse and has been subjected to no manipulations or accidents
+affecting this region, the vagina is closed by a last and final gate of
+delicate membrane--scarcely admitting more than a slender finger--called
+the hymen.
+
+    The poets called the hymen "fios virginitatis," the flower of
+    virginity, whence the medico-legal term _defloratio_.
+    Notwithstanding the great significance which has long been
+    attached to the phenomena connected with it, the hymen was not
+    accurately known until Vesalius, Fallopius, and Spigelius
+    described and named it. It was, however, recognized by the Arab
+    authors, Avicenna and Averroes. The early literature concerning
+    it is summarized by Schurig, _Muliebria_, 1729, Section II, cap.
+    V. The same author's _Parthenologia_ is devoted to the various
+    ancient problems connected with the question of virginity.
+
+To say that this delicate piece of membrane is from the non-physical point
+of view a more important structure than any other part of the body is to
+convey but a feeble idea of the immense importance of the hymen in the
+eyes of the men of many past ages and even of our own times and among our
+own people.[96] For the uses of the feminine body, or for its beauty,
+there is no part which is more absolutely insignificant. But in human
+estimation it has acquired a spiritual value which has made it far more
+than a part of the body. It has taken the place of the soul, that whose
+presence gives all her worth and dignity, even her name, to the unmarried
+woman, her purity, her sexual desirability, her market value. Without
+it--though in all physical and mental respects she might remain the same
+person--she has sometimes been a mark for contempt, a worthless
+outcast.[97]
+
+    So fragile a membrane scarcely possesses the reliability which
+    should be possessed by a structure whose presence or absence has
+    often meant so much. Its absence by no means necessarily
+    signifies that a woman has had intercourse with a man. Its
+    presence by no means signifies that she has never had such
+    intercourse.
+
+    There are many ways in which the hymen may be destroyed apart
+    from coitus. Among the Chinese (and also, it would appear, in
+    India and some other parts of the East) the female parts are from
+    infancy kept so scrupulously clean by daily washing, the finger
+    being introduced into the vagina, that the hymen rapidly
+    disappears, and its existence is unknown even to Chinese doctors.
+    Among some Brazilian Indians a similar practice exists among
+    mothers as regards their young children, less, however, for the
+    sake of cleanliness than in order to facilitate sexual
+    intercourse in future years. (Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol.
+    i, Chapter VI.) The manipulations of vaginal masturbation will,
+    of course, similarly destroy the hymen. It is also quite possible
+    for the hymen to be ruptured by falls and other accidents. (See,
+    e.g., a lengthy study by Nina-Rodrigues, "Des Ruptures de l'Hymen
+    dans les Chutes," _Annales d'Hygiène Publique_, September, 1903.)
+
+    On the other hand, integrity of the hymen is no proof of
+    virginity, apart from the obvious fact that there may be
+    intercourse without penetration. (The case has even been recorded
+    of a prostitute with syphilitic condylomata, a somewhat masculine
+    type of pubic arch, and vulva rather posteriorly placed, whose
+    hymen had never been penetrated.) The hymen may be of a yielding
+    or folding type, so that complete penetration may take place and
+    yet the hymen be afterwards found unruptured. It occasionally
+    happens that the hymen is found intact at the end of pregnancy.
+    In some, though not all, of these cases there has been conception
+    without intromission of the penis. This has occurred even when
+    the entrance was very minute. The possibility of such conception
+    has long been recognized, and Schurig (_Syllepsilogia_, 1731,
+    Section I, cap. VIII, p. 2) quotes ancient authors who have
+    recorded cases. For some typical modern cases see Guérard
+    (_Centralblatt für Gynäkologie_, No. 15, 1895), in one of whose
+    cases the hymen of the pregnant woman scarcely admitted a hair;
+    also Braun (ib., No. 23, 1895).
+
+The hymen has played a very definite and pronounced part in the social and
+moral life of humanity. Until recently it has been more difficult to
+decide what precise biological function it has exercised to ensure its
+development and preservation. Sexual selection, no doubt, has worked in
+its favor, but that influence has been very limited and comparatively very
+recent. Virginity is not usually of any value among peoples who are
+entirely primitive. Indeed, even in the classic civilization which we
+inherit, it is easy to show that the virgin and the admiration for
+virginity are of late growth; the virgin goddesses were not originally
+virgins in our modern sense. Diana was the many-breasted patroness of
+childbirth before she became the chaste and solitary huntress, for the
+earliest distinction would appear to have been simply between the woman
+who was attached to a man and the woman who followed an earlier rule of
+freedom and independence; it was a later notion to suppose that the latter
+woman was debarred from sexual intercourse. We certainly must not seek the
+origin of the hymen in sexual selection; we must find it in natural
+selection. And here it might seem at first sight that we come upon a
+contradiction in Nature, for Nature is always devising contrivances to
+secure the maximum amount of fertilization. "Increase and multiply" is so
+obviously the command of Nature that the Hebrews, with their usual
+insight, unhesitatingly dared to place it in the mouth of Jehovah. But the
+hymen is a barrier to fertilization. It has, however, always to be
+remembered that as we rise in the zoölogical scale, and as the period of
+gestation lengthens and the possible number of offspring is fewer, it
+becomes constantly more essential that fertilization shall be effective
+rather than easy; the fewer the progeny the more necessary it is that they
+shall be vigorous enough to survive. There can be little doubt that, as
+one or two writers have already suggested, the hymen owes its development
+to the fact that its influence is on the side of effective fertilization.
+It is an obstacle to the impregnation of the young female by immature,
+aged, or feeble males. The hymen is thus an anatomical expression of that
+admiration of force which marks the female in her choice of a mate. So
+regarded, it is an interesting example of the intimate manner in which
+sexual selection is really based on natural selection. Sexual selection is
+but the translation into psychic terms of a process which has already
+found expression in the physical texture of the body.
+
+    It may be added that this interpretation of the biological
+    function of the hymen is supported by the facts of its evolution.
+    It is unknown among the lower mammals, with whom fertilization is
+    easy, gestation short and offspring numerous. It only begins to
+    appear among the higher mammals in whom reproduction is already
+    beginning to take on the characters which become fully developed
+    in man. Various authors have found traces of a rudimentary hymen,
+    not only in apes, but in elephants, horses, donkeys, bitches,
+    bears, pigs, hyenas, and giraffes. (Hyrtl, _Op. cit._, vol. ii,
+    p. 189; G. Gellhoen, "Anatomy and Development of the Hymen,"
+    _American Journal Obstetrics_, August, 1904.) It is in the human
+    species that the tendency to limitation of offspring is most
+    marked, combined at the same time with a greater aptitude for
+    impregnation than exists among any lower mammals. It is here,
+    therefore, that a physical check is of most value, and
+    accordingly we find that in woman alone, of all animals, is the
+    hymen fully developed.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[72] "Analysis of the Sexual Impulse," in vol. iii of these _Studies_.
+
+[73] "The accomplishment of no other function," Hyrtl remarks, "is so
+intimately connected with the mind and yet so independent of it."
+
+[74] The process is still, however, but imperfectly understood; see Art.
+"Fécondation," by Ed. Retterer, in Richet's _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_,
+vol. vi, 1905.
+
+[75] Thus a male foetus showing reptilian characters in sexual ducts was
+exhibited by Shattock at the Pathological Society of London, February 19,
+1895.
+
+[76] J. Kohlbrugge, "Die Umgestaltung des Uterus der Affen nach den
+Geburt," _Zeitschrift für Morphologie_, bd. iv, p. 1, 1901.
+
+[77] There are, however, no special nerve endings (Krause corpuscles), as
+was formerly supposed. The nerve endings in the genital region are the
+same as elsewhere. The difference lies in the abundance of superposed
+arboreal ramifications. See, e.g., Ed. Retterer, Art. "Ejaculation,"
+Richet's _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_, vol. v.
+
+[78] Hyrtl, _Op. cit._, vol. ii, p. 39.
+
+[79] Sensations of pleasure without those of touch appear to be normal at
+the tip of the penis, as pointed out by Scripture, quoted in _Alienist and
+Neurologist_, January, 1898.
+
+[80] See the previous volume of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection in
+Man," p. 161.
+
+[81] See, e.g., Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i, beginning of
+chapter VI.
+
+[82] Hyrtl states that the name _labia_ was first used by Haller in the
+middle of the eighteenth century in his _Elements of Physiology_, being
+adopted by him from the Greek poet Erotion, who gave these structures the
+very obvious name cheilea, lips. But this seems to be a mistake, for the
+seventeenth century anatomists certainly used the name "labia" for these
+parts.
+
+[83] Bergh tentatively suggests, as regards the pubic hair, that its
+appearance may be due to the upright walk in man and the human position
+during coitus, the hair preventing irritation of the genitals from the
+sweat pouring down from the body and protecting the skin from direct
+friction in coitus. (In both these suggestions he was, however, long
+previously anticipated by Fabricius ab Aquapendente.) The fanciful
+suggestion of Louis Robinson that the pubic hair has developed in order to
+enable the human infant to cling securely to his mother is very poorly
+supported by facts, and has not met with acceptance. It may be mentioned
+that (as stated by Ploss and Bartels) the women of the Bismarck
+Archipelago, whose pubic hair is very abundant, use it as a kind of
+handkerchief on which to clean their hands.
+
+[84] Routh and Heywood Smith have noted that the pubic hair tends to lose
+its curliness and become straight in women who masturbate. (_British
+Gynæcological Journal_, February, 1887, p. 505.)
+
+[85] Schurig, _Muliebria_, p. 75. Plazzon in 1621 said that in Italian it
+had a popular name, _il besneegio_.
+
+[86] Schurig brought together in his _Gynæcologia_ (pp. 2-4) various early
+opinions concerning the clitoris as the seat of voluptuous feeling.
+
+[87] Hyrtl, _Op. cit._, vol. ii, p. 193.
+
+[88] Adler, _Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, 1904, pp.
+117-119.
+
+[89] The voluptuous sensations caused by sexual contacts producing
+movements of the womb are probably normal and usual. They may even occur
+under circumstances unconnected with sexual emotion, and Mundé
+(_International Journal of Surgery_, March, 1893) mentions incidentally
+that in one case while titillating the cervix with a sound the woman very
+plainly showed voluptuous manifestations.
+
+[90] Henle stated that fine hairs are frequently visible on the nymphæ;
+Stieda (_Zeitschrift für Morphologie_, 1902, p. 458) remarks that he has
+never been able to see them with the naked eye.
+
+[91] R.L. Dickinson, "Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their
+Significance," _American Gynæcologist_, September, 1902. It is perhaps
+noteworthy that Bergh found that in 302 cases in which the nymphæ were of
+unequal length, in all but 24 the left was longer.
+
+[92] It may be remarked that Bergh believes that the nymphæ, and indeed
+the external genitals generally, are congenitally more strongly developed
+in libidinous persons, and at the same time in brunettes, while in public
+prostitutes this is not usually the case, which confirms the belief that
+exalted sexual sensibility does not usually lead to prostitution. He adds
+that prostitution, unless carried on for many years, has little effect on
+the shape of the external genitals.
+
+[93] Schurig (_Muliebria_, 1729, Section II, cap. II) gives numerous
+quotations on this point; thus De Graaf wrote in his book on the sexual
+organs of women: "Tales protuberantiæ nymphæ appellantur ea propter quod
+aquis e vesica prosilientibus proxime adstare reperiantur, quandoquidem
+inter illas, tanquam duos parietes, urina magno impetu cum sibilo sæpe et
+absque labiorum irrigatione erumpit, vel quod sint castitatis præsides,
+aut sponsam primo intromittant."
+
+[94] Havelock Ellis, "The Bladder as a Dynamometer," _American Journal of
+Dermatology_, May, 1902. If a woman who has never been pregnant, standing
+in the erect position before commencing the act of urination presses apart
+the labia minora with index and middle fingers the stream will be
+projected forward so as to fall usually at a considerable distance in
+front of a vertical line from the meatus; if when the act is half
+completed the fingers are removed, the labia close together and the
+stream, though maintained at a constant pressure, at once changes its
+character and direction.
+
+[95] In poetry this term was employed by Plautus, _Pseudolus_, Act IV, Sc.
+7. The Greek aidoion sometimes meant vagina and sometimes the external
+sexual parts; kolpos was used for the vagina alone.
+
+[96] It is curious, however, that the European physicians of the
+seventeenth and even eighteenth centuries were doubtful of its value as a
+sign of virginity and considered it often absent.
+
+[97] For a summary of the beliefs and practices of various peoples with
+regard to the hymen and virginity see Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol.
+i, Chapter XVI.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+The Object of Detumescence--Erogenous Zones--The Lips--The Vascular
+Characters of Detumescence--Erectile Tissue--Erection in Woman--Mucous
+Emission in Women--Sexual Connection--The Human Mode of
+Intercourse--Normal Variations--The Motor Characters of
+Detumescence--Ejaculation--The Virile Reflex--The General Phenomena of
+Detumescence--The Circulatory and Respiratory Phenomena--Blood
+Pressure--Cardiac Disturbance--Glandular Activity--Distillatio--The
+Essentially Motor Character of Detumescence--Involuntary Muscular
+Irradiation to Bladder, etc.--Erotic Intoxication--Analogy of Sexual
+Detumescence and Vesical Tension--The Specifically Sexual Movements of
+Detumescence in Man--In Woman--The Spontaneous Movements of the Genital
+Canal in Woman--Their Function in Conception--Part Played by Active
+Movement of the Spermatozoa--The Artificial Injection of Semen--The Facial
+Expression During Detumescence--The Expression of Joy--The Occasional
+Serious Effects of Coitus.
+
+
+We have seen what the object of detumescence is, and we have briefly
+considered the organs and structures which are chiefly concerned in the
+process. We have now to inquire what are the actual phenomena which take
+place during the act of detumescence.
+
+Detumescence is normally linked closely to tumescence. Tumescence is the
+piling on of the fuel; detumescence is the leaping out of the devouring
+flame whence is lighted the torch of life to be handed on from generation
+to generation. The whole process is double and yet single; it is exactly
+analogous to that by which a pile is driven into the earth by the raising
+and then the letting go of a heavy weight which falls on to the head of
+the pile. In tumescence the organism is slowly wound up and force
+accumulated; in the act of detumescence the accumulated force is let go
+and by its liberation the sperm-bearing instrument is driven home.
+Courtship, as we commonly term the process of tumescence which takes place
+when a woman is first sexually approached by a man, is usually a highly
+prolonged process. But it is always necessary to remember that every
+repetition of the act of coitus, to be normally and effectively carried
+out on both sides, demands a similar double process; detumescence must be
+preceded by an abbreviated courtship.
+
+This abbreviated courtship by which tumescence is secured or heightened in
+the repetition of acts of coitus which have become familiar, is mainly
+tactile.[98] Since the part of the man in coitus is more active and that
+of the woman more passive, the sexual sensitivity of the skin seems to be
+more pronounced in women. There are, moreover, regions of the surface of a
+woman's body where contact, when sympathetic, seems specially liable to
+arouse erotic excitement. Such erogenous zones are often specially marked
+in the breasts, occasionally in the palm of the hand, the nape of the
+neck, the lobule of the ear, the little finger; there is, indeed, perhaps
+no part of the surface of the body which may not, in some individuals at
+some time, become normally an erogenous zone. In hysteria the erotic
+excitability of these zones is sometimes very intense. The lips are,
+however, without doubt, the most persistently and poignantly sensitive
+region of the whole body outside the sphere of the sexual organs
+themselves. Hence the significance of the kiss as a preliminary of
+detumescence.[99]
+
+    The importance of the lips as a normal erogenous zone is shown by
+    the experiments of Gualino. He applied a thread, folded on itself
+    several times, to the lips, thus stimulating them in a simple
+    mechanical manner. Of 20 women, between the ages of 18 and 35,
+    only 8 felt this as a merely mechanical operation, 4 felt a
+    vaguely erotic element in the proceeding, 3 experienced a desire
+    for coitus and in 5 there was actual sexual excitement with
+    emission of mucus. Of 25 men, between the ages of 20 and 30, in
+    15 all sexual feeling was absent, in 7 erotic ideas were
+    suggested with congestion of the sexual organs without erection,
+    and in 3 there was the beginning of erection. It should be added
+    that both the women and the men in whom this sexual reflex was
+    more especially marked were of somewhat nervous temperament; in
+    such persons erotic reactions of all kinds generally occur most
+    easily. (Gualino, "Il Rifflesso Sessuale nell' eccitamento alle
+    labbre," _Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1904, p. 341.)
+
+As tumescence, under the influence of sensory stimulation, proceeds toward
+the climax when it gives place to detumescence, the physical phenomena
+become more and more acutely localized in the sexual organs. The process
+which was at first predominantly nervous and psychic now becomes more
+prominently vascular. The ancient sexual relationship of the skin asserts
+itself; there is marked surface congestion showing itself in various ways.
+The face tends to become red, and exactly the same phenomenon is taking
+place in the genital organs; "an erection," it has been said, "is a
+blushing of the penis." The difference is that in the genital organs this
+heightened vascularity has a definite and specific function to
+accomplish--the erection of the male organ which fits it to enter the
+female parts--and that consequently there has been developed in the penis
+that special kind of vascular mechanism, consisting of veins in connective
+tissue with unstriped muscular fibers, termed erectile tissue.[100]
+
+It is not only the man who is supplied with erectile tissue which in the
+process of tumescence becomes congested and swollen. The woman also, in
+the corresponding external genital region, is likewise supplied with
+erectile tissue now also charged with blood, and exhibits the same changes
+as have taken place in her partner, though less conspicuously visible. In
+the anthropoid apes, as the gorilla, the large clitoris and the nymphæ
+become prominent in sexual excitement, but the less development of the
+clitoris in women, together with the specifically human evolution of the
+mons veneris and larger lips, renders this sexual turgescence practically
+invisible, though it is perceptible to touch in an increased degree of
+spongy and elastic tension. The whole feminine genital canal, including
+the uterus, indeed, is richly supplied with blood-vessels, and is capable
+during sexual excitement of a very high degree of turgescence, a kind of
+erection.
+
+The process of erection in woman is accompanied by the pouring out of
+fluid which copiously bathes all parts of the vulva around the entrance to
+the vagina. This is a bland, more or less odorless mucus which, under
+ordinary circumstances, slowly and imperceptibly suffuses the parts. When,
+however, the entrance to the vagina is exposed and extended, as during a
+gynæcological examination which occasionally produces sexual excitement,
+there may be seen a real ejaculation of the fluid which, as usually
+described, comes largely from the glands of Bartholin, situated at the
+mouth of the vagina. Under these circumstances it is sometimes described
+as being emitted in a jet which is thrown to a distance.[101] This mucous
+ejaculation was in former days regarded as analogous to the seminal
+ejaculation in man, and hence essential to conception. Although this
+belief was erroneous the fluid poured out in this manner whenever a high
+degree of tumescence is attained, and before the onset of detumescence,
+certainly performs an important function in lubricating the entrance to
+the genital canal and so facilitating the intromission of the male
+organ.[102] Menstruation has a similar influence in facilitating coitus,
+as Schurig long since pointed out.[103] A like process takes place during
+parturition when the same parts are being lubricated and stretched in
+preparation for the protrusion of the foetal head. The occurrence of the
+mucous flow in tumescence always indicates that that process is actively
+affecting the central sexual organs, and that voluptuous emotions are
+present.[104]
+
+    The secretions of the genital canal and outlet in women are
+    somewhat numerous. We have the odoriferous glands of sebaceous
+    origin, and with them the prepuce of the clitoris which has been
+    described as a kind of gigantic sebaceous follicle with the
+    clitoris occupying its interior. (Hyrtl.) There is the secretion
+    from the glands of Bartholin. There is again the vaginal
+    secretion, opaque and albuminous, which appears to be alkaline
+    when secreted, but becomes acid under the decomposing influence
+    of bacteria, which are, however, harmless and not pathogenic.
+    (Gow, _Obstetrical Society of London_, January 3, 1894.) There
+    is, finally, the mucous uterine secretion, which is alkaline,
+    and, being poured out during orgasm, is believed to protect the
+    spermatozoa from destruction by the acid vaginal secretion.
+
+    The belief that the mucus poured out in women during sexual
+    excitement is feminine semen and therefore essential to
+    conception had many remarkable consequences and was widespread
+    until the seventeenth century. Thus, in the chapter "De Modo
+    coeundi et de regimine eorum qui coeunt" of _De Secretis
+    Mulierum_, there is insistence on the importance of the proper
+    mixture of the male semen with the female semen and of arranging
+    that it shall not escape from the vagina. The woman must lie
+    quiet for several hours at least, not rising even to urinate, and
+    when she gets up, be very temperate in eating and drinking, and
+    not run or jump, pretending that she has a headache. It was the
+    belief in feminine semen which led some theologians to lay down
+    that a woman might masturbate if she had not experienced orgasm
+    in coitus. Schurig in his _Muliebria_ (1729, pp. 159, et seq.)
+    discusses the opinions of old authors regarding the nature,
+    source, and uses of the female genital secretions, and quotes
+    authorities against the old view that it was female semen. In a
+    subsequent work (_Syllepsilogia_, 1731, pp. 3, et seq.) he
+    returns to the same question, quotes authors who accept a
+    feminine semen, shows that Harvey denied it any significance, and
+    himself decides against it. It has not seriously been brought
+    forward since.
+
+When erection is completed in both the man and the woman the conditions
+necessary for conjugation have at last been fulfilled. In all animals,
+even those most nearly allied to man, coitus is effected by the male
+approaching the female posteriorly. In man the normal method of male
+approach is anteriorly, face to face. Leonardo da Vinci, in a well-known
+drawing representing a sagittal section of a man and a woman connected in
+this position of so-called Venus obversa; has shown how well adapted the
+position is to the normal position of the organs in the human
+species.[105]
+
+    Among monkeys, it is stated, congress is sometimes performed when
+    the female is on all fours; at other times the male brings the
+    female between his thighs when he is sitting, holding her with
+    his forepaws. Froriep informed Lawrence that the male sometimes
+    supported his feet on the female's calves. (Sir W. Lawrence,
+    _Lectures on Physiology_, 1823, p. 186.) A summary of the methods
+    of congress practiced by the various animals below mammals will
+    be found in the article "Copulation" by H. de Varigny in Richet's
+    _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_, vol. iv.
+
+    The anterior position in coitus, with the female partner lying
+    supine, is so widespread throughout the world that it may fairly
+    be termed the most typically human attitude in sexual congress.
+    It is found represented in Egyptian graves at Benihassan,
+    belonging to the Twelfth Dynasty; it is regarded by Mohammedans
+    as the normal position, although other positions are permitted by
+    the Prophet: "Your wives are your tillage: go in unto your
+    tillage in what manner soever you will;" it is that adopted in
+    Malacca; it appears, from Peruvian antiquities, to have been the
+    position generally, though not exclusively, adopted in ancient
+    Peru; it is found in many parts of Africa, and seems also to have
+    been the most usual position among the American aborigines.
+
+    Various modifications of this position are, however, found. Thus,
+    in some parts of the world, as among the Suahelis in Zanzibar,
+    the male partner adopts the supine position. In Loango, according
+    to Pechuel-Loesche, coitus is performed lying on the side.
+    Sometimes, as on the west coast of Africa, the woman is supine
+    and the man more or less erect; or, as among the Queenslanders
+    (as described by Roth) the woman is supine and the man squats on
+    his heels with her thighs clasping his flanks, while he raises
+    her buttocks with his hands.
+
+    The position of coitus in which the man is supine is without
+    doubt a natural and frequent variation of the specifically human
+    obverse method of coitus. It was evidently familiar to the
+    Romans. Ovid mentions it (_Ars Amatoria_, III, 777-8),
+    recommending it to little women, and saying that Andromache was
+    too tall to practice it with Hector. Aristophanes refers to it,
+    and there are Greek epigrams in which women boast of their skill
+    in riding their lovers. It has sometimes been viewed with a
+    certain disfavor because it seems to confer a superiority on the
+    woman. "Cursed be he," according to a Mohammedan saying, "who
+    maketh woman heaven and man earth."
+
+    Of special interest is the wide prevalence of an attitude in
+    coitus recalling that which prevails among quadrupeds. The
+    frequency with which on the walls of Pompeii coitus is
+    represented with the woman bending forward and her partner
+    approaching her posteriorly has led to the belief that this
+    attitude was formerly very common in Southern Italy. However that
+    may be, it is certainly normal at the present day among various
+    more or less primitive peoples in whom the vulva is often placed
+    somewhat posteriorly. It is thus among the Soudanese, as also, in
+    an altogether different part of the world, among the Eskimo
+    Innuit and Koniags. The New Caledonians, according to Foley,
+    cohabit in the quadrupedal manner, and so also the Papuans of New
+    Guinea (Bongu), according to Vahness. The same custom is also
+    found in Australia, where, however other postures are also
+    adopted. In Europe the quadrupedal posture would seem to prevail
+    among some of the South Slavs, notably the Dalmatians. (The
+    different methods of coitus practiced by the South Slavs are
+    described in Kryptadia vol. vi, pp. 220, et seq.)
+
+    This method of coitus was recommended by Lucretius (lib. iv) and
+    also advised by Paulus Æginetus as favorable to conception. (The
+    opinions of various early physicians are quoted by Schurig,
+    _Spermatologia_, 1720, pp. 232, et seq.). It seems to be a
+    position that is not infrequently agreeable to women, a fact
+    which may be brought into connection with the remarks of Adler
+    already quoted (p. 131) concerning the comparative lack of
+    adjustment of the feminine organs to the obverse position. It is
+    noteworthy that in the days of witchcraft hysterical women
+    constantly believed that they had had intercourse with the Devil
+    in this manner. This circumstance, indeed, probably aided in the
+    very marked disfavor in which coitus _a posteriori_ fell after
+    the decay of classic influences. The mediæval physicians
+    described it as _mos diabolicus_ and mistakenly supposed that it
+    produced abortion (Hyrtl, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 87). The
+    theologians, needless to say, were opposed to the _mos
+    diabolicus_, and already in the Anglo-Saxon Penitential of
+    Theodore, at the end of the seventh century, 40 days' penance is
+    prescribed for this method of coitus.
+
+    From the frequency with which they have been adopted by various
+    peoples as national customs, most of the postures in coitus here
+    referred to must be said to come within the normal range of
+    variation. It is a mistake to regard them as vicious perversions.
+
+Up to the point to which we have so far considered it, the process of
+detumescence has been mainly nervous and vascular in character; it has, in
+fact, been but the more acute stage of a process which has been going on
+throughout tumescence. But now we reach the point at which a new element
+comes in: muscular action. With the onset of muscular action, which is
+mainly involuntary, even when it affects the voluntary muscles,
+detumescence proper begins to take place. Henceforward purposeful psychic
+action, except by an effort, is virtually abolished. The individual, as a
+separate person, tends to disappear. He has become one with another
+person, as nearly one as the conditions of existence ever permit; he and
+she are now merely an instrument in the hands of a higher power--by
+whatever name we may choose to call that Power--which is using them for an
+end not themselves.
+
+The decisive moment in the production of the instinctive and involuntary
+orgasm occurs when, under the influence of the stimulus applied to the
+penis by friction with the vagina, the tension of the seminal fluid poured
+into the urethra arouses the ejaculatory center in the spinal cord and the
+bulbo-cavernosus muscle surrounding the urethra responsively contracts in
+rhythmic spasms. Then it is that ejaculation occurs.[106]
+
+"The circulation quickens, the arteries beat strongly," wrote Roubaud in a
+description of the physical state during coitus which may almost be termed
+classic; "the venous blood, arrested by muscular contraction, increases
+the general heat, and this stagnation, more pronounced in the brain by the
+contraction of the muscles of the neck and the throwing of the head
+backward, causes a momentary cerebral congestion, during which
+intelligence is lost and the faculties abolished. The eyes, violently
+injected, become haggard, and the look uncertain, or, in the majority of
+cases, the eyes are closed spasmodically to avoid the contact of the
+light. The respiration is hurried, sometimes interrupted, and may be
+suspended by the spasmodic contraction of the larynx, and the air, for a
+time compressed, is at last emitted in broken and meaningless words. The
+congested nervous centers only communicate confused sensations and
+volitions; mobility and sensation show extreme disorder; the limbs are
+seized by convulsions and sometimes by cramps, or are thrown wildly about
+or become stiff like iron bars. The jaws, tightly pressed, grind the
+teeth, and in some persons the delirium is carried so far that they bite
+to bleeding the shoulders their companions have imprudently abandoned to
+them. This frantic state of epilepsy lasts but a short time, but it
+suffices to exhaust the forces of the organism, especially in man. It is,
+I believe, Galen, who said: 'Omne animal post coitum triste præter
+mulierem gallumque.'"[107] Most of the elements that make up this typical
+picture of the state of coitus are not absolutely essential to that state,
+but they all come within the normal range of variation. There can be no
+doubt that this range is considerable. There would appear to be not only
+individual, but also racial, differences; there is a remarkable passage in
+Vatsyayana's _Kama Sutra_ describing the varying behavior of the women of
+different races in India under the stress of sexual excitement--Dravidian
+women with difficulty attaining erethism, women of the Punjaub fond of
+being caressed with the tongue, women of Oude with impetuous desire and
+profuse flow of mucus, etc.--and it is highly probable, Ploss and Bartels
+remark, that these characterizations are founded on exact
+observations.[108]
+
+The various phenomena included in Roubaud's description of the condition
+during coitus may all be directly or indirectly reduced to two groups: the
+first circulatory and respiratory, the second motor. It is necessary to
+consider both these aspects of the process of detumescence in somewhat
+greater detail, although while it is most convenient to discuss them
+separately, it must be borne in mind that they are not really separable;
+the circulatory phenomena are in large measure a by-product of the
+involuntary motor process.
+
+With the approach of detumescence the respiration becomes shallow, rapid,
+and to some extent arrested. This characteristic of the breathing during
+sexual excitement is well recognized; so that in, for instance, the
+_Arabian Nights_, it is commonly noted of women when gazing at beautiful
+youths whose love they desired, that they ceased breathing.[109] It may be
+added that exactly the same tendency to superficial and arrested
+respiration takes place whenever there is any intense mental
+concentration, as in severe intellectual work.[110]
+
+The arrest of respiration tends to render the blood venous, and thus aids
+in stimulating the vasomotor centers, raising the blood-pressure in the
+body generally, and especially in the erectile tissues. High
+blood-pressure is one of the most marked features of the state of
+detumescence. The heart beats are stronger and quicker, the surface
+arteries are more visible, the conjunctivæ become red. The precise degree
+of blood-pressure attained during coitus has been most accurately
+ascertained in the dog. In Bechterew's laboratory in St. Petersburg a
+manometer was introduced into the central end of the carotid artery of a
+bitch; a male dog was then introduced, and during coitus observations were
+made on the blood-pressure at the peripheral and central ends of the
+artery. It was found that there was a great general elevation of
+blood-pressure, intense hyperæmia of the brain, rapid alternations, during
+the act, of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation of the brain, with
+increase and diminution of the general arterial tension in relation with
+the various phases of the act, the greatest cerebral vasodilatation and
+hyperæmia coinciding with the moment following the intromission of the
+penis; the end of the act is followed by a considerable fall in the
+blood-pressure.[111] I am not acquainted with any precise observations on
+the blood-pressure in human subjects during detumescence, and there are
+obvious difficulties in the way of such observations. It is probable,
+however, that the conditions found would be substantially the same. This
+is indicated, so far as the very marked increase of blood-pressure is
+concerned, by some observations made by Vaschide and Vurpas with the
+sphygmanometer on a lady under the influence of sexual excitement. In this
+case there was a relationship of sympathy and friendly tenderness between
+the experimenter and the subject, Madame X, aged 25. Experimenter and
+subject talked sympathetically, and finally, we are told, while the latter
+still had her hands in the sphygmanometer, the former almost made a
+declaration of love. Madame X was greatly impressed, and afterward
+admitted that her emotions had been genuine and strong. The
+blood-pressure, which was in this subject habitually 65 millimeters, rose
+to 150 and even 160, indicating a very high pressure, which rarely occurs;
+at the same time Madame X looked very emotional and troubled.[112]
+
+    Some authorities are of opinion that irregularities in the
+    accomplishment of the sexual act are specially liable to cause
+    disturbances in the circulation. Thus Kisch, of Prague, refers to
+    the case of a couple practising coitus interruptus--the husband
+    withdrawing before ejaculation--in which the wife, a vigorous
+    woman, became liable after some years to attacks termed by Kisch
+    _neurasthenia cordis vasomotoria_, in which there was at daily or
+    longer intervals palpitation, with feelings of anxiety, headache,
+    dizziness, muscular weakness and tendency to faint. He regards
+    coitus as a cause of various heart troubles in women: (1) Attacks
+    of tachycardia in very excitable and sexually inclined women; (2)
+    attacks of tachycardia with dyspnoea in young women, with
+    vaginismus; (3) cardiac symptoms with lowered vascular tone in
+    women who for a long time have practised coitus interruptus
+    without complete sexual gratification (Kisch, "Herzbeschwerden
+    der Frauen verursacht durch den Cohabitationsact," _Münchener
+    Medizinisches Wochenschrift_, 1897, p. 617). In this connection,
+    also, reference may probably be made to those attacks of anxiety
+    which Freud associates with psychic sexual lesions of an
+    emotional character.
+
+Associated with this vascular activity in detumescence we find a general
+tendency to glandular activity. Various secretions are formed abundantly.
+Perspiration is copious, and the ancient relationship between the
+cutaneous and sexual systems seems to evoke a general activity of the skin
+and its odoriferous secretions. Salivation, which also occurs, is very
+conspicuous in many lower animals, as for instance in the donkey, notably
+the female, who just before coitus stands with mouth open, jaws moving,
+and saliva dribbling. In men, corresponding to the more copious secretion
+in women, there is, during the latter stages of tumescence, a slight
+secretion of mucus--Fürbringer's _urethrorrhoea ex libidine_--which
+appears in drops at the urethral orifice. It comes from the small glands
+of Littré and Cowper which open into the urethra. This phenomenon was well
+known to the old theologians, who called it _distillatio_, and realized
+its significance as at once distinct from semen and an indication that the
+mind was dwelling on voluptuous images; it was also known in classic
+times[113]; more recently it has often been confused with semen and has
+thus sometimes caused needless anxiety to nervous persons. There is also
+an increased secretion of urine, and it is probable that if the viscera
+were more accessible to observation we might be able to demonstrate that
+the glands throughout the body share in this increased activity.
+
+The phenomena of detumescence culminate, however, and have their most
+obvious manifestation in motor activity. The genital act, as Vaschide and
+Vurpas remark, consists essentially in "a more and more marked tension of
+the motor state which, reaching its maximum, presents a short tonic phase,
+followed by a clonic phase, and terminates in a period of adynamia and
+repose." This motor activity is of the essence of the impulse of
+detumescence, because without it the sperm cells could not be brought into
+the neighborhood of the germ cell and be propelled into the organic nest
+which is assigned for their conjunction and incubation.
+
+The motor activity is general as well as specifically sexual. There is a
+general tendency to more or less involuntary movement, without any
+increase of voluntary muscular power, which is, indeed, decreased, and
+Vaschide and Vurpas state that dynamometric results are somewhat lower
+than normal during sexual excitement, and the variations greater.[114] The
+tendency to diffused activity of involuntary muscle is well illustrated by
+the contraction of the bladder associated with detumescence. While this
+occurs in both sexes, in men erection produces a mechanical impediment to
+any evacuation of the bladder. In women there is not only a desire to
+urinate but, occasionally, actual urination. Many quite healthy and normal
+women have, as a rare accident supervening on the coincidence of an
+unusually full bladder with an unusual degree of sexual excitement,
+experienced a powerful and quite involuntary evacuation of the bladder at
+the moment of orgasm. In women with less normal nervous systems this has,
+more rarely, been almost habitual. Brantôme has perhaps recorded the
+earliest case of this kind in referring to a lady he knew who "quand on
+lui faisait cela elle se compissait à bon escient."[115] The tendency to
+trembling, constriction of throat, sneezing, emission of internal gas, and
+the other similar phenomena occasionally associated with detumescence, are
+likewise due to diffusion of the motor disturbance. Even in infancy the
+motor signs of sexual excitement are the most obvious indications of
+orgasm; thus West, describing masturbation in a child of six or nine
+months who practiced thigh-rubbing, states that when sitting in her high
+chair she would grasp the handles, stiffen herself, and stare, rubbing her
+thighs quickly together several times, and then come to herself with a
+sigh, tired, relaxed, and sweating, these seizures, which lasted one or
+two minutes, being mistaken by the relations for epileptic fits.[116]
+
+    The essentially motor character of detumescence is well shown by
+    the extreme forms of erotic intoxication which sometimes appear
+    as the result of sexual excitement. Féré, who has especially
+    called attention to the various manifestations of this condition,
+    presents an instructive case of a man of neurotic heredity and
+    antecedents, in whom it occasionally happened that sexual
+    excitement, instead of culminating in the normal orgasm, attained
+    its climax in a fit of uncontrollable muscular excitement. He
+    would then sing, dance, gesticulate, roughly treat his partner,
+    break the objects around him, and finally sink down exhausted and
+    stupefied. (Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, Chapter X.) In such a case
+    a diffused and general detumescence has taken the place of the
+    normal detumescence which has its main focus in the sexual
+    sphere.
+
+    The same relationship is shown in a case of impotence accompanied
+    by cramps in the calves and elsewhere, which has been recorded by
+    Brügelmann ("Zur Lehre vom Perversen Sexualismus," _Zeitschrift
+    für Hypnotismus_, 1900, Heft I). These muscular conditions ceased
+    for several days whenever coitus was effected.
+
+    An instructive analogy to the motor irradiations preceding the
+    moment of sexual detumescence may be found in the somewhat
+    similar motor irradiations which follow the delayed expulsion of
+    a highly distended bladder. These sometimes become very marked in
+    a child or young woman unable to control the motor system
+    absolutely. The legs are crossed, the foot swung, the thighs
+    tightly pressed together, the toes curled. The fingers are flexed
+    in rhythmic succession. The whole body slowly twists as though
+    the seat had become uncomfortable. It is difficult to concentrate
+    the mind; the same remark may be automatically repeated; the eyes
+    search restlessly, and there is a tendency to count surrounding
+    objects or patterns. When the extreme degree of tension is
+    reached it is only by executing a kind of dance that the
+    explosive contraction of the bladder is restrained.
+
+    The picture of muscular irradiation presented under these
+    circumstances differs but slightly from that of the onset of
+    detumescence. In one case the explosion is sought, in the other
+    case it is dreaded; but in both cases there is a retarded
+    muscular tension,--in the one case involuntary, in the other case
+    voluntary--maintained at a point of acute intensity, and in both
+    cases the muscular irradiations of this tension spread over the
+    whole body.
+
+    The increased motor irritability of the state of detumescence
+    somewhat resembles the conditions produced by a weak anæsthetic
+    and there is some interest in noting the sexual excitement liable
+    to occur in anæsthesia. I am indebted to Dr. J.F.W. Silk for some
+    remarks on this point:--
+
+    "I. Sexual emotions may apparently be aroused during the stage of
+    excitement preceding or following the administration of any
+    anæsthetic; these emotions may take the form of mere delirious
+    utterances, or may be associated with what is apparently a sexual
+    orgasm. Or reflex phenomena connected with the sexual organs may
+    occasionally be observed under special circumstances; or, to put
+    it in another way, such reflex possibilities are not always
+    abolished by the condition of narcosis or anæsthesia.
+
+    "II. Of the particular anæsthetics employed I am inclined to
+    think that the possibility of such conditions arising is
+    inversely proportionate to their strength, e.g., they are more
+    frequently observed with a weak anæsthetic like nitrous oxide
+    than with chloroform.
+
+    "III. Sexual emotions I believe to be rarely observable in men,
+    and this is remarkable, or, I should say, particularly
+    noticeable, for the presence of nurses, female students, etc.,
+    might almost have led one to expect that the contrary would have
+    been the case. On the other hand, it is among men that I have
+    frequently observed a reflex phenomenon which has usually taken
+    the shape of an erection of the penis when the structures in the
+    neighborhood of the spermatic cord have been handled.
+
+    "IV. Among females the emotional sexual phenomena most frequently
+    obtrude themselves, and I believe that if it were possible to
+    induce people to relate their dreams they would very often be
+    found to be of a sexual character."
+
+Much more important than the general motor phenomena, more purposive
+though involuntary, are the specifically sexual muscular movements. From
+the very beginning of detumescence, indeed, muscular activity makes itself
+felt, and the peripheral muscles of sex act, according to Kobelt's
+expression, as a peripheral sexual heart. In the male these movements are
+fairly obvious and fairly simple. It is required that the semen should be
+expressed from the vesiculæ seminales, propelled along the urethra, in
+combination with the prostatic fluid which is equally essential, and
+finally ejected with a certain amount of force from the urethral orifice.
+Under the influence of the stimulation furnished by the contact and
+friction of the vagina, this process is effectively carried out, mainly by
+the rhythmic contractions of the bulbo-cavernosus muscle, and the semen is
+emitted in a jet which may be ejaculated to a distance varying from a few
+centimeters to a meter or more.
+
+    With regard to the details of the psychic sides of this process a
+    correspondent, a psychologist, writes as follows:--
+
+    "I have never noticed in my reading any attempt to analyze the
+    sensations which accompany the orgasm, and, as I have made a good
+    many attempts to make such an analysis myself, I will append the
+    results on the chance that they may be of some value. I have
+    checked my results so far as possible by comparing them with the
+    experience of such of my friends as had coitus frequently and
+    were willing to tell me as much as they could of the psychology
+    of the process.
+
+    "The first fact that I hit upon was the importance of pressure.
+    As one of my informants picturesquely phrases it--'the tighter
+    the fit the greater the pleasure.' This agrees, too, with their
+    unanimous testimony that the pleasurable sensations were much
+    greater when the orgasm occurred simultaneously in the man and
+    woman. Their analysis seldom went further than this, but a few
+    remarked that the distinctive sensations accompanying the orgasm
+    seem to begin near the root of the penis or in the testes, and
+    that they are qualitatively different from the tickling
+    sensations which precede them.
+
+    "These tickling sensations are caused, I think, by the friction
+    of the glands against the vaginal walls, and are supplemented by
+    other sensations from the urethra, whose nerves are stimulated by
+    pressure of the vaginal walls and sphincter. The specific
+    sensation of the orgasm begins, I believe, with a strong
+    contraction of the muscles of the urethral walls along the entire
+    length of the canal, and is felt as a peculiar ache starting
+    from the base of the penis and quickly becoming diffused through
+    the whole organ. This sensation reaches its climax with the
+    expulsion of the semen into the urethra and the consequent
+    feeling of distention, which is instantly followed by the
+    rhythmic peristaltic contractions of the urethral muscles which
+    mark the climax of the orgasm.
+
+    "The most careful introspection possible under the circumstances
+    seems to show that these sensations arise almost wholly from the
+    urethra and in a far less degree from the corona. During periods
+    of great sexual excitement the nerves of the urethra and corona
+    seem to possess a peculiar sensitivity and are powerfully
+    stimulated by the violent peristaltic contractions of the muscles
+    in the urethral walls during ejaculation. It seems possible that
+    the intensity and volume of sensation felt at the glans may be
+    due in part to the greater area of sensitive surface presented in
+    the fossa as well as to the sensitivity of the corona, and in
+    part to the fact that during the orgasm the glans is more highly
+    congested than at any other time, and the nerve endings thus
+    subjected to additional pressure.
+
+    "If the foregoing statements are true, it is easy to see why the
+    pleasure of the man is much increased when the orgasm occurs at
+    the same time in his partner and himself, for the contractions of
+    the vagina upon the penis would increase the stimulation of all
+    the nerve endings in that organ for which a mechanical stimulus
+    is adequate, and the prominence of the corpus spongiosum and
+    corona would ensure them the greatest stimulation. It seems not
+    improbable that the specific sensation of orgasm rises from the
+    stimulation of the peculiar form of nerve end-bulbs which Krause
+    found in the corpus spongiosum and in the glans.
+
+    "The characteristic massiveness of the experience is probably due
+    largely to the great number of sensations of strain and pressure
+    caused by the powerful reflex contraction of so many of the
+    voluntary muscles.
+
+    "Of course, the foregoing analysis is purely tentative, and I
+    offer it only on the chance that it may suggest some line of
+    inquiry which may lead to results of value to the student of
+    sexual psychology."
+
+    In man the whole process of detumescence, when it has once really
+    begun, only occupies a few moments. It is so likewise in many
+    animals; in the genera Bos, Ovis, etc., it is very short, almost
+    instantaneous, and rather short also in the Equidæ (in a vigorous
+    stallion, according to Colin, ten to twelve seconds). As
+    Disselhorst has pointed out, this is dependent on the fact that
+    these animals, like man, possess a vas deferens which broadens
+    into an ampulla serving as a receptacle which holds the semen
+    ready for instant emission when required. On the other hand, in
+    the dog, cat, boar, and the Canidæ, Felidæ, and Suidæ generally,
+    there is no receptacle of this kind, and coitus is slow, since a
+    longer time is required for the peristaltic action of the vas to
+    bring the semen to the urogenital sinus. (R. Disselhorst, _Die
+    Accessorischen Geschlechtsdrusen der Wirbelthiere_, 1897, p.
+    212.)
+
+    In man there can be little doubt that detumescence is more
+    rapidly accomplished in the European than in the East, in India,
+    among the yellow races, or in Polynesia. This is probably in part
+    due to a deliberate attempt to prolong the act in the East, and
+    in part to a greater nervous erethism among Westerns.
+
+In the woman the specifically sexual muscular process is less visible,
+more obscure, more complex, and uncertain. Before detumescence actually
+begins there are at intervals involuntary rhythmic contractions of the
+walls of the vagina, seeming to have the object of at once stimulating and
+harmonizing with those that are about to begin in the male organ. It would
+appear that these rhythmic contractions are the exaggeration of a
+phenomenon which is normal, just as slight contraction is normal and
+constant in the bladder. Jastreboff has shown, in the rabbit, that the
+vagina is in constant spontaneous rhythmic contraction from above
+downward, not peristaltic, but in segments, the intensity of the
+contractions increasing with age and especially with sexual development.
+This vaginal contraction which in women only becomes well marked just
+before detumescence, and is due mainly to the action of the sphincter
+cunni (analogous to the bulbo-cavernosus in the male), is only a part of
+the localized muscular process. At first there would appear to be a reflex
+peristaltic movement of the Fallopian tubes and uterus. Dembo observed
+that in animals stimulation of the upper anterior wall of the vagina
+caused gradual contraction of the uterus, which is erected by powerful
+contraction of its muscular fiber and round ligaments while at the same
+time it descends toward the vagina, its cavity becoming more and more
+diminished and mucus being forced out. In relaxing, Aristotle long ago
+remarked, it aspirates the seminal fluid.
+
+Although the active participation of the sexual organs in woman, to the
+end of directing the semen into the womb at the moment of detumescence, is
+thus a very ancient belief, and harmonizes with the Greek view of the womb
+as an animal in the body endowed with a considerable amount of
+activity,[117] precise observation in modern times has offered but little
+confirmation of the reality of this participation. Such observations as
+have been made have usually been the accidental result of sexual
+excitement and orgasm occurring during a gynæcological examination. As,
+however, such a result is liable to occur in erotic subjects, a certain
+number of precise observations have accumulated during the past century.
+So far as the evidence goes, it would seem that in women, as in mares,
+bitches, and other animals, the uterus becomes shorter, broader, and
+softer during the orgasm, at the same time descending lower into the
+pelvis, with its mouth open intermittently, so that, as one writer
+remarks, spontaneously recurring to the simile which commended itself to
+the Greeks, "the uterus might be likened to an animal gasping for
+breath."[118] This sensitive, responsive mobility of the uterus is,
+indeed, not confined to the moment of detumescence, but may occur at other
+times under the influence of sexual emotion.
+
+It would seem probable that in this erection, contraction, and descent of
+the uterus, and its simultaneous expulsion of mucus, we have the decisive
+moment in the completion of detumescence in woman, and it is probable that
+the thick mucus, unlike the earlier more limpid secretion, which women are
+sometimes aware of after orgasm, is emitted from the womb at this time.
+This is, however, not absolutely certain. Some authorities regard
+detumescence in women as accomplished in the pouring out of secretions,
+others in the rhythmic genital contractions; the sexual parts may,
+however, be copiously bathed in mucus for an indefinitely long period
+before the final stage of detumescence is achieved, and the rhythmic
+contractions are also taking place at a somewhat early period; in neither
+respect is there any obvious increase at the final moment of orgasm. In
+women this would seem to be more conspicuously a nervous manifestation
+than in men. On the subjective side it is very pronounced, with its
+feeling of relieved tension and agreeable repose--a moment when, as one
+woman expresses it, together with intense pleasure, there is, as it were,
+a floating up into a higher sphere, like the beginning of chloroform
+narcosis--but on the objective side this culminating moment is less easy
+to define.
+
+    Various observations and remarks made during the past two or
+    three centuries by Bond, Valisneri, Dionis, Haller, Günther, and
+    Bischoff, tending to show a sucking action of the uterus in both
+    women and other female animals, have been brought together by
+    Litzmann in R. Wagner's _Handwörterbuch der Physiologie_ (1846,
+    vol. iii, p. 53). Litzmann added an experience of his own: "I had
+    an opportunity lately, while examining a young and very erethic
+    woman, to observe how suddenly the uterus assumed a more erect
+    position, and descended deeper in the pelvis; the lips of the
+    womb became equal in length, the cervix rounded, softer, and more
+    easily reached by the finger, and at the same time a high state
+    of sexual excitement was revealed by the respiration and voice."
+
+    The general belief still remained, however, that the woman's part
+    in conjugation is passive, and that it is entirely by the energy
+    of the male organ and of the male sexual elements, the
+    spermatozoa, that conjunction with the germ cell is attained.
+    According to this theory, it was believed that the spermatozoa
+    were, as Wilkinson expresses it, in a history of opinion on this
+    question, "endowed with some sort of intuition or instinct; that
+    they would turn in the direction of the os uteri, wading through
+    the acid mucus of the vagina; travel patiently upward and around
+    the vaginal portion of the uterus; enter the uterus and proceed
+    onward in search of the waiting ovum." (A.D. Wilkinson,
+    "Sterility in the Female," _Transactions of the Lincoln Medical
+    Society_, Nebraska, 1896.)
+
+    About the year 1859 Fichstedt seems to have done something to
+    overthrow this theory by declaring his belief that the uterus was
+    not, as commonly supposed, a passive organ in coitus, but was
+    capable of sucking in the semen during the brief period of
+    detumescence. Various authorities then began to bring forward
+    arguments and observations in the same sense. Wernich,
+    especially, directed attention to this point in 1872 in a paper
+    on the erectile properties of the lower segment of the uterus
+    ("Die Erectionsfahigkeit des untern Uterus-Abschnitts," _Beiträge
+    zur Geburtshülfe und Gynäkologie_, vol. i, p. 296). He made
+    precise observations and came to the conclusion that owing to
+    erectile properties in the neck of the uterus, this part of the
+    womb elongates during congress and reaches down into the pelvis
+    with an aspiratory movement, as if to meet the glans of the male.
+    A little later, in a case of partial prolapse, Beck, in ignorance
+    of Wernich's theory, was enabled to make a very precise
+    observation of the action of the uterus during excitement. In
+    this case the woman was sexually very excitable even under
+    ordinary examination, and Beck carefully noted the phenomena that
+    took place during the orgasm. "The os and cervix uteri," he
+    states, "had been about as firm as usual, moderately hard and,
+    generally speaking, in a natural and normal condition, with the
+    external os closed to such an extent as to admit of the uterine
+    probe with difficulty; but the instant that the height of
+    excitement was at hand, the os opened itself to the extent of
+    fully an inch, as nearly as my eye can judge, made five or six
+    successive gasps as if it were drawing the external os into the
+    cervix, each time powerfully, and, it seemed to me, with a
+    regular rhythmical action, at the same time losing its former
+    density and hardness and becoming quite soft to the touch. Upon
+    the cessation of the action, as related, the os suddenly closed,
+    the cervix again hardened itself, and the intense congestion was
+    dissipated." (J.R. Beck, "How do the Spermatozoa Enter the
+    Uterus?" _American Journal of Obstetrics_, 1874.) It would appear
+    that in the early part of this final process of detumescence the
+    action of the uterus is mainly one of contraction and ejaculation
+    of any mucus that may be contained; Dr. Paul Mundé has described
+    "the gushing, almost in jets," of this mucus which he has
+    observed in an erotic woman under a rather long digital and
+    specular examination. (_American Journal of Obstetrics_, 1893.)
+    It is during the latter part of detumescence, it would seem, and
+    perhaps for a short time after the orgasm is over, that the
+    action of the uterus is mainly aspiratory.
+
+While the active part played by the womb in detumescence can no longer be
+questioned, it need not too hastily be assumed that the belief in the
+active movements of the spermatozoa must therefore be denied. The vigorous
+motility of the tadpole-like organisms is obvious to anyone who has ever
+seen fresh semen under the microscope; and if it is correct, as Clifton
+Edgar states, that the spermatozoa may retain their full activity in the
+female organs for at least seventeen days, they have ample time to exert
+their energies. The fact that impregnation sometimes occurs without
+rupture of the hymen is not decisive evidence that there has been no
+penetration, as the hymen may dilate without rupturing; but there seems no
+reason to doubt that conception has sometimes taken place when ejaculation
+has occurred without penetration; this is indicated in a fairly objective
+manner when, as has been occasionally observed, conception has occurred in
+women whose vaginas were so narrow as scarcely to admit the entrance of a
+goose-quill; such was the condition in the case of a pregnant woman
+brought forward by Roubaud. The stories, repeated in various books, of
+women who have conceived after homosexual relations with partners who had
+just left their husbands' beds are not therefore inherently
+impossible.[119] Janke quotes numerous cases in which there has been
+impregnation in virgins who have merely allowed the penis to be placed in
+contact with the vulva, the hymen remaining unruptured until
+delivery.[120]
+
+It must be added, however, that even if the semen is effused merely at the
+mouth of the vagina, without actual penetration, the spermatozoa are still
+not entirely without any resource save their own motility in the task of
+reaching the ovum. As we have seen, it is not only the uterus which takes
+an active part in detumescence; the vagina also is in active movement, and
+it seems highly probable that, at all events in some women and under some
+circumstances, such movement favoring aspiration toward the womb may be
+communicated to the external mouth of the vagina.
+
+    Riolan (_Anthropographia_, 1626, p. 294) referred to the
+    constriction and dilation of the vulva under the influence of
+    sexual excitement. It is said that in Abyssinia women can, when
+    adopting the straddling posture of coitus, by the movements of
+    their own vaginal muscles alone, grasp the male organ and cause
+    ejaculation, although the man remains passive. According to
+    Lorion the Annamites, adopting the normal posture of coitus,
+    introduce the penis when flaccid or only half erect, the
+    contraction of the vaginal walls completing the process; the
+    penis is very small in this people. It is recognized by
+    gynæcologists that the condition of vaginismus, in which there is
+    spasmodic contraction of the vagina, making intercourse painful
+    or impossible, is but a morbid exaggeration of the normal
+    contraction which occurs in sexual excitement. Even in the
+    absence of sexual excitement there is a vague affection,
+    occurring in both married and unmarried women, and not, it would
+    seem, necessarily hysterical, characterized by quivering or
+    twitching of the vulva; I am told that this is popularly termed
+    "flackering of the shape" in Yorkshire and "taittering of the
+    lips" in Ireland. It may be added that quivering of the gluteal
+    muscles also takes place during detumescence, and that in Indian
+    medicine this is likewise regarded as a sign of sexual desire in
+    women, apart from coitus.
+
+    A non-medical correspondent in Australia, W.J. Chidley, from whom
+    I have received many communications on this subject, is strongly
+    of opinion from his own observations that not only does the
+    uterus take an active part in coitus, but that under natural
+    conditions the vagina also plays an active part in the process.
+    He was led to suspect such an action many years ago, as well by
+    an experience of his own, as also by hearing from a young woman
+    who met her lover after a long absence that by the excitement
+    thus aroused a tape attached to the underclothes had been drawn
+    into the vagina. Since then the confidences of various friends,
+    together with observations of animals, have confirmed him in the
+    view that the general belief that coitus must be effected by
+    forcible entry of the male organ into a passive vagina is
+    incorrect. He considers that under normal circumstances coitus
+    should take place but rarely, and then only under the most
+    favorable circumstances, perhaps exclusively in spring, and, most
+    especially, only when the woman is ready for it. Then, when in
+    the arms of the man she loves, the vagina, in sympathy with the
+    active movements of the womb, becomes distended at the touch of
+    the turgescent, but not fully erect, penis, "flashes open and
+    draws in the male organ." "All animals," he adds, "have sexual
+    intercourse by the male organ being _drawn_, not forced, into the
+    female. I have been borne out in this by friends who have seen
+    horses, camels, mules and other large animals in the coupling
+    season. What is more absurd, for instance, than to say that an
+    entire _penetrates_ the mare? His penis is a sensitive, beautiful
+    piece of mechanism, which brings its light head here and there
+    till it touches the right spot, when the mare, _if ready_, takes
+    it in. An entire's penis could not penetrate anything; it is a
+    curve, a beautiful curve which would easily bend. A bull's,
+    again, is turned down at the end and, more palpably still, would
+    fold on itself if pressed with force. The womb and vagina of a
+    beautiful and healthy woman constitute a living, vital, moving
+    organ, sensitive to a look, a word, a thought, a hand on the
+    waist."
+
+    A well-known American author thus writes in confirmation of the
+    foregoing view: "In nature the woman wooes. When impassioned her
+    vagina becomes erect and dilated, and so lubricated with abundant
+    mucus to the lips that entrance is easy. This dilatation and
+    erectile expansion of vagina withdraws the hymen so close to the
+    walls that penetration need not tear it or cause pain. The more
+    muscular, primitive and healthy the woman the tougher and less
+    sensitive the hymen, and the less likely to break or bleed. I
+    think one great function of the foreskin also is to moisten the
+    glans, so that it can be lubricated for entrance, and then to
+    retract, moist side out, to make entrance still easier. I think
+    that in nature the glans penetrates within the labia, is
+    withstood a moment, vibrating, and then all resistance is
+    withdrawn by a sudden 'flashing open' of the gates, permitting
+    easy entrance, and that the sudden giving up of resistance, and
+    substitution of welcome, with its instantaneous deep entrance,
+    causes an almost immediate male orgasm (the thrill being
+    irresistibly exciting). Certainly this is the process as observed
+    in horses, cattle, goats, etc., and it seems likely something
+    analogous is natural in man."
+
+    While it is easily possible to carry to excess a view which would
+    make the woman rather than the man the active agent in coitus
+    (and it may be recalled that in the Cebidæ the penis, as also the
+    clitoris, is furnished with a bone), there is probably an element
+    of truth in the belief that the vagina shares in the active part
+    which, there can now be little doubt, is played by the uterus in
+    detumescence. Such a view certainly enables us to understand how
+    it is that semen effused on the exterior sexual organs can be
+    conveyed to the uterus.
+
+    It was indeed the failure to understand the vital activity of the
+    semen and the feminine genital canal, co-operating together
+    towards the junction of sperm cell and germ cell, which for so
+    long stood in the way of the proper understanding of conception.
+    Even the genius of Harvey, which had grappled successfully with
+    the problem of the circulation, failed in the attempt to
+    comprehend the problem of generation. Mainly on account of this
+    difficulty, he was unable to see how the male element could
+    possibly enter the uterus, although he devoted much observation
+    and study to the question. Writing of the uterus of the doe after
+    copulation, he says: "I began to doubt, to ask myself whether the
+    semen of the male could by any possibility make its way by
+    attraction or injection to the seat of conception, and repeated
+    examination led me to the conclusion that none of the semen
+    reached this seat." (_De-Generatione Animalium_, Exercise lxvii.)
+    "The woman," he finally concluded, "after contact with the
+    spermatic fluid _in coitu_, seems to receive an influence and
+    become fecundated without the co-operation of any sensible
+    corporeal agent, in the same way as iron touched by the magnet is
+    endowed with its powers."
+
+Although the specifically sexual muscular process of detumescence in
+women--as distinguished from the general muscular phenomena of sexual
+excitement which may be fairly obvious--is thus seen to be somewhat
+complex and obscure, in women as well as in men detumescence is a
+convulsion which discharges a slowly accumulated store of nervous force.
+In women also, as in men, the motor discharge is directed to a specific
+end--the intromission of the semen in the one sex, its reception in the
+other. In both sexes the sexual orgasm and the pleasure and satisfaction
+associated with it, involve, as their most essential element, the motor
+activity of the sexual sphere.[121]
+
+    The active co-operation of the female organs in detumescence is
+    probably indicated by the difficulty which is experienced in
+    achieving conception by the artificial injection of semen. Marion
+    Sims stated in 1866, in _Clinical Notes on Uterine Surgery_, that
+    in 55 injections in six women he had only once been successful;
+    he believed that that was the only case at that time on record.
+    Jacobi had, however, practiced artificial fecundation in animals
+    (in 1700) and John Hunter in man. See Gould and Pyle, _Anomalies
+    and Curiosities of Medicine_, p. 43; also Janke (_Die
+    Willkürliche Hervorbringen des Geschlechts_, pp. 230 et seq.) who
+    discusses the question of artificial fecundation and brings
+    together a mass of data.
+
+The facial expression when tumescence is completed is marked by a high
+degree of energy in men and of loveliness in women. At this moment, when
+the culminating act of life is about to be accomplished, the individual
+thus reaches his supreme state of radiant beauty. The color is heightened,
+the eyes are larger and brighter, the facial muscles are more tense, so
+that in mature individuals any wrinkles disappear and youthfulness
+returns.
+
+At the beginning of detumescence the features are frequently more
+discomposed. There is a general expression of eager receptivity to sensory
+impressions. The dilatation of the pupils, the expansion of the nostrils,
+the tendency to salivation and to movements of the tongue, all go to make
+up a picture which indicates an approaching gratification of sensory
+desires; it is significant that in some animals there is at this moment
+erection of the ears.[122] There is sometimes a tendency to utter broken
+and meaningless words, and it is noted that sometimes women have called
+out on their mothers.[123] The dilatation of the pupils produces
+photophobia, and in the course of detumescence the eyes are frequently
+closed from this cause. At the beginning of sexual excitement, Vaschide
+and Vurpas have observed, tonicity of the eye-muscles seems to increase;
+the elevators of the upper lids contract, so that the eyes look larger and
+their mobility and brightness are heightened; with the increase of
+muscular tonicity strabismus occurs, owing to the greater strength of the
+muscles that carry the eyes inward.[124]
+
+    The facial expression which marks the culmination of tumescence,
+    and the approach of detumescence is that which is generally
+    expressive of joy. In an interesting psycho-physical study of the
+    emotion of joy, Dearborn thus summarizes its characteristics:
+    "The eyes are brighter and the upper eyelid elevated, as also are
+    the brows, the skin over the glabella, the upper lip and the
+    corners of the mouth, while the skin at the outer canthi of the
+    eye is puckered. The nostrils are moderately dilated, the tongue
+    slightly extended and the cheeks somewhat expanded, while in
+    persons with largely developed pinnal muscles the ears tend
+    somewhat to incline forwards. The whole arterial system is
+    dilated, with consequent blushing from this effect on the dermal
+    capillaries of the face, neck, scalp and hands, and sometimes
+    more extensively even; from the same cause the eyes slightly
+    bulge. The whole glandular system likewise is stimulated, causing
+    the secretions,--gastric, salivary, lachrymal, sudoral, mammary,
+    genital, etc.--to be increased, with the resulting rise of
+    temperature and increase in the katobolism generally. Volubility
+    is almost regularly increased, and is, indeed, one of the most
+    sensitive and constant of the correlations in emotional
+    delight.... Pleasantness is correlated in living organisms by
+    vascular, muscular and glandular extension or expansion, both
+    literal and figurative." (G. Dearborn, "The Emotion of Joy,"
+    _Psychological Review Monograph Supplements_, vol. ii, No. 5, p.
+    62.) All these signs of joy appear to occur at some stage of the
+    process of sexual excitement.
+
+    In some monkeys it would seem that the muscular movement which in
+    man has become the smile is the characteristic facial expression
+    of sexual tumescence or courtship. Discussing the facial
+    expression of pleasure in children, S.S. Buckman has the
+    following remarks: "There is one point in such expression which
+    has not received due consideration, namely, the raising of lumps
+    of flesh each side of the nose as an indication of pleasure.
+    Accompanying this may be seen small furrows, both in children and
+    adults, running from the eyes somewhat obliquely towards the
+    nose. What these characters indicate may be learned from the male
+    mandril, whose face, particularly in the breeding season, shows
+    colored fleshy prominences each side of the nose, with
+    conspicuous furrows and ridges. In the male mandril these
+    characters have been developed because, being an unmistakable
+    sign of sexual ardor, they gave the female particular evidence of
+    sexual feelings. Thus such characters would come to be recognized
+    as habitually symptomatic of pleasurable feelings. Finding
+    similar features in human beings, and particularly in children,
+    though not developed in the same degree, we may assume that in
+    our monkey-like ancestors facial characters similar to those of
+    the mandril were developed, though to a less extent, and that
+    they were symptomatic of pleasure, because connected with the
+    period of courtship. Then they became conventionalized as
+    pleasurable symptoms." (S.S. Buckmann, "Human Babies: What They
+    Teach," _Nature_, July 5, 1900.) If this view is accepted, it may
+    be said that the smile, having in man become a generalized sign
+    of amiability, has no longer any special sexual significance. It
+    is true that a faint and involuntary smile is often associated
+    with the later stages of tumescence, but this is usually lost
+    during detumescence, and may even give place to an expression of
+    ferocity.
+
+When we have realized how profound is the organic convulsion involved by
+the process of detumescence, and how great the general motor excitement
+involved, we can understand how it is that very serious effects may follow
+coitus. Even in animals this is sometimes the case. Young bulls and
+stallions have fallen in a faint after the first congress; boars may be
+seriously affected in a similar way; mares have been known even to fall
+dead.[125] In the human species, and especially in men--probably, as Bryan
+Robinson remarks, because women are protected by the greater slowness with
+which detumescence occurs in them--not only death itself, but innumerable
+disorders and accidents have been known to follow immediately after
+coitus, these results being mainly due to the vascular and muscular
+excitement involved by the processes of detumescence. Fainting, vomiting,
+urination, defæcation have been noted as occurring in young men after a
+first coitus. Epilepsy has been not infrequently recorded. Lesions of
+various organs, even rupture of the spleen, have sometimes taken place. In
+men of mature age the arteries have at times been unable to resist the
+high blood-pressure, and cerebral hæmorrhage with paralysis has occurred.
+In elderly men the excitement of intercourse with strange women has
+sometimes caused death, and various cases are known of eminent persons who
+have thus died in the arms of young wives or of prostitutes.[126]
+
+These morbid results, are, however, very exceptional. They usually occur
+in persons who are abnormally sensitive, or who have imprudently
+transgressed the obvious rules of sexual hygiene. Detumescence is so
+profoundly natural a process; it is so deeply and intimately a function of
+the organism, that it is frequently harmless even when the bodily
+condition is far from absolutely sound. Its usual results, under favorable
+circumstances, are entirely beneficial. In men there normally supervenes,
+together with the relief from the prolonged tension of tumescence, with
+the muscular repose and falling blood-pressure,[127] a sense of profound
+satisfaction, a glow of diffused well-being,[128] perhaps an agreeable
+lassitude, occasionally also a sense of mental liberation from an
+overmastering obsession. Under reasonably happy circumstances there is no
+pain, or exhaustion, or sadness, or emotional revulsion. The happy lover's
+attitude toward his partner is not expressed by the well-known Sonnet
+(CXXIX) of Shakespeare:--
+
+    "Past reason hunted, and no sooner had
+    Past reason hated."
+
+He feels rather with Boccaccio that the kissed mouth loses not its charm,
+
+    "Bocca baciata non perde ventura."
+
+In women the results of detumescence are the same, except that the
+tendency to lassitude is not marked unless the act has been several times
+repeated; there is a sensation of repose and self-assurance, and often an
+accession of free and joyous energy. After completely satisfactory
+detumescence she may experience a feeling as of intoxication, lasting for
+several hours, an intoxication that is followed by no evil reaction.
+
+Such, so far as our present vague and imperfect knowledge extends, are the
+main features in the process of detumescence. In the future, without
+doubt, we shall learn to know more precisely a process which has been so
+supremely important in the life of man and of his ancestors.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[98] The elements furnished by the sense of touch in sexual selection have
+been discussed in the first section of the previous volume of these
+_Studies_.
+
+[99] See Appendix A. "The Origins of the Kiss," in the previous volume.
+
+[100] See, e.g., Art. "Erection," by Retterer, in Richet's _Dictionnaire
+de Physiologie_, vol. v.
+
+[101] Guibaut, _Traité Clinique des Maladies des Femmes_, p. 242. Adler
+discusses the sexual secretions in women and their significance, _Die
+Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, pp. 19-26.
+
+[102] In some parts of the world this is further aided by artificial
+means. Thus it is stated by Riedel (as quoted by Ploss and Bartels) that
+in the Gorong Archipelago the bridegroom, before the first coitus, anoints
+the bride's pudenda with an ointment containing opium, musk, etc. I have
+been told of an English bride who was instructed by her mother to use a
+candle for the same purpose.
+
+[103] _Parthenologia_, pp. 302, et seq.
+
+[104] The connection of this mucous flow with sexual emotion was discussed
+early in the eighteenth century by Schurig in his _Gynæcologia_, pp. 8-11;
+it is frequently passed over by more modern writers.
+
+[105] The drawing is reproduced by Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i,
+Chapter XVII; many facts bearing on the ethnography of coitus are brought
+together in this chapter.
+
+[106] Onanoff (Paris Société de Biologie, May 3, 1890) proposed the name
+of bulbo-cavernous reflex for the smart contraction of the ischio-and
+bulbo-cavernosus muscles (erector penis and accelerator urinæ) produced by
+mechanical excitation of the glans. This reflex is clinically elicited by
+placing the index-finger of the left hand on the region of the bulb while
+the right hand rapidly rubs the dorsal surface of the glands with the edge
+of a piece of paper or lightly pinches the mucous membrane; a twitching of
+the region of the bulb is then perceived. This reflex is always present in
+healthy adult subjects and indicates the integrity of the physical
+mechanism of detumescence. It has been described by Hughes. (C.H. Hughes,
+"The Virile or Bulbo-cavernous Reflex," _Alienist and Neurologist_,
+January, 1898.)
+
+[107] Roubaud, _Traité de l'Impuissance_, 1855, p. 39.
+
+[108] _Das Weib_, seventh edition, vol. i, p. 510.
+
+[109] The influence of impeded respiration in exciting more or less
+perverted forms of sexual gratification has been discussed in a section of
+"Love and Pain" in the third volume of these _Studies_.
+
+[110] See, e.g., the experiments of Obici on this point, _Revista
+Sperimentale di Freniatria_, 1903, pp. 689, et seq.
+
+[111] Summarized in _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, March, 1903, p.
+188. The tendency to closure of the eyes noted by Roubaud, to avoid
+contact of the light, indicates dilatation of the pupils, for which we
+need not seek other explanation than the general tendency of all
+peripheral stimulation, according to Schiff's law, to produce such
+dilatation.
+
+[112] Vaschide and Vurpas, "Du Coefficient Sexuel de l'Impulsion
+Musicale," _Archives de Neurologie_, May, 1904.
+
+[113] In the _Priapeia_ is an inscription which has thus been
+translated:--
+
+    "You see this organ, after which I'm called
+    And which is my certificate, is humid;
+    This moisture is not dew nor drops of rain,
+    It is the outcome of sweet memory,
+    Recalling thoughts of a complacent maid."
+
+The translator supposes that semen is referred to, but without doubt the
+allusion is to the theologians' _distillatio_.
+
+[114] A woman of 30, normal and intelligent, after conversing on love and
+passion, and then listening to the music of Grieg and Schumann, felt real
+and strong sexual excitement, increased by memories recalled by the
+presence of a sympathetic person. When then tested by the dynamometer the
+average of ten efforts with the right hand was found to be 28.2 (her
+normal average being 31.1) and with the left hand 28.0 (the normal being
+30.0). There was, however, great variability in the individual pressures
+which sometimes equaled and even exceeded the subject's normal efforts.
+The voluntary muscles are thus in harmony with the approaching general
+sexual avalanche. (Vaschide and Vurpas, "Quelques Données Expérimentales
+sur l'Influence de l'Excitation Sexuelle," _Archivio di Psichiatria_,
+1903, fasc. v-vi.)
+
+[115] Cf. MacGillicuddy, _Functional Disorders of the Nervous System in
+Women_, p. 110; Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 238; id.,
+"Note sur une Anomalie de l'instinct Sexuel," _Belgique Médicale_, 1905;
+also "Analysis of the Sexual Impulse," in an earlier volume of these
+_Studies_.
+
+[116] J.P. West, "Masturbation in Early Childhood," _Medical Standard_,
+November, 1895.
+
+[117] Cf. the discussion of hysteria in "Auto-Erotism," vol. i of these
+_Studies_.
+
+[118] Hirst, _Text-Book of Obstetrics_, 1899, p. 67.
+
+[119] The earliest story of the kind with which I am acquainted, that of a
+widow who was thus impregnated by a married friend, is quoted in Schurig's
+_Spermatologia_ (p. 224) from Amatus Lusitanus, _Curationum Centuriæ
+Septum_, 1629.
+
+[120] Janke, _Die Willkürliche Hervorbringen des Geschlechts_, p. 238.
+
+[121] Cf. Adler, _Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, pp.
+29-38.
+
+[122] Féré, _Pathologie des Emotions_, p. 51.
+
+[123] This is an instinctive impulse under all strong emotion in primitive
+persons. "The Australian Dieri," says A.W. Howitt (_Journal
+Anthropological Institute_, August, 1890), "when in pain or grief cry out
+for their father or mother."
+
+[124] Vaschide and Vurpas, _Archives de Neurologie_, May, 1904.
+
+[125] F.B. Robinson, _New York Medical Journal_, March 11, 1893.
+
+[126] Féré deals fully with the various morbid results which may follow
+coitus, _L' Instinct Sexuel_, Chapter X; id., _Pathologie des Emotions_,
+p. 99.
+
+[127] With regard to the relationship of detumescence to the
+blood-pressure Haig remarks: "I think that as the sexual act produces low
+and falling blood-pressure, it will of necessity relieve conditions which
+are due to high and rising blood-pressure, such, for instance, as mental
+depression and bad temper; and, unless my observation deceives me, we have
+here a connection between conditions of high blood-pressure, with mental
+and bodily depression, and the act of masturbation, for this act will
+relieve those conditions, and will tend to be practiced for this purpose."
+(A. Haig, _Uric Acid_, sixth edition, p. 154.)
+
+[128] A medical correspondent speaks of subjective feelings of temperature
+coming over the body from 20 to 24 hours after congress, and marked by
+sensations of cooling of body and glow of cheeks. In another case, though
+lassitude appears on the second day after congress, the first day after is
+marked by a notable increase in mental and physical activity.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+The Constituents of Semen--Function of the Prostate--The Properties of
+Semen--Aphrodisiacs--Alcohol, Opium, etc.--Anaphrodisiacs--The Stimulant
+Influence of Semen in Coitus--The Internal Effects of Testicular
+Secretions--The Influence of Ovarian Secretion.
+
+
+The germ cell never comes into the sphere of consciousness and cannot
+therefore concern us in the psychological study of the phenomena of the
+sexual instinct. But it is otherwise with the sperm cell, and the seminal
+fluid has a relationship, both direct and indirect, to psychic phenomena
+which it is now necessary to discuss.
+
+While the spermatozoa are formed in the glandular tissue of the testes,
+the seminal fluid as finally emitted in detumescence is not a purely
+testicular product, but is formed by mixture with the fluids poured out at
+or before detumescence by various glands which open into the urethra, and
+notably the prostate.[129] This is a purely sexual gland, which in animals
+only becomes large and active during the breeding season, and may even be
+hardly distinguishable at other times; moreover, if the testes are removed
+in infancy, the prostate remains rudimentary, so that during recent years
+removal of the testes has been widely advocated and practiced for that
+hypertrophy of the prostate which is sometimes a distressing ailment of
+old age. It is the prostatic fluid, according to Fürbringer, which imparts
+its characteristic odor to semen. It appears, however, to be the main
+function of the prostatic fluid to arouse and maintain the motility of the
+spermatozoa; before meeting the prostatic fluid the spermatozoa are
+motionless; that fluid seems to furnish a thinner medium in which they
+for the first time gain their full vitality.[130]
+
+When at length the semen is ejaculated, it contains various substances
+which may be separated from it,[131] and possesses various qualities, some
+of which have only lately been investigated, while others have evidently
+been known to mankind from a very early period. "When held for some time
+in the mouth," remarked John Hunter, "it produces a warmth similar to
+spices, which lasts some time."[132] Possibly this fact first suggested
+that semen might, when ingested, possess valuable stimulant qualities, a
+discovery which has been made by various savages, notably by the
+Australian aborigines, who, in many parts of Australia, administer a
+potion of semen to dying or feeble members of the tribe.[133] It is
+perhaps noteworthy that in Central Africa the testes of the goat are
+consumed as an aphrodisiac.[134] In eighteenth century Europe, Schurig, in
+his _Spermatologia_, still found it necessary to discuss at considerable
+length the possible medical properties of human semen, giving many
+prescriptions which contained it.[135] The stimulation produced by the
+ingestion of semen would appear to form in some cases a part of the
+attraction exerted by _fellatio_; De Sade emphasized this point; and in a
+case recorded by Howard semen appears to have acted as a stimulant for
+which the craving was as irresistible as is that for alcohol in
+dipsomania.[136]
+
+    It must be remembered that the early history of this subject is
+    more or less inextricably commingled with folk-lore practices of
+    magical origin, not necessarily founded on actual observation of
+    the physiological effects of consuming the semen or testes. Thus,
+    according to W.H. Pearse (_Scalpel_, December, 1897), it is the
+    custom in Cornwall for country maids to eat the testicles of the
+    young male lambs when they are castrated in the spring, the
+    survival, probably, of a very ancient religious cult. (I have not
+    myself been able to hear of this custom in Cornwall.) In
+    Burchard's Penitential (Cap. CLIV, Wasserschleben, op. cit., p.
+    660) seven years' penance is assigned to the woman who swallows
+    her husband's semen to make him love her more. In the seventeenth
+    century (as shown in William Salmon's _London Dispensatory_,
+    1678) semen was still considered to be good against witchcraft
+    and also valuable as a love-philter, in which latter capacity its
+    use still survives. (Bourke, _Scatalogic Rites_, pp. 343, 355.)
+    In an earlier age (Picart, quoted by Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_,
+    p. 109) the Manichæans, it is said, sprinkled their eucharistic
+    bread with human semen, a custom followed by the Albigenses.
+
+    The belief, perhaps founded in experience, that semen possesses
+    medical and stimulant virtues was doubtless fortified by the
+    ancient opinion that the spinal cord is the source of this fluid.
+    This was not only held by the highest medical authorities in
+    Greece, but also in India and Persia.
+
+    The semen is thus a natural stimulant, a physiological
+    aphrodisiac, the type of a class of drugs which have been known
+    and cultivated in all parts of the world from time immemorial.
+    (Dufour has discussed the aphrodisiacs used in ancient Rome,
+    _Histoire de la Prostitution_, vol. II, ch. 21.) It would be vain
+    to attempt to enumerate all the foods and medicaments to which
+    has been ascribed an influence in heightening the sexual impulse.
+    (Thus, in the sixteenth century, aphrodisiacal virtues were
+    attributed to an immense variety of foods by Liébault in his
+    _Thresor des Remèdes Secrets pour les Maladies des Femmes_, 1585,
+    pp. 104, et seq.) A large number of them certainly have no such
+    effect at all, but have obtained this credit either on some
+    magical ground or from a mistaken association. Thus the potato,
+    when first introduced from America, had the reputation of being a
+    powerful aphrodisiac, and the Elizabethan dramatists contain many
+    references to this supposed virtue. As we know, potatoes, even
+    when taken in the largest doses, have not the slightest
+    aphrodisiac effect, and the Irish peasantry, whose diet consists
+    very largely of potatoes, are even regarded as possessing an
+    unusually small measure of sexual feeling. It is probable that
+    the mistake arose from the fact that potatoes were originally a
+    luxury, and luxuries frequently tend to be regarded as
+    aphrodisiacs, since they are consumed under circumstances which
+    tend to arouse the sexual desires. It is possible also that, as
+    has been plausibly suggested, the misunderstanding may have been
+    due to sailors--the first to be familiar with the potato--who
+    attributed to this particular element of their diet ashore the
+    generally stimulating qualities of their life in port. The eryngo
+    (_Eryngium maritimum_), or sea holly, which also had an erotic
+    reputation in Elizabethan times, may well have acquired it in the
+    same way. Many other vegetables have a similar reputation, which
+    they still retain. Thus onions are regarded as aphrodisiacal, and
+    were so regarded by the Greeks, as we learn from Aristophanes. It
+    is noteworthy that Marro, a reliable observer, has found that in
+    Italy, both in prisons and asylums, lascivious people are fond of
+    onions (_La Pubertà_, p. 297), and it may perhaps be worth while
+    to recall the observation of Sérieux that in a woman in whom the
+    sexual instinct only awoke in middle age there was a horror of
+    leeks. In some countries, and especially in Belgium, celery is
+    popularly looked upon as a sexual stimulant. Various condiments,
+    again, have the same reputation, perhaps because they are hot and
+    because sexual desire is regarded, rightly enough, as a kind of
+    heat. Fish--skate, for instance, and notably oysters and other
+    shellfish--are very widely regarded as aphrodisiacs, and Kisch
+    attributes this property to caviar. It is probable that all these
+    and other foods which have obtained this reputation, in so far as
+    they have any action whatever on the sexual appetite, only
+    possess it by virtue of their generally nutritious and
+    stimulating qualities, and not by the presence of any special
+    principle having a selective action on the sexual sphere. A
+    beefsteak is probably as powerful a sexual stimulant as any food;
+    a nutritious food, however, which is at the same time easily
+    digestible, and thus requiring less expenditure of energy for its
+    absorption, may well exert a specially rapid and conspicuous
+    stimulant effect. But it is not possible to draw a line, and, as
+    Aquinas long since said, if we wish to maintain ourselves in a
+    state of purity we shall fear even an immoderate use of bread and
+    water.
+
+    More definitely aphrodisiacal effects are produced by drugs, and
+    especially by drugs which in large doses are poisons. The
+    aphrodisiac with the widest popular reputation is cantharides,
+    but its sexually exciting effects are merely an accidental result
+    of its action in causing inflammation of the genito-urinary
+    passage, and it is both an uncertain and a dangerous result,
+    except in skillful hands and when administered in small doses.
+    Nux vomica (with its alkaloid strychnia), by virtue of its
+    special action on the spinal cord, has a notably pronounced
+    effect in heightening the irritability of the spinal ejaculatory
+    center, though it by no means necessarily exerts any
+    strengthening influence. Alcohol exerts a sexually exciting
+    effect, but in a different manner; it produces little stimulation
+    of the cord and, indeed, even paralyzes the lumbar sexual center
+    in large doses, but it has an influence on the peripheral
+    nerve-endings and on the skin, and also on the cerebral centers,
+    tending to arouse desire and to diminish inhibition. In this
+    latter way, as Adler remarks, it may, in small doses, under some
+    circumstances, be beneficial in men with an excessive
+    nervousness or dread of coitus, and women, in whom orgasm has
+    been difficult to reach, have frequently found this facilitated
+    by some previous indulgence in alcohol. The aphrodisiac effect of
+    alcohol seems specially marked on women. But against the use of
+    alcohol as an aphrodisiac it must be remembered that it is far
+    from being a tonic to detumescence, at all events in men, and
+    that there is much evidence tending to show that not only chronic
+    alcoholism, but even procreation during intoxication is perilous
+    to the offspring (see, e.g., Andriezen, _Journal of Mental
+    Science_, January, 1905, and cf. W.C. Sullivan, "Alcoholism and
+    Suicidal Impulses," ib., April, 1898, p. 268); it may be added
+    that Bunge has found a very high proportion of cases of
+    immoderate use of alcohol in the fathers of women unable to
+    suckle their infants (G. von Bunge, _Die Zunehmende Unfähigkeit
+    der Frauen ihre Kinder zu Stillen_, 1903) while even an
+    approximation to the drunken state is far from being a desirable
+    prelude to the creation of a new human being. It is obvious that
+    those who wish, for any reason, to cultivate a strict chastity of
+    thought and feeling would do well to avoid alcohol altogether, or
+    only in its lightest forms and in moderation. The aphrodisiacal
+    effects of wine have long been known; Ovid refers to them (e.g.,
+    _Ars Am._, Bk. III, 765). Clement of Alexandria, who was
+    something of a man of science as well as a Christian moralist,
+    points out the influence of wine in producing lasciviousness and
+    sexual precocity. (_Pædagogus_, Bk. II, Chapter II). Chaucer
+    makes the Wife of Bath say in the Wife of Bath's  Prologue:--
+
+        "And, after wyn, on Venus moste [needs] I thinke:
+        For al so siken as cold engendreth hayl,
+        A likerous mouth moste have a likerous tayl,
+        In womman vinolent is no defense,
+        This knowen lechours by experience."
+
+    Alcohol, as Chaucer pointed out, comes to the aid of the man, who
+    is unscrupulous in his efforts to overcome a woman, and this not
+    merely by virtue of its aphrodisiacal effects, and the apparently
+    special influence which it seems to exert on women, but also
+    because it lulls the mental and emotional characteristics which
+    are the guardians of personality. A correspondent who has
+    questioned on this point a number of prostitutes he has known,
+    writes: "Their accounts of the first fall were nearly always the
+    same. They got to know a 'gentleman,' and on one occasion they
+    drank too much; before they quite realized what was happening
+    they were no longer virgins." "In the mental areas, under the
+    influence of alcohol," Schmiedeberg remarks (in his _Elements of
+    Pharmacology_), "the finer degrees of observation, judgment, and
+    reflection are the first to disappear, while the remaining mental
+    functions remain in a normal condition. The soldier acts more
+    boldly because he notices dangers less and reflects over them
+    less; the orator does not allow himself to be influenced by any
+    disturbing side-considerations as to his audience, hence he
+    speaks more freely and spiritedly; self-consciousness is lost to
+    a very great extent, and many are astounded at the ease with
+    which they can express their thoughts, and at the acuteness of
+    their judgment in matters which, when they are perfectly sober,
+    with difficulty reach their minds; and then afterwards they are
+    ashamed at their mistakes."
+
+    The action of opium in small doses is also to some extent
+    aphrodisiacal; it slightly stimulates both the brain and the
+    spinal cord, and has sensory effects on the skin like alcohol;
+    these effects are favored by the state of agreeable dreaminess it
+    produces. In the seventeenth century Venette (_La Génération de
+    l'Homme_, Part II, Chapter V) strongly recommended small doses of
+    opium, then little known, for this purpose; he had himself, he
+    says, in illness experienced its joys, "a shadow of those of
+    heaven." In India opium (as well as cannabis indica) has long
+    been a not uncommon aphrodisiac; it is specially used to diminish
+    local sensibility, delaying the orgasm and thus prolonging the
+    sexual act. (W.D. Sutherland, "De Impotentia," _Indian Medical
+    Gazette_, January, 1900). Its more direct and stimulating
+    influence on the sexual emotions seems indicated by the statement
+    that prostitutes are found standing outside the opium-smoking
+    dens of Bombay, but not outside the neighboring liquor shops.
+    (G.C. Lucas, _Lancet_, February 2, 1884.) Like alcohol, opium
+    seems to have a marked aphrodisiacal effect on women. The case is
+    recorded of a mentally deranged girl, with no nymphomania though
+    she masturbated, who on taking small doses of opium at once
+    showed signs of nymphomania, following men about, etc. (_American
+    Journal Obstetrics_, May, 1901, p. 74.) It may well be believed
+    that opium acts beneficially in men when the ejaculatory centers
+    are weak but irritable; but its actions are too widespread over
+    the organism to make it in any degree a valuable aphrodisiac.
+    Various other drugs have more or less reputation as aphrodisiacs;
+    thus bromide of gold, a nervous and glandular stimulant, is said
+    to have as one of its effects a heightening of sexual feeling.
+    Yohimbin, an alkaloid derived from the West African Yohimbehe
+    tree, has obtained considerable repute during recent years in the
+    treatment of impotence; in some cases (see, e.g., Toff's results,
+    summarized in _British Medical Journal_, February 18, 1905) it
+    has produced good results, apparently by increasing the blood
+    supply to the sexual organs, but has not been successful in all
+    cases or in all hands. It must always be remembered that in cases
+    of psychical impotence suggestion necessarily exerts a beneficial
+    influence, and this may work through any drug or merely with the
+    aid of bread pills. All exercise, often even walking, may be a
+    sexual stimulant, and it is scarcely necessary to add that
+    powerful stimulation of the skin in the sexual sphere, and more
+    especially of the nates, is often a more effective aphrodisiac
+    than any drug, whether the irritation is purely mechanical, as by
+    flogging, or mechanico-chemical, as by urtication or the
+    application of nettles. Among the Malays (with whom both men and
+    women often use a variety of plants as aphrodisiacs, according to
+    Vaughan Stevens) Breitenstein states (_21 Jahre in India_, Theil
+    I, p. 228) that both massage and gymnastics are used to increase
+    sexual powers. The local application of electricity is one of the
+    most powerful of aphrodisiacs, and McMordie found on applying one
+    pole to a uterine sound in the uterus and the other to the
+    abdominal wall that in the majority of healthy women the orgasm
+    occurred.
+
+    Among anaphrodisiacs, or sexual sedatives, bromide of potassium,
+    by virtue of its antidotal relationship to strychnia, is one of
+    the drugs whose action is most definite, though, while it dulls
+    sexual desire, it also dulls all the nervous and cerebral
+    activities. Camphor has an ancient reputation as an
+    anaphrodisiac, and its use in this respect was known to the Arabs
+    (as may be seen by a reference to it in the _Perfumed Garden_),
+    while, as Hyrtl mentions (loc. cit. ii, p. 94), rue (_Ruta
+    graveolens_) was considered a sexual sedative by the monks of
+    old, who on this account assiduously cultivated it in their
+    cloister gardens to make _vinum rutæ_. Recently heroin in large
+    doses (see, e.g., Becker, _Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift_,
+    November 23, 1903) has been found to have a useful effect in this
+    direction. It may be doubted, however, whether there is any
+    satisfactory and reliable anaphrodisiac. Charcot, indeed, it is
+    said, used to declare that the only anaphrodisiac in which he had
+    any confidence was that used by the uncle of Heloïse in the case
+    of Abelard. "_Cela_ (he would add with a grim smile) _tranche la
+    difficulte_."
+
+If semen is a stimulant when ingested, it is easy to suppose that it may
+exert a similar action on the woman who receives it into the vagina in
+normal sexual congress. It is by no means improbable that, as Mattei
+argued in 1878, this is actually the case. It is known that the vagina
+possesses considerable absorptive power. Thus Coen and Levi, among others,
+have shown that if a tampon soaked in a solution of iodine is introduced
+into the vagina, iodine will be found in the urine within an hour. And the
+same is true of various other substances.[137] If the vagina absorbs drugs
+it probably absorbs semen. Toff, of Braila (Roumania), who attaches much
+importance to such absorption, considers that it must be analogous to the
+ingestion of organic extractives. It is due to this influence, he
+believes, that weak and anæmic girls so often become full-blooded and
+robust after marriage, and lose their nervous tendencies and shyness.[138]
+
+It is, however, most certainly a mistake to suppose that the beneficial
+influence of coitus on women is exclusively, or even mainly, dependent
+upon the absorption of semen. This is conclusively demonstrated by the
+fact that such beneficial influence is exerted, and in full measure, even
+when all precautions have been taken to avoid any contact with the semen.
+In so far as _coitus reservatus_ or _interruptus_ may lead to haste or
+discomfort which prevents satisfactory orgasm on the part of the woman, it
+is without doubt a cause of defective detumescence and incomplete
+satisfaction. But if orgasm is complete the beneficial effects of coitus
+follow even if there has been no possibility of the absorption of semen.
+Even after _coitus interruptus_, if it can be prolonged for a period long
+enough for the woman to attain full and complete satisfaction, she is
+enabled to experience what she may describe as a feeling of intoxication,
+lasting for several hours. It is in the action of the orgasm itself, and
+the vascular, secretory, and metabolic activities set up by the psychic
+and nervous influence of coitus with a beloved person, that we must seek
+the chief key to the effects produced by coitus on women, however these
+effects may possibly be still further heightened by the actual absorption
+of semen.[139]
+
+The positive action of semen, or rather of the testicular products, has
+been much investigated during recent years, and appears on the whole to be
+demonstrated. The notable discovery by Brown-Séquard, a quarter of a
+century ago, that the ingestion of the testicular juices in states of
+debility and senility acted as a beneficial stimulant and tonic, opened
+the way to a new field of therapeutics. Many investigators in various
+countries have found that testicular extracts, and more especially the
+spermin as studied by Poehl,[140] and by him regarded as a positive
+katalysator or accelerator of metabolic processes, exert a real influence
+in giving tone to the heart and other muscles, and in improving the
+metabolism of the tissues even when all influences of mental suggestion
+have been excluded.[141]
+
+    As the ovaries are strictly analogous to the testes, it was
+    surmised that ovarian extract might prove a drug equally valuable
+    with testicular products. As a matter of fact, ovarian extract,
+    in the form of ovarin, etc., would seem to have proved beneficial
+    in various disorders, more especially in anæmia and in troubles
+    due to the artificial menopause. In most conditions, however, in
+    which it has been employed the results are doubtful or uncertain,
+    and some authorities believe that the influence of suggestion
+    plays a considerable part here.
+
+There is, however, another use which is subserved by the testicular
+products, a use which may indeed be said to be implied in those uses to
+which reference has already been made, but is yet historically the latest
+to be realized and studied. It was not until 1869 that Brown-Séquard first
+suggested that an important secretion was elaborated by the ductless
+glands and received into the circulation, but that suggestion proved to be
+epoch-making. If these glandular secretions are so valuable when
+administered as drugs to other persons, must they not be of far greater
+value when naturally secreted and poured out into the circulation in the
+living body? It is now generally believed, on the basis of a large and
+various body of evidence, that this is undoubtedly so. In a very crude
+form, indeed, this belief is by no means modern. In opposition to the old
+writers who were inclined to regard the semen as an excretion which it was
+beneficial to expel, there were other ancient authorities who argued that
+it was beneficial to retain it as being a vital fluid which, if
+reabsorbed, served to invigorate the body. The great physiologist, Haller,
+in the middle of the eighteenth century, came very near to the modern
+doctrine when he stated in his _Elements of Physiology_ that the sperm
+accumulated in the seminical vesicles is pumped back into the blood, and
+thus produces the beard and the hair together with the other surprising
+changes of puberty which are absent in the eunuch. The reabsorption of
+semen can scarcely be said to be a part of the modern physiological
+doctrine, but it is at least now generally held that the testes secrete
+substances which pass into the circulation and are of immense importance
+in the development of the organism.
+
+The experiments of Shattock and Seligmann indicate that the semen and its
+reabsorption in the seminal vesicles, or the nervous reactions produced by
+its presence, can have no part in the formation of secondary sexual
+characters. These investigators occluded the vas deferens in sheep by
+ligature, at an early age, rendering them later sterile though not
+impotent. The secondary sexual characters appeared as in ordinary sheep.
+Spermatogenesis, these inquirers conclude, may be the initial factor, but
+the results must be attributed to the elaboration by the testicles of an
+internal secretion and its absorption into the general circulation.[142]
+
+When animals are castrated there is enlargement of the ductless glands in
+the body, notably the thyroid and the suprarenal capsules.[143] It is
+evident, therefore, that the secretions of these ductless glands are in
+some degree compensatory to those of the testes. But this compensatory
+action is inadequate to produce any sexual development in the absence of
+the testes.
+
+We see, therefore, how extremely important is the function of the testis.
+Its significance is not alone for the race, it is not simply concerned
+with the formation of the spermatozoa which share equally with the ova the
+honor of making the mankind of the future. It also has a separate and
+distinct function which has reference to the individual. It elaborates
+those internal secretions which stimulate and maintain the physical and
+mental characters, constituting all that is most masculine in the male
+animal, all that makes the man in distinction from the eunuch. Among
+various primitive peoples, including those of the European race whence we
+ourselves spring, the most solemn form of oath was sworn by placing the
+hand on the testes, dimly recognized as the most sacred part of the body.
+A crude and passing phase of civilization has ignorantly cast ignominy
+upon the sexual organs; the more primitive belief is now justified by our
+advancing knowledge.
+
+    In these as in other respects the ovaries are precisely analogous
+    to the testes. They not only form the ova, but they elaborate for
+    internal use a secretion which develops and maintains the special
+    physical and mental qualities of womanhood, as the testicular
+    secretion those of manhood. Moreover, as Cecca and Zappi found,
+    removal of the ovaries has exactly the same effect on the
+    abnormal development of the other ductless glands as has removal
+    of the testes. It is of interest to point out that the internal
+    secretion of the ovaries and its important functions seem to have
+    been suggested before any other secretion than the sperm was
+    attributed to the testes. Early in the nineteenth century Cabanis
+    argued ("De l'Influence des Sexes sur le Caractère des Idées et
+    des Affections Morales," _Rapport du Physique et du Moral de
+    l'Homme_, 1824, vol. ii, p. 18) that the ovaries are secreting
+    glands, forming a "particular humor" which is reabsorbed into the
+    blood and imparts excitations which are felt by the whole system
+    and all its organs.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[129] The composite character of the semen was recognized by various old
+authors, some of whom said, (e.g., Wharton) that it had three
+constituents, which they usually considered to be: (1) The noblest and
+most essential part, from the testicles; (2) a watery element from the
+vesiculæ; (3) an oily element from the prostate. Schurig, _Spermatologia_,
+1720, p. 17.
+
+[130] See, e.g., C. Mansell Moulin, "A Contribution to the Morphology of
+the Prostate," _Journal of Anatomy and Physiology_, January, 1895; G.
+Walker, "A Contribution to the Anatomy and Physiology of the Prostate
+Gland, and a Few Observations on Ejaculation," _Johns Hopkins Hospital
+Bulletin_, October, 1900.
+
+[131] For a study of the semen and its constituents, see Florence, "Du
+Sperme," _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1895.
+
+[132] J. Hunter, _Essays and Observations_, vol. i, p. 189.
+
+[133] As regards one part of Australia, Walter Roth, _Ethnological Studies
+Among the Queensland Aborigines_, p. 174.
+
+[134] Sir H.H. Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 438.
+
+[135] Cap. VII, pp. 327-357, "De Spermaticis virilis usu Medico,"
+
+[136] W.L. Howard, "Sexual Perversion," _Alienist and Neurologist_,
+January, 1896.
+
+[137] _Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie_, 1894, No. 49.
+
+[138] E. Toff, "Uber Imprägnierung," _Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie_,
+April, 1903. In a similar but somewhat more precise manner Dufougère has
+argued ("La Chlorose, ses rapports avec le marriage, son traitement par le
+liquide orchitique," Thèse de Bordeaux, 1902) that semen when absorbed by
+the vagina stimulates the secretion of the ovaries and thus exerts an
+influence over the blood in anæmia; in this way he seeks to explain why it
+is that coitus is the best treatment for chlorosis.
+
+[139] In this connection I may refer to an interesting and suggestive
+paper by Harry Campbell on "The Craving for Stimulants" (_Lancet_, October
+21, 1899). No reference is made to coitus, but the author discusses
+stimulants as normal and beneficial products of the organism, and deals
+with the nature of the "physiological intoxication" they produce.
+
+[140] Spermin was first discovered in the sperm by Schreiner in 1878; it
+has also been found in the thyroid, ovaries and various other glands. "The
+spermin secreting and elaborating organs," Howard Kelly remarks (_British
+Medical Journal_, January 29, 1898), "may be called the apothecaries' of
+the body, secreting many important medicaments, much more active and more
+accurately representing its true wants than artificially administered
+drugs."
+
+[141] See, e.g., a summary of Buschan's comprehensive discussion of the
+subject of organotherapy (Eulenburg's _Real-Encyclopædie der Gesammten
+Heilkunde_) in _Journal of Mental Science_, April, 1899, p. 355.
+
+[142] "Observations Upon the Acquirement of Secondary Sexual Characters,
+Indicating the Formation of an Internal Secretion by the Testicles,"
+_Proceedings Royal Society_, vol. lxxiii, p. 49.
+
+[143] See, e.g., the experiments of Cecca and Zappi, summarized in
+_British Medical Journal_, July 2, 1904.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Aptitude for Detumescence--Is There an Erotic Temperament?--The
+Available Standards of Comparison--Characteristics of the
+Castrated--Characteristics of Puberty--Characteristics of the State of
+Detumescence--Shortness of Stature--Development of the Secondary Sexual
+Characters--Deep Voice--Bright Eyes--Glandular Activity--Everted
+Lips--Pigmentation--Profuse Hair--Dubious Significance of Many of These
+Characters.
+
+
+What, if any, are the indications which the body generally may furnish as
+to the individual's aptitude and vigor for the orgasm of detumescence? Is
+there an erotic temperament outwardly and visibly displayed? That is a
+question which has often occupied those who have sought to penetrate the
+more intimate mysteries of human nature, and since we are here concerned
+with human beings in their relationship to the process of detumescence, we
+cannot altogether pass over this question, difficult as it is to discuss
+it with precision.
+
+    The old physiognomists showed much confidence in dealing with the
+    matter. Possibly they had more opportunities for observation than
+    we have, since they often wrote in days when life was lived more
+    nakedly than among ourselves, but their descriptions, while
+    sometimes showing much insight, are inextricably mixed up with
+    false science and superstition.
+
+    In the _De Secretis Mulierum_, wrongly attributed to Albertus
+    Magnus, we find a chapter entitled "Signa mulieris calidæ naturæ
+    et quæ coit libenter," which may be summarized here. "The signs,"
+    we are told, "of a woman of warm temperament, and one who
+    willingly cohabits are these: youth, an age of over 12, or
+    younger, if she has been seduced, small, high breasts, full and
+    hard, hair in the usual positions; she is bold of speech, with a
+    delicate and high voice, haughty and even cruel of disposition,
+    of good complexion, lean rather than stout, inclined to like
+    drinking. Such a woman always desires coitus, and receives
+    satisfaction in the act. The menstrual flow is not abundant nor
+    always regular. If she becomes pregnant the milk is not abundant.
+    Her perspiration is less odorous than that of the woman of
+    opposite temperament; she is fond of singing, and of moving
+    about, and delights in adornments if she has any."
+
+    Polemon, in his _Sulla Physionomia_, has given among the signs of
+    libidinous impulse: knees turned inwards, abundance of hairs on
+    the legs, squint, bright eyes, a high and strident voice, and in
+    women length of leg below the knee. Aristotle had mentioned among
+    the signs of wantonness: paleness, abundance of hair on the body,
+    thick and black hair, hairs covering the temples, and thick
+    eyelids.
+
+    In the seventeenth century Bouchet, in his _Serées_ (Troisième
+    Serée), gave as the signs of virility which indicated that a man
+    could have children: a great voice, a thick rough black beard, a
+    large thick nose.
+
+    G. Tourdes (Art. "Aphrodisie," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des
+    Sciences Médicales_) thus summarized the ancient beliefs on this
+    subject: "The erotic temperament has been described as marked by
+    a lean figure, white and well-ranged teeth, a developed hairy
+    system, a characteristic voice, air, and expression, and even a
+    special odor."
+
+In approaching the question of the general physical indications of a
+special aptitude to the manifestation of vigorous detumescence, the most
+obvious preliminary would seem to be a study of the castrated. If we know
+the special peculiarities of those who by removal of the sexual glands at
+a very early age have been deprived of all ability to present the
+manifestations of detumescence, we shall probably be in possession of a
+type which is the reverse of that which we may expect in persons of a
+vigorously erotic temperament.
+
+The most general characteristics of eunuchs would appear to be an unusual
+tendency to put on fat, a notably greater length of the legs, absence of
+hair in the sexual and secondary sexual regions, a less degree of
+pigmentation, as noted both in the castrated negro and the white man, a
+puerile larynx and puerile voice. In character they are usually described
+as gentle, conciliatory, and charitable.
+
+    There can be little doubt that castration in man tends to lead to
+    lengthening of the legs (tibia and fibula) at puberty, from
+    delayed ossification of the epiphyses. The hands and feet are
+    also frequently longer and sometimes the forearms. At the same
+    time the bones are more slender. The pelvis also is narrower. The
+    eunuchs of Cairo are said to be easily seen in a crowd from their
+    tall stature. (Collineau, quoting Lortet, _Revue Mensuelle de
+    l'Ecole d'Anthropologie_, May, 1896.) The castrated Skoptzy show
+    increased stature, and, it seems, large ears, with decreased
+    chest and head (L. Pittard, _Revue Scientifique_, June 20, 1903.)
+    Féré shows that in most of these respects the eunuch resembles
+    beardless and infantile subjects. ("Les Proportions des Membres
+    et les Caractères Sexuels," _Journal de l'Anatomie et de la
+    Physiologie_, November-December, 1897.) Similar phenomena are
+    found in animals generally. Sellheim, carefully investigating
+    castrated horses, swine, oxen and fowls, found retardation of
+    ossification, long and slender extremities, long, broad, but low
+    skull, relatively smaller pelvis and small thorax. ("Zur Lehre
+    von den Sekundären Geschlechtscharakteren," _Beiträge zur
+    Geburtshülfe und Gynäkologie_, 1898, summarized in _Centralblatt
+    für Anthropologie_, 1900, Heft IV.)
+
+    As regards the mental qualities and moral character of the
+    castrated, Griffiths considers that there is an undue prejudice
+    against eunuchs, and refers to Narses, who was not only one of
+    the first generals of the Roman Empire, but a man of highly
+    estimable character. (_Lancet_, March 30, 1895.) Matignon, who
+    has carefully studied Chinese eunuchs, points out that they
+    occupy positions of much responsibility, and, though regarded in
+    many respects as social outcasts, possess very excellent and
+    amiable moral qualities (_Archives Cliniques de Bordeaux_, May,
+    1896.) In America Everett Flood finds that epileptics and
+    feeble-minded boys are mentally and morally benefited by
+    castration. ("Notes on the Castration of Idiot Children,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, January, 1899.) It is often
+    forgotten that the physical and psychic qualities associated with
+    and largely dependent on the ability to experience the impulse of
+    detumescence, while essential to the perfect man, involve many
+    egoistic, aggressive and acquisitive characteristics which are of
+    little intellectual value, and at the same time inimical to many
+    moral virtues.
+
+We have a further standard--positive this time rather than negative--to
+aid us in determining the erotic temperament: the phenomena of puberty.
+The efflorescence of puberty is essentially the manifestation of the
+ability to experience detumescence. It is therefore reasonable to suppose
+that the individuals in whom the special phenomena of puberty develop most
+markedly are those in whom detumescence is likely to be most vigorous. If
+such is the case we should expect to find the erotic temperament marked by
+developed larynx and deep voice, a considerable degree of pigmentary
+development in hair and skin, and a marked tendency to hairiness; while
+in women there should be a pronounced growth of the breasts and
+pelvis.[144]
+
+There is yet another standard by which we may measure the individual's
+aptitude for detumescence: the presence of those activities which are most
+prominently brought into play during the process of detumescence. The
+individual, that is to say, who is organically most apt to manifest the
+physiological activities which mainly make up the process of detumescence,
+is most likely to be of pronounced erotic temperament.
+
+"Erotic persons are of motor type," remark Vaschide and Vurpas, "and we
+may say generally that nearly all persons of motor type are erotic." The
+state of detumescence is one of motor and muscular energy and of great
+vascular activity, so that habitual energy of motor response and an active
+circulation may reasonably be taken to indicate an aptitude for the
+manifestation of detumescence.
+
+These three types may be said, therefore, to furnish us valuable though
+somewhat general indications. The individual who is farthest removed from
+the castrated type, who presents in fullest degree the characters which
+begin to emerge at the period of puberty, and who reveals a physiological
+aptitude for the vigorous manifestation of those activities which are
+called into action during detumescence, is most likely to be of erotic
+temperament. The most cautious description of the characteristics of this
+temperament given by modern scientific writers, unlike the more detailed
+and hazardous descriptions of the early physiognomists, will be found to
+be fairly true to the standards thus presented to us.
+
+    The man of sexual type, according to Biérent (_La Puberté_, p.
+    148), is hairy, dark and deep-voiced.
+
+    "The men most liable to satyriasis," Bouchereau states (art.
+    "Satyriasis," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences
+    Médicales_), "are those with vigorous nervous system, developed
+    muscles, abundant hair on body, dark complexion, and white
+    teeth."
+
+    Mantegazza, in his _Fisiologia del Piacere_, thus describes the
+    sexual temperament: "Individuals of nervous temperament, those
+    with fine and brown skins, rounded forms, large lips and very
+    prominent larynx enjoy in general much more than those with
+    opposite characteristics. A universal tradition," he adds,
+    "describes as lascivious humpbacks, dwarfs, and in general
+    persons of short stature and with long noses."
+
+    In a case of nymphomania in a young woman, described by Alibert
+    (and quoted by Laycock, _Nervous Diseases of Women_, p. 28) the
+    hips, thighs and legs were remarkably plump, while the chest and
+    arms were completely emaciated. In a somewhat similar case
+    described by Marc in his _De la Folie_ a peasant woman, who from
+    an early age had experienced sexual hyperæsthesia, so that she
+    felt spasmodic voluptuous feelings at the sight of a man, and was
+    thus the victim of solitary excesses and of spasmodic movements
+    which she could not repress, the upper part of the body was very
+    thin, the hips, legs and thighs highly developed.
+
+    In his work on _Uterine and Ovarian Inflammation_ (1862, p. 37)
+    Tilt observes: "The restless, bashful eye, and changing
+    complexion, in presence of a person of the opposite sex, and a
+    nervous restlessness of body, ever on the move, turning and
+    twisting on sofa or chair, are the best indications of sexual
+    temperament."
+
+    An extremely sensual little girl of 8, who was constantly
+    masturbating when not watched, although brought up by nuns, was
+    described by Busdraghi (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, fas. i, 1888,
+    p. 53) as having chestnut hair, bright black eyes, an elevated
+    nose, small mouth, pleasant round face, full colored cheeks, and
+    plump and healthy aspect.
+
+    A highly intelligent young Italian woman with strong and somewhat
+    perverted sexual impulses is described as of attractive
+    appearance, with olive complexion, small black almond-shaped
+    eyes, dilated pupils, oblique thin eyebrows, very thick black
+    hair, rather prominent cheek-bones, largely developed jaw, and
+    with abundant down on lower part of cheeks and on upper lip.
+    (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1899, fasc. v-vi.)
+
+    As the type of the sensual woman in word and act, led by her
+    passions to commit various sexual offenses, Ottolenghi describes
+    (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, vol. xii, fasc. v-vi, p. 496) a woman
+    of 32 who attempted to kill her lover. The daughter of parents
+    who were neurotic and themselves very erotic, she was a highly
+    intelligent and vivacious woman, with a pleasing and open face,
+    very thick dark chestnut hair, large cheek-bones, adipose
+    buttocks almost resembling those of a Hottentot, and very thick
+    pubic hair. She was very fond of salt things. Sexual inclination
+    began at the age of 7.
+
+Adler and Moll remark, very truly, that, so far at least as women are
+concerned, sexual anæsthesia or sexual proclivity cannot be unfailingly
+read on the features. Every woman desires to please, and coquetry is the
+sign of a cold, rather than of an erotic temperament.[145] It may be added
+that a considerable degree of congenital sexual anæsthesia by no means
+prevents a woman from being beautiful and attractive, though it must
+probably still always be said that, as Roubaud points out,[146] the woman
+of cold and intellectual temperament, the "femme de tête," however
+beautiful and skillful she may be, cannot compete in the struggle for love
+with the woman whose qualities are of the heart and of the emotions. But
+it seems sufficiently clear that the practical observations of skilled and
+experienced observers agree in attributing to persons of erotic type
+certain general characteristics which accord with those negative and
+positive standards we may frame on the basis of castration, of puberty,
+and of detumescence. It may be worth while to note a few of these
+characteristics briefly.
+
+The abnormal lengthening of the long bones at the age of puberty in the
+castrated is, as we have seen, very pronounced. There is little tendency
+to associate length of limb with an erotic temperament, and a certain
+amount of data as well as of more vague opinion points in the opposite
+direction. The Arabs would appear to believe that it is short rather than
+tall people in whom the sexual instinct is strongly developed, and we read
+in the _Perfumed Garden_: "Under all circumstances little women love
+coitus more and evince a stronger affection for the virile member than
+women of a large size." In his elaborate investigation of criminals Marro
+found that prostitutes and women guilty of sexual offenses, as also male
+sexual offenders, tend to be short and thick set.[147] In European
+folk-lore the thick, bull neck is regarded as a sign of strong
+sexuality.[148] Mantegazza refers to a strong sexual temperament as being
+associated with arrest or disorder of bony development, and Marro suggests
+that the proverbial salacity of rachitic individuals may be due to an
+increased activity of the sexual organs.[149] It may be added that
+acromegaly, with its excessive bony growths, tends to be associated with
+premature sexual involution.
+
+A further point which is frequently mentioned in the case of women is the
+development of the chief secondary sexual regions: the pelvis and the
+breasts. It is, indeed, almost inevitable that there should be some degree
+of correlation between the aptitude for bearing children and the aptitude
+for experiencing detumescence. The reality of such a connection is not
+only evidenced by medical observations, but receives further testimony in
+popular beliefs. In Italy women with large buttocks are considered wanton,
+and among the South Slavs they are regarded as especially fruitful.[150]
+Blumenbach asserted that precocious venery will enlarge the breasts, and
+believed that he had found evidence of this among young London
+prostitutes.[151]
+
+The association of the aptitude for detumescence with a tendency to a deep
+rather than to a high voice, both in men and women, has frequently been
+noted and has seldom been denied. The onset of puberty always affects the
+voice; in general, Biérent states, the more bass the voice is the more
+marked is the development of the sexual apparatus; "a very robust man,
+with very developed sexual organs, and very dark and abundant hairy
+system, a man of strong puberty in a word, is nearly always a bass."[152]
+The influence of sexual excitement in deepening the voice is shown by the
+rules of sexual hygiene prescribed to tenors, while a bass has less need
+to observe similar precautions. In women every phase of sexual
+life--puberty, menstruation, coitus, pregnancy--tends to affect the voice
+and always by giving it a deeper character. The deepening of the voice by
+sexual intercourse was an ancient Greek observation, and Martial refers to
+a woman's good or bad singing as an index to her recent sexual habits.
+Prostitutes tend to have a deep voice. Venturi points out that married
+women preserve a fresh voice to a more advanced age than spinsters, this
+being due to the precocious senility in the latter of an unused function.
+Such a phenomenon indicates that the relationship of detumescence to the
+deepening of the voice is not quite simple. This is further indicated by
+the fact that in robust men abstinence still further deepens the voice
+(the monk of melodrama always has a bass voice), while excessive or
+precocious sexual indulgence tends to be associated with the same kind of
+puerile voice as is found in those persons in whom pubertal development
+has not been carried very far, or who are of what Griffiths terms
+eunuchoid type. Idiot boys, who are often sexually undeveloped, tend to
+have a high voice, while idiot girls (who often manifest marked sexual
+proclivities) not infrequently have a deep voice.[153]
+
+Bright dilated eyes are among the phenomena of detumescence, and are very
+frequently noted in persons of a pronounced erotic temperament. This is,
+indeed, an ancient observation, and Burton says of people with a black,
+lively, and sparkling eye, "without question they are most amorous,"
+drawing his illustrations mostly from classic literature.[154] Tardieu
+described the erotic woman as having bright eyes, and Heywood Smith states
+that the eyes of lascivious women resemble, though in a less degree, those
+of the insane.[155] Sexual excitement is one among many
+causes--intellectual excitement, pain, a loud noise, even any sensory
+irritation--which produce dilatation of the pupils and enlargement of the
+palpebral fissure, with some protrusion of the eyeball. The influence of
+the sexual system upon the eye appears to be far less potent in men than
+in women.[156] Sexual desire is, however, by no means the only irritant
+within the sexual sphere which may thus influence the eye; morbid
+irritations may produce the same effect. Milner Fothergill, in his book on
+_Indigestion_, vividly describes the appearance of the eyes sometimes
+seen in ovarian disorder: "The glittering flash which glances out from
+some female irides is the external indication of ovarian irritation, and
+'the ovarian gleam' has features quite its own. The most marked instance
+which ever came under my notice was due to irritation in the ovaries,
+which had been forced down in front of the uterus and been fixed there by
+adhesions. Here there was little sexual proclivity, but the eyes were very
+remarkable. They flashed and glittered unceasingly, and at times perfect
+lightning bolts shot from them. Usually there is a bright glittering sheen
+in them which contrasts with the dead look in the irides of sexual excess
+or profuse uterine discharges."
+
+The activity of the glandular secretions, and especially those of the
+skin, during detumescence, would lead us to expect that such secretory
+activity is an index to an aptitude for detumescence. As a matter of fact
+it is occasionally, though not frequently, noted by medical observers. It
+is stated that the erotic temperament is characterized by a special
+odor.[157] The activity of the sweat-glands is seldom referred to by
+medical observers in describing persons of erotic temperament, although
+the descriptions of novelists not infrequently contain allusions to this
+point, and the literature of an earlier age shows that the tendency to
+perspiration, especially the moist hand, was regarded as a sure sign of a
+sensual temperament. "The moist-handed Madonna Imperia, a most rare and
+divine creature," remarks Lazarillo in Middleton's comedy _Blurt,
+Master-Constable_, to quote one of many allusions to this point in the
+Elizabethan drama.
+
+The lips are sometimes noted as red and everted, perhaps thick[158];
+Tardieu remarked that the typically erotic woman has thick red lips. This
+corresponds with the characteristic type of the satyr in classic statues
+as in later paintings; his lips are always thick and everted. Fullness,
+redness, and eversion of the lips are correlated with good breathing, the
+absence of anæmia, laughter, a well-fleshed face.
+
+    This kind of mouth indicates, perhaps, not so much a congenitally
+    erotic temperament, as an abandonment to impulse. The opposite
+    type of mouth--with inverted, thin, and retracted lips--would
+    appear to be found with especial frequency in persons who
+    habitually repress their impulses on moral grounds. Any kind of
+    effort to restrain involuntary muscular action may lead to
+    retraction of the lips: the effort to overcome anger or fear, or
+    even the resistance to a strong desire to urinate or defecate. In
+    religious young men, however, it becomes habitual and fixed. I
+    recall a small band of medical students, gathered together from a
+    large medical school, who were accustomed to meet together for
+    prayer and Bible-reading; the majority showed this type of mouth
+    to a very marked degree: pale faces, with drawn, retracted lips.
+    It may be termed the Christian or pious _facies_. It is much less
+    frequently seen in religious women (unless of masculine type),
+    doubtless because religion for women is in a much less degree
+    than for men a moral discipline.
+
+    It may be added that an interesting form of this contraction of
+    the lips, and one that is not purely repressive, is that which
+    indicates the state of muscular tension associated with the
+    impulse to guard and protect. In this form the contracted mouth
+    is the index of tenderness, and is characteristic of the mother
+    who is watching over the infant she is suckling at her breast. I
+    have observed precisely the same expression in the face of a boy
+    of 14 with a large congenital scrotal hernia; when the tumor was
+    being examined his lower lip became retracted, well marked lines
+    appearing from the angles downwards, though the upper lip
+    retained its normal expression It was precisely the tender look
+    we may see in the faces of mothers who are watching anxiously
+    over their offspring, and the emotion is evidently the same in
+    both cases: solicitude for a sensitive and tenderly guarded
+    object.
+
+The degree of pigmentation is clearly correlated with sexual vigor. "In
+general," Heusinger laid down, in 1823, "the quantity of pigment is
+proportional to the functional effectiveness of the genital organs." This
+connection is so profound that it may be traced very widely throughout the
+organic world.
+
+The connection between pigmentation and sexual activity is very ancient.
+Even leaving out of account the wedding apparel of animals, nearly always
+gorgeous in scales and plumage and hair, the sexual orifice shows a more
+or less marked tendency to pigmentation during the breeding season from
+fishes upward, while in mammals the darker pigmentation of this region is
+a constant phenomenon in sexually mature individuals.[159]
+
+In the human species both the negative standard of castration and the
+positive standard of puberty alike indicate a correlation of this kind.
+Those individuals in whom puberty never fully develops and who are
+consequently said to be affected by infantilism, reveal a relative absence
+of pigment in the sexual centers which are normally pigmented to a high
+degree.[160] Among those Asiatic races who extirpate the ovaries in young
+girls the skin remains white in the perineum, round the anus, and in the
+armpits.[161] Even in mature women who undergo ovariotomy, as Kepler
+found, the pigmentation of the nipples and areola disappears, as well as
+of the perineum and anus, the skin taking on a remarkable whiteness.
+
+Normally the sexual centers, and in a high degree the genital orifice,
+represent the maximum of pigmentation, and under some circumstances this
+is clearly visible even in infancy. Thus babies of mixed black and white
+blood may show no traces of negro ancestry at birth, but there will always
+be increased pigmentation about the external genitalia.[162] The linea
+fusca, which reaches from the pubes to the navel and occasionally to the
+ensiform cartilage, is a line of sexual pigmentation sometimes regarded as
+characteristic of pregnancy, but as Andersen, of Copenhagen, has found by
+the examination of several hundred children of both sexes, it exists in a
+slight form in about 75 per cent. of young girls, and in almost as large a
+proportion of boys. But there is no doubt that it tends to increase with
+age as well as to become marked at pregnancy. At puberty there is a
+general tendency to changes in pigmentation; thus Godin found that in 28
+per cent, adolescent changes occurred in the eyes and hair at this period,
+the hair becoming darker, though the eyes sometimes become lighter. Ammon,
+in his investigation of conscripts at the age of 20 (_post_, p. 196),
+discovered the significant fact that the eyes and hair darken _pari passu_
+with sexual development. In women, during menstruation, there is a general
+tendency to pigmentation; this is especially obvious around the eyes, and
+in some cases black rings of true pigment form in this position. Even the
+skin of the negro women of Loango sometimes becomes a few shades darker
+during menstruation.[163] During pregnancy this tendency to pigmentation
+reaches its climax. Pregnancy constantly gives rise to pigmentation of the
+face, the neck, the nipples, the abdomen, and this is especially marked in
+brunettes.
+
+This association of pigmentation and sexual aptitudes has been recognized
+in the popular lore of some peoples. Thus the Sicilians, who admire brown
+skin and have no liking either for a fair skin or light hair, believe that
+a white woman is incapable of responding to love. It is the brown woman
+who feels love; as it is said in Sicilian dialect: "Fimmina scura, fimmina
+amurusa."[164]
+
+    The dependence of pigmentation upon the sexual system is shown by
+    the fact that irritation of the genital organs by disease will
+    frequently suffice to produce a high degree of pigmentation. This
+    may the neck, the trunk, the hands. Simpson long since noted that
+    uterine irritation apart from pregnancy may produce pigmentation
+    of the areolæ of the nipples (_Obstetric Works_, vol. i, p. 345).
+    Engelmann discussed the subject and gave cases, "The
+    Hystero-Neuroses," pp. 124-139, in _Gynæcological Transactions_,
+    vol. xii, 1887; and a summary of a memoir by Fouquet on this
+    subject in _La Gynécologie_, February, 1903, will be found in
+    _British Medical Journal_, March 28, 1903,
+
+Of all physical traits vigor of the hairy system has most frequently
+perhaps been regarded as the index of vigorous sexuality. In this matter
+modern medical observations are at one with popular belief and ancient
+physiognomical assertions.[165] The negative test of castration and the
+positive test of puberty point in the same direction.
+
+It is at puberty that all the hair on the body, except that on the head,
+begins to develop; indeed, the very word "puberty" has reference to this
+growth as the most obvious sign of the whole process. When castration
+takes place at an early age all this development of pubescent hair is
+arrested. When the primary sexual organs are undeveloped the sexual hair
+is also undeveloped, as in a case, recorded by Plant,[166] of a girl with
+rudimentary uterus and ovaries who had little or no axillary and pubic
+hair, although the hair of the head was long and strong.[167]
+
+    The pseudo-Michael Scot among the _Signa mulieris calidæ naturæ
+    et quæ coit libenter_ stated that her hair, both on the head and
+    body, is thick and coarse and crisp, and Della Porta, the
+    greatest of the physiognomists, said that thickness of hair in
+    women meant wantonness. Venette, in his _Generation de l'Homme_,
+    remarked that men who have much hair on the body are most
+    amorous. At a more recent period Roubaud has said that pubic hair
+    in its quantity, color and curliness is an index of genital
+    energy. A poor pilous system, on the other hand, Roubaud regarded
+    as a probable though not an irrefragable proof of sexual
+    frigidity in women. "In the cold woman the pilous system is
+    remarkable for the languor of its vitality; the hairs are fair,
+    delicate, scarce and smooth, while in ardent natures there are
+    little curly tufts about the temples." (_Traité de
+    l'Impuissance_, pp. 124, 523.) Martineau declared (_Leçons sur
+    les Déformations Vulvaires_, p. 40) that "the more developed the
+    genital organs the more abundant the hair covering them;
+    abundance of hair appears to be in relation to the perfect
+    development of the organs." Tardieu described the typically
+    erotic woman as very hairy.
+
+    Bergh found that among 2200 young Danish prostitutes those who
+    showed an unusual extension and amount of pubic hair included
+    several women who were believed to be libidinous in a very high
+    degree. (Bergh, "Symbolæ," etc., _Hospitalstidende_, August,
+    1894.) Moraglia, again, in Italy, in describing various women,
+    mostly prostitutes, of unusually strong sexual proclivities,
+    repeatedly notes very thick hair, with down on the face.
+    (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, vol. xvi, fasc. iv-v.)
+
+    Marro, also, in Italy found that abundance of hair and down is
+    especially marked in women who are guilty of infanticide (as also
+    Pasini has found), though criminal women generally, in his
+    experience, tend to have abnormally abundant hair. (_Caratteri
+    del Delinquenti_, cap. XXII.) Lombroso finds that prostitutes
+    generally tend to be hairy (_Donna Delinquente_, p. 320.)
+
+    A lad of 14, guilty of numerous crimes of violence having a
+    sexual source, is described by Arthur Macdonald in America as
+    having hair on the chest as well as all over the pubes. (A.
+    Macdonald, _Archives de L'Anthropologie Criminelle_, January,
+    1893, p. 55.) The association of hairiness with abnormal
+    sexuality in the weak-minded has been noted at Bicêtre
+    (_Recherches Cliniques sur l'Epilepsie_, vol. xix, pp. 69, 77.)
+
+    Hypertrichosis universalis, a general hairiness of body, has been
+    described by Cascella in a woman with very strong sexual desires,
+    who eventually became insane. (_Revista Mensile di Psichiatria_,
+    1903, p. 408.) Bucknill and Tuke give the case of a religiously
+    minded girl, with very strong and repressed sexual desires, who
+    became insane; the only abnormal feature in her physical
+    development was the marked growth of hair over the body.
+
+    Brantôme refers to a great lady known to him whose body was very
+    hairy, and quotes a saying to the effect that hairy people are
+    either rich or wanton; the lady in question, he adds, was both.
+    (Brantôme, _Vie des Dames Galantes_, Discours II.)
+
+    De Sade, whose writings are now regarded as a treasure house of
+    true observations in the domain of sexual psychology, makes the
+    Rodin of _Justine_ dark, with much hair and thick eyebrows, while
+    his very sexual sister is described as dark, thin and very hairy.
+    (Dühren, _Der Marquis de Sade_, third edition, p. 440.)
+
+    A correspondent who has always taken a special interest in the
+    condition as regards hairiness of the women to whom he has been
+    attracted, has sent me notes concerning a series of 12 women. It
+    may be gathered from these notes that 5 women were neither
+    markedly sexual nor markedly hairy (either as regards head or
+    pubes), 6 cases both hairy and sexual, 1 was sexual and not
+    hairy, none were hairy and not sexual. My correspondent remarks:
+    "There may be women with scanty pubic hair possessing very strong
+    sexual emotions. My own experience is quite the opposite." He has
+    also independently reached the conclusion, arrived at by many
+    medical observers and clearly suggested by some of the facts here
+    brought together, that profuse hair frequently denotes a neurotic
+    temperament.
+
+    It may be added that Mirabeau, as we learn from an anecdote told
+    by an eyewitness and recorded by Legouvé, had a very hairy chest,
+    while the same is recorded of Restif de la Bretonne.
+
+It is a very ancient and popular belief that if a hairy man is not sensual
+he is strong: _vir pilosus aut libidinosus aut fortis_. The Greeks
+insisted on the hairy nates of Hercules, and Ninon de l'Enclos, when the
+great Condé shared her bed without touching her, remarked, on seeing his
+hairy body: "Ah, Monseigneur, que vous devez être fort!" It may be doubted
+whether there is any exact parallelism between muscular strength and
+hairiness, for strength is largely a matter of training, but there can be
+no doubt that hairiness really tends to be associated with a generally
+vigorous development of the body.
+
+Although the observations concerning hairiness of body as an index of
+vigor, whether sexual or only generally physical, are so ancient, until
+recent years no attempts have been made to demonstrate on a large scale
+whether there is actually a correlation between hairiness and sexual or
+general development of the body. Some importance, therefore, attaches to
+Ammon's careful observations of many thousand conscripts in Baden. These
+observations fully justify this ancient belief, since they show that on
+the one hand the size of the testicles, and on the other hand girth of
+chest and stature, are correlated with hairiness of body.
+
+    Ammon's observations were made on nearly 4000 conscripts of the
+    age of 20. From the point of view of the hairy system he divided
+    them, into four classes:--
+
+    I. To which 6.1 per cent, of the men belonged, with smooth
+    bodies.
+
+    II. Including 25.3 per cent., only slight hairiness.
+
+    III. 53.8 per cent., more developed hairy system, but belly,
+    breast and back smooth.
+
+    IV. 14.7 per cent., hair all over body.
+
+    V. 0.1 per cent., extreme cases of hairiness.
+
+    The beardless were 12.1 per cent., those with no axillary hair 9
+    per cent., those with no hair on pubis 0.4 per cent. This
+    corresponds with the fact that hair appears first on the pubis
+    and last on the chin.
+
+    In the first class 69 per cent, were beardless, 54 per cent,
+    without any axillary hair and 6 per cent, without pubic hair. In
+    the second class 24 per cent, were beardless, 17 per cent,
+    without axillary hair. In the third class 3 per cent, were
+    beardless and 3 per cent without axillary hair.
+
+    Below puberty the diameter of testicles is below 14 millimeters.
+    There were 13 conscripts having a testicular diameter of less
+    than 14 millimeters. These infantile individuals all belonged to
+    the first three classes and mostly to the first. The average
+    testicular diameter in the first class was nearly 24 millimeters,
+    and progressively rose in the succeeding classes to over 26
+    millimeters in the fourth.
+
+    While there was not much difference in height, the first class
+    was the shortest, the fourth the tallest. The fourth class also
+    showed the greatest chest perimeter. The cephalic index of all
+    classes was 84. (O. Ammon, "L'Infantilisme et le Feminisme au
+    Conseil de Révision," _L'Anthropologie_, May-June, 1896.)
+
+We thus see that it is quite justifiable to admit a type of person who
+possesses a more than average aptitude for detumescence. Such persons are
+more likely to be short than tall; they will show a full development of
+the secondary sexual characters; the voice will tend to be deep and the
+eyes bright; the glandular activity of the skin will probably be marked,
+the lips everted; there is a tendency to a more than average degree of
+pigmentation, and there is frequently an abnormal prevalence of hair on
+some parts of the body. While none of these signs, taken separately, can
+be said to have any necessary connection with the sexual impulse, taken
+altogether they indicate an organism that responds to the instinct of
+detumescence with special aptitude or with marked energy. In these
+respects observation, both scientific and popular, concords with the
+probabilities suggested by the three standards in this matter which have
+already been set forth.
+
+No generalization, however, can here be set down in an absolute and
+unqualified manner. There are definite reasons why this should be so.
+There is, for instance, the highly important consideration that the sexual
+impulse of the individual may be conspicuous in two quite distinct ways.
+It may assume prominence because the individual possesses a highly
+vigorous and well-nourished organism, or its prominence may be due to
+mental irritation in a very morbid individual. In the latter
+case--although occasionally the two sets of conditions are combined--most
+of the signs we might expect in the former case may be absent. Indeed, the
+sexual impulses which proceed from a morbid psychic irritability do not in
+most cases indicate any special aptitude for detumescence at all; in that
+largely lies their morbid character.
+
+Again, just in the same way that the exaggerated impulse itself may either
+be healthy or morbid, so the various characters which we have found to
+possess some value as signs of the impulse may themselves either be
+healthy or morbid. This is notably the case as regards an abnormal growth
+of hair on the body, more especially when it appears on regions where
+normally there is little or no hair. Such hypertrichosis is frequently
+degenerative in character, though still often associated with the sexual
+system. When, however, it is thus a degenerative character of sexual
+nature, having its origin in some abnormal foetal condition or later
+atrophy of the ovaries, it is no necessary indication of any aptitude for
+detumescence.
+
+    Idiots, more especially it would seem idiot girls, tend to show a
+    highly developed hairy system. Thus Voisin, when investigating
+    150 idiot and imbecile girls, found the hair long and thick and
+    tending to occupy a large surface; one girl had hair on the
+    areolæ of the mamma. (J. Voisin, "Conformation des organes
+    génitaux chez les Idiots," _Annales d'Hygiène Publique_, June,
+    1894.) It should be said that in idiot boys puberty is late, and
+    the sexual organs as well as the sexual instinct frequently
+    undeveloped, while in idiot girls there is no delay in puberty,
+    and the sexual organs and instinct are frequently fully and even
+    abnormally developed.
+
+    Hegar has described an interesting case showing an association,
+    of foetal origin, between sexual anomaly and abnormal hairness.
+    In this case a girl of 16 had a uterus duplex, an infantile
+    pelvis, very slight menstruation and undeveloped breasts. She was
+    very hairy on the face, the anterior aspects of the chest and
+    abdomen, the sexual regions, and the thighs, but not specially so
+    on the rest of the body. The hairs were of lanugo-like character,
+    but dark in color. (A. Hegar, _Beiträge zur Geburtshülfe und
+    Gynäkologie_, vol. i, p. III, 1898.) Sometimes hiruties of the
+    face and abdomen begin to appear during pregnancy, apparently
+    from disease or degeneration of the ovaries. (A case is noted in
+    _British Medical Journal_, August 2 and 16, pp. 375 and 436,
+    1902.) Laycock many years ago referred to the popular belief that
+    women who have hair on the upper lip seldom bear children, and
+    regarded this opinion as "questionless founded on fact."
+    (Laycock, _Nervous Diseases of Women_, p. 22.) When this is so,
+    we may suppose that the abnormal hairy growth is associated with
+    degeneration of the ovaries.
+
+There is another factor which enters into this question and renders the
+definition of a physical sexual type less precise than it would otherwise
+be. The sexual instinct is common to all persons, and while it seems
+probable that there is a type of person in whom sexual energies are
+predominant, it would also appear that the people who otherwise show a
+very high level of energy in life usually exhibit a more than average
+degree of energy in matters of love. The predominantly sexual type, as we
+have seen, tends to be associated with a high degree of pigmentation; the
+person specially apt for detumescence inclines to belong to the dark
+rather than to the purely fair group of the population. On the other hand,
+the active, energetic, practical man, the man who is most apt for the
+achievement of success in life, tends to belong to the fair rather than to
+the dark type.[168] Thus we have a certain conflict of tendencies, and it
+becomes possible to assert that while persons with pronounced aptitude for
+sexual detumescence tend to be dark, persons whose pronounced energy in
+sexual matters tends to ensure success are most likely to be fair.
+
+    The tendency of the fair energetic type, the type of the northern
+    European man, to sexuality may be connected with the fact that
+    the violent and criminal man who commits sexual crimes tends to
+    be fair even amid a dark population. Criminals on the whole would
+    appear to tend to be dark rather than fair; but Marro found in
+    Italy that the group of sexual offenders differed from all other
+    groups of criminals in that their hair was predominantly fair.
+    (_Caratteri del Delinquenti_, p. 374.) Ottolenghi, in the same
+    way, in examining 100 sexual offenders, found that they showed 17
+    per cent., of fair hair, though criminals generally (on a basis
+    of nearly 2000) showed only 6 per cent., and normal persons
+    (nearly 1000) 9 per cent. Similarly while the normal persons
+    showed only 20 per cent. of blue eyes and criminals generally 36
+    per cent., the sexual offenders showed 50 per cent. of blue eyes.
+    (Ottolenghi, _Archivio di Psichiatria_, fasc. vi, 1888, p. 573.)
+    Burton remarked (_Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II,
+    Mem. II, Subs. II) that in all ages most amorous young men have
+    been yellow-haired, adding, "Synesius holds every effeminate
+    fellow or adulterer is fair-haired." In folk-lore, it has been
+    noted (Kryptadia, vol. ii, p. 258), red or yellow hair is
+    sometimes regarded as a mark of sexuality.
+
+    In harmony with this fairness, sexual offenders would appear to
+    be more dolichocephalic than other criminals. In Italy Marro
+    found the foreheads of sexual offenders to be narrow, and in
+    California Drähms found that while murderers had an average
+    cephalic index of 83.5, and thieves of 80.5, that of sexual
+    offenders was 79.
+
+    On the other hand, high cheek-bones and broad faces--a condition
+    most usually found associated with brachycephaly--have sometimes
+    been noted as associated with undue or violent sexuality. Marro
+    noted the excess of prominent cheek-bones in sexual offenders,
+    and in America it has been found that unchaste girls tend to have
+    broad faces. (_Pedagogical Seminary_, December, 1896, pp. 231,
+    235.)
+
+It will be seen that, when we take a comprehensive view of the facts and
+considerations involved, it is possible to obtain a more definite and
+coherent picture of the physical signs of a marked aptitude for
+detumescence than has hitherto been usually supposed possible. But we also
+see that while the _ensemble_ of these signs is probably fairly reliable
+as an index of marked sexuality, the separate signs have no such definite
+significance, and under some circumstances their significance may even be
+reversed.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[144] See Biérent, _La Puberté_; Marro, _La Pubertà_ (and enlarged French
+translation, _La Puberté_), and portions of G.S. Hall's _Adolescence_;
+also Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_ (fourth edition, revised and
+enlarged).
+
+[145] Adler, _Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, p. 174;
+Moll, "Perverse Sexualempfindung, Psychische Impotenz und Ehe" (Section
+II), in Senator and Kaminer, _Krankheiten und Ehe_.
+
+[146] Roubaud, _Traité de l'Impuissance_, p. 524.
+
+[147] Marro, _Caratteri del Delinquenti_, p. 374.
+
+[148] Kryptadia, vol. ii, p. 258.
+
+[149] Marro, _La Pubertà_, p. 196. In Italy, the sensuality of the lame is
+the subject of proverbs.
+
+[150] _Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1896, p. 515; Kryptadia, vol. vi, p. 212.
+
+[151] Blumenbach, _Anthropological Treatises_, p. 248.
+
+[152] Biérent, _La Puberté_, p. 148.
+
+[153] Venturi, _Degenerazioni Psico-sessuali_, pp. 408-410.
+
+[154] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. II, Sub. II.
+
+[155] _British Gynæcological Journal_, February, 1887, p. 505.
+
+[156] Power, _Lancet_, November 26, 1887.
+
+[157] With regard to the sexual relationships of personal odor, see the
+previous volume of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection in Man," section on
+Smell.
+
+[158] In European folk-lore thick lips in a woman are sometimes regarded
+as a sign of sensuality, Kryptadia, vol. ii, p, 258.
+
+[159] The direct dependence of sexual pigmentation on the primary sexual
+glands is well illustrated by a true hermaphroditic adult finch exhibited
+at the Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam (May 31, 1890); this bird had a
+testis on the right side and an ovary on the left, and on the right side
+its plumage was of the male's colors, on the left of the female's color.
+
+[160] See. e.g., Papillault, _Bulletin Société d'Anthropologie_, 1899, p.
+446.
+
+[161] Guinard, Art. "Castration," Richet's _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_.
+
+[162] J. Whitridge Williams, _Obstetrics_, 1903, p. 132.
+
+[163] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1878, p. 19.
+
+[164] C. Pitre, _Medicina Populare Siciliana_, p. 47. In England, from
+notes sent to me by one correspondent, it would appear that the proportion
+of dark and sexually apt women to fair and sexually apt women is as 3 to
+1. The experience of others would doubtless give varying results, and in
+any case the fallacies are numerous. See, in the previous volume of these
+_Studies_, "Sexual Selection in Man," Section IV.
+
+[165] In Japan the same belief would appear to be held. In a nude figure
+representing the typical voluptuous woman by the Japanese painter Marugama
+Okio (reproduced in Ploss's _Das Weib_) the pubic and axillary hair is
+profuse, though usually sparse in Japan.
+
+[166] _Centralblatt für Gynäkologie_, No. 9, 1896.
+
+[167] It is important to remember that there is little correlation in this
+matter between the hair of the head and the sexual hair, if not a certain
+opposition. (See _ante_, p. 127.) According to one of the aphorisms of
+Hippocrates, repeated by Buffon, eunuchs do not become bald, and Aristotle
+seems to have believed that sexual intercourse is a cause of baldness in
+men. (Laycock, _Nervous Diseases of Women_, p. 23.)
+
+[168] For some of the evidence on this point, see Havelock Ellis, "The
+Comparative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark," _Monthly Review_, August,
+1901; cf. id., _A Study of British Genius_, Chapter X.
+
+
+
+
+THE PSYCHIC STATE IN PREGNANCY.
+
+The Relationship of Maternal and Sexual Emotion--Conception and Loss of
+Virginity--The Anciently Accepted Signs of This Condition--The Pervading
+Effects of Pregnancy on the Organism--Pigmentation--The Blood and
+Circulation--The Thyroid--Changes in the Nervous System--The Vomiting of
+Pregnancy--The Longings of Pregnant Women--Maternal Impressions--Evidence
+for and Against Their Validity--The Question Still Open--Imperfection of
+Our Knowledge--The Significance of Pregnancy.
+
+
+In analyzing the sexual impulse I have so far deliberately kept out of
+view the maternal instinct. This is necessary, for the maternal instinct
+is specific and distinct; it is directed to an aim which, however
+intimately associated it may be with that of the sexual impulse proper,
+can by no means be confounded with it. Yet the emotion of love, as it has
+finally developed in the world, is not purely of sexual origin; it is
+partly sexual, but it is also partly parental.[169]
+
+In so far as it is parental it is certainly mainly maternal. There is a
+drawing by Bronzino in the Louvre of a woman's head gazing tenderly down
+at some invisible object; is it her child or her lover? Doubtless her
+child, yet the expression is equally adequate to the emotion evoked by a
+lover. If we were here specifically dealing with the emotion of love as a
+complex whole, and not with the psychology of the sexual impulse, it would
+certainly be necessary to discuss the maternal instinct and its associated
+emotions. In any case it seems desirable to touch on the psychic state of
+pregnancy, for we are here concerned not only with emotions very closely
+connected with the sexual emotions in the narrower sense, but we here at
+last approach that state which it is the object of the whole sexual
+process to achieve.
+
+In civilized life a period of weeks, months, even years, may elapse
+between the establishment of sexual relations and the occurrence of
+conception. Under primitive conditions the loss of the virginal condition
+practically involves the pregnant condition, so that under primitive
+conditions very little allowance is made for the state, so common among
+civilized peoples, of the woman who is no longer a virgin, yet not about
+to become a mother.
+
+    There is some interest in noting the signs of loss of virginity
+    chiefly relied upon by ancient authors. In doing this it is
+    convenient to follow mainly the full summary of authorities given
+    by Schurig in his _Barthenologia_ early in the eighteenth
+    century. The ancient custom, known in classic times, of measuring
+    the neck the day after marriage was frequently practiced to
+    ascertain if a girl was or was not a virgin. There were various
+    ways of doing this. One was to measure with a thread the
+    circumference of the bride's neck before she went to bed on the
+    bridal night. If in the morning the same thread would not go
+    around her neck it was a sure sign that she had lost her
+    virginity during the night; if not, she was still a virgin or had
+    been deflowered at an earlier period. Catullus alluded to this
+    custom, which still exists, or existed until lately, in the south
+    of France. It is perfectly sound, for it rests on the intimate
+    response by congestion of the thyroid gland to sexual excitement.
+    (_Parthenologia_, p. 283; Biérent, _La Puberté_, p. 150; Havelock
+    Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition, p. 267.)
+
+    Some say, Schurig tells us, that the voice, which in the virgin
+    is shrill, becomes rougher and deeper after the first coitus. He
+    quotes Riolan's statement that it is certain that the voice of
+    those who indulge in venery is changed. On that account the
+    ancients bound down the penis of their singers, and Martial said
+    that those who wish to preserve their voices should avoid coitus.
+    Democritus who one day had greeted a girl as "maiden" on the
+    following day addressed her as "woman," while in the same way it
+    is said that Albertus Magnus, observing from his study a girl
+    going for wine for her master, knew that she had had sexual
+    intercourse by the way because on her return her voice had become
+    deeper. Here, again, the ancient belief has a solid basis, for
+    the voice and the larynx are really affected by sexual
+    conditions. (_Parthenologia_, p. 286; Marro, _La Puberté_, p.
+    303; Havelock Ellis, op. cit., pp. 271, 289.)
+
+    Others, again, Schurig proceeds, have judged that the goaty smell
+    given out in the armpits during the venereal act is also no
+    uncertain sign of defloration, such odor being perceptible in
+    those who use much venery, and not seldom in harlots and the
+    newly married, while, as Hippocrates said, it is not perceived in
+    boys and girls. (_Parthenologia_, p. 286; cf. the previous volume
+    of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection in Man," p. 64.)
+
+    In virgins, Schurig remarks, the pubic hair is said to be long
+    and not twisted, while in women accustomed to coitus it is
+    crisper. But it is only after long and repeated coitus, some
+    authors add, that the pubic hairs become crisp. Some recent
+    observers, it may be remarked, have noted a connection between
+    sexual excitation and the condition of the pubic hair in women.
+    (Cf. the present volume, _ante_ p. 127.)
+
+    A sign to which the old authors often attached much importance
+    was furnished by the urinary stream. In the _De Secretis
+    Mulierum_, wrongly attributed to Albertus Magnus, it is laid down
+    that "the virgin urinates higher than the woman." Riolan, in his
+    _Anthropographia_, discussing the ability of virgins to ejaculate
+    urine to a height, states that Scaliger had observed women who
+    were virgins emit urine in a high jet against a wall, but that
+    married women could seldom do this. Bouaciolus also stated that
+    the urine of virgins is emitted in a small stream to a distance
+    with an acute hissing sound. (_Parthenologia_, p. 281.) A
+    folk-lore belief in the reality of this influence is evidenced by
+    the Picardy _conte_ referred to already (_ante_, p. 53), "La
+    Princesse qui pisse au dessus les Meules." There is no doubt a
+    tendency for the various stresses of sexual life to produce an
+    influence in this direction, though they act far too slowly and
+    uncertainly to be a reliable index to the presence or the absence
+    of virginity.
+
+    Another common ancient test of virginity by urination rests on a
+    psychic basis, and appears in a variety of forms which are really
+    all reducible to the same principle. Thus we are told in _De
+    Secretis Mulierum_ that to ascertain if a girl is seduced she
+    should be given to eat of powdered crocus flowers, and if she has
+    been seduced she immediately urinates. We are here concerned with
+    auto-suggestion, and it may well be believed that with nervous
+    and credulous girls this test often revealed the truth.
+
+    A further test of virginity discussed by Schurig is the presence
+    of modesty of countenance. If a woman blushes her virtue is safe.
+    In this way girls who have themselves had experience of the
+    marriage bed are said to detect the virgin. The virgin's eyes are
+    cast down and almost motionless, while she who has known a man
+    has eyes that are bright and quick. But this sign is equivocal,
+    says Schurig, for girls are different, and can simulate the
+    modesty they do not feel. Yet this indication also rests on a
+    fundamentally sound psychological basis. (See "The Evolution of
+    Modesty," in the first volume of these _Studies_.)
+
+    In his _Syllepsilogia_ (Section V, cap. I-II), published in 1731,
+    Schurig discusses further the anciently recognized signs of
+    pregnancy. The real or imaginary signs of pregnancy sought by
+    various primitive peoples of the past and present are brought
+    together by Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. i, Chapter XXVII.
+
+Both physically and psychically the occurrence of pregnancy is, however, a
+distinct event. It marks the beginning of a continuous physical process,
+which cannot fail to manifest psychic reactions. A great center of vital
+activity--practically a new center, for only the germinal form of it in
+menstruation had previously existed--has appeared and affects the whole
+organism. "From the moment that the embryo takes possession of the woman,"
+Robert Barnes puts it, "every drop of blood, every fiber, every organ, is
+affected."[170]
+
+A woman artist once observed to Dr. Stratz, that as the final aim of a
+woman is to become a mother and pregnancy is thus her blossoming time, a
+beautiful woman ought to be most beautiful when she is pregnant. That is
+so, Stratz replied, if her moment of greatest physical perfection
+corresponds with the early months of pregnancy, for with the beginning of
+pregnancy metabolism is increased, the color of the skin becomes more
+lively and delicate, the breasts firmer.[171] Pregnancy may, indeed, often
+become visible soon after conception by the brighter eye, the livelier
+glance, resulting from greater vascular activity, though later, with the
+increase of strain, the face may tend to become somewhat thin and
+distorted. The hair, Barnes states, assumes a new vigor, even though it
+may have been falling out before. The temperature rises; the weight
+increases, even apart from the growth of the foetus. The efflorescence of
+pregnancy shows itself, as in the blossoming and fecundated flower, by
+increased pigmentation.[172] The nipples with their areolæ, and the
+mid-line of the belly, become darker; brown flecks (lentigo) tend to
+appear on the forehead, neck, arms, and body; while striæ--at first
+blue-red, then a brilliant white--appear on the belly and thighs, though
+these are scarcely normal, for they are not seen in women with very
+elastic skins and are rare among peasants and savages.[173] The whole
+carriage of the woman tends to become changed with the development of the
+mighty seed of man planted within her; it simulates the carriage of pride
+with the arched back and protruded abdomen.[174] The pregnant woman has
+been lifted above the level of ordinary humanity to become the casket of
+an inestimable jewel.
+
+It is in the blood and the circulation that the earliest of the most
+prominent symptoms of pregnancy are to be found. The ever increasing
+development of this new focus of vascular activity involves an increased
+vascular activity in the whole organism. This activity is present almost
+from the first--a few days after the impregnation of the ovum--in the
+breasts, and quickly becomes obvious to inspection and palpation. Before a
+quite passive organ, the breast now rapidly increases in activity of
+circulation and in size, while certain characteristic changes begin to
+take place around the nipples.[175] As a result of the additional work
+imposed upon it the heart tends to become slightly hypertrophied in order
+to meet the additional strain; there may be some dilatation also.[176]
+
+    The recent investigations of Stengel and Stanton tend to show
+    that the increase of the heart's work during pregnancy is less
+    considerable than has generally been supposed, and that beyond
+    some enlargement and dilatation of the right ventricle there is
+    not usually any hypertrophy of the heart.
+
+The total quantity of blood is raised. While increased in quantity, the
+blood appears on the whole to be somewhat depreciated in quality, though
+on this point there are considerable differences of opinion. Thus, as
+regards hæmoglobin, some investigators have found that the old idea as to
+the poverty of hæmoglobin in pregnancy is quite unfounded; a few have even
+found that the hæmoglobin is increased. Most authorities have found the
+red cells diminished, though some only slightly, while the white cells,
+and also the fibrin, are increased. But toward the end of pregnancy there
+is a tendency, perhaps due to the establishment of compensation, for the
+blood to revert to the normal condition.[177]
+
+It would appear probable, however, that the vascular phenomena of
+pregnancy are not altogether so simple as the above statement would imply.
+The activity of various glands at this time--well illustrated by the
+marked salivation which sometimes occurs--indicates that other modifying
+forces are at work, and it has been suggested that the changes in the
+maternal circulation during pregnancy may best be explained by the theory
+that there are two opposing kinds of secretion poured into the blood in
+unusual degree during pregnancy: one contracting the vessels, the other
+dilating them, one or the other sometimes gaining the upper hand.
+Suprarenal extract, when administered, has a vaso-constricting influence,
+and thyroid extract a vasodilating influence; it may be surmised that
+within the body these glands perform similar functions.[178]
+
+The important part played by the thyroid gland is indicated by its marked
+activity at the very beginning of pregnancy. We may probably associate the
+general tendency to vasodilatation during early pregnancy with the
+tendency to goitre; Freund found an increase of the thyroid in 45 per
+cent. of 50 cases. The thyroid belongs to the same class of ductless
+glands as the ovary, and, as Bland Sutton and others have insisted, the
+analogies between the thyroid and the ovary are very numerous and
+significant. It may be added that in recent years Armand Gautier has noted
+the importance of the thyroid in elaborating nucleo-proteids containing
+arsenic and iodine, which are poured into the circulation during
+menstruation and pregnancy. The whole metabolism of the body is indeed
+affected, and during the latter part of pregnancy study of the ingesta and
+egesta has shown that a storage of nitrogen and even of water is taking
+place.[179] The woman, as Pinard puts it, forms the child out of her own
+flesh, not merely out of her food; the individual is being sacrificed to
+the species.
+
+The changes in the nervous system of the pregnant woman correspond to
+those in the vascular system. There is the same increase of activity, a
+heightening of tension. Bruno Wolff, from experiments on bitches,
+concluded that the central nervous system in women is probably more easily
+excited in the pregnant than in the non-pregnant state, though he was not
+prepared to call this cerebral excitability "specific."[180] Direct
+observations on pregnant women have shown, without doubt, a heightened
+nervous irritability. Reflex action generally is increased. Neumann
+investigated the knee-jerk in 500 women during pregnancy, labor, and the
+puerperium, and in a large number found that there was a progressive
+exaggeration with the advance of pregnancy, little or no change being
+observed in the early months; sometimes when no change was observed during
+pregnancy the knee-jerk still increased during labor, reaching its maximum
+at the moment of the expulsion of the foetus; the return to the normal
+condition took place gradually during the puerperium. Tridandani found in
+pregnant women that though the superficial reflexes, with the exception of
+the abdominal, were diminished, the deep and tendon reflexes were markedly
+increased, especially that of the knee, these changes being more marked in
+primiparæ than in multiparæ, and more pronounced as pregnancy advanced,
+the normal condition returning with ten days after labor. Electrical
+excitability was sensibly diminished.[181]
+
+One of the first signs of high nervous tension is vomiting. As is well
+known, this phenomenon commonly appears early in pregnancy, and it is by
+many considered entirely physiological. Barnes regards it as a kind of
+safety valve, a regulating function, letting off excessive tension and
+maintaining equilibrium.[182] Vomiting is, however, a convulsion, and is
+thus the simplest form of a kind of manifestation--to which the heightened
+nervous tension of pregnancy easily lends itself--that finds its extreme
+pathological form in eclampsia. In this connection it is of interest to
+point out that the pregnant woman here manifests in the highest degree a
+tendency which is marked in women generally, for the female sex, apart
+altogether from pregnancy, is specially liable to convulsive
+phenomena.[183]
+
+    There is some slight difference of opinion among authorities as
+    to the precise nature and causation of the sickness of pregnancy.
+    Barnes, Horrocks and others regard it as physiological; but many
+    consider it pathological; this is, for instance, the opinion of
+    Giles. Graily Hewitt attributed it to flexion of the gravid
+    uterus, Kaltenbach to hysteria, and Zaborsky terms it a neurosis.
+    Whitridge Williams considers that it may be (1) reflex, or (2)
+    neurotic (when it is allied to hysteria and amenable to
+    suggestion), or (3) toxæmic. It really appears to lie on the
+    borderland between healthy and diseased manifestations. It is
+    said to be unknown to farmers and veterinary surgeons. It appears
+    to be little known among savages; it is comparatively infrequent
+    among women of the lower social classes, and, as Giles has found,
+    women who habitually menstruate in a painless and normal manner
+    suffer comparatively little from the sickness of pregnancy.
+
+    We owe a valuable study of the sickness of pregnancy to Giles,
+    who analyzed the records of 300 cases. He concluded that about
+    one-third of the pregnant women were free from sickness
+    throughout pregnancy, 45 per cent. were free during the first
+    three months. When sickness occurred it began in 70 per cent. of
+    cases in the first month, and was most frequent during the second
+    month. The duration varied from a few days to all through.
+    Between the ages of 20 and 25 sickness was least frequent, and
+    there was less sickness in the third than in any other pregnancy.
+    (This corresponds with the conclusion of Matthews Duncan that 25
+    is the most favorable age for pregnancy.) To some extent in
+    agreement with Guéniot, Giles believes that the vomiting of
+    pregnancy is "one form of manifestation of the high nervous
+    irritability of pregnancy." This high nervous tension may
+    overflow into other channels, into the vascular and excretory
+    system, causing eclampsia; into the muscular system, causing
+    chorea, or, expending itself in the brain, give rise to hysteria
+    when mild or insanity when severe. But the vagi form a very ready
+    channel for such overflow, and hence the frequency of sickness in
+    pregnancy. There are thus three main factors in the causation of
+    this phenomenon: (1) An increased nervous irritability; (2) a
+    local source of irritation; (3) a ready efferent channel for
+    nervous energy. (Arthur Giles, "Observations on the Etiology of
+    the Sickness of Pregnancy," _Transactions Obstetrical Society of
+    London_, vol. xxv, 1894.)
+
+    Martin, who regards the phenomenon as normal, points out that
+    when nausea and vomiting are absent or suddenly cease there is
+    often reason to suspect something wrong, especially the death of
+    the embryo. He also remarks that women who suffer from large
+    varicose veins are seldom troubled by the nausea of pregnancy.
+    (J.M.H. Martin, "The Vomiting of Pregnancy," _British Medical
+    Journal_, December 10, 1904.) These observations may be connected
+    with those of Evans (_American Gynæcological and Obstetrical
+    Journal_, January, 1900), who attributes primary importance to
+    the undoubtedly active factor of the irritation set up by the
+    uterus, more especially the rhythmic uterine contractions;
+    stimulation of the breasts produces active uterine contractions,
+    and Evans found that examination of the breasts sufficed to bring
+    on a severe attack of vomiting, while on another occasion this
+    was produced by a vaginal examination. Evans believes that the
+    purpose of these contractions is to facilitate the circulation of
+    the blood through the large venous sinuses, the surcharging of
+    the relatively stagnant pools with effete blood producing the
+    irritation which leads to rhythmic contractions.
+
+It is on the basis of the increased vascular and glandular activity and
+the heightened nervous tension that the special psychic phenomena of
+pregnancy develop. The best known, and perhaps the most characteristic of
+these manifestations, is that known as "longings." By this term is meant
+more or less irresistible desires for some special food or drink, which
+may be digestible or indigestible, sometimes a substance which the woman
+ordinarily likes, such as fruit, and occasionally one which, under
+ordinary circumstances, she dislikes, as in one case known to me of a
+young country woman who, when bearing her child, was always longing for
+tobacco and never happy except when she could get a pipe to smoke,
+although under ordinary circumstances, like other young women of her
+class, she was without any desire to smoke. Occasionally the longings lead
+to actions which are more unscrupulous than is common in the case of the
+same person at other times; thus in one case known to me a young woman,
+pregnant with her first child, insisted to her sister's horror on entering
+a strawberry field and eating a quantity of fruit. These "longings" in
+their extreme form may properly be considered as neurasthenic obsessions,
+but in their simple and less pronounced forms they may well be normal and
+healthy.
+
+    The old medical authors abound in narratives describing the
+    longings of pregnant women for natural and unnatural foods. This
+    affection was commonly called _pica_, sometimes _citra_ or
+    _malatia_. Schurig, whose works are a comprehensive treasure
+    house of ancient medical lore, devotes a long chapter (cap. II)
+    of his _Chylologia_, published in 1725, to pica as manifested
+    mainly, though not exclusively, in pregnant women. Some women, he
+    tells us, have been compelled to eat all sorts of earthy
+    substances, of which sand seems the most common, and one Italian
+    woman when pregnant ate several pounds of sand with much
+    satisfaction, following it up with a draught of her own urine.
+    Lime, mud, chalk, charcoal, cinders, pitch are also the desired
+    substances in other cases detailed. One pregnant woman must eat
+    bread fresh from the oven in very large quantities, and a certain
+    noble matron ate 140 sweet cakes in one day and night. Wheat and
+    various kinds of corn as well as of vegetables were the foods
+    desired by many longing women. One woman was responsible for 20
+    pounds of pepper, another ate ginger in large quantities, a third
+    kept mace under her pillow; cinnamon, salt, emulsion of almonds,
+    treacle, mushrooms were desired by others. Cherries were longed
+    for by one, and another ate 30 or 40 lemons in one night. Various
+    kinds of fish--mullet, oysters, crabs, live eels, etc.--are
+    mentioned, while other women have found delectation in lizards,
+    frogs, spiders and flies, even scorpions, lice and fleas. A
+    pregnant woman, aged 33, of sanguine temperament, ate a live fowl
+    completely with intense satisfaction. Skin, wool, cotton, thread,
+    linen, blotting paper have been desired, as well as more
+    repulsive substances, such as nasal mucus and feces (eaten with
+    bread). Vinegar, ice, and snow occur in other cases. One woman
+    stilled a desire for human flesh by biting the nates of children
+    or the arms of men. Metals are also swallowed, such as iron,
+    silver, etc. One pregnant woman wished to throw eggs in her
+    husband's face, and another to have her husband throw eggs in her
+    face.
+
+    In the next chapter of the same work Schurig describes cases of
+    acute antipathy which may arise under the same circumstances
+    (cap. III, "De Nausea seu Antipathia certorum ciborum"). The list
+    includes bread, meat, fowls, fish, eels (a very common
+    repulsion), crabs, milk, butter (very often), cheese (often),
+    honey, sugar, salt, eggs, caviar, sulphur, apples (especially
+    their odor), strawberries, mulberries, cinnamon, mace, capers,
+    pepper, onions, mustard, beetroot, rice, mint, absinthe, roses
+    (many pages are devoted to this antipathy), lilies, elder
+    flowers, musk (which sometimes caused vomiting), amber, coffee,
+    opiates, olive oil, vinegar, cats, frogs, spiders, wasps, swords.
+
+    More recently Gould and Pyle (_Anomalies and Curiosities of
+    Medicine_, p. 80) have briefly summarized some of the ancient and
+    modern records concerning the longings of pregnant women.
+
+Various theories are put forward concerning the causation of the longings
+of pregnant women, but none of these seems to furnish by itself a complete
+and adequate explanation of all cases. Thus it is said that the craving is
+the expression of a natural instinct, the system of the pregnant woman
+really requiring the food she longs for. It is quite probable that this is
+so in many cases, but it is obviously not so in the majority of cases,
+even when we confine ourselves to the longings for fairly natural foods,
+while we know so little of the special needs of the organism during
+pregnancy that the theory in any case is insusceptible of clear
+demonstration.
+
+Allied to this theory is the explanation that the longings are for things
+that counteract the tendency to nausea and sickness. Giles, however, in
+his valuable statistical study of the longings of a series of 300 pregnant
+women, has shown that the percentage of women with longings is exactly the
+same (33 per cent.) among women who had suffered at some time during
+pregnancy from sickness as among the women who had not so suffered.
+Moreover, Giles found that the period of sickness frequently bore no
+relation to the time when there were cravings, and the patient often had
+cravings after the sickness had ceased.
+
+According to another theory these longings are mainly a matter of
+auto-suggestion. The pregnant woman has received the tradition of such
+longings, persuades herself that she has such a longing, and then becomes
+convinced that, according to a popular belief, it will be bad for the
+child if the longing is not gratified. Giles considers that this process
+of auto-suggestion takes place "in a certain number, perhaps even in the
+majority of cases."[184]
+
+    The Duchess d'Abrantès, the wife of Marshal Junot, in her
+    _Mémoires_ gives an amusing account of how in her first pregnancy
+    a longing was apparently imposed upon her by the anxious
+    solicitude of her own and her husband's relations. Though
+    suffering from constant nausea and sickness, she had no longings.
+    One day at dinner after the pregnancy had gone on for some months
+    her mother suddenly put down her fork, exclaiming: "I have never
+    asked you what longing you have!" She replied with truth that she
+    had none, her days and her nights being occupied with suffering.
+    "No _envie!_" said the mother, "such a thing was never heard of.
+    I must speak to your mother-in-law." The two old ladies consulted
+    anxiously and explained to the young mother how an unsatisfied
+    longing might produce a monstrous child, and the husband also now
+    began to ask her every day what she longed for. Her
+    sister-in-law, moreover, brought her all sorts of stories of
+    children born with appalling mother's marks due to this cause.
+    She became frightened and began to wonder what she most wanted,
+    but could think of nothing. At last, when eating a pastille
+    flavored with pineapple, it occurred to her that pineapple is an
+    excellent fruit, and one, moreover, which she had never seen, for
+    at that time it was extremely rare. Thereupon she began to long
+    for pineapple, and all the more when she was told that at that
+    season they could not be obtained. She now began to feel that she
+    must have pineapple or die, and her husband ran all over Paris,
+    vainly offering twenty louis for a pineapple. At last he
+    succeeded in obtaining one through the kindness of Mme.
+    Bonaparte, and drove home furiously just as his wife, always
+    talking of pineapples, had gone to bed. He entered the room with
+    the pineapple, to the great satisfaction of the Duchess's mother.
+    (In one of her own pregnancies, it appears, she longed in vain
+    for cherries in January, and the child was born with a mark on
+    her body resembling a cherry--in scientific terminology, a
+    _nævus_.) The Duchess effusively thanked her husband and wished
+    to eat of the fruit immediately, but her husband stopped her and
+    said that Corvisart, the famous physician, had told him that she
+    must on no account touch it at night, as it was extremely
+    indigestible. She promised not to do so, and spent the night in
+    caressing the pineapple. In the morning the husband came and cut
+    up the fruit, presenting it to her in a porcelain bowl. Suddenly,
+    however, there was a revulsion of feeling; she felt that she
+    could not possibly eat pineapple; persuasion was useless; the
+    fruit had to be taken away and the windows opened, for the very
+    smell of it had become odious. The Duchess adds that henceforth,
+    throughout her life, though still liking the flavor, she was only
+    able to eat pineapple by doing a sort of violence to herself.
+    (_Mémories de la Duchesse d'Abrantès_, vol. iii, Chapter VIII.)
+    It should be added that, in old age, the Duchess d'Abrantès
+    appears to have become insane.
+
+The influence of suggestion must certainly be accepted as, at all events,
+increasing and emphasizing the tendency to longings. It can scarcely,
+however, be regarded as a radical and adequate explanation of the
+phenomenon generally. If it is a matter of auto-suggestion due to a
+tradition, then we should expect to find longings most frequent and most
+pronounced in multiparous women, who are best acquainted with the
+tradition and best able to experience all that is expected of a pregnant
+woman. But, as a matter of fact, the women who have borne most children
+are precisely those who are least likely to be affected by the longings
+which tradition demands they should manifest. Giles has shown that
+longings occur much more frequently in the first than in any subsequent
+pregnancy; there is a regular decrease with the increase in number of
+pregnancies until in women with ten or more children the longings scarcely
+occur at all.
+
+We must probably regard longings as based on a physiological and psychic
+tendency which is of universal extension and almost or quite normal. They
+are known throughout Europe and were known to the medical writers of
+antiquity. Old Indian as well as old Jewish physicians recognized them.
+They have been noted among many savage races to-day: among the Indians of
+North and South America, among the peoples of the Nile and the Soudan, in
+the Malay archipelago.[185] In Europe they are most common among the
+women of the people, living simple and natural lives.[186]
+
+The true normal relationship of the longings of pregnancy is with the
+impulsive and often irresistible longings for food delicacies which are
+apt to overcome children, and in girls often persist or revive through
+adolescence and even beyond. Such sudden fits of greediness belong to
+those kind of normal psychic manifestations which are on the verge of the
+abnormal into which they occasionally pass. They may occur, however, in
+healthy, well-bred, and well-behaved children who, under the stress of the
+sudden craving, will, without compunction and apparently without
+reflection, steal the food they long for or even steal from their parents
+the money to buy it. The food thus seized by a well-nigh irresistible
+craving is nearly always a fruit. Fruit is usually doled out to children
+in small quantities as a luxury, but we are descended from primitive human
+peoples and still more remote ape-like ancestors, by whom fruit was in its
+season eaten copiously, and it is not surprising that when that season
+comes round the child, more sensitive than the adult to primitive
+influences, should sometimes experience the impulse of its ancestors with
+overwhelming intensity, all the more so if, as is probable, the craving is
+to some extent the expression of a physiological need.
+
+    Sanford Bell, who has investigated the food impulses of children
+    in America, finds that girls have a greater number of likes and
+    dislikes in foods than boys of the same age, though at the same
+    time they have less dislikes to some foods than boys. The
+    proclivity for sweets and fruits shows itself as soon as a child
+    begins to eat solids. The chief fruits liked are oranges,
+    bananas, apples, peaches, and pears. This strong preference for
+    fruits lasts till the age of 13 or 14, though relatively weaker
+    from 10 to 13. In girls, however, Bell notes the significant fact
+    from our present point of view that at mid-adolescence there is a
+    revived taste for sweets and fruits. He believes that the growth
+    of children in taste in foods recapitulates the experience of the
+    race. (S. Bell, "An Introductory Study of the Psychology of
+    Foods." _Pedagogical Seminary_, March, 1904.)
+
+The heightened nervous impressionability of pregnancy would appear to
+arouse into activity those primitive impulses which are liable to occur in
+childhood and in the unmarried girl continue to the nubile age. It is a
+significant fact that the longings of pregnant women are mainly for fruit,
+and notably for so wholesome a fruit as the apple, which may very well
+have a beneficial effect on the system of the pregnant woman. Giles, in
+his tabulation of the foods longed for by 300 pregnant women, found that
+the fruit group was by far the largest, furnishing 79 cases; apples were
+far away at the head, occurring in 34 cases out of the 99 who had
+longings, while oranges followed at a distance (with 13 cases), and in the
+vegetable group tomatoes came first (with 6 cases). Several women declared
+"I could have lived on apples," "I was eating apples all day," "I used to
+sit up in bed eating apples."[187] Pregnant women appear seldom to long
+for the possession of objects outside the edible class, and it seems
+doubtful whether they have any special tendency to kleptomania. Pinard has
+pointed out that neither Lasègue nor Lunier, in their studies of
+kleptomania, have mentioned a single shop robbery committed by a pregnant
+woman.[188] Brouardel has indeed found such cases, but the object stolen
+was usually a food.
+
+A further significant fact connecting the longings of pregnant women with
+the longings of children is to be found in the fact that they occur mainly
+in young women. We have, indeed, no tabulation of the ages of pregnant
+women who have manifested longings, but Giles has clearly shown that these
+chiefly occur in primiparæ, and steadily and rapidly decrease in each
+successive pregnancy. This fact, otherwise somewhat difficult of
+explanation, is natural if we look upon the longings of pregnancy as a
+revival of those of childhood. It certainly indicates also that we can by
+no means regard these longings as exclusively the expression of a
+physiological craving, for in that case they would be liable to occur in
+any pregnancy unless, indeed, it is argued that with each successive
+pregnancy the woman becomes less sensitive to her own physiological state.
+
+    There has been a frequent tendency, more especially among
+    primitive peoples, to regard a pregnant woman's longings as
+    something sacred and to be indulged, all the more, no doubt, as
+    they are usually of a simple and harmless character. In the Black
+    Forest, according to Ploss and Bartels, a pregnant woman may go
+    freely into other people's gardens and take fruit, provided she
+    eats it on the spot, and very similar privileges are accorded to
+    her elsewhere. Old English opinion, as reflected, for instance,
+    in Ben Jonson's plays (as Dr. Harriet C.B. Alexander has pointed
+    out), regards the pregnant woman as not responsible for her
+    longings, and Kiernan remarks ("Kleptomania and Collectivism,"
+    _Alienist and Neurologist_, November, 1902) that this is in "a
+    most natural and just view." In France at the Revolution a law of
+    the 28th Germinal, in the year III, to some extent admitted the
+    irresponsibility of the pregnant woman generally,--following the
+    classic precedent, by which a woman could not be brought before a
+    court of justice so long as she was pregnant,--but the Napoleonic
+    code, never tender to women, abrogated this. Pinard does not
+    consider that the longings of pregnant women are irresistible,
+    and, consequently, regards the pregnant woman as responsible.
+    This is probably the view most widely held. In any case these
+    longings seldom come up for medico-legal consideration.
+
+The phenomena of the longings of pregnancy are linked to the much more
+obscure and dubious phenomena of the influence of maternal impressions on
+the child within the womb. It is true, indeed, that there is no real
+connection whatever between these two groups of manifestations, but they
+have been so widely and for so long closely associated in the popular mind
+that it is convenient to pass directly from one to the other. The same
+name is sometimes given to the two manifestations; thus in France a
+pregnant longing is an _envie_, while a mother's mark on the child is also
+called an _envie_, because it is supposed to be due to the mother's
+unsatisfied longing.
+
+The conception of a "maternal impression" (the German _Versehen_) rests on
+the belief that a powerful mental influence working on the mother's mind
+may produce an impression, either general or definite, on the child she is
+carrying. It makes a great deal of difference whether the effect of the
+impression on the child is general, or definite and circumscribed. It is
+not difficult to believe that a general effect--even, as Sir Arthur
+Mitchell first gave good reason for believing, idiocy--may be produced on
+the child by strong and prolonged emotional influence working on the
+mother, because such general influence may be transmitted through a
+deteriorated blood-stream. But it is impossible at present to understand
+how a definite and limited influence working on the mother could produce a
+definite and limited effect on the child, for there are no channels of
+nervous communications for the passage of such influences. Our difficulty
+in conceiving of the process must, however, be put aside if the fact
+itself can be demonstrated by convincing evidence.
+
+    In order to illustrate the nature of maternal impressions, I will
+    summarize a few cases which I have collected from the best
+    medical periodical literature during the past fifteen years. I
+    have exercised no selection and in no way guarantee the
+    authenticity of the alleged facts or the alleged explanation.
+    They are merely examples to illustrate a class of cases published
+    from time to time by medical observers in medical journals of
+    high repute.
+
+    Early in pregnancy a woman found her pet rabbit killed by a cat
+    which had gnawed off the two forepaws, leaving ragged stumps; she
+    was for a long time constantly thinking of this. Her child was
+    born with deformed feet, one foot with only two toes, the other
+    three, the os calcis in both feet being either absent or little
+    developed. (G.B. Beale, Tottenham, _Lancet_, May 4, 1889).
+
+    Three months and a half before birth of the child the father, a
+    glazier, fell through the roof of a hothouse, severely cutting
+    his right arm, so that he was lying in the infirmary for a long
+    time, and it was doubtful whether the hand could be saved. The
+    child was healthy, but on the flexor surface of the radial side
+    of the right forearm just above the wrist--the same spot as the
+    father's injury--there was a nævus the size of a sixpence. (W.
+    Russell, Paisley, _Lancet_, May 11, 1889.)
+
+    At the beginning of pregnancy a woman was greatly scared by being
+    kicked over by a frightened cow she was milking; she hung on to
+    the animal's teats, but thought she would be trampled to death,
+    and was ill and nervous for weeks afterwards. The child was a
+    monster, with a fleshy substance--seeming to be prolonged from
+    the spinal cord and to represent the brain--projecting from the
+    floor of the skull. Both doctor and nurse were struck by the
+    resemblance to a cow's teats before they knew the woman's story,
+    and this was told by the woman immediately after delivery and
+    before she knew to what she had given birth. (A. Ross Paterson,
+    Reversby, Lincolnshire, _Lancet_, September 29, 1889.)
+
+    During the second month of pregnancy the mother was terrified by
+    a bullock as she was returning from market. The child reached
+    full term and was a well-developed male, stillborn. Its head
+    "exactly resembled a miniature cow's head;" the occipital bone
+    was absent, the parietals only slightly developed, the eyes were
+    placed at the top of the frontal bone, which was quite flat, with
+    each of its superior angles twisted into a rudimentary horn.
+    (J.T. Hislop, Tavistock, Devon, _Lancet_, November 1, 1890.)
+
+    When four months pregnant the mother, a multipara of 30, was
+    startled by a black and white collie dog suddenly pushing against
+    her and rushing out when she opened the door. This preyed on her
+    mind, and she felt sure her child would be marked. The whole of
+    the child's right thigh was encircled by a shining black mole,
+    studded with white hairs; there was another mole on the spine of
+    the left scapula. (C.F. Williamson, Horley, Surrey, _Lancet_,
+    October 11, 1890.)
+
+    A lady in comfortable circumstances, aged 24, not markedly
+    emotional, with one child, in all respects healthy, early in her
+    pregnancy saw a man begging whose arms and legs were "all doubled
+    up." This gave her a shock, but she hoped no ill effects would
+    follow. The child was an encephalous monster, with the
+    extremities rigidly flexed and the fingers clenched, the feet
+    almost sole to sole. In the next pregnancy she frequently passed
+    a man who was a partial cripple, but she was not unduly
+    depressed; the child was a counterpart of the last, except that
+    the head was normal. The next child was strong and well formed.
+    (C.W. Chapman, London, _Lancet_, October 18, 1890.)
+
+    When the pregnant mother was working in a hayfield her husband
+    threw at her a young hare he had found in the hay; it struck her
+    on the cheek and neck. Her daughter has on the left cheek an
+    oblong patch of soft dark hair, in color and character clearly
+    resembling the fur of a very young hare. (A. Mackay, Port Appin,
+    N.B., _Lancet_, December 19, 1891. The writer records also four
+    other cases which have happened in his experience.)
+
+    When the mother was pregnant her husband had to attend to a sow
+    who could not give birth to her pigs; he bled her freely, cutting
+    a notch out of both ears. His wife insisted on seeing the sow.
+    The helix of each ear of her child at birth was gone, for nearly
+    or quite half an inch, as if cut purposely. (R.P. Roons, _Medical
+    World_, 1894.)
+
+    A lady when pregnant was much interested in a story in which one
+    of the characters had a supernumerary digit, and this often
+    recurred to her mind. Her baby had a supernumerary digit on one
+    hand. (J. Jenkyns, Aberdeen, _British Medical Journal_, March 2,
+    1895. The writer also records another case.)
+
+    When pregnant the mother saw in the forest a new-born fawn which
+    was a double monstrosity. Her child was a similar double
+    monstrosity (_cephalothora copagus_). (Hartmann, _Münchener
+    Medicinisches Wochenschrift_, No. 9, 1895.)
+
+    A well developed woman of 30, who had ten children in twelve
+    years, in the third month of her tenth pregnancy saw a child run
+    over by a street car, which crushed the upper and back part of
+    its head. Her own child was anencephalic and acranial, with
+    entire absence of vault of skull. (F.A. Stahl, _American Journal
+    of Obstetrics_, April, 1896.)
+
+    A healthy woman with no skin blemish had during her third
+    pregnancy a violent appetite for sunfish. During or after the
+    fourth month her husband, as a surprise, brought her some sunfish
+    alive, placing them in a pail of water in the porch. She stumbled
+    against the pail and the shock caused the fish to flap over the
+    pail and come in violent contact with her leg. The cold wriggling
+    fish produced a nervous shock, but she attached no importance to
+    this. The child (a girl) had at birth a mark of bronze pigment
+    resembling a fish with the head uppermost (photograph given) on
+    the corresponding part of the same leg. Daughter's health good;
+    throughout life she has had a strong craving for sunfish, which
+    she has sometimes eaten till she has vomited from repletion.
+    (C.F. Gardiner, Colorado Springs, _American Journal Obstetrics_,
+    February, 1898.)
+
+    The next case occurred in a bitch. A thoroughbred fox terrier
+    bitch strayed and was discovered a day or two later with her
+    right foreleg broken. The limb was set under chloroform with the
+    help of Röntgen rays, and the dog made a good recovery. Several
+    weeks later she gave birth to a puppy with a right foreleg that
+    was ill-developed and minus the paw. (J. Booth, Cork, _British
+    Medical Journal_, September 16, 1899.)
+
+    Four months before the birth of her child a woman with four
+    healthy children and no history of deformity in the family fell
+    and cut her left wrist severely against a broken bowl; she had a
+    great fright and shock. Her child, otherwise perfect, was born
+    without left hand and wrist, the stump of arm terminating at
+    lower end of radius and ulna. (G. Ainslie Johnston, Ambleside,
+    _British Medical Journal_, April 18, 1903.)
+
+The belief in the reality of the transference of strong mental or physical
+impressions on the mother into physical changes in the child she is
+bearing is very ancient and widespread. Most writers on the subject begin
+with the book of Genesis and the astute device of Jacob in influencing the
+color of his lambs by mental impressions on his ewes. But the belief
+exists among even more primitive people than the early Hebrews, and in all
+parts of the world.[189] Among the Greeks there is a trace of the belief
+in Hippocrates, the first of the world's great physicians, while Soranus,
+the most famous of ancient gynæcologists, states the matter in the most
+precise manner, with instances in proof. The belief continued to persist
+unquestioned throughout the Middle Ages. The first author who denied the
+influence of maternal impressions altogether appears to have been the
+famous anatomist, Realdus Columbus, who was a professor at Padua, Pisa,
+and Rome at the beginning of the sixteenth century. In the same century,
+however, another and not less famous Neapolitan, Della Porta, for the
+first time formulated a definite theory of maternal impressions. A little
+later, early in the seventeenth century, a philosophic physician at Padua,
+Fortunatus Licetus, took up an intermediate position which still finds,
+perhaps reasonably, a great many adherents. He recognized that a very
+frequent cause of malformation in the child is to be found in morbid
+antenatal conditions, but at the same time was not prepared to deny
+absolutely and in every case the influence of maternal impression on such
+conditions. Malebranche, the Platonic philosopher, allowed the greatest
+extension to the power of the maternal imagination. In the eighteenth
+century, however, the new spirit of free inquiry, of radical criticism,
+and unfettered logic, led to a sceptical attitude toward this ancient
+belief then flourishing vigorously.[190] In 1727, a few years after
+Malebranche's death, James Blondel, a physician of extreme acuteness, who
+had been born in Paris, was educated at Leyden, and practiced in London,
+published the first methodical and thorough attack on the doctrine of
+maternal impressions, _The Strength of Imagination of Pregnant Women
+Examined_, and exercised his great ability in ridiculing it. Haller,
+Roederer, and Sömmering followed in the steps of Blondel, and were either
+sceptical or hostile to the ancient belief. Blumenbach, however, admitted
+the influence of maternal impressions. Erasmus Darwin, as well as Goethe
+in his _Wahlverwandtschaften_, even accepted the influence of paternal
+impressions on the child. By the beginning of the nineteenth century the
+majority of physicians were inclined to relegate maternal impressions to
+the region of superstition. Yet the exceptions were of notable importance.
+Burdach, when all deductions were made, still found it necessary to retain
+the belief in maternal impressions, and Von Baer, the founder of
+embryology, also accepted it, supported by a case, occurring in his own
+sister, which he was able to investigate before the child's birth. L.W.T.
+Bischoff, also, while submitting the doctrine to acute criticism, found it
+impossible to reject maternal impressions absolutely, and he remarked that
+the number of adherents to the doctrine was showing a tendency to increase
+rather than diminish. Johannes Müller, the founder of modern physiology in
+Germany, declared himself against it, and his influence long prevailed;
+Valentin, Rudolf Wagner, and Emil du Bois-Reymond were on the same side.
+On the other hand various eminent gynæcologists--Litzmann, Roth, Hennig,
+etc.--have argued in favor of the reality of maternal impressions.[191]
+
+The long conflict of opinion which has taken place over this opinion has
+still left the matter unsettled. The acutest critics of the ancient
+belief constantly conclude the discussion with an expression of doubt and
+uncertainty. Even if the majority of authorities are inclined to reject
+maternal impressions, the scientific eminence of those who accept them
+makes a decisive opinion difficult. The arguments against such influence
+are perfectly sound: (1) it is a primitive belief of unscientific origin;
+(2) it is impossible to conceive how such influence can operate since
+there is no nervous connection between mother and child; (3) comparatively
+few cases have been submitted to severe critical investigation; (4) it is
+absurd to ascribe developmental defects to influences which arise long
+after the foetus had assumed its definite shape[192]; (5) in any case the
+phenomenon must be rare, for William Hunter could not find a coincidence
+between maternal impressions and foetal marks through a period of several
+years, and Bischoff found no case in 11,000 deliveries. These statements
+embody the whole of the argument against maternal impressions, yet it is
+clear that they do not settle the matter. Edgar, in a manual of obstetrics
+which is widely regarded as a standard work, states that this is "yet a
+mooted question."[193] Ballantyne, again, in a discussion of this
+influence at the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society, summarizing the result of
+a year's inquiry, concluded that it is still "_sub judice_."[194] In a
+subsequent discussion of the question he has somewhat modified his
+opinion, and is inclined to deny that definite impressions on the pregnant
+woman's mind can cause similar defects in the foetus; they are "accidental
+coincidences," but he adds that a few of the cases are difficult to
+explain away. At the same time he fully believes that prolonged and
+strongly marked mental states of the mother may affect the development of
+the foetus in her uterus, causing vascular and nutritive disturbances,
+irregularities of development, and idiocy.[195]
+
+    Whether and in how far mental impressions on the mother can
+    produce definite mental and emotional disposition in the child is
+    a special aspect of the question to which scarcely any inquiry
+    has been devoted. So distinguished a biologist as Mr. A.W.
+    Wallace has, however, called attention to this point, bringing
+    forward evidence on the question and emphasizing the need of
+    further investigation. "Such transmission of mental influence,"
+    he remarks, "will hardly be held to be impossible or even very
+    improbable," (A.W. Wallace, "Prenatal Influences on Character,"
+    _Nature_, August 24, 1893.)
+
+It has already been pointed out that a large number of cases of foetal
+deformities, supposed to be due to maternal impressions, cannot possibly
+be so caused because the impression took place at a period when the
+development of the foetus must already have been decided. In this
+connection, however, it must be noted that Dabney has observed a
+relationship between the time of supposed mental impressions and the
+nature of the actual defect which is of considerable significance as an
+argument in favor of the influence of mental impressions. He tabulated 90
+carefully reported cases from recent medical literature, and found that 21
+of them were concerned with defects of structure of the lips and palate.
+In all but 2 of these 21 the defect was referred to an impression
+occurring within the first three months of pregnancy. This is an important
+point as showing that the assigned cause really falls within a period when
+a defect of development actually could produce the observed result,
+although the person reporting the cases was in many instances manifestly
+ignorant of the details of embryology and teratology. There was no such
+preponderance of early impressions among the defects of skin and hair
+which might well, so far as development is concerned, have been caused at
+a later period; here, in 7 out of 15 cases, it was distinctly stated that
+the impression was made later than the fourth month.[196]
+
+It would seem, on the whole, that while the influence of maternal
+impressions in producing definite effects on the child within the womb has
+by no means been positively demonstrated, we are not entitled to reject it
+with any positive assurance. Even if we accept it, however, it must
+remain, for the present, an inexplicable fact; the _modus operandi_ we can
+scarcely even guess at. General influences from the mother on the child we
+can easily conceive of as conveyed by the mother's blood; we can even
+suppose that the modified blood might act specifically on one particular
+kind of tissue. We can, again, as suggested by Féré, very well believe
+that the maternal emotions act upon the womb and produce various kinds and
+degrees of pressure on the child within, so that the apparently active
+movements of the foetus may be really consecutive on unconscious maternal
+excitations.[197] We may also believe that, as suggested by John Thomson,
+there are slight incoördinations _in utero_, a kind of developmental
+neurosis, produced by some slight lack of harmony of whatever origin, and
+leading to the production of malformations.[198] We know, finally, that,
+as Féré and others have repeatedly demonstrated during recent years by
+experiments on chickens, etc., very subtle agents, even odors, may
+profoundly affect embryonic development and produce deformity. But how the
+mother's psychic disposition can, apart from heredity, affect specifically
+the physical conformation or even the psychic disposition of the child
+within her womb must remain for the present an insoluble mystery, even if
+we feel disposed to conclude that in some cases such action seems to be
+indicated.
+
+    In comprehending such a connection, however at present
+    undemonstrated, it may well be borne in mind that the
+    relationship of the mother to the child within her womb is of a
+    uniquely intimate character. It is of interest in this
+    connection to quote some remarks by an able psychologist, Dr.
+    Henry Rutgers Marshall; the remarks are not less interesting for
+    being brought forward without any connection with the question of
+    maternal impressions: "It is true that, so far as we know, the
+    nervous system of the embryo never has a direct connection with
+    the nervous system of the mother: nevertheless, as there is a
+    reciprocity of reaction between the physical body of the mother
+    and its embryonic parasite, the relation of the embryonic nervous
+    system to the nervous system of the mother is not very far
+    removed from the relation of the pre-eminent part of the nervous
+    system of a man to some minor nervous system within his body
+    which is to a marked extent dissociated from the whole neural
+    mass.
+
+    "Correspondingly, then, and within the consciousness of the
+    mother, there develops a new little minor consciousness which,
+    although but lightly integrated with the mass of her
+    consciousness, nevertheless has its part in her consciousness
+    taken as a whole, much as the psychic correspondents of the
+    action of the nerve which govern the secretions of the glands of
+    the body have their part in her consciousness taken as a whole.
+
+    "It is very much as if the optic ganglia developed fully in
+    themselves, without any closer connection with the rest of the
+    brain than existed at their first appearance. They would form a
+    little complex nervous system almost but not quite apart from the
+    brain system; and it would be difficult to deny them a
+    consciousness of their own; which would indeed form part of the
+    whole consciousness of the individual, but which would be in a
+    manner self-dependent." It must, if this is so, be said that
+    before birth, on the psychic side, the embryo's activities "form
+    part of a complex consciousness which is that of the mother and
+    embryo together." "Without subscribing to the strange stories of
+    telepathy, of the solemn apparition of a person somewhere at the
+    moment of his death a thousand miles away, of the unquiet ghost
+    haunting the scenes of its bygone hopes and endeavors, one may
+    ask" (with the author of the address in medicine at the Leicester
+    gathering of the British Medical Association, _British Medical
+    Journal_, July 29, 1905) "whether two brains cannot be so tuned
+    in sympathy as to transmit and receive a subtile transfusion of
+    mind without mediation of sense. Considering what is implied by
+    the human brain with its countless millions of cells, its
+    complexities of minute structure, its innumerable chemical
+    compositions, and the condensed forces in its microscopic and
+    ultramicroscopic elements--the whole a sort of microcosm of
+    cosmic forces to which no conceivable compound of electric
+    batteries is comparable; considering, again, that from an
+    electric station waves of energy radiate through the viewless air
+    to be caught up by a fit receiver a thousand miles distant, it is
+    not inconceivable that the human brain may send off still more
+    subtile waves to be accepted and interpreted by the fitly tuned
+    receiving brain. Is it, after all, mere fancy that a mental
+    atmosphere or effluence emanates from one person to affect
+    another, either soothing sympathetically or irritating
+    antipathically?" These remarks (like Dr. Marshall's) were made
+    without reference to maternal impressions, but it may be pointed
+    out that under no conceivable circumstance could we find a brain
+    in so virginal and receptive a state as is the child's in the
+    womb.
+
+On the whole we see that pregnancy induces a psychic state which is at
+once, in healthy persons, one of full development and vigor, and at the
+same time one which, especially in individuals who are slightly abnormal,
+is apt to involve a state of strained or overstrained nervous tension and
+to evoke various manifestations which are in many respects still
+imperfectly understood. Even the specifically sexual emotions tend to be
+heightened, more especially during the earlier period of pregnancy. In 24
+cases of pregnancy in which the point was investigated by Harry Campbell,
+sexual feeling was decidedly increased in 8, in one case (of a woman aged
+31 who had had four children) being indeed only present during pregnancy,
+when it was considerable; in only 7 cases was there diminution or
+disappearance of sexual feeling.[199] Pregnancy may produce mental
+depression;[200] but on the other hand it frequently leads to a change of
+the most favorable character in the mental and general well-being. Some
+women indeed are only well during pregnancy. It is remarkable that some
+women who habitually suffer from various nervous troubles--neuralgias,
+gastralgia, headache, insomnia--are only free from them at this moment.
+This "paradox of gestation," as Vinay has termed it, is specially marked
+in the hysterical and those suffering from slight nervous disorders, but
+it is by no means universal, so that although it is possible, Vinay
+states, to confirm the opinion of the ancients as to the beneficial
+action of marriage on hysteria, that is only true of slight cases and
+scarcely enables us to counsel marriage in hysteria.[201] Even a woman's
+intelligence is sometimes heightened by pregnancy, and Tarnier, as quoted
+by Vinay, knew many women whose intelligence, habitually somewhat obtuse,
+has only risen to the normal level during pregnancy.[202] The pregnant
+woman has reached the climax of womanhood; she has attained to that state
+toward which the periodically recurring menstrual wave has been drifting
+her at regular intervals throughout her sexual life[203]; she has achieved
+that function for which her body has been constructed, and her mental and
+emotional disposition adapted, through countless ages.
+
+And yet, as we have seen, our ignorance of the changes effected by the
+occurrence of this supremely important event--even on the physical
+side--still remains profound. Pregnancy, even for us, the critical and
+unprejudiced children of a civilized age, still remains, as for the
+children of more primitive ages, a mystery. Conception itself is a mystery
+for the primitive man, and may be produced by all sorts of subtle ways
+apart from sexual connection, even by smelling a flower.[204] The pregnant
+woman was surrounded by ceremonies, by reverence and fear, often shut up
+in a place apart.[205] Her presence, her exhalations, were of extreme
+potency; even in some parts of Europe to-day, as in the Walloon districts
+of Belgium, a pregnant woman must not kiss a child for her breath is
+dangerous, or urinate on plants for she will kill them.[206] The mystery
+has somewhat changed its form; it still remains. The future of the race is
+bound up with our efforts to fathom the mystery of pregnancy. "The early
+days of human life," it has been truly said, "are entirely one with the
+mother. On her manner of life--eating, drinking, sleeping, and
+thinking--what greatness may not hang?"[207] Schopenhauer observed, with
+misapplied horror, that there is nothing a woman is less modest about than
+the state of pregnancy, while Weininger exclaims: "Never yet has a
+pregnant woman given expression in any form--poem, memoirs, or
+gynæcological monograph--to her sensations or feelings."[208] Yet when we
+contemplate the mystery of pregnancy and all that it involves, how trivial
+all such considerations become! We are here lifted into a region where our
+highest intelligence can only lead us to adoration, for we are gazing at a
+process in which the operations of Nature become one with the divine task
+of Creation.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[169] See, e.g., Groos, _Æsthetische Genuss_, p. 249. "We have to admit,"
+Groos observes, "the entrance of another instinct, the impulse to tend and
+foster, so closely connected with the sexual life. It is seemingly due to
+the co-operation of this impulse that the little female bird during
+courtship is so often fed by the male like a young fledgling. In man
+'love' from the biological standpoint is also an amalgamation of two
+needs; when the tender need to protect and foster and serve is lacking the
+emotion is not quite perfect. Heine's expression, 'With my mantle I
+protect you from the storm,' has always seemed to me very characteristic."
+Sometimes the sexual impulse may undergo a complete transformation in this
+direction. "I believe there is really a tendency in women," a lady writes
+in a letter, "to allow maternal feeling to take the place of sexual
+feeling. Very often a woman's feeling for her husband becomes this (though
+he may be twenty years older than herself); sometimes it does not,
+remaining purely sex feeling. Sometimes it is for some other man she has
+this curious self-obliterating maternal feeling. It is not necessarily
+connected with sex intercourse. A prostitute, who has relations with
+dozens of men, may have it for some feeble drunken fool, who perhaps goes
+after other women. I once saw the change from sex feeling to mother
+feeling, as I call it, come almost suddenly over a woman after she had
+lived about four years with a man who was unfaithful to her. Then, when
+all real sex feeling, the hatred of the woman he followed, the desire he
+should give her love and tenderness, had all gone, came the other feeling,
+and she said to me, 'You don't understand at all; he's only my little
+baby; nothing he does can make any difference to me now.' As I grow older
+and understand women's natures better, I can see almost at once which
+relation it is a woman has to her husband, or any given man. It is this
+feeling, and not sex passion, that keeps woman from being free." Not only
+is there a sexual association in the impulse to foster and protect, there
+would appear to be a similar element also in the response to that impulse.
+Freud has especially insisted on the partly sexual character of the
+child's feelings for those who care for it and tend it and satisfy its
+needs. It is begun in earliest infancy; "whoever has seen the sated infant
+sink back from the breast, to fall asleep with flushed cheeks and happy
+smile, must say that the picture is adequate to the expression of the
+sexual satisfaction of later life." The lips, moreover, are the earliest
+erogenous zone. "There will, perhaps, be some opposition," Freud remarks
+(_Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie_, pp. 36, 64), "to the
+identification of the child's feelings of tenderness and appreciation for
+those who tend it with sexual love, but I believe that exact psychological
+analysis will place the identity beyond doubt. The relationship of the
+child with the person who tends it is for it a continual source of sexual
+excitement and satisfaction flowing from the erogenous zones, especially
+since the fostering person--as a rule the mother--regards the child with
+emotions which proceed from her sexual life; strokes it, kisses it, rocks
+it, and very plainly treats it as a compensation for a fully valid sexual
+object." Freud remarks that girls who retain the childish character of
+their love for their parents to adult age are apt to make cold wives and
+to be sexually anæsthetic.
+
+[170] Esbach (in his _Thèse de Paris_, published in 1876) showed that even
+the finger nails are affected in pregnancy and become measurably thinner.
+
+[171] C.H. Stratz, _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, Chapter VI.
+
+[172] Iron appears to be liberated in the maternal organism during
+pregnancy, and Wychgel has shown (_Zeitschrift für Geburtshülfe und
+Gynäkologie_, bd. xlvii, Heft II) that the pigment of pregnant women
+contains iron, and that the amount of iron in the urine is increased.
+
+[173] Vinay, _Maladies de la Grossesse_, Chapter VIII; K. Hennig,
+"Exploratio Externa," _Comptes-rendus du XIIe. Congrès International de
+Médècine_, vol. vi, Section XIII, pp. 144-166. A bibliography of the
+literature concerning the physiology of pregnancy, extending to ten pages,
+is appended by Pinard to his article "Grossesse," _Dictionnaire
+Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales_.
+
+[174] Stratz, op. cit., Chapter XII.
+
+[175] W.S.A. Griffith, "The Diagnosis of Pregnancy," _British Medical
+Journal_, April 11, 1903.
+
+[176] J. Mackenzie and H.O. Nicholson, "The Heart in Pregnancy," _British
+Medical Journal_, October 8, 1904; Stengel and Stanton, "The Condition of
+the Heart in Pregnancy," _Medical Record_, May 10, 1902 and _University
+Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin_, Sept., 1904 (summarized in _British
+Medical Journal_, August 16, 1902, and Sept. 23, 1905.)
+
+[177] J. Henderson, "Maternal Blood at Term," _Journal of Obstetrics and
+Gynæcology_, February, 1902; C. Douglas, "The Blood in Pregnant Women,"
+_British Medical Journal_, March 26, 1904; W.L. Thompson, "The Blood in
+Pregnancy," _Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_, June, 1904.
+
+[178] H.O. Nicholson, "Some Remarks on the Maternal Circulation in
+Pregnancy," _British Medical Journal_, October 3, 1903.
+
+[179] J. Morris Slemans, "Metabolism During Pregnancy," _Johns Hopkins
+Hospital Reports_, vol. xii, 1904.
+
+[180] B. Wolff, _Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie_, 1904, No. 26.
+
+[181] Tridandani, _Annali di Ostetrica_, March, 1900.
+
+[182] R. Barnes, "The Induction of Labor," _British Medical Journal_,
+December 22, 1894.
+
+[183] See, e.g., Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition, pp. 344,
+et seq.
+
+[184] Arthur Giles, "The Longings of Pregnant Women," _Transactions
+Obstetrical Society of London_, vol. xxxv, 1893.
+
+[185] Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, Chapter XXX.
+
+[186] Thus, in Cornwall, "to be in the longing way" is a popular synonym
+for pregnancy.
+
+[187] The apple, wherever it is known, has nearly always been a sacred or
+magic fruit (as J.F. Campbell shows, _Popular Tales of West Highlands_,
+vol. I, p. lxxv. et seq.), and the fruit of the forbidden tree which
+tempted Eve is always popularly imagined to be an apple. One may perhaps
+refer in this connection to the fact that at Rome and elsewhere the
+testicles have been called apples. I may add that we find a curious proof
+of the recognition of the feminine love of apples in an old Portuguese
+ballad, "Donna Guimar," in which a damsel puts on armour and goes to the
+wars; her sex is suspected and as a test, she is taken into an orchard,
+but Donna Guimar is too wary to fall into the trap, and turning away from
+the apples plucks a citron.
+
+[188] A. Pinard, Art. "Grossesse," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des
+Sciences Médicales_, p. 138. On the subject of violent, criminal and
+abnormal impulses during pregnancy, see Cumston, "Pregnancy and Crime,"
+_American Journal Obstetrics_, December, 1903.
+
+[189] See especially Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i, Chapter XXXI.
+Ballantyne in his work on the pathology of the foetus adds Loango negroes,
+the Eskimo and the ancient Japanese.
+
+[190] In 1731 Schurig, in his _Syllepsilogia_, devoted more than a hundred
+pages (cap. IX) to summarizing a vast number of curious cases of maternal
+impressions leading to birth-marks of all kinds.
+
+[191] J.W. Ballantyne has written an excellent history of the doctrine of
+maternal impressions, reprinted in his _Manual of Antenatal Pathology: The
+Embryo_, 1904, Chapter IX; he gives a bibliography of 381 items. In
+Germany the history of the question has been written by Dr. Iwan Bloch
+(under the pseudonym of Gerhard von Welsenburg), _Das Versehen der
+Frauen_, 1899. Cf., in French, G. Variot, "Origine des Préjugés Populaires
+sur les Envies," _Bulletin Société d'Anthropologie_, Paris, June 18, 1891.
+Variot rejects the doctrine absolutely, Bloch accepts it, Ballantyne
+speaks cautiously.
+
+[192] J.G. Kiernan has shown how many of the alleged cases are negatived
+by the failure to take this fact into consideration. (_Journal of American
+Medical Association_, December 9, 1899.)
+
+[193] J. Clifton Edgar, _The Practice of Obstetrics_, second edition,
+1904, p. 296. In an important discussion of the question at the American
+Gynæcological Society in 1886, introduced by Fordyce Barker, various
+eminent gynæcologists declared in favor of the doctrine, more or less
+cautiously. (_Transactions of the American Gynæcological Society_, vol.
+xi, 1886, pp. 152-196.) Gould and Pyle, bringing forward some of the data
+on the question (_Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine_, pp. 81, _et
+seq._) state that the reality of the influence of maternal impressions
+seems fully established. On the other side, see G.W. Cook, _American
+Journal of Obstetrics_, September, 1889, and H.F. Lewis, ib., July, 1899.
+
+[194] _Transactions Edinburgh Obstetrical Society_, vol. xvii, 1892.
+
+[195] J.W. Ballantyne, _Manual of Antenatal Pathology: The Embryo_, p. 45.
+
+[196] W.C. Dabney, "Maternal Impressions," Keating's _Cyclopædia of
+Diseases of Children_, vol. i, 1889, pp. 191-216.
+
+[197] Féré, _Sensation et Mouvement_, Chapter XIV, "Sur la Psychologie du
+Foetus."
+
+[198] J. Thomson, "Defective Co-ordination in Utero," _British Medical
+Journal_, September 6, 1902.
+
+[199] H. Campbell, _Nervous Organization of Man and Woman_, p. 206; cf.
+Moll, _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 264. Many
+authorities, from Soranus of Ephesus onward, consider, however, that
+sexual relations should cease during pregnancy, and certainly during the
+later months. Cf. Brénot, _De l'influence de la copulation pendant la
+grosseisse_, 1903.
+
+[200] Bianchi terms this fairly common condition the neurasthenia of
+pregnancy.
+
+[201] Vinay, _Traité des Maladies de la Grossesse_, 1894, pp. 51, 577;
+Mongeri, "Nervenkrankungen und Schwangerschaft." _Allegemeine Zeitschrift
+für Psychiatrie_, bd. LVIII, Heft 5. Haig remarks (_Uric Acid_, sixth
+edition, p. 151) that during normal pregnancy diseases with excess of uric
+acid in the blood (headaches, fits, mental depression, dyspepsia, asthma)
+are absent, and considers that the common idea that women do not easily
+take colds, fevers, etc., at this time is well founded.
+
+[202] Founding his remarks on certain anatomical changes and on a
+suggestion of Engel's, Donaldson observes: "It is impossible to escape the
+conclusion that in women natural education is complete only with
+maternity, which we know to effect some slight changes in the sympathetic
+system and possibly the spinal cord, and which may be fairly laid under
+suspicion of causing more structural modifications than are at present
+recognized." H.H. Donaldson, _The Growth of the Brain_, p. 352.
+
+[203] The state of menstruation is in many respects an approximation to
+that of pregnancy; see, e.g., Edgar's _Practice of Obstetrics_, plates 6 6
+and 7, showing the resemblance of the menstrual changes in the breasts and
+the external sexual parts to the changes of pregnancy; cf. Havelock Ellis,
+_Man and Woman_, fourth edition, Chapter XI, "The Functional Periodicity
+of Woman."
+
+[204] Thus the gypsies say of an unmarried woman who becomes pregnant,
+"She has smelt the moon-flower"--a flower believed to grow on the
+so-called moon-mountain and to possess the property of impregnating by its
+smell. Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. I, Chapter XXVII.
+
+[205] This was a sound instinct, for it is now recognized as an extremely
+important part of puericulture that a woman should rest at all events
+during the latter part of pregnancy; see, e.g., Pinard, _Gazette des
+Hôpitaux_, November 28, 1895, and _Annales de Gynécologie_, August, 1898.
+
+[206] Ploss and Bartels, op. cit., Chapter XXIX; Kryptadia, vol. viii, p.
+143.
+
+[207] Griffith Wilkin, _British Medical Journal_, April 8, 1905.
+
+[208] Weininger, _Geschlecht und Charakter_, p. 107. I may remark that a
+recent book, Ellis Meredith's _Heart of My Heart_, is devoted to a
+seemingly autobiographical account of a pregnant woman's emotions and
+ideas. The relations of maternity to intellectual work have been carefully
+and impartially investigated by Adele Gerhard and Helena Simon, who seem
+to conclude that the conflict between the inevitable claims of maternity
+and the scarcely less inevitable claims of the intellectual life cannot be
+avoided.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+HISTORIES OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT.
+
+    HISTORY I.--The following narrative has been written by a
+    university man trained in psychology:--
+
+    So far as I have been able to learn, none of my ancestors for at
+    least three generations have suffered from any nervous or mental
+    disease; and of those more remote I can learn nothing at all. It
+    appears probable, then, that any peculiarities of my own sexual
+    development must be explained by reference to the somewhat
+    peculiar environment.
+
+    I was the first child and was, naturally, somewhat spoiled--a
+    process which tended to increase my natural tendency to
+    sentimentality. On the other hand, I was shy and undemonstrative
+    with all except my nearest relatives, and with them as well after
+    my seventh or eighth year. And here it may be well to describe my
+    "mental type," as this is probably the most important factor in
+    determining the direction of one's mental development. Of mental
+    types the "visual" is, of course, by far the most common, but in
+    my own case visual imagery was never strong or vivid, and has
+    constantly grown weaker. The dominant part has been played by
+    tactual, muscular and organic sensations, placing me as one of
+    the "tactual motor" type, with strong "verbal motor" and
+    "organic" tendencies. In reading a novel I seldom have a mental
+    picture of the character or situation, but easily imagine the
+    sensations (except the visual) and feel something of the emotions
+    described. When telling of any event I have a strong impulse to
+    make the movements described and to gesticulate. I remember
+    events in terms of movements and the words to be used in giving
+    an account of them; and in thinking of any subject I can feel the
+    movements of the larynx and, in a less degree, of the lips and
+    tongue that would be involved in putting my thoughts into words.
+    I am easily moved to emotion, even to sentimentality, but am
+    seldom if ever deeply affected and am so averse to any display of
+    my feelings that I have the reputation among my acquaintances of
+    being cold, unfeeling and unemotional. I am naturally quiet and
+    bashful to a degree, which has rendered all forms of social
+    intercourse painful through much of my life, and this in spite of
+    a real longing to associate with people on terms of intimacy. As
+    a child I was sensitive and solitary; later I became morbid as
+    well. In a character so constituted the feelings and impulses of
+    the moment are likely to rule, and such has been my constant
+    experience, though a large element of obstinacy in my character
+    has kept me from appearing impulsive, and slight influences will
+    bring about reactions which seem out of all proportion to their
+    cause. For instance, I cannot, even now, read the more erotic of
+    Boccaccio's stories without a good deal of sexual excitement and
+    restlessness, which can be relieved only by vigorous exercise or
+    masturbation.
+
+    The first ten years of my life were passed on a farm, most of the
+    time without playmates or companions of my own age.
+
+    As far back as I can remember I indulged in elaborate day-dreams
+    in which I figured as the chief character along with a few others
+    who were chiefly creatures of my imagination, but at times
+    borrowed from reality. These others were always boys until I
+    learned the proper function of the sexual organs, when girls
+    usurped the whole stage in numbers beyond the limits of a Turkish
+    harem. Even at school my day-dreams were scarcely interrupted,
+    for my shyness and timidity made me very unpopular among my
+    schoolmates, who tormented me after the fashion of small boys or
+    neglected me, as the spirit moved them. To make matters worse, I
+    was brought up under the "sheltered life system," kept carefully
+    away from the "bad boys," which category included nearly all the
+    youngsters of the community, and deluged with moral homilies and
+    tirades on things religious until I was thoroughly convinced that
+    goodness and discomfort, the right and the unpleasant, were
+    strictly synonymous; and I was kept through much of the time
+    facing the prospect of an early death, to be followed by the good
+    old orthodox hell or the equal miseries of its gorgeous
+    alternative. I may say in all seriousness that this is a
+    conservative and unexaggerated account of one phase of my early
+    life--the one, I think, that tended most strongly to make me
+    introspective and morbid. Later on, when I was trying to abandon
+    the habit of masturbation, this early training greatly increased
+    the despair I felt at each successive failure.
+
+    The first traces of sexual excitement that I can now recall
+    occurred when I was about 4 years old. I had erections quite
+    frequently and found a mild pleasure in fondling my genitals when
+    these occurred, especially just after waking in the morning. I
+    had no notion of an orgasm, and never succeeded in producing one
+    until I was 13 years of age. In the summer of my sixth year I
+    experienced pleasurable sensations in daubing my genitals with
+    oil and then fondling or rubbing them, but I abandoned this
+    amusement after getting some irritating substance into the
+    meatus. A year later my mother warned me that playing with my
+    penis would "make me very sick," but since experience had taught
+    me that this was not true, my conviction that what was forbidden
+    must necessarily be pleasant, sent me directly to my favorite
+    retreat in the barn loft to experiment. Since, however, I failed,
+    in spite of persistent effort, to produce any such pleasant
+    results as I had expected, I soon gave up my attempts for other
+    kinds of amusement.
+
+    A few months after this, in midsummer, a very sensual servant
+    girl began a series of attempts to satisfy herself sexually with
+    my help. She came nearly every day into the loft where I was
+    playing and did her best to initiate me into the mysteries of
+    sexual relationships, but I proved a sorry pupil. She would rub
+    my penis until it became erect and then, placing me upon her,
+    would insert the penis in her vulva and make movements of her
+    thighs and hips calculated to cause friction. At times she varied
+    the program by lying upon me and embracing me passionately. I can
+    remember distinctly her quick, gasping breath and convulsive
+    movements. She generally ended the seance by persuading me to
+    perform cunnilingus upon her. None of these performances were
+    intelligible to me and I invariably protested against being
+    compelled to leave my play to amuse her. Even her fondling of my
+    genitals annoyed me; and, stranger still, I preferred satisfying
+    her by cunnilingus to the attempts at coitus.
+
+    It was nearly a year later that I experienced the first
+    unmistakable manifestations of the sexual impulse--erections
+    accompanied by lustful feeling and vague desires of whose proper
+    satisfaction I had no notion whatever. It never occurred to me to
+    associate my experiences with the servant girl with these new
+    sensations. The peculiar fact about them was that they were
+    generally occasioned by the infliction of pain upon animals. I do
+    not remember how I first discovered that they could be evoked in
+    this way, but I can clearly recollect many of my efforts to
+    arouse this pleasurable excitement by abusing the dog or the
+    cats, or by prodding the calves with a nail set in the end of a
+    broom handle. I seldom manipulated my genitals at this time, and
+    when I did it was for the purpose of causing sexual excitement
+    rather than allaying it.
+
+    During this same year I got my first idea of sexual intercourse
+    by watching animals copulate; but my powers of observation must
+    have been limited, for I supposed that the penis of the male
+    entered the anus of the female. In watching the coitus of animals
+    I experienced lively sexual excitement and lustful sensations,
+    located not only in the genitals, but apparently in the anus as
+    well. I often excited, myself by imagining myself playing the
+    part of the female animal--a peculiar combination of passive
+    pederasty and bestiality. A servant girl put me to right on the
+    error of observation just mentioned, but neglected to apply the
+    principle to human animals, and I remained for another year in
+    complete ignorance of the structure of woman's sexual organs and
+    of the intercourse between man and woman. In the meantime I
+    cultivated my fancies of intercourse with animals, often still
+    perversely imagining myself taking the part of the female; and
+    the notion of such relationships gradually became so familiar as
+    to seem possible and desirable. This is especially significant in
+    view of later developments.
+
+    Up to my eleventh or twelfth year the erotic element in my
+    daydreaming varied with the seasons. In the summer it played a
+    dominant part, while in the winter it was almost entirely absent,
+    owing, it may be, to the fact that most of my time was spent
+    indoors or on long, tiresome tramps to and from school, and the
+    further fact that during the winter I saw but little of the
+    animals which had acted as a stimulus to sexual excitement. So
+    little was I troubled in winter and so ignorant was I of normal
+    intercourse that sleeping with a cousin, a girl of about my own
+    age (7 or 8 years), resulted in no addition to my knowledge of
+    things sexual.
+
+    It was early in my ninth year that I first learned something of
+    the anatomical difference between man and woman and of the
+    functions of the sexual organs in coitus. These were explained to
+    me by a young male servant, who, however, told me nothing of
+    conception or pregnancy. At first I was very little interested,
+    as it did not immediately occur to me to associate my own erotic
+    experiences with the matter of these revelations; but under the
+    faithful tuition of my new instructor I soon began to desire
+    normal coitus, and my interest in the sexual affairs of animals
+    weakened accordingly. His teachings went still further, for he
+    masturbated before me, then persuaded me to masturbate him, and
+    finally practiced coitus inter femora upon me. He also tried to
+    masturbate me, but was unable to produce an orgasm, though I
+    found the experiment mildly pleasurable.
+
+    Early in my eleventh year we left the farm and lived in the city
+    for several months. In the meantime there had been no
+    developments in my sexual life beyond what has already been
+    indicated. In the city I found so much to interest and amuse me
+    that I almost entirely forgot my erotic day-dreams and desires.
+    Though my chief playmates were two girls of about my own age I
+    never thought of attempting sexual intercourse with them, as I
+    might easily have done, for they were much wiser and more
+    experienced in these things than myself. Shortly before the end
+    of our stay in town an older schoolmate explained to me as much
+    of the process of reproduction as is usually known by a
+    precocious youngster of 12 years, but I firmly refused to credit
+    his statements. He adduced the fact of lactation in proof of the
+    correctness of his views, but I had been too thoroughly steeped
+    in supernaturalism to be very amenable to naturalistic evidence
+    of this sort and remained obdurate. But the suggestion stayed
+    with me and perplexed me not a little; when we returned to the
+    farm I began to watch the reproductive process in animals.
+
+    The following two years were decidedly unpleasant. I was growing
+    rapidly and was sluggish, awkward and stupid. At school I was
+    more unpopular than ever and seemed to have a positive genius
+    for doing the wrong thing. On the rare occasions when my
+    companions admitted me to their counsels I was a willing dupe and
+    catspaw, with the result that I was much in trouble with my
+    teachers. Being morbidly sensitive I suffered keenly under these
+    circumstances and, as my health was not at all good, I often made
+    of my frequent headaches excuses to stay at home, where I would
+    lie abed brooding over my small troubles or, more often, dreaming
+    erotic day-dreams and making repeated attempts to produce an
+    orgasm. But though these efforts were accompanied by the most
+    lustful thoughts and my imagination created situations of
+    oriental extravagance, I was 13 years old when they first met
+    with success. I remember the occasion very distinctly, the more
+    so because I thought of it much and bitterly when shortly
+    afterwards I tried to abandon a habit which the family "doctor
+    book" assured me must result in every variety of damnation. At
+    the moment, however, I was greatly surprised and gratified and
+    tried at once to repeat the delightful sensation, but was unable
+    to do so until the following day. From that time to the present I
+    think I have masturbated an average of ten times per week, and
+    this is certainly a very conservative estimate; for though up to
+    my sixteenth year I could seldom produce an orgasm more than once
+    a day I have often, during the last four or five years, produced
+    it from four to seven times per day without difficulty and this
+    for days and even weeks in succession. During these periods of
+    excessive masturbation very little liquid was ejaculated and the
+    pleasurable sensations were slight or entirely lacking.
+
+    From the time when I began masturbating regularly practically my
+    whole interest centered in things pertaining to sex. I read the
+    chapters of the family "doctor book" which treated of sexual
+    matters; my day-dreams were almost exclusively erotic; I sought
+    opportunities to talk about sex-relationships with my
+    schoolmates, with whom I was now slowly getting on better terms;
+    I collected pictures of nude women, learned a great number of
+    obscene stories, read such obscene books as I could obtain and
+    even searched the dictionary for words having a sexual
+    connotation. Up to my fifteenth year, when ejaculation of semen
+    began, there was a strong sadistic coloring to my day-dreams.
+    Through this period, too, my bashfulness in the presence of the
+    opposite sex increased until it reached the point of absurdity.
+
+    When fifteen years old I began to practice coitus inter femora on
+    my brother and continued it intermittently for about two years.
+    The experience was disappointing, for I had confidently expected
+    a great increase of pleasure over masturbation in this act; and
+    in casting about for some stronger stimulus I recurred to the
+    forgotten idea of intercourse with animals. I promptly tried to
+    put the idea to a test, but failed several times, and finally
+    succeeded, only to find that the result fell far short of my
+    expectations. Nevertheless I continued the practice irregularly
+    for about three years--or rather through that part of the three
+    years that I spent at home, for while I was at school opportunity
+    for such indulgence was lacking. Long familiarity with the idea
+    of intercourse with animals had made it impossible for me to feel
+    the disgust with the practice which it inspires in most people;
+    and even the perusal of Exodus xxii: 19 failed to make me abandon
+    it. Firmly as I believed in the Mosaic law the supremacy of the
+    sexual impulse was complete.
+
+    As early as my sixteenth year I tried to abandon "self-abuse" in
+    all its forms and have repeatedly made the same effort since that
+    time but never with more than very partial success. On two or
+    three occasions I have stopped for periods of several weeks, but
+    only to begin again and indulge more recklessly than before. The
+    deep depression which followed each failure, and often each act
+    of masturbation, I attributed solely to the loss of semen,
+    leaving out of account the fact that I expected to feel depressed
+    and the utter discouragement and self-contempt which accompanied
+    the sense of failure and weakness when, in the face of my
+    resolution, I repeatedly gave way and yielded to the temptation
+    to an act whose consequences I firmly believed must be ruinous. I
+    am now convinced that by far the greater part of this depression
+    was due to suggestion and the humiliating sense of defeat. And
+    this feeling of moral impotence, this seeming helplessness
+    against an overpowering impulse which, on the other hand, seemed
+    so trivial when viewed without passion, eventually weakened my
+    self-control to a degree guessed by no one but myself and sapped
+    the foundations of my moral life in a way which I have constant
+    occasion to deplore.
+
+    The foregoing paragraphs give, I think, a fair idea of my
+    condition when I left home for a boarding school at the beginning
+    of my seventeenth year. From this time my experiences may be said
+    to have run on in two distinct cycles--that of the summer months
+    when I was at home, and that of the remainder of the year when I
+    was at school. This fact will make some confusion and apparent
+    inconsistency in the rest of this "history" unavoidable. When I
+    left home I was shy, retiring, totally ignorant of social usage,
+    without self-confidence, unambitious, dreamy, and subject to fits
+    of melancholy. I masturbated at least once a day, though I was in
+    almost constant rebellion against the habit. In my more idle
+    moments I elaborated erotic day dreams in which there was a
+    peculiar mixture of the purely sensual and the purely ideal
+    element; which never fused in my experience, but held the field
+    alternately or mingled somewhat in the manner of air and water.
+    One person usually served as the object of my ideal attachment,
+    another as the center round which I grouped my sensual dreams and
+    desires.
+
+    At school I found more congenial companions than I had fallen in
+    with elsewhere, and the necessary contact with people of both
+    sexes gradually wore off some of the rougher corners and brought
+    a measure of self-confidence. I had two or three incipient love
+    affairs which my backwardness kept from growing serious. Out of
+    this change of environment came a sense of expansion, of escape
+    from self, which was distinctly pleasant. I still masturbated
+    regularly, but no longer experienced the former depression except
+    when at home during vacation. Relatively to the past, life was
+    now so varied and interesting that I had less and less time for
+    melancholy; and the discovery that I could lead my classes and
+    hold my own in athletic sports seemed to indicate that my past
+    fears had been exaggerated. Nevertheless I was never reconciled
+    to the habit and often rebelled at the weakness that kept me its
+    slave.
+
+    When I entered the university the effects of my useless struggle
+    with the practice of masturbation were pretty well developed. I
+    could no longer fix my attention steadily upon my work and found
+    that only by "cribbing" and "bluffing" could I keep my place at
+    the head of my classes. I was troubled not a little by the
+    shoddiness of my work, and tried again and again during the
+    course of the two years spent at this college to shake off the
+    habit. At the university I was introduced gradually to a wider
+    social circle and so far outgrew my bashfulness that I began to
+    seek the society of the opposite sex assiduously. As I gained
+    self-confidence I became reckless, getting at one time into
+    serious trouble with the authorities which came near resulting in
+    my expulsion. I became one of the more popular members of the
+    clique to which I belonged--much to my surprise and even more to
+    that of my acquaintances. The physical culture craze attacked me
+    at this time and my pet ambition was the attainment of strength
+    and agility. My bump of vanity also grew apace, but an unmeasured
+    hatred of all kinds of foppishness kept me on the safe side of
+    moderation in my dress and behavior.
+
+    During my second year of university life I had two love affairs
+    in the course of which I found that my interest in any particular
+    member of the fair sex disappeared as soon as it was returned.
+    The pursuit was fascinating enough, but I cared nothing at all
+    for the prize when once it was within reach. I may add that the
+    interest I had in the girls was purely ideal. While at this
+    school I do not think I masturbated half as often as while at the
+    preparatory school.
+
+    When I left this college for ---- University I took with me a
+    formidable catalogue of good resolutions, first among which was
+    the determination to abandon all kinds of "self-abuse." I think I
+    kept this one about a month. As I had gone from a comparatively
+    small school to one of the largest of American universities the
+    change was great and the revelations it brought me frequently
+    humiliating. I was lonesome, home-sick, and my bump of
+    self-esteem was woefully bruised; and not unnaturally I soon
+    began to seek a partial solace in day-dreams and masturbation.
+    After I had become somewhat adapted to my new environment I
+    indulged less frequently in either, and from that time to the
+    present I have masturbated very irregularly, sometimes but little
+    and again to excess.
+
+    Not long after I came to this place I met a young lady with whom
+    I soon became quite intimate. For over a year our friendship was
+    strictly platonic and then swung suddenly around to a sexual
+    basis. We were ardent lovers for a few weeks, after which I tired
+    of the game as I had before in other cases, and broke off all
+    relations with her as abruptly as was possible. Since then I have
+    almost wholly withdrawn from the society and companionship of
+    women and have almost entirely lost whatever tact and assurance I
+    once possessed in their company. Things pertaining to sexual life
+    have interested me rather more than less, but have occupied my
+    attention much less exclusively than before this episode. Though
+    I have never intended to marry, my breaking off relations with
+    this girl affected me much. At any rate it marked an abrupt
+    change in the character of my sexual experiences. The sexual
+    impulse seems to have lost its power to rouse me to action.
+    Hitherto I had practiced masturbation always under protest, as it
+    were--as the only available form of sexual satisfaction; while
+    now I resigned myself to it as all that there was to hope for in
+    that field. Of course I knew that a little effort or a little
+    money would procure natural satisfaction of my sexual needs, but
+    I also knew that I would never, under any ordinary circumstances,
+    put forth the necessary effort, and fear of venereal disease has
+    been more than enough to keep me away from houses of
+    prostitution.
+
+    Some months ago I refrained from masturbation for a period of
+    about six weeks and watched carefully for any change in my health
+    or spirits, but noticed none at all. The only impulse to
+    masturbate was occasioned by fits of restlessness accompanied by
+    erections and a mildly pleasurable feeling of fullness in the
+    penis and scrotum. I think that over 75 per cent, of my acts of
+    masturbation are provoked by these fits of restlessness and are
+    unaccompanied by fancy images, erotic thoughts, lustful desires,
+    or marked pleasure. At other times the act is occasioned by
+    erotic thoughts and images, and is accompanied by a considerable
+    degree of lustful pleasure which, however, is never so intense as
+    in my earlier experiences and has steadily decreased from the
+    first. Usually the orgasm is accompanied by a strong contraction
+    of all the voluntary muscles, particularly the extensors,
+    followed by a slight giddiness and slight feeling of exhaustion.
+    If repeated several times in the course of a single day the acts
+    are followed by dullness and lassitude; otherwise the feeling of
+    exhaustion passes away quickly and a sense of relief and quiet
+    takes its place. So natural or rather habitual has this resort
+    to masturbation as a means of relief from nervousness and
+    restlessness become that the act is almost instinctive in its
+    unconsciousness.
+
+    I am extremely sensitive to all kinds of sexual influences, and
+    have an insatiable curiosity regarding everything that pertains
+    to the sexual life of men or women. I am not, however, excited
+    sexually by conversation about sexual facts and relationships, no
+    matter what its nature, though in reading erotic literature my
+    excitement is often intense.
+
+    The tendency to day dream has never left me, but there are no
+    longer any elaborate scenes or long-continued "stories," these
+    having been replaced by vaguely imagined incidents which are
+    usually broken off before they reach a satisfactory climax. They
+    are always interrupted by the intrusion of other matters, usually
+    of more practical interest; and the long-continued habit of
+    satisfying myself by masturbation has made erotic dreams rather
+    tantalizing than pleasurable. I dream very seldom at night--at
+    least I can scarcely ever remember any dreams upon waking--and
+    practically never of sexual relations. I have not had a nocturnal
+    emission for over three years, and probably not more than
+    twenty-five in my life.
+
+    In my "love passages" with girls there has been no serious
+    thought of coitus on my part, and I have never had intercourse
+    with a woman--unless my early experiences with the servant girl
+    be called such. Like all masturbators I always idealized "love"
+    to the utter exclusion of all sensual cravings; and the notion
+    that the physical act of coitus was something degrading and
+    destructive of real love rather than its consummation was, of all
+    prejudices I have ever formed, the most difficult to escape--a
+    circumstance due, I suppose, to the fact that all I had ever been
+    taught on the subject tended to the complete divorce of what was
+    called "love" from what was stigmatized as a "base sensual
+    desire." Judging from my own experience and observation I should
+    say that "ideal love" is a mere surface feeling, bound to
+    disappear as soon as it has gained its object by arousing a
+    reciprocal interest on the part of the one to whom it is
+    directed. So little did I "materialize" the objects of my "love"
+    that I have never cared for kissing or the warm embraces in which
+    lovers usually indulge. I have never kissed but one girl, and her
+    with far too little enthusiasm to satisfy her. My last sweetheart
+    was a very passionate girl, the warmth of whose embraces was
+    somewhat torrid and, to me, both puzzling and annoying. The
+    intensity of feeling which demanded such strenuous expression was
+    beyond my knowledge of human nature. A somewhat peculiar
+    circumstance in connection with these experiences is the fact
+    that I often found myself trying to analyze my emotions with a
+    purely psychological interest while playing the part of the
+    intoxicated lover in his mistress's arms.
+
+    There is but little left to say on the subject of my sexual
+    development. During the last two or three years my knowledge of
+    the facts of the sexual life has been very greatly increased,
+    and I have become acquainted with phases of human nature which
+    were wholly unknown to me before. The part played by things
+    sexual in my life is still, I suppose, abnormally large; it is
+    undoubtedly the largest single interest, though my outer life is
+    determined almost wholly by other considerations.
+
+    Of course I know nothing of the effect which long-continued
+    masturbation may have had on my ability to perform normal coitus.
+    I do not think I am subject to any kind of sexual perversion, for
+    all my indulgence has been _faute de mieux_ and, at least since I
+    began masturbation, all my desires and erotic day-dreams have had
+    to do only with normal coitus. The mystery which surrounds the
+    sexual act seems at times to be regaining its former influence
+    and power of fascination. I have no doubt, however, but that I
+    should be greatly disillusioned should I ever perform coitus; and
+    I greatly regret that I have not been able to test this
+    conviction and so round out and complete this "history."
+
+    It may be worth while to say a word about my religious
+    experiences, as, in many cases, they are closely bound up with
+    the sexual impulse. I was never "converted," but on a dozen or
+    more occasions approached the crisis more or less closely. The
+    dominant emotion in these experiences was always fear, sometimes
+    with anger and despair intermixed in varying proportions. A
+    complete analysis of these experiences is, of course, impossible,
+    but the various pleasurable feelings of which converts spoke in
+    the revivals which I attended were a closed book to me. Following
+    my revival-meeting experiences came a few days spent in a sort of
+    moral exaltation during which I eschewed all my habits of which
+    conventional morality disapproved, save masturbation, and felt no
+    small satisfaction with my moral conditions. I became a
+    first-rate Pharisee. Toward the women who had figured in my day
+    dreams I suddenly conceived the chastest affection, resolutely
+    smothering every sensual thought and fancy when thinking of them,
+    and putting in place of these elements ideal love,
+    self-sacrifice, knightly devotion--Sunday-school Garden-of-Eden
+    pictures with a mediæval, romantic coloring. These day-dreams
+    were always sexual, involving situations of extreme complexity
+    and monumental silliness. Masturbation was always continued and
+    usually with increased frequency. The end of these periods was
+    always abrupt and much like awaking from a dream in which the
+    dreamer has been behaving in a manner to arouse his own disgust.
+    They were followed by feelings of sheepishness and self-contempt
+    mingled with anger and a dislike of all things having to do with
+    religion. My inability to pass the conversion crisis and a
+    growing contempt for empty enthusiasm finally led me to a saner
+    attitude toward religion, from which I passed easily into
+    religious scepticism; and later the study of philosophy and
+    science, and particularly of psychology, banished the last
+    lingering remnant of faith in a supernatural agency and led me
+    to the passion for facts and indifference to values which have
+    caused me to be often called "dead to all morality."
+
+
+    HISTORY II.--C.A., aged 25, unmarried; tutor, preparing to take
+    Holy Orders:--
+
+    My paternal ancestry (which is largely Huguenot) is noteworthy
+    for its patriotism and its large families. My father, who died
+    when I was a year old, is remembered for the singular uprightness
+    and purity of his life from his earliest childhood. The
+    photograph which I have shows him as possessed of a rare classic
+    beauty of features. He was an ideal husband and father. At the
+    time of his death he was a Master of Arts and a school principal.
+    My mother is an extraordinarily neurotic woman, yet famed among
+    her friends for her great domesticity, attachment to her
+    husbands, and an almost abnormal love of babies. She has nobly
+    borne the ill-treatment of her second husband, who for several
+    years has been in a state of melancholia. My mother has been
+    "highly-wrought" all her life, and has suffered intensely from
+    fears of all kinds. As a young girl she was somnambulistic, and
+    once fell down a stairhead during sleep. In spite of her bodily
+    sufferings with indigestion, eye-strain, and depression she
+    retains her youthfulness. She has slight powers of reasoning. She
+    has had times of unconsciousness and rigidity, I have never heard
+    any mention of epilepsy. She has a horror of showing prudishness
+    in regard to the healthful manifestations of sex life, and is
+    always praising examples of what she terms "a natural woman."
+
+    I have heard that during my first year my mother detected my
+    nurse in the act of putting a morphine powder on my tongue for
+    the purpose of keeping me quiet. I was subject to convulsions at
+    this period, and narrowly escaped a permanent hernia. My family
+    tell me that from the beginning I was a well-developed and boyish
+    boy, full of mischief, impulsive, good to look upon, unusually
+    affectionate, beloved by all.
+
+    In my third year I took pleasure in crawling under the bed with
+    my boy-cousin who was nine months my senior, and after we had
+    taken down our drawers, in kissing each other's nates. I do not
+    remember which of us first thought of this pastime.
+
+    At the age of 4 I gave myself a treat by gazing upward through a
+    cellar window at the nates of a woman who was defecating from
+    several feet above into a cesspool that lay beneath. It was
+    during this summer also that I frightened myself by pulling back
+    my prepuce far enough to disclose the purple glans, which I had
+    never seen before. But this act gave me no desire to masturbate.
+
+    When 5 years old, and living in a great city, I drew indecent
+    pictures in company with a little girl and her younger brother.
+    These pictures represented men in the act of urinating. The
+    penes were drawn large, and the streams of urine plainly
+    indicated. One afternoon I induced the boy to go to the
+    bath-room, lie on his back, and allow me to perform _fellatio_ on
+    him. I did not ask him to return the favor. I remember the
+    curious tar-like smell of his clothing and the region about his
+    genitals. It is possible that I gained my knowledge of _fellatio_
+    from an unknown boy of 10, who had induced me, during the
+    preceding summer to enter a sandy lot with him, watch him
+    urinate, and then, kneeling before him, commit _fellatio_. A year
+    later, as I was walking home in the rain to our summer cottage,
+    with an open umbrella over my shoulder, a boy of 15, who was
+    leaning against our fence, exhibited a large, erect penis, and
+    when I had passed him urinated upon me and my umbrella. I never
+    saw the boy again. I felt peculiarly insulted by his act. Back of
+    the house there lived a 12-year-old boy who invited me to watch
+    him defecate in the outdoor privy, and during the act told me a
+    number of indecent stories and words which I cannot remember.
+
+    About this time I fell in love with a little Jewish boy next
+    door. Often I cried myself to sleep over the thought that perhaps
+    he was lying on a sofa alone and crying with a stomach-ache. I
+    longed to embrace him; and yet I saw little of him, and made
+    little of him when I was with him.
+
+    Living in a Western city a few months later, some girls of 12 and
+    14 led me to their barn, where they dressed themselves in boys'
+    clothing and made believe that they were cowboys. One of them
+    told me to "shut my eyes, open my mouth, and get a surprise."
+    When I opened my eyes once more a piece of hen-dung lay in my
+    mouth. I have a vague remembrance of one of the girls asking me
+    to enter a water-closet with her. She uttered some indelicate
+    phrase, but I performed no act with her. In the house where I
+    lived I once entered the bedroom of a half-grown girl while she
+    was dressing. She knelt to kiss me innocently enough, and I, by a
+    sudden impulse, ran my hand between her bare neck and her corset
+    as far as I could reach. Apparently she took no notice of my
+    movement. Although I did not masturbate, yet during this winter I
+    experienced a tickling sensation about my genitals when I placed
+    my hand beneath them as I lay on my stomach in bed. One evening I
+    pulled up my night-dress and, holding my penis in my hand, I
+    danced to and fro on the carpet. I imagined that I was one of a
+    line of naked men and women who were advancing toward another
+    similar line that faced them. I imagined myself as pleasurably
+    coming in contact with my female partner who possessed male
+    genitals.
+
+    The following summer I lived in the woods. My next-door playmate
+    was a little girl of my own age--6 years. She sat down before me
+    in the barn and exposed her genitals. This was the first time I
+    had seen female organs, or had thought for a moment that they
+    differed from my own. In great perplexity I asked the little
+    girl: "Has it been cut off?" She and I defecated in peach baskets
+    that we found in the upper part of the barn.
+
+    When I was 7 years old and back in the Eastern city I lived in
+    the house of a physician. Alone with his 3-year-old daughter one
+    day, I showed her my erect organ, and felt a delicious
+    gratification when she stroked it with the words: "Nice! Nice!" I
+    confessed my fault to my guardian that night after I had said my
+    prayers. I had complained to my mother a year before of the
+    inconvenience I found in my penis being "so long sometimes." She
+    said that she would "see about having the end taken off." But I
+    was never circumcised. Her words gave me the doubly unpleasant
+    impression that my _glans_ was to be cut off.
+
+    There came occasionally to the kitchen of Dr. W.'s house a
+    foul-mouthed Irish laundress who used coarse language to me
+    concerning urination. I loathed the woman, and yet one night I
+    dreamed that I was embracing her naked form and rolling over and
+    over with her on the bed; and in spite of my sight of female
+    genitals a few months before, I thought of her as having organs
+    of my own kind and size. At my first school I watched a
+    red-haired boy of 12 expose the penis of a 7-year-old boy as he
+    lay on his back in the bath-room. I do not remember that the
+    sight gave me sexual pleasure.
+
+    I spent the summer before I was 8 in a double house. The adopted
+    daughter of our neighbor (a neurotic, retired physician) was a
+    girl of 13 who had been taken from a poor laboring family. She
+    got me to show her my parts, touched them, and asked whether I
+    urinated from my scrotum. She also induced me to play with her
+    genitals as we sat on a sofa in the twilight, and to spank her
+    naked nates with the back of a hair-brush as she lay on a bed;
+    but from none of these performances did I derive physical
+    satisfaction. The girl E. and I took delight in "talking dirty
+    secrets," as she expressed it. Her young cousin H. (nephew of her
+    adopted mother) never heard me use the word "thing" without
+    suggestively smiling. E. recalled the pleasant hours that she had
+    spent with her cousin when they were in their night-gowns. She
+    did not particularize these sexual relations. Under the
+    board-walk the boy H. and I once defecated in bottles. Some
+    little girls who lived opposite us pulled up their dresses one
+    night and "dared" each other to dance out beyond the end of the
+    house, in full view of the road. We boys merely looked on.
+
+    I now fell passionately in love with a remarkably handsome little
+    boy of my own age. I longed to kiss and hug him, but I did not
+    dare to do so, for he was haughty and intolerant of my
+    attentions. I even allowed him to stand with one foot on me and
+    remark in a loud tone: "I am Conqueror!" I endured no end of
+    petty insults and much ill-treatment from this boy. I reached the
+    height of my passion on the night that he appeared at our
+    cottage in a tight-fitting suit of pepper-and-salt. I gloried in
+    his perfect legs and besought my guardian that she would buy me a
+    similar suit of clothes.
+
+    For the summer after I was 8 years old I lived in a cottage in a
+    country town. The servant maid M. was a young girl of 16 who
+    listened eagerly to my accounts of the "secrets" and actions in
+    which the girl E. and I had taken delight a year before. I think
+    that M. arranged a meeting between a little black-haired girl and
+    me in order that we might take a walk and play sexually with each
+    other. Just as we were starting on our walk one of my relatives
+    said that I must not leave the yard.
+
+    The little girl and I had see-sawed together and I had been
+    interested in her legs as she rose in the air. (When I was 13
+    years old and see-sawing at a picnic with a stout girl, the
+    motion of the board and the sight of her straddled form filled me
+    with longing to embrace her sexually.) One afternoon M. took me
+    to the house of an acquaintance of hers. M's brother was in the
+    room and made a number of unremembered remarks which struck me as
+    being rather "free," and M. told me later that she and the girl
+    once dressed as ballet dancers and danced before M.'s brother. I
+    felt that he was lascivious. I was always remarkably intuitive.
+
+    I fell in love with a handsome, stout, black-haired boy who lived
+    on a farm; but he was not a "farmer's son" in the common sense of
+    the word. I visited him for two or three days, and we slept with
+    each other, to my boundless joy. For his freckled girl cousin I
+    did not care the turn of my wrist, although she was a nice enough
+    little thing. One night when we three lay on a bed in the dark,
+    and neither of us boys had eyes or words for her, she silently
+    left us. He and I never committed the slightest sexual fault. I
+    left him with tears at the summer-end, and I often kissed his
+    photograph during the following winter.
+
+    In the flat-house where I began to live when I was 8 years old, I
+    once practiced mutual tickling of a very slight character with a
+    boy of my own age. We sat on chairs placed opposite to each other
+    and we inserted our fingers through the openings in our trousers.
+    Just as we were beginning to enjoy the titillation we were
+    interrupted by the approach of one of my family who, however, was
+    not quick enough to discover us. Down cellar I often saw the
+    genitals of the janitor's little girls--they were fond of lifting
+    their skirts and they did not wear drawers--but I had no desire
+    to attempt conjunction. I once caught an older friend of mine (he
+    was 13) in the act of leaving one of the girls. The pair had been
+    in a coal-compartment. The boy was buttoning his trousers and I
+    guessed what he had been doing. When I began to sleep alone in my
+    tenth year I had no desire to masturbate, and was loath to do so
+    by reason of ample warnings given me by my guardian and by the
+    family physician. One afternoon a stunted friend of mine sat down
+    in the back yard and astonished me by tying a piece of string to
+    his penis. At a large private school which I now attended I made
+    the acquaintance of the principal's son, and wondered why he had
+    such a fancy for dressing his 5-year-old sister in boy's clothes.
+    He closed the door on me while he was thus engaged. At my house
+    we went to the bath-room together, and he showed me his
+    circumcised and much-ridged penis. Neither of us made any mention
+    of masturbating.
+
+    At this period I fell slightly in love with a 5-year-old boy with
+    intensely black eyes. I would kiss him whenever we were alone,
+    but I had no wish to seduce him. I was always interested in
+    watching the urination of younger children. When I was 5 years
+    old I went on my knees to a strange little boy in order to
+    whisper in his ear an inquiry as to whether he wanted to urinate.
+    I experienced a pleasurable thrill when I was 10 years old in
+    leading a small girl cousin to the outdoor privy, in helping her
+    on and off the open seat, in buttoning and unbuttoning her
+    drawers, and in gazing at her vulva.
+
+    The summer before I was 10 I lived a wild life in the mountains.
+    My companions were a negro girl, the two daughters of a
+    clergyman, the two sons of a questionable woman hotel-keeper, and
+    the daughter of the Irish scavenger. All of these children were
+    extraordinarily sensual. Their leading pastime, from morning
+    until night, was varying forms of indecency, with the supreme
+    caress--which they termed "raising dickie"--as the most frequent
+    enjoyment. The 5-year-old daughter of the scavenger explained to
+    us how she had seen her father approaching her stout mother with
+    an erect penis, the pair standing up before the lamplight during
+    the act. This curly-headed, rosy-cheeked child handled her
+    genitals so much that they were inflamed. I once saw her sitting
+    in the road and rubbing dust against her vulva. I saw little of
+    the elder daughter of the minister (she was 12 years old). She
+    persuaded me to expose myself before her in the cellar of a
+    partially-built house. In return for my favor she allowed me to
+    look at her genitals. She did not ask for _conjunctio_. The two
+    younger daughters were my intimates. With the middle one I was
+    forever performing a weak conjunction that consisted in the
+    laying of my member against her vulva. Notwithstanding all the
+    entreaties of my little friend, I could not be persuaded to
+    protrude my penis against her vagina; and not on one occasion can
+    I remember obtaining an erection or extreme pleasure. Up in the
+    garret she straddled slanting beams with her genitals exposed,
+    and I followed her example. The negro girl and my little friend
+    both urinated on a tent floor at my request. I did not fancy the
+    odor of a girl's genitals, nor the appearance of the vulva when
+    the labia were held apart.
+
+    The following summer, when I was almost 11, I took a long walk
+    one day with my old friend, the girl E. We entered a patch of
+    woods and ate our lunch, but no sense of sexual drawing toward
+    the girl came over me and she did not offer to entice me. I
+    slept with her boy-cousin one night, and her neuropathic aunt, a
+    retired lady physician, bothered us by repeatedly creeping into
+    our room. I felt intuitively that she was watching to see whether
+    we would commit mutual masturbation--which we had no thought of
+    doing. Three years before I had opened the door of her bedroom
+    suddenly and saw E.'s naked form. The physician had been
+    examining her, E. told me later. My guardian also annoyed me by
+    repeated warnings not to play with myself.
+
+    Just before I turned 11 I was sent to a small and so-called
+    "home" boarding-school. Eight of us lived in the smaller
+    dormitory. The matron roomed downstairs. There was no resident
+    master--a serious error. We small boys were told to strip one
+    evening. We were then tied neck-to-neck and made to dance a
+    "slave-dance," which was marked by no sexuality. A boy of 15, R.,
+    one afternoon gave me the astonishing information that my father
+    had taken a part in my procreation. Up to this moment I had known
+    only of the maternal offices, information of which had been
+    beautifully supplied to me by my guardian when I was 7 years old.
+    At that time I talked freely about the coming of a baby brother
+    in a distant city; I watched the construction of baby clothes; I
+    named the newcomer, and I was momentarily disappointed when he
+    proved to be a girl. This same R., a strong boy with a large
+    penis, got into the custom of lying in bed with me just before
+    lights were put out. He would read to himself and occasionally
+    pause to pump his penis and make with his lips the sound of a
+    laboring locomotive. I felt impelled to handle his organ, for I
+    was fascinated by its size, and stiffness, and warmth. Rarely he
+    would titillate my then small and unerect penis. R. never
+    ejaculated when he was with me; hence not until my third year was
+    I acquainted with the appearance of a flow of semen. Sometimes R.
+    would stop during his dressing to manipulate his penis, but was
+    such a picture of rosy health that I doubt whether he brought
+    himself often to ejaculation. R. told me that he had been to a
+    brothel where his genitals were examined to determine whether
+    they were large enough and not diseased. He also related how he
+    "played cow" with a girl of his own age, she consenting to
+    perform _fellatio_ upon him. A dark-skinned, unwashed, pimpled
+    but fairly vigorous boy of 16, with an irritable domineering
+    manner, told me the delights of coitus with a girl in a
+    bath-house, and I overheard his conversation with another "old"
+    boy concerning the purchase of a girl in a big city for the sum
+    of five dollars. No details were given.
+
+    I will now pass to my third year, when I was 13 years old. A
+    large, well-set-up boy of 16, A., became my idol. His toleration
+    of my presence in his room filled me with endless love. When I
+    lied about a matter in which he was concerned, his denunciation
+    of me brought me to a state of shuddering and weeping
+    unspeakable. When our relations were established again A.
+    allowed me to creep into his bed after the lights were out, and
+    there I passionately embraced him, but without performing any
+    definite act. When I turned over on my side with my back to him
+    he drew my prepuce back and forth until I experienced orgasm, but
+    not ejaculation. I would return his favor by pumping his erect
+    penis, but with no ejaculation on his part. He did not propose
+    _fellatio_, and I did not think of it. One night when he was in
+    my bed I began to masturbate very slightly, whereupon he laughed,
+    saying: "So that is the way you amuse yourself!" As a matter of
+    fact the habit was not fastened upon me. He always laughed when
+    the rubbing of his finger on my exposed glans caused me to
+    shrink. Another boy, H., now began to show me his erect penis and
+    we practiced mutual manipulations. A. laughingly told me how me
+    had caught H. in the act of masturbating as he stood in the
+    bath-tub. A. told me a number of sexual stories--how he enjoyed
+    coitus in the bushes with a girl on the way home from
+    entertainments; how half a dozen boys and girls stripped in the
+    basement of a church and performed coitus on the velvet chairs
+    which stood behind the pulpit; and how he and a younger boy, who
+    camped out together, played with each other's genitals. F., a boy
+    of 11, was highly nervous, subject to timidity and tears on the
+    slightest provocation, often morose, and under treatment for
+    kidney trouble. His penis was erect whenever I saw him undress.
+    He told me that a partially idiotic man taught F. and his
+    companion how to masturbate. The man invited the boys to his tent
+    and there pumped his organ until "some white stuff came out of
+    it." F. also told me that an Indian princess in his part of the
+    country would permit coitus for fifty cents. A. sometimes slept
+    with F., and I could imagine their embraces. S., a secretive,
+    handsome boy of 13, wetted his bed with urine every night. The
+    only sign that he gave of an interest in sexuality was his
+    laughing remark concerning the coupling of rose-bugs. Of his
+    chum, my beloved C., I will speak later. My small room-mate
+    handled himself only slightly. I never had a desire to lie with
+    him, since I disliked him, nor with my first room-mate, a
+    "chunky," fiery boy of 10, whose penis interested me merely
+    because it was circumcised and almost always erect. His
+    masturbation was also so slight as not to attract any particular
+    attention. A lusty German boy, B., showed no signs of sexuality
+    until his third year, when he laughed about his newly-appearing
+    pubic hair, and told several of us openly of how he enjoyed to
+    play "a drum-beat" on his penis before going to sleep. "I don't
+    do it too much, though," he explained. He showed a mild curiosity
+    when I gave him the resumé of a book on cohabitation which
+    contained illustrations of the erect penis and the female organs.
+    I had found this book in the woods and I read it eagerly during
+    my third year.
+
+    I came to the point of agreeing with A., who said: "Everyone is
+    smutty." Indeed I lived in a lustful world, and yet my mind was
+    bent also on books, and writing, and the outdoor world. I was
+    overgrown and splendidly developed, with a medium-sized penis and
+    a scant growth of pubic hair. My face wore a somewhat infantile
+    expression. My mouth was a perfect "Cupid's bow," my hair thin
+    and light. I was troubled about my snub-nose, which gave the boys
+    a great deal of amusement. As a matter of fact I exaggerated its
+    upward tendency out of my morbid self-consciousness and
+    cowardice. My imagination was extraordinarily intense, as it had
+    always been. I was sensitive to smells and sounds and colors and
+    personalities, and to the subtle influence of the night. I was
+    timid and easily moved to tears, but not from any physical
+    weakness until after. At the lower house there was the boy Z.,
+    famed for his large penis; and the older G., a boy of 15, who was
+    the leader in sexuality at his dormitory. Z. showed me his penis
+    and exposed his glans often enough, but we did not manipulate
+    each other. G. told us to notice how large a space his penis
+    occupied in his trousers, and laughed over Z.'s custom of
+    masturbating by means of a narrow vase. G.'s special lover was a
+    nervous boy of ten. It is remarkable that none of us mentioned
+    _fellatio_ or _pædicatio_. These acts may have occurred at
+    school, but not to my knowledge. We did not have much to say
+    sexually about the girls. We heard rumors of a 16-year-old, V.,
+    who had been sent away from school for coitus; and my first
+    room-mate was said to have obtained _conjunctio_ with a girl
+    under cover of the chapel shed. Once A. and I pointed a telescope
+    at the open windows of the girls' dormitory, but we saw nothing
+    to interest us. A day-scholar, J., a pale, nervous, bright boy of
+    13, took me into the study of his uncle-physician and together we
+    gloated over pictures of the sexual organs. A. was with us on one
+    occasion. J. told me how he liked to roll over and over in bed
+    with his hand placed under his scrotum. This act, he said, made
+    him imagine that he was obtaining coitus. He advised me to slide
+    my penis back and forth in the vagina whenever I should actually
+    obtain coitus. In my room at school J. once drew an imaginary map
+    of a bagnio, in which the water-closet was carefully displayed
+    _en suite_ with the bedrooms. J. and I never masturbated
+    together. Indeed, I cannot remember seeing his organ. A hulking
+    boy of 16, who lived opposite the school-grounds, became intimate
+    with J., and we three went on a walk up the railroad track. The
+    big boy, W., tried to inflame my passions by telling me how he
+    and J. had had coitus with a handsome black-haired widow in town,
+    but I remained cold.
+
+    During this year I fell in love with C., a popular, talkative,
+    witty boy of my own age, or perhaps a year younger. He fancied me
+    and we slept together one night under the most innocent
+    circumstances. I never dreamed of having sexual relations with
+    him, and yet I fairly burned with love for him. My stay at his
+    beautiful home over Sunday while his parents were away was one
+    long delight. We slept in each other's arms, but there was no
+    sexuality. En route to C.'s home he pointed with a glove to a
+    little working-girl, saying he would like to have intercourse
+    with her, but this was the only remark of the kind that ever
+    passed his lips in my presence. When undressed save for his
+    undershirt, he laughingly held his unerect organ in his hand and
+    made the motions of obtaining conjunction with an imaginary
+    partner. Once we spoke of masturbation (I could recite the
+    information of my good physician with a marvelous show of
+    virtue), and C. remarked: "Yes, doing that makes boys crazy." C.
+    finally grew tired of my deceptive, babyish nature and
+    ultra-interest in books and puzzles, but I cherished an
+    undiminished affection for him, and when he was detained at home
+    for a fortnight with a broken arm, I wrote him a passionate
+    letter, which I sobbed over and actually wetted with my tears.
+    But the fervor of my passion died at the close of the year. I
+    consider this unsullied friendship to be the only redeeming
+    feature of my sensual days at school.
+
+    Versed as I was in the warnings against masturbation, I found
+    pleasure one afternoon when I was alone in slipping my penis
+    through the open handle of a pair of scissors and in violently
+    flapping my partially erect organ until a strange, sweet thrill
+    crept over me from top to toe and a drop of clear liquid oozed
+    from my member. But I gave up the manipulation with scissors,
+    finding a greater satisfaction in masturbating while I was
+    defecating or just after it. I either pumped my organ by slipping
+    the prepuce back and forth, or I grasped the organ at its root
+    and violently jerked it back and forth. I soon began to
+    masturbate not only every time that I defecated, but also at
+    night just before I went to sleep, and sometimes early in the
+    morning. On the whole I preferred the jerking just described. I
+    always brought about ejaculation after perhaps five minutes of
+    violent exertion.
+
+    My penis became chafed at the root, but I did not especially
+    care. I remember the afternoon that I masturbated for the first
+    time while I was defecating in the school water-closet. I cannot
+    recall that at first I thought of coitus while I masturbated. On
+    one occasion I masturbated over the _vase de nuit_ after a
+    delightful afternoon of tobogganing exploration up and down the
+    mountain.
+
+    During this first year of abuse, I felt no ill effects
+    whatsoever, although I realized, in an unthinking way, that I was
+    doing wrong. But sexuality had assumed the proportion of a
+    regular feature of our school life. It was difficult for me to
+    place a "universal" view in its true perspective. I used to smile
+    at the glazed, dull morning eye of poor H., who was a stunted boy
+    of 15, and thus could not endure his losses so well as I could
+    endure them. The qualms of conscience which I suffered were lost
+    in my delight in my dawning sexual life. Sometimes I lay on my
+    stomach in bed, and by placing my hand under my scrotum,
+    according to the directions of J., brought up a pretty girl to
+    mind. Just before Sunday school G., our chief reprobate, and the
+    rest of us would hunt out what we considered to be nasty texts of
+    Scripture. The chapter concerning the whoredoms of Aholah and
+    Aholibah gave me an especial pleasure. T. mentioned the giggling
+    that occurred at prayers in the lower dormitory when the details
+    of Esau's birth were read out. A few days before G. was
+    expelled--for exactly what cause I do not know--he told me of how
+    greatly he enjoyed coitus on his grandmother's sofa with a girl
+    of fifteen. When I went home on the boat for holidays I noted the
+    large, black-haired penis of the strong boy of our school. He
+    occupied a state-room with me, but made no sexual overtures.
+
+    Since my twelfth year I had been wrapped up all summer long in a
+    boy who was six months my senior. We slept together constantly,
+    but not once did we think of obtaining mutual gratification. On
+    the contrary, we held up high ideals to each other and frowned on
+    masturbation. I took delight in saying that I never had handled
+    myself, and never would do so. Even at the height of my
+    "auto-erotic" period, I skillfully concealed my habits from all
+    my boy friends. A neurotic solo choir boy friend once spoke of
+    obtaining ejaculation, whereupon I expressed utter ignorance of
+    such an act, little hypocrite that I was. This boy told how the
+    house servants joked with him about coitus and made laughing
+    lunges at his organs.
+
+    But much as I loved my chum, my most passionate regard went out
+    in my thirteenth year to N., a chubby, blue-eyed, choir-boy of
+    12. He was a pretty boy to any eye. He was not gifted, except in
+    water-sports, and anything but popular either with girls or with
+    boys; yet I grew warm at the mention of his name. He did not care
+    a fig for me. From first to last I had no consciousness of the
+    sexual nature of my passion, and the thought of doing more than
+    embrace and kiss him in an innocent manner never crossed my mind.
+    For two summers I had nights of tossing on my bed (although I
+    almost never was sleepless for any cause) when I would see his
+    dear face and form, in and out of the swimming pool, or engaged
+    perhaps in singing or in showing his beautiful teeth. I seldom
+    was smitten with little girls, and I found myself embarrassed in
+    their company after my ninth year; yet I thought well enough of
+    their looks and ways to enjoy their company at dances. The girls
+    liked me in a platonic way, for I was accounted a good, big,
+    kind, blundering boy with a helping hand for the smallest fry.
+
+    During the summer after I was 13, I imagined myself in the early
+    morning, when I was half awake, as persuading my wife to have
+    coitus with me. In the course of my spoken words I kept my hand
+    under my scrotum.
+
+    A plump girl-cousin of my own age was visiting at my uncle's
+    during the summer after I was 13. With her I greatly desired to
+    satisfy myself, but I could not be sure that my boy cousin (5
+    years old) might not find us out, even though she should consent.
+    Once when we three were in the hay-loft a wave of lust rolled
+    over me, but I made no proposal. Night and gaslight greatly
+    increased my _libido_. On one occasion my aunt had gone to the
+    village for ice-cream, and L. and I were left alone in the
+    dining-room. I took her on my lap and had a powerful erection. I
+    almost asked her to play sexually with me in the barn, but
+    instead I spoke of an imaginary girl, the first letters of whose
+    successive names spelled an indecent word for coitus--a word
+    known to almost every Anglo-Saxon child, I fear. L. laughed, but
+    gave no sign of assent. For a neighboring girl of 15 I felt such
+    a drawing that early in the morning I would roll on the floor
+    with my erect organ in my hand in riotous imagining of coitus
+    with her. I walked with her in the woods and sat at her feet, but
+    although I felt instinctively that she would satisfy me without
+    much persuasion, yet I _could not_ ask her. One night I started
+    to church in order to walk home with her, and lead her (if
+    possible) to a field where we might gratify ourselves (I picked
+    out the exact grassy spot where we might lie); but when I was
+    almost at the church door my "moral sense" (if that is what it
+    was) rose and dragged me home again.
+
+    During the swimming hour I watched the genitals of the boys,
+    comparing them carefully in the most minute details. Circumcised
+    organs affected me as being disagreeable, and men's hairy, coarse
+    genitals I abhorred.
+
+    When 13 I became acquainted with the new mail-boy at the inn. He
+    was a city "street-boy," and got me into smoking cigarettes
+    occasionally. I did not definitely take up smoking until I was
+    16. He told me that a mason once offered him ten cents if he
+    would masturbate the man in a cellar. The boy said that he
+    refused. I slept a few times with an ill-favored boy of fine
+    parentage. He was of my own age, and I had played with him in a
+    natural way for several years, but my increasing sexual desires
+    led me to mutually masturbate with him, and even unsuccessfully
+    to attempt with him mutual pædicatio. On the morning after our
+    nights of sensuality I felt "gone" and miserable, but not
+    repentant. By afternoon I was myself again. My relations with G.
+    were purely animal, for I disliked his jealous disposition, his
+    horse-laugh, his features, his form, his withdrawn scrotum and
+    his undersized penis. At home in the evening I often found myself
+    inflamed with a mental picture of active _fellatio_ with him, but
+    I never performed this act, so far as I remember.
+
+    One of my great sexual desires was to walk along a fence on which
+    a girl was seated. In order that I might feast my eyes on her
+    pudenda she must not wear drawers.
+
+    When I turned 14 I had been, from my unusual size, in long
+    trousers for several months. I entered a private day-school and
+    progressed brilliantly in my studies. I kept up masturbation
+    almost daily, sometimes twice a day, both in the water closet and
+    in bed. I can remember ejaculating before urination in the school
+    _cabinet_. At night I often found myself longing for the return
+    of my sister, seven years my junior, in order that I might
+    embrace her in bed and fondle her genitals. I had done these
+    things during my Christmas vacation of the year before. I mildly
+    reproached myself for such incestuous desires, but they recurred
+    continually. I dreamed little. And I cannot remember the
+    character of my dreams. My waking _libido_ spent itself mostly in
+    longings to embrace (without lustful acts) the forms of little
+    boys of exquisite blonde beauty and thick hair. Narcissism may
+    have been present, for in my twelfth year I had been told that at
+    the age of 5 and 6 I was an extraordinarily beautiful little
+    creature with long, lint-white hair. The preferable age was from
+    6 to 9. My eye was alert on the streets for boys answering to
+    this description, and a street boy with long, white hair so won
+    my passion that I followed him to his home and asked his mother
+    if he might call on me and "play some games." As I did not even
+    know the boy's name and had never seen him before, I was
+    wonderingly refused. I sought in vain to find the whereabouts of
+    another long-haired street boy whom I burned to embrace and load
+    with benefits. I had a boundless desire for such a boy as this to
+    idolize me--to look into my face out of big eyes and lose himself
+    in love for me--to call me by endearing pet names--of his own
+    accord to throw his arms around my neck. This second actual boy
+    disappeared from my horizon by presumably moving away from the
+    vast city neighborhood. I took a fancy to a small boy at school,
+    who possessed the requisite delicacy, timidity, and sweetness, if
+    not the physical requisites, of my beau ideal. I walked with him
+    in the park and planned to have him at the house; but the matter
+    was not arranged. At boarding-school I had associated much with
+    younger and weaker boys, and had been ridiculed much for my
+    cowardice in sports, but at the city school I moved with my
+    equals and won their recognition. Our gymnasium director was
+    middle-aged and of an indolent disposition. He liked to recall
+    his youthful erections and to answer my sexual queries too fully,
+    and cheerfully volunteered information on brothels. Yet I doubt
+    whether he had an evil purpose in conversing with me. I thought I
+    should never dare or want to enter one. I always conjured up the
+    picture of a row of naked women from whom I could take my pick,
+    and the smell of the women I imagined to be identical with the
+    smell of my big friend A. at boarding-school. When I was
+    traveling down town on an elevated train one afternoon the
+    brakeman asked me whether I had ever been in a brothel, and told
+    me that disorderly houses abounded in my neighborhood. "I have
+    had connection with women," said this red-haired young man,
+    waving his hand in greeting to a woman who nodded at him from a
+    window, "since I was 15 years old. Not long ago a fine-looking,
+    young woman in black offered to pay all my expenses if I would
+    live with her and connect with her."
+
+    When a girl of perhaps 7, a distant cousin of mine, visited us
+    for a few days, I gratified my lust by placing my hand under her
+    genitals and swinging her to and fro. She giggled with pleasure.
+    That summer I began to experience the evil effects of the
+    masturbation which I had practiced daily for a year and a half.
+    Pimples began to break out on my chin (my complexion up to this
+    time had been white and delicate). The family ascribed my
+    condition to digestive difficulties. In playing with the boys and
+    girls I found myself seized with a terrible shyness and a
+    tendency to look down and weep. I had lost all the courage I
+    had--it had never been great--in the presence of a crowd of
+    children. I was fairly at ease with a single companion. My
+    self-consciousness was something more painful to me than I can
+    convey in words. At home I wept in my room and cursed myself for
+    a baby. I little realized the cause of my nervous collapse. Yet I
+    had too robust a frame not to be able to sleep and to play hard.
+    The sympathetic pleasure which I had found in swinging my
+    girl-cousin to and fro I now doubled by letting a 7-year-old boy
+    ride cock-horse on my feet. I experienced an erection during the
+    process, and I almost induced ejaculation when I tickled the boy
+    with my feet in the region of his genitals. To see his shrinking,
+    giggling joy gave me an exquisite sexual thrill. I longed to
+    sleep with the boy, but I was afraid of causing comment. At the
+    new and large boarding school which I entered in the fall my most
+    lustful dreams and ejaculations were concerned with standing this
+    little boy on the footboard of a bed, taking down his
+    knickerbockers, and performing _fellatio_ on him. But I dreamed
+    also of natural coitus. I fell in love with the handsome,
+    12-year-old son of the aged headmaster. The boy, O., sat next me
+    at the table, and I never tired of gazing at him. It gave me a
+    special sense of pleasure to look at him when he wore a certain
+    flowing, scarlet, four-in-hand necktie. But O. was not attracted
+    to me--for one thing I was in a disagreeably pimpled
+    condition--and I could not induce him to linger in my room nor to
+    sleep with me. My passion for O. did not diminish, and it rose to
+    its supremacy on the evening when he appeared in our hallway (he
+    roomed on the girls' side of the house and hinted at the sexual
+    sights that he saw) in a costume of white satin, lace, and wings.
+    He was ready for a costume party.
+
+    I now masturbated less frequently, for I was beginning to
+    appreciate the horrible consequences of my indulgence. I had
+    frequent pollutions, with dreams. My day was one long agony of
+    fear. How I dreaded to go to sleep in the same bed with my older
+    chum, who never made any advances beyond embracing me passively
+    _cum erectione_ while he was asleep. My day was one long agony of
+    fear. At meal time my feet constantly writhed in agony for fear
+    that the headmaster's grown up young ladies should make fun of
+    me, or that my lack of facial composure and my inability to look
+    people in the eye might be commented upon. I tingled with
+    apprehension, especially in the region of my stomach. Every nerve
+    was taut in the effort I made to appear composed. I masturbated
+    with erections over nothing. Greek recitations were for me an
+    _auto da fe_. My heart beat like a trip-hammer at the thought of
+    getting up to recite, and once on my feet my voice shook and my
+    mind wandered. I hated the thought of people behind me looking at
+    me. I rarely summoned the courage to turn my head either one way
+    or the other. I vastly admired the "bravery" of the small,
+    15-year-old boy who recited so calmly and so well. I was too
+    cowardly to play foot-ball and base-ball, and I dreaded even my
+    favorite tennis because the spectators put me in a state of
+    scared self-consciousness. Knowing my own condition, I was yet so
+    blind to it most of the time, and such a Jekyll-and-Hyde, that I
+    actually pitied a boy of 19 who was an eccentric and a scared
+    victim of masturbation. But in spite of my neuropathic condition
+    I developed intellectually. I do not touch upon this aspect of my
+    life, however, because I am trying to limit myself strictly to
+    sexual manifestations. At the present time I have not the courage
+    to continue the narrative.
+
+
+    HISTORY III.--The following narrative is written by a clergyman,
+    age 40, unmarried:--
+
+    My childhood and early boyhood were unmarked by sexual phenomena,
+    beyond occasional erections, which commenced when about 5 years
+    of age, without any exciting causes. These were accompanied by
+    some degree of excitement, of the same nature as that which I
+    experienced in later years. I was absolutely ignorant of sexual
+    matters, but always had an idea that the essential difference
+    between man and woman was to be found in the genital organs. This
+    was sometimes a matter for thought and curiosity.
+
+    Being for many years an only child I saw little of other
+    children, and formed the habit of amusing myself with making
+    things--boats, houses, etc.--and acquired a taste for science.
+    When I could read I preferred biography, history, and poetry to
+    anything else.
+
+    When I was 13 years old and at a large school I heard for the
+    first time of coitus, but very imperfectly. For a few days it
+    filled my thoughts and mind, but feeling it was too engrossing a
+    subject and one which took me off better things, I put it out of
+    my mind. Later, another boy gave me a fuller description of the
+    matter, and I began to have a great desire to know more and to be
+    old enough to practice it. I also discovered that boys
+    masturbated, and about a year after tried the experiment for
+    myself. This vice was largely indulged in by my school-fellows.
+    It never occurred to me that it was sinful, until I was nearly
+    16, when I came across a passage in Kenns's _Manual of
+    Schoolboys_, in which it was hinted such things were wrong
+    morally and spiritually. Previously I had felt it was an
+    indelicate and shameful thing, and bad for health. This last idea
+    was held as a solemn fact by all my boy friends. Gradually
+    religion began to exert an influence over my sexual nature,
+    obtaining as years passed a greater and greater restraining
+    power. It is simply impossible for me to write a history of my
+    sexual development without also describing the action which
+    Christianity has had in determining its growth. The two have been
+    so intimately bound together that my life history would not be a
+    faithful record of facts if I left religion out of it.
+
+    At school I took part, with great keenness, in cricket and
+    foot-ball, and was very ambitious to excel in everything in which
+    I took an interest, but I always had other tastes as well, which
+    were more precious to me, for example, the love for science,
+    history, and poetry. Until I was past 16 years my desire was
+    simply for coitus, girls and women attracted me only as affording
+    the means of gratifying this desire; but when I was nearly 17 I
+    began to regard girls as beautiful objects, apart from this, and
+    to desire their love and companionship. At the same time it
+    dawned upon me that life held much of joy in the love of women
+    and in domestic life--so henceforth I regarded them in a higher
+    and purer light, and apart from sexual gratification. In fact,
+    from this period till I was over 20, this idea so dominated my
+    whole being that the lower side of my nature was entirely held in
+    subjection and abeyance by it. It was rather repulsive to think
+    of girls as objects of lust. This state of mind was not brought
+    about by any romantic attachment or through any acquaintance or
+    through circumstances. I was living in great seclusion and had no
+    girl friends. After this period the lower side of my nature woke
+    up as a giant refreshed with wine, and I underwent for many years
+    a constant struggle with my nature, in which religion always
+    triumphed in the end. I never fell into fornication, though
+    sometimes into the vice of masturbation. These outbursts of
+    desire were periodic, about ten or fourteen days apart, and would
+    last several days. I must record also the fact that from the time
+    this awakening took place my ideal views of woman no longer
+    seemed incompatible with sexual relations. I noticed that at
+    about 27 there was a lessening of the desire, but that may have
+    been due to overwork and consequent nervous exhaustion. I had a
+    good deal of worry and studied daily for about eight hours. In
+    any case the impulse was strongest during the years above
+    mentioned. A little later in life, for a time, I became attached
+    to a girl, and eventually engaged. I then observed, greatly to my
+    sorrow and annoyance, that whenever I met this lady, or even
+    thought of her, erections took place. This was particularly
+    painful to me, as my thoughts were not of a lustful or impure
+    character. Sometimes sitting by her at a religious service this
+    would occur, when certainly my mind was far away from anything of
+    the kind. That was the first woman ever kissed by me, except of
+    course members of my immediate family circle. Later on my
+    thoughts turned to marriage, and there was a great longing at
+    times for this event to take place. However, as this attachment
+    afterward became the great sorrow of my life for years, it needs
+    no more comment. This closes one chapter of my history, and at
+    present I do not propose to add another, as in a great measure it
+    is only partly written. It may be well here to state that there
+    has never been in me the slightest homosexual desire; in fact it
+    has always appeared as a thing utterly inconceivable and
+    disgustingly loathsome. I am fond of the society of both men and
+    women, but on the whole prefer the latter. I have had several
+    warm and intimate though platonic friendships, and get on
+    exceedingly well with the other sex, although not a good-looking
+    man. I have always been attracted to women by their spiritual or
+    mental qualities, rather than by physical beauty, and feel
+    strongly that the latter alone would never cause me to desire
+    coitus. Unless there was an attraction other than that of the
+    flesh, I should feel that I was following simply a brute
+    instinct, and it would jar with my higher nature and cause
+    revulsion. This was not the case in my earlier years to the same
+    extent. I have often wondered whether the sexual impulse was
+    strong in me or not, but if not, there is nothing in my physical
+    state or family history to account for it. I am fairly cognizant
+    with the lives of my ancestors, being descended from two old
+    families. The sexual instinct was certainly not weak or abnormal
+    in them. Personally, I am tall and healthy, well built, but
+    sensitive and highly strung. Smell has never played any part in
+    my life as a stimulant of sexual desire, and the mere thought of
+    body odors would have a very decided effect in the opposite
+    direction. Touch and sight appeal to me strongly, and of the two
+    the former most.
+
+    I am convinced, after many years careful thought, that sexual
+    vice and perversion could be greatly reduced if the young were
+    instructed in the elements of physiology as they bear on this
+    question. Personally, had I been thus enlightened much sin would
+    have been avoided in my schoolboy days, and a perverted view of
+    sexual matters would never have arisen in my mind. It took years
+    to overcome the feeling that all such things were unclean and
+    defiling. Eventually light came to me through reading a passage
+    in a tractate on the Creed by Rufinus. He was defending the
+    doctrine, of the Incarnation against the pagan objection that it
+    was an unclean and disgusting idea that God should enter the
+    world through the womb of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and he meets
+    it by showing that God created the sexual organs, therefore the
+    objection is invalid--otherwise God would not be clean or pure,
+    having Himself designed them and their functions. This passage is
+    slight in itself, but gave birth to a line of thought which has
+    influenced me profoundly. I no longer regard sexual matters as
+    disgusting and unholy, but as intensely sacred, being the outcome
+    of the Divine Mind. Further, the Incarnation of the Saviour has
+    not only sanctioned motherhood and all that is implied by it, but
+    has eternally sanctified it as the means chosen for the
+    manifestation of God to the world. I should not obtrude my
+    theological conceptions, but for the fact that they have
+    determined my life-history in that aspect.
+
+
+    HISTORY IV.--When I was 9 years old a boy at the preparatory
+    school, which I attended, showed me the act of masturbation,
+    which he said he had practiced for a long time, and which he
+    urged me to imitate, if I wished to become a father when I grew
+    up, and married! Boy-like I believed him and tried, but the
+    sensation obtained was not a pleasant one (I suppose that I was
+    too rough with myself) and I desisted.
+
+    When I was about 12 years old, a schoolfellow told me that he had
+    seen his nurse copulating with the groom, and he and I used to
+    haunt the woods in the hope that we might see an amorous couple
+    so engaged, but without success. We often talked of the act, as
+    to how it was done. Neither he nor I had any clear ideas on the
+    subject, save as to the organs involved. I was about 15 when a
+    maidservant of the house in which I was a boarder, came to my
+    bedroom one night and taught me how to masturbate her. She said
+    that this was a good thing for me to do, and warned me never to
+    "play with myself" as it would kill me, or drive me mad. I told
+    her that I had tried it, but could not bring on a pleasurable
+    feeling, so she did it to me, and although I did not have an
+    emission, I derived great pleasure from the act. She told me that
+    it never did a boy any harm to let a girl play with his parts,
+    and promised that if I would keep the secret, she would often do
+    this for me. Naturally I promised to say nothing, and she often
+    came up to my room. Later on she used to insert my penis into her
+    vulva, while she was rubbing it, at the same time giving me a
+    pigeon kiss. This _modus operandi_ was much appreciated by me.
+    One night, after we had been together thus, I dreamt of her and
+    her maneuvers and had my first emission. I was very proud of
+    this, as I considered that I had at last attained to man's
+    estate, and told her of it. She never allowed me to insert my
+    penis into her vulva after that, alleging that she did not want
+    to have a baby.
+
+    I was about 16½ years old when I had my first real coitus, my
+    partner in the act being a girl some two years older than I, who
+    lived near us. I enjoyed the act very much, as she permitted, nay
+    insisted on, emission _intra vaginam_, and told her that this was
+    much nicer than my amours with the maidservant which of course I
+    had confided to her. She laughed, and said: "Of course." We often
+    copulated, as long as I was at home, and then I lost sight of
+    her. Of all the women with whom I have had to do, save one, she
+    had the most copious secretion of mucus, which in those days I
+    believed was the woman's semen. Her thighs used to be wet with
+    it.
+
+    At the University I had regular relations with women of all
+    sorts, rarely missing a week. Two of them were married women, one
+    the wife of a solicitor, the other of a doctor. How proud I felt
+    of my first intrigue with a married woman! I felt that I was
+    really a man of the world now!
+
+    But though my friends used to tell me all about their love
+    affairs, and I longed to confide in them, I did not do so. This
+    was because when I went up to the University, my uncle said that
+    he would give me a word of advice and hoped that I would follow
+    it--never to give away a woman, and never to refuse to respond to
+    a woman's advances, whoever she were. To neglect this advice
+    would, he said, be foolish, and to break the rules "damned
+    ungentlemanly." I wish I had always followed advice proffered, as
+    closely as I have followed this. One night, when I was somewhat
+    disguised in liquor, as our grandfathers would have put it, I
+    picked up a girl, who was a private prostitute, if the phrase be
+    permissible. She declined copulation, and proposed other means of
+    satisfaction. I insisted, being stubborn in my cups. Had I been
+    sober I should have done as she suggested, for I have always made
+    it a point to allow the woman to choose the method of
+    gratification, and not to demand, or even suggest, anything
+    myself. I like to please women, and I have always been curious as
+    to their wants and desires, as revealed, without outside
+    influence, by themselves. The result of my refusing all methods
+    of gratification save the most ordinary was that the girl, who
+    must have known that she was not all right, but shrank from
+    saying so in so many words, gave me a gonorrhoea, which lasted
+    nine weeks and much interfered with my amours, as I naturally
+    declined to run the risk of infecting my partner, a risk which to
+    my certain knowledge many a young fellow has run, with disastrous
+    consequence to the confiding woman. As it was due to my tipsy
+    obstinacy, I could not blame the girl, but resolved never to
+    drink too much again, a resolve which I have kept, save once,
+    unbroken. In those days we youngsters thought that it was manly
+    to be able to carry one's liquor well, and did all in our power
+    to attain to the seasoned head; but I considered that the risks
+    entailed were too serious to be neglected.
+
+    I was well on in my 26th year when I met a widow with whom I fell
+    in love, with the result that I married her. She is a most
+    sensible woman, and it was her intellectual gifts which were the
+    attraction to me. In my amours intellect has never played a part.
+    She has all along been cognizant of, and lenient to, my
+    polygamous tendencies; for she recognizes the fact that whatever
+    _fredaine_ I may have on hand makes not the slightest difference
+    in my love and respect for her. Were she a more sensual woman,
+    perhaps things would be different.
+
+    In all I have had to do with 81 other women, of whose special
+    characteristics I kept a careful note at the time. Twenty-six
+    were normal women with whom my _liasons_ have lasted long, so I
+    know more about them than I do about the other fifty-five, who
+    were prostitutes, and with some of whom my dealings were but for
+    an afternoon.
+
+    The races represented have been these, for I have seen a bit of
+    the world: English, Scotch, Irish, Welsh, French, German,
+    Italian, Greek, Danish, Hungarian, Roumanian, Indian, and
+    Japanese. Taking them all round, the only difference that I found
+    between old and young women is that the older ones are less
+    selfish, and more complaisant, and less inclined to resent one's
+    being unable to attain to the height of their desire, for from
+    time to time I have been unable to "come up to the scratch" after
+    a heavy night's labor, or when I was afraid of being caught in
+    the act of coition, a fear which, in my experience, acts as a
+    stimulus to desire in women, unlike its action in men. Of all the
+    women with whom I have had to do the nicest in every way have
+    been the French women. The English women of the town drink too
+    much, and are far too keen on getting as much money as they can
+    for as little as they can, to please me. Were the London girls to
+    recognize that men do not like a tipsy woman, and that where
+    there is so much competition the person who is most skillful and
+    most polite gets the most custom, the alien invasion in Regent
+    street would soon come to an end.
+
+    Of the fifty-five prostitutes: eighteen informed me that they
+    were in the habit of masturbating; eight of their own free will,
+    without asking for reward, did _fellatio_; six asked me to do
+    _cunnilingus_, which I naturally declined to do; three proposed
+    anal coitus. Of those who did _fellatio_, two (one French and one
+    German) told me that they had taken to it because they had heard
+    that human semen was an excellent remedy against consumption,
+    which disease had carried off some of their relatives, and that
+    they had gradually come to like doing it. All who told me that
+    they masturbated, asked me whether I did so too, and two desired
+    me to show them the act, one alleging that she liked to see a man
+    do it; she had been married late in life, after a "stormy youth"
+    and had had, she said, a large experience of the male sex. They
+    all seemed to think that however much the practice of
+    self-excitement might hurt a man, and all thought that it would
+    hurt him, a woman might masturbate as often as she liked, failing
+    better means of satisfaction, as she had no such loss of
+    substance as a man.
+
+    Of the twenty-six normal women, whom I knew more intimately than
+    I did the fifty-five prostitutes, thirteen, without being
+    questioned by me, blurted out the fact that they were habitual
+    masturbators, apparently all required to think of the loved
+    person to obtain full satisfaction. _Fellatio_ was proposed, and
+    fully performed, by nine, of whom three experienced the orgasm as
+    soon as they perceived that I had attained to it. All were more
+    or less excited while doing it. One proposed anal coitus, "just
+    to see what it was like;" and three proposed _cunnilingus_, one
+    having been initiated by a girl friend, and one by her husband.
+    The third had, I believe, evolved the act out of her own inner
+    consciousness in her desire to experience pleasure with me. My
+    relations with one of the twenty-six were confined to my
+    masturbation of her, the while she did _fellatio_, as she said
+    that she "had no feeling inside down there."
+
+    With two exceptions my partings from these normal women have not
+    been tragic and all whom I have met in after life (seven) have
+    been very ready to resume relations with me, four of them having
+    made the proposal themselves.
+
+    One thing has struck me, and that is the, often great, difference
+    that exists between what a woman's looks lead one to think she
+    is, and what she is when one becomes her lover; the most sensual
+    woman that I have met might have sat for her portrait as the
+    Madonna, and she was the only one who took pleasure in hearing
+    and relating "smoking-room stories," a form of amusement which,
+    perhaps from their want of appreciation of humor and wit, women
+    do not indulge in--at least in my experience.
+
+
+    HISTORY V.--(A continuation of History III in Appendix B to the
+    previous volume.)
+
+    As I became better I commenced to dream of true love. I wondered,
+    too, if my horrible past really could be lived down and a young
+    woman come to love _me_. I took pleasure in reading love poems,
+    especially Browning's, and illustrated some with little
+    water-colors....
+
+    I was sitting in the stalls one night seeing a performance by a
+    company of English actors when one of them played so badly that I
+    thought to myself: "Why, hang it, I could play it better myself!"
+    The next minute another thought followed: "Why not try?" I came
+    out of the stalls the proverbial stage-struck youth. I was
+    sitting in the same place another night when the young man next
+    to me entered into conversation. By a strange coincidence he knew
+    a few young men, amateurs, who were going to form a company, give
+    up their situations and travel, if they could induce a few more
+    to join them and put a little money in. I made an appointment for
+    the following evening....
+
+    There were lots of meetings in bedrooms and rehearsals between
+    the beds, but ultimately I was told a school-room had been
+    engaged and a professional actress, A.F. I went to the
+    school-room and found all the boys there, and a young woman with
+    a pale, rice-powder complexion. On introduction she gazed at me
+    as if struck dumb. If she had been better-looking (I thought her
+    vulgar and puffy) I would have been flattered. I was
+    disappointed, but rather frightened (she had a stage presence) of
+    her professional ability, especially when we commenced to
+    rehearse. I had to make love to her, too, which embarrassed me.
+    She had a good profile, I noticed, and would have been better
+    looking, I thought, if she were in better condition, for she was
+    young, about my own age, twenty-three or four. We were all
+    young--enjoyed our rehearsals, and had lots of fun--but I did not
+    respond to the advances A. was evidently making to me. Finally we
+    started on our tour. As the weeks went on A.F., like the others,
+    improved wonderfully in health and appearance. If we had had
+    anything like houses it would have been a pleasant trip. My
+    strangeness did not escape the notice of the boys altogether, for
+    I was still a bit strange in mind and nerves--and deeply
+    religious, bowing my head before each meal and reading my little
+    Bible and prayer-book at odd times. I drank no alcohol. I spent a
+    good deal of time by myself of with my faithful companion A., who
+    was nearly always at my side, she and her appealing eyes. I was
+    surprised to see how quickly she had improved; she looked quite
+    attractive and ladylike some evenings at meals, but I only
+    tolerated her. I was selfish and conceited.
+
+    Things had been going on like this for a week--always playing to
+    empty houses and our money lower and lower--when A. said to our
+    other lady, Mrs. T., on a train in my presence: "I shall have to
+    give him up, I suppose; he will have nothing to do with me." Mrs.
+    T. said: "You give him up, do you?" and looked at me as if she
+    were going to try her hand. A. said "Yes," and looked at me,
+    smiling sadly. I don't know what motive prompted me--whether my
+    vanity was alarmed at her threatened desertion or that she had
+    really made some impression on me by her love, probably a little
+    of both--but I said: "No, don't; come and sit down here," making
+    way for her, and she joyfully came and nestled against me. From
+    that time I ceased to treat her with ridicule, and kissed her at
+    other times than when on the stage. I was subject still to black
+    moods, and would not speak to her for hours sometimes, but she
+    seemed content to walk with me and was infinitely patient. I had
+    heard she was living with--if not married to--an actor. I asked
+    her about him once, and she said she did not love him; she loved
+    me and had never loved before. Her face had a touching sadness;
+    her life had been unhappy and stormy, with no love and little
+    rest in it. Her face, when she had lost her dissipated look and
+    unhealthy pallor, was exquisite, delicate as a cameo. Love had
+    improved her manners, too; she was more gentle and refined. I let
+    things drift without thinking of the future, when one night
+    after the performance--I was lying on the sofa and A. was sitting
+    at my side, as usual--I suddenly thought, with the brutality that
+    characterized me in these matters--"I will ask her to let me
+    sleep with her." I still fought against any premonitory thought
+    of self-abuse, but here, I thought to myself, is a chance of
+    something better that will do me no harm and perhaps good. When
+    she understood me she turned very red and walked away, shaking
+    her head. But I let her understand that was the only way of
+    retaining me, and finally, when they had all gone to bed, she
+    gave herself to me, reluctantly and sadly; for she, too, had been
+    drifting on without thinking of anything of this sort (she hated
+    it at this time), but just living for her love of me, her first
+    true love.
+
+    Before this occurred, I must tell you, I had been so much better
+    that I sometimes felt capable of doing anything, a sense of power
+    and grasp of intellect which was combined with delicacy of
+    feeling and sensitiveness to beauty, to skies and clouds and
+    flowers. I seemed to be awakening to true manhood, to my true
+    self. And at meals, it is worth recording, I commenced to have a
+    distaste for meat.
+
+    These glimpses of a better state of things left me on cohabiting
+    with A., and for a time my gloom and black religious mania came
+    on me once more. I now thought of my promise at confirmation, and
+    it seemed to me I had offended beyond pardon. When we came to the
+    next town, however, I openly slept with A. all night, leaving my
+    own bed untouched. When we returned to Adelaide one of our party
+    remarked: "The only man who had any success with the women on the
+    tour was a Bible-reading, praying, and good, pious, confirmed
+    Christian."
+
+    A.'s nascent beauty and delicacy and improvement were gradually
+    impaired, too. My own conduct became so morose at times that,
+    besides increasing her misery, I offended the others, and
+    bickerings ensued. I heard the other actress say "He's mad; that
+    what's the matter." And I was so wrapped up in myself and my
+    religious mania that I did not mind their thinking so.
+
+    After the tour was over A. asked me to come and see her at her
+    home, and as I missed her very much I went one night to tea. She
+    had a room in her father's house to herself. A. was dressed in
+    her best and we had an affectionate meeting. After tea I asked
+    her if she were married to E. She said "No." Then I said: "Who
+    are you married to?" She commenced to cry then, and told me
+    something of her life, the saddest I ever heard. When only 17 she
+    had been courted by a young man she did not care for, but who
+    prevailed on her parents by pretending he had seduced her, but
+    wished to marry her. Strange as it may seem, A. did not know what
+    marriage meant, her mother being one of those silly women who
+    don't like talking of these things and let their daughters grow
+    up in ignorance, expecting they will learn from some one. In nine
+    cases out of ten this happens, but A. was an exception. It was
+    this, and the fact that she had not a particle of love for her
+    husband, that gave her such a hatred of coition. When her mother
+    saw the sheets the morning after the marriage she burst out
+    crying; she did not like the young man and saw she had been
+    deceived.
+
+    A.'s husband soon showed his true character; he was in reality a
+    gaol-bird. He beat her, drank, and even wanted her to go on the
+    streets to earn money for him. She left him and went home; it was
+    then she began her theatrical career by entering the ballet. At
+    intervals her husband, drunk and desperate, would waylay and
+    threaten her in the street. One day after a rehearsal he
+    attempted to stab her. She got on in spite of all, being a born
+    actress, and played small parts in traveling companies. Then E.,
+    who had also gone on the stage, courted her and she listened to
+    him, not because she cared for him, but he protected her and
+    offered her a home. She joined him; but his drunkenness and
+    sensuality were so gross that he ruined his health and he
+    attempted to maltreat A. in a nameless way. And whenever she was
+    in the family way he would leave her alone and half-conscious in
+    the cellar for days. To add to her misery she had epileptic fits.
+    Then sometimes they would be out of an engagement and starving.
+    They had been so hungry as to steal raw potatoes out of a sack
+    and eat them thus, having no fire. She would often have had
+    engagements, but E. was jealous and would not let her act without
+    him. And he beat her as her husband had done, and her health
+    became undermined. It was just after one of the forced
+    miscarriages that she joined our traveling company, and that
+    accounted for her yellow and puffy appearance. E. was now away
+    up-country with a circus, but was expected down any time. A. told
+    me a good deal of all this, between her tears, while sitting at
+    my feet, and her tone carried conviction. When I ought to have
+    gone home I persuaded her to let me stay all night. We had been
+    in bed some time when her mother knocked at the door and wanted
+    to come in for something in a chest of drawers there. "Why don't
+    you open the door, A.? Who have you got there? Hasn't that fellow
+    gone?" A. was confused and told me to get under the bed, but I
+    refused, and she covered me up with the bed clothes as well as
+    she could and opened the door. She had hid my clothes, but missed
+    one of my shoes, and her mother saw it. "Oh, A.," was all she
+    said; "you've got that fellow in bed," and went out crying.
+    "Well, Fred" (my stage name), "you've got me into a nice row," A.
+    said. She gave me my breakfast in the morning and I walked out of
+    the front door without being molested. Another night I entered
+    her window by a ladder and stayed all night. In the middle of the
+    night E. came home drunk. She would not let him in and told him
+    she would have nothing more to do with him. He attempted to break
+    in the door, when A. called to me, and hearing a man in the room
+    he went away, saying, as he went downstairs: "Oh, A.! Oh, A.!"
+    as if he thought she would not have done such a thing. He never
+    molested us after that night.
+
+    I think it was my intention, at first, to break off with A.
+    gradually. I found, however, I could not keep away from her, and
+    it commenced to be evident to me that a bachelor's life in
+    lodgings again would be dreary and lonely. And all this time the
+    fear that I had offended God troubled me more than I have said,
+    and it occurred to me (there may have been a touch of sophistry
+    in this, or not) that if I were a true husband to her for the
+    future--stuck to her and worked for her for the rest of my
+    days--perhaps it would find favor in God's sight and be an
+    atonement for my sin. Had she been free I would have married her,
+    I believe. But she began to be harassed by her mother and
+    bothered about my incessantly coming there and staying all night.
+    It ended in my telling her I would be a husband to her, and she
+    came and lived with me at my lodgings. We had one room and our
+    meals cost us sixpence each. Cheap as it was, it was a struggle
+    for me to earn money at all. I remember feeling ill and anxious
+    once, and sustaining myself by the thought of my father wheeling
+    the heavy truck up the street when he married my mother. And I
+    decided to wheel my truck, too.
+
+    A. seemed happy and her love increased, if possible; at first,
+    though, she must have found me a trying lover, for I made her
+    kneel and pray with me two or three times a day, which she did
+    with such a queer expression of face. Sometimes her feelings got
+    the better of her, and she would say: "Oh, damn it, Fred, you are
+    always praying." And then I would be shocked and she would be
+    sorry.... Coitus was frequent; she commenced to like it now....
+
+    A. was not looking well one evening when she came in, and lay
+    down on the bed. Presently she commenced to make a strange noise,
+    and I saw her eyes were closed and her hands clenched. "Ah," said
+    the landlady, who came in to help me; "she has epileptic fits."
+    When her convulsions were over she looked blankly at us, knitting
+    her brows and evidently puzzling her poor brain to remember who
+    we were. For many years it was my fate to see her looking at me
+    thus, at first stony and estranged, like a dweller in another
+    star, then half-recalling with extended hand, then forgetting
+    again with hand to mouth, then the gradual dawn of memory and
+    love, and final full recognition. "It's Fred, my Fred!" I never
+    got used to it; it always moved me to tears.... It was not to be
+    thought that we had no quarrels. I still had fits of bad temper,
+    and sometimes they came into collision with A.'s temper. It hurt
+    my vanity considerably to see how soon she relinquished the
+    respectful, patient, spaniel-bearing she had when we were
+    traveling. I said some cruel things to her and she retorted. One
+    would have thought, to hear us, that all affection was over. But
+    when the mood of rage wore itself out we would both be sorry and
+    make it up with tears, and be very happy in spite of our poverty.
+
+    I think it was lust that prevented me from striving to fulfill my
+    ambitions. A. let me do anything I liked, at all times of day or
+    night, although she seemed surprised at my proceedings sometimes,
+    for it was becoming a fever of lubricity with me. She still
+    thought only of her love. I remember her coming in one day,
+    tired, pale, perspiring, and worried--we had hardly anything in
+    the house and she had been to the theater ineffectually--and when
+    her eyes lighted on me the whole expression of her face changed,
+    softened and brightened at once, and she came and kissed me and
+    said: "It is so strange, I was thinking all sorts of nasty things
+    coming along, but as soon as I see my pet's face I feel happy--I
+    don't care for anything--I would sooner share a crust with him
+    than have all the money in the world!"
+
+    I commenced to feel libidinous curiosity to examine her--this was
+    mostly on Sundays--and she let me, blushing at first, but
+    laughing. Then I would try new positions in coitus I had heard
+    of. Still she did not enter into my mood.
+
+    She was engaged at this time to play in a pantomime and I
+    commenced to lead a miserable, jealous existence. I heard scandal
+    about her, baseless enough, but in the diseased, nervous, anxious
+    state I had brought myself to it nearly drove me mad. I would go
+    with her sometimes to visit her mother, whom I began to like. Her
+    brother I still saluted coldly. It caused me horror and jealousy
+    to see A. kissing him and letting him tickle her. In my rage,
+    when we came home, I even said that perhaps she would let him do
+    something else, naming it brutally and coarsely. I remember her
+    shame, astonishment, indignation and tears. If ever a man tried a
+    woman's love I did. But she forgave me, even that.
+
+    We went to live in a little cottage. It was in this cottage that
+    A. first showed signs of lust, and in the diseased state of my
+    mind, instead of regretting it, I encouraged her. She told me one
+    day that the orgasm very often did not occur at the same time
+    with her as with me, and that it would not unless I put my little
+    finger into the anus. This her husband taught her, and she would
+    rather have died than confess it to me when we first met. We
+    would often devote our Sundays to having a picnic as we termed
+    our lustful bouts, stimulating ourselves with wine. Her temper
+    was not improved thereby (though her fits entirely stopped for a
+    twelvemonth)--we had wordy warfares, but we made it up again
+    always with tears. Nor did I allow myself to deteriorate without
+    reactions and excursions into better things. I was always reading
+    Emerson; it was he who rescued me from orthodox Christianity and
+    taught me to trust in myself and in Nature. I have never ceased
+    this struggle towards better things to this day. There, in a
+    nutshell, is my life; I have always been defeated when
+    temptation came, but I have never ceased to struggle. I
+    determined to be more abstemious in sexual indulgence and asked
+    her to help me. She agreed willingly, for she was easily led.
+    Whenever we fell back again into excess it was my fault.
+
+    At a theatrical performance we first met a Miss T., a young
+    German who sang. She was about 25, with modest, quiet and
+    engaging manners. A. and she became very friendly. I liked her;
+    she was tall, dark and lithe, but had bad teeth.
+
+    I had been ill and at this time A. and I had a quarrel, my temper
+    suddenly breaking out in murderous frenzy. I called her names and
+    finally put her outside the house, telling her to go to her
+    mother. I suffered a very hell of remorse and misery. Everything
+    in the quiet, lonely house reminded me of her, seemed fragrant of
+    her; my anguish became so keen I could not stop in the house,
+    though I was just as wretched walking about. I kept this up for
+    two days, when I met her coming to look for me. One look was
+    enough--"A.!" "Pet!" in broken sobs--and in tears we kissed and
+    made it up. Miss T. was with her, and I greeted her, too, with
+    happy tears in my eyes. Another time, when A. was giving way to
+    _her_ temper, and one would have thought all love was dead, I
+    said "Don't you love me then?" and the word alone was a talisman,
+    her face changed, she held out her arms and began to sob
+    quietly.... She accepted an offer to travel with a small
+    theatrical company who were going up-country. She was not looking
+    well when I left and after a time I received a telegram telling
+    me to come to her at once as she was ill. Dreading all sorts of
+    things I borrowed my fare and went to her. I knew nothing of
+    women, of their point of view and different code of honor, and
+    was very far from the attitude of Guy de Maupassant who said he
+    liked women all the better for their charmingly deceitful ways.
+    A. wanted to see me and had taken the surest means to ensure my
+    coming. I was angry at first, but she looked so well and was so
+    loving that I could not be angry long.
+
+    One day when I was working the landlady came in and began talking
+    about A. and her conduct before I came. She had gone into the
+    actors' rooms at all hours, the woman said, and drank and been as
+    bad as the rest in her conversation. It was the second time a
+    married woman had run her down to me, and I commenced to think
+    there might be something in it, and suffered all my mad jealousy
+    over again. Not knowing the freedom actors and actresses allow
+    themselves on tour, without there being necessarily anything in
+    it, I worried till I thought I had nothing to do but die. And
+    then one of the great struggles of my life occurred. Walking the
+    country roads, I asked myself: "If it _is_ true, if she has been
+    unfaithful, will you forgive her and help her to arrive at her
+    best?" For a long time the answer was "No!" But perhaps my
+    striving for unity with myself had done some good, and the final
+    resolution was for forgiveness. I felt more peace of mind then,
+    and when I told a dying consumptive lodger in the house what the
+    landlady had said, he replied, "Don't you believe a word of it. I
+    know she loves you!"....
+
+    After an absence I found myself one evening in a town where A.
+    was performing. I went round to the back and they told me she had
+    gone to a room in the hotel to change for another part. I
+    followed and entered the room, with a glass of spirits I found
+    that an effeminate young actor was bringing to her. She was half
+    undressed, her beautiful arms and shoulders bare. My arrival was
+    unexpected and she looked at me surprised, I thought coldly, as I
+    reproached her for not keeping a promise she had made to me to
+    touch no alcohol during the tour, but soon her arms were round my
+    neck. She cried like a child. She was bigger and handsomer and
+    healthier. There was not only an increased strength and size, but
+    an increased delicacy and sweetness; her eyes and brows were
+    lovely; there was an indescribable bloom and fragrance on her,
+    such as the sun leaves on a peach; the traveling, country air,
+    and freedom from coitus (had I known it) had enabled her to
+    arrive at her true self, not only a beautiful woman, but a woman
+    of fascination, of wit, vivacity and universal _camaraderie_. Her
+    face was like the dawn; all my fears and jealousy left me like a
+    cloud that melts before the sun. I remember the look on her face
+    as she embraced me in bed that night. It had just the very
+    smallest touch of sensuality, but was more like some beautiful
+    child's who is being caressed by one she loves; this divine,
+    drowsy-eyed, adorable look I had never seen on her face
+    before--nor have I since.
+
+    We fell back into our old lustful ways. Later on A. became ill
+    and the black devil of epilepsy returned. I became gloomy.... A
+    restlessness and selfish brutality came over me; our love and
+    peace were gone. I persuaded A. to go to Melbourne and look out
+    for an engagement. The day before she was to sail we went to
+    Glenelg for a trip. The sea air, as often happened, precipitated
+    A.'s fits. We had gone down to the pier and A. said she felt bad.
+    I just managed to support her to the hotel before she became
+    stiff, and I made some impatient remark (for she nearly dragged
+    me down) which she heard, not being quite unconscious and said
+    half incoherently and very pitiably: "Be kind, oh, be kind!"
+    repeating it after consciousness left her. Her heart had been
+    breaking all day at the prospect of parting, and also, I expect,
+    because I was so ready to part with her. That moment was a crisis
+    in my life. I was in a murderous humor, but she looked so
+    unutterably wretched that it seemed impossible to be anything but
+    kind. I made myself speak lovingly to her, in moments of partial
+    consciousness, hired a room, carried her up, and nursed her and
+    petted her all night. The act of self-control, and forcing
+    myself to be kind whatever I felt, became a habit in time, a sort
+    of second nature.
+
+    In a few days she sailed. When she had gone I was remorseful and
+    mad with myself. How could I let her go by herself? I resolved to
+    follow her as speedily as possible, and did so.
+
+    If I remember rightly I came to the conclusion about this time
+    that we ought not to have coition unless we felt great love for
+    each other. It seemed to corroborate this to a certain extent
+    that A. always seemed more electric and pleasant to the touch
+    when we had connection for love and not for lust. Leave it to
+    Nature, I would say to myself. I began to feel how much my
+    struggles, efforts and temperate living had improved me. I had
+    more self-respect, though something of the old self-consciousness
+    was still left. I did not get better continuously, but in an
+    up-and-down zigzag. I still had moods of rage approaching madness
+    and periods of neurotic depression. Long walks decidedly helped
+    to cure me, and the sea, sun, wind, clouds and trees colored my
+    dreams at night very sweetly. I frequently dreamed I was walking
+    in orchards or forests, and a deeper, slightly melancholy but
+    potent savor, as of a diviner destiny, was on my soul.
+
+    After a long absence, during which she had frequently been ill,
+    A. joined me. I could see she was recovering from fits, which I
+    began to realize that she had more frequently in absence from me,
+    and also from drinking, perhaps. She was small and thin, but
+    fresh and sweet as honey, and all signs of fits and tempers
+    passed away from her face, so wonderful in its changes. I had
+    become so healthy through my abstinence, temperance and long
+    walks that our meeting was a new revelation to me of how
+    delicate, fragrant and divine a convalescent woman may be. She
+    was glad and surprised to see me looking so well, and if she put
+    her hand on my arm I felt a joyous thrill. I was certainly a
+    better man for abstaining and she a better woman and I determined
+    not to have connection unless we were carried away by our love.
+    As a matter of fact we did not give way to excess, though we were
+    very loving. I tried to persuade myself that we had not gone back
+    to our old ways, but I could not do so long.
+
+    Miss T. put in an appearance every day. She did not look so
+    innocent, but as it was no business of mine I did not trouble.
+    She seemed more attached to A. than ever.... A. was still very
+    loving with me, but it was an effort to me to keep up to her
+    pitch, and when A. proposed to go to Melbourne with Miss T, to
+    sell off the furniture before settling in Adelaide, I was rather
+    glad of the opportunity of abstaining from coitus and of watching
+    myself to see if I again improved. When A. and Miss T. came to
+    see me before going down to the steamer, A. was nearly crying and
+    Miss T., changed from the old welcome friend, was not only pale
+    and anxious, but looked guilty as if she had some treachery in
+    her mind; she could not meet my eye. I thought less of it then
+    than afterwards. And once more I took long walks at night and
+    rose early to catch the freshness of the mornings.
+
+    Some time before this I had read a book advocating a vegetarian
+    diet, and at this time I chanced to read Pater's beautiful "Denys
+    L'Auxerrois," the imaginary portrait of a young vine-dresser, who
+    was attractive beyond ordinary mortals and lived, until his fall
+    and deterioration, on fruit and water. The words, "a natural
+    simplicity in living" remained in my memory. I resolved to read
+    more carefully the book on scientific diet. Who can say, I
+    thought, what changes for the better may come to me if I live on
+    a strictly scientific and natural diet?
+
+    I fasted one whole day, and then had a breakfast of cherries, in
+    the middle of the day a meal of fruit, and walking in the
+    afternoon--a gray, rainy day--I felt so light, so different, and
+    the gray sky looked so sweet and familiar, that I was reminded of
+    the luminous visions of my boyhood. It was a distinct revelation.
+    This Pan-like, almost Bacchic feeling, did not last, however, nor
+    was I always able to maintain my new method of diet, though I
+    tried to do so. I made the attempt, however, but I imagine I was
+    more than usually run down. I would walk miles in the hope of
+    feeling less restless. One holiday I walked down to Glenelg,
+    having only had grapes for my dinner, and lying on the beach I
+    looked through a strong binocular glass I had borrowed at the
+    girls bathing. And the beauty of their faces in their frames of
+    hair, of their arms, of their figures, seen through their wet
+    clinging dresses, satisfied me and filled me with joy, gave me
+    for a short time that peace and content--in harmony with the
+    strong sunlight on the waves and the rhythmic surf on the
+    shore--I was seeking. The summer evenings on the pier or along
+    the beach had a peculiar savor; one felt the youth and beauty
+    there even on dark nights, the air was fragrant with them, white
+    dresses and summer hats disappearing down the beach or over the
+    sand hills. It was easy--doubtless justifiable sometimes--to put
+    a lewd construction on these disappearances; but I felt it need
+    not have been so; that it was not necessary that youth and
+    beauty, even the sexual act itself if led up to by love, should
+    be a subject of giggling and sniggering. I always left the beach
+    and its flitting summer dresses with a sigh.
+
+    A., after writing once, ceased writing at all and once more her
+    mother and I were left in a state of anxiety and suspense. At
+    last I determined to go to Melbourne to look for her, the only
+    clue I had being a remark in her letter that a certain actor was
+    giving her an engagement. In Melbourne I could not find any
+    traces of her for some days and what traces I did find of her
+    were not calculated to allay my anxious fears. One hotel-keeper
+    told me that some one of A's name had stayed there with another
+    hussy (giving Miss T's stage name): "There were nice carryings on
+    with the pair of them." I thought of Miss T's strange looks, but
+    could not imagine what hold she had on A., for A. loved me, I
+    knew. I seemed to be in an inextricable maze. I could settle to
+    nothing and was thinking of applying to the police when I heard
+    that the actor A. had mentioned had taken his company to the
+    Gippsland lakes. I followed to Sale, found the actor and was told
+    that A. was not there. "She slipped me at the last moment," he
+    said, "and remained in Melbourne." I returned to my lodgings,
+    with my anxiety and nervous restlessness increased tenfold. But
+    suddenly my fear and restlessness left me like a cloud. I felt
+    quiet, young, peaceful, able to enjoy the country, A. was
+    doubtless all right and would be able to explain her silence. I
+    undressed leisurely and happily, thinking of the stars.
+
+    The next day, Sunday, I awoke refreshed and still at peace. After
+    breakfast, hearing children's voices, I went out into the garden
+    and there was a collision of souls who somehow were affinities. A
+    young girl about twelve or younger with a fine presence and
+    handsome face fixed her eyes on me for half a minute and then
+    came and sat on my knee. She was one of those children I am
+    accustomed to call "love-children," because they are so much
+    brighter, healthier, larger and more loving than others. I always
+    imagine more love went to their making. We fell in love and she
+    said, stroking my beard, "Oh, you are pretty!" and I said, "And
+    so are you!" We were so affectionate that the servant called the
+    child away and I went for a walk, finding my little sweetheart
+    waiting for me on my return. The touch of her hand was electric
+    and her voice fresh and musical. I kissed her, but had become
+    more self-conscious since the morning and wondered if her mother
+    or the servant were looking, or even of they would appear. I was
+    not so frank and natural as my little chum. I have often thought
+    of her since. She had the breadth of forehead, the strength and
+    yet lightness of limb, together with the hands and feet, not too
+    small, that I always imagine the dwellers in Paradise will have.
+
+    I returned to Melbourne and continued trying to find A. At the
+    same time I commenced in earnest to live on fruit and brown bread
+    only, and enjoyed better tone and health every day, so that it
+    was a joy to walk down the street in the sun and exchange glances
+    with passengers à la old Walt. One day in the Botanical Gardens
+    veils seemed to be lifted off my eyes. I could look straight at
+    the sun and taking my note of color from that golden light I
+    turned my eyes on the flowers, the mown grass, the trees, and for
+    the first time perceived what a heavenly color green is, what
+    divine companions flowers are, and what a blue sky really means.
+    For half an hour I was in Paradise, and to complete my joy Nature
+    revealed to me a new and unexpected secret.
+
+    I was lying on a bench, basking, and my silk shirt coming open
+    the strong sun made its way to my breast and presently I felt a
+    totally new sensation there. I had discovered the last joy of the
+    skin. My skin, fed by healthy fruit-made blood, must have
+    functioned normally under the excitation of the sun just then
+    (for a brief space only, alas!). I cannot describe the joy, any
+    more than I could describe the taste of a peach to one who has
+    only eaten apples: it was satisfying, divine. I opened my shirt
+    wider, but the feeling only spread faintly, and indeed this
+    halcyon sunny hour terminated in a restlessness that sent me
+    walking into town to look for A.
+
+    At last I heard, not of A., but of Miss T. She was in a ballet. I
+    went round during rehearsal and while waiting entered into
+    conversation with a little chorus girl with a good face, who was
+    sewing. On my telling her whom I was seeking she stopped sewing
+    and looked at me quickly: "Oh, are you her husband? I know her.
+    _I have seen them together_." She looked as if she were going to
+    tell me something, but merely shook her old-fashioned head in a
+    mournful, indescribable way, saying "Why don't you keep your wife
+    with you?" I went to the door and presently saw Miss T. She tried
+    to avoid me, I thought, and looked more vicious than ever, but
+    after a minute's thought reluctantly told me where she and A.
+    were staying. To hide my fears and suspicions I had assumed a
+    careless demeanor, but I think I should have strangled her had
+    she refused to tell me. I hastily went to the place indicated and
+    going up the stairs (to the astonishment of the people) opened
+    the door and found myself face to face with A.--but how changed!
+    She had the hard, harlot, loveless look I detested. I felt for a
+    few minutes that I did not love her, and she regarded me coldly
+    too, but presently old habits reinstated themselves. She put out
+    her hands, very pitiably, and then was sobbing in my arms. I
+    could get nothing out of her but sobs, and to this day do not
+    know where she spent all these weeks nor why she did not write.
+    Miss T. came in after rehearsal, pale and hard-faced. I greeted
+    her politely, but was watching her, trying to puzzle out why A.
+    did not look as she usually did after long absence from coition.
+    Miss T. took another room in the same house and was soon joined
+    by another ballet girl, young and very pretty, who soon began to
+    have fits. A. was always crying until Miss T. went away with her
+    pretty friend. I knew nothing, could hardly be said to suspect
+    anything definite, and yet I pitied that pretty girl whose eyes
+    looked so helpless and appealing.
+
+    I set to work again. But I continued to live on fruit and bread,
+    and taking off my clothes I would stand up at the window in the
+    sun. A lot of prostitutes, however, who lived at the back saw me
+    and were scandalized or shocked or thought me mad. The landlady
+    heard of it and spoke to A. So I had to desist from my glorious
+    sun-baths.
+
+    We slept on a single bed, and though I did my best to avoid
+    coitus (I wanted to wait and think out some theory of it), A.,
+    who knew nothing of this, wanted to resume our old habits, and
+    finally I surrendered. But my sufferings next day were intense,
+    and I had the sense of having fallen from some high estate. My
+    thoughts were divided between two theories: one that our misery
+    was caused by our diet, more or less; the other that we had
+    fallen into some error as regards coitus, and this was becoming
+    almost a certainty with me.
+
+    There is one incident I think worthy of note which happened
+    before the "fall" just mentioned and when I was living on fruit
+    and in splendid health. At a performance I saw a girl on the
+    stage with handsome legs in tights, and once as she straightened
+    her leg the knee-cap going into position gave me such a strange
+    and keen joy--of that quality I call divine or musical--that I
+    was like one suddenly awakened to the divinity and beauty of the
+    female form. The joy was so keen and yet peaceful, familiar, and
+    subjective that I could not help comparing it to a happy chemical
+    change in the tissues of my own brain. Like the unexpected
+    functioning of my skin in the sun it was a sign of a partial
+    return to a normal condition, another glimpse of Paradise.
+
+    I stuck to my new diet and gained a fresh elation and joy in
+    life. Gradually clothes became insupportable, and I went down to
+    the beach as often as possible to take them off, and at nights,
+    beside the patient and astonished A., I would lie naked. One
+    evening, passing some grass, I looked over the fence like a gipsy
+    and felt a longing to take off my clothes and sleep in the grass
+    all night. It was of course impossible. And A. looked unhappily
+    in my face; she began to think her mother, who now thought I was
+    mad, must be right.
+
+    That night I woke up and found myself having coition. I was angry
+    and felt I had been put back in my progress, but a fever of lust
+    now came over me. I would sit under the tap and let the cold
+    water run over me to conquer the fever, but at the end of a week
+    my hopes were frustrated and I even turned against my natural
+    diet, on which I had made flesh. A., as I expected, went through
+    her usual fits, and slowly recovered. (If we had connection only
+    once she in about three weeks had a mild attack of fits; if we
+    had coition more than once the fits were more severe.) I relapsed
+    more than once and as a means of impressing my resolution for
+    future abstinence I would walk for miles in the middle of
+    pitch-black nights....
+
+    Miss T. came over to Adelaide and as I knew nothing definite
+    against her and heard that she was engaged, I thought perhaps my
+    suspicions were unfounded and was friendly. But one day in town I
+    saw her and A. on a tram going out to our cottage. Even then my
+    suspicions might not have been awakened, but I saw Miss T. say
+    something rapidly to A., and A. called out to me, "Will you be
+    coming home soon?" And I answered "No." When the tram had gone on
+    I found myself vaguely wondering what Miss T. wanted to know that
+    for, for my perceptions were becoming acute enough to understand
+    women's ways. In another minute I was walking rapidly home. When
+    I came to the door it was locked. I knocked and knocked and no
+    one came. I called out and threatened to kick in the door. Still
+    no one came. Mad with rage I commenced to put my threat into
+    execution, when the door was opened by Miss T., half-naked, in
+    her petticoats, and pale as death, but no longer defiant. "So
+    I've caught you, have I?" I _looked_, but could not trust myself
+    to speak. Wondering why A. did not appear I went into the
+    bedroom. She was lying on the bed, just as Miss T. had left her,
+    on the verge of a fit, and on seeing me she held out her hands
+    piteously, and when I stooped over her she whispered, "Send her
+    away, send her away." Then she became unconscious and going into
+    the next room I ordered Miss T. (who had managed to scramble on
+    her dress) out of the house. I spoke scornfully as if addressing
+    a dog, and she slinked out with a malignant but cowed look I hope
+    never to see on a woman's face again. What they had been doing
+    with their clothes off I do not know; women will rather die than
+    confess. When A. had recovered from her fit she denied that there
+    had been anything between them, and stuck to it doggedly, but
+    with such a forlorn look I had not the heart to prosecute my
+    inquiries.
+
+    For my part, all the efforts I had been making for so long seemed
+    for a time to be in vain; for some weeks I sank into a sort of
+    satyriasis, and even my anger against Miss T. turned to a
+    prurient curiosity. At the same time I was not always able to
+    adhere to my diet. But both as regards coition and diet I was
+    still fighting, and on the whole successfully. My fits of temper,
+    however, were excessive and my ennui became gloomy despair. One
+    day I blasphemed on crossing the Park and spoke contemptuously of
+    "God and his twopenny ha'penny revolving balls," referring to the
+    planetary system. But for long walks I should have gone mad. A.
+    was drinking in the intervals of her fits. I found half-empty
+    bottles of wine hidden away. This did not improve my temper, and
+    one day--this was when she was well and up--I struck her a heavy
+    blow on the face, and she aimed a glass decanter at me. She went
+    home to her mother and I lived alone in the cottage. I heard soon
+    afterwards that her husband had come back and that they had made
+    it up. Our parting was not, however, destined to be final.
+
+    Even out of that month's sufferings I made capital. I was better
+    after my tendency to lubricity, my gloom, rage, restlessness and
+    degradation. They had been but the irritations of convalescence.
+
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+Abrantès, duchesse d'
+Adler
+Albucasis
+Alexander, H.C.B.
+Amatus Lusitanus
+Ammon
+Andersen
+Andriezen
+Aquinas
+Aristophanes
+Aristotle
+Averroes
+Avicenna
+Aubrey
+Aulnoy, Madame d'
+
+Baer
+Ball
+Ballantyne, J.W.
+Bancroft, H.H.
+Barker, Fordyce
+Barnes, R.
+Bartholin
+Bayle
+Beale, G.B.
+Bechterew
+Beck, J.R.
+Becker
+Bell, Sir C.
+Bell, Sanford
+Belletrud
+Beneden
+Bergh
+Bianchi
+Biérent
+Binet
+Bischoff, T.L.W.
+Bloch, J.
+Blondel
+Blumenbach
+Blunt, J.J.
+Boas
+Boccaccio
+Boeteau
+Bois, J.
+Bois-Reymond, E. du
+Bölsche
+Booth, D.S.
+Booth, J.
+Bouchereau
+Bouchet
+Bourke, J.G.
+Boveri
+Brand
+Braun
+Brantôme
+Brehm
+Breitenstein
+Brénier de Montmorand
+Brénot
+Brouardel
+Brown-Séquard
+Brügelmann
+Buckman, S.S.
+Bucknill
+Bunge
+Burchard
+Burdach
+Burton, Robert
+Buschan
+Busdraghi
+
+Cabanis
+Campbell, J.F.
+Campbell, H.
+Carpenter, E.
+Casanova
+Cascella
+Castelnau
+Catullus
+Cecca
+Celsus
+Chapman, C.W.
+Charcot
+Chaucer
+Chaulant
+Chevalier
+Chidley, W.
+Cladel, J.
+Clement, of Alexandria
+Coe
+Coen
+Collineau
+Colman, W.S.
+Columbus, R.
+Cook, G.W.
+Crawley
+Cumston
+Cuvier
+Cyples
+
+Dabney
+Darwin, C.
+Darwin, E.
+Daumas
+Dearborn, G.
+Dembo
+Deniker
+Dessoir, Max
+Dickinson, R.L.
+Diderot
+Disselhorst
+Donaldson, H.H.
+Douglas, C.
+Drähms
+Dühren, E.
+Dufougère
+Dufour
+Dulaure
+Duncan, Matthews
+
+East, A.
+Edgar, Clifton
+Ellis, Havelock
+Engelmann
+Erotion
+Esbach
+Eschricht
+Espinas
+Eulenburg
+Evans
+Ezekiel
+
+Fabricius
+Fallopius
+Féré
+Fichstedt
+Flood, E.
+Florence
+Fothergill, Milner
+Frazer, J.G.
+Freud
+Freyer
+Froriep
+Fuchs
+Fürbringer
+
+Galen
+Gardiner, C.F.
+Garnier
+Gautier, A.
+Gautier, T.
+Gellhoen
+Gerhard, A.
+Giles, A.
+Godin
+Goethe
+Goncourt, E. de
+Gopcevic
+Goron
+Gould
+Gow
+Graaf, de
+Griffiths
+Groos, K.
+Gualino
+Guéniot
+Guibaut
+Guillereau
+Guinard
+Guttceit
+
+Hack
+Haddon
+Haig
+Hall, G. Stanley
+Haller
+Hamilton, A.
+Hammond
+Hardy, Thomas
+Hartland, E.S.
+Harvey
+Hegar
+Henderson, J.
+Henle
+Hennig
+Herman
+Herodotus
+Herrick
+Heusinger
+Hewitt, Graily
+Hippocrates
+Hirst
+Hislop, J.T.
+Hoche
+Horrocks
+Howard, W.L.
+Howell
+Howitt, A.W.
+Hrdlicka
+Hughes, C.H.
+Hunter, John
+Hunter, William
+Huysmans
+Hyades
+Hyrtl
+
+Jacobi
+Jacoby, P.
+Jahn
+Janet
+Janke
+Jastreboff
+Jenkyns, J.
+Johnston, G.A.
+Johnston, Sir H.H.
+Jonson, Ben
+Juvenal
+
+Kaltenbach
+Kelly, H.
+Kepler
+Kiernan, J.G.
+Kisch
+Kleinpaul
+Kobelt
+Kocher
+Kohlbrugge
+Kolbein
+Krafft-Ebing
+Krauss
+
+Lamb, D.S.
+Landes, L. de
+Lane
+Lasègue
+Laurent, E.
+Lawrence, Sir W.
+Laycock
+Levi
+Licetus
+Liébault
+Liétaud
+Lipps
+Litzmann
+Lombroso
+Lorion
+Lortet
+Lucas, J.C.
+Lucretius
+Lunier
+Luschka
+Lusini
+Lydston
+
+Macdonald, A.
+MacGillicuddy
+McKay, A.
+Mackay, W.J.S.
+Mackenzie, J.
+Magnan
+Malebranche
+Mantegazza
+Marandon de Montyel
+Marc
+Marro
+Marshall, H.R.
+Martial
+Martin, J.M.H.
+Martineau
+Maschka
+Masterman
+Matignon
+Mattel
+McMordie
+Mercier
+Meredith, Ellis
+Middleton, T.
+Mirabeau
+Mitchell, Sir A.
+Moll
+Mongeri
+Morache
+Moraglia
+Morris, R.T.
+Morselli
+Motet
+Moulin, J. Mansell
+Müller, J.
+Mundé, P.
+
+Näcke
+Neale, R.
+Neri
+Nicholson, H.O.
+Nina Rodrigues
+
+Obici
+Onanoff
+Ottolenghi
+Ovid
+
+Pacheco
+Palfyn
+Park, Mungo
+Papillault
+Pasini
+Paterson, A.R.
+Paulini
+Paulus Æginetus
+Pearse, W.H.
+Pearson, Karl
+Pechuel-Loesche
+Pelanda
+Pennant
+Penta
+Pfaff
+Pierer
+Pillon
+Pinæus
+Pinard
+Pitre, C.
+Pitres
+Pittard
+Plant
+Plautus
+Pliny
+Ploss
+Poehl
+Polemon
+Pollux
+Porta, Della
+Power
+Pyle
+
+Raymond
+Régis
+Régnier, H. de
+Reinach, S.
+Renooz, Céline
+Restif de la Bretonne
+Retterer, E.
+Reynolds, A.R.
+Rhys, J.
+Ribot
+Riedel
+Rimbaud
+Riolan
+Robinson, Bryan
+Robinson, Louis
+Rodin
+Roederer
+Roons, R.P.
+Rosse, Irving
+Roth, W.
+Rothe
+Roubaud
+Rousseau
+Routh, C.H.F.
+Rufus
+Russell, W.
+
+Sade, de
+Salmon, W.
+Scherzer
+Schinz
+Schmiedeberg
+Schreiner
+Schrenck-Notzing
+Schurig
+Scott, Colin
+Scripture, E.W.
+Seerley
+Seligmann
+Sellheim
+Shakespeare
+Shattock
+Shufeldt
+Silk, J.F.W.
+Simon, H.
+Simpson, Sir J.
+Sims, Marion
+Smith, Sir A.
+Smith, Haywood
+Sömmering
+Soranus
+Spigelius
+Stahl, F.A.
+Stanton
+Stendhal
+Stengel
+Stern, B.
+Stevens, Vaughan
+Stieda
+Stratz
+Stubbs
+Suidas
+Sukhanoff
+Sullivan, W.C.
+Sutherland, W.D.
+Sutton, Bland
+Swift
+
+Tarde
+Tardieu
+Tarnier
+Taxil
+Theocritus
+Thoinot
+Thompson, W.L.
+Thomson, J.
+Tilt
+Toff
+Tourdes, G.
+Tridandani
+Trochon
+
+Vahness
+Valentin
+Varigny, H de
+Variot, G.
+Varro
+Vaschide
+Vatsyayana
+Venette
+Venturi
+Vesalius
+Vinay
+Vinci, L. da
+Voigt
+Voisin, J.
+Vurpas
+
+Wagner, R.
+Waldeyer
+Walker, G.
+Wallace, A.W.
+Warton
+Wasserschleben
+Weininger, O.
+Wellhausen
+Werner
+Wernich
+West, J.P.
+Wharton
+Wilhelm, Eugen
+Wilkin, G.
+Wilkinson, A.D.
+Williams, J.W. Whitridge
+Williamson, C.F.
+Wolff, B.
+Wollstonecraft, Mary
+Wordsworth
+Wychgel
+
+Youatt
+
+Zaborsky
+Zoppi
+Zimmer
+Zola
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+Abyssinians,
+  coitus among
+Acquired element in erotic symbolism
+Acromegaly and sexual development
+Alcohol,
+  aphrodisiac effects of
+Algolagnia,
+  in relation to scatologic symbolism
+  as a form of erotic symbolism
+Anæsthesia,
+  sexual
+Anæsthetics in relation to sexual excitement
+Anaphrodisiacs
+Animal copulation,
+  attraction of
+Animals,
+  detumescence in
+Annamites,
+  coitus among
+Antipathies of pregnant women
+Anus in relation to pubic hair
+  as an erogenous zone
+Apes,
+  sexual organs of
+  sexual congress in
+Aphrodisiacs
+Apples,
+  longings of women for
+Arabs,
+  penis in
+Artist,
+  compared to lover
+Associations of contiguity and resemblance in erotic symbolism
+Australian method of sexual congress
+Auto-suggestions,
+  longings of pregnancy as
+
+Bartholin,
+  glands of
+Beard in relation to sexual development
+Beauty,
+  the objective element in
+Bestiality
+Bladder in relation to sexual excitement
+Blood during pregnancy
+Blood-pressure during detumescence
+Breasts,
+  and erotic temperament
+  during pregnancy
+Bromide as an anaphrodisiac
+Bulbo-cavernous reflex
+
+Camphor as an anaphrodisiac
+Cantharides,
+  effects of
+Castration,
+  results of
+Celery as an aphrodisiac
+Children,
+  attracted to foot
+  to scatology
+  to copulation of animals
+  to hair
+  food impulses of
+Chinese,
+  foot-fetichism of
+Circulatory conditions during coitus
+  during pregnancy
+Clitoris
+Clothes,
+  erotic fascination of
+Coitus,
+  the phenomena of
+  the methods of
+  ethnic variations in methods of
+  respiratory and circulatory conditions during
+  interruptus as a cause of vasomotor disturbance
+  glandular activity during
+  motor activity during
+  psychic state during
+  serious effects of
+Congenital element in erotic symbolism
+Contiguity in erotic symbolism,
+  associations of
+Coprolagnia
+Coprophagia,
+  religious and sexual
+Courtship
+Crystallization,
+  Stendhal's
+
+Defile,
+  the impulse to
+Distillatio
+Dog,
+  human sexual intercourse with
+Dynamometric experiments during sexual excitement
+
+Ejaculation, the mechanism of
+Embryo
+Epilepsy and exhibitionism
+  compared to coitus
+  as a result of coitus
+Erectility during coitus
+Erogenous zone,
+  anus as
+  lips as
+Erotic intoxication
+Erotic temperament
+Eryngo as an aphrodisiac
+Ethnic variations in coitus
+Etruscans,
+  sexual significance of foot among
+Eunuchs,
+  characteristics of
+Exercise on sexual organs,
+  influence of
+Exhibitionism
+Eyes during detumescence
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+  darker at puberty
+
+Face during detumescence,
+  expression of
+Fæces as a drug
+Fecundation,
+  the phenomena of
+  artificial
+Feet as a sexual symbol,
+  uncovering
+Fellatio
+Fetichism,
+  erotic
+Flagellation
+Foot-fetichism,
+  _see_ Shoe-fetichism.
+Fuegians,
+  penis in
+Fur as a fetich
+
+Garments as fetiches
+Genital organs as fetiches
+Goat as a human sexual fetich
+Greeks,
+  sexual significance of foot among
+
+Hair as a fetich
+  despoilers of
+  pubic
+  darkens at puberty
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+  in pregnancy
+Hand as fetich
+Heart during pregnancy
+Homosexuality as a form of erotic symbolism
+Hottentot apron
+Hymen
+Hyperæsthesia, sexual
+Hypertrichosis universalis
+Hysteria
+
+Ideal coprolagnia
+Idiocy as result of maternal impressions
+Idiots,
+  sexual development of
+Impregnation without rupture of hymen
+  without conjunctions
+  artificial
+Impressions,
+  maternal
+Intellectual work,
+  relation of pregnancy to
+Intoxication,
+  erotic
+
+Japanese,
+  labia majora in
+Joy,
+  the expression of
+
+Kiss, the
+Kleptomania and pregnancy
+Knee-jerk in pregnancy
+
+Labia majora
+Labia minora
+Larynx in relation to sexual state
+Linea fusca
+Lips,
+  as an erogenous zone
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+Longings of pregnancy
+  theories of
+  as auto-suggestions
+  physiological basis of
+  relation to the longings of childhood
+
+Masochism,
+  in relation to shoe-fetichism
+  in relation to scatalogic symbolism
+  in relation to exhibitionism of nates
+  as a form of erotic symbolism
+Masturbation and pubic hair
+  hypertrophy of clitoris ascribed to
+  part played by clitoris in
+  why some theologians permitted
+  phenomena during
+Maternal element in sexual love
+Maternal impressions
+Menstruation in relation to coitus
+  metabolism during
+  in relation to sickness of pregnancy
+  compared to pregnancy
+Mental state during pregnancy
+Metabolism during pregnancy
+Mixoscopic zoophilia
+Modesty a supposed sign of virginity
+Mohammedan method of sexual congress
+Mole as a fetich
+Mongol peoples,
+  foot fetichism among various
+Mons veneris
+Mordvins,
+  foot-fetichism among
+Motor activity during coitus
+Mouth in relation to erotic temperament
+Muscular movements during coitus
+
+Nates in relation to coprolagnia
+  in relation to exhibitionism
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+Necrophilia
+Negative fetich
+Negro,
+  penis in
+  labia majora in
+  clitoris in
+  labia minora in
+  method of sexual congress among
+Nervous system during pregnancy
+Neurasthenia cordis vasomotoria
+Nipples,
+  pigmentation of
+Nudity,
+  religious
+Nutrition,
+  symbolism of
+Nymphæ
+Nymphomania
+
+Obsessions of scruple
+  longings of pregnancy as
+Obsessional exhibitionism
+Odor an alleged sign of defloration
+Onion as an aphrodisiac
+Opium as an aphrodisiac
+Organs,
+  sexual
+Ova and spermatozoa,
+  union of
+Ovarian extract, effects of
+Ovaries,
+  function of
+  analogy of with thyroid
+
+Paidophilia
+Pain and erotic symbolism
+Pedicatio
+Pelvic development and erotic temperament
+Pelvic floor, variability of
+Pelvic inclination
+Penis
+Penis-fetichism
+Phallic worship
+Physiognomists and the erotic temperament
+Pica
+Pigmentation in relation to erotic temperament
+  in pregnancy
+Potatoes,
+  the supposed aphrodisiac effects of
+Precocity,
+  influence of
+Pregnancy and pigmentation
+  psychic state in
+  sexual desire during
+  relation of to intellectual work
+Presbyophilia
+Prostate
+Prostitutes,
+  external genitals of
+  stature of
+Psychic exhibitionism
+Psychic condition during coitus
+Puberty,
+  the phenomena of
+  pigmentary changes at
+Pubic hair
+Puericulture
+Pygmalionism
+
+Quadrupedal method of coitus in man
+
+Rachitic,
+  sexual tendencies of the
+Reflex, bulbo-cavernous
+Reflexes during pregnancy
+Religious scatalogic symbolism
+Resemblance in erotic symbolism,
+  associations of
+Respiration during coitus
+Responsibility of pregnant women
+Restif de la Bretonne's shoe-fetichism
+Romans,
+  sexual significance of foot among
+  methods of coitus among
+Rousseau
+Rue as an anaphrodisiac
+
+Sadism
+Saint compared to lover
+Salivation during coitus
+Satyriasis
+Scatalogic symbolism
+Scrotum
+Scruple, obsessions of
+Secretions of genital canal
+Semen,
+  alleged female
+  in coitus
+  in female genital canal
+  vital activity of
+  artificial injection of
+  constituents of
+  as a stimulant
+Sexual anæsthesia
+Sexual conjugation
+Sexual desire during pregnancy
+Sexual organs
+Sexual selection in relation to erotic symbolism
+  in relation to external sexual organs
+  the probable cause of the hymen
+Shadow as a fetich
+Shoe,
+  sexual significance of
+Shoe-fetichism frequency of
+  normal basis of
+  illustrated by Restif de la Bretonne
+  prevalence of among Chinese, etc.
+  former prevalence in Europe
+  congenital basis of
+  acquired element in
+  favored by precocity
+  relation to masochism
+  illustrative cases of
+  dynamic element in
+Sickness of pregnancy
+Skin,
+  sexual significance of
+  condition of during coitus
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+  sexual pigmentation of
+Slipper as a sexual symbol
+Smile,
+  origin of the
+Sodomy,
+  the term
+Spain,
+  sexual attractiveness of foot in
+Spermatozoa reach ova,
+  how the
+Spermin
+Sphygmanometer experiments during sexual excitement
+Stature and erotic temperament
+Stimulants
+Stuff-fetichisms
+Strychnine,
+  aphrodisiac effects of
+Suggestion in relation to longings of pregnancy
+Symbols,
+  nature of
+  of sex in language
+
+Temperament,
+  alleged erotic
+Testicular juices,
+  effects of
+Testes
+Thyroid,
+  condition during sexual excitement
+  during pregnancy
+Ticklishness in relation to stuff-fetichisms
+Tumescence in relation to detumescence
+
+Unnatural offence,
+  the term
+Urethra,
+  variability of female
+  an erogenous zone
+Urethrorrhoea ex libidine
+Urinary stream,
+  in relation to nymphæ
+  an alleged index to virginity
+Urine in religious rites
+  possesses magical virtues
+  in legends
+  in medicine
+  during coitus
+Urolagnia
+Uterus
+
+Vagina
+Vaginismus
+Vasomotor conditions during coitus
+Vaudonism
+Virginity,
+  ancient diagnosis of
+Virile reflex
+Voice,
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+  in relation to virginity
+Vomiting of pregnancy
+Vulva
+Vulva-fetichism
+
+Waist,
+  origin of admiration for small
+
+Yohimbin as an aphrodisiac
+
+Zooerastia
+Zoophilia erotica
+Zoophilia non-erotic
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13614 ***
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+<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13614 ***</div>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 5
+(of 6), by Havelock Ellis</h1>
+<hr class="pg" noshade>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name='5_Page_iii'></a>
+
+<h1>STUDIES<br />
+<br />
+IN THE<br />
+<br />
+PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX</h1>
+<br />
+<h2>VOLUME V</h2>
+<br />
+<h3>EROTIC SYMBOLISM<br />
+THE MECHANISM OF DETUMESCENCE<br />
+THE PSYCHIC STATE IN PREGNANCY</h3><br />
+<br />
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<br />
+<h2>HAVELOCK ELLIS</h2>
+<br />
+<h5>1927</h5><br />
+<hr class="full" />
+<br>
+<a name='5_PREFACE'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_v'></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>In this volume the terminal phenomena of the sexual process are discussed,
+before an attempt is finally made, in the concluding volume, to consider
+the bearings of the psychology of sex on that part of morals which may be
+called &quot;social hygiene.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Under &quot;Erotic Symbolism&quot; I include practically all the aberrations of the
+sexual instinct, although some of these have seemed of sufficient
+importance for separate discussion in previous volumes. It is highly
+probable that many readers will consider that the name scarcely suffices
+to cover manifestations so numerous and so varied. The term &quot;sexual
+equivalents&quot; will seem preferable to some. While, however, it may be fully
+admitted that these perversions are &quot;sexual equivalents&quot;&mdash;or at all events
+equivalents of the normal sexual impulse&mdash;that term is merely a
+descriptive label which tells us nothing of the phenomena. &quot;Sexual
+Symbolism&quot; gives us the key to the process, the key that makes all these
+perversions intelligible. In all of them&mdash;very clearly in some, as in
+shoe-fetichism; more obscurely in others, as in exhibitionism&mdash;it has come
+about by causes congenital, acquired, or both, that some object or class
+of objects, some act or group of acts, has acquired a dynamic power over
+the psycho-physical mechanism of the sexual process, deflecting it from
+its normal adjustment to the whole of a beloved person of the opposite
+sex. There has been a transmutation of values, and certain objects,
+certain acts, have acquired an emotional value which for the normal person
+they do not possess. Such objects and acts are properly, it seems to me,
+termed symbols, and that term embodies the only justification that in most
+cases these manifestations can legitimately claim.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Mechanism of Detumescence&quot; brings us at last to the final climax for
+which the earlier and more prolonged stage <a name='5_Page_vi'></a>of tumescence, which has
+occupied us so often in these <i>Studies</i>, is the elaborate preliminary.
+&quot;The art of love,&quot; a clever woman novelist has written, &quot;is the art of
+preparation.&quot; That &quot;preparation&quot; is, on the physiological side, the
+production of tumescence, and all courtship is concerned in building up
+tumescence. But the final conjugation of two individuals in an explosion
+of detumescence, thus slowly brought about, though it is largely an
+involuntary act, is still not without its psychological implications and
+consequences; and it is therefore a matter for regret that so little is
+yet known about it. The one physiological act in which two individuals are
+lifted out of all ends that center in self and become the instrument of
+those higher forces which fashion the species, can never be an act to be
+slurred over as trivial or unworthy of study.</p>
+
+<p>In the brief study of &quot;The Psychic State in Pregnancy&quot; we at last touch
+the point at which the whole complex process of sex reaches its goal. A
+woman with a child in her womb is the everlasting miracle which all the
+romance of love, all the cunning devices of tumescence and detumescence,
+have been invented to make manifest. The psychic state of the woman who
+thus occupies the supreme position which life has to offer cannot fail to
+be of exceeding interest from many points of view, and not least because
+the maternal instinct is one of the elements even of love between the
+sexes. But the psychology of pregnancy is full of involved problems, and
+here again, as so often in the wide field we have traversed, we stand at
+the threshold of a door it is not yet given us to pass.</p>
+
+<p>HAVELOCK ELLIS.</p>
+
+<p>Carbis Water, Lelant, Cornwall.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_CONTENTS'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_vii'></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+<h4><a href='#5_PREFACE'>PREFACE.</a></h4>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#5_EROTIC_SYMBOLISM'>EROTIC SYMBOLISM.</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#5_E_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Definition of Erotic Symbolism. Symbolism of Act and Symbolism of
+Object. Erotic Fetichism. Wide Extension of the Symbols of Sex. The
+Immense Variety of Possible Erotic Fetiches. The Normal Foundations of
+Erotic Symbolism. Classification of the Phenomena. The Tendency to
+Idealize the Defects of a Beloved Person. Stendhal's &quot;Crystallization&quot;</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_E_II'>II.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Foot-fetichism and Shoe-fetichism. Wide Prevalence and Normal Basis.
+Restif de la Bretonne. The Foot a Normal Focus of Sexual Attraction Among
+Some Peoples. The Chinese, Greeks, Romans, Spaniards, etc. The Congenital
+Predisposition in Erotic Symbolism. The Influence of Early Association and
+Emotional Shock. Shoe-fetichism in Relation to Masochism. The Two
+Phenomena Independent Though Allied. The Desire to be Trodden On. The
+Fascination of Physical Constraint. The Symbolism of Self-inflicted Pain.
+The Dynamic Element in Erotic Symbolism. The Symbolism of Garments.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_E_III'>III.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Scatalogic Symbolism. Urolagnia. Coprolagnia. The Ascetic Attitude Towards
+the Flesh. Normal Basis of Scatalogic Symbolism. Scatalogic Conceptions
+Among Primitive Peoples. Urine as a Primitive Holy Water. Sacredness of
+Animal Excreta. Scatalogy in Folk-lore. The Obscene as Derived from the
+Mythological. The Immature Sexual Impulse Tends to Manifest Itself in
+Scatalogic Forms. The Basis of Physiological Connection Between the
+Urinary and Genital Spheres. Urinary Fetichism Sometimes Normal in
+Animals. The Urolagnia of Masochists. The Scatalogy of Saints. Urolagnia
+More Often a Symbolism of Act Than a Symbolism of Object. Only
+Occasionally an Olfactory Fetichism. Comparative Rarity of Coprolagnia.
+Influence of Nates Fetichism as a Transition to Coprolagnia, Ideal
+Coprolagnia.<a name='5_Page_viii'></a> Olfactory Coprolagnia. Urolagnia and Coprolagnia as Symbols
+of Coitus.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_E_IV'>IV.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Animals as Sources of Erotic Symbolism. Mixoscopic Zoophilia. The
+Stuff-fetichisms. Hair-fetichism. The Stuff-fetichisms Mainly on a Tactile
+Base. Erotic Zoophilia. Zooerastia. Bestiality. The Conditions that Favor
+Bestiality. Its Wide Prevalence Among Primitive Peoples and Among
+Peasants. The Primitive Conception of Animals. The Goat. The Influence of
+Familiarity With Animals. Congress Between Women and Animals. The Social
+Reaction Against Bestiality.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_E_V'>V.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Exhibitionism. Illustrative Cases. A Symbolic Perversion of Courtship. The
+Impulse to Defile. The Exhibitionist's Psychic Attitude. The Sexual Organs
+as Fetiches. Phallus Worship. Adolescent Pride in Sexual Development.
+Exhibitionism of the Nates. The Classification of the Forms of
+Exhibitionism. Nature of the Relationship of Exhibitionism to Epilepsy.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_E_VI'>VI.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Forms of Erotic Symbolism are Simulacra of Coitus. Wide Extension of
+Erotic Symbolism. Fetichism Not Covering the Whole Ground of Sexual
+Selection. It is Based on the Individual Factor in Selection.
+Crystallization. The Lover and the Artist. The Key to Erotic Symbolism is
+to be Found in the Emotional Sphere. The Passage to Pathological Extremes.</p></div>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#5_THE_MECHANISM_OF_DETUMESCENCE'>THE MECHANISM OF DETUMESCENCE.</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#5_M_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Psychological Significance of Detumescence. The Testis and the Ovary.
+Sperm Cell and Germ Cell. Development of the Embryo. The External Sexual
+Organs. Their Wide Range of Variation. Their Nervous Supply. The Penis.
+Its Racial Variations. The Influence of Exercise. The Scrotum and
+Testicles. The Mons Veneris. The Vulva. The Labia Majora and their
+Varieties. The Public Hair and Its Characters. The Clitoris and Its
+Functions. The Anus as an Erogenous Zone. The Nymph&aelig; and their Function.
+The Vagina. The Hymen. Virginity. The Biological Significance of the
+Hymen.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_M_II'>II</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Object of Detumescence. Erogenous Zones. The Lips. The Vascular
+Characters of Detumescence. Erectile Tissue. Erection in Woman. Mucous
+Emission in Women. Sexual Connection. The Human Mode of Intercourse.
+Normal Variations. The Motor Characters of Detumescence. Ejaculation. The
+Virile Reflex. The General Phenomena of Detumescence. The Circulatory and
+Respiratory Phenomena. Blood Pressure. Cardiac Disturbance. Glandular
+Activity. Distillatio. The Essentially Motor Character of Detumescence.
+Involuntary Muscular Irradiation to Bladder, etc. Erotic Intoxication.
+Analogy of Sexual Detumescence and Vesical Tension. The Specifically
+Sexual Movements of Detumescence in Man. In Woman. The Spontaneous
+Movements of the Genital Canal in Woman. Their Function in Conception.
+Part Played by Active Movement of the Spermatozoa. The Artificial
+Injection of Semen. The Facial Expression During Detumescence. The
+Expression of Joy. The Occasional Serious Effects of Coitus.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_M_III'>III.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Constituents of Semen. Function of the Prostate. The Properties of
+Semen. Aphrodisiacs. Alcohol, Opium, etc. Anaphrodisiacs. The Stimulant
+Influence of Semen in Coitus. The Internal Effects of Testicular
+Secretions. The Influence of Ovarian Secretion.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_M_IV'>IV.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Aptitude for Detumescence. Is There an Erotic Temperament? The
+Available Standards of Comparison. Characteristics of the Castrated.
+Characteristics of Puberty. Characteristics of the State of Detumescence.
+Shortness of Stature. Development of the Secondary Sexual Characters. Deep
+Voice. Bright Eyes. Glandular Activity. Everted Lips. Pigmentation.
+Profuse Hair. Dubious Significance of Many of These Characters.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4><a href='#5_THE_PSYCHIC_STATE_IN_PREGNANCY'>THE PSYCHIC STATE IN PREGNANCY.</a></h4>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Relationship of Maternal and Sexual Emotion. Conception and Loss of
+Virginity. The Anciently Accepted Signs of This Condition. The Pervading
+Effects of Pregnancy on the Organism. Pigmentation. The Blood and
+Circulation. The Thyroid. Changes in the Nervous System. The Vomiting of
+Pregnancy.<a name='5_Page_x'></a> The Longings of Pregnant Women. Mental Impressions. Evidence
+for and Against Their Validity. The Question Still Open. Imperfection of
+Our Knowledge. The Significance of Pregnancy.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<h4><a href='#5_APPENDIX'>APPENDIX.</a></h4>
+<center>Histories of Sexual Development.</center>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#5_INDEX_OF_AUTHORS'>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</a></h4>
+<h4><a href='#5_INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS'>INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</a></h4>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_EROTIC_SYMBOLISM'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_1'></a>EROTIC SYMBOLISM.</h2>
+
+<a name='5_E_I'></a><h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Definition of Erotic Symbolism&mdash;Symbolism of Act and Symbolism of
+Object&mdash;Erotic Fetichism&mdash;Wide extension of the symbols of Sex&mdash;The
+Immense Variety of Possible Erotic Fetiches&mdash;The Normal Foundations of
+Erotic Symbolism&mdash;Classification of the Phenomena&mdash;The Tendency to
+Idealize the Defects of a Beloved Person&mdash;Stendhal's &quot;Crystallization.&quot;</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>By &quot;erotic symbolism&quot; I mean that tendency whereby the lover's attention
+is diverted from the central focus of sexual attraction to some object or
+process which is on the periphery of that focus, or is even outside of it
+altogether, though recalling it by association of contiguity or of
+similarity. It thus happens that tumescence, or even in extreme cases
+detumescence, may be provoked by the contemplation of acts or objects
+which are away from the end of sexual conjugation.<a name='5_FNanchor_1'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_1'><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In considering the phenomena of sexual selection in a previous volume,<a name='5_FNanchor_2'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_2'><sup>[2]</sup></a>
+it was found that there are four or five main factors in the constitution
+of beauty in so far as beauty determines sexual selection. Erotic
+symbolism is founded on the factor of individual taste in beauty; it
+arises as a specialized development of that factor, but it is,
+nevertheless, incorrect to merge it in sexual selection. The attractive
+characteristics of a beloved woman or man, from the point of view of
+sexual selection, are a complex but harmonious whole leading up to a
+desire for the complete possession of the person who displays them.<a name='5_Page_2'></a> There
+is no tendency to isolate and dissociate any single character from the
+individual and to concentrate attention upon that character at the expense
+of the attention bestowed upon the individual generally. As soon as such a
+tendency begins to show itself, even though only in a slight or temporary
+form, we may say that there is erotic symbolism.</p>
+
+<p>Erotic symbolism is, however, by no means confined to the individualizing
+tendency to concentrate amorous attention upon some single characteristic
+of the adult woman or man who is normally the object of sexual love. The
+adult human being may not be concerned at all, the attractive object or
+act may not even be human, not even animal, and we may still be concerned
+with a symbol which has parasitically rooted itself on the fruitful site
+of sexual emotion and absorbed to itself the energy which normally goes
+into the channels of healthy human love having for its final end the
+procreation of the species. Thus understood in its widest sense, it may be
+said that every sexual perversion, even homosexuality, is a form of erotic
+symbolism, for we shall find that in every case some object or act that
+for the normal human being has little or no erotic value, has assumed such
+value in a supreme degree; that is to say, it has become a symbol of the
+normal object of love. Certain perversions are, however, of such great
+importance on account of their wide relationships, that they cannot be
+adequately discussed merely as forms of erotic symbolism. This is notably
+the case as regards homosexuality, auto-erotism, and algolagnia, all of
+which phenomena have therefore been separately discussed in previous
+studies. We are now mainly concerned with manifestations which are more
+narrowly and exclusively symbolical.</p>
+
+<p>A portion of the field of erotic symbolism is covered by what Binet
+(followed by Lombroso, Krafft-Ebing, and others) has termed &quot;erotic
+fetichism,&quot; or the tendency whereby sexual attraction is unduly exerted by
+some special part or peculiarity of the body, or by some inanimate object
+which has become associated with it. Such erotic symbolism of object
+cannot, however, be dissociated from the even more important erotic
+symbolism <a name='5_Page_3'></a>of process, and the two are so closely bound together that we
+cannot attain a truly scientific view of them until we regard them broadly
+as related parts of a common psychic tendency. If, as Groos asserts,<a name='5_FNanchor_3'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_3'><sup>[3]</sup></a> a
+symbol has two chief meanings, one in which it indicates a physical
+process which stands for a psychic process, and another in which it
+indicates a part which represents the whole, erotic symbolism of act
+corresponds to the first of these chief meanings, and erotic symbolism of
+object to the other.</p>
+
+<p>Although it is not impossible to find some germs of erotic symbolism in
+animals, in its more pronounced manifestations it is only found in the
+human species. It could not be otherwise, for such symbolism involves not
+only the play of fancy and imagination, the idealizing aptitude, but also
+a certain amount of power of concentrating the attention on a point
+outside the natural path of instinct and the ability to form new mental
+constructions around that point. There are, indeed, as we shall see,
+elementary forms of erotic symbolism which are not uncommonly associated
+with feeble-mindedness, but even these are still peculiarly human, and in
+its less crude manifestations erotic symbolism easily lends itself to
+every degree of human refinement and intelligence.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;It depends primarily upon an increase of the psychological
+    process of representation,&quot; Colin Scott remarks of sexual
+    symbolism generally, &quot;involving greater powers of comparison and
+    analysis as compared with the lower animals. The outer
+    impressions come to be clearly distinguished as such, but at the
+    same time are often treated as symbols of inner experiences, and
+    a meaning read into them which they would not otherwise possess.
+    Symbolism or fetichism is, indeed, just the capacity to see
+    meaning, to emphasize something for the sake of other things
+    which do not appear. In brain terms it indicates an activity of
+    the higher centers, a sort of side-tracking or long-circuiting of
+    the primitive energy; ... Rosetti's poem, 'The Woodspurge,'<a name='5_Page_4'></a>
+    gives a concrete example of the formation of such a symbol. Here
+    the otherwise insignificant presentation of the three-cupped
+    woodspurge, representing originally a mere side-current of the
+    stream of consciousness, becomes the intellectual symbol or
+    fetich of the whole psychosis forever after. It seems, indeed, as
+    if the stronger the emotion the more likely will become the
+    formation of an overlying symbolism, which serves to focus and
+    stand in the place of something greater than itself; nowhere at
+    least is symbolism a more characteristic feature than as an
+    expression of the sexual instinct. The passion of sex, with its
+    immense hereditary background, in early man became centered often
+    upon the most trivial and unimportant features.... This
+    symbolism, now become fetichistic, or symbolic in a bad sense, is
+    at least an exercise of the increasing representative power of
+    man, upon which so much of his advancement has depended, while it
+    also served to express and help to purify his most perennial
+    emotion.&quot; (Colin Scott, &quot;Sex and Art,&quot; <i>American Journal of
+    Psychology</i>, vol. vii, No. 2, p. 189.)</p></div>
+
+<p>In the study of &quot;Love and Pain&quot; in a previous volume, the analysis of the
+large and complex mass of sexual phenomena which are associated with pain,
+gradually resolved them to a considerable extent into a special case of
+erotic symbolism; pain or restraint, whether inflicted on or by the loved
+person, becomes, by a psychic process that is usually unconscious, the
+symbol of the sexual mechanism, and hence arouses the same emotions as
+that mechanism normally arouses. We may now attempt to deal more broadly
+and comprehensively with the normal and abnormal aspects of erotic
+symbolism in some of their most typical and least mixed forms.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;When our human imagination seeks to animate artificial things,&quot; Huysmans
+writes in <i>L&agrave;-bas</i>, &quot;it is compelled to reproduce the movements of animals
+in the act of propagation. Look at machines, at the play of pistons in the
+cylinders; they are Romeos of steel in Juliets of cast-iron.&quot; And not only
+in the work of man's hands but throughout Nature we find sexual symbols
+which are the less deniable since, for the most part, they make not the
+slightest appeal to even the most morbid human imagination. Language is
+full of metaphorical symbols of sex which constantly tend to lose their
+poetic symbolism and to become commonplace. Semen is but seed, and for the
+Latins especially the whole process of human sex, as well as the male <a name='5_Page_5'></a>and
+female organs, constantly presented itself in symbols derived from
+agricultural and horticultural life. The testicles were beans (<i>fab&aelig;</i>) and
+fruit or apples (<i>poma</i> and <i>mala</i>); the penis was a tree (<i>arbor</i>), or a
+stalk (<i>thyrsus</i>), or a root (<i>radix</i>), or a sickle (<i>falx</i>), or a
+ploughshare (<i>vomer</i>). The semen, again, was dew (<i>ros</i>). The labia majora
+or minora were wings (<i>al&aelig;</i>); the vulva and vagina were a field (<i>ager</i>
+and <i>campus</i>), or a ploughed furrow (<i>sulcus</i>), or a vineyard (<i>vinea</i>),
+or a fountain (<i>fons</i>), while the pudendal hair was herbage
+(<i>plantaria</i>).<a name='5_FNanchor_4'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_4'><sup>[4]</sup></a> In other languages it is not difficult to trace similar
+and even identical imagery applied to sexual organs and sexual acts. Thus
+it is noteworthy that Shakespeare more than once applies the term
+&quot;ploughed&quot; to a woman who has had sexual intercourse. The Talmud calls the
+labia minora the doors, the labia majora hinges, and the clitoris the key.
+The Greeks appear not only to have found in the myrtle-berry, the fruit of
+a plant sacred to Venus, the image of the clitoris, but also in the rose
+an image of the feminine labia; in the poetic literature of many
+countries, indeed, this imagery of the rose may be traced in a more or
+less veiled manner.<a name='5_FNanchor_5'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_5'><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The widespread symbolism of sex arose in the theories and conceptions of
+primitive peoples concerning the function of generation and its nearest
+analogies in Nature; it was continued for the sake of the vigorous and
+expressive terminology which it furnished both for daily life and for
+literature; its final survivals were cultivated because they furnished a
+delicately &aelig;sthetic method of approaching matters which a growing
+refinement of sentiment made it difficult for lovers and poets to approach
+in a more crude and direct manner. Its existence is of interest to us now
+because it shows the objective validity of the basis on <a name='5_Page_6'></a>which erotic
+symbolism, as we have here to understand it, develops. But from first to
+last it is a distinct phenomenon, having a more or less reasoned and
+intellectual basis, and it scarcely serves in any degree to feed the
+sexual impulse. Erotic symbolism is not intellectual but emotional in its
+origin; it starts into being, obscurely, with but a dim consciousness or
+for the most part none at all, either suddenly from the shock of some
+usually youthful experience, or more gradually through an instinctive
+brooding on those things which are most intimately associated with a
+sexually desirable person.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The kind of soil on which the germs of erotic symbolism may
+    develop is well seen in cases of sexual hyper&aelig;sthesia. In such
+    cases all the emotionally sexual analogies and resemblances,
+    which in erotic symbolism are fixed and organized, may be traced
+    in vague and passing forms, a single hyper&aelig;sthetic individual
+    perhaps presenting a great variety of germinal symbolisms.</p>
+
+<p>    Thus it has been recorded of an Italian nun (whose sister became
+    a prostitute) that from the age of 8 she had desire for coitus,
+    from the age of 10 masturbated, and later had homosexual
+    feelings, that the same feelings and practices continued after
+    she had taken the veil, though from time to time they assumed
+    religious equivalents. The mere contact, indeed, of a priest's
+    hand, the news of the presentation of an ecclesiastic she had
+    known to a bishopric, the sight of an ape, the contemplation of
+    the crucified Christ, the figure of a toy, the picture of a
+    demon, the act of defecation in the children entrusted to her
+    care (whom, on this account, and against the regulations, she
+    would accompany to the closets), especially the sight and the
+    mere recollection of flies in sexual connection&mdash;all these things
+    sufficed to produce in her a powerful orgasm. (<i>Archivio di
+    Psichiatria</i>, 1902, fasc. II-III, p. 338.)</p>
+
+<p>    A boy of 15 (given to masturbation), studied by Macdonald in
+    America, was similarly hyper&aelig;sthetic to the symbols of sexual
+    emotion. &quot;I like amusing myself with my comrades,&quot; he told
+    Macdonald, &quot;rolling ourselves into a ball, which gives one a
+    funny kind of warmth. I have a special pleasure in talking about
+    some things. It is the same when the governess kisses me on
+    saying good night or when I lean against her breast. I have that
+    sensation, too, when I see some of the pictures in the comic
+    papers, but only in those representing a woman, as when a young
+    man skating trips up a girl so that her clothes are raised a
+    little. When I read how a man saved a young girl from drowning,
+    so that they swam together, I had the same sensation. Looking at
+    the statues of women in the museum produces the same effect, or
+    when I <a name='5_Page_7'></a>see naked babies, or when a mother suckles a child. I
+    have often had that sensation when reading novels I ought not to
+    read, or when looking at a new-born calf, or seeing dogs and cows
+    and horses mounting on each other. When I see a girl flirting
+    with a boy, or leaning on his shoulder or with his arm round her
+    waist, I have an erection. It is the same when I see women and
+    little girls in bathing costume, or when boys talk of what their
+    fathers and mothers do together. In the Natural History Museum I
+    often see things which give me that sensation. One day when I
+    read how a man killed a young girl and carried her into a wood
+    and undressed her I had a feeling of enjoyment. When I read of
+    men who were bastards the idea of a woman having a child in that
+    way gives me this sensation. Some dances, and seeing young girls
+    astride a horse, excited me, too, and so in a circus when a woman
+    was shot out of a cannon and her skirts flew in the air. It has
+    no effect on me when I see men naked. Sometimes I enjoy seeing
+    women's underclothes in a shop, or when I see a lady or a girl
+    buying them, especially if they are drawers. When I saw a lady in
+    a dress which buttoned from top to bottom it had more effect on
+    me than seeing underclothes. Seeing dogs coupling gives me more
+    pleasure than looking at pretty women, but less than looking at
+    pretty little girls.&quot; In order of increasing intensity he placed
+    the phenomena that affected him thus: The coupling of flies, then
+    of horses, then the sight of women's undergarments, then a boy
+    and a girl flirting, then cows mounting on each other, the
+    statues of women with naked breasts, then contact with the
+    governess's body and breasts, finally coitus. (Arthur Macdonald,
+    <i>Le Criminel-Type</i>, pp. 126 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    It is worthy of remark that the instinct of nutrition, when
+    restrained, may exhibit something of an analogous symbolism,
+    though in a minor degree, to that of sex. The ways in which a
+    hyper&aelig;sthetic hunger may seek its symbols are illustrated in the
+    case of a young woman called Nadia, who during several years was
+    carefully studied by Janet. It is a case of obsession (&quot;maladie
+    du scrupule&quot;), simulating hysterical anorexia, in which the
+    patient, for fear of getting fat, reduced her nourishment to the
+    smallest possible amount. &quot;Nadia is generally hungry, even very
+    hungry. One can tell this by her actions; from time to time she
+    forgets herself to such an extent as to devour greedily anything
+    she can put her hands on. At other times, when she cannot resist
+    the desire to eat, she secretly takes a biscuit. She feels
+    horrible remorse for the action, but, all the same, she does it
+    again. Her confidences are very curious. She recognizes that a
+    great effort is needed to avoid eating, and considers she is a
+    heroine to resist so long. 'Sometimes I spent whole hours in
+    thinking about food, I was so hungry; I swallowed my saliva, I
+    bit my handkerchief, I rolled on the floor, I wanted to eat so
+    badly. I would look in books for descriptions of meals <a name='5_Page_8'></a>and
+    feasts, and tried to deceive my hunger by imagining that I was
+    sharing all these good things,'&quot; (P. Janet, &quot;La Maladie du
+    Scrupule,&quot; <i>Revue Philosophique</i>, May, 1901, p. 502.) The
+    deviations of the instinct of nutrition are, however, confined
+    within narrow limits, and, in the nature of things, hunger,
+    unlike sexual desire, cannot easily accept a fetich.</p></div>
+
+<p>&quot;There is almost no feature, article of dress, attitude, act,&quot; Stanley
+Hall declares, &quot;or even animal or perhaps object in nature, that may not
+have to some morbid soul specialized erogenic and erethic power.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_6'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_6'><sup>[6]</sup></a> Even
+a mere shadow may become a fetich. Goron tells of a merchant in Paris&mdash;a
+man with a reputation for ability, happily married and the father of a
+family, altogether irreproachable in his private life&mdash;who was returning
+home one evening after a game of billiards with a friend, when, on
+chancing to raise his eyes, he saw against a lighted window the shadow of
+a woman changing her chemise. He fell in love with that shadow and
+returned to the spot every evening for many months to gaze at the window.
+Yet&mdash;and herein lies the fetichism&mdash;he made no attempt to see the woman or
+to find out who she was; the shadow sufficed; he had no need of the
+realty.<a name='5_FNanchor_7'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_7'><sup>[7]</sup></a> It is even possible to have a negative fetich, the absence of
+some character being alone demanded, and the case has been recorded in
+Chicago of an American gentleman of average intelligence, education, and
+good habits who, having as a boy cherished a pure affection for a girl
+whose leg had been amputated, throughout life was relatively impotent with
+normal women, but experienced passion and affection for women who had lost
+a leg; he was found by his wife to be in extensive correspondence with
+one-legged women all over the country, expending no little money on the
+purchase of artificial legs for his various proteg&eacute;es.<a name='5_FNanchor_8'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_8'><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is important to remember, however, that while erotic symbolism becomes
+fantastic and abnormal in its extreme manifestations, <a name='5_Page_9'></a>it is in its
+essence absolutely normal. It is only in the very grossest forms of sexual
+desire that it is altogether absent. Stendhal described the mental side of
+the process of tumescence as a crystallization, a process whereby certain
+features of the beloved person present points around which the emotions
+held in solution in the lover's mind may concentrate and deposit
+themselves in dazzling brilliance. This process inevitably tends to take
+place around all those features and objects associated with the beloved
+person which have most deeply impressed the lover's mind, and the more
+sensitive and imaginative and emotional he is the more certainly will such
+features and objects crystallize into erotic symbols. &quot;Devotion and love,&quot;
+wrote Mary Wollstonecraft, &quot;may be allowed to hallow the garments as well
+as the person, for the lover must want fancy who has not a sort of sacred
+respect for the glove or slipper of his mistress. He would not confound
+them with vulgar things of the same kind.&quot; And nearly two centuries
+earlier Burton, who had gathered together so much of the ancient lore of
+love, clearly asserted the entirely normal character of erotic symbolism.
+&quot;Not one of a thousand falls in love,&quot; he declares, &quot;but there is some
+peculiar part or other which pleaseth most, and inflames him above the
+rest.... If he gets any remnant of hers, a busk-point, a feather of her
+fan, a shoe-tie, a lace, a ring, a bracelet of hair, he wears it for a
+favor on his arm, in his hat, finger, or next his heart; as Laodamia did
+by Protesilaus, when he went to war, sit at home with his picture before
+her: a garter or a bracelet of hers is more precious than any Saint's
+Relique, he lays it up in his casket (O blessed Relique) and every day
+will kiss it: if in her presence his eye is never off her, and drink he
+will where she drank, if it be possible, in that very place,&quot; etc.<a name='5_FNanchor_9'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_9'><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Burton's accuracy in describing the ways of lovers in his century
+    is shown by a passage in Hamilton's <i>M&eacute;moires de Gramont</i>. Miss
+    Price, one of the beauties of Charles II's court, and Dongan were
+    tenderly <a name='5_Page_10'></a>attached to each other; when the latter died he left
+    behind a casket full of all possible sorts of love-tokens
+    pertaining to his mistress, including, among other things, &quot;all
+    kinds of hair.&quot; And as regards France, Burton's contemporary,
+    Howell, wrote in 1627 in his <i>Familiar Letters</i> concerning the
+    repulse of the English at Rh&eacute;: &quot;A captain told me that when they
+    were rifling the dead bodies of the French gentlemen after the
+    first invasion they found that many of them had their mistresses'
+    favors tied about their genitories.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Schurig (<i>Spermatologia</i>, p. 357) at the beginning of the
+    eighteenth century knew a Belgian lady who, when her dearly loved
+    husband died, secretly cut off his penis and treasured it as a
+    sacred relic in a silver casket. She eventually powdered it, he
+    adds, and found it an efficacious medicine for herself and
+    others. An earlier example, of a lady at the French court who
+    embalmed and perfumed the genital organs of her dead husband,
+    always preserving them in a gold casket, is mentioned by
+    Brant&ocirc;me. Mantegazza knew a man who kept for many years on his
+    desk the skull of his dead mistress, making it his dearest
+    companion. &quot;Some,&quot; he remarks, &quot;have slept for months and years
+    with a book, a garment, a trifle. I once had a friend who would
+    spend long hours of joy and emotion kissing a thread of silk
+    which <i>she</i> had held between her fingers, now the only relic of
+    love.&quot; (Mantegazza, <i>Fisiologia dell' Amore</i>, cap. X.) In the
+    same way I knew a lady who in old age still treasured in her
+    desk, as the one relic of the only man she had ever been
+    attracted to, a fragment of paper he had casually twisted up in a
+    conversation with her half a century before.</p></div>
+
+<p>The tendency to treasure the relics of a beloved person, more especially
+the garments, is the simplest and commonest foundation of erotic
+symbolism. It is without doubt absolutely normal. It is inevitable that
+those objects which have been in close contact with the beloved person's
+body, and are intimately associated with that person in the lover's mind,
+should possess a little of the same virtue, the same emotional potency. It
+is a phenomenon closely analogous to that by which the relics of saints
+are held to possess a singular virtue. But it becomes somewhat less normal
+when the garment is regarded as essential even in the presence of the
+beloved person.<a name='5_FNanchor_10'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_10'><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>While an extremely large number of objects and acts may be found to
+possess occasionally the value of erotic symbols, such <a name='5_Page_11'></a>symbols most
+frequently fall into certain well-defined groups. A vast number of
+isolated objects or acts may be exceptionally the focus of erotic
+contemplation, but the objects and acts which frequently become thus
+symbolic are comparatively few.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me that the phenomena of erotic symbolism may be most
+conveniently grouped in three great classes, on the basis of the objects
+or acts which arouse them.</p>
+<br />
+<p><b>I. PARTS OF THE BODY.&mdash;</b></p>
+
+<p><i>A. Normal:</i> Hand, foot, breasts, nates, hair,
+secretions and excretions, etc.</p>
+
+<p><i>B. Abnormal:</i> Lameness, squinting, pitting of smallpox, etc. Paidophilia
+or the love of children, presbyophilia or the love of the aged, and
+necrophilia or the attraction for corpses, may be included under this
+head, as well as the excitement caused by various animals.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p><b>II. INANIMATE OBJECTS.<a name='5_FNanchor_11'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_11'><sup>[11]</sup></a>&mdash;</b></p>
+
+<p><i>A. Garments:</i> Gloves, shoes and stockings and
+garters, caps, aprons, handkerchiefs, underlinen.</p>
+
+<p><i>B. Impersonal Objects:</i> Here may be included all the various objects that
+may accidentally acquire the power of exciting sexual feeling in
+auto-erotism. Pygmalionism may also be included.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p><b>III. ACTS AND ATTITUDES.&mdash;</b></p>
+
+<p><i>A. Active:</i> Whipping, cruelty, exhibitionism.</p>
+
+<p><i>B. Passive:</i> Being whipped, experiencing cruelty. Personal odors and the
+sound of the voice may be included under this head. </p>
+
+<p><i>C. Mixoscopic:</i> The
+vision of climbing, swinging, etc. The acts of urination and defecation.
+The coitus of animals.</p>
+
+<p>Although the three main groups into which the phenomena of erotic
+symbolism are here divided may seem fairly distinct, they are yet very
+closely allied, and indeed overlap, so that it <a name='5_Page_12'></a>is possible, as we shall
+see, for a single complex symbol to fall into all three groups.</p>
+
+<p>A very complete kind of erotic symbolism is furnished by Pygmalionism or
+the love of statues.<a name='5_FNanchor_12'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_12'><sup>[12]</sup></a> It is exactly analogous to the child's love of a
+doll, which is also a form of sexual (though not erotic) symbolism. In a
+somewhat less abnormal form, erotic symbolism probably shows itself in its
+simplest shape in the tendency to idealize unbeautiful peculiarities in a
+beloved person, so that such peculiarities are ever afterward almost or
+quite essential in order to arouse sexual attraction. In this way men have
+become attracted to limping women. Even the most normal man may idealize a
+trifling defect in a beloved woman. The attention is inevitably
+concentrated on any such slight deviation from regular beauty, and the
+natural result of such concentration is that a complexus of associated
+thoughts and emotions becomes attached to something that in itself is
+unbeautiful. A defect becomes an admired focus of attention, the embodied
+symbol of the lover's emotion.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Thus a mole is not in itself beautiful, but by the tendency to
+    erotic symbolism it becomes so. Persian poets especially have
+    lavished the richest imagery on moles (<i>Anis El-Ochch&acirc;q</i> in
+    <i>Biblioth&egrave;que des Hautes Etudes</i>, fasc, 25, 1875); the Arabs, as
+    Lane remarks (<i>Arabian Society in the Middle Ages</i>, p. 214), are
+    equally extravagant in their admiration of a mole.</p>
+
+<p>    Stendhal long since well described the process by which a defect
+    becomes a sexual symbol. &quot;Even little defects in a woman's face,&quot;
+    he remarked, &quot;such as a smallpox pit, may arouse the tenderness
+    of a man who loves her, and throw him into deep reverie when he
+    sees them in another woman. It is because he has experienced a
+    thousand feelings in the presence of that smallpox mark, that
+    these feelings have been for the most part delicious, all of the
+    highest interest, and that, whatever they may have been, they are
+    renewed with incredible vivacity on the sight of this sign, even
+    when perceived on the face of another woman. If in such a case we
+    come to prefer and love <i>ugliness</i>, it is only because in such a
+    case ugliness is beauty. A man loved a woman who <a name='5_Page_13'></a>was very thin
+    and marked by smallpox; he lost her by death. Three years later,
+    in Rome, he became acquainted with two women, one very beautiful,
+    the other thin and marked by smallpox, on that account, if you
+    will, rather ugly. I saw him in love with this plain one at the
+    end of a week, which he had employed in effacing her plainness by
+    his memories.&quot; (<i>De l'Amour</i>, Chapter XVII.)</p></div>
+
+<p>In the tendency to idealize the unbeautiful features of a beloved person
+erotic symbolism shows itself in a simple and normal form. In a less
+simple and more morbid form it appears in persons in whom the normal paths
+of sexual gratification are for some reasons inhibited, and who are thus
+led to find the symbols of natural love in unnatural perversions. It is
+for this reason that so many erotic symbolisms take root in childhood and
+puberty, before the sexual instincts have reached full development. It is
+for the same reason also, that, at the other end of life, when the sexual
+energies are failing, erotic symbols sometimes tend to be substituted for
+the normal pleasures of sex. It is for this reason, again, that both men
+and women whose normal energies are inhibited sometimes find the symbols
+of sexual gratification in the caresses of children.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The case of a schoolmistress recorded by Penta instructively
+    shows how an erotic symbolism of this last kind may develop by no
+    means as a refinement of vice, but as the one form in which
+    sexual gratification becomes possible when normal gratification
+    has been pathologically inhibited. F. R., aged 48, schoolmistress;
+    she was some years ago in an asylum with religious mania, but
+    came out well in a few months. At the age of 12 she had first
+    experienced sexual excitement in a railway train from the jolting
+    of the carriage. Soon after she fell in love with a youth who
+    represented her ideal and who returned her affection. When,
+    however, she gave herself to him, great was her disillusion and
+    surprise to find that the sexual act which she had looked forward
+    to could not be accomplished, for at the first contact there was
+    great pain and spasmodic resistance of the vagina. There was a
+    condition of vaginismus. After repeated attempts on subsequent
+    occasions her lover desisted. Her desire for intercourse
+    increased, however, rather than diminished, and at last she was
+    able to tolerate coitus, but the pain was so great that she
+    acquired a horror of the sexual embrace and no longer sought it.
+    Having much will power, she restrained all erotic impulses during
+    many years. It was not until the period of the menopause that the
+    long repressed desires broke out, and at last found a <a name='5_Page_14'></a>symbolical
+    outlet that was no longer normal, but was felt to supply a
+    complete gratification. She sought the close physical contact of
+    the young children in her care. She would lie on her bed naked,
+    with two or three naked children, make them suck her breasts and
+    press them to every part of her body. Her conduct was discovered
+    by means of other children who peeped through the keyhole, and
+    she was placed under Penta for treatment. In this case the loss
+    of moral and mental inhibition, due probably to troubles of the
+    climacteric, led to indulgence, under abnormal conditions, in
+    those primitive contacts which are normally the beginning of
+    love, and these, supported by the ideal image of the early lover,
+    constituted a complete and adequate symbol of natural love in a
+    morbidly perverted individual. (P. Penta, <i>Archivio delle
+    Psicopatie Sessuali</i>, January, 1896.)</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_1'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_1'>[1]</a><div class='note'><p> The term &quot;erotic symbolism&quot; has already been employed by
+Eulenburg (<i>Sexuale Neuropathie</i>, 1895, p. 101). It must be borne in mind
+that this term, implying the specific emotion, is much narrower than the
+term &quot;sexual symbolism,&quot; which may be used to designate a great variety of
+ritual and social practices which have played a part in the evolution of
+civilization.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_2'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_2'>[2]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Sexual Selection in Man</i>, iv, &quot;Vision.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_3'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_3'>[3]</a><div class='note'><p> K. Groos, <i>Der &AElig;sthetische Genuss</i>, p. 122. The psychology of
+the associations of contiguity and resemblance through which erotic
+symbolism operates its transference is briefly discussed by Ribot in the
+<i>Psychology of the Emotions</i>, Part 1, Chapter XII; the early chapters of
+the same author's <i>Logique des Sentiments</i> may also be said to deal with
+the emotional basis on which erotic symbolism arises.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_4'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_4'>[4]</a><div class='note'><p> A number of synonyms for the female pudenda are brought
+together by Schurig&mdash;cunnus, hortus, concha, navis, fovea, larva, canis,
+annulus, focus, cymba, antrum, delta, myrtus, etc.&mdash;and he discusses many
+of them. (<i>Muliebria</i>, Section I, cap. I.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_5'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_5'>[5]</a><div class='note'><p> Kleinpaul, <i>Sprache Ohne Worte</i>, pp. 24-29; <i>cf.</i> K. Pearson,
+on the general and special words for sex, <i>Chances of Death</i>, vol. ii, pp.
+112-245; a selection of the literature of the rose will be found in a
+volume of translations entitled <i>Ros Rosarum</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_6'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_6'>[6]</a><div class='note'><p> G. S. Hall, <i>Adolescence</i>, vol. i, p. 470.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_7'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_7'>[7]</a><div class='note'><p> Goron, <i>Les Parias de l'Amour</i>, p. 45.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_8'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_8'>[8]</a><div class='note'><p> A. R. Reynolds, <i>Medical Standard</i>, vol. x, cited by Kiernan,
+&quot;Responsibility in Sexual Perversion,&quot; <i>American Journal of Neurology and
+Psychiatry</i>, 1882.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_9'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_9'>[9]</a><div class='note'><p> R. Burton, <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Section II,
+Mem. II, Subs. II, and Mem. III, Subs. I.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_10'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_10'>[10]</a><div class='note'><p> Numerous examples are given by Moll, <i>Kontr&auml;re
+Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, pp. 265-268.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_11'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_11'>[11]</a><div class='note'><p> Chevalier (<i>De l'Inversion</i>, 1885; <i>id.</i>, <i>L'Inversion
+Sexuelle</i>, 1892, p. 52), followed by E. Laurent (<i>L'Amour Morbide</i>, 1891,
+Chapter X), separates this group from other fetichistic perversions, under
+the head of &quot;azo&ouml;philie.&quot; I see no adequate ground for this step. The
+various forms of fetichism are too intimately associated to permit of any
+group of them being violently separated from the others.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_12'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_12'>[12]</a><div class='note'><p> This has already been considered as a perversion founded on
+vision, in discussing <i>Sexual Selection in Man</i>. IV.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_E_II'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_15'></a>II.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Foot-fetichism and Shoe-fetichism&mdash;Wide Prevalence and Normal
+Basis&mdash;Restif de la Bretonne&mdash;The Foot a Normal Focus of Sexual Attraction
+Among Some Peoples&mdash;The Chinese, Greeks, Romans, Spaniards, etc.&mdash;The
+Congenital Predisposition in Erotic Symbolism&mdash;The Influence of Early
+Association and Emotional Shock&mdash;Shoe-fetichism in Relation to
+Masochism&mdash;The Two Phenomena Independent Though Allied&mdash;The Desire to be
+Trodden On&mdash;The Fascination of Physical Constraint&mdash;The Symbolism of
+Self-inflicted Pain&mdash;The Dynamic Element in Erotic Symbolism&mdash;The
+Symbolism of Garments.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Of all forms of erotic symbolism the most frequent is that which idealizes
+the foot and the shoe. The phenomena we here encounter are sometimes so
+complex and raise so many interesting questions that it is necessary to
+discuss them somewhat fully.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem that even for the normal lover the foot is one of the most
+attractive parts of the body. Stanley Hall found that among the parts
+specified as most admired in the other sex by young men and women who
+answered a <i>questionnaire</i> the feet came fourth (after the eyes, hair,
+stature and size).<a name='5_FNanchor_13'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_13'><sup>[13]</sup></a> Casanova, an acute student and lover of women who
+was in no degree a foot fetichist, remarks that all men who share his
+interest in women are attracted by their feet; they offer <a name='5_Page_16'></a>the same
+interest, he considers, as the question of the particular edition offers
+to the book-lover.<a name='5_FNanchor_14'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_14'><sup>[14]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In a report of the results of a <i>questionnaire</i> concerning
+    children's sense of self, to which over 500 replies were
+    received, Stanley Hall thus summarizes the main facts ascertained
+    with reference to the feet: &quot;A special period of noticing the
+    feet comes somewhat later than that in which the hands are
+    discovered to consciousness. Our records afford nearly twice as
+    many cases for feet as for hands. The former are more remote from
+    the primary psychic focus or position, and are also more often
+    covered, so that the sight of them is a more marked and
+    exceptional event. Some children become greatly excited whenever
+    their feet are exposed. Some infants show signs of fear at the
+    movement of their own knees and feet covered, and still more
+    often fright is the first sensation which signalizes the child's
+    discovery of its feet.... Many are described as playing with them
+    as if fascinated by strange, newly-discovered toys. They pick
+    them up and try to throw them away, or out of the cradle, or
+    bring them to the mouth, where all things tend to go.... Children
+    often handle their feet, pat and stroke them, offer them toys and
+    the bottle, as if they, too, had an independent hunger to
+    gratify, an <i>ego</i> of their own.... Children often develop [later]
+    a special interest in the feet of others, and examine, feel them,
+    etc., sometimes expressing surprise that the pinch of the
+    mother's toe hurts her and not the child, or comparing their own
+    and the feet of others point by point. Curious, too, are the
+    intensifications of foot-consciousness throughout the early years
+    of childhood, whenever children have the exceptional privilege of
+    going barefoot, or have new shoes. The feet are often
+    apostrophized, punished, beaten sometimes to the point of pain
+    for breaking things, throwing the child down, etc. Several
+    children have habits, which reach great intensity, and then
+    vanish, of touching or tickling the feet, with gales of laughter,
+    and a few are described as showing an almost morbid reluctance to
+    wear anything upon the feet, or even to having them touched by
+    others.... Several almost fall in love with the great toe or the
+    little one, especially admiring some crease or dimple in it,
+    dressing it in some rag of silk or bit of ribbon, or cut-off
+    glove fingers, winding it with string, prolonging it by tying on
+    bits of wood. Stroking the feet of others, especially if they are
+    shapely, often becomes almost a passion with young children, and
+    several adults confess a survival of the same impulse which it is
+    an exquisite pleasure to gratify. The interest of some mothers in
+    babies' toes, the expressions of which are ecstatic and almost
+    incredible, is a factor of great importance.&quot; (G. Stanley Hall,
+    &quot;Some Aspects of the<a name='5_Page_17'></a> Early Sense of Self,&quot; <i>American Journal of
+    Psychology</i>, April, 1898.) In childhood, Stanley Hall remarks
+    elsewhere (<i>Adolescence</i>, vol. ii, p. 104), &quot;a form of courtship
+    may consist solely in touching feet under the desk.&quot; It would
+    seem that even animals have a certain amount of sexual
+    consciousness in the feet; I have noticed a male donkey, just
+    before coitus, bite the feet of his partner.</p></div>
+
+<p>At the same time it is scarcely usual for the normal lover, in most
+civilized countries to-day, to attach primary importance to the foot, such
+as he very frequently attaches to the eyes, though the feet play a very
+conspicuous part in the work of certain novelists.<a name='5_FNanchor_15'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_15'><sup>[15]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In a small but not inconsiderable minority of persons, however, the foot
+or the boot becomes the most attractive part of a woman, and in some
+morbid cases the woman herself is regarded as a comparatively unimportant
+appendage to her feet or her boots. The boots under civilized conditions
+much more frequently constitute the sexual symbol than do the feet
+themselves; this is not surprising since in ordinary life the feet are not
+often seen.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It is usually only under exceptionally favoring conditions that
+    foot-fetichism occurs, as in the case recorded by Marandon de
+    Montyel of a doctor who had been brought up in the West Indies.
+    His mother had been insane and he himself was subject to
+    obsessions, especially of being incapable of urinating; he had
+    had nocturnal incontinence of urine in childhood. All the women
+    of the people in the West Indies go about with naked feet, which
+    are often beautiful. His puberty evolved under this influence,
+    and foot-fetichism developed. He especially admired large, fat,
+    arched feet, with delicate skin and large, regular toes. He
+    masturbated with images of feet. At 15 he had relations with a
+    colored chambermaid, but feared to mention his fetichism, though
+    it was the touch of her feet that chiefly excited him. He now
+    gave up masturbation, and had a succession of mistresses, but was
+    always ashamed to confess his fancies until, at the age of 33, in
+    Paris, a very intelligent woman who had become his mistress
+    discovered his <a name='5_Page_18'></a>mania and skillfully enabled him to yield to it
+    without shock to his modesty. He was devoted to this mistress,
+    who had very beautiful feet (he had been horrified by the feet of
+    Europeans generally), until she finally left him. (<i>Archives de
+    Neurologie</i>, October, 1904.)</p>
+
+<p>    Probably the first case of shoe-fetichism ever recorded in any
+    detail is that of Restif de la Bretonne (1734-1806), publicist
+    and novelist, one of the most remarkable literary figures of the
+    later eighteenth century in France. Restif was a neurotic
+    subject, though not to an extreme degree, and his shoe-fetichism,
+    though distinctly pronounced, was not pathological; that is to
+    say, that the shoe was not itself an adequate gratification of
+    the sexual impulse, but simply a highly important aid to
+    tumescence, a prelude to the natural climax of detumescence; only
+    occasionally, and <i>faute de mieux</i>, in the absence of the beloved
+    person, was the shoe used as an adjunct to masturbation. In
+    Restif's stories and elsewhere the attraction of the shoe is
+    frequently discussed or used as a motive. His first decided
+    literary success, <i>Le Pied de Fanchette</i>, was suggested by a
+    vision of a girl with a charming foot, casually seen in the
+    street. While all such passages in his books are really founded
+    on his own personal feelings and experiences, in his elaborate
+    autobiography, <i>Monsieur Nicolas</i>, he has frankly set forth the
+    gradual evolution and cause of his idiosyncrasy. The first
+    remembered trace dated from the age of 4, when he was able to
+    recall having remarked the feet of a young girl in his native
+    place. Restif was a sexually precocious youth, and at the age of
+    9, though both delicate in health and shy in manners, his
+    thoughts were already absorbed in the girls around him. &quot;While
+    little Monsieur Nicolas,&quot; he tells us, &quot;passed for a Narcissus,
+    his thoughts, as soon as he was alone, by night or by day, had no
+    other object than that sex he seemed to flee from. The girls most
+    careful of their persons were naturally those who pleased him
+    most, and as the part least easy to keep clean is that which
+    touches the earth it was to the foot-gear that he mechanically
+    gave his chief attention. Agathe, Reine, and especially
+    Madeleine, were the most elegant of the girls at that time; their
+    carefully selected and kept shoes, instead of laces or buckles,
+    which were not yet worn at Sacy, had blue or rose ribbon,
+    according to the color of the skirt. I thought of these girls
+    with emotion; I desired&mdash;I knew not what; but I desired
+    something, if it were only to subdue them.&quot; The origin Restif
+    here assigns to his shoe-fetichism may seem paradoxical; he
+    admired the girls who were most clean and neat in their dress, he
+    tells us, and, therefore, paid most attention to that part of
+    their clothing which was least clean and neat. But, however
+    paradoxical the remark may seem, it is psychologically sound. All
+    fetichism is a kind of not necessarily morbid obsession, and as
+    the careful work of Janet and others in that field has shown, an
+    obsession is a fascinated attraction to some object or idea
+    <a name='5_Page_19'></a>which gives the subject a kind of emotional shock by its
+    contrast to his habitual moods or ideas. The ordinary morbid
+    obsession cannot usually be harmoniously co-ordinated with the
+    other experiences of the subject's daily life, and shows,
+    therefore, no tendency to become pleasurable. Sexual fetichisms,
+    on the other hand, have a reservoir of agreeable emotion to draw
+    on, and are thus able to acquire both stability and harmony. It
+    will also be seen that no element of masochism is involved in
+    Restif's fetichism, though the mistake has been frequently made
+    of supposing that these two manifestations are usually or even
+    necessarily allied. Restif wishes to subject the girl who
+    attracts him, he has no wish to be subjected by her. He was
+    especially dazzled by a young girl from another town, whose shoes
+    were of a fashionable cut, with buckles, &quot;and who was a charming
+    person besides.&quot; She was delicate as a fairy, and rendered his
+    thoughts unfaithful to the robust beauties of his native Sacy.
+    &quot;No doubt,&quot; he remarks, &quot;because, being frail and weak myself, it
+    seemed to me that it would be easier to subdue her.&quot; &quot;This taste
+    for the beauty of the feet,&quot; he continues, &quot;was so powerful in me
+    that it unfailingly aroused desire and would have made me
+    overlook ugliness. It is excessive in all those who have it.&quot; He
+    admired the foot as well as the shoe: &quot;The factitious taste for
+    the shoe is only a reflection of that for pretty feet. When I
+    entered a house and saw the boots arranged in a row, as is the
+    custom, I would tremble with pleasure; I blushed and lowered my
+    eyes as if in the presence of the girls themselves. With this
+    vivacity of feeling and a voluptuousness of ideas inconceivable
+    at the age of 10 I still fled, with an involuntary impulse of
+    modesty, from the girls I adored.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    We may clearly see how this combination of sensitive and
+    precocious sexual ardor with extreme shyness, furnished the soil
+    on which the germ of shoe-fetichism was able to gain a firm root
+    and persist in some degree throughout a long life very largely
+    given up to a pursuit of women, abnormal rather by its
+    excessiveness than its perversity. A few years later, he tells
+    us, he happened to see a pretty pair of shoes in a bootmaker's
+    shop, and on hearing that they belonged to a girl whom at that
+    time he reverently adored at a distance he blushed and nearly
+    fainted.</p>
+
+<p>    In 1749 he was for a time attracted to a young woman very much
+    older than himself; he secretly carried away one of her slippers
+    and kept it for a day; a little later he again took away a shoe
+    of the same woman which had fascinated him when on her foot, and,
+    he seems to imply, he used it to masturbate with.</p>
+
+<p>    Perhaps the chief passion of Restif's life was his love for
+    Colette Parangon. He was still a boy (1752), she was the young
+    and virtuous wife of the printer whose apprentice Restif was and
+    in whose house he lived. Madame Parangon, a charming woman, as
+    she is described, <a name='5_Page_20'></a>was not happily married, and she evidently
+    felt a tender affection for the boy whose excessive love and
+    reverence for her were not always successfully concealed.
+    &quot;Madonna Parangon,&quot; he tells us, &quot;possessed a charm which I could
+    never resist, a pretty little foot; it is a charm which arouses
+    more than tenderness. Her shoes, made in Paris, had that
+    voluptuous elegance which seems to communicate soul and life.
+    Sometimes Colette wore shoes of simple white drugget or with
+    silver flowers; sometimes rose-colored slippers with green heels,
+    or green with rose heels; her supple feet, far from deforming her
+    shoes, increased their grace and rendered the form more
+    exciting.&quot; One day, on entering the house, he saw Madame Parangon
+    elegantly dressed and wearing rose-colored shoes with tongues,
+    and with green heels and a pretty rosette. They were new and she
+    took them off to put on green slippers with rose heels and
+    borders which he thought equally exciting. As soon as she had
+    left the room, he continues, &quot;carried away by the most impetuous
+    passion and idolizing Colette, I seemed to see her and touch her
+    in handling what she had just worn; my lips pressed one of these
+    jewels, while the other, deceiving the sacred end of nature, from
+    excess of exaltation replaced the object of sex (I cannot express
+    myself more clearly). The warmth which she had communicated to
+    the insensible object which had touched her still remained and
+    gave a soul to it; a voluptuous cloud covered my eyes.&quot; He adds
+    that he would kiss with rage and transport whatever had come in
+    close contact with the woman he adored, and on one occasion
+    eagerly pressed his lips to her cast-off underlinen, <i>vela
+    secretiora penetralium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>    At this period Restif's foot-fetichism reached its highest point
+    of development. It was the aberration of a highly sensitive and
+    very precocious boy. While the preoccupation with feet and shoes
+    persisted throughout life, it never became a complete perversion
+    and never replaced the normal end of sexual desire. His love for
+    Madam Parangon, one of the deepest emotions in his whole life,
+    was also the climax of his shoe-fetichism. She represented his
+    ideal woman, an ethereal sylph with wasp-waist and a child's
+    feet; it was always his highest praise for a woman that she
+    resembled Madame Parangon, and he desired that her slipper should
+    be buried with him. (Restif de la Bretonne, <i>Monsieur Nicolas</i>,
+    vols. i-iv, vol. xiii, p. 5; <i>id.</i>, <i>Mes Inscriptions</i>, pp.
+    ci-cv.)</p>
+
+<p>    Shoe-fetichism, more especially if we include under this term all
+    the cases of real or pseudo-masochism in which an attraction to
+    the boots or slippers is the chief feature, is a not infrequent
+    phenomenon, and is certainly the most frequently occurring form
+    of fetichism. Many cases are brought together by Krafft-Ebing in
+    his <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>. Every prostitute of any experience
+    has known men who merely desire to gaze at her shoes, or possibly
+    to lick them, and who are quite willing to pay for this
+    privilege. In London such a person is known as a &quot;bootman,&quot; in
+    Germany as a &quot;Stiefelfrier.&quot;</p></div><a name='5_Page_21'></a>
+
+<p>The predominance of the foot as a focus of sexual attraction, while among
+us to-day it is a not uncommon phenomenon, is still not sufficiently
+common to be called normal; the majority of even ardent lovers do not
+experience this attraction in any marked degree. But these manifestations
+of foot-fetichism which with us to-day are abnormal, even when they are
+not so extreme as to be morbid, may perhaps become more intelligible to us
+when we realize that in earlier periods of civilization, and even to-day
+in some parts of the world, the foot is generally recognized as a focus of
+sexual attraction, so that some degree of foot-fetichism becomes a normal
+phenomenon.</p>
+
+<p>The most pronounced and the best known example of such normal
+foot-fetichism at the present day is certainly to be found among the
+Southern Chinese. For a Chinese husband his wife's foot is more
+interesting than her face. A Chinese woman is as shy of showing her feet
+to a man as a European woman her breasts; they are reserved for her
+husband's eyes alone, and to look at a woman's feet in the street is
+highly improper and indelicate. Chinese foot-fetichism is connected with
+the custom of compressing the feet. This custom appears to rest on the
+fact that Chinese women naturally possess a very small foot and is thus an
+example of the universal tendency in the search for beauty to accentuate,
+even by deformation, the racial characteristics. But there is more than
+this. Beauty is largely a name for sexual attractiveness, and the energy
+expended in the effort to make the Chinese woman's small foot still
+smaller is a measure of the sexual fascination which it exerts. The
+practice arose on the basis of the sexual attractiveness of the foot,
+though it has doubtless served to heighten that attractiveness, just as
+the small waist, which (if we may follow Stratz) is a characteristic
+beauty of the European woman, becomes to the average European man still
+more attractive when accentuated, even to the extent of deformity, by the
+compression of the corset.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Referring to the sexual fascination exerted by the foot in China,
+    Matignon writes: &quot;My attention has been drawn to this point by a
+    large number of pornographic engravings, of which the Chinese are
+    very fond. In all these lascivious scenes we see the male
+    voluptuously fondling <a name='5_Page_22'></a>the woman's foot. When a Celestial takes
+    into his hand a woman's foot, especially if it is very small, the
+    effect upon him is precisely the same as is provoked in a
+    European by the palpation of a young and firm bosom. All the
+    Celestials whom I have interrogated on this point have replied
+    unanimously: 'Oh, a little foot! You Europeans cannot understand
+    how exquisite, how sweet, how exciting it is!' The contact of the
+    genital organ with the little foot produces in the male an
+    indescribable degree of voluptuous feeling, and women skilled in
+    love know that to arouse the ardor of their lovers a better
+    method than all Chinese aphrodisiacs&mdash;including 'giusen' and
+    swallows' nests&mdash;is to take the penis between their feet. It is
+    not rare to find Chinese Christians accusing themselves at
+    confession of having had 'evil thoughts on looking at a woman's
+    foot.'&quot; (Dr. J. Matignon, &quot;A propos d'un Pied de Chinoise,&quot;
+    <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, 1898.)</p>
+
+<p>    It is said that a Chinese Empress, noted for her vice and having
+    a congenital club foot, about the year 1100 B.C., desired all
+    women to resemble her, and that the practice of compressing the
+    foot thus arose. But this is only tradition, since, in 300 B.C.,
+    Chinese books were destroyed (Morache, Art. &quot;Chine,&quot;
+    <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>, p. 191). It
+    is also said that the practice owes its origin to the wish to
+    keep women indoors. But women are not secluded in China, nor does
+    foot compression usually render a woman unable to walk. Many
+    intelligent Chinese are of opinion that its object is to promote
+    the development of the sexual parts and of the thighs, and so to
+    aid both intercourse and parturition. There is no ground for
+    believing that it has any such influence, though Morache found
+    that the mons veneris and labia are largely developed in Chinese
+    women, and not in Tartar women living in Pekin (who do not
+    compress the foot). If there is any correlation between the feet
+    and the pelvic regions, it is more probably congenital than due
+    to the artificial compression of the feet. The ancients seem to
+    have believed that a small foot indicated a small vagina. Restif
+    de la Bretonne, who had ample opportunities for forming an
+    opinion on a matter in which he took so great an interest,
+    believed that a small foot, round and short, indicated a large
+    vagina (<i>Monsieur Nicolas</i>, vol. i, reprint of 1883, p. 92).
+    Even, however, if we admit that there is a real correlation
+    between the foot and the vagina, that would by no means suffice
+    to render the foot a focus of sexual attraction.</p>
+
+<p>    It remains the most reasonable view that the foot bandage must be
+    regarded as strictly analogous to the waist bandage or corset
+    which also tends to produce deformity of the constricted region.
+    Stratz has ingeniously remarked (<i>Frauenkleidung</i>, third edition,
+    p. 101) that the success of the Chinese in dwarfing trees may
+    have suggested a similar attempt in regard to women's feet, and
+    adds that in any case both dwarfed trees and bound feet bear
+    witness in the Mongolian to the same <a name='5_Page_23'></a>love for small and elegant,
+    not to say deformed, things. For a Chinaman the deformed foot is
+    a &quot;golden water-lily.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Many facts (together with illustrations) bearing on Chinese
+    deformation of the foot will be found in Ploss, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol.
+    i, Section IV.</p></div>
+
+<p>The significance of the sexual emotion aroused by the female foot in China
+and the origin of its compression begin to become clear when we realize
+that this foot-fetichism is merely an extreme development of a tendency
+which is fairly well marked among nearly all the peoples of yellow race.
+Jacoby, who has brought together a number of interesting facts bearing on
+the sexual significance of the foot, states that a similar tendency is to
+be found among the Mongol and Turk peoples of Siberia, and in the east and
+central parts of European Russia, among the Permiaks, the Wotiaks, etc.
+Here the woman, at all events when young, has always her feet, as well as
+head, covered, however little clothing she may otherwise wear.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;On hot nights or on baking days,&quot; Jacoby states, &quot;you may see
+    these women with uncovered breasts, or even entirely naked
+    without embarrassment, but you will never see them with bare
+    feet, and no male relations, except the husband, will ever see
+    the feet and lower part of the legs of the women in the house.
+    These women have their modesty in their feet, and also their
+    coquetry; to unbind the feet of a woman is for a man a voluptuous
+    act, and the touch of the bands produces the same effect as a
+    corset still warm from a woman's body on a European man. A
+    woman's beauty, that which attracts and excites a man, lies in
+    her foot; in Mordvin love poems celebrating the beauty of women
+    there is much about her attire, especially her embroidered
+    chemise, but as regards the charms of her person the poet is
+    content to state that 'her feet are beautiful;' with that
+    everything is said. The young peasant woman of the central
+    provinces as part of her holiday raiment puts on great woolen
+    stockings which come up to the groin and are then folded over to
+    below the knee. To uncover the feet of a person of the opposite
+    sex is a sexual act, and has thus become the symbol of sexual
+    possession, so that the stocking or foot-gear became the emblem
+    of marriage, as later the ring. (It was so among the Jews, as we
+    see in the book of <i>Ruth</i>, Chapter III, v. 4, and Chapter IV, vv.
+    7 and 8). St. Vladimir the Great asked in marriage the daughter
+    of Prince Rogvold; as Vladimir's mother had been a serf, the
+    princess proudly replied that she 'would not uncover the feet of
+    a slave.' At the present time in the <a name='5_Page_24'></a>east of Russia when a young
+    girl tries to find out by divination whom she will have as a
+    husband the traditional formula is 'Come and take my stockings
+    off.' Among the populations of the north and east, it is
+    sometimes the bride who must do this for her husband on the
+    wedding night, and sometimes the bridegroom for his wife, not as
+    a token of love, but as a nuptial ceremony. Among the
+    professional classes and small nobility in Russia parents place
+    money in the stocking of their child at marriage as a present for
+    the other partner, it being supposed that the couple mutually
+    remove each other's foot raiment, as an act of sexual possession,
+    the emblem of coitus.&quot; (Paul Jacoby, <i>Archives d'Anthropologie
+    Criminelle</i>, December, 1903, p. 793.) The practice among
+    ourselves of children hanging up their stockings at night for
+    presents would seem to be a relic of the last-mentioned custom.</p></div>
+
+<p>While we may witness the sexual symbolism of the foot, with or without an
+associated foot-fetichism, most highly developed in Asia and Eastern
+Europe, it has by no means been altogether unknown in some stages of
+western civilization, and traces of it may be found here and there even
+yet. Schinz refers to the connection between the feet and sexual pleasure
+as existing not only among the Egyptians and the Arabs, but among the
+ancient Germans and the modern Spaniards,<a name='5_FNanchor_16'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_16'><sup>[16]</sup></a> while Jacoby points out that
+among the Greeks, the Romans, and especially the Etruscans, it was usual
+to represent chaste and virgin goddesses with their feet covered, even
+though they might be otherwise nude. Ovid, again, is never weary of
+dwelling on the sexual charm of the feminine foot. He represents the
+chaste matron as wearing a weighted <i>stola</i> which always fell so as to
+cover her feet; it was only the courtesan, or the nymph who is taking part
+in an erotic festival, who appears with raised robes, revealing her
+feet.<a name='5_FNanchor_17'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_17'><sup>[17]</sup></a> So grave a historian as Strabo, as well as &AElig;lian, <a name='5_Page_25'></a>refers to the
+story of the courtesan Rhodope whose sandal was carried off by an eagle
+and dropped in the King of Egypt's lap as he was administering justice, so
+that he could not rest until he had discovered to whom this delicately
+small sandal belonged, and finally made her his queen. Kleinpaul, who
+repeats this story, has collected many European sayings and customs
+(including Turkish), indicating that the slipper is a very ancient symbol
+of a woman's sexual parts.<a name='5_FNanchor_18'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_18'><sup>[18]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In Rome, Dufour remarks, &quot;Matrons having appropriated the use of
+    the shoe (<i>soccus</i>) prostitutes were not allowed to use it, and
+    were obliged to have their feet always naked in sandals or
+    slippers (<i>crepida</i> and <i>solea</i>), which they fastened over the
+    instep with gilt bands. Tibullus delights to describe his
+    mistress's little foot, compressed by the band that imprisoned
+    it: <i>Ansaque compressos colligat arcta pedes</i>. Nudity of the foot
+    in woman was a sign of prostitution, and their brilliant
+    whiteness acted afar as a pimp to attract looks and desires.&quot;
+    (Dufour, <i>Histoire de la Prostitution</i>, vol. II., ch. xviii.)</p>
+
+<p>    This feeling seems to have survived in a more or less vague and
+    unconscious form in medi&aelig;val Europe. &quot;In the tenth century,&quot;
+    according to Dufour (<i>Histoire de la Prostitution</i>, vol. VI., p.
+    11), &quot;shoes <i>a la poulaine</i>, with a claw or beak, pursued for
+    more than four centuries by the anathemas of popes and the
+    invectives of preachers, were always regarded by medi&aelig;val
+    casuists as the most abominable emblems of immodesty. At a first
+    glance it is not easy to see why these shoes&mdash;terminating in a
+    lion's claw, an eagle's beak, the prow of a ship, or other metal
+    appendage&mdash;should be so scandalous. The excommunication inflicted
+    on this kind of foot-gear preceded the impudent invention of some
+    libertine, who wore <i>poulaines</i> in the shape of the phallus, a
+    custom adopted also by women. This kind of <i>poulaine</i> was
+    denounced as <i>mandite de Dicu</i> (Ducange's Glossary, at the word
+    Poulainia) and prohibited by royal ordinances (see letter of
+    Charles V., 17 October, 1367, regarding the garments of the women
+    of Montpellier). Great lords and ladies continued, however, to
+    wear <i>poulaines</i>.&quot; In Louis XL's court they were still worn of a
+    quarter of an ell in length.</p>
+
+<p>    Spain, ever tenacious of ancient ideas, appears to have preserved
+    <a name='5_Page_26'></a>longer than other countries the ancient classic traditions in
+    regard to the foot as a focus of modesty and an object of sexual
+    attraction. In Spanish religious pictures it was always necessary
+    that the Virgin's feet should be concealed, the clergy ordaining
+    that her robe should be long and flowing, so that the feet might
+    be covered with decent folds. Pacheco, the master and
+    father-in-law of Velasquez, writes in 1649 in his <i>Arte de la
+    Pintura</i>: &quot;What can be more foreign from the respect which we owe
+    to the purity of Our Lady the Virgin than to paint her sitting
+    down with one of her knees placed over the other, and often with
+    her sacred feet uncovered and naked. Let thanks be given to the
+    Holy Inquisition which commands that this liberty should be
+    corrected!&quot; It was Pacheco's duty in Seville to see that these
+    commands were obeyed. At the court of Philip IV. at this time the
+    princesses never showed their feet, as we may see in the pictures
+    of Velasquez. When a local manufacturer desired to present that
+    monarch's second bride, Mariana of Austria, with some silk
+    stockings the offer was indignantly rejected by the Court
+    Chamberlain: &quot;The Queen of Spain has no legs!&quot; Philip V.'s, queen
+    was thrown from her horse and dragged by the feet; no one
+    ventured to interfere until two gentlemen bravely rescued her and
+    then fled, dreading punishment by the king: they were, however,
+    graciously pardoned. Reinach (&quot;Pieds Pudiques,&quot; <i>Cultes, Mythes
+    et Religions</i>, pp. 105-110) brings together several passages from
+    the Countess D'Aulnoy's account of the Madrid Court in the
+    seventeenth century and from other sources, showing how careful
+    Spanish ladies were as regards their feet, and how jealous
+    Spanish husbands were in this matter. At this time, when Spanish
+    influence was considerable, the fashion of Spain seems to have
+    spread to other countries. One may note that in Vandyck's
+    pictures of English beauties the feet are not visible, though in
+    the more characteristically English painters of a somewhat later
+    age it became usual to display them conspicuously, while the
+    French custom in this matter is the farthest removed from the
+    Spanish. At the present day a well-bred Spanish woman shows as
+    little as possible of her feet in walking, and even in some of
+    the most characteristic Spanish dances there is little or no
+    kicking, and the feet may even be invisible throughout. It is
+    noteworthy that in numerous figures of Spanish women (probably
+    artists' models) reproduced in Ploss's <i>Das Weib</i> the stockings
+    are worn, although the women are otherwise, in most cases, quite
+    naked. Max Dessoir mentions (&quot;Psychologie der Vita Sexualis,&quot;
+    <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Psychiatrie</i>, 1894, p. 954) that in Spanish
+    pornographic photographs women always have their shoes on, and he
+    considers this an indication of perversity. I have seen the
+    statement (attributed to Gautier's <i>Voyage en Espagne</i>, where,
+    however, it does not occur) that Spanish prostitutes uncover
+    their feet in sign of assent, and Madame d'Aulnoy stated that in
+    her time to show her lover her feet was a Spanish woman's final
+    favor.</p></div><a name='5_Page_27'></a>
+
+<p>The tendency, which we thus find to be normal at some earlier periods of
+civilization, to insist on the sexual symbolism of the feminine foot or
+its coverings, and to regard them as a special sexual fascination, is not
+without significance for the interpretation of the sporadic manifestations
+of foot-fetichism among ourselves. Eccentric as foot-fetichism may appear
+to us, it is simply the re-emergence, by a pseudo-atavism or arrest of
+development, of a mental or emotional impulse which was probably
+experienced by our forefathers, and is often traceable among young
+children to-day.<a name='5_FNanchor_19'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_19'><sup>[19]</sup></a> The occasional reappearance of this bygone impulse
+and the stability which it may acquire are thus conditioned by the
+sensitive reaction of an abnormally nervous and usually precocious
+organism to influences which, among the average and ordinary population of
+Europe to-day, are either never felt, or quickly outgrown, or very
+strictly subordinated in the highly complex crystallizations which the
+course of love and the process of tumescence create within us.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It may be added that this is by no means true of foot-fetichism
+    only. In some other fetichisms a seemingly congenital
+    predisposition is even more marked. This is not only the case as
+    regards hair-fetichism and fur-fetichism (see, <i>e.g.</i>,
+    Krafft-Ebing, <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, English translation of
+    tenth edition, pp. 233, 255, 262). In many cases of fetichisms of
+    all kinds not only is there no record of any commencement in a
+    definite episode (an absence which may be accounted for by the
+    supposition that the original incident has been forgotten), but
+    it would seem in some cases that the fetichism developed very
+    slowly.</p></div>
+
+<p>In this sense, it will be seen, although it is hazardous to speak of
+foot-fetichism as strictly an atavism, it may certainly be said to arise
+on a congenital basis. It represents the rare development of an inborn
+germ, usually latent among ourselves, which in earlier stages of
+civilization frequently reached a normal and general fruition.</p>
+<a name='5_Page_28'></a>
+<p>It is of interest to emphasize this congenital element of foot symbolism,
+because more than any other forms of sexual perversion the fetichisms are
+those which are most vaguely conditioned by inborn states of the organism
+and most definitely aroused by seemingly accidental associations or shocks
+in early life. Inversion is sometimes so fundamentally ingrained in the
+individual's constitution that it arises and develops in spite of the very
+strongest influence in a contrary direction. But a fetichism, while it
+tends to occur in sensitive, nervous, timid, precocious individuals&mdash;that
+is to say, individuals of more or less neuropathic heredity&mdash;can usually,
+though not always, be traced to a definite starting point in the shock of
+some sexually emotional episode in early life.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A few examples of the influences of such association may here be
+    given, referring miscellaneously to various forms of erotic
+    symbolism. Magnan has recorded the case of a hair-fetichist,
+    living in a district where the women wore their hair done up, who
+    at the age of 15 experienced pleasurable feelings with erection
+    at the sight of a village beauty combing her hair; from that time
+    flowing hair became his fetich, and he could not resist the
+    temptation to touch it and if possible sever it, thus becoming a
+    hair-despoiler, for which he was arrested but not sentenced.
+    (<i>Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, vol. v, No. 28.)</p>
+
+<p>    I have elsewhere recorded the history of a boy of 14, having
+    already had imperfect connection with a grown-up woman, who
+    associated much with a young married lady; he had no sexual
+    relations with her, but one day she urinated in his presence, and
+    he saw that her mons veneris was covered by very thick hair; from
+    that time he worshiped this woman in secret and acquired a
+    life-long fetichistic attraction to women whose pubic hair was
+    similarly abundant (<i>Studies in the Psychology of Sex</i>, vol. iii,
+    Appendix B, History V).</p>
+
+<p>    Roubaud reported the case of a general's son, sexually initiated
+    at the age of 14 by a blonde young lady of 21 who, in order to
+    avoid detection, always retained her clothing: gaiters, a corset
+    and a silk dress; when the boy's studies were completed and he
+    was sent to a garrison where he could enjoy freedom he found that
+    his sexual desires could only be aroused by blonde women dressed
+    like the lady who had first aroused his sexual desires;
+    consequently he gave up all thoughts of matrimony, as a woman in
+    nightclothes produced impotence (<i>Trait&eacute; de l'Impuissance</i>, p.
+    439). Krafft-Ebing records the somewhat similar case of a nervous
+    Polish boy of old family seduced at the age of 17 by a French
+    governess, who during several months practiced mutual
+    masturbation <a name='5_Page_29'></a>with him; in this way his attention became
+    attracted by her very elegant boots, and in the end he became a
+    confirmed boot-fetichist (<i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, English
+    translation, p. 249).</p>
+
+<p>    A boy of 7, of bad heredity, was taught to masturbate by a
+    servant girl; on one occasion she practiced this on him with her
+    foot without taking off her shoe; it was the first time the
+    man&oelig;uvre gave him any pleasure, and an association was
+    thus established which led to shoe-fetichism (Hammond, <i>Sexual
+    Impotence</i>, p. 44). A government official whose first coitus in
+    youth took place on a staircase; the sound of his partner's
+    creaking shoes against the stairs, produced by her efforts to
+    accelerate orgasm, formed an association which developed into an
+    auditory shoe-fetichism; in the streets he was compelled to
+    follow ladies whose shoes creaked, ejaculation being thus
+    produced, while to obtain complete satisfaction he would make a
+    prostitute, otherwise naked, sit in front of him in her shoes,
+    moving her feet so that the shoes creaked. (Moraglia, <i>Archivio
+    di Psichiatria</i>, vol. xiii, p. 568.)</p>
+
+<p>    Bechterew, in St. Petersburg, has recorded the case of a man who
+    when a child used to fall asleep at the knees of his nurse with
+    his head buried in the folds of her apron; in this position he
+    first experienced erection and voluptuous sensations; when a
+    youth he had no attraction to naked women, and in real life and
+    in dreams was only excited sexually under conditions recalling
+    his early experience; in his relations with women he preferred
+    them dressed, and was excited by the rustling sound of their
+    skirts; in this case there was no traceable neuropathic taint nor
+    any other personal peculiarity. (Summarized in <i>Journal de
+    Psychologie Normale et Pathologique</i>, January-February, 1904, p.
+    72.)</p>
+
+<p>    In a curious case recorded in detail by Moll, a philologist of
+    sensitive temperament but sound heredity, who had always been
+    fond of flowers, at the age of 21 became engaged to a young lady
+    who wore large roses fastened in her jacket; from this time roses
+    became to him a sexual fetich, to kiss them caused erection, and
+    his erotic dreams were accompanied by visions of roses and the
+    hallucination of their odor; the engagement was finally broken
+    off and the rose-fetichism disappeared (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber
+    Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p. 540).</p></div>
+
+<p>Such associations may naturally occur in the early experiences of even the
+most normal persons. The degree to which they will influence the
+subsequent life and thought and feeling depends on the degree of the
+individual's morbid emotional receptivity, on the extent to which he is
+hereditarily susceptible of abnormal deviation. Precocity is undoubtedly a
+condition which favors such deviation; a child who is precociously and
+<a name='5_Page_30'></a>abnormally sensitive to persons of the opposite sex before puberty has
+established the normal channels of sexual desire, is peculiarly liable to
+become the prey of a chance symbolism. All degrees of such symbolism are
+possible. While the average insensitive person may fail to perceive them
+at all, for the more alert and imaginative lover they are a fascinating
+part of the highly charged crystallization of passion. A more nervously
+exceptional person, when once such a symbolism has become firmly
+implanted, may find it an absolutely essential element in the charm of a
+beloved and charming person. Finally, for the individual who is thoroughly
+unsound the symbol becomes generalized; a person is no longer desired at
+all, being merely regarded as an appendage of the symbol, or being
+dispensed with altogether; the symbol is alone desired, and is fully
+adequate to impart by itself complete sexual gratification. While it must
+be considered a morbid state to demand a symbol as an almost essential
+part of the charm of a desired person, it is only in the final condition,
+in which the symbol becomes all-sufficing, that we have a true and
+complete perversion. In the less complete forms of symbolism it is still
+the woman who is desired, and the ends of procreation may be served; when
+the woman is ignored and the mere symbol is an adequate and even preferred
+stimulus to detumescence the pathological condition becomes complete.</p>
+
+<p>Krafft-Ebing regarded shoe-fetichism as, in large measure, a more or less
+latent form of masochism, the foot or the shoe being the symbol of the
+subjection and humiliation which the masochist feels in the presence of
+the beloved object. Moll is also inclined to accept such a connection.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;The very numerous class of boot-and-shoe-fetichists,&quot;
+    Krafft-Ebing wrote, &quot;forms the transition to the manifestations
+    of another independent perversion, <i>i.e.</i>, fetichism itself; but
+    it stands in closer relationship to the former.... It is highly
+    probable, and shown by a correct classification of the observed
+    cases, that the majority, and perhaps all of the cases of
+    shoe-fetichism, rest upon a basis of more or less conscious
+    masochistic desire for self-humiliation.... The majority <a name='5_Page_31'></a>or all
+    may be looked upon as instances of latent masochism (the motive
+    remaining unconscious) in which the <i>female foot or shoe, as the
+    masochist's fetich</i>, has acquired an independent significance.&quot;
+    (<i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, English translation of tenth edition,
+    pp. 159, <i>et seq.</i>) &quot;Though Krafft-Ebing may not have cleared up
+    the whole matter,&quot; Moll remarks, &quot;I regard his deductions
+    concerning the connection of foot-and-shoe fetichism to masochism
+    as the most important progress that has been made in the
+    theoretic study of sexual perversions.... In any case, the
+    connection is very frequent.&quot; (<i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third
+    edition, p. 306.)</p></div>
+
+<p>It is quite easy to see that this supposed identity of masochism and
+foot-fetichism forms a seductive theory. It is also undoubtedly true that
+a masochist may very easily be inclined to find in his mistress's foot an
+aid to the ecstatic self-abnegation which he desires to attain.<a name='5_FNanchor_20'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_20'><sup>[20]</sup></a> But
+only confusion is attained by any general attempt to amalgamate masochism
+and foot-fetichism. In the broad sense in which erotic symbolism is here
+understood, both masochism and foot-fetichism may be co&ouml;rdinated as
+symbolisms; for the masochist his self-humiliating impulses are the symbol
+of ecstatic adoration; for the foot-fetichist his mistress's foot or shoe
+is the concentrated symbol of all that is most beautiful and elegant and
+feminine in her personality. But if in this sense they are co&ouml;rdinated,
+they remain entirely distinct and have not even any necessary tendency to
+become merged. Masochism merely simulates foot-fetichism; for the
+masochist the boot is not strictly a symbol, it is only an instrument
+which enables him to carry out his impulse; the true sexual symbol for him
+is not the boot, but the emotion of self-subjection. For the
+foot-fetichist, on the other hand, the foot or the shoe is not a mere
+instrument, but a true symbol; the focus of his worship, an idealized
+object which he is content to contemplate or reverently touch. He has no
+necessary impulse to any self-degrading action, nor any constant emotion
+of subjection.<a name='5_Page_32'></a> It may be noted that in the very typical case of
+foot-fetichism which is presented to us in the person of Restif de la
+Bretonne (<i>ante</i>, p. 18), he repeatedly speaks of &quot;subjecting&quot; the woman
+for whom he feels this fetichistic adoration, and mentions that even when
+still a child he especially admired a delicate and fairy-like girl in this
+respect because she seemed to him easier to subjugate. Throughout life
+Restif's attitude toward women was active and masculine, without the
+slightest trace of masochism.<a name='5_FNanchor_21'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_21'><sup>[21]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>To suppose that a fetichistic admiration of his mistress's foot is due to
+a lover's latent desire to be kicked, is as unreasonable as it would be to
+suppose that a fetichistic admiration for her hand indicated a latent
+desire to have his ears boxed. In determining whether we are concerned
+with a case of foot-fetichism or of masochism we must take into
+consideration the whole of the subject's mental and emotional attitude. An
+act, however definite, will not suffice as a criterion, for the same act
+in different persons may have altogether different implications. To
+amalgamate the two is the result of inadequate psychological analysis and
+only leads to confusion.</p>
+
+<p>It is, however, often very difficult to decide whether we are dealing with
+a case which is predominantly one of masochism or of foot-fetichism. The
+nature of the action desired, as we have seen, will not suffice to
+determine the psychological character of the perversion. Krafft-Ebing
+believed that the desire to be trodden on, very frequently experienced by
+masochists, is absolutely symptomatic of masochism.<a name='5_FNanchor_22'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_22'><sup>[22]</sup></a> This is scarcely
+the case. The desire to be trodden on may be fundamentally an <a name='5_Page_33'></a>erotic
+symbolism, closely approaching foot-fetichism, and such slight indications
+of masochism as appear may be merely a parasitic growth on the symbolism,
+a growth perhaps more suggested by the circumstances involved in the
+gratification of the abnormal desire than inherent in the innate impulse
+of the subject. This may be illustrated by the interesting case of a very
+intelligent man with whom I am well acquainted.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>C. P., aged 38. Heredity good. Parents both healthy and normal.
+    Several children of the marriage, all sexually normal so far as
+    is known. C. P. is the youngest of the family and separated from
+    the others by an interval of many years. He was a seven-months'
+    child. He has always enjoyed good health and is active and
+    vigorous, both mentally and physically.</p>
+
+<p>    From the age of 9 or 10 to 14 he masturbated occasionally for the
+    sake of physical relief, having discovered the act for himself.
+    He was, however, quite innocent and knew nothing of sexual
+    matters, never having been initiated either by servants or by
+    other boys.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I encounter a woman who very strongly attracts me and whom
+    I very greatly admire,&quot; he writes, &quot;my desire is never that I may
+    have sexual connection with her in the ordinary sense, but that I
+    may lie down upon the floor on my back and be trampled upon by
+    her. This curious desire is seldom present unless the object of
+    my admiration is really a lady, and of fine proportions. She must
+    be richly dressed&mdash;preferably in an evening gown, and wear dainty
+    high-heeled slippers, either quite open so as to show the curve
+    of the instep, or with only one strap or 'bar' across. The skirts
+    should be raised sufficiently to afford me the pleasure of seeing
+    her feet and a liberal amount of ankle, but in no case above the
+    knee, or the effect is greatly reduced. Although I often greatly
+    admire a woman's intellect and even person, sexually no other
+    part of her has any serious attraction for me except the leg,
+    from the knee downwards, and the foot, and these must be
+    exquisitely clothed. Given this condition, my desire amounts to a
+    wish to gratify my sexual sense by contact with the (to me)
+    attractive part of the woman. Comparatively few women have a leg
+    or foot sufficiently beautiful to my mind to excite any serious
+    or compelling desire, but when this is so, or I suspect it, I am
+    willing to spend any time or trouble to get her to tread upon me
+    and am anxious to be trampled on with the greatest severity.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The treading should be inflicted for a few minutes all over the
+    chest, abdomen and groin, and lastly on the penis, which is, of
+    course, lying along the belly in a violent state of erection, and
+    consequently too hard for the treading to damage it. I also enjoy
+    being nearly strangled by a woman's foot.</p><a name='5_Page_34'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;If the lady finally stands facing my head and places her slipper
+    upon my penis so that the high heel falls about where the penis
+    leaves the scrotum, the sole covering most of the rest of it and
+    with the other foot upon the abdomen, into which I can <i>see</i> as
+    well as feel it sink as she shifts her weight from one foot to
+    the other, orgasm takes place almost at once. Emission under
+    these conditions is to me an agony of delight, during which
+    practically the lady's whole weight should rest upon the penis.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;One reason for my special pleasure in this method seems to be
+    that first the heel and afterwards the sole of the slipper as it
+    treads upon the penis greatly check the passage of the semen and
+    consequently the pleasure is considerably prolonged. There is
+    also a curious mental side to the affair. I love to imagine that
+    the lady who is treading upon me is my mistress and I her slave,
+    and that she is doing it to punish me for some fault, or to give
+    <i>herself</i> (not me) pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It follows that the greater the contempt and severity with which
+    I am 'punished,' the greater becomes my pleasure. The idea of
+    'punishment' or 'slavery' is seldom aroused except when I have
+    great difficulty in accomplishing my desire and the treader is
+    more than usually handsome and heavy and the trampling
+    mercilessly inflicted. I have been trampled so long and so
+    mercilessly several times, that I have flinched each time the
+    slipper pressed its way into my aching body and have been black
+    and blue for days afterwards. I take the greatest interest in
+    leading ladies on to do this for me where I think I will not
+    offend, and have been surprisingly successful. I must have lain
+    beneath the feet of quite a hundred women, many of them of good
+    social position, who would never dream of permitting any ordinary
+    sexual intercourse, but who have been so interested or amused by
+    the idea as to do it for me&mdash;many of them over and over again. It
+    is perhaps needless to say that none of my own or the ladies'
+    clothing is ever removed, or disarranged, for the accomplishment
+    of orgasm in this manner. After a long and varied experience, I
+    may say that my favorite weight is 10 to 11 stone, and that
+    black, very high-heeled slippers, in combination with tan silk
+    stockings, seem to give me the greatest pleasure and create in me
+    the strongest desires.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Boots, or outdoor shoes, do not attract me to anything like the
+    same degree, although I have, upon several occasions, enjoyed
+    myself fairly well by their use. Nude women repel me, and I find
+    no pleasure in seeing a woman in tights. I am not averse to
+    normal sexual connection and occasionally employ it. To me,
+    however, the pleasure is far inferior to that of being trampled
+    upon. I also derive keen pleasure&mdash;and usually have a strong
+    erection&mdash;from seeing a woman, dressed as I have described, tread
+    upon anything which yields under her foot&mdash;such as the seat of a
+    carriage, the cushions of a punt, a footstool, etc., and I enjoy
+    seeing her crush flowers by treading upon them. I have often
+    <a name='5_Page_35'></a>strolled along in the wake of some handsome lady at a picnic or
+    garden party, for the pleasure of seeing the grass upon which she
+    has trodden rise slowly again after her foot has pressed it. I
+    delight also to see a carriage sway as a woman leaves or enters
+    it&mdash;anything which needs the pressure of the foot.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;To pass now to the origin of this direction of my feelings.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Even in early childhood I admired pretty feminine foot-gear, and
+    in the contemplation of it experienced vague sensations which I
+    now recognize as sexual. When a lad of 14 or so, I stayed a good
+    deal at the house of some intimate friends of my parents, the
+    daughter of the house&mdash;an only child&mdash;a beautiful and powerful
+    girl, about six years my senior, being my special chum. This girl
+    was always daintily dressed, and having most lovely feet and
+    ankles not unnaturally knew it. Whenever possible she dressed so
+    as to show off their beauty to the best advantage&mdash;rather short
+    skirts and usually little high-heeled slippers&mdash;and was not
+    averse to showing them in a most distractingly coquettish manner.
+    She seemed to have a passion for treading upon things which would
+    scrunch or yield under her foot, such as flowers, little
+    windfallen apples and pears, acorns, etc., or heaps of hay, straw
+    or cut grass. As we wandered about the gardens&mdash;for we were left
+    to do exactly as we liked&mdash;I got quite accustomed to seeing her
+    hunt out and tread upon such things, and used to chaff her about
+    it. At that time I was&mdash;as I am still&mdash;fond of lying at full
+    length on a thick hearthrug before a good fire. One evening as I
+    was lying in this way and we were alone, A. crossed the room to
+    reach a bangle from the mantelpiece. Instead of reaching over me,
+    she playfully stepped upon my body, saying that she would show me
+    how the hay and straw felt. Naturally I fell in with the joke and
+    laughed. After standing upon me a few moments she raised her
+    skirt slightly and, holding on to the mantelpiece for support,
+    stretched out one dainty foot in its brown silk stocking and
+    high-heeled slipper to the blaze to warm, while looking down and
+    laughing at my scarlet, excited face. She was a perfectly frank
+    and charming girl, and I feel pretty certain that, although she
+    evidently enjoyed my excitement and the feeling of my body
+    yielding under her feet, she did not on this first occasion
+    clearly understand my condition; nor can I remember that, though
+    the desire for sexual gratification drove me nearly mad, it
+    appeared to awaken in her any reciprocal feeling. I took hold of
+    her raised foot and, after kissing it, guided it by an absolutely
+    irresistible impulse on to my penis, which was as hard as wood
+    and seemed almost bursting. Almost at the moment that her weight
+    was thrown upon it, orgasm took place for the first time in my
+    life thoroughly and effectively. No description can give any idea
+    of what I felt&mdash;I only know that from that moment my distorted
+    sexual focus was fixed forever. Numberless times, after that
+    evening, I felt the weight of her dainty slippers, and nothing
+    will ever <a name='5_Page_36'></a>cause the memory of the pleasure she thus gave me to
+    fade. I know that A. came to enjoy treading upon me, as much as I
+    enjoyed having her do it. She had a liberal dress allowance and,
+    seeing the pleasure they gave me, she was always buying pretty
+    stockings and ravishing slippers with the highest and most
+    slender Louis heels she could find and would show them to me with
+    the greatest glee, urging me to lie down that she might try them
+    on me. She confessed that she loved to see and feel them sink
+    into my body as she trod upon me and enjoyed the crunch of the
+    muscles under her heel as she moved about. After some minutes of
+    this, I always guided her slipper on to my penis, and she would
+    tread carefully, but with her whole weight&mdash;probably about 9
+    stone&mdash;and watch me with flashing eyes, flushed cheeks, and
+    quivering lips, as she felt&mdash;as she must have done plainly&mdash;the
+    throbbing and swelling of my penis under her foot as emission
+    took place. I have not the smallest doubt that orgasm took place
+    simultaneously with her, though we never at any time spoke openly
+    of it. This went on for several years on almost every favorable
+    opportunity we had, and after a month or two of separation
+    sometimes four or five times during a single day. Several times
+    during A.'s absence I masturbated by getting her slipper and
+    pressing it with all my strength against the penis while
+    imagining that she was treading upon me. The pleasure was, of
+    course, very inferior to her attentions. There was never at any
+    time between us any question of normal sexual intercourse, and we
+    were both well content to let things drift as they were.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;A little after 20 I went abroad, and on my return about three
+    years later I found her married. Although we met often, the
+    subject was never alluded to, though we remained firm friends. I
+    confess I often, when I could do so without being seen, looked
+    longingly at her feet and would have gladly accepted the pleasure
+    she could have given me by an occasional resumption of our
+    strange practice&mdash;but it never came.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I went abroad again, and now neither she nor her husband are
+    alive and leave no issue. From time to time I have had occasional
+    relations with prostitutes, but always in this manner, though I
+    much prefer to find some lady of or above my own social position
+    who will do the treading for me. This is, however, interestingly
+    difficult.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Out of say a hundred women (which at home and abroad is what I
+    should estimate must have stood upon my body) I should say quite
+    80 or 85 were <i>not</i> prostitutes. Certainly not more than 10 to 12
+    shared any <i>sexual</i> excitement, but while they were evidently
+    excited they were not gratified. A. alone, so far as I know, had
+    complete sexual satisfaction of it. I have never asked a woman in
+    so many words to tread upon me for the purpose of gratifying my
+    sexual desires (prostitutes excepted), but have always tempted
+    them to do it in a jocular or teasing manner, and it is very
+    doubtful if more than a few (married) women <a name='5_Page_37'></a>really understood,
+    even after they had given me the extreme pleasure, that they had
+    done so, because any flushing and movement on my part under their
+    feet was not unnaturally put down to the trampling to which they
+    were subjecting me, and it was easy for me to guide the foot as
+    often as was necessary on to the penis till orgasm took place,
+    and even to keep it there by laying hold of the other one to kiss
+    it or on some other pretext during emission. Of course many
+    understood after once doing it (most have done it only once) what
+    I was at, and, although they did not ever discuss it nor did I,
+    they were not unwilling to give me as many treadings as I cared
+    to playfully suggest. I don't think they got any pleasure
+    sexually out of it themselves, though they could see plainly that
+    I did, and they did not object to give it me. I have spent as
+    long as twelve months with some women working gradually nearer
+    and nearer to my desire&mdash;often getting what I want in the end,
+    but more often failing. I <i>never</i> risk it till I am certain it
+    would be safe to ask it, and have never had a serious rebuff. In
+    very many cases I should say the doing of what I want has simply
+    been regarded by the woman as gratifying a silly and perhaps
+    amusing whim, in which, beyond the novelty of treading on a man's
+    body, she has taken but little interest.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;As in normal seduction, the endeavor to win the woman over to do
+    what I want without arousing her antagonism is a great part of
+    the charm to me, and naturally the better her social position the
+    more difficult this becomes&mdash;and the more attractive. I have
+    found that in three instances prostitutes have performed the same
+    office for other men and knew all about it. It is not
+    uninteresting to note that these three women were all of fine,
+    massive build&mdash;one standing about 5 feet 10 inches and weighing
+    nearly 14 stone&mdash;but with comparatively uninteresting faces. The
+    weight, build and clothing count for a good deal in exciting me.
+    I find that a sudden check to a man at the supreme moment of
+    sexual pleasure tends to heighten and prolong the pleasure. My
+    physical satisfaction is due to the fact that by getting the lady
+    to stand with all her weight upon my penis (as it lies between
+    her foot and the soft bed of my own body into which it is deeply
+    pressed) the act of emission is enormously prolonged, with
+    corresponding enjoyment. For this reason also I prefer a very
+    high-heeled slipper. The seminal fluid has to be forced past two
+    separate obstacles&mdash;the pressure of the heel close at the root of
+    the penis and afterwards the ball of the foot which compresses
+    the outer half, leaving a free portion between them under the
+    arched sole of the slipper. I may add that the pleasure is
+    greatly increased by the retention of the urine, and I always try
+    to retain as much water as I dare. I have an unconquerable
+    aversion to red in slippers or stockings; it will even cause
+    impotence. Why, I know not. Strange as it may seem, although pain
+    and bruising are often inflicted <a name='5_Page_38'></a>by a severe treading, I have
+    never been in any way injured by the practice, and my pleasure in
+    it seems not to diminish by constant repetition. The comparative
+    difficulty of obtaining the pleasure from just the woman I want
+    has a never-ending, if inexplicable, charm for me.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It will be observed that in this case special importance is
+    attached to shoes with high heels, and the subject considers that
+    the pressure of such shoes is for mechanical reasons most
+    favorable for procuring ejaculation. Nearly all heterosexual
+    shoe-fetichists seem, however, to be equally attracted by high
+    heels. Restif de la Bretonne frequently referred to this point,
+    and he gave a number of reasons for the attractiveness of high
+    heels: (1) They are unlike men's boots and, therefore, have a
+    sexual fascination; (2) they make the leg and foot look more
+    charming; (3) they give a less bold and more sylph-like character
+    to the walk; (4) they keep the feet clean. (Restif de la
+    Bretonne, <i>Nuits de Paris</i>, vol. v, quoted in Preface to his <i>Mes
+    Inscriptions</i>, p. ciii.) It is doubtless the first reason&mdash;the
+    fact that high heels are a kind of secondary sexual
+    character&mdash;which is most generally potent in this attraction.</p></div>
+
+<p>The foregoing history, while it very distinctly brings before us a case of
+erotic symbolism, is not strictly an example of shoe-fetichism. The
+symbolism is more complex. The focus of beauty in a desirable woman is
+transferred and concentrated in the region below the knee; in that sense
+we have foot-fetichism. But the act of coitus itself is also symbolically
+transferred. Not only has the foot become the symbol of the vulva, but
+trampling has become the symbol of coitus; intercourse takes place
+symbolically <i>per pedem</i>. It is a result of this symbolization of the foot
+and of trampling that all acts of treading take on a new and symbolical
+sexual charm. The element of masochism&mdash;of pleasure in being a woman's
+slave&mdash;is a parasitic growth; that is to say, it is not founded in the
+subject's constitution, but chances to have found a favorable soil in the
+special circumstances under which his sexual life developed. It is not
+primary, but secondary, and remains an unimportant and merely occasional
+element.</p>
+
+<p>It may be instructive to bring forward for comparison a case in which also
+we have a symbolism involving boot-fetichism, but extending beyond it. In
+this case there is a basis of inversion (as is not infrequent in erotic
+symbolisms), but from the present point of view the psychological
+significance of the case remains the same.</p><a name='5_Page_39'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A. N., aged 29, unmarried, healthy, though not robust, and without
+    any known hereditary taint. Has followed various avocations
+    without taking great interest in them, but has shown some
+    literary ability.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I am an Englishman,&quot; his own narrative runs, &quot;the third of three
+    children. At my birth my father was 41 and my mother 34. My
+    mother died of cancer when I was 15. My father is still alive, a
+    reserved man, who still nurses his sorrow for his wife's death. I
+    have no reason to believe my parents anything but normal and
+    useful members of society. My sister is normal and happily
+    married. My brother I have reason to believe to be an invert.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;A horoscope cast for me describes me in a way I think correct,
+    and so do my friends: 'A mild, obliging, gentle, amiable person,
+    with many fine traits of character; timid in nature, fond of
+    society, loving peace and quietude, delighting in warm and close
+    friendships. There is much that is firm, steadfast and
+    industrious, some self-love, a good deal of diplomacy, a little
+    that is subtle, or what is called finesse. You are reserved with
+    those you dislike. There is a serious and sad side to your
+    character; you are very thoughtful and contemplative when in
+    these moods. But you are not pessimistic. You have superior
+    abilities, for they are intuitively intellectual. There is a cold
+    reticence which restrains generous impulses and which inclines to
+    acquisitiveness; it will make you deliberate, inventive, adding
+    self-esteem, some vanity.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At an early age I was left much alone in the nursery and there
+    contracted the habit of masturbation long before the age of
+    puberty. I use the word 'masturbation' for want of a better,
+    though it may not quite describe my case. I have never used my
+    hand to the penis. As far back as I can remember I have had what
+    a Frenchman has described as 'le fetichisme de la chaussure,' and
+    in those early days, before I was 6 years old, I would put on my
+    father's boots, taken from a cupboard at hand, and then tying or
+    strapping my legs together would produce an erection, and all the
+    pleasurable feelings experienced, I suppose, by means of
+    masturbation. I always did this secretly, but couldn't tell why.
+    I continued this practice on and off all my boyhood and youth.
+    When I discovered the first emission I was much surprised. I
+    always did this thing without loosening my trousers. As to how
+    these feelings arose I am totally unable to say. I can't remember
+    being without such feelings, and they seem to me perfectly
+    normal. The sight, or even thought, of high boots, or leggings,
+    especially if well polished or in patent leather, would set all
+    my sexual passions aflame, and does yet. As a boy my great desire
+    was to wear these things. A soldier in boots and spurs, a groom
+    in tops, or even an errand-boy in patent leather leggings,
+    fascinated me, and to this day, despite reason and everything
+    else. The sight of such things produced an erection. An emission
+    I could always produce by tightly tying my legs together, but
+    only when wearing boots, and preferably leggings, which when I
+    had pocket money<a name='5_Page_40'></a> I bought for this purpose. (At the present
+    moment I have five pairs in the house and two pairs of high
+    boots, quite unjustified by ordinary use.) This habit I lapse
+    into yet at times. The smell of leather affects me, but I never
+    know how far this may be due to association with boots; the smell
+    suggests the image. Restraint by a leather strap is more exciting
+    than by cords. Erotic dreams always take the form of restraint on
+    the limbs when booted.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Uniforms and liveries have a great temptation for me, but only
+    when of a tight-fitting nature and smart, as soldiers', grooms',
+    etc., but not sailors'; most powerfully when the person is in
+    boots or leggings and breeches.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I was a quiet, sensitive boy, taking no part in games or sports.
+    Have always been indifferent to them. I made few friends, but
+    didn't want them. The craving for friendship came much later,
+    after I was 21. I was a day boy at a private school, and never
+    had any conversation with any boy on sexual matters, though I was
+    dimly aware of much 'nastiness' about the school. I knew nothing
+    of sodomy. But all these things were repulsive to me,
+    notwithstanding my secret practices. I was a 'good boy.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Up to the age of 21 I was perfectly satisfied with my own
+    society, something of a prig, fond of books and reading, etc. I
+    was and ever have been absolutely insensible to the influence of
+    the other sex. I am not a woman hater, and take intellectual
+    pleasure in the society of certain ladies, but they are nearly
+    all much older than myself. I have a strong repulsion from sexual
+    relations with women. I should not mind being married for the
+    sake of companionship and for the sake of having boys of my own.
+    But the sexual act would frighten me. I could not in my present
+    frame of mind go to bed with a woman. Yet I feel an immense envy
+    of my married friends in that they are able to give out, and find
+    satisfaction for, their affection in a way that is quite
+    impossible for me. I picture certain boys in the place of the
+    wife.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I am now only happy in the society of men younger than myself,
+    age 17 to (say) 23 or 24, youths with smooth faces, or first sign
+    of hair on lip, well groomed, slightly effeminate in feature, of
+    sympathetic, perhaps weak nature. I feel I want to help them, do
+    something for them, devote myself entirely to their welfare.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;With such there is no fixed line between friendship and love. I
+    yearn for intimacy with particular friends, but never dare
+    express it. I find so many people object to any strong expression
+    of feeling that I dare not run the risk of appearing ridiculous
+    in the eyes of these desired intimates.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have no desire for <i>p&aelig;dicatio</i>, but the idea itself does not
+    repulse me or seem unnatural, though personally it repels me a
+    little. But I think this to be mere prejudice on my part, which
+    might be broken <a name='5_Page_41'></a>down if the loved person showed a willingness to
+    act a passive part. I should never dare to make an advance,
+    however.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I am restrained by moral and religious considerations from
+    making my real feelings known, and I feel I should sink in my own
+    estimation if I gave way, though my natural desire is to do so.
+    In the face of opportunities (not I mean of <i>p&aelig;dicatio</i>, but of
+    expression of excessive affection, etc.), or what might be such,
+    I always fail to speak lest I should forfeit the esteem of the
+    other person. I have a feeling of surprise when any one I like
+    evinces a liking for me. I feel that those I love are
+    immeasurably my superiors, though my reason may tell me it is not
+    so. I would grovel at their feet, do anything to win a smile from
+    them, or to make them give me their company.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Ordinary bodily contact with the boy I love gives me most
+    exquisite pleasure, and I never lose an opportunity of bringing
+    such contact about when it can be done naturally. I feel an
+    immense desire to embrace, kiss, squeeze, etc., the person, to
+    generally maul him, and say nice things&mdash;the kind of things a man
+    usually says to a woman. A handshake, the mere presence of the
+    person, makes me happy and content.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I can say with the Albanian: 'If I find myself in the presence
+    of the beloved, I rest absorbed in gazing on him. Absent, I think
+    of nought but him. If the beloved unexpectedly appears I fall
+    into confusion. My heart beats faster. I have eyes and ears only
+    for the beloved.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I feel that my capacity of affection is finer and more spiritual
+    than that which commonly subsists between persons of different
+    sexes. And so, while trying to fight my instincts by religion, I
+    find my natural feeling to be part of my religion, and its
+    highest expression. In this sense I can speak from experience in
+    my own case, and more especially in that of my brother, that what
+    you have said about philanthropic activity resulting from
+    repressed homosexuality is very true indeed. I can say with one
+    of your female cases: 'Love is to me a religion. The very nature
+    of my affection for my friends precludes the possibility of any
+    element entering into it which is not absolutely pure and
+    sacred.' I am, however, madly jealous. I want entire possession,
+    and I can't bear for a moment that any one I do not care for
+    should know the person I love.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I am never attracted by men older than myself. The youths who
+    attract me may be of any class, though preferably, I think, of a
+    class a little lower than myself. I am not quite sure of this,
+    however, as circumstances may have contributed more than
+    deliberate choice to bring certain youths under my notice. Those
+    who have exercised the most powerful influence on me have been an
+    Oxford undergraduate, a barber's assistant, and a plumber's
+    apprentice. Though naturally fond of intellectual society, I do
+    not ask for intellect in those I love. It goes for nothing. I
+    always prefer their company to that of the most educated persons.
+    This preference has alienated me to some extent from more refined
+    and educated circles that formerly I was intimate with.</p><a name='5_Page_42'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have been led entirely out of my old habits by association
+    with younger friends, and now do things which before I should
+    never have dreamed of doing. My thoughts now are always with
+    certain youths, and if they speak of leaving the town, or in any
+    way talk of a future that I cannot share, I suffer horrid
+    sinkings of the heart and depression of spirits.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>This case, while it concerns a person of quite different temperament, with
+a more innate predisposition to specific perversions, is yet in many
+respects analogous to the previous case. There is boot-fetichism; nothing
+is felt to be so attractive as the foot-gear, and there is also at the
+same time more than this; there is the attraction of repression and
+constraint developed into a sexual symbol. In C. P.'s case that symbolism
+arises from the experience of an abnormal heterosexual relationship; in
+A. N.'s case it is founded on auto-erotic experiences associated with
+inversion; in both alike the entire symbolism has become diffused and
+generalized.</p>
+
+<p>In the two cases just brought forward we have an erotic symbolism of act
+founded on, and closely associated with, an erotic symbolism of object. It
+may be instructive to bring forward another case in which no fetichistic
+feeling toward an object can be traced, but an erotic symbolism still
+clearly exists. In this case pain, even when self-inflicted, has acquired
+a symbolic value as a stimulus to tumescence, without any element of
+masochism. Such a case serves to indicate how the sexual attraction of
+pain is really a special case of the erotic symbolism with which we are
+here concerned.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A. W., aged 50, a writer and lecturer, physically and mentally
+    energetic and enjoying good health. He is, however, very
+    emotional and of nervous temperament, but self-controlled. Though
+    physically well developed, the sexual organs are small. He is
+    married to an attractive woman, to whom he is much attached, and
+    has two healthy children.</p>
+
+<p>    At 10 or 12 years of age he had a frequent desire to be whipped,
+    his parents never having struck him, and on one occasion he asked
+    a brother to go with him to the closet to get him to whip him on
+    the posterior; but on arrival he was too shy to make the request.
+    He did not recognize the cause of these desires, knowing nothing
+    of such things <a name='5_Page_43'></a>except from the misinformation of his
+    school-fellows' talk. As far as he can remember, he was an
+    entirely normal, healthy boy up to the age of about 15, when his
+    attention was arrested by an advertisement of a quack medicine
+    for the results of &quot;youthful excesses.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Being a city boy, he was unfamiliar with the coupling even of
+    animals, had never had a conscious erection and did not know of
+    frictional excitement. Experiment, however, resulted in an
+    orgasm, and, though believing that it was wicked or at least weak
+    and degrading, he indulged in masturbation at intervals, usually
+    about six times a month, and has continued even up to the
+    present.</p>
+
+<p>    He had an abnormally small opening in the prepuce, making the
+    uncovering of the glans almost impossible. (At the age of about
+    37, he himself slit the prepuce by three or four cuts of a
+    scissors at intervals of about ten days. This was followed by a
+    marked decrease in desire, especially as he shortly afterwards
+    learned the importance of local cleanliness.) While in college at
+    about the age of 19 he began to have nocturnal emissions
+    occasionally and once or twice a week when at stool. Alarmed by
+    these, he consulted a physician, who warned him of the danger,
+    gave him bromide and prescribed cold bathing of the parts, with a
+    hard, cool bed. These stopped the emissions.</p>
+
+<p>    He never had connection with women until the age of about 25, and
+    then only three times until his marriage at 30 years of age,
+    being deterred partly by conscientious scruples, but more by
+    shyness and convention, and deriving very little pleasure from
+    these instances. Even since marriage he has derived more pleasure
+    from sexual excitement than from coitus, and can maintain
+    erection for as long as two hours.</p>
+
+<p>    He has always been accustomed to torture himself in various
+    ingenious ways, nearly always connected with sex. He would burn
+    his skin deeply with red hot wire in inconspicuous places. These
+    and similar acts were generally followed by manual excitation
+    nearly always brought to a climax.</p>
+
+<p>    He considers that he is attracted to refined and intellectual
+    women. But he is without very ardent desires, having several
+    times gone to bed with attractive women who stripped themselves
+    naked, but without attempting any sexual intercourse with them.
+    He became interested in the &quot;Karezza&quot; theory and has tried to
+    practice it with his wife, but could never entirely control the
+    emission.</p>
+
+<p>    He has hired a masseur to whip him, as children are whipped, with
+    a heavy dog whip, which caused pleasurable excitement. During
+    this time he had relations with his wife generally about once a
+    week without any great ecstasy. She was cold and sexually slow,
+    owing to conventional sex repression and to an idea that the
+    whole thing was &quot;like animals&quot; and to fear of child-bearing,
+    usually necessitating the use of a cover or withdrawal. It was
+    only eight years after their marriage that she desired and
+    obtained a child. During these years he would often stick <a name='5_Page_44'></a>pins
+    through his mamm&aelig; and tie them together by a string round the
+    pins drawn so short as to cause great pain and then indulge
+    himself in the sexual act. He used strong wooden clips with a
+    tack fixed in them, so as to pierce and pinch the mamm&aelig;, and once
+    he drove a pin entirely through the penis itself, then obtaining
+    orgasm by friction. He was never able to get an automatic
+    emission in this way, though he often tried, not even by walking
+    briskly during an erection.</p></div>
+
+<p>In another class of cases a purely ideal symbolism may be present by means
+of a fetich which acts as a powerful stimulus without itself being felt to
+possess any attraction. A good illustration of this condition is furnished
+by a case which has been communicated to me by a medical correspondent in
+New Zealand.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;The patient went out to South Africa as a trooper with the
+    contingent from New Zealand, throwing up a good position in an
+    office to do so. He had never had any trouble as regards
+    connection with women before going out to South Africa. While in
+    active service at the front he sustained a nasty fall from his
+    horse, breaking his leg. He was unconscious for four days, and
+    was then invalided down to Cape Town. Here he rapidly got well,
+    and his accustomed health returning to him he started having what
+    he terms 'a good time.' He repeatedly went to brothels, but was
+    unable to have more than a temporary erection, and no ejaculation
+    would take place. In one of these places he was in company with a
+    drunken trooper, who suggested that they should perform the
+    sexual act with their boots and spurs (only) on. My patient, who
+    was also drunk, readily assented, and to his surprise was enabled
+    to perform the act of copulation without any difficulty at all.
+    He has repeatedly tried since to perform the act without any
+    spurs, but is quite unable to do so; with the spurs he has no
+    difficulty at all in obtaining all the gratification he desires.
+    His general health is good. His mother was an extremely nervous
+    woman, and so is his sister. His father died when he was quite
+    young. His only other relation in the colony is a married sister,
+    who seems to enjoy vigorous health.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>The consideration of the cases here brought forward may suffice to show
+that beyond those fetichisms which find their satisfaction in the
+contemplation of a part of the body or a garment, there is a more subtle
+symbolism. The foot is a center of force, an agent for exerting pressure,
+and thus it furnishes a point of departure not alone for the merely static
+sexual fetich, but for a dynamic erotic symbolization. The energy of its
+movements <a name='5_Page_45'></a>becomes a substitute for the energy of the sexual organs
+themselves in coitus, and exerts the same kind of fascination. The young
+girl (page 35) &quot;who seemed to have a passion for treading upon things
+which would scrunch or yield under her foot,&quot; already possessed the germs
+of an erotic symbolism which, under the influence of circumstances in
+which she herself took an active part, developed into an adequate method
+of sexual gratification.<a name='5_FNanchor_23'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_23'><sup>[23]</sup></a> The youth who was her partner learned, in the
+same way, to find an erotic symbolism in all the pressure reactions of
+attractive feminine feet, the swaying of a carriage beneath their weight,
+the crushing of the flowers on which they tread, the slow rising of the
+grass which they have pressed. Here we have a symbolism which is
+altogether different from that fetichism which adores a definite object;
+it is a dynamic symbolism finding its gratification in the spectacle of
+movements which ideally recall the fundamental rhythm and pressure
+reactions of the sexual process.</p>
+
+<p>We may trace a very similar erotic symbolism in an absolutely normal form.
+The fascination of clothes in the lover's eyes is no doubt a complex
+phenomenon, but in part it rests on the aptitudes of a woman's garments to
+express vaguely a dynamic symbolism which must always remain indefinite
+and elusive, and on that account always possess fascination. No one has so
+acutely described this symbolism as Herrick, often an admirable
+psychologist in matters of sexual attractiveness. Especially instructive
+in this respect are his poems, &quot;Delight in Disorder,&quot; &quot;Upon Julia's
+Clothes,&quot; and notably &quot;Julia's Petticoat.&quot; &quot;A sweet disorder in the
+dress,&quot; he tells us, &quot;kindles in clothes a wantonness;&quot; it is not on the
+garment itself, but on the <a name='5_Page_46'></a>character of its movement that he insists; on
+the &quot;erring lace,&quot; the &quot;winning wave&quot; of the &quot;tempestuous petticoat;&quot; he
+speaks of the &quot;liquefaction&quot; of clothes, their &quot;brave vibration each way
+free,&quot; and of Julia's petticoat he remarks with a more specific symbolism
+still,</p>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span>&quot;Sometimes 'twould pant and sigh and heave,<br /></span>
+<span class='i1'>As if to stir it scarce had leave;<br /></span>
+<span class='i1'>But having got it, thereupon,<br /></span>
+<span class='i1'>'Twould make a brave expansion.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In the play of the beloved woman's garment, he sees the whole process of
+the central act of sex, with its repressions and expansions, and at the
+sight is himself ready to &quot;fall into a swoon.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_13'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_13'>[13]</a><div class='note'><p> G. Stanley Hall, <i>Adolescence</i>, vol. ii, p. 113. It will be
+noted that the hand does not appear among the parts of the body which are
+normally of supreme interest. An interest in the hand is by no means
+uncommon (it may be noted, for instance, in the course of History XII in
+Appendix B to vol. iii of these <i>Studies</i>), but the hand does not possess
+the mystery which envelops the foot, and hand-fetichism is very much less
+frequent than foot-fetichism, while glove-fetichism is remarkably rare. An
+interesting case of hand-fetichism, scarcely reaching morbid intensity, is
+recorded by Binet, <i>Etudes de Psychologie Exp&eacute;rimentale</i>, pp. 13-19; and
+see Krafft-Ebing, <i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 214 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_14'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_14'>[14]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>M&eacute;moires</i>, vol. i, Chapter VII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_15'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_15'>[15]</a><div class='note'><p> Among leading English novelists Hardy shows an unusual but
+by no means predominant interest in the feet and shoes of his heroines;
+see, <i>e.g.</i>, the observations of the cobbler in <i>Under the Greenwood
+Tree</i>, Chapter III. A chapter in Goethe's <i>Wahlverwandtschaften</i> (Part I,
+Chapter II) contains an episode involving the charm of the foot and the
+kissing of the beloved's shoe.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_16'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_16'>[16]</a><div class='note'><p> Schinz, &quot;Philosophie des Conventions Sociales,&quot; <i>Revue
+Philosophique</i>, June, 1903, p. 626. Mirabeau mentions in his <i>Erotika
+Biblion</i> that modern Greek women sometimes use their feet to provoke
+orgasm in their lovers. I may add that simultaneous mutual masturbation by
+means of the feet is not unknown to-day, and I have been told by an
+English shoe-fetichist that he at one time was accustomed to practice this
+with a married lady (Brazilian)&mdash;she with slippers on and he without&mdash;who
+derived gratification equal to his own.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_17'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_17'>[17]</a><div class='note'><p> Jacoby (<i>loc. cit.</i> pp. 796-7) gives a large number of
+references to Ovid's works bearing on this point. &quot;In reading him,&quot; he
+remarks, &quot;one is inclined to say that the psychology of the Romans was
+closely allied to that of the Chinese.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_18'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_18'>[18]</a><div class='note'><p> R. Kleinpaul, <i>Sprache ohne Worte</i>, p. 308. See also Moll,
+<i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, pp. 306-308. Bloch brings
+together many interesting references bearing on the ancient sexual and
+religious symbolism of the shoe, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia
+Sexualis</i>, Teil II, p. 324.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_19'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_19'>[19]</a><div class='note'><p> Jacoby (<i>loc. cit.</i> p. 797) appears to regard shoe-fetichism
+as a true atavism: &quot;The sexual adoration of feminine foot-gear,&quot; he
+concludes, &quot;perhaps the most enigmatic and certainly the most singular of
+degenerative insanities, is thus merely a form of atavism, the return of
+the degenerate to the very ancient and primitive psychology which we no
+longer understand and are no longer capable of feeling.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_20'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_20'>[20]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll has reported in detail (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido
+Sexualis</i>, bd. i, Teil II, pp. 320-324) a case which both he and
+Krafft-Ebing regard as illustrative of the connection between
+boot-fetichism and masochism. It is essentially a case of masochism,
+though manifesting itself almost exclusively in the desire to perform
+humiliating acts in connection with the attractive person's boots.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_21'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_21'>[21]</a><div class='note'><p> Krafft-Ebing goes so far as to assert (<i>Psychopathia
+Sexualis</i>, English translation of tenth edition, p. 174) that &quot;when in
+cases of shoe-fetichism the female shoe appears alone as the excitant of
+sexual desire one is justified in presuming that masochistic motives have
+remained latent.... Latent masochism may always be assumed as the
+unconscious motive.&quot; In this way he hopelessly misinterprets some of his
+own cases.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_22'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_22'>[22]</a><div class='note'><p> Krafft-Ebing goes so far as to assert (<i>Psychopathia
+Sexualis</i>, English translation, pp. 159 and 174). Yet some of the cases he
+brings forward (<i>e.g.</i>, Coxe's as quoted by Hammond) show no sign of
+masochism, since, according to Krafft-Ebing's own definition (p. 116), the
+idea of subjugation by the opposite sex is of the essence of masochism.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_23'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_23'>[23]</a><div class='note'><p> Her actions suggest that there is often a latent sexual
+consciousness in regard to the feet in women, atavistic or
+pseudo-atavistic, and corresponding to the sexual attraction which the
+feet formerly aroused, almost normally, in men. This is also suggested by
+the case, referred to by Shufeldt, of an unmarried woman, belonging to a
+family exhibiting in a high degree both erotic and neurotic traits, who
+had &quot;a certain uncontrollable fascination for shoes. She delights in new
+shoes, and changes her shoes all day long at regular intervals of three
+hours each. She keeps this row of shoes out in plain sight in her
+apartment.&quot; (R. W. Shufeldt, &quot;On a Case of Female Impotency,&quot; 1896, p.
+10.)</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_E_III'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_47'></a>III.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Scatalogic Symbolism&mdash;Urolagnia&mdash;Coprolagnia&mdash;The Ascetic Attitude Towards
+the Flesh&mdash;Normal basis of Scatalogic Symbolism&mdash;Scatalogic Conceptions
+Among Primitive Peoples&mdash;Urine as a Primitive Holy Water&mdash;Sacredness of
+Animal Excreta&mdash;Scatalogy in Folk-lore&mdash;The Obscene as Derived from the
+Mythological&mdash;The Immature Sexual Impulse Tends to Manifest Itself in
+Scatalogic Forms&mdash;The basis of Physiological Connection Between the
+Urinary and Genital Spheres&mdash;Urinary Fetichism Sometimes Normal in
+Animals&mdash;The Urolagnia of Masochists&mdash;The Scatalogy of Saints&mdash;Urolagnia
+More Often a Symbolism of Act Than a Symbolism of Object&mdash;Only
+Occasionally an Olfactory Fetichism&mdash;Comparative Rarity of
+Coprolagnia&mdash;Influence of Nates Fetichism as a Transition to
+Coprolagnia&mdash;Ideal Coprolagnia&mdash;Olfactory Coprolagnia&mdash;Urolagnia and
+Coprolagnia as Symbols of Coitus.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We meet with another group of erotic symbolisms&mdash;alike symbolisms of
+object and of act&mdash;in connection with the two functions adjoining the
+anatomical sexual focus: the urinary and alvine excretory functions. These
+are sometimes termed the scatalogical group, with the two subdivisions of
+urolagnia and Coprolagnia.<a name='5_FNanchor_24'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_24'><sup>[24]</sup></a> <i>Inter f&aelig;ces et urinam nascimur</i> is an
+ancient text which has served the ascetic preachers of old for many
+discourses on the littleness of man and the meanness of that reproductive
+power which plays so large a part in man's life. &quot;The stupid bungle of
+Nature,&quot; a correspondent writes, &quot;whereby the generative organs serve as a
+means of relieving the bladder, is doubtless responsible for much of the
+disgust which those organs excite in some minds.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, it is necessary to point out, such reflex influence may
+act not in one direction only, but also in the reverse <a name='5_Page_48'></a>direction. From
+the standpoint of ascetic contemplation eager to belittle humanity, the
+excretory centers may cast dishonor upon the genital center which they
+adjoin. From the more ecstatic standpoint of the impassioned lover, eager
+to magnify the charm of the woman he worships, it is not impossible for
+the excretory centers to take on some charm from the irradiating center of
+sex which they enclose.</p>
+
+<p>Even normally such a process is traceable. The normal lover may not
+idealize the excretory functions of his mistress, but the fact that he
+finds no repulsion in the most intimate contacts and feels no disgust at
+the proximity of the excretory orifices or the existence of their
+functions, indicates that the idealization of love has exerted at all
+events a neutralizing influence; indeed, the presence of an acute
+sensibility to the disturbing influence of this proximity of the excretory
+orifices and their functions must be considered abnormal; Swift's
+&quot;Strephon and Chloe&quot;&mdash;with the conviction underlying it that it is an easy
+matter for the excretory functions to drown the possibilities of
+love&mdash;could only have proceeded from a morbidly sensitive brain.<a name='5_FNanchor_25'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_25'><sup>[25]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A more than mere neutralizing influence, a positively idealizing influence
+of the sexual focus on the excretory processes adjoining it, may take
+place in the lover's mind without the normal variations of sexual
+attraction being over-passed, and even without the creation of an
+excretory fetichism.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Reflections of this attitude may be found in the poets. In the
+    <i>Song of Songs</i> the lover says of his mistress, &quot;Thy navel is
+    like a round goblet, wherein no mingled wine is wanting;&quot; in his
+    lyric &quot;To Dianeme,&quot; Herrick says with clear reference to the mons veneris:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;Show me that hill where smiling love doth sit,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Having a living fountain under it;&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>and in the very numerous poems in various languages which have
+    more <a name='5_Page_49'></a>or less obscurely dealt with the rose as the emblem of the
+    feminine pudenda there are occasional references to the stream
+    which guards or presides over the rose. It may, indeed, be
+    recalled that even in the name <i>nymph&aelig;</i> anatomists commonly apply
+    to the <i>labia minora</i> there is generally believed to be a poetic
+    allusion to the Nymphs who presided over streams, since the
+    <i>labia minora</i> exert an influence on the direction of the urinary
+    stream.</p>
+
+<p>    In <i>Wilhelm Meister</i> (Part I, Chapter XV), Goethe, on the basis
+    of his own personal experiences, describes his hero's emotions in
+    the humble surroundings of Marianne's little room as compared
+    with the stateliness and order of his own home. &quot;It seemed to him
+    when he had here to remove her stays in order to reach the
+    harpsichord, there to lay her skirt on the bed before he could
+    seat himself, when she herself with unembarrassed frankness would
+    make no attempt to conceal from him many natural acts which
+    people are accustomed to hide from others out of decency&mdash;it
+    seemed to him, I say, that he became bound to her by invisible
+    bands.&quot; We are told of Wordsworth (Findlay's <i>Recollections of De
+    Quincey</i>, p. 36) that he read <i>Wilhelm Meister</i> till &quot;he came to
+    the scene where the hero, in his mistress's bedroom, becomes
+    sentimental over her dirty towels, etc., which struck him with
+    such disgust that he flung the book out of his hand, would never
+    look at it again, and declared that surely no English lady would
+    ever read such a work.&quot; I have, however, heard a woman of high
+    intellectual distinction refer to the peculiar truth and beauty
+    of this very passage.</p>
+
+<p>    In one of his latest novels, <i>Les Rencontres de M. de Br&eacute;ot</i>,
+    Henri de R&eacute;gnier, one of the most notable of recent French
+    novelists, narrates an episode bearing on the matter before us. A
+    personage of the story is sitting for a moment in a dark grotto
+    during a night f&ecirc;te in a nobleman's park, when two ladies enter
+    and laughingly proceed to raise their garments and accomplish a
+    natural necessity. The man in the background, suddenly overcome
+    by a sexual impulse, starts forward; one lady runs away, the
+    other, whom he detains, offers little resistance to his advances.
+    To M. de Br&eacute;ot, whom he shortly after encounters, he exclaims,
+    abashed at his own actions: &quot;Why did I not flee? But could I
+    imagine that the spectacle of so disgusting a function would have
+    any other effect than to give me a humble opinion of human
+    nature?&quot; M. de Br&eacute;ot, however, in proceeding to reproach his
+    interlocutor for his inconsiderate temerity, observes: &quot;What you
+    tell me, sir, does not entirely surprise me. Nature has placed
+    very various instincts within us, and the impulse that led you to
+    what you have just now done is not so peculiar as you think. One
+    may be a very estimable man and yet love women even in what is
+    lowliest in their bodies.&quot; In harmony with this passage from
+    R&eacute;gnier's novel are the remarks of a correspondent who writes to
+    me of the function of urination that it &quot;appeals sexually to most
+    normal individuals. My own observations and inquiries prove this.
+    Women <a name='5_Page_50'></a>themselves instinctively feel it. The secrecy surrounding
+    the matter lends, too, I think, a sexual interest.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The fact that scatalogic processes may in some degree exert an
+    attraction even in normal love has been especially emphasized by
+    Bloch (<i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil
+    II, pp. 222, <i>et seq.</i>): &quot;The man whose intellect and &aelig;sthetic
+    sense has been 'clouded by the sexual impulse' sees these things
+    in an entirely different light from him who has not been overcome
+    by the intoxication of love. For him they are idealized (sit
+    venia verbo) since they are a part of the beloved person, and in
+    consequence associated with love.&quot; Bloch quotes the <i>Memoiren
+    einer S&auml;ngerin</i> (a book which is said to be, though this seems
+    doubtful, genuinely autobiographical) in the same sense: &quot;A man
+    who falls in love with a girl is not dragged out of his poetic
+    sphere by the thought that his beloved must relieve certain
+    natural necessities every day. It seems, indeed, to him to be
+    just the opposite. If one loves a person one finds nothing
+    obscene or disgusting in the object that pleases me.&quot; The
+    opposite attitude is probably in extreme cases due to the
+    influence of a neurotic or morbidly sensitive temperament. Swift
+    possessed such a temperament. The possession of a similar
+    temperament is doubtless responsible for the little prose poem,
+    &quot;L'Extase,&quot; in which Huysmans in his first book, <i>Le Drageloir &aacute;
+    Epices</i>, has written an attenuated version of &quot;Strephon and
+    Chloe&quot; to express the disillusionment of love; the lover lies in
+    a wood clasping the hand of the beloved with rapturous emotion;
+    &quot;suddenly she rose, disengaged her hand, disappeared in the
+    bushes, and I heard as it were the rustling of rain on the
+    leaves.&quot; His dream has fled.</p></div>
+
+<p>In estimating the significance of the lover's attitude in this matter, it
+is important to realize the position which scatologic conceptions took in
+primitive belief. At certain stages of early culture, when all the
+emanations of the body are liable to possess mysterious magic properties
+and become apt for sacred uses, the excretions, and especially the urine,
+are found to form part of religious ritual and ceremonial function. Even
+among savages the excreta are frequently regarded as disgusting, but under
+the influence of these conceptions such disgust is inhibited, and those
+emanations of the body which are usually least honored become religious
+symbols.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Urine has been regarded as the original holy water, and many
+    customs which still survive in Italy and various parts of Europe,
+    involving the use of a fluid which must often be yellow and
+    sometimes salt, possibly indicate the earlier use of urine. (The
+    Greek water of aspersion, <a name='5_Page_51'></a>according to Theocritus, was mixed
+    with salt, as is sometimes the modern Italian holy water. J. J.
+    Blunt, <i>Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Customs</i>, p. 173.) Among
+    the Hottentots, as Kolbein and others have recorded, the medicine
+    man urinated alternately on bride and bridegroom, and a
+    successful young warrior was sprinkled in the same way. Mungo
+    Park mentions that in Africa on one occasion a bride sent a bowl
+    of her urine which was thrown over him as a special mark of honor
+    to a distinguished guest. Pennant remarked that the Highlanders
+    sprinkled their cattle with urine, as a kind of holy water, on
+    the first Monday in every quarter. (Bourke, <i>Scatalogic Rites</i>,
+    pp. 228, 239; Brand, <i>Popular Antiquities</i>, &quot;Bride-Ales.&quot;)</p>
+
+<p>    Even the excreta of animals have sometimes been counted sacred.
+    This is notably so in the case of the cow, of all animals the
+    most venerated by primitive peoples, and especially in India.
+    Jules Bois (<i>Visions de l'Inde</i>, p. 86) describes the spectacle
+    presented in the temple of the cows at Benares: &quot;I put my head
+    into the opening of the holy stables. It was the largest of
+    temples, a splendor of precious stones and marble, where the
+    venerated heifers passed backwards and forwards. A whole people
+    adored them. They take no notice, plunged in their divine and
+    obscure unconsciousness. And they fulfil with serenity their
+    animal functions; they chew the offerings, drink water from
+    copper vessels, and when they are filled they relieve themselves.
+    Then a stercoraceous and religious insanity overcomes these
+    starry-faced women and venerable men; they fall on their knees,
+    prostrate themselves, eat the droppings, greedily drink the
+    liquid, which for them is miraculous and sacred.&quot; (<i>Cf.</i> Bourke,
+    <i>Scatalogic Rites</i>, Chapter XVII.)</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Chevsurs of the Caucasus, perhaps an Iranian people, a
+    woman after her confinement, for which she lives apart, purifies
+    herself by washing in the urine of a cow and then returns home.
+    This mode of purification is recommended in the Avesta, and is
+    said to be used by the few remaining followers of this creed.</p></div>
+
+<p>We have not only to take into account the frequency with which among
+primitive peoples the excretions possess a religious significance. It is
+further to be noted that in the folk-lore of modern Europe we everywhere
+find plentiful evidence of the earlier prevalence of legends and practices
+of a scatalogical character. It is significant that in the majority of
+cases it is easy to see a sexual reference in these stories and customs.
+The legends have lost their earlier and often mythical significance, and
+frequently take on a suggestion of obscenity, while the scatalogical
+practices have become the magical devices of lovelorn maidens or forsaken
+wives practiced in secrecy. It has happened <a name='5_Page_52'></a>to scatalogical rites to be
+regarded as we may gather from the <i>Clouds</i> of Aristophanes, that the
+sacred leathern phallus borne by the women in the Bacchanalia was becoming
+in his time, an object to arouse the amusement of little boys.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Among many primitive peoples throughout the world, and among the
+    lower social classes of civilized peoples, urine possesses magic
+    properties, more especially, it would seem, the urine of women
+    and that of people who stand, or wish to stand, in sexual
+    relationship to each other. In a legend of the Indians of the
+    northwest coast of America, recorded by Boas, a woman gives her
+    lover some of her urine and says: &quot;You can wake the dead if you
+    drop some of my urine in their ears and nose.&quot; (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r
+    Ethnologie</i>, 1894, Heft IV, p. 293.) Among the same Indians there
+    is a legend of a woman with a beautiful white skin who found on
+    bathing every morning in the river that the fish were attracted
+    to her skin and could not be driven off even by magical
+    solutions. At last she said to herself: &quot;I will make water on
+    them and then they will leave me alone.&quot; She did so, and
+    henceforth the fish left her. But shortly after fire came from
+    Heaven and killed her. (<i>Ib.</i>, 1891, Heft V, p. 640.) Among both
+    Christians and Mohammedans a wife can attach an unfaithful
+    husband by privately putting some of her urine in his drink. (B.
+    Stern, <i>Medizin in der T&uuml;rkei</i>, vol. ii, p. 11.) This practice is
+    world-wide; thus among the aborigines of Brazil, according to
+    Martius, the urine and other excretions and secretions are potent
+    for aphrodisiacal objects. (Bourke's <i>Scatalogic Rites of All
+    Nations</i> contains many references to the folk-lore practices in
+    this matter; a study of popular beliefs in the magic power of
+    urine, published in Bombay by Professor Eugen Wilhelm in 1889, I
+    have not seen.)</p>
+
+<p>    The legends which narrate scatalogic exploits are numerous in the
+    literature of all countries. Among primitive peoples they often
+    have a purely theological character, for in the popular
+    mythologies of all countries (even, as we learn from
+    Aristophanes, among the Greeks) natural phenomena such as the
+    rain, are apt to be regarded as divine excretions, but in course
+    of time the legends take on a more erotic or a more obscene
+    character. In the Irish <i>Book of Leinster</i> (written down
+    somewhere about the twelfth century, but containing material of
+    very much older date) we are told how a number of princesses in
+    Emain Macha, the seat of the Ulster Kings, resolved to find out
+    which of them could by urinating on it melt a snow pillar which
+    the men had made, the woman who succeeded to be regarded as the
+    best among them. None of them succeeded, and they sent for
+    Derbforgaill, who was in love with Cuchullain, and she was able
+    to melt the pillar; whereupon the other women, jealous of the
+    superiority she had thus shown, tore out her eyes. (Zimmer,
+    &quot;Keltische Beitr&auml;ge,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Deutsche Alterthum</i>, vol.<a name='5_Page_53'></a>
+    xxxii, Heft II, pp. 216-219.) Rhys considers that Derbforgaill
+    was really a goddess of dawn and dusk, &quot;the drop glistening in
+    the sun's rays,&quot; as indicated by her name, which means a drop or
+    tear. (J. Rhys, <i>Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as
+    Illustrated by Celtic Heathendom</i>, p. 466.) It is interesting to
+    compare the legend of Derbforgaill with a somewhat more modern
+    Picardy folk-lore <i>conte</i> which is clearly analogous but no
+    longer seems to show any mythologic element, &quot;La Princesse qui
+    pisse par dessus les Meules.&quot; This princess had a habit of
+    urinating over hay-cocks; the king, her father, in order to break
+    her of the habit, offered her in marriage to anyone who could
+    make a hay-cock so high that she could not urinate over it. The
+    young men came, but the princess would merely laugh and at once
+    achieve the task. At last there came a young man who argued with
+    himself that she would not be able to perform this feat after she
+    had lost her virginity. He therefore seduced her first and she
+    then failed ignobly, merely wetting her stockings. Accordingly,
+    she became his bride. (&#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. i. p. 333.) Such
+    legends, which have lost any mythologic elements they may
+    originally have possessed and have become merely <i>contes</i>, are
+    not uncommon in the folk-lore of many countries. But in their
+    earlier more religious forms and in their later more obscene
+    forms, they alike bear witness to the large place which
+    scatalogic conceptions play in the primitive mind.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is a notable fact in evidence of the close and seemingly normal
+association with the sexual impulse of the scatalogic processes, that an
+interest in them, arising naturally and spontaneously, is one of the most
+frequent channels by which the sexual impulse first manifests itself in
+young boys and girls.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Stanley Hall, who has made special inquiries into the matter,
+    remarks that in childhood the products of excretion by bladder
+    and bowels are often objects of interest hardly less intense for
+    a time than eating and drinking. (&quot;Early Sense of Self,&quot;
+    <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, April, 1898, p. 361.)
+    &quot;Micturitional obscenities,&quot; the same writer observes again,
+    &quot;which our returns show to be so common before adolescence,
+    culminate at 10 or 12, and seem to retreat into the background as
+    sex phenomena appear.&quot; They are, he remarks, of two classes:
+    &quot;Fouling persons or things, secretly from adults, but openly with
+    each other,&quot; and less often &quot;ceremonial acts connected with the
+    act or the product that almost suggest the scatalogical rites of
+    savages, unfit for description here, but of great interest and
+    importance.&quot; (G. Stanley Hall, <i>Adolescence</i>, vol. i, p. 116.)
+    The nature of such scatalogical phenomena in childhood&mdash;which are
+    often clearly the instinctive <a name='5_Page_54'></a>manifestations of an erotic
+    symbolism&mdash;and their wide prevalence among both boys and girls,
+    are very well illustrated in a narrative which I include in
+    Appendix B, History II.</p></div>
+
+<p>In boys as they approach the age of puberty, this attraction to the
+scatalogic, when it exists, tends to die out, giving place to more normal
+sexual conceptions, or at all events it takes a subordinate and less
+serious place in the mind. In girls, on the other hand, it often tends to
+persist. Edmond de Goncourt, a minute observer of the feminine mind,
+refers in <i>Ch&eacute;rie</i> to &quot;those innocent and triumphant gaieties which
+scatalogic stories have the privilege of arousing in women who have
+remained still children, even the most distinguished women.&quot; The extent to
+which innocent young women, who would frequently be uninterested or
+repelled in presence of the sexually obscene are sometimes attracted by
+the scatalogically obscene, becomes intelligible, however, if we realize
+that a symbolism comes here into play. In women the more specifically
+sexual knowledge and experience of life frequently develop much later than
+in men or even remains in abeyance, and the specifically sexual phenomena
+cannot therefore easily lend themselves to wit, or humor, or imagination.
+But the scatalogic sphere, by the very fact that in women it is a
+specially intimate and secret region which is yet always liable to be
+unexpectedly protruded into consciousness, furnishes an inexhaustible
+field for situations which have the same character as those furnished by
+the sexually obscene. It thus happens that the sexually obscene which in
+men tends to overshadow the scatalogically obscene, in women&mdash;partly from
+inexperience and partly, it is probable, from their almost physiological
+modesty&mdash;plays a part subordinate to the scatalogical. In a somewhat
+analogous way scatalogical wit and humor play a considerable part in the
+work of various eminent authors who were clergymen or priests.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the anatomical and psychological associations which
+contribute to furnish a basis on which erotic symbolisms may spring up,
+there are also physiological connections between the genital and urinary
+spheres which directly favor such symbolisms. In discussing the analysis
+of the sexual impulse <a name='5_Page_55'></a>in a previous volume of these <i>Studies</i>, I have
+pointed out the remarkable relationship&mdash;sometimes of transference,
+sometimes of compensation&mdash;which exists between genital tension and
+vesical tension, both in men and women. In the histories of normal sexual
+development brought together at the end of that and subsequent volumes the
+relationship may frequently be traced, as also in the case of C. P. in the
+present study (p. 37). Vesical power is also commonly believed to be in
+relation with sexual potency, and the inability to project the urinary
+stream in a normal manner is one of the accepted signs of sexual
+impotency.<a name='5_FNanchor_26'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_26'><sup>[26]</sup></a> F&eacute;r&eacute;, again, has recorded the history of a man with
+periodic crises of sexual desire, and subsequently sexual obsession
+without desire, which were always accompanied by the impulse to urinate
+and by increased urination.<a name='5_FNanchor_27'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_27'><sup>[27]</sup></a> In the case, recorded by Pitres and R&eacute;gis,
+of a young girl who, having once at the sight of a young man she liked in
+a theater been overcome by sexual feeling accompanied by a strong desire
+to urinate, was afterward tormented by a groundless fear of experiencing
+an irresistible desire to urinate at inconvenient times,<a name='5_FNanchor_28'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_28'><sup>[28]</sup></a> we have an
+example of what may be called a physiological scatalogic symbolism of sex,
+an emotion which was primarily erotic becoming transferred to the bladder
+and then remaining persistent. From such a physiological symbolism it is
+but a step to the psychological symbolisms of scatalogic fetichism.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It is worthy of note, as an indication that such phenomena are
+    scarcely abnormal, that a urinary symbolism, and even a strictly
+    sexual fetichism, are normal among many animals.</p><a name='5_Page_56'></a>
+
+<p>    The most familiar example of this kind is furnished by the dog,
+    who is sexually excited in this manner by traces of the bitch and
+    himself takes every opportunity of making his own path
+    recognizable. &quot;This custom,&quot; Espinas remarks (<i>Des Soci&eacute;t&eacute;s
+    Animales</i>, p. 228), &quot;has no other aim than to spread along the
+    road recognizable traces of their presence for the benefit of
+    individuals of the other sex, the odor of these traces doubtless
+    causing excitement.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It is noteworthy, also, that in animals as well as in man, sexual
+    excitement may manifest itself in the bladder. Thus Daumas states
+    (<i>Chevaux de Sahara</i>, p. 49) that if the mare urinates when she
+    hears the stallion neigh it is a sign that she is ready for
+    connection.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is in masochism, or passive algolagnia, that we may most frequently
+find scatalogic symbolism in its fully developed form. The man whose
+predominant impulse is to subjugate himself to his mistress and to receive
+at her hands the utmost humiliation, frequently finds the climax of his
+gratification in being urinated on by her, whether in actual fact or only
+in imagination.</p>
+
+<p>In many such cases, however, it is evident that we have a mixed
+phenomenon; the symbolism is double. The act becomes desirable because it
+is the outward and visible sign of an inwardly experienced abject slavery
+to an adored person. But it is also desirable because of intimately sexual
+associations in the act itself, as a symbolical detumescence, a simulacrum
+of the sexual act, and one which proceeds from the sexual focus itself.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Krafft-Ebing records various cases of masochism in which the
+    emission of urine on to the body or into the mouth formed the
+    climax of sexual gratification, as, for instance (<i>Psychopathia
+    Sexualis</i>, English translation, p. 183) in the case of a Russian
+    official who as a boy had fancies of being bound between the
+    thighs of a woman, compelled to sleep beneath her nates and to
+    drink her urine, and in later life experienced the greatest
+    excitement when practicing the last part of this early
+    imagination.</p>
+
+<p>    In another case, recorded by Krafft-Ebing and by him termed
+    &quot;ideal masochism&quot; (<i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 127-130), the subject from
+    childhood indulged in voluptuous day-dreams in which he was the
+    slave of a beautiful mistress who would compel him to obey all
+    her caprices, stand over him with one foot on his breast, sit on
+    his face and body, make him <a name='5_Page_57'></a>wait on her in her bath, or when she
+    urinated, and sometimes insist on doing this on his face; though
+    a highly intellectual man, he was always too timid to attempt to
+    carry any of his ideas into execution; he had been troubled by
+    nocturnal enuresis up to the age of 20.</p>
+
+<p>    Neri, again (<i>Archivio delle Psicopatie Sessuali</i>, vol. i, fasc.
+    7 and 8, 1896), records the case of an Italian masochist who
+    experienced the greatest pleasure when both urination and
+    defecation were practiced in this manner by the woman he was
+    attached to.</p>
+
+<p>    In a previous volume of these <i>Studies</i> (&quot;Sexual Inversion,&quot;
+    History XXVI) I have recorded the masochistic day-dreams of a boy
+    whose impulses were at the same time inverted; in his reveries
+    &quot;the central fact,&quot; he states, &quot;became the discharge of urine
+    from my lover over my body and limbs, or, if I were very fond of
+    him, I let it be in my face.&quot; In actual life the act of urination
+    casually witnessed in childhood became the symbol, even the
+    reality, of the central secret of sex: &quot;I stood rooted and
+    flushing with downcast eyes till the act was over, and was
+    conscious for a considerable time of stammering speech and
+    bewildered faculties.... I was overwhelmed with emotion and could
+    barely drag my feet from the spot or my eyes from the damp
+    herbage where he had deposited the waters of secrecy. Even to-day
+    I cannot dissociate myself from the shuddering charm that moment
+    had for me.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>It is not only the urine and the f&aelig;ces which may thus acquire a symbolic
+fascination and attractiveness under the influence of masochistic
+deviations of sexual idealization. In some cases extreme rapture has been
+experienced in licking sweating feet. There is, indeed, no excretion or
+product of the body which has not been a source of ecstasy: the sweat from
+every part of the body, the saliva and menstrual fluid, even the wax from
+the ears.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Krafft-Ebing very truly points out (<i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>,
+    English translation, p. 178) that this sexual scatalogic
+    symbolism is precisely paralleled by a religious scatalogic
+    symbolism. In the excesses of devout enthusiasm the ascetic
+    performs exactly the same acts as are performed in these excesses
+    of erotic enthusiasm. To mix excreta with the food, to lick up
+    excrement, to suck festering sores&mdash;all these and the like are
+    acts which holy and venerated women have performed.</p>
+
+<p>    Not only the saint, but also the prophet and medicine-man have
+    been frequently eaters of human excrement; it is only necessary
+    to refer to the instance of the prophet Ezekiel, who declared
+    that he was commanded to bake his bread with human dung, and to
+    the practices of medicine-men at Torres Straits, in whose
+    training the eating of human excrement takes a recognized part.
+    (Deities, notably Baal-Phegor, were <a name='5_Page_58'></a>sometimes supposed to eat
+    excrement, so that it was natural that their messengers and
+    representatives among men should do so. As regards Baal-Phegor,
+    see Dulaure, <i>Des Divinit&eacute;s G&eacute;n&eacute;ratrices</i>, Chapter IV, and J. G.
+    Bourke, <i>Scatalogic Rites of All Nations</i>, p. 241. See also
+    Ezekiel, Chapter IV, v. 12, and <i>Reports Anthropological
+    Expedition to Torres Straits</i>, vol. v, p. 321.)</p>
+
+<p>    It must be added, however, that while the masochist is overcome
+    by sexual rapture, so that he sees nothing disgusting in his act,
+    the medicine-man and the ascetic are not so invariably overcome
+    by religious rapture, and several ascetic writers have referred
+    to the horror and disgust they experienced, at all events at
+    first, in accomplishing such acts, while the medicine-men when
+    novices sometimes find the ordeal too severe and have to abandon
+    their career. Br&eacute;nier de Montmorand, while remarking, not without
+    some exaggeration, that &quot;the Christian ascetics are almost all
+    eaters of excrement&quot; (&quot;Asc&eacute;tisme et Mysticisme,&quot; <i>Revue
+    Philosophique</i>, March, 1904, p. 245), quotes the testimonies of
+    Marguerite-Marie and Madame Guyon as to the extreme repugnance
+    which they had to overcome. They were impelled by a merely
+    intellectual symbolism of self-mortification rather than by the
+    profoundly felt emotional symbolism which moves the masochist.</p>
+
+<p>    Coprophagic acts, whether under the influences of religious
+    exaltation or of sexual rapture, inevitably excite our disgust.
+    We regard them as almost insane, fortified in that belief by the
+    undoubted fact that coprophagia is not uncommon among the insane.
+    It may, therefore, be proper to point out that it is not so very
+    long since the ingestion of human excrement was carried out by
+    our own forefathers in the most sane and deliberate manner. It
+    was administered by medical practitioners for a great number of
+    ailments, apparently with entirely satisfactory results. Less
+    than two centuries ago, Schurig, who so admirably gathered
+    together and arranged the medical lore of his own and the
+    immediately preceding ages, wrote a very long and detailed
+    chapter, &quot;De Stercoris Humani Usu Medico&quot; (<i>Chylologia</i>, 1725,
+    cap. XIII; in the Paris <i>Journal de M&eacute;decine</i> for February 19,
+    1905, there appeared an article, which I have not seen, entitled
+    &quot;M&eacute;dicaments oubli&eacute;es: l'urine et la fiente humaine.&quot;) The
+    classes of cases in which the drug was found beneficial would
+    seem to have been extremely various. It must not be supposed that
+    it was usually ingested in the crude form. A common method was to
+    take the f&aelig;ces of boys, dry them, mix them with the best honey,
+    and administer an electuary. (At an earlier period such drugs
+    appear to have met with some opposition from the Church, which
+    seems to have seen in them only an application of magic; thus I
+    note that in Burchard's remarkable Penitential of the fourteenth
+    century, as reproduced by Wasserschleben, 40 days' penance is
+    prescribed for the use of human urine or excrement as a medicine.
+    Wasserschleben <i>Die Bussordnungen der Abendl&auml;ndlichen Kirche</i>, p.
+    651.)</p></div><a name='5_Page_59'></a>
+
+<p>The urolagnia of masochism is not a simple phenomenon; it embodies a
+double symbolism: on the one hand a symbolism of self-abnegation, such as
+the ascetic feels, on the other hand a symbolism of transferred sexual
+emotion. Krafft-Ebing was disposed to regard all cases in which a
+scatalogical sexual attraction existed as due to &quot;latent masochism.&quot; Such
+a point of view is quite untenable. Certainly the connection is common,
+but in the majority of cases of slightly marked scatalogical fetichism no
+masochism is evident. And when we bear in mind the various considerations,
+already brought forward, which show how widespread and clearly realized is
+the natural and normal basis furnished for such symbolism, it becomes
+quite unnecessary to invoke any aid from masochism. There is ample
+evidence to show that, either as a habitual or more usually an occasional
+act, the impulse to bestow a symbolic value on the act of urination in a
+beloved person, is not extremely uncommon; it has been noted of men of
+high intellectual distinction; it occurs in women as well as men; when
+existing in only a slight degree, it must be regarded as within the normal
+limits of variation of sexual emotion.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The occasional cases in which the urine is drunk may possibly
+    suggest that the motive lies in the properties of the fluid
+    acting on the system. Support for this supposition might be found
+    in the fact that urine actually does possess, apart altogether
+    from its magic virtues embodied in folk-lore, the properties of a
+    general stimulant. In composition (as Masterman first pointed
+    out) &quot;beef-tea differs little from healthy urine,&quot; containing
+    exactly the same constituents, except that in beef-tea there is
+    less urea and uric acid. Fresh urine&mdash;more especially that of
+    children and young women&mdash;is taken as a medicine in nearly all
+    parts of the world for various disorders, such as epistaxis,
+    malaria and hysteria, with benefit, this benefit being almost
+    certainly due to its qualities as a general stimulant and
+    restorative. William Salmon's <i>Dispensatory</i>, 1678 (quoted in
+    <i>British Medical Journal</i>, April 21, 1900, p. 974), shows that in
+    the seventeenth century urine still occupied an important place
+    as a medicine, and it frequently entered largely into the
+    composition of Aqua Divina.</p>
+
+<p>    Its use has been known even in England in the nineteenth century.
+    (Masterman, <i>Lancet</i>, October 2, 1880; R. Neale, &quot;Urine as a
+    Medicine,&quot; <i>Practitioner</i>, November, 1881; Bourke brings together
+    a great deal of evidence as to the therapeutic uses of urine in
+    his <i>Scatalogic Rites</i>, <a name='5_Page_60'></a>especially pp. 331-335; Lusini has shown
+    that normal urine invariably increases the frequency of the heart
+    beats, <i>Archivio di Farmacologia</i>, fascs. 19-21, 1893.)</p>
+
+<p>    But it is an error to suppose that these facts account for the
+    urolagnic drinking of urine. As in the gratification of a normal
+    sexual impulse, the intense excitement of gratifying a scatalogic
+    sexual impulse itself produces a degree of emotional stimulation
+    far greater than the ingestion of a small amount of animal
+    extractives would be adequate to effect. In such cases, as much
+    as in normal sexuality, the stimulation is clearly psychic.</p></div>
+
+<p>When, as is most commonly the case, it is the process of urination and not
+the urine itself which is attractive, we are clearly concerned with a
+symbolism of act and not with the fetichistic attraction of an excretion.
+When the excretion, apart from the act, provides the attraction, we seem
+usually to be in the presence of an olfactory fetichism. These fetichisms
+connected with the excreta appear to be experienced chiefly by individuals
+who are somewhat weak-minded, which is not necessarily the case in regard
+to those persons for whom the act, rather than its product apart from the
+beloved person, is the attractive symbol.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The sexually symbolic nature of the act of urination for many
+    people is indicated by the existence, according to Bloch, who
+    enumerates various kinds of indecent photographs, of a group
+    which he terms &quot;the notorious <i>pisseuses</i>.&quot; It is further
+    indicated by several of the reproductions in Fuch's <i>Erotsiche
+    Element in der Karikatur</i>, such as Delorme's &quot;La Necessit&ecirc; n'a
+    point de Loi.&quot; (It should be added that such a scene by no means
+    necessarily possesses any erotic symbolism, as we may see in
+    Rembrandt's etching commonly called &quot;Le Femme qui Pisse,&quot; in
+    which the reflected lights on the partly shadowed stream furnish
+    an artistic motive which is obviously free from any trace of
+    obscenity.) In the case which Krafft-Ebing quotes from Maschka of
+    a young man who would induce young girls to dance naked in his
+    room, to leap, and to urinate in his presence, whereupon seminal
+    ejaculation would take place, we have a typical example of
+    urolagnic symbolism in a form adequate to produce complete
+    gratification. A case in which the urolagnic form of scatalogic
+    symbolism reached its fullest development as a sexual perversion
+    has been described in Russia by Sukhanoff (summarized in
+    <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, November, 1900, and
+    <i>Annales Medico-psychologiques</i>, February, 1901), that of a young
+    man of 27, of neuropathic temperament, who when he once chanced
+    to witness a <a name='5_Page_61'></a>woman urinating experienced voluptuous sensations.
+    From that moment he sought close contact with women urinating,
+    the maximum of gratification being reached when he could place
+    himself in such a position that a woman, in all innocence, would
+    urinate into his mouth. All his amorous adventures were concerned
+    with the search for opportunities for procuring this difficult
+    gratification. Closets in which he was able to hide, winter
+    weather and dull days he found most favorable to success. (A
+    somewhat similar case is recorded in the <i>Archives de
+    Neurologie</i>, 1902, p. 462.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the case of a robust man of neuropathic heredity recorded by
+    Pelanda some light is shed on the psychic attitude in these
+    manifestations; there was masturbation up to the age of 16, when
+    he abandoned the practice, and up to the age of 30 found complete
+    satisfaction in drinking the still hot urine of women. When a
+    lady or girl in the house went to her room to satisfy a need of
+    this kind, she had hardly left it but he hastened in, overcome by
+    extreme excitement, culminating in spontaneous ejaculation. The
+    younger the woman the greater the transport he experienced. It is
+    noteworthy that in this, as possibly in all similar cases, there
+    was no sensory perversion and no morbid attraction of taste or
+    smell; he stated that the action of his senses was suspended by
+    his excitement, and that he was quite unable to perceive the odor
+    or taste of the fluid. (Pelanda, &quot;Pornopatice,&quot; <i>Archivio di
+    Psichiatria</i>, facs. iii-iv, 1889, p. 356.) It is in the emotional
+    symbolism that the fascination lies and not in any sensory
+    perversion.</p>
+
+<p>    Magnan records the spontaneous development of this sexual
+    symbolism in a girl of 11, of good intellectual development but
+    alcoholic heredity, who seduced a boy younger than herself to
+    mutual masturbation, and on one occasion, lying on the ground and
+    raising her clothes, asked him to urinate on her. (<i>International
+    Congress of Criminal Anthropology</i>, 1889.) This case (except for
+    the early age of the subject) illustrates sporadically occurring
+    urolagnic symbolism in a woman, to whom such symbolism is fairly
+    obvious on account of the close resemblance between the emission
+    of urine and the ejaculation of semen in the man, and the fact
+    that the same conduit serves for both fluids. (A urolagnic
+    day-dream of this kind is recorded in the history of a lady
+    contained in the third volume of these <i>Studies</i>, Appendix B,
+    History VIII.) The natural and inevitable character of this
+    symbolism is shown by the fact that among primitive peoples urine
+    is sometimes supposed to possess the fertilizing virtues of
+    semen. J. G. Frazer in his edition of Pausanias (vol. iv, p. 139)
+    brings together various stories of women impregnated by urine.
+    Hartland also (<i>Legend of Perseus</i>, vol. i, pp. 76, 92) records
+    legends of women who were impregnated by accidentally or
+    intentionally drinking urine.</p>
+
+<p>    The symbolic sexual significance of urolagnia has hitherto
+    usually been confused with the fetichistic and mainly olfactory
+    perversion by <a name='5_Page_62'></a>which the excretion itself becomes a source of
+    sexual excitement. Long since Tardieu referred, under the name of
+    &quot;renifleurs,&quot; to persons who were said to haunt the neighborhood
+    of quiet passages, more especially in the neighborhood of
+    theatres, and who when they perceived a woman emerge after
+    urination, would hasten to excite themselves by the odor of the
+    excretion. Possibly a fetichism of this kind existed in a case
+    recorded by Belletrud and Mercier (<i>Annales d'Hygi&egrave;ne Publique</i>,
+    June, 1904, p. 48). A weak-minded, timid youth, who was very
+    sexual but not attractive to women, would watch for women who
+    were about to urinate and immediately they had passed on would go
+    and lick the spot they had moistened, at the same time
+    masturbating. Such a fetichistic perversion is strictly analogous
+    to the fetichism by which women's handkerchiefs, aprons or
+    underlinen become capable of affording sexual gratification. A
+    very complete case of such urolagnic fetichism&mdash;complete because
+    separated from association with the person accomplishing the act
+    of urination&mdash;has been recorded by Moraglia in a woman. It is the
+    case of a beautiful and attractive young woman of 18, with thick
+    black hair, and expressive vivacious eyes, but sallow complexion.
+    Married a year previously, but childless, she experienced a
+    certain amount of pleasure in coitus, but she preferred
+    masturbation, and frankly acknowledged that she was highly
+    excited by the odor of fermented urine. So strong was this
+    fetichism that when, for instance, she passed a street urinal she
+    was often obliged to go aside and masturbate; once she went for
+    this purpose into the urinal itself and was almost discovered in
+    the act, and on another occasion into a church. Her perversion
+    caused her much worry because of the fear of detection. She
+    preferred, when she could, to obtain a bottle of urine&mdash;which
+    must be stale and a man's (this, she said, she could detect by
+    the smell)&mdash;and to shut herself up in her own room, holding the
+    bottle in one hand and repeatedly masturbating with the other.
+    (Moraglia, &quot;Psicopatie Sessuali,&quot; <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, vol.
+    xiii, fasc. 6, p. 267, 1892.) This case is of especial interest
+    because of the great rarity of fully developed fetichism in
+    women. In a slight and germinal degree I believe that cases of
+    fetichism are not uncommon in women, but they are certainly rare
+    in a well-marked form, and Krafft-Ebing declared, even in the
+    late editions of his <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, that he knew of no
+    cases in women.</p></div>
+
+<p>So far we have been concerned with the urolagnic rather than the
+coprolagnic variety of scatalogical symbolism. Although the two are
+sometimes associated there is no necessary connection, and most usually
+there is no tendency for the one to involve the other. Urolagnia is
+certainly much the more frequently found; the act of urination is far more
+apt to suggest <a name='5_Page_63'></a>erotically symbolical ideas than the idea of defecation.
+It is not difficult to understand why this should be so. The act of
+urination lends itself more easily to sexual symbolism; it is more
+intimately associated with the genital function; its repetition is
+necessary at more frequent intervals so that it is more in evidence;
+moreover, its product, unlike that of the act of defecation, is not
+offensive to the senses. Still coprolagnia occurs and not so very
+infrequently. Burton remarked that even the normal lover is affected by
+this feeling: &quot;immo nec ipsum amic&aelig; stercus foctet.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_29'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_29'><sup>[29]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Of Caligula who, however, was scarcely sane, it was said &quot;et quidem
+stercus uxoris degustavit.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_30'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_30'><sup>[30]</sup></a> In Parisian brothels (according to Taxil
+and others) provision is made for those who are sexually excited by the
+spectacle of the act of defecation (without reference to contact or odor)
+by means of a &quot;tabouret de verre,&quot; from under the glass floor of which the
+spectacle of the defecating women may be closely observed. It may be added
+that the erotic nature of such a spectacle is referred to in the Marquis
+de Sade's novels.</p>
+
+<p>There is one motive for the existence of coprolagnia which must not be
+passed over, because it has doubtless frequently served as a mode of
+transition to what, taken by itself, may well seem the least &aelig;sthetically
+attractive of erotic symbols. I refer to the tendency of the nates to
+become a sexual fetich. The nates have in all ages and in all parts of the
+world been frequently regarded as one of the most &aelig;sthetically beautiful
+parts of the feminine body.<a name='5_FNanchor_31'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_31'><sup>[31]</sup></a> It is probable that on the basis of this
+entirely normal attraction more than one form of erotic symbolism <a name='5_Page_64'></a>is at
+all events in part supported. D&uuml;hren and others have considered that the
+&aelig;sthetic charm of the nates is one of the motives which prompt the desire
+to inflict flagellation on women. In the same way&mdash;certainly in some and
+probably in many cases&mdash;the sexual charm of the nates progressively
+extends to the anal region, to the act of defecation, and finally to the
+feces.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In a case of Krafft-Ebing's (<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 183) the subject,
+    when a child of 6, accidentally placed his hand in contact with
+    the nates of the little girl who sat next to him in school, and
+    experienced so great a pleasure in this contact that he
+    frequently repeated it; when he was 10 a nursery governess, to
+    gratify her own desires, placed his finger in her vagina; in
+    adult life he developed urolagnic tendencies.</p>
+
+<p>    In a case of Moll's the development of a youthful admiration for
+    the nates in a coprolagnic direction may be clearly traced. In
+    this case a young man, a merchant, in a good position, sought to
+    come in contact with women defecating; and with this object would
+    seek to conceal himself in closets; the excretal odor was
+    pleasurable to him, but was not essential to gratification, and
+    the sight of the nates was also exciting and at the same time not
+    essential to gratification; the act of defecation appears,
+    however, to have been regarded as essential. He never sought to
+    witness prostitutes in this situation; he was only attracted to
+    young, pretty and innocent women. The coprolagnia here, however,
+    had its source in a childish impression of admiration for the
+    nates. When 5 or 6 years old he crawled under the clothes of a
+    servant girl, his face coming in contact with her nates, an
+    impression that remained associated in his mind with pleasure.
+    Three or four years later he used to experience much pleasure
+    when a young girl cousin sat on his face; thus was strengthened
+    an association which developed naturally into coprolagnia. (Moll,
+    <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p. 837.)</p>
+
+<p>    It is scarcely necessary to remark that an admiration for the
+    nates, even when reaching a fetichistic degree, by no means
+    necessarily involves, even after many years, any attraction to
+    the excreta. A correspondent for whom the nates have constituted
+    a fetich for many years writes: &quot;I find my craving for women with
+    profuse pelvic or posterior development is growing and I wish to
+    copulate from behind; but I would feel a sickening feeling if any
+    part of my person came in contact with the female anus. It is
+    more pleasing to me to see the nates than the mons, yet I loathe
+    everything associated with the anal region.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>Moll has recorded in detail a case of what may be described as &quot;ideal
+coprolagnia&quot;&mdash;that is to say, where the symbolism, <a name='5_Page_65'></a>though fully developed
+in imagination, was not carried into real life&mdash;which is of great interest
+because it shows how, in a very intelligent subject, the deviated
+symbolism may become highly developed and irradiate all the views of life
+in the same way as the normal impulse. (The subject's desires were also
+inverted, but from the present point of view the psychological interest of
+the case is not thereby impaired.) Moll's case was one of symbolism of
+act, the excreta offering no attraction apart from the process of
+defecation. In a case which has been communicated to me there was, on the
+other hand, an olfactory fetichistic attraction to the excreta even in the
+absence of the person.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In Moll's case, the patient, X., 23 years of age, belongs to a
+    family which he himself describes as nervous. His mother, who is
+    an&aelig;mic, has long suffered from almost periodical attacks of
+    excitement, weakness, syncope and palpitation. A brother of the
+    mother died in a lunatic asylum, and several other brothers
+    complain much of their nerves. The mother's sisters are very
+    good-natured, but liable to break out in furious passions; this
+    they inherit from their father. There appears to be no nervous
+    disease on the patient's father's side. X.'s sisters are also
+    healthy.</p>
+
+<p>    X. himself is of powerful undersized build and enjoys good
+    health, injured by no excesses. He considers himself nervous. He
+    worked hard at school and was always the first in his class; he
+    adds, however, that this is due less to his own abilities than
+    the laziness of his school-fellows. He is, as he remarks, very
+    religious and prays frequently, but seldom goes to church.</p>
+
+<p>    In regard to his psychic characters he says that he has no
+    specially prominent talent, but is much interested in languages,
+    mathematics, physics and philosophy, in fact, in abstract
+    subjects generally. &quot;While I take a lively interest in every kind
+    of intellectual work,&quot; he says, &quot;it is only recently that I have
+    been attracted to real life and its requirements. I have never
+    had much skill in physical exercises. For external things until
+    recently I have only had contempt. I have a delicately
+    constituted nature, loving solitude, and only associating with a
+    few select persons. I have a decided taste for fiction, poetry
+    and music; my temperament is idealistic and religious, with
+    strict conceptions of duty and morality, and aspirations towards
+    the good and beautiful. I detest all that is common and coarse,
+    and yet I can think and act in the way you will learn from the
+    following pages.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Regarding his sexual life, X. made the following communication:
+    &quot;During the last two years I have become convinced of the
+    perversion of my sexual instinct. I had often previously thought
+    that in <a name='5_Page_66'></a>me the impulse was not quite normal, but it is only
+    lately that I have become convinced of my complete perversion. I
+    have never read or heard of any case in which the sexual feelings
+    were of the same kind. Although I can feel a lively inclination
+    towards superior representatives of the female sex, and have
+    twice felt something like love, the sight or the recollection
+    even of a beautiful woman have never caused sexual excitement.&quot;
+    In the two exceptional instances mentioned it appears that X. had
+    an inclination to kiss the women in question, but that the
+    thought of coitus had no attraction. &quot;In my voluptuous dreams,
+    connected with the emission of semen, women in seductive
+    situations have never appeared. I have never had any desire to
+    visit a <i>puella publica</i>. The love-stories of my fellow-students
+    seemed very silly, dances and balls were a horror to me, and only
+    on very rare occasions could I be persuaded to go into society.
+    It will be easy to guess the diagnosis in my case: I suffer from
+    the sexual attraction of my own sex, I am a lover of boys.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;You cannot imagine what a world of thoughts, wishes, feelings
+    and impulses the words 'knabe,' '&#960;&#945;&#953;&#962;,' 'garcon,' 'boy,'
+    'ragazzo' have for me; one of these words, even in an unmeaning
+    clause of a translation-book, calls before me the whole sum of
+    associations which in course of time have become bound up with
+    this idea, and it is only with an effort that I can scare away
+    the wild band. This group of thoughts shows a wonderful mixture
+    of warm sensuality and ideal love, it unites my lowest and
+    highest impulses, the strength and the weakness of my nature, my
+    curse and my blessing. My inclination is especially towards boys
+    of the age of 12 to 15; though they may be rather younger or
+    older. That I should prefer beautiful and intelligent boys is
+    comprehensible. I do not want a prostitute, but a friend or a
+    son, whose soul I love, whom I can help to become a more perfect
+    man, such as I myself would willingly be.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I myself belonged to that happy age (<i>i.e.</i>, below 15) I
+    had no dearer wish than to possess a friend of similar tastes. I
+    have sought, hoped, waited, grieved, and been at last
+    disillusioned, overcome by desire and despair, and have not found
+    that friend. Even later the hope often reappeared, but always in
+    vain, and I cannot boast of that sure recognition which one reads
+    of in the autobiographies of Urnings. I do not know personally a
+    single fellow-sufferer. It is also doubtful whether such an
+    acquaintanceship would greatly help me, for I have a very
+    peculiar conception of homosexuality. As you will see, I have
+    little more in common with what are called p&aelig;derasts than sexual
+    indifference to the female sex, and I often ask myself: 'Does any
+    other man in the whole world feel like you? Are you alone in the
+    earth with your morbid desires? Are you a pariah of pariahs, or
+    is there, perhaps, another soul with similar longings living near
+    you? How often in summer have I gone to the lakes and streams
+    outside cities to seek boys bathing; but I always came back
+    unsatisfied, whether I found any or not. And <a name='5_Page_67'></a>in winter I have
+    been irresistibly impelled to return to the same spots, as if it
+    were sanctified by the boys, but my darlings had vanished and
+    cold winds blew over the icy floods, so that I would return
+    feeling as though I had buried all my happiness.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It must be borne in mind, therefore, that what I have to say
+    regarding my sexual impulses only refers to fancies and never to
+    their practical realization. My sensual impulses are not
+    connected with the sexual organs; all my voluptuous ideas are not
+    in the least connected with these parts. For this reason I have
+    never practiced onanism and <i>immissio membri in anum</i> is as
+    repulsive to me as to a normal man. Even every imitation of
+    coitus is, for me, without attraction. In a boy's body two things
+    specially excite me: <i>his belly and his nates</i>, the first as
+    containing the digestive tract, the second as holding the opening
+    of the bowels. Of the vegetable processes of life in the boy none
+    interest me nearly so much as the progress of his digestion and
+    the process of defecation. It is incredible to what an extent
+    this part of physiology has occupied me from youth. If as a boy I
+    wanted to read something of a piquantly exciting character I
+    sought in my father's encyclop&aelig;dia for articles like:
+    Obstruction, Constipation, H&aelig;morrhoids, F&aelig;ces, etc. No function
+    of the body seemed to be so significant as this, and I regarded
+    its disturbances as the most important in the whole mechanism of
+    life. The description of other disorders I could read in cold
+    blood, but intussusception of the bowels makes me ill even
+    to-day. I am always extremely pleased to hear that the digestion
+    of the people around me is in good condition. A man who did not
+    sufficiently watch over his digestion aroused distrust in me, and
+    I imagined that wicked men must be horribly indifferent regarding
+    this weighty matter. Even more than in ordinary persons was I
+    interested in the digestion of more mysterious beings, like
+    magicians in legends, or men of other nations. I would willingly
+    have made an anthropological study of my favorite subject, only
+    to my annoyance books nearly always pass over the matter in
+    silence. In history and fiction I regretted the absence of
+    information concerning the state of my heroes' digestion when
+    they languished in prison or in some unaccustomed or unhealthy
+    spot. For this reason I held no book more precious than one which
+    describes how a young man after being shipwrecked lived for a
+    long time in a narrow snow-hut, and it was conscientiously stated
+    that he became aware of digestive disturbances. No immorality
+    angers me more than the foolish practice of ladies who in society
+    neglect the satisfaction of their natural needs from misplaced
+    motives of modesty. On a railway journey I suffer horribly from
+    the thought that one of my fellow-travelers may be prevented from
+    fulfilling some imperative natural necessity.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I naturally devote the greatest attention to my own digestion.
+    With painful conscientiousness I go to stool every day at the
+    same <a name='5_Page_68'></a>hour; if the operation does not come off to my satisfaction
+    I feel not so much physical as mental discomfort. To this quite
+    useful hygienic interest became associated at puberty a sensual
+    interest. Since my fourteenth year I have had no greater
+    enjoyment than to defecate undressed (I do not do so now) after
+    having first carefully examined the distension of my abdomen. In
+    summer I would go into the woods, undress myself in a secluded
+    spot and indulge in the voluptuous pleasures of defecation. I
+    would sometimes combine with this a bath in a stream. I would
+    exhaust my imagination in the effort to invent specially
+    enjoyable variations, longed for a desert island where I could go
+    about naked, fill my body with much nourishing food, hold in the
+    excrement as long as possible and then discharge it in some
+    subtly-thought-out spot. These practices and ideas often caused
+    erections and later on emissions, but the genitals played no part
+    in my conceptions; their movements were uncomfortable and gave no
+    pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I soon longed to be associated in these orgies with some boy of
+    the same age, but I wanted not only a companion in my passion,
+    but also a real friend. Since there could be no question of
+    masturbation or p&aelig;derasty, our love would have been limited to
+    kisses, embraces, and&mdash;as a compensation for coitus&mdash;defecation
+    together. That would have been perfect bliss to me. I will spare
+    you the un&aelig;sthetic contents of my voluptuous dreams. But I
+    remained without a companion, and, therefore, without real
+    enjoyment. [He has, however, on various occasions experienced
+    erections, and even emissions, on seeing, by chance, men or boys
+    defecate.] Hinc ill&aelig; lacrim&aelig;; the excitement over my own
+    defecation only took place <i>faute de mieux</i>.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I knew very well that my thoughts and practices were impure and
+    contemptible. Ah! how often, when the intoxication was over, have
+    I thrown myself remorsefully on my knees, praying to God for
+    pardon! For some weeks I repressed my longing; but at last it was
+    too strong for me, I tried to justify myself and fell into my
+    vice anew. That I was guilty of licentiousness and loved boys
+    sexually first became clear to me later on, when I knew the
+    significance of erection as a sign of sexual excitement.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;No one can imagine with what demoniacal joy I am possessed at
+    the thought of a beautiful naked boy whose abdomen is filled as
+    the result of long abstinence from stool. The thought powerfully
+    excites me, a flood of passion goes through my blood and my limbs
+    tremble. I would never grow tired of feeling that belly and
+    looking at it. My passion would express itself in tempestuous
+    caresses, and the boy would have to assume various positions in
+    order to show off the beauty of his form, <i>i.e.</i>, to bring the
+    parts in question into better view. To observe defecation would
+    still further increase this peculiar enjoyment. If the boy's
+    bowels were not sufficiently filled I would feed him with all
+    sorts <a name='5_Page_69'></a>of food which produces much excrement, such as potatoes,
+    coarse bread, etc. If possible I would seek to delay defecation
+    for two or three days, so that it might be as copious as
+    possible. When at last it occurred it would be an unspeakable joy
+    for me to watch the f&aelig;ces&mdash;which would have to be fairly
+    firm&mdash;emerging from the anus.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    X. would like to be a teacher and thinks he could exert a
+    beneficial influence on boys. In spite of the pain he has
+    suffered he does not think he would like to be cured of his
+    perverse inclinations, for they have given him joy as well as
+    pain, and the pain has chiefly been owing to the fact that he
+    could not gratify his inclinations. X. smokes and drinks in
+    moderation, and has no feminine habits. (The foregoing is a
+    condensed summary of the case which is fully reported by Moll,
+    <i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, pp. 295-305.)</p>
+
+<p>    The case of coprolagnia communicated to me is that of a married
+    man, normal in all other respects, intellectually brilliant and
+    filling successfully a very responsible position. When a child
+    the women of his household were always indifferent as to his
+    presence in their bedrooms, and would satisfy all natural calls
+    without reserve before him. He would dream of this with
+    erections. His sexual interests became slowly centered in the act
+    of defecation, and this fetich throughout life never appealed to
+    him so powerfully as when associated with the particular type of
+    household furniture which was used for this purpose in his own
+    house. The act of defecation in the opposite sex or anything
+    pertaining to or suggesting the same caused uncontrollable sexual
+    excitement; the nates also exerted a great attraction. The alvine
+    excreta exerted this influence even in the absence of the woman;
+    it was, however, necessary that she should be a sexually
+    desirable person. The perversion in this case was not complete;
+    that is to say, that the excitement produced by the act of
+    defecation or the excretion itself was not actually preferred to
+    coitus; the sexual idea was normal coitus in the normal manner,
+    but preceded by the visual and olfactory enjoyment of the
+    exciting fetich. When coitus was not possible the enjoyment of
+    the fetich was accompanied by masturbation (as in the analogous
+    case of urolagnia in a woman summarized on p. 62.) On one
+    occasion he was discovered by a friend in a bedroom belonging to
+    a woman, engaged in the act of masturbation over a vessel
+    containing the desired fetich. In an agony of shame he begged the
+    mercy of silence concerning this episode, at the same time
+    revealing his life-history. He has constantly been haunted by the
+    dread of detection, as well as by remorse and the consciousness
+    of degradation, also by the fear that his unconquerable obsession
+    may lead him to the asylum.</p></div>
+
+<p>The scatalogic groups of sexual perversions, urolagnia and coprolagnia, as
+may be sufficiently seen in this brief summary, <a name='5_Page_70'></a>are not merely olfactory
+fetiches. They are, in a larger proportion of cases, dynamic symbols, a
+preoccupation with physiological acts which, by associations of contiguity
+and still more of resemblance, have gained the virtue of stimulating in
+slight cases, and replacing in more extreme cases, the normal
+preoccupation with the central physiological act itself. We have seen that
+there are various considerations which amply suffice to furnish a basis
+for such associations. And when we reflect that in the popular mind, and
+to some extent in actual fact, the sexual act itself is, like urination
+and defecation, an excretory act, we can understand that the true
+excretory acts may easily become symbols of the pseudo-excretory act. It
+is, indeed, in the muscular release of accumulated pressures and tensions,
+involved by the act of liberating the stored-up excretion, that we have
+the closest simulacrum of the tumescence and detumescence of the sexual
+process.<a name='5_FNanchor_32'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_32'><sup>[32]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In this way the erotic symbolism of urolagnia and coprolagnia is
+completely analogous with that dynamic symbolism of the clinging and
+swinging garments which Herrick has so accurately described, with the
+complex symbolism of flagellation and its play of the rod against the
+blushing and trembling nates, with the symbols of sexual strain and stress
+which are embodied in the foot and the act of treading.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_24'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_24'>[24]</a><div class='note'><p> Fuchs (<i>Das Erotische Element In der Karikatur</i>, p. 26),
+distinguishing sharply between the &quot;erotic&quot; and the &quot;obscene,&quot; reserves
+the latter term exclusively for the representation of excretory organs and
+acts. He considers that this is etymologically the most exact usage.
+However that may be, it seems to me that, in any case, &quot;obscene&quot; has
+become so vague a term that it is now impracticable to give it a
+restricted and precise sense.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_25'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_25'>[25]</a><div class='note'><p> In this connection we may profitably contemplate the hand
+and recall the vast gamut of functions, sacred and profane, which that
+organ exercises. Many savages strictly reserve the left hand to the
+lowlier purposes of life; but in civilization that is not considered
+necessary, and it may be wholesome for some of us to meditate on the more
+humble uses of the same hand which is raised in the supreme gesture of
+benediction and which men have often counted it a privilege to kiss.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_26'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_26'>[26]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Morselli, <i>Una Causa di Nullit&agrave; del
+Matrimonio</i>, 1902, p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_27'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_27'>[27]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Comptes-Rendus Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, July 23, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_28'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_28'>[28]</a><div class='note'><p> Transactions of the International Medical Congress, Moscow,
+vol. iv, p. 19. A similar symbolism may be traced in many of the cases in
+which the focus of modesty becomes in modest women centered in the
+excretory sphere and sometimes exaggerated to the extent of obsession. It
+must not be supposed, however, that every obsession in this sphere has a
+symbolical value of an erotic kind. In the case, for instance, which has
+been recorded by Raymond and Janet (<i>Les Obsessions</i>, vol. ii, p. 306) of
+a woman who spent much of her time in the endeavor to urinate perfectly,
+always feeling that she failed in some respect, the obsession seems to
+have risen fortuitously on a somewhat neurotic basis without reference to
+the sexual life.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_29'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_29'>[29]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Section II, Mem. III,
+Subs. I.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_30'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_30'>[30]</a><div class='note'><p> It may be remarked here that while the eating of excrement
+(apart from its former use as a magic charm and as a therapeutic agent) is
+in civilization now confined to sexual perverts and the insane, among some
+animals it is normal as a measure of hygiene in relation to their young.
+Thus, as, <i>e.g.</i>, the Rev. Arthur East writes, the mistle thrush swallows
+the droppings of its young. (<i>Knowledge</i>, June 1, 1899, p. 133.) In the
+dog I have observed that the bitch licks her puppies shortly after birth
+as they urinate, absorbing the fluid.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_31'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_31'>[31]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, the previous volume of these <i>Studies</i>, &quot;Sexual
+Selection in Man,&quot; pp. 165 <i>et seq.</i>, and D&uuml;hren, <i>Geschlechtsleben in
+England</i>, bd. ii, pp. 258, <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_32'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_32'>[32]</a><div class='note'><p> In the study of <i>Love and Pain</i> in a previous volume (p.
+130) I have quoted the remarks of a lady who refers to the analogy between
+sexual tension and vesical tension&mdash;&quot;Cette volupt&eacute; que ressentent les
+bords de la mer, d'&ecirc;tre toujours pleins sans jamais d&eacute;border&quot;&mdash;and its
+erotic significance.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_E_IV'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_71'></a>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Animals as Sources of Erotic Symbolism&mdash;Mixoscopic Zoophilia&mdash;The
+Stuff-fetichisms&mdash;Hair-fetichism&mdash;The Stuff-fetichisms Mainly on a Tactile
+Base&mdash;Erotic Zoophilia&mdash;Zooerastia&mdash;Bestiality&mdash;The Conditions that Favor
+Bestiality&mdash;Its Wide Prevalence Among Primitive Peoples and Among
+Peasants&mdash;The Primitive Conception of Animals&mdash;The Goat&mdash;The Influence of
+Familiarity with Animals&mdash;Congress Between Women and Animals&mdash;The Social
+Reaction Against Bestiality.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The erotic symbols with which we have so far been concerned have in every
+case been portions of the body, or its physiological processes, or at
+least the garments which it has endowed with life. The association on
+which the symbol has arisen has in every case been in large measure,
+although not entirely, an association of contiguity. It is now necessary
+to touch on a group of sexual symbols in which the association of
+contiguity with the human body is absent: the various methods by which
+animals or animal products or the sight of animal copulation may arouse
+sexual desire in human persons. Here we encounter a symbolism mainly
+founded on association by resemblance; the animal sexual act recalls the
+human sexual act; the animal becomes the symbol of the human being.</p>
+
+<p>The group of phenomena we are here concerned with includes several
+subdivisions. There is first the more or less sexual pleasure sometimes
+experienced, especially by young persons, in the sight of copulating
+animals. This I would propose to call Mixoscopic Zoophilia; it falls
+within the range of normal variation. Then we have the cases in which the
+contact of animals, stroking, etc., produces sexual excitement or
+gratification; this is a sexual fetichism in the narrow sense, and is by
+Krafft-Ebing termed <i>Zoophilia Erotica</i>. We have, further, the class of
+cases in which a real or simulated sexual intercourse with animals is
+desired. Such cases are not regarded as fetichism by<a name='5_Page_72'></a> Krafft-Ebing,<a name='5_FNanchor_33'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_33'><sup>[33]</sup></a>
+but they come within the phenomena of erotic symbolism as here understood.
+This class falls into two divisions: one in which the individual is fairly
+normal, but belongs to a low grade of culture; the other in which he may
+belong to a more refined social class, but is affected by a deep degree of
+degeneration. In the first case we may properly apply the term bestiality;
+in the second case it may perhaps be better to use the term <i>zooerastia</i>,
+proposed by Krafft-Ebing.<a name='5_FNanchor_34'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_34'><sup>[34]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Among children, both boys and girls, it is common to find that the
+copulation of animals is a mysteriously fascinating spectacle. It is
+inevitable that this should be so, for the spectacle is more or less
+clearly felt to be the revelation of a secret which has been concealed
+from them. It is, moreover, a secret of which they feel intimate
+reverberations within themselves, and even in perfectly innocent and
+ignorant children the sight may produce an obscure sexual excitement.<a name='5_FNanchor_35'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_35'><sup>[35]</sup></a>
+It would seem that this occurs more frequently in girls than in boys. Even
+in adult age, it may be added, women are liable to experience the same
+kind of emotion in the presence of such spectacles. One lady recalls, as a
+girl, that on several occasions an element of physical excitement entered
+into the feelings with which she watched the coquetry of cats. Another
+lady mentions that at the age of about 25, and when still quite ignorant
+of sexual matters, she saw from a window some boys tickling a dog and
+inducing sexual excitement in the animal; she vaguely divined what they
+were doing, and though feeling disgust at their conduct she at the same
+time experienced in a strong degree what she now knows was sexual
+excitement. The coupling of the larger animals is <a name='5_Page_73'></a>often an impressive and
+splendid spectacle which is far, indeed, from being obscene, and has
+commended itself to persons of intellectual distinction;<a name='5_FNanchor_36'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_36'><sup>[36]</sup></a> but in young
+or ill-balanced minds such sights tend to become both prurient and morbid.
+I have already referred to the curious case of a sexually hyper&aelig;sthetic
+nun who was always powerfully excited by the sight or even the
+recollection of flies in sexual connection, so that she was compelled to
+masturbate; this dated from childhood. After becoming a nun she recorded
+having had this experience, followed by masturbation, more than four
+hundred times.<a name='5_FNanchor_37'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_37'><sup>[37]</sup></a> Animal spectacles sometimes produce a sexual effect on
+children even when not specifically sexual; thus a correspondent, a
+clergyman, informs me that when a young and impressionable boy, he was
+much affected by seeing a veterinary surgeon insert his hand and arm into
+a horse's rectum, and dreamed of this several times afterward with
+emissions.</p>
+
+<p>While the contemplation of animal coitus is an easily intelligible and in
+early life, perhaps, an almost normal symbol of sexual emotion, there is
+another subdivision of this group of animal fetichisms which forms a more
+natural transition from the fetichisms which have their center in the
+human body: the stuff-fetichisms, or the sexual attraction exerted by
+various tissues, perhaps always of animal origin. Here we are in the
+presence of a somewhat complicated phenomenon. In part we have, <a name='5_Page_74'></a>in a
+considerable number of such cases, the sexual attraction of feminine
+garments, for all such tissues are liable to enter into the dress. In
+part, also, we have a sexual perversion of tactile sensibility, for in a
+considerable proportion of these cases it is the touch sensations which
+are potent in arousing the erotic sensations. But in part, also, it would
+seem, we have here the conscious or subconscious presence of an animal
+fetich, and it is notable that perhaps all these stuffs, and especially
+fur, which is by far the commonest of the groups, are distinctively animal
+products. We may perhaps regard the fetich of feminine hair&mdash;a much more
+important and common fetich, indeed, than any of the stuff fetichisms&mdash;as
+a link of transition. Hair is at once an animal and a human product, while
+it may be separated from the body and possesses the qualities of a stuff.
+Krafft-Ebing remarks that the senses of touch, smell, and hearing, as well
+as sight, seem to enter into the attraction exerted by hair.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The natural fascination of hair, on which hair-fetichism is
+    founded, begins at a very early age. &quot;The hair is a special
+    object of interest with infants,&quot; Stanley Hall concludes, &quot;which
+    begins often in the latter part of the first year.... The hair,
+    no doubt, gives quite unique tactile sensations, both in its own
+    roots and to hands, and is plastic and yielding to the motor
+    sense, so that the earliest interest may be akin to that in fur,
+    which is a marked object in infant experience. Some children
+    develop an almost fetichistic propensity to pull or later to
+    stroke the hair or beard of every one with whom they come in
+    contact.&quot; (G. Stanley Hall, &quot;The Early Sense of Self,&quot; <i>American
+    Journal of Psychology</i>, April, 1898, p. 359.)</p>
+
+<p>    It should be added that the fascination of hair for the infantile
+    and childish mind is not necessarily one of attraction, but may
+    be of repulsion. It happens here, as in the case of so many
+    characteristics which are of sexual significance, that we are in
+    the presence of an object which may exert a dynamic emotional
+    force, a force which is capable of repelling with the same energy
+    that it attracts. F&eacute;r&eacute; records the instructive case of a child of
+    3, of psychopathic heredity, who when he could not sleep was
+    sometimes taken by his mother into her bed. One night his hand
+    came in contact with a hairy portion of his mother's body, and
+    this, arousing the idea of an animal, caused him to leap out of
+    the bed in terror. He became curious as to the cause of his
+    terror and in time was able to observe &quot;the animal,&quot; but the
+    train of feelings which had been set up led to a life-long
+    indifference to women and a tendency to homosexuality. It is
+    noteworthy that he was attracted to <a name='5_Page_75'></a>men in whom the hair and
+    other secondary sexual characters were well developed. (F&eacute;r&eacute;,
+    <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, pp. 262-267.)</p>
+
+<p>    As a sexual fetich hair strictly belongs to the group of parts of
+    the body; but since it can be removed from the body and is
+    sexually effective as a fetich in the absence of the person to
+    whom it belongs, it is on a level with the garments which may
+    serve in a similar way, with shoes or handkerchiefs or gloves.
+    Psychologically, hair-fetichism presents no special problem, but
+    the wide attraction of hair&mdash;it is sexually the most generally
+    noted part of the feminine body after the eyes&mdash;and the peculiar
+    facility with which when plaited it may be removed, render
+    hair-fetichism a sexual perversion of specially great
+    medico-legal interest.</p>
+
+<p>    The frequency of hair-fetichism, as well as of the natural
+    admiration on which it rests, is indicated by a case recorded by
+    Laurent. &quot;A few years ago,&quot; he states, &quot;one constantly saw at the
+    Bal Bullier, in Paris, a tall girl whose face was lean and bony,
+    but whose black hair was of truly remarkable length. She wore it
+    flowing down her shoulders and loins. Men often followed her in
+    the street to touch or kiss the hair. Others would accompany her
+    home and pay her for the mere pleasure of touching and kissing
+    the long black tresses. One, in consideration of a relatively
+    considerable sum, desired to pollute the silky hair. She was
+    obliged to be always on her guard, and to take all sorts of
+    precautions to prevent any one cutting off this ornament, which
+    constituted her only beauty as well as her livelihood.&quot; (E.
+    Laurent, <i>L'Amour Morbide</i>, 1891, p. 164; also the same author's
+    <i>F&eacute;tichistes et Erotomanes</i>, p. 23.)</p>
+
+<p>    The hair despoiler (<i>Coupeur des Nattes</i> or <i>Zopfabschneider</i>)
+    may be found in any civilized country, though the most carefully
+    studied cases have occurred in Paris. (Several medico-legal
+    histories of hair-despoilers are summarized by Krafft-Ebing, <i>Op.
+    cit.</i>, pp. 329-334). Such persons are usually of nervous
+    temperament and bad heredity; the attraction to hair occasionally
+    develops in early life; sometimes the morbid impulse only appears
+    in later life after fever. The fetich may be either flowing hair
+    or braided hair, but is usually one or the other, and not both.
+    Sexual excitement and ejaculation may be produced in the act of
+    touching or cutting off the hair, which is subsequently, in many
+    cases, used for masturbation. As a rule the hair-despoiler is a
+    pure fetichist, no element of sadistic pleasure entering into his
+    feelings. In the case of a &quot;capillary kleptomaniac&quot; in Chicago&mdash;a
+    highly intelligent and athletic married young man of good
+    family&mdash;the impulse to cut off girls' braids appeared after
+    recovery from a severe fever. He would gaze admiringly at the
+    long tresses and then clip them off with great rapidity; he did
+    this in some fifty cases before he was caught and imprisoned. He
+    usually threw the braids away before he reached home. (<i>Alienist
+    and Neurologist</i>, April, 1889, p. 325.) In this case there <a name='5_Page_76'></a>is no
+    history of sexual excitement, probably because no proper
+    medico-legal examination was made. (It may be added that
+    hair-despoilers have been specially studied by Motet, &quot;Les
+    Coupeurs de Nattes,&quot; <i>Annales d'Hygi&egrave;ne</i>, 1890.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The stuff-fetiches are most usually fur and velvet; feathers, silk, and
+leathers also sometimes exert this influence; they are all, it will be
+noted, animal substances.<a name='5_FNanchor_38'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_38'><sup>[38]</sup></a> The most interesting is probably fur, the
+attraction of which is not uncommon in association with passive
+algolagnia. As Stanley Hall has shown, the fear of fur, as well as the
+love of it, is by no means uncommon in childhood; it may appear even in
+infancy and in children who have never come in contact with animals.<a name='5_FNanchor_39'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_39'><sup>[39]</sup></a>
+It is noteworthy that in most cases of uncomplicated stuff-fetichism the
+attraction apparently arises on a congenital basis, as it appears in
+persons of nervous or sensitive temperament at an early age and without
+being attached to any definite causative incident. The sexual excitation
+is nearly always produced by the touch rather than by the sight. As we
+found, when dealing with the sense of touch in the previous volume, the
+specific sexual sensations may be regarded as a special modification of
+ticklishness. The erotic symbolism in the case of these stuff-fetichisms
+would seem to be a more or less congenital perversion of ticklishness in
+relation to specific animal contacts.</p>
+
+<p>A further degree of perversion in this direction is reached in a case of
+erotic <i>zoophilia</i>, recorded by Krafft-Ebing.<a name='5_FNanchor_40'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_40'><sup>[40]</sup></a> In this case a
+congenital neuropath, of good intelligence but delicate and an&aelig;mic, with
+feeble sexual powers, had a great love of domestic animals, especially
+dogs and cats, from an early age; when petting them he experienced sexual
+emotions, although he was innocent in sexual matters. At puberty he
+realized the nature of his feelings and tried to break himself of his
+habits. He succeeded, but then began erotic dreams accompanied by images
+of <a name='5_Page_77'></a>animals, and these led to masturbation associated with ideas of a
+similar kind. At the same time he had no wish for any sort of sexual
+intercourse with animals, and was indifferent as to the sex of the animals
+which attracted him; his sexual ideals were normal. Such a case seems to
+be fundamentally one of fetichism on a tactile basis, and thus forms a
+transition between the stuff-fetichisms and the complete perversions of
+sexual attraction toward animals.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In some cases sexually hyper&aelig;sthetic women have informed me that
+    sexual feeling has been produced by casual contact with pet dogs
+    and cats. In such cases there is usually no real perversion, but
+    it seems probable that we may here have an occasional foundation
+    for the somewhat morbid but scarcely vicious excesses of
+    affection which women are apt to display towards their pet dogs
+    or cats. In most cases of this affection there is certainly no
+    sexual element; in the case of childless women, it may rather be
+    regarded as a maternal than as an erotic symbolism. (The excesses
+    of this non-erotic zoophilia have been discussed by F&eacute;r&eacute;,
+    <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, pp. 166-171.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Krafft-Ebing considers that complete perversion of sexual attraction
+toward animals is radically distinct from erotic <i>zoophilia</i>. This view
+cannot be accepted. Bestiality and <i>zooerastia</i> merely present in a more
+marked and profoundly perverted form a further degree of the same
+phenomenon which we meet with in erotic <i>zoophilia</i>; the difference is
+that they occur either in more insensitive or in more markedly degenerate
+persons.</p>
+
+<p>A fairly typical case of <i>zooerastia</i> has been recorded in America by
+Howard, of Baltimore. This was the case of a boy of 16, precociously
+mature and fairly bright. He was, however, indifferent to the opposite
+sex, though he had ample opportunity for gratifying normal passions. His
+parents lived in the city, but the youth had an inordinate desire for the
+country and was therefore sent to school in a village. On the second day
+after his arrival at school a farmer missed a sow which was found secreted
+in an outhouse on the school grounds. This was the first of many similar
+incidents in which a sow always took part. So strong was his passion that
+on one occasion force had to be used to take him away from the sow he was
+caressing. He did <a name='5_Page_78'></a>not masturbate, and even when restrained from
+approaching sows he had no sexual inclination for other animals. His
+nocturnal pollutions, which were frequent, were always accompanied by
+images of wallowing swine. Notwithstanding careful treatment no cure was
+effected; mental and physical vigor failed, and he died at the age of
+23.<a name='5_FNanchor_41'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_41'><sup>[41]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is, however, somewhat doubtful whether we can always or even usually
+distinguish between zooerastia and bestiality. Dr. G. F. Lydston, of
+Chicago, has communicated to me a case (in which he was consulted) which
+seems fairly typical and is instructive in this respect. The subject was a
+young man of 21, a farmer's son, not very bright intellectually, but very
+healthy and strong, of great assistance on the farm, very capable and
+industrious, such a good farm hand that his father was unwilling to send
+him away and to lose his services. There was no history of insanity or
+neurosis in the family, and no injury or illness in his own history. He
+had spells of moroseness and irritability, however, and had also been a
+masturbator. Women had no attraction for him, but he would copulate with
+the mares upon his father's farm, and this without regard to time, place,
+or spectators. Such a case would seem to stand midway between ordinary
+bestiality and pathological zooerastia as defined by Krafft-Ebing, yet it
+seems probable that in most cases of ordinary bestiality some slight
+traces of mental anomaly might be found, if such cases always were, as
+they should be, properly investigated.<a name='5_FNanchor_42'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_42'><sup>[42]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='5_Page_79'></a>
+<p>We have here reached the grossest and most frequent perversion in this
+group; bestiality, or the impulse to attain sexual gratification by
+intercourse, or other close contact, with animals. In seeking to
+comprehend this perversion it is necessary to divest ourselves of the
+attitude toward animals which is the inevitable outcome of refined
+civilization and urban life. Most sexual perversions, if not in large
+measure the actual outcome of civilized life, easily adjust themselves to
+it. Bestiality (except in one form to be noted later) is, on the other
+hand, the sexual perversion of dull, insensitive and unfastidious persons.
+It flourishes among primitive peoples and among peasants. It is the vice
+of the clodhopper, unattractive to women or inapt to court them.</p>
+
+<p>Three conditions have favored the extreme prevalence of bestiality: (1)
+primitive conceptions of life which built up no great barrier between man
+and the other animals; (2) the extreme familiarity which necessarily
+exists between the peasant and his beasts, often combined with separation
+from women; (3) various folk-lore beliefs such as the efficacy of
+intercourse with animals as a cure for venereal disease, etc.<a name='5_FNanchor_43'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_43'><sup>[43]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The beliefs and customs of primitive peoples, as well as their mythology
+and legends, bring before us a community of man and animals altogether
+unlike anything we know in civilization. Men may become animals and
+animals may become men; animals and men may communicate with each other
+and live on terms of equality; animals may be the ancestors of human
+tribes; the sacred totems of savages are most usually animals. There is no
+shame or degradation in the notion of a sexual relationship between men
+and animals, because in primitive conceptions animals are not inferior
+beings separated from man by a great gulf. They are much more like men in
+disguise, and in some respects possess powers which make them superior to
+men.<a name='5_Page_80'></a> This is recognized in those plays, festivals, and religious dances,
+so common among primitive peoples, in which animal disguises are worn.<a name='5_FNanchor_44'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_44'><sup>[44]</sup></a>
+When men admire and emulate the qualities of animals and are proud to
+believe that they descend from them, it is not surprising that they should
+sometimes see nothing derogatory in sexual intercourse with them.<a name='5_FNanchor_45'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_45'><sup>[45]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A significant relic of primitive conceptions in this matter may perhaps be
+found in the religious rites connected with the sacred goat of Mendes
+described by Herodotus. After telling how the Mendesians reverence the
+goat, especially the he-goat, out of their veneration for Pan, whom they
+represent as a goat (&quot;the real motive which they assign for this custom I
+do not choose to relate&quot;), he adds: &quot;It happened in this country, and
+within my remembrance, and was indeed universally notorious, that a goat
+had indecent and public communication with a woman.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_46'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_46'><sup>[46]</sup></a> The meaning of
+the passage evidently is that in the ordinary intercourse of women with
+the sacred goat, connection was only simulated or incomplete on account of
+the natural indifference of the goat to the human female, but that in rare
+cases the goat proved sexually excitable with the woman and capable of
+connection.<a name='5_FNanchor_47'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_47'><sup>[47]</sup></a> The goat has always been a kind of sacred emblem of lust.
+In the middle ages it became associated with the Devil as one of the
+favorite forms he assumed. It is significant of a primitively religious
+sexual association between men and animals, that witches constantly
+confessed, or were made to confess, that they had had intercourse with the
+Devil in the shape of an animal, very frequently a dog. The figures <a name='5_Page_81'></a>of
+human beings and animals in conjunction carved on temples in India, also
+seem to indicate the religious significance which this phenomenon
+sometimes presents. There is, indeed, no need to go beyond Europe even in
+her moments of highest culture to find a religious sanction for sexual
+union between human beings, or gods in human shape, and animals. The
+legends of Io and the bull, of Leda and the swan, are among the most
+familiar in Greek mythology, and in a later pictorial form they constitute
+some of the most cherished works of the painters of the Renaissance.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the prevalence of occasional sexual intercourse between men or
+women and animals among primitive peoples at the present time, it is
+possible to find many scattered references by travelers in all parts of
+the world. Such references by no means indicate that such practices are,
+as a rule, common, but they usually show that they are accepted with a
+good-humored indifference.<a name='5_FNanchor_48'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_48'><sup>[48]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Bestiality is very rarely found in towns. In the country this vice of the
+clodhopper is far from infrequent. For the peasant, whose sensibilities
+are uncultivated and who makes but the most elementary demands from a
+woman, the difference between an animal and a human being in this respect
+scarcely seems to be very great. &quot;My wife was away too long,&quot; a German
+peasant explained to the magistrate, &quot;and so I went with my sow.&quot; It is
+certainly an explanation that to the uncultivated peasant, ignorant of
+theological and juridical conceptions, must often seem natural and
+sufficient.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Bestiality thus resembles masturbation and other abnormal
+    manifestations of the sexual impulse which may be practiced
+    merely <i>faute de mieux</i> and not as, in the strict sense,
+    perversions of the impulse. Even necrophily may be thus
+    practiced. A young man who when assisting the grave-digger
+    conceived and carried out the idea of digging up the bodies of
+    young girls to satisfy his passions with, and whose case <a name='5_Page_82'></a>has
+    been recorded by Belletrud and Mercier, said: &quot;I could find no
+    young girl who would agree to yield to my desires; that is why I
+    have done this. I should have preferred to have relations with
+    living persons. I found it quite natural to do what I did: I saw
+    no harm in it, and I did not think that any one else could. As
+    living women felt nothing but repulsion for me, it was quite
+    natural I should turn to the dead, who have never repulsed me. I
+    used to say tender things to them like 'my beautiful, my love, I
+    love you.'&quot; (Belletrud and Mercier &quot;Perversion de l'Instinct
+    Gen&eacute;sique,&quot; <i>Annales d'Hygi&egrave;ne Publique</i>, June, 1903.) But when
+    so highly abnormal an act is felt as natural we are dealing with
+    a person who is congenitally defective so far as the finer
+    developments of intelligence are concerned. It was so in this
+    case of necrophily; he was the son of a weak-minded woman of
+    unrestrainable sexual inclinations, and was himself somewhat
+    feeble-minded; he was also, it is instructive to observe,
+    anosmic.</p></div>
+
+<p>But it is by no means only their dulled sensibility or the absence of
+women, which accounts for the frequency of bestiality among peasants. A
+highly important factor is their constant familiarity with animals. The
+peasant lives with animals, tends them, learns to know all their
+individual characters; he understands them far better than he understands
+men and women; they are his constant companions, his friends. He knows,
+moreover, the details of their sexual lives, he witnesses the often highly
+impressive spectacle of their coupling. It is scarcely surprising that
+peasants should sometimes regard animals as being not only as near to them
+as their fellow human beings, but even nearer.</p>
+
+<p>The significance of the factor of familiarity is indicated by the great
+frequency of bestiality among shepherds, goatherds, and others whose
+occupation is exclusively the care of animals. Mirabeau, in the eighteenth
+century, stated, on the evidence of Basque priests, that all the shepherds
+in the Pyrenees practice bestiality. It is apparently much the same in
+Italy.<a name='5_FNanchor_49'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_49'><sup>[49]</sup></a> In South<a name='5_Page_83'></a> Italy and Sicily, especially, bestiality among
+goatherds and peasants is said to be almost a national custom.<a name='5_FNanchor_50'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_50'><sup>[50]</sup></a> In the
+extreme north of Europe, it is reported, the reindeer, in this respect,
+takes the place of the goat.</p>
+
+<p>The importance of the same factor is also shown by the fact that when
+among women in civilization animal perversions appear, the animal is
+nearly always a pet dog. Usually in these cases the animal is taught to
+give gratification by <i>cunnilinctus</i>. In some cases, however, there is
+really sexual intercourse between the animal and the woman.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Moll mentions that in a case of <i>cunnilinctus</i> by a dog in
+    Germany there was a difficulty as to whether the matter should be
+    considered an unnatural offence or simply an offence against
+    decency; the lower court considered it in the former light, while
+    the higher court took the more merciful view. (Moll,
+    <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p. 697.) In a
+    case reported by Pfaff and mentioned by Moll, a country girl was
+    accused of having sexual intercourse with a large dog. On
+    examination Pfaff found in the girl's thick pubic hair a loose
+    hair which under the microscope proved to belong to the dog.
+    (<i>Loc. cit.</i>, p. 698.) In such a case it must be noted that while
+    this evidence may be held to show sexual contact with the dog, it
+    scarcely suffices to show sexual intercourse. This has, however,
+    undoubtedly occurred from time to time, even more or less openly.
+    Bloch (<i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 277 and 282) remarks that this is not an
+    infrequent exhibition given by prostitutes in certain brothels.
+    Maschka has referred to such an exhibition between a woman and a
+    bull-dog, which was given to select circles in Paris. Rosse
+    refers to a case in which a young unmarried woman in Washington
+    was surprised during intercourse with a large English mastiff,
+    who in his efforts to get loose caused such severe injuries that
+    the woman died from h&aelig;morrhage in about an hour. Rosse also
+    mentions that some years ago a performance of this kind between a
+    prostitute and a Newfoundland dog could be witnessed in San
+    Francisco by paying a small sum; the woman declared that a woman
+    who had once copulated with a dog would ever afterwards prefer
+    this animal to a man. Rosse adds that he was acquainted with a
+    similar performance between a woman <a name='5_Page_84'></a>and a donkey, which used to
+    take place in Europe (Irving Rosse, &quot;Sexual Hypochondriasis and
+    Perversion of the Genesic Instinct,&quot; <i>Virginia Medical Monthly</i>,
+    October, 1892, p. 379). Juvenal mentions such relations between
+    the donkey and woman (vi, 332). Krauss (quoted by Bloch,
+    <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil II, p.
+    276) states that in Bosnia women sometimes carry on these
+    practices with dogs and also&mdash;as he would not have believed had
+    he not on one occasion observed it&mdash;with cats. &quot;It seems to me,&quot;
+    writes Dr. Kiernan, of Chicago, (private letter) &quot;that what Rosse
+    says of the animal exhibitions in San Francisco is true of all
+    great cities. The animal employed in such exhibitions here has
+    usually been a donkey, and in one instance death occurred from
+    the animal trampling the girl partner. The practice described
+    occurs in country regions quite frequently. Thus in a case
+    reported in the suburbs of Omaha, Nebraska, a sixteen-year-old
+    boy engaged in rectal coitus with a large dog. In attempting to
+    extricate his swollen penis from the boy's rectum the dog tore
+    through the <i>sphincter ani</i> an inch into the gluteus muscles.
+    (<i>Omaha Clinic</i>, March, 1893.) In a Missouri case, which I
+    verified, a smart, pretty, well-educated country girl was found
+    with a profuse offensive vaginal discharge which had been present
+    for about a week, coming on suddenly. After washing the external
+    genitals and opening the labia three rents were discovered, one
+    through the fourchette and two through the left nymph&aelig;. The
+    vagina was excessively congested and covered with points bleeding
+    on the slightest irritation. The patient confessed that one day
+    while playing with the genitals of a large dog she became excited
+    and thought she would have slight coitus. After the dog had made
+    an entrance she was unable to free herself from him, as he
+    clasped her so firmly with his fore legs. The penis became so
+    swollen that the dog could not free himself, although for more
+    than an hour she made persistent efforts to do so. (<i>Medical
+    Standard</i>, June, 1903, p. 184). In an Indiana case, concerning
+    which I was consulted, the girl was a hebephreniac who had
+    resorted to this procedure with a Newfoundland dog at the
+    instance of another girl, seemingly normal as regards mentality,
+    and had been badly injured; a discharge resulted which resembled
+    gonorrh&oelig;a, but contained no gonococci. These cases are
+    probably more frequent than is usually assumed.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Women are known to have had intercourse with various other
+    animals, occasionally or habitually, in various parts of the
+    world. Monkeys have been mentioned in this connection. Moll
+    remarks that it seems to be an indication of an abnormal interest
+    in monkeys that some women are observed by the attendants in the
+    monkey-house of zo&ouml;logical gardens to be very frequent visitors.
+    Near the Amazon the traveler Castelnau saw an enormous Coati
+    monkey belonging to an Indian woman and tried to purchase it;
+    though he offered a large sum, the woman only laughed. &quot;Your
+    efforts are useless,&quot; remarked an<a name='5_Page_85'></a> Indian in the same cabin, &quot;he
+    is her husband.&quot; (So far as the early literature of this subject
+    is concerned, a number of facts and fables regarding the congress
+    of women with dogs, goats and other animals was brought together
+    at the beginning of the eighteenth century by Schurig in his
+    <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i>, Section II, cap. VII; I have not drawn on this
+    collection.)</p>
+
+<p>    In some cases women, and also men, find gratification in the
+    sexual manipulation of animals without any kind of congress. This
+    may be illustrated by an observation communicated to me by a
+    correspondent, a clergyman. &quot;In Ireland, my father's house
+    adjoined the residence of an archdeacon of the established
+    church. I was then about 20 and was still kept in religious awe
+    of evil ways. The archdeacon had two daughters, both of whom he
+    brought up in great strictness, resolved that they should grow up
+    examples of virtue and piety. Our stables adjoined, and were
+    separated only by a thin wall in which was a doorway closed up by
+    some boards, as the two stables had formerly been one. One night
+    I had occasion to go to our stable to search for a garden tool I
+    had missed, and I heard a door open on the other side, and saw a
+    light glimmer through the cracks of the boards. I looked through
+    to ascertain who could be there at that late hour, and soon
+    recognized the stately figure of one of the daughters, F. F. was
+    tall, dark and handsome, but had never made any advances to me,
+    nor had I to her. She was making love to her father's mare after
+    a singular fashion. Stripping her right arm, she formed her
+    fingers into a cone, and pressed on the mare's vulva. I was
+    astonished to see the beast stretching her hind legs as if to
+    accommodate the hand of her mistress, which she pushed in
+    gradually and with seeming ease to the elbow. At the same time
+    she seemed to experience the most voluptuous sensation, crisis
+    after crisis arriving.&quot; My correspondent adds that, being
+    exceedingly curious in the matter, he tried a somewhat similar
+    experiment himself with one of his father's mares and experienced
+    what he describes as &quot;a most powerful sexual battery&quot; which
+    produced very exciting and exhausting effects. N&auml;cke
+    (<i>Psychiatrische en Neurologische Bladen</i>, 1899, No. 2) refers to
+    an idiot who thus manipulated the vulva of mares in his charge.
+    The case has been recorded by Guillereau (<i>Journal de M&eacute;dicine
+    V&eacute;terinaire et de Zootechnie</i>, January, 1899) of a youth who was
+    accustomed to introduce his hand into the vulva of cows in order
+    to obtain sexual excitement.</p>
+
+<p>    The possibility of sexual excitement between women and animals
+    involves a certain degree of sexual excitability in animals from
+    contact with women. Darwin stated that there could be no doubt
+    that various quadrumanous animals could distinguish women from
+    men&mdash;in the first place probably by smell and secondarily by
+    sight&mdash;and be thus liable to sexual excitement. He quotes the
+    opinions on this point of Youatt,<a name='5_Page_86'></a> Brehm, Sir Andrew Smith and
+    Cuvier (<i>Descent of Man</i>, second edition, p. 8). Moll quotes the
+    opinion of an experienced observer to the same effect
+    (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, Bd. i, p. 429).
+    Hufeland reported the case of a little girl of three who was
+    playing, seated on a stool, with a dog placed between her thighs
+    and locked against her. Seemingly excited by this contact the
+    animal attempted a sort of copulation, causing the genital parts
+    of the child to become inflamed. Bloch (<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 280, <i>et
+    seq.</i>) discusses the same point; he does not consider that
+    animals will of their own motion sexually cohabit with women, but
+    that they may be easily trained to it. There can be no doubt that
+    dogs at all events are sometimes sexually excited by the presence
+    of women, perhaps especially during menstruation, and many women
+    are able to bear testimony to the embarrassing attentions they
+    have sometimes received from strange dogs. There can be no
+    difficulty in believing that, so far as <i>cunnilinctus</i> is
+    concerned dogs would require no training. In a case recorded by
+    Moll (<i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, p. 560) a lady
+    states that this was done to her when a child, as also to other
+    children, by dogs who, she said, showed signs of sexual
+    excitement. In this case there was also sexual excitement thus
+    produced in the child, and after puberty mutual <i>cunnilinctus</i>
+    was practiced with girl friends. Guttceit (<i>Dreissig Jahre
+    Praxis</i>, Theil I, p. 310) remarks that some Russian officers who
+    were in the Turkish campaign of 1828 told him that from fear of
+    veneral infection in Wallachia they refrained from women and
+    often used female asses which appeared to show signs of sexual
+    pleasure.</p></div>
+
+<p>A very large number of animals have been recorded as having been employed
+in the gratification of sexual desire at some period or in some country,
+by men and sometimes by women. Domestic animals are naturally those which
+most frequently come into question, and there are few if any of these
+which can altogether be excepted. The sow is one of the animals most
+frequently abused in this manner.<a name='5_FNanchor_51'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_51'><sup>[51]</sup></a> Cases in which mares, cows, and
+donkeys figure constantly occur, as well as goats and sheep. Dogs, cats,
+and rabbits are heard of from time to time. Hens, ducks, and, especially
+in China, geese, are not uncommonly employed. The Roman ladies were said
+to have had an abnormal <a name='5_Page_87'></a>affection for snakes. The bear and even the
+crocodile are also mentioned.<a name='5_FNanchor_52'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_52'><sup>[52]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The social and legal attitude toward bestiality has reflected in part the
+frequency with which it has been practiced, and in part the disgust mixed
+with mystical and sacrilegious horror which it has aroused. It has
+sometimes been met merely by a fine, and sometimes the offender and his
+innocent partner have been burnt together. In the middle ages and later
+its frequency is attested by the fact that it formed a favorite topic with
+preachers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is significant that
+in the Penitentials,&mdash;which were criminal codes, half secular and half
+spiritual, in use before the thirteenth century, when penance was
+relegated to the judgment of the confessor,&mdash;it was thought necessary to
+fix the periods of penance which should be undergone respectively by
+bishops, priests and deacons who should be guilty of bestiality.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In Egbert's Penitential, a document of the ninth and tenth
+    centuries, we read (V. 22): &quot;Item Episcopus cum quadrupede
+    fornicans VII annos, consuetudinem X, presbyter V, diaconus III,
+    clerus II.&quot; There was a great range in the penances for
+    bestiality, from ten years to (in the case of boys) one hundred
+    days. The mare is specially mentioned (Haddon and Stubbs,
+    <i>Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents</i>, vol. iii, p. 422). In
+    Theodore's Penitential, another Anglo-Saxon document of about the
+    same age, those who habitually fornicate with animals are
+    adjudged ten years of penance. It would appear from the
+    <i>Penitentiale Pseudo-Romanum</i> (which is earlier than the eleventh
+    century) that one year's penance was adequate for fornication
+    with a mare when committed by a layman (exactly the same as for
+    simple fornication with a widow or virgin), and this was
+    mercifully reduced to half a year if he had no wife.
+    (Wasserschleben, <i>Die Bussordnungen der Abendl&auml;ndlichen Kirche</i>,
+    p. 366). The <i>Penitentiale Hubertense</i> (emanating from the
+    monastery of St. Hubert in the Ardennes) fixes ten years' penance
+    for sodomy, while Fulbert's Penitential (about the eleventh
+    century) fixes seven years for either sodomy or bestiality.
+    Burchard's Penitential, <a name='5_Page_88'></a>which is always detailed and precise,
+    specially mentions the mare, the cow and the ass, and assigns
+    forty days bread and water and seven years penance, raised to ten
+    years in the case of married men. A woman having intercourse with
+    a horse is assigned seven years penance in Burchard's
+    Penitential. (Wasserschleben, <i>ib.</i> pp. 651, 659.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The extreme severity which was frequently exercised toward those guilty of
+this offense, was doubtless in large measure due to the fact that
+bestiality was regarded as a kind of sodomy, an offense which was
+frequently viewed with a mystical horror apart altogether from any actual
+social or personal injury it caused. The Jews seem to have felt this
+horror; it was ordered that the sinner and his victim should both be put
+to death (Exodus, Ch. 22, v. 19; Leviticus, Ch. 20, v. 15). In the middle
+ages, especially in France, the same rule often prevailed. Men and sows,
+men and cows, men and donkeys were burnt together. At Toulouse a woman was
+burnt for having intercourse with a dog. Even in the seventeenth century a
+learned French lawyer, Claude Lebrun de la Rochette, justified such
+sentences.<a name='5_FNanchor_53'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_53'><sup>[53]</sup></a> It seems probable that even to-day, in the social and legal
+attitude toward bestiality, sufficient regard is not paid to the fact that
+this offense is usually committed either by persons who are morbidly
+abnormal or who are of so low a degree of intelligence that they border on
+feeble-mindedness. To what extent, and on what grounds, it ought to be
+punished is a question calling for serious reconsideration.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_33'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_33'>[33]</a><div class='note'><p> For Krafft-Ebing's discussion of the subject see <i>Op. cit.</i>,
+pp. 530-539.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_34'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_34'>[34]</a><div class='note'><p> In England it is not uncommon to use the term &quot;unnatural
+offence;&quot; this is an awkward and possibly misleading practice which should
+not be followed. In Germany a similar confusion is caused by applying the
+term &quot;sodomy&quot; to these cases as well as to pederasty. Krafft-Ebing
+considers that this error is due to the jurists, while the theologians
+have always distinguished correctly. In this matter, he adds, science must
+be <i>ancilla theologi&aelig;</i> and return to the correct usage of words.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_35'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_35'>[35]</a><div class='note'><p> This childish interest, with later abnormal developments,
+may be seen in History I of the Appendix to this volume.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_36'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_36'>[36]</a><div class='note'><p> The Countess of Pembroke, Sir Philip Sidney's sister,
+appears to have found sexual enjoyment in the contemplation of the sexual
+prowess of stallions. Aubrey writes that she &quot;was very salacious and she
+had a contrivance that in the spring of the year ... the stallions ...
+were to be brought before such a part of the house where she had a vidette
+to look on them.&quot; (<i>Short Lives</i>, 1898, vol. i, p. 311.) Although the
+modern editor's modesty has caused the disappearance of several lines from
+this passage, the general sense is clear. In the same century Burchard,
+the faithful secretary of Pope Alexander VI, describes in his invaluable
+diary how four race horses were brought to two mares in a court of the
+Vatican, the horses clamorously fighting for the possession of the mares
+and eventually mounting them, while the Pope and his daughter Lucrezia
+looked on from a window &quot;cum magno risu et delectatione.&quot; (<i>Diarium</i>, ed
+Thuasne, vol. III, p. 169.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_37'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_37'>[37]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1902, fasc. ii-iii, p. 338. In
+the case of pathological sexuality in a boy of 15, reported by A.
+MacDonald, and already summarized, the sight of copulating flies is also
+mentioned among many other causes of sexual excitation.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_38'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_38'>[38]</a><div class='note'><p> Krafft-Ebing presents or quotes typical cases of all these
+fetiches, <i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 255-266.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_39'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_39'>[39]</a><div class='note'><p> G. Stanley Hall, &quot;A study of Fears,&quot; <i>American Journal of
+Psychology</i>, 1897, pp. 213-215.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_40'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_40'>[40]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 268.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_41'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_41'>[41]</a><div class='note'><p> W. Howard, &quot;Sexual Perversion,&quot; <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>,
+January, 1896. Krafft-Ebing (<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 532) quotes from Boeteau the
+somewhat similar case of a gardener's boy of 16&mdash;an illegitimate child of
+neuropathic heredity and markedly degenerate&mdash;who had a passion, of
+irresistible and impulsive character, for rabbits. He was declared
+irresponsible. Moll (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, pp.
+431-433) presents the case of a neurotic man who from the age of 15 had
+been sexually excited by the sight of animals or by contact with them. He
+had repeatedly had connection with cows and mares; he was also sexually
+excited by sheep, donkeys, and dogs, whether female or male; the normal
+sexual instinct was weak and he experienced very slight attraction to
+women.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_42'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_42'>[42]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll also remarks (&quot;Perverse Sexualempfindung,&quot; in Senator's
+and Kaminer's <i>Krankheiten und Ehe</i>) that in this matter it is often
+hardly possible to draw a sharp line between vice and disease.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_43'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_43'>[43]</a><div class='note'><p> Instances of this widespread belief&mdash;found among the Tamils
+of Ceylon as well as in Europe&mdash;are quoted from various authors by Bloch,
+<i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil II, p. 278, and
+Moll, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p. 700. On the
+frequency of bestiality, from one cause or another, in the East, see,
+<i>e.g.</i>, Stern, <i>Medizin und Geschlechtsleben in der T&uuml;rkei</i>, bd. ii, p.
+219.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_44'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_44'>[44]</a><div class='note'><p> Sometimes (as among the Aleuts) the animal pantomime dances
+of savages may represent the transformation of a captive bird into a
+lovely woman who falls exhausted into the arms of the hunter. (H. H.
+Bancroft, <i>Native Races of the Pacific</i>, vol. i, p. 93.) A system of
+beliefs which accepts the possibility that a human being may be latent in
+an animal obviously favors the practice of bestiality.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_45'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_45'>[45]</a><div class='note'><p> For an example of the primitive confusion between the
+intercourse of women with animals and with men see, <i>e.g.</i>, Boas, &quot;Sagen
+aus British-Columbia,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, heft V, p. 558.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_46'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_46'>[46]</a><div class='note'><p> Herodotus, Book II, Chapter 46.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_47'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_47'>[47]</a><div class='note'><p> Dulare (<i>Des Divinit&eacute;s G&eacute;n&eacute;ratrices</i>, Chapter II) brings
+together the evidence showing that in Egypt women had connection with the
+sacred goat, apparently in order to secure fertility.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_48'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_48'>[48]</a><div class='note'><p> Various facts and references bearing on this subject are
+brought together by Blumenbach, <i>Anthropological Memoirs</i>, translated by
+Bendyshe, p. 80; Block, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia
+Sexualis</i>, Teil II, pp. 276-283; also Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>,
+seventh edition, p. 520.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_49'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_49'>[49]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza mentions (<i>Gli Amori degli Uomini</i>, cap V) that
+at Rimini a young goatherd of the Apennines, troubled with dyspepsia and
+nervous symptoms, told him this was due to excesses with the goats in his
+care. A finely executed marble group of a satyr having connection with a
+goat, found at Herculaneum and now in the Naples Museum (reproduced in
+Fuchs's <i>Erotische Element in der Karikatur</i>), perhaps symbolizes a
+traditional and primitive practice of the goatherd.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_50'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_50'>[50]</a><div class='note'><p> Bayle (<i>Dictionary</i>, Art, Bathyllus) quotes various
+authorities concerning the Italian auxiliaries in the south of France in
+the sixteenth century and their custom of bringing and using goats for
+this purpose. Warton in the eighteenth century was informed that in Sicily
+priests in confession habitually inquired of herdsmen if they had anything
+to do with their sows. In Normandy priests are advised to ask similar
+questions.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_51'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_51'>[51]</a><div class='note'><p> It is worth noting that in Greek the work &#967;&#959;&#953;&#961;&#959;&#962;
+means both a sow and a woman's pudenda; in the <i>Acharnians</i> Aristophanes
+plays on this association at some length. The Romans also (as may be
+gathered from Varro's <i>De Re Rustica</i>) called the feminine pudenda
+<i>porcus</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_52'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_52'>[52]</a><div class='note'><p> Schurig, <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i>, pp. 280-387; Bloch, <i>op. cit.</i>,
+270-277. The Arabs, according to Kocher, chiefly practice bestiality with
+goats, sheep and mares. The Annamites, according to Mondi&egrave;re, commonly
+employ sows and (more especially the young women) dogs. Among the Tamils
+of Ceylon bestiality with goats and cows is said to be very prevalent.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_53'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_53'>[53]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza (<i>Gli Amori degli Uomini</i>, cap. V) brings
+together some facts bearing on this matter.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_E_V'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_89'></a>V.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Exhibitionism&mdash;Illustrative Cases&mdash;A Symbolic Perversion of Courtship&mdash;The
+Impulse to Defile&mdash;The Exhibitionist's Psychic Attitude&mdash;The Sexual Organs
+as Fetichs&mdash;Phallus Worship&mdash;Adolescent Pride in Sexual
+Development&mdash;Exhibitionism of the Nates&mdash;The Classification of the Forms
+of Exhibitionism&mdash;Nature of the Relationship of Exhibitionism to Epilepsy.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>There is a remarkable form of erotic symbolism&mdash;very definite and standing
+clearly apart from all other forms&mdash;in which sexual gratification is
+experienced in the simple act of exhibiting the sexual organ to persons of
+the opposite sex, usually by preference to young and presumably innocent
+persons, very often children. This is termed exhibitionism.<a name='5_FNanchor_54'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_54'><sup>[54]</sup></a> It would
+appear to be a not very infrequent phenomenon, and most women, once or
+more in their lives, especially when young, have encountered a man who has
+thus deliberately exposed himself before them.</p>
+
+<p>The exhibitionist, though often a young and apparently vigorous man, is
+always satisfied with the mere act of self-exhibition and the emotional
+reaction which that act produces; he makes no demands on the woman to whom
+he exposes himself; he seldom speaks, he makes no effort to approach her;
+as a rule, he fails even to display the signs of sexual excitation. His
+desires are completely gratified by the act of exhibition and by the
+emotional reaction it arouses in the woman. He departs satisfied and
+relieved.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A case recorded by Schrenck-Notzing very well represents both the
+    nature of the impulse felt by the exhibitionist and the way in
+    which it may originate. It is the case of a business man of 49,
+    of neurotic <a name='5_Page_90'></a>heredity, an affectionate husband and father of a
+    family, who, to his own grief and shame, is compelled from time
+    to time to exhibit his sexual organs to women in the street. As a
+    boy of 10 a girl of 12 tried to induce him to coitus; both had
+    their sexual parts exposed. From that time sexual contacts, as of
+    his own naked nates against those of a girl, became attractive,
+    as well as games in which the boys and girls in turn marched
+    before each other with their sexual parts exposed, and also
+    imitation of the copulation of animals. Coitus was first
+    practiced about the age of 20, but sight and touch of the woman's
+    sexual parts were always necessary to produce sexual excitement.
+    It was also necessary&mdash;and this consideration is highly important
+    as regards the development of the tendency to exhibition&mdash;that
+    the woman should be excited by the sight of his organs. Even when
+    he saw or touched a woman's parts orgasm often occurred. It was
+    the naked sexual organs in an otherwise clothed body which
+    chiefly excited him. He was not possessed of a high degree of
+    potency. Girls between the ages of 10 and 17 chiefly excited him,
+    and especially if he felt that they were quite ignorant of sexual
+    matters. His self-exhibition was a sort of psychic defloration,
+    and it was accompanied by the idea that other people felt as he
+    did about the sexual effects of the naked organs, that he was
+    shocking but at the same time sexually exciting a young girl. He
+    was thus gratifying himself through the belief that he was
+    causing sexual gratification to an innocent girl. This man was
+    convicted several times, and was finally declared to be suffering
+    from impulsive insanity. (Schrenck-Notzing,
+    <i>Kriminal-psychologische und Psycho-pathologische Studien</i>, 1902,
+    pp. 50-57.) In another case of Schrenck-Notzing's, an actor and
+    portrait painter, aged 31, in youth masturbated and was fond of
+    contemplating the images of the sexual organs of both sexes,
+    finding little pleasure in coitus. At the age of 24, at a bathing
+    establishment, he happened to occupy a compartment next to that
+    occupied by a lady, and when naked he became aware that his
+    neighbor was watching him through a chink in the partition. This
+    caused him powerful excitement and he was obliged to masturbate.
+    Ever since he has had an impulse to exhibit his organs and to
+    masturbate in the presence of women. He believes that the sight
+    of his organs excites the woman (<i>Ib.</i>, pp. 57-68). The presence
+    of masturbation in this case renders it untypical as a case of
+    exhibitionism. Moll at one time went so far as to assert that
+    when masturbation takes place we are not entitled to admit
+    exhibitionism, (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i,
+    p. 661), but now accepts exhibitionism with masturbation
+    (&quot;Perverse Sexualempfindung,&quot; <i>Krankheiten und Ehe</i>). The act of
+    exhibition itself gratifies the sexual impulse, and usually it
+    suffices to replace both tumescence and detumescence.</p>
+
+<p>    A fairly typical case, recorded by Krafft-Ebing, is that of a
+    German factory worker of 37, a good, sober and intelligent
+    workman. His <a name='5_Page_91'></a>parents were healthy, but one of his mother's and
+    also one of his father's sisters were insane; some of his
+    relatives are eccentric in religion. He has a languishing
+    expression and a smile of self-complacency. He never had any
+    severe illness, but has always been eccentric and imaginative,
+    much absorbed in romances (such as Dumas's novels) and fond of
+    identifying himself with their heroes. No signs of epilepsy. In
+    youth moderate masturbation, later moderate coitus. He lives a
+    retired life, but is fond of elegant dress and of ornament.
+    Though not a drinker, he sometimes makes himself a kind of punch
+    which has a sexually exciting effect on him. The impulse to
+    exhibitionism has only developed in recent years. When the
+    impulse is upon him he becomes hot, his heart beats violently,
+    the blood rushes to his head, and he is oblivious of everything
+    around him that is not connected with his own act. Afterwards he
+    regards himself as a fool and makes vain resolutions never to
+    repeat the act. In exhibition the penis is only half erect and
+    ejaculation never occurs. (He is only capable of coitus with a
+    woman who shows great attraction to him.) He is satisfied with
+    self-exhibition, and believes that he thus gives pleasure to the
+    woman, since he himself receives pleasure in contemplating a
+    woman's sexual parts. His erotic dreams are of self-exhibition to
+    young and voluptuous women. He had been previously punished for
+    an offense of this kind; medico-legal opinion now recognized the
+    incriminated man's psychopathic condition. (Krafft-Ebing, <i>Op.
+    cit.</i>, pp. 492-494.)</p>
+
+<p>    Trochon has reported the case of a married man of 33, a worker in
+    a factory, who for several years had exhibited himself at
+    intervals to shop-girls, etc., in a state of erection, but
+    without speaking or making other advances. He was a hard-working,
+    honest, sober man of quiet habits, a good father to his family
+    and happy at home. He showed not the slightest sign of insanity.
+    But he was taciturn, melancholic and nervous; a sister was an
+    idiot. He was arrested, but on the report of the experts that he
+    committed these acts from a morbid impulse he could not control
+    he was released. (Trochon, <i>Archives de l'Anthropologie
+    Criminelle</i>, 1888, p. 256.)</p>
+
+<p>    In a case of Freyer's (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Medizinalbeamte</i>, third
+    year, No. 8) the occasional connection of exhibitionism with
+    epilepsy is well illustrated by a barber's assistant, aged 35,
+    whose father suffered from chronic alcoholism and was also said
+    to have committed the same kind of offense as his son. The mother
+    and a sister suffered nervously. From ages of 7 to 18 the subject
+    had epileptic convulsions. From 16 to 21 he indulged in normal
+    sexual intercourse. At about that time he had often to pass a
+    playground and at times would urinate there; it happened that the
+    children watched him with curiosity. He noticed that when thus
+    watched sexual excitement was caused, inducing erection and even
+    ejaculation. He gradually found pleasure in this kind of <a name='5_Page_92'></a>sexual
+    gratification; finally he became indifferent to coitus. His
+    erotic dreams, though still usually about normal coitus, were now
+    sometimes concerned with exhibition before little girls. When
+    overcome by the impulse he could see and hear nothing around him,
+    though he did not lose consciousness. After the act was over he
+    was troubled by his deed. In all other respects he was entirely
+    reasonable. He was imprisoned many times for exhibiting himself
+    to young schoolgirls, sometimes vaunting the beauty of his organs
+    and inviting inspection. On one occasion he underwent mental
+    examination, but was considered to be mentally sound. He was
+    finally held to be a hereditarily tainted individual with
+    neuropathic constitution. The head was abnormally broad, penis
+    small, patellar reflex absent, and there were many signs of
+    neurasthenia. (Krafft-Ebing, <i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 490-492.)</p>
+
+<p>    The prevalence of epilepsy among exhibitionists is shown by the
+    observations of Pelanda in Verona. He has recorded six cases of
+    this perversion, all of which eventually reached the asylum and
+    were either epileptics or with epileptic relations. One had a
+    brother who was also an exhibitionist. In some cases the penis
+    was abnormally large, in others abnormally small. Several had
+    very weak sexual impulse; one, at the age of 62, had never
+    effected coitus, and was proud of the fact that he was still a
+    virgin, considering, he would say, the epoch of demoralization in
+    which we live. (Pelanda, &quot;Pornopatici,&quot; <i>Archivio di
+    Psichiatria</i>, fasc. ii-iv, 1889.)</p>
+
+<p>    In a very typical case of exhibitionism which Garnier has
+    recorded, a certain X., a gentleman engaged in business in Paris,
+    had a predilection for exhibiting himself in churches, more
+    especially in Saint-Roch. He was arrested several times for
+    exposing his sexual organs here before ladies in prayer. In this
+    way he finally ruined his commercial position in Paris and was
+    obliged to establish himself in a small provincial town. Here
+    again he soon exposed himself in a church and was again sent to
+    prison, but on his liberation immediately performed the same act
+    in the same church in what was described as a most imperturbable
+    manner. Compelled to leave the town, he returned to Paris, and in
+    a few weeks' time was again arrested for repeating his old
+    offense in Saint Roch. When examined by Garnier, the information
+    he supplied was vague and incomplete, and he was very embarrassed
+    in the attempt to explain himself. He was unable to say why he
+    chose a church, but he felt that it was to a church that he must
+    go. He had, however, no thought of profanation and no wish to
+    give offense. &quot;Quite the contrary!&quot; he declared. He had the sad
+    and tired air of a man who is dominated by a force stronger than
+    his will. &quot;I know,&quot; he added, &quot;what repulsion my conduct must
+    inspire. Why am I made thus? Who will cure me?&quot; (P. Garnier,
+    &quot;Perversions Sexuelles,&quot; <i>Comptes Rendus</i>, International Congress
+    of Medicine at Paris in 1900, <i>Section de Psychiatrie</i>, pp.
+    433-435.)</p><a name='5_Page_93'></a>
+
+<p>    In some cases, it would appear, the impulse to exhibitionism may
+    be overcome or may pass away. This result is the more likely to
+    come about in those cases in which exhibitionism has been largely
+    conditioned by chronic alcoholism or other influences tending to
+    destroy the inhibiting and restraining action of the higher
+    centers, which may be overcome by hygiene and treatment. In this
+    connection I may bring forward a case which has been communicated
+    to me by a medical correspondent in London. It is that of an
+    actor, of high standing in his profession and extremely
+    intelligent, 49 years of age, married and father of a large
+    family. He is sexually vigorous and of erotic temperament. His
+    general health has always been good, but he is a high-strung,
+    neurotic man, with quick mental reactions. His habits had for a
+    long time been decidedly alcoholic, but two years ago, a small
+    quantity of albumen being found in the urine, he was persuaded to
+    leave off alcohol, and has since been a teetotaller. Though
+    ordinarily very reticent about sexual matters, he began four or
+    five years ago to commit acts of exhibitionism, exposing himself
+    to servants in the house and occasionally to women in the
+    country. This continued after the alcohol had been abandoned and
+    lasted for several years, though the attention of the police was
+    never attracted to the matter, and so far as possible he was
+    quietly supervised by his friends. Nine months after, the acts of
+    exhibitionism ceased, apparently in a spontaneous manner, and
+    there has so far been no relapse.</p></div>
+
+<p>Exhibitionism is an act which, on the face of it, seems nonsensical and
+meaningless, and as such, as an inexplicable act of madness, it has
+frequently been treated both by writers on insanity and on sexual
+perversion. &quot;These acts are so lacking in common sense and intelligent
+reflection that no other reason than insanity can be offered for the
+patient,&quot; Ball concluded.<a name='5_FNanchor_55'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_55'><sup>[55]</sup></a> Moll, also, who defines exhibitionism
+somewhat too narrowly as a condition in which &quot;the charm of the exhibition
+lies for the subject in the display itself,&quot; not sufficiently taking into
+consideration the imagined effect on the spectator, concludes that &quot;the
+psychological basis of exhibitionism is at present by no means cleared
+up.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_56'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_56'><sup>[56]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>We may probably best approach exhibitionism by regarding it as
+fundamentally a symbolic act based on a perversion of courtship. The
+exhibitionist displays the organ of sex to a <a name='5_Page_94'></a>feminine witness, and in the
+shock of modest sexual shame by which she reacts to that spectacle, he
+finds a gratifying similitude of the normal emotions of coitus.<a name='5_FNanchor_57'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_57'><sup>[57]</sup></a> He
+feels that he has effected a psychic defloration.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Exhibitionism is thus analogous, and, indeed, related, to the
+    impulse felt by many persons to perform indecorous acts or tell
+    indecent stories before young and innocent persons of the
+    opposite sex. This is a kind of psychic exhibitionism, the
+    gratification it causes lying exactly, as in physical
+    exhibitionism, in the emotional confusion which it is felt to
+    arouse. The two kinds of exhibitionism may be combined in the
+    same person: Thus, in a case reported by Hoche (p. 97), the
+    exhibitionist an intellectual and highly educated man, with a
+    doctor's degree, also found pleasure in sending indecent poems
+    and pictures to women, whom, however, he made no attempt to
+    seduce; he was content with the thought of the emotions he
+    aroused or believed that he aroused.</p>
+
+<p>    It is possible that within this group should come the agent in
+    the following incident which was lately observed by a lady, a
+    friend of my own. An elderly man in an overcoat was seen standing
+    outside a large and well-known draper's shop in the outskirts of
+    London; when able to attract the attention of any of the
+    shop-girls or of any girl in the street he would fling back his
+    coat and reveal that he was wearing over his own clothes a
+    woman's chemise (or possibly bodice) and a woman's drawers; there
+    was no exposure. The only intelligible explanation of this action
+    would seem to be that pleasure was experienced in the mild shock
+    of interested surprise and injured modesty which this vision was
+    imagined to cause to a young girl. It would thus be a
+    comparatively innocent form of psychic defloration.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is of interest to point out that the sexual symbolism of active
+flagellation is very closely analogous to this symbolism of exhibitionism.
+The flagellant approaches a woman with the rod (itself a symbol of the
+penis and in some countries bearing names which are also applied to that
+organ) and inflicts on an <a name='5_Page_95'></a>intimate part of her body the signs of blushing
+and the spasmodic movements which are associated with sexual excitement,
+while at the same time she feels, or the flagellant imagines that she
+feels, the corresponding emotions of delicious shame.<a name='5_FNanchor_58'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_58'><sup>[58]</sup></a> This is an even
+closer mimicry of the sexual act than the exhibitionist attains, for the
+latter fails to secure the consent of the woman nor does he enjoy any
+intimate contact with her naked body. The difference is connected with the
+fact that the active flagellant is usually a more virile and normal person
+than the exhibitionist. In the majority of cases the exhibitionist's
+sexual impulse is very feeble, and as a rule he is either to some degree a
+degenerate, or else a person who is suffering from an early stage of
+general paralysis, dementia, or some other highly enfeebling cause of
+mental disorganization, such as chronic alcoholism. Sexual feebleness is
+further indicated by the fact that the individuals selected as witnesses
+are frequently mere children.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It seems probable that a form of erotic symbolism somewhat
+    similar to exhibitionism is to be found in the rare cases in
+    which sexual gratification is derived from throwing ink, acid or
+    other defiling liquids on women's dresses. Thoinot has recorded a
+    case of this kind (<i>Attentats aux Moeurs</i>, 1898, pp. 484, <i>et
+    seq.</i>). An instructive case has been presented by Moll. In this
+    case a young man of somewhat neuropathic heredity had as a youth
+    of 16 or 17, when romping with his young sister's playfellows,
+    experienced sexual sensations on chancing to see their white
+    underlinen. From that time white underlinen and white dresses
+    became to him a fetich and he was only attracted to women so
+    attired. One day, at the age of 25, when crossing the street in
+    wet weather with a young lady in a white dress, a passing vehicle
+    splashed the dress with mud. This incident caused him strong
+    sexual excitement, and from that time he had the impulse to throw
+    ink, perchloride of iron, etc., on to ladies' white dresses, and
+    sometimes to cut and tear them, sexual excitement and ejaculation
+    taking place every time he effected this. (Moll, &quot;Gutachten &uuml;ber
+    einem Sexual Perversen [Besudelungstrieb],&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r
+    Medizinalbeamte</i>, Heft XIII, 1900). Such a case is of
+    considerable psychological interest. Thoinot considers that in
+    these cases the fleck is a fetich. That is an incorrect account
+    of the matter. In this case the <a name='5_Page_96'></a>white garments constituted the
+    primary fetich, but that fetich becomes more acutely realized,
+    and at the same time both parties are thrown into an emotional
+    state which to the fetichist becomes a mimicry of coitus, by the
+    act of defilement. We may perhaps connect with this phenomenon
+    the attraction which muddy shoes often exert over the
+    shoe-fetichist, and the curious way in which, as we have seen (p.
+    18), Restif de la Bretonne associates his love of neatness in
+    women with his attraction to the feet, the part, he remarks,
+    least easy to keep clean.</p>
+
+<p>    Garnier applied the term <i>sadi-fetichism</i> to active flagellation
+    and many similar manifestations such as we are here concerned
+    with, on the grounds that they are hybrids which combine the
+    morbid adoration for a definite object with the impulse to
+    exercise a more or less degree of violence. From the standpoint
+    of the conception of erotic symbolism I have adopted there is no
+    need for this term. There is here no hybrid combination of two
+    unlike mental states. We are simply concerned with states of
+    erotic symbolism, more or less complete, more or less complex.</p></div>
+
+<p>The conception of exhibitionism as a process of erotic symbolism, involves
+a conscious or unconscious attitude of attention in the exhibitionist's
+mind to the psychic reaction of the woman toward whom his display is
+directed. He seeks to cause an emotion which, probably in most cases, he
+desires should be pleasurable. But from one cause or another his finer
+sensibilities are always inhibited or in abeyance, and he is unable to
+estimate accurately either the impression he is likely to produce or the
+general results of his action, or else he is moved by a strong impulsive
+obsession which overpowers his judgment. In many cases he has good reason
+for believing that his act will be pleasurable, and frequently he finds
+complacent witnesses among the low-class servant girls, etc.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It may be pointed out here that we are quite justified in
+    speaking of a penis-fetichism and also of a vulva-fetichism. This
+    might be questioned. We are obviously justified in recognizing a
+    fetichism which attaches itself to the pubic hair, or, as in a
+    case with which I am acquainted, to the clitoris, but it may seem
+    that we cannot regard the central sexual organs as symbols of
+    sex, symbols, as it were, of themselves. Properly regarded,
+    however, it is the sexual act rather than the sexual organ which
+    is craved in normal sexual desire; the organ is regarded merely
+    as the means and not as the end. Regarded as a means the organ is
+    indeed an object of desire, but it only becomes a fetich when it
+    arrests and fixes the attention. An attention thus pleasurably
+    fixed, a vulva-fetichism or a penis-fetichism, is within the
+    normal range <a name='5_Page_97'></a>of sexual emotion (this point has been mentioned in
+    the previous volume when discussing the part played by the
+    primary sexual organs in sexual selection), and in coarse-grained
+    natures of either sex it is a normal allurement in its
+    generalized shape, apart from any attraction to the person to
+    whom the organs belong. In some morbid cases, however, this
+    penis-fetichism may become a fully developed sexual perversion. A
+    typical case of this kind has been recorded by Howard in the
+    United States. Mrs. W., aged 39, was married at 20 to a strong,
+    healthy man, but derived no pleasure from coitus, though she
+    received great pleasure from masturbation practiced immediately
+    after coitus, and nine years after marriage she ceased actual
+    coitus, compelling her husband to adopt mutual masturbation. She
+    would introduce men into the house at all times of the day or
+    night, and after persuading them to expose their persons would
+    retire to her room to masturbate. The same man never aroused
+    desire more than once. This desire became so violent and
+    persistent that she would seek out men in all sorts of public
+    places and, having induced them to expose themselves, rapidly
+    retreat to the nearest convenient spot for self-gratification.
+    She once abstracted a pair of trousers she had seen a man wear
+    and after fondling them experienced the orgasm. Her husband
+    finally left her, after vainly attempting to have her confined in
+    an asylum. She was often arrested for her actions, but through
+    the intervention of friends set free again. She was a highly
+    intelligent woman, and apart from this perversion entirely
+    normal. (W. L. Howard, &quot;Sexual Perversion,&quot; <i>Alienist and
+    Neurologist</i>, January, 1896.) It is on the existence of a more or
+    less developed penis-fetichism of this kind that the
+    exhibitionist, mostly by an ignorant instinct, relies for the
+    effects he desires to produce.</p></div>
+
+<p>The exhibitionist is not usually content to produce a mere titillated
+amusement; he seeks to produce a more powerful effect which must be
+emotional whether or not it is pleasurable. A professional man in
+Strassburg (in a case reported by Hoche<a name='5_FNanchor_59'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_59'><sup>[59]</sup></a>) would walk about in the
+evening in a long cloak, and when he met ladies would suddenly throw his
+cloak back under a street lamp, or igniting a red-fire match, and thus
+exhibit his organs. There was an evident effort&mdash;on the part of a weak,
+vain, and effeminate man&mdash;to produce a maximum of emotional effect. The
+attempt to heighten the emotional shock is also seen in the fact that the
+exhibitionist frequently chooses a church as the scene of his exploits,
+not during service, for he <a name='5_Page_98'></a>always avoids a concourse of people, but
+perhaps toward evening when there are only a few kneeling women scattered
+through the edifice. The church is chosen, often instinctively rather than
+deliberately, from no impulse to commit a sacrilegious outrage&mdash;which, as
+a rule, the exhibitionist does not feel his act to be&mdash;but because it
+really presents the conditions most favorable to the act and the effects
+desired. The exhibitionist's attitude of mind is well illustrated by one
+of Garnier's patients who declared that he never wished to be seen by more
+than two women at once, &quot;just what is necessary,&quot; he added, &quot;for an
+exchange of impressions.&quot; After each exhibition he would ask himself
+anxiously: &quot;Did they see me? What are they thinking? What do they say to
+each other about me? Oh! how I should like to know!&quot; Another patient of
+Garnier's, who haunted churches for this purpose, made this very
+significant statement: &quot;Why do I like going to churches? I can scarcely
+say. <i>But I know that it is only there that my act has its full
+importance</i>. The woman is in a devout frame of mind, and she must see that
+such an act in such a place is not a joke in bad taste or a disgusting
+obscenity; <i>that if I go there it is not to amuse myself; it is more
+serious than that!</i> I watch the effect produced on the faces of the ladies
+to whom I show my organs. I wish to see them express a profound joy. I
+wish, in fact, that they may be forced to say to themselves: <i>How
+impressive Nature is when thus seen!</i>&quot;</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Here we trace the presence of a feeling which recalls the
+    phenomena of the ancient and world-wide phallic worship, still
+    liable to reappear sporadically. Women sometimes took part in
+    these rites, and the osculation of the male sexual organ or its
+    emblematic representation by women is easily traceable in the
+    phallic rites of India and many other lands, not excluding Europe
+    even in comparatively recent times. (Dulaure in his <i>Divinit&eacute;s
+    G&eacute;n&eacute;ratices</i> brings together much bearing on these points; <i>cf.</i>:
+    Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol. i, Chapter XVII, and Bloch,
+    <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil I, pp. 115-117. Colin
+    Scott has some interesting remarks on phallic worship and the
+    part it has played in aiding human evolution, &quot;Sex and Art,&quot;
+    <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, vol. vii, No. 2, pp. 191-197.
+    Irving Rosse describes some modern phallic rites in which both
+    men and women took part, similar to those practiced in vaudouism,
+    &quot;Sexual Hypochondriasis,&quot; <i>Virginia Medical Monthly</i>, October,
+    1892.)</p><a name='5_Page_99'></a>
+
+<p>    Putting aside any question of phallic worship, a certain pride
+    and more or less private feeling of ostentation in the new
+    expansion and development of the organs of virility seems to be
+    almost normal at adolescence. &quot;We have much reason to assume,&quot;
+    Stanley Hall remarks, &quot;that in a state of nature there is a
+    certain instinctive pride and ostentation that accompanies the
+    new local development. I think it will be found that
+    exhibitionists are usually those who have excessive growth here,
+    and that much that modern society stigmatizes as obscene is at
+    bottom more or less spontaneous and perhaps in some cases not
+    abnormal. Dr. Seerley tells me he has never examined a young man
+    largely developed who had the usual strong instinctive tendency
+    of modesty to cover himself with his hands, but he finds this
+    instinct general with those whose development is less than the
+    average.&quot; (G. Stanley Hall, <i>Adolescence</i>, vol. ii, p. 97.) This
+    instinct of ostentation, however, so far as it is normal, is held
+    in check by other considerations, and is not, in the strict
+    sense, exhibitionism. I have observed a full-grown telegraph boy
+    walking across Hampstead Heath with his sexual organs exposed,
+    but immediately he realized that he was seen he concealed them.
+    The solemnity of exhibitionism at this age finds expression in
+    the climax of the sonnet, &quot;Oraison du Soir,&quot; written at 16 by
+    Rimbaud, whose verse generally is a splendid and insolent
+    manifestation of rank adolescence:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;Doux comme le Seigneur du c&egrave;dre et des hysopes,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Je pisse vers les cieux bruns tr&egrave;s haut et tr&egrave;s loin,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Avec l'assentiment des grands h&eacute;liotropes.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>(J. A. Rimbaud, <i>&OElig;uvres</i>, p. 68.)<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In women, also, there would appear to be traceable a somewhat
+    similar ostentation, though in them it is complicated and largely
+    inhibited by modesty, and at the same time diffused over the body
+    owing to the absence of external sexual organs. &quot;Primitive
+    woman,&quot; remarks Madame Renooz, &quot;proud of her womanhood, for a
+    long time defended her nakedness which ancient art has always
+    represented. And in the actual life of the young girl to-day
+    there is a moment when by a secret atavism she feels the pride of
+    her sex, the intuition of her moral superiority, and cannot
+    understand why she must hide its cause. At this moment, wavering
+    between the laws of Nature and social conventions, she scarcely
+    knows if nakedness should or should not affright her. A sort of
+    confused atavistic memory recalls to her a period before clothing
+    was known, and reveals to her as a paradisaical ideal the customs
+    of that human epoch.&quot; (C&eacute;line Renooz, <i>Psychologie Compar&eacute;e de
+    l'Homme et de la Femme</i>, p. 85.) It may be added that among
+    primitive peoples, and even among some remote European
+    populations to-day, the exhibition of feminine nudity has
+    sometimes been regarded as a spectacle with religious or magic
+    operation. (Ploss, <i>Das Weib</i>, seventh edition, vol. ii, <a name='5_Page_100'></a>pp.
+    663-680; Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition, p.
+    304.) It is stated by Gopcevic that in the long struggle between
+    the Albanians and the Montenegrians the women of the former
+    people would stand in the front rank and expose themselves by
+    raising their skirts, believing that they would thus insure
+    victory. As, however, they were shot down, and as, moreover,
+    victory usually fell to the Montenegrians, this custom became
+    discredited. (Quoted by Bloch, <i>Op. cit.</i>, Teil II, p. 307.)</p>
+
+<p>    With regard to the association, suggested by Stanley Hall,
+    between exhibitionism and an unusual degree of development of the
+    sexual organs, it must be remarked that both extremes&mdash;a very
+    large and a very small penis&mdash;are specially common in
+    exhibitionists. The prevalence of the small organ is due to an
+    association of exhibitionism with sexual feebleness. The
+    prevalence of the large organ may be due to the cause suggested
+    by Hall. Among Mahommedans the sexual organs are sometimes
+    habitually exposed by religious penitents, and I note that
+    Bernhard Stern, in his book on the medical and sexual aspects of
+    life in Turkey, referring to a penitent of this sort whom he saw
+    on the Stamboul bridge at Constantinople, remarks that the organ
+    was very largely developed. It may well be in such a case that
+    the penitent's religious attitude is reinforced by some lingering
+    relic of a more fleshly ostentation.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is by a pseudo-atavism that this phallicism is evoked in the
+exhibitionist. There is no true emergence of an ancestrally inherited
+instinct, but by the paralysis or inhibition of the finer and higher
+feelings current in civilization, the exhibitionist is placed on the same
+mental level as the man of a more primitive age, and he thus presents the
+basis on which the impulses belonging to a higher culture may naturally
+take root and develop.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Reference may here be made to a form of primitive exhibitionism,
+    almost confined to women, which, although certainly symbolic, is
+    absolutely non-sexual, and must not, therefore, be confused with
+    the phenomena we are here occupied with. I refer to the
+    exhibition of the buttocks as a mark of contempt. In its most
+    primitive form, no doubt, this exhibitionism is a kind of
+    exorcism, a method of putting evil spirits, primarily, and
+    secondarily evil-disposed persons, to flight. It is the most
+    effective way for a woman to display sexual centers, and it
+    shares in the magical virtues which all unveiling of the sexual
+    centers is believed by primitive peoples to possess. It is
+    recorded that the women of some peoples in the Balkan peninsula
+    formerly used this gesture against enemies in battle. In the
+    sixteenth century so distinguished a theologian as Luther when
+    assailed by the Evil One at night was able to put the adversary
+    to flight by protruding his uncovered buttocks <a name='5_Page_101'></a>from the bed. But
+    the spiritual significance of this attitude is lost with the
+    decay of primitive beliefs. It survives, but merely as a gesture
+    of insult. The symbolism comes to have reference to the nates as
+    the excretory focus, the seat of the anus. In any case it ignores
+    any sexual attractiveness in this part of the body. Exhibitionism
+    of this kind, therefore, can scarcely arise in persons of any
+    sensitiveness or &aelig;sthetic perception, even putting aside the
+    question of modesty, and there seems to be little trace of it in
+    classic antiquity when the nates were regarded as objects of
+    beauty. Among the Egyptians, however, we gather from Herodotus
+    (Bk. II, Chapter LX) that at a certain popular religious festival
+    men and women would go in boats on the Nile, singing and playing,
+    and when they approached a town the women on the boats would
+    insult the women of the town by injurious language and by
+    exposing themselves. Among the Arabs, however, the specific
+    gesture we are concerned with is noted, and a man to whom
+    vengeance is forbidden would express his feelings by exposing his
+    posterior and strewing earth on his head (Wellhausen, <i>Rests
+    Arabischen Heidentums</i>, 1897, p. 195). It is in Europe and in
+    medi&aelig;val and later times that this emphatic gesture seems to have
+    flourished as a violent method of expressing contempt. It was by
+    no means confined to the lower classes, and Kleinpaul, in
+    discussing this form of &quot;speech without words,&quot; quotes examples
+    of various noble persons, even princesses, who are recorded thus
+    to have expressed their feelings. (Kleinpaul, <i>Sprache ohne
+    Worte</i>, pp. 271-273.) In more recent times the gesture has become
+    merely a rare and extreme expression of unrestrained feeling in
+    coarse-grained peasants. Zola, in the figure of Mouquette in
+    <i>Germinal</i>, may be said to have given a kind of classic
+    expression to the gesture. In the more remote parts of Europe it
+    appears to be still not altogether uncommon. This seems to be
+    notably the case among the South Slavs, and Krauss states that
+    &quot;when a South Slav woman wishes to express her deepest contempt
+    for anyone she bends forward, with left hand raising her skirts,
+    and with the right slapping her posterior, at the same time
+    exclaiming: 'This for you!'&quot; (&#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. vi, p.
+    200.)</p>
+
+<p>    A verbal survival of this gesture, consisting in the contemptuous
+    invitation to kiss this region, still exists among us in remote
+    parts of the country, especially as an insult offered by an angry
+    woman who forgets herself. It is said to be commonly used in
+    Wales. (&quot;Welsh &AElig;d&oelig;logy,&quot; &#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. ii,
+    pp. 358, <i>et seq.</i>) In Cornwall, when addressed by a woman to a
+    man it is sometimes regarded as a deadly insult, even if the
+    woman is young and attractive, and may cause a life-long enmity
+    between related families. From this point of view the nates are a
+    symbol of contempt, and any sexual significance is excluded. (The
+    distinction is brought out by Diderot in <i>Le Neveu de Rameau:</i>
+    &quot;<i>Lui:</i>&mdash;Il y a d'autres jours ou il ne m'en co&ucirc;terait rien pour
+    &ecirc;tre vil tant <a name='5_Page_102'></a>qu'on voudrait; ces jours-l&agrave;, pour un liard, je
+    baiserais le cul &agrave; la petite Hus. <i>Moi:</i>&mdash;Eh! mais, l'ami, elle
+    est blanche, jolie, douce, potel&eacute;e, et c'est un acte d'humilit&eacute;
+    auquel un plus delicat que vous pourrait quelquefois s'abaisser.
+    <i>Lui:</i>&mdash;Entendons-nous; c'est qu'il y a baiser le cul au simple,
+    et baiser le cul au figur&eacute;.&quot;)</p>
+
+<p>    It must be added that a sexual form of exhibitionism of the nates
+    must still be recognized. It occurs in masochism and expresses
+    the desire for passive flagellation. Rousseau, whose emotional
+    life was profoundly affected by the castigations which as a child
+    he received from Mlle Lambercier, has in his <i>Confessions</i> told
+    us how, when a youth, he would sometimes expose himself in this
+    way in the presence of young women. Such masochistic
+    exhibitionism seems, however, to be rare.</p></div>
+
+<p>While the manifestations of exhibitionism are substantially the same in
+all cases, there are many degrees and varieties of the condition. We may
+find among exhibitionists, as Garnier remarks, dementia, states of
+unconsciousness, epilepsy, general paralysis, alcoholism, but the most
+typical cases, he adds, if not indeed the cases to which the term properly
+belongs, are those in which it is an impulsive obsession. Krafft-Ebing<a name='5_FNanchor_60'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_60'><sup>[60]</sup></a>
+divides exhibitionists into four clinical groups: (1) acquired states of
+mental weakness, with cerebral or spinal disease clouding consciousness
+and at the same time causing impotence; (2) epileptics, in whom the act is
+an abnormal organic impulse performed in a state of imperfect
+consciousness; (3) a somewhat allied group of neurasthenic cases; (4)
+periodical impulsive cases with deep hereditary taint. This classification
+is not altogether satisfactory. Garnier's classification, placing the
+group of obsessional cases in the foreground and leaving the other more
+vaguely defined groups in the background, is probably better. I am
+inclined to consider that most of the cases fall into one or other of two
+mixed groups. The first class includes cases in which there is more or
+less congenital abnormality, but otherwise a fair or even complete degree
+of mental integrity; they are usually young adults, they are more or less
+precisely conscious of the end they wish to attain, and it is often only
+with a severe struggle that they yield to their impulses. In the second
+class the <a name='5_Page_103'></a>beginnings of mental or nervous disease have diminished the
+sensibility of the higher centers; the subjects are usually old men whose
+lives have been absolutely correct; they are often only vaguely aware of
+the nature of the satisfaction they are seeking, and frequently no
+struggle precedes the manifestation; such was the case of the overworked
+clergyman described by Hughes,<a name='5_FNanchor_61'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_61'><sup>[61]</sup></a> who, after much study, became morose
+and absent-minded, and committed acts of exhibitionism which he could not
+explain but made no attempt to deny; with rest and restorative treatment
+his health improved and the acts ceased. It is in the first class of cases
+alone that there is a developed sexual perversion. In the cases of the
+second class there is a more or less definite sexual intention, but it is
+only just conscious, and the emergence of the impulse is due not to its
+strength but to the weakness, temporary or permanent, of the higher
+inhibiting centers.</p>
+
+<p>Epileptic cases, with loss of consciousness during the act, can only be
+regarded as presenting a pseudo-exhibitionism. They should be excluded
+altogether. It is undoubtedly true that many cases of real or apparent
+exhibitionism occur in epileptics.<a name='5_FNanchor_62'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_62'><sup>[62]</sup></a> We must not, however, too hastily
+conclude that because these acts occur in epileptics they are necessarily
+unconscious acts. Epilepsy frequently occurs on a basis of hereditary
+degeneration, and the exhibitionism may be, and not infrequently is, a
+stigma of the degeneracy and not an indication of the occurrence of a
+minor epileptic fit. When the act of pseudo-exhibitionism is truly
+epileptic, it will usually have no psychic sexual content, and it will
+certainly be liable to occur under all sorts of circumstances, when the
+patient is alone or in a miscellaneous concourse of people. It will be on
+a level with the acts of the highly respectable young woman who, at the
+conclusion of an attack of <i>petit mal</i>, consisting chiefly of a sudden
+desire to pass urine, on <a name='5_Page_104'></a>one occasion lifted up her clothes and urinated
+at a public entertainment, so that it was with difficulty her friends
+prevented her from being handed over to the police.<a name='5_FNanchor_63'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_63'><sup>[63]</sup></a> Such an act is
+automatic, unconscious, and involuntary; the spectators are not even
+perceived; it cannot be an act of exhibitionism. Whenever, on the other
+hand, the place and the time are evidently chosen deliberately,&mdash;a quiet
+spot, the presence of only one or two young women or children,&mdash;it is
+difficult to admit that we are in the presence of a fit of epileptic
+unconsciousness, even when the subject is known to be epileptic.</p>
+
+<p>Even, however, when we exclude those epileptic pseudo-exhibitionists who,
+from the legal point of view, are clearly irresponsible, it must still be
+remembered that in every case of exhibitionism there is a high degree of
+either mental abnormality on a neuropathic basis, or else of actual
+disease. This is true to a greater extent in exhibitionism than in almost
+any other form of sexual perversion. No subject of exhibitionism should be
+sent to prison without expert medical examination.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_54'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_54'>[54]</a><div class='note'><p> Las&egrave;ge first drew attention to this sexual perversion and
+gave it its generally accepted name, &quot;Les Exhibitionistes,&quot; <i>L'Union
+M&eacute;dicale</i>, May, 1877. Magnan, on various occasions (for example, &quot;Les
+Exhibitionistes,&quot; <i>Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, vol. v, 1890,
+p. 456), has given further development and precision to the clinical
+picture of the exhibitionist.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_55'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_55'>[55]</a><div class='note'><p> B. Ball. <i>La Folie Erotique</i>, p. 86.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_56'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_56'>[56]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p.
+661.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_57'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_57'>[57]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Exhibitionism in its most typical form is,&quot; Garnier truly
+says, &quot;a <i>systematic act</i>, manifesting itself as the <i>strange equivalent
+of a sexual connection</i>, or its <i>substitution</i>.&quot; The brief account of
+exhibitionism (pp. 433-437) in Garnier's discussion of &quot;Perversions
+Sexuelles&quot; at the International Medical Congress at Paris in 1900
+(<i>Section de Psychiatrie: Comptes-Rendus</i>) is the most satisfactory
+statement of the psychological aspects of this perversion with which I am
+acquainted. Garnier's unrivalled clinical knowledge of these
+manifestations, due to his position during many years as physician at the
+Dep&ocirc;t of the Prefecture of Police in Paris, adds great weight to his
+conclusions.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_58'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_58'>[58]</a><div class='note'><p> The symbolism of coitus involved in flagellation has been
+touched on by Eulenburg (<i>Sexuale Neuropathie</i>, p. 121), and is more fully
+developed by D&uuml;hren (<i>Geschlechtsleben in England</i>, bd. ii, pp. 366, <i>et
+seq.</i>).</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_59'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_59'>[59]</a><div class='note'><p> A. Hoche, <i>Neurologische Centralblatt</i>, 1896, No. 2.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_60'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_60'>[60]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 478, <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_61'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_61'>[61]</a><div class='note'><p> C. H. Hughes, &quot;Morbid Exhibitionism,&quot; <i>Alienist and
+Neurologist</i>, August, 1904. Another somewhat similar American case, also
+preceded by overwork, and eventually adjudged insane by the courts, is
+recorded by D. S. Booth, <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, February, 1905.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_62'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_62'>[62]</a><div class='note'><p> Exhibitionism in epilepsy is briefly discussed by F&eacute;r&eacute;,
+<i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, pp. 194-195.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_63'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_63'>[63]</a><div class='note'><p> W. S. Colman, &quot;Post-Epileptic Unconscious Automatic Actions,&quot;
+<i>Lancet</i>, July 5, 1890.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_E_VI'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_105'></a>VI.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Forms of Erotic Symbolism are Simulacra of Coitus&mdash;Wide Extension of
+Erotic Symbolism&mdash;Fetichism Not Covering the Whole Ground of Sexual
+Selection&mdash;It is Based on the Individual Factor in
+Selection&mdash;Crystallization&mdash;The Lover and the Artist&mdash;The Key to Erotic
+Symbolism to be Found in the Emotional Sphere&mdash;The Passage to Pathological
+Extremes.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We have now examined several very various and yet very typical
+manifestations in all of which it is not difficult to see how, in some
+strange and eccentric form&mdash;on a basis of association through resemblance
+or contiguity or both combined&mdash;there arises a definite mimicry of the
+normal sexual act together with the normal emotions which accompany that
+act. It has become clear in what sense we are justified in recognizing
+erotic symbolism.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The symbolic and, as it were, abstracted nature of these
+    manifestations is shown by the remarkable way in which they are
+    sometimes capable of transference from the object to the subject.
+    That is to say that the fetichist may show a tendency to
+    cultivate his fetich in his own person. A foot-fetichist may like
+    to go barefoot himself; a man who admired lame women liked to
+    halt himself; a man who was attracted by small waists in women
+    found sexual gratification in tight-lacing himself; a man who was
+    fascinated by fine white skin and wished to cut it found
+    satisfaction in cutting his own skin; Moll's coprolagnic
+    fetichist found a voluptuous pleasure in his own acts of
+    defecation. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, Krafft-Ebing, <i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 221, 224,
+    226; Hammond, <i>Sexual Impotence</i>, p. 74; <i>cf.</i> <i>ante</i>, p. 68.)
+    Such symbolic transference seems to have a profoundly natural
+    basis, for we may see a somewhat similar phenomenon in the
+    well-known tendency of cows to mount a cow in heat. This would
+    appear to be, not so much a homosexual impulse, as the dynamic
+    psychic action of an olfactory sexual symbol in a transformed
+    form.</p>
+
+<p>    We seem to have here a psychic process which is a curious
+    reversal of that process of <i>Einf&uuml;hlung</i>&mdash;the projection of one's
+    own activities into the object contemplated&mdash;which Lipps has so
+    fruitfully developed as the essence of every &aelig;sthetic condition.
+    (T. Lipps, <i>&AElig;sthetik</i>, Teil I, 1903.) By <i>Einf&uuml;hlung</i> our own
+    interior activity becomes the activity <a name='5_Page_106'></a>of the object perceived,
+    a thing being beautiful in proportion as it lends itself to our
+    <i>Einf&uuml;hlung</i>. But by this action of erotic symbolism, on the
+    other hand, we transfer the activity of the object into
+    ourselves.</p></div>
+
+<p>When the idea of erotic symbolism as manifested in such definite and
+typical forms becomes realized, it further becomes clear that the vaguer
+manifestations of such symbolism are exceedingly widespread. When in a
+previous volume we were discussing and drawing together the various
+threads which unite &quot;Love and Pain,&quot; it will now be understood that we
+were standing throughout on the threshold of erotic symbolism. Pain
+itself, in the sense in which we slowly learned to define it in this
+relationship&mdash;as a state of intense emotional excitement&mdash;may, under a
+great variety of special circumstances, become an erotic symbol and afford
+the same relief as the emotions normally accompanying the sexual act.
+Active algolagnia or sadism is thus a form of erotic symbolism; passive
+algolagnia or masochism is (in a man) an inverted form of erotic
+symbolism. Active flagellation or passive flagellation are, in exactly the
+same way, manifestations of erotic symbolism, the imaginative mimicry of
+coitus.</p>
+
+<p>Binet and also Krafft-Ebing<a name='5_FNanchor_64'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_64'><sup>[64]</sup></a> have argued in effect that the whole of
+sexual selection is a matter of fetichism, that is to say, of erotic
+symbolism of object. &quot;Normal love,&quot; Binet states, &quot;appears as the result
+of a complicated fetichism.&quot; Tarde also seems to have regarded love as
+normally a kind of fetichism. &quot;We are a long time before we fall in love
+with a woman,&quot; he remarks; &quot;we must wait to see the detail which strikes
+and delights us, and causes us to overlook what displeases us. Only in
+normal love the details are many and always changing. Constancy in love is
+rarely anything else but a voyage around the beloved person, a voyage of
+exploration and ever new discoveries. The most faithful lover does not
+love the same woman in the same way for two days in succession.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_65'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_65'><sup>[65]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='5_Page_107'></a>
+<p>From that point of view normal sexual love is the sway of a fetich&mdash;more
+or less arbitrary, more or less (as Binet terms it) polytheistic&mdash;and it
+can have little objective basis. But, as we saw when considering &quot;Sexual
+Selection in Man&quot; in the previous volume, more especially when analyzing
+the notion of beauty, we are justified in believing that beauty has to a
+large extent an objective basis, and that love by no means depends simply
+on the capricious selection of some individual fetich. The individual
+factor, as we saw, is but one of many factors which constitute beauty. In
+the study of sexual selection that individual factor was passed over very
+lightly. We now see that it is often a factor of great importance, for in
+it are rooted all these outgrowths&mdash;normal in their germs, highly abnormal
+in their more extreme developments&mdash;which make up erotic symbolism.</p>
+
+<p>Erotic symbolism is therefore concerned with all that is least generic,
+least specific, all that is most intimately personal and individual, in
+sexual selection. It is the final point in which the decreasing circle of
+sexual attractiveness is fixed. In the widest and most abstract form
+sexual selection in man is merely human, and we are attracted to that
+which bears most fully the marks of humanity; in a less abstract form it
+is sexual, and we are attracted to that which most vigorously presents the
+secondary sexual characteristics; still narrowing, it is the type of our
+own nation and people that appeals most strongly to us in matters of love;
+and still further concentrating we are affected by the ideal&mdash;in
+civilization most often the somewhat exotic ideal&mdash;of our own day, the
+fashion of our own city. But the individual factor still remains, and amid
+the infinite possibilities of erotic symbolism the individual may evolve
+an ideal which is often, as far as he knows and perhaps in actuality, an
+absolutely unique event in the history of the human soul.</p>
+
+<p>Erotic symbolism works in its finer manifestations by means of the
+idealizing aptitudes; it is the field of sexual psychology in which that
+faculty of crystallization, on which Stendhal loved to dwell, achieves its
+most brilliant results. In the solitary passage in which we seem to see a
+smile on the face of the austere <a name='5_Page_108'></a>poet of the <i>De Rerum Natur&acirc;</i>, Lucretius
+tells us how every lover, however he may be amused by the amorous
+extravagances of other men, is himself blinded by passion: if his mistress
+is black she is a fascinating brunette, if she squints she is the rival of
+Pallas, if too tall she is majestic, if too short she is one of the
+Graces, <i>tota merum sal</i>; if too lean it is her delicate refinement, if
+too fat then a Ceres, dirty and she disdains adornment, a chatterer and
+brilliantly vivacious, silent and it is her exquisite modesty.<a name='5_FNanchor_66'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_66'><sup>[66]</sup></a> Sixteen
+hundred years later Robert Burton, when describing the symptoms of love,
+made out a long and appalling list of the physical defects which the lover
+is prepared to admire.<a name='5_FNanchor_67'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_67'><sup>[67]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Yet we must not be too certain that the lover is wrong in this matter. We
+too hastily assume that the casual and hasty judgment of the world is
+necessarily more reliable, more conformed to what we call &quot;truth,&quot; than
+the judgment of the lover which is founded on absorbed and patient study.
+In some cases where there is lack of intelligence in the lover and
+dissimulation in the object of his love, it may be so. But even a poem or
+a picture will often not reveal its beauty except by the expenditure of
+time and study. It is foolish to expect that the secret beauty of a human
+person will reveal itself more easily. The lover is an artist, an artist
+who constructs an image, it is true, but only by patient and concentrated
+attention to nature; he knows the defects of his image, probably better
+than anyone, but he knows also that art lies, not in the avoidance of
+defects, but in the realization of those traits which swallow up defects
+and so render them non-existent. A great artist, Rodin, after a life spent
+in the study of Nature, has declared that for art there is no ugliness in
+Nature. &quot;I have arrived at this belief by the study of Nature,&quot; he said;
+&quot;I can only grasp the beauty of the soul by the beauty of the body, but
+some day one will come who will explain what I only catch a glimpse of and
+will declare how the whole earth is beautiful, and all human beings
+beautiful. I have never been able to say this in sculpture so well as I
+wish <a name='5_Page_109'></a>and as I feel it affirmed within me. For poets Beauty has always
+been some particular landscape, some particular woman; but it should be
+all women, all landscapes. A negro or a Mongol has his beauty, however
+remote from ours, and it must be the same with their characters. There is
+no ugliness. When I was young I made that mistake, as others do; I could
+not undertake a woman's bust unless I thought her pretty, according to my
+particular idea of beauty; to-day I should do the bust of any woman, and
+it would be just as beautiful. And however ugly a woman may look, when she
+is with her lover she becomes beautiful; there is beauty in her character,
+in her passions, and beauty exists as soon as character or passion becomes
+visible, for the body is a casting on which passions are imprinted. And
+even without that, there is always the blood that flows in the veins and
+the air that fills the lungs.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_68'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_68'><sup>[68]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The saint, also, is here at one with the lover and the artist. The man who
+has so profoundly realized the worth of his fellow men that he is ready
+even to die in order to save them, feels that he has discovered a great
+secret. Cyples traces the &quot;secret delights&quot; that have thus risen in the
+hearts of holy men to the same source as the feelings generated between
+lovers, friends, parents, and children. &quot;A few have at intervals walked in
+the world,&quot; he remarks, &quot;who have, each in his own original way, found out
+this marvel.... Straightway man in general has become to them so sweet a
+thing that the infatuation has seemed to the rest of their fellows to be a
+celestial madness. Beggars' rags to their unhesitating lips grew fit for
+kissing, because humanity had touched the garb; there were no longer any
+menial acts, but only welcome services.... Remember by how much man is the
+subtlest circumstance in the world; at how many points he can attach
+relationships; how manifold and perennial he is in his results. All other
+things are dull, meager, tame beside him.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_69'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_69'><sup>[69]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='5_Page_110'></a>
+<p>It may be added that even if we still believe that lover and artist and
+saint are drawing the main elements of their conceptions from the depths
+of their own consciousness, there is a sense in which they are coming
+nearer to the truth of things than those for whom their conceptions are
+mere illusions. The aptitude for realizing beauty has involved an
+adjustment of the nerves and the associated brain centers through
+countless ages that began before man was. When the vision of supreme
+beauty is slowly or suddenly realized by anyone, with a reverberation that
+extends throughout his organism, he has attained to something which for
+his species, and for far more than his species, is truth, and can only be
+illusion to one who has artificially placed himself outside the stream of
+life.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In an essay on &quot;The Gods as Apparitions of the Race-Life,&quot; Edward
+    Carpenter, though in somewhat Platonic phraseology, thus well
+    states the matter: &quot;The youth sees the girl; it may be a chance
+    face, a chance outline, amid the most banal surroundings. But it
+    gives the cue. There is a memory, a confused reminiscence. The
+    mortal figure without penetrates to the immortal figure within,
+    and there rises into consciousness a shining form, glorious, not
+    belonging to this world, but vibrating with the agelong life of
+    humanity, and the memory of a thousand love-dreams. The waking of
+    this vision intoxicates the man; it glows and burns within him; a
+    goddess (it may be Venus herself) stands in the sacred place of
+    his temple; a sense of awe-struck splendor fills him, and the
+    world is changed.&quot; &quot;He sees something&quot; (the same writer continues
+    in a subsequent essay, &quot;Beauty and Duty&quot;) &quot;which, in a sense, is
+    more real than the figures in the street, for he sees something
+    that has lived and moved for hundreds of years in the heart of
+    the race; something which has been one of the great formative
+    influences of his own life, and which has done as much to create
+    those very figures in the street as qualities in the circulation
+    of the blood may do to form a finger or other limb. He comes into
+    touch with a very real Presence or Power&mdash;one of those organic
+    centers of growth in the life of humanity&mdash;and feels this larger
+    life within himself, subjective, if you like, and yet intensely
+    objective. And more. For is it not also evident that the woman,
+    the mortal woman who excites his Vision, <i>has</i> some closest
+    relation to it, and is, indeed, far more than a mere mask or
+    empty formula which reminds him of it? For she indeed has within
+    her, just as much as the <a name='5_Page_111'></a>man has, deep subconscious Powers
+    working; and the ideal which has dawned so entrancingly on the
+    man is in all probability closely related to that which has been
+    working most powerfully in the heredity of the woman, and which
+    has most contributed to mold <i>her</i> form and outline. No wonder,
+    then, that her form should remind him of it. Indeed, when he
+    looks into her eyes he sees <i>through</i> to a far deeper life even
+    than she herself may be aware of, and yet which is truly hers&mdash;a
+    life perennial and wonderful. The more than mortal in him beholds
+    the more than mortal in her; and the gods descend to meet.&quot;
+    (Edward Carpenter, <i>The Art of Creation</i>, pp. 137, 186.)</p></div>
+
+<p>It is this mighty force which lies behind and beneath the aberrations we
+have been concerned with, a great reservoir from which they draw the
+life-blood that vivifies even their most fantastic shapes. Fetichism and
+the other forms of erotic symbolism are but the development and the
+isolation of the crystallizations which normally arise on the basis of
+sexual selection. Normal in their basis, in their extreme forms they
+present the utmost pathological aberrations of the sexual instinct which
+can be attained or conceived. In the intermediate space all degrees are
+possible. In the slightest degree the symbol is merely a specially
+fascinating and beloved feature in a person who is, in all other respects,
+felt to be lovable; as such its recognition is a legitimate part of
+courtship, an effective aid to tumescence. In a further degree the symbol
+is the one arresting and attracting character of a person who must,
+however, still be felt as a sexually attractive individual. In a still
+further degree of perversion the symbol is effective, even though the
+person with whom it is associated is altogether unattractive. In the final
+stage the person and even all association with a person disappear
+altogether from the field of sexual consciousness; the abstract symbol
+rules supreme.</p>
+
+<p>Long, however, before the symbol has reached that final climax of morbid
+intensity we may be said to have passed beyond the sphere of sexual love.
+A person, not an abstracted quality, must be the goal of love. So long as
+the fetich is subordinated to the person it serves to heighten love. But
+love must be based on a complexus of attractive qualities, or it has no
+<a name='5_Page_112'></a>stability.<a name='5_FNanchor_70'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_70'><sup>[70]</sup></a> As soon as the fetich becomes isolated and omnipotent, so
+that the person sinks into the background as an unimportant appendage of
+the fetich, all stability is lost. The fetichist now follows an impersonal
+and abstract symbol withersoever it may lead him.</p>
+
+<p>It has been seen that there are an extraordinary number of forms in which
+erotic symbolism may be felt. It must be remembered, and it cannot be too
+distinctly emphasized, that the links that bind together the forms of
+erotic symbolism are not to be found in objects or even in acts, but in
+the underlying emotion. A feeling is the first condition of the symbol, a
+feeling which recalls, by a subtle and unconscious automatic association
+of resemblance or of contiguity, some former feeling. It is the similarity
+of emotion, instinctively apprehended, which links on a symbol only
+partially sexual, or even apparently not sexual at all, to the great
+central focus of sexual emotion, the great dominating force which brings
+the symbol its life-blood.<a name='5_FNanchor_71'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_71'><sup>[71]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The cases of sexual hyper&aelig;sthesia, quoted at the beginning of this study,
+do but present in a morbidly comprehensive and sensitive form those
+possibilities of erotic symbolism which, in some degree, or at some
+period, are latent in most persons. They are genuinely instinctive and
+automatic, and have nothing in common with that fanciful and deliberate
+play of the intelligence around sexual imagery&mdash;not infrequently seen in
+abnormal and insane persons&mdash;which has no significance for sexual
+psychology.</p>
+
+<p>It is to the extreme individualization involved by the developments of
+erotic symbolism that the fetichist owes his morbid and perilous
+isolation. The lover who is influenced by all the elements of sexual
+selection is always supported by the fellow-feeling of a larger body of
+other human beings; he has behind him his species, his sex, his nation, or
+at the very least a fashion. Even the inverted lover in most cases is soon
+able to create <a name='5_Page_113'></a>around him an atmosphere constituted by persons whose
+ideals resemble his own. But it is not so with the erotic symbolist. He is
+nearly always alone. He is predisposed to isolation from the outset, for
+it would seem to be on a basis of excessive shyness and timidity that the
+manifestations of erotic symbolism are most likely to develop. When at
+length the symbolist realizes his own aspirations&mdash;which seem to him for
+the most part an altogether new phenomenon in the world&mdash;and at the same
+time realizes the wide degree in which they deviate from those of the rest
+of mankind, his natural secretiveness is still further reinforced. He
+stands alone. His most sacred ideals are for all those around him a
+childish absurdity, or a disgusting obscenity, possibly a matter calling
+for the intervention of the policeman. We have forgotten that all these
+impulses which to us seem so unnatural&mdash;this adoration of the foot and
+other despised parts of the body, this reverence for the excretory acts
+and products, the acceptance of congress with animals, the solemnity of
+self-exhibition&mdash;were all beliefs and practices which, to our remote
+forefathers, were bound up with the highest conceptions of life and the
+deepest ardors of religion.</p>
+
+<p>A man cannot, however, deviate at once so widely and so spontaneously in
+his impulses from the rest of the world in which he himself lives without
+possessing an aboriginally abnormal temperament. At the very least he
+exhibits a neuropathic sensitiveness to abnormal impressions. Not
+infrequently there is more than this, the distinct stigmata of
+degeneration, sometimes a certain degree of congenital feeble-mindedness
+or a tendency to insanity.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, regarded as a whole, and notwithstanding the frequency with which
+they witness to congenital morbidity, the phenomena of erotic symbolism
+can scarcely fail to be profoundly impressive to the patient and impartial
+student of the human soul. They often seem absurd, sometimes disgusting,
+occasionally criminal; they are always, when carried to an extreme degree,
+abnormal. But of all the manifestations of sexual psychology, normal and
+abnormal, they are the most specifically human. More than any others they
+involve the <a name='5_Page_114'></a>potently plastic force of the imagination. They bring before
+us the individual man, not only apart from his fellows, but in opposition,
+himself creating his own paradise. They constitute the supreme triumph of
+human idealism.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_64'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_64'>[64]</a><div class='note'><p> Binet, <i>Etudes de Psychologie Exp&eacute;rimentale</i>, esp., p. 84;
+Krafft-Ebing, <i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 18.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_65'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_65'>[65]</a><div class='note'><p> G. Tarde, &quot;L'Amour Morbide,&quot; <i>Archives de l'Anthropologie
+Criminelle</i>, 1890, p. 585.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_66'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_66'>[66]</a><div class='note'><p> Lucretius, Lib. IV, vv. 1150-1163.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_67'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_67'>[67]</a><div class='note'><p> Burton, <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Section II, Mem.
+III, Subs. I.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_68'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_68'>[68]</a><div class='note'><p> Judith Cladel, <i>Auguste Rodin Pris sur la Vie</i>, 1903, pp.
+103-104. Some slight modifications have been made in the translation of
+this passage on account of the conversational form of the original.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_69'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_69'>[69]</a><div class='note'><p> W. Cyples, <i>The Process of Human Experience</i>, p. 462. Even
+if (as we have already seen, <i>ante</i>, p. 58) the saint cannot always feel
+actual physical pleasure in the intimate contact of humanity, the ardor of
+devoted service which his vision of humanity arouses remains unaffected.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_70'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_70'>[70]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;To love,&quot; as Stendhal defined it (<i>De l'Amour</i>, Chapter
+II), &quot;is to have pleasure in seeing, touching, and feeling by all the
+senses, and as near as possible, a beloved object by whom one is oneself
+loved.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_71'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_71'>[71]</a><div class='note'><p> Pillon's study of &quot;La M&eacute;moire Affective&quot; (<i>Revue
+Philosophique</i>, February, 1901) helps to explain the psychic mechanism of
+the process.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_THE_MECHANISM_OF_DETUMESCENCE'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_115'></a>THE MECHANISM OF DETUMESCENCE.</h2>
+
+<a name='5_M_I'></a><h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Psychological Significance of Detumescence&mdash;The Testis and the
+Ovary&mdash;Sperm Cell and Germ Cell&mdash;Development of the Embryo&mdash;The External
+Sexual Organs&mdash;Their Wide Range of Variation&mdash;Their Nervous Supply&mdash;The
+Penis&mdash;Its Racial Variations&mdash;The Influence of Exercise&mdash;The Scrotum and
+Testicles&mdash;The Mons Veneris&mdash;The Vulva&mdash;The Labia Majora and their
+Varieties&mdash;The Pubic Hair and Its Characters&mdash;The Clitoris and Its
+Functions&mdash;The Anus as an Erogenous Zone&mdash;The Nymph&aelig; and their
+Function&mdash;The Vagina&mdash;The Hymen&mdash;Virginity&mdash;The Biological Significance of
+the Hymen.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In analyzing the sexual impulse we have seen that the process whereby the
+conjunction of the sexes is achieved falls naturally into two phases: the
+first phase, of tumescence, during which force is generated in the
+organism, and the second phase, of detumescence, in which that force is
+discharged during conjugation.<a name='5_FNanchor_72'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_72'><sup>[72]</sup></a> Hitherto we have been occupied mainly
+with the first phase, that of tumescence, and with its associated psychic
+phenomena. It was inevitable that this should be so, for it is during the
+slow process of tumescence that sexual selection is decided, the
+crystallizations of love elaborated, and, to a large extent, the
+individual erotic symbols determined. But we can by no means altogether
+pass over the final phase of detumescence. Its consideration, it is true,
+brings us directly into the field of anatomy and physiology; while
+tumescence is largely under control of the will, when the moment of
+detumescence arrives the reins slip from the control of the will; the more
+fundamental and uncontrollable impulses of the organism <a name='5_Page_116'></a>gallop on
+unchecked; the chariot of Pha&euml;thon dashes blindly down into a sea of
+emotion.</p>
+
+<p>Yet detumescence is the end and climax of the whole drama; it is an
+anatomico-physiological process, certainly, but one that inevitably
+touches psychology at every point.<a name='5_FNanchor_73'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_73'><sup>[73]</sup></a> It is, indeed, the very key to the
+process of tumescence, and unless we understand and realize very precisely
+what it is that happens during detumescence, our psychological analysis of
+the sexual impulse must remain vague and inadequate.</p>
+
+<p>From the point of view we now occupy, a man and a woman are no longer two
+highly sensitive organisms vibrating, voluptuously it may indeed be, but
+vaguely and indefinitely, to all kinds of influences and with fluctuating
+impulses capable of being directed into any channel, even in the highest
+degree divergent from the proper ends of procreation. They are now two
+genital organisms who exist to propagate the race, and whatever else they
+may be, they must be adequately constituted to effect the act by which the
+future of the race is ensured. We have to consider what are the material
+conditions which ensure the most satisfactory and complete fulfillment of
+this act, and how those conditions may be correlated with other
+circumstances in the organism. In thus approaching the subject we shall
+find that we have not really abandoned the study of the psychic aspects of
+sex.</p>
+
+<p>The two most primary sexual organs are the testis and the ovary; it is the
+object of conjugation to bring into contact the sperm from the testis with
+the germ from the ovary. There is no reason to suppose that the germ-cell
+and the sperm-cell are essentially different from each other. Sexual
+conjugation thus remains a process which is radically the same as the
+non-sexual mode of propagation which preceded it. The fusion of the nuclei
+of the two cells was regarded by Van Beneden, who in 1875 first accurately
+described it, as a process of conjugation comparable to that of the
+protozoa and the protophyta. Boveri, <a name='5_Page_117'></a>who has further extended our
+knowledge of the process, considers that the spermatozoon removes an
+inhibitory influence preventing the commencement of development in the
+ovum; the spermatozoon replaces a portion of the ovum which has already
+undergone degeneration, so that the object of conjugation is chiefly to
+effect the union of the properties of two cells in one, sexual
+fertilization achieving a division of labor with reciprocal inhibition;
+the two cells have renounced their original faculty of separate
+development in order to attain a fusion of qualities and thus render
+possible that production of new forms and qualities which has involved the
+progress of the organized world.<a name='5_FNanchor_74'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_74'><sup>[74]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>While in fishes this conjugation of the male and female elements is
+usually ensured by the female casting her spawn into an artificial nest
+outside the body, on to which the male sheds his milt, in all animals
+(and, to some extent, birds, who occupy an intermediate position) there is
+an organic nest, or incubation chamber as Bland Sutton terms it, the womb,
+in the female body, wherein the fertilized egg may develop to a high
+degree of maturity sheltered from those manifold risks of the external
+world which make it necessary for the spawn of fishes to be so enormous in
+amount. Since, however, men and women have descended from remote ancestors
+who, in the manner of aquatic creatures, exercised functions of
+sperm-extrusion and germ-extrusion that were exactly analogous in the two
+sexes, without any specialized female uterine organization, the early
+stages of human male and female f&oelig;tal development still display
+the comparatively undifferentiated sexual organization of those remote
+ancestors, and during the first months of f&oelig;tal life it is
+practically impossible to tell by the inspection of the genital regions
+whether the embryo would have developed into a man or into a woman. If we
+examine the embryo at an early stage of development we see that the hind
+end is the body stalk, this stalk in later stages becoming part of the
+umbilical cord.<a name='5_Page_118'></a> The urogenital region, formed by the rapid extension of
+the hind end beyond its original limit, which corresponds to what is later
+the umbilicus, develops mainly by the gradual differentiation of
+structures (the Wolffian and M&uuml;llerian bodies) which originally exist
+identically in both sexes. This process of sexual differentiation is
+highly complex, so that it cannot yet be said that there is complete
+agreement among investigators as to its details. When some irregularity or
+arrest of development occurs in the process we have one or other of the
+numerous malformations which may affect this region. If the arrest occurs
+at a very early stage we may even find a condition of things which seems
+to approximate to that which normally exists in the adult reptilia.<a name='5_FNanchor_75'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_75'><sup>[75]</sup></a>
+Owing to the fact that both male and female organs develop from more
+primitive structures which were sexually undifferentiated, a fundamental
+analogy in the sexual organs of the sexes always remains; the developed
+organs of one sex exist as rudiments in the other sex; the testicles
+correspond to the ovaries; the female clitoris is the homologue of the
+male penis; the scrotum of one sex is the labia majora in the other sex,
+and so throughout, although it is not always possible at present to be
+quite certain in regard to these homologics.</p>
+
+<p>Since the object to be attained by the sexual organs in the human species
+is identical with that which they subserve in their pre-human ancestors,
+it is not surprising to find that these structures have a clear
+resemblance to the corresponding structures in the apes, although on the
+whole there would appear to be in man a higher degree of sexual
+differentiation. Thus the uterus of various species of <i>semnopithecus</i>
+seems to show a noteworthy correspondence with the same organ in
+woman.<a name='5_FNanchor_76'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_76'><sup>[76]</sup></a> The somewhat less degree of sexual differentiation is well
+shown in the gorilla; in the male the external organs are in the passive
+state covered by the wrinkled skin of the abdomen, while in the <a name='5_Page_119'></a>female,
+on the contrary, they are very apparent, and in sexual excitement the
+large clitoris and nymph&aelig; become markedly prominent. The penis of the
+gorilla, however, more nearly resembles that of man, according to
+Hartmann, than does that of the other anthropoid apes, which diverge from
+the human type in this respect more than do the cynocephalic apes and some
+species of baboon.</p>
+
+<p>From the psychological point of view we are less interested in the
+internal sexual organs, which are most fundamentally concerned with the
+production and reception of the sexual elements, than with the more
+external parts of the genital apparatus which serve as the instruments of
+sexual excitation, and the channels for the intromission and passage of
+the seminal fluid. It is these only which can play any part at all in
+sexual selection; they are the only part of the sexual apparatus which can
+enter into the formation of either normal or abnormal erotic conceptions;
+they are the organs most prominently concerned with detumescence; they
+alone enter normally into the conscious process of sex at any time. It
+seems desirable, therefore, to discuss them briefly at this point.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Our knowledge of the individual and racial variations of the
+    external sexual organs is still extremely imperfect. A few
+    monographs and collections of data on isolated points may be
+    found in more or less inaccessible publications. As regards
+    women, Ploss and Bartels have devoted a chapter to the sexual
+    organs of women which extends to a hundred pages, but remains
+    scanty and fragmentary. (<i>Das Weib</i>, vol. i, Chapter VI.) The
+    most systematic series of observations have been made in the case
+    of the various kinds of degenerates&mdash;idiots, the insane,
+    criminals, etc.&mdash;but it would be obviously unsafe to rely too
+    absolutely on such investigations for our knowledge of the sexual
+    organs of the ordinary population.</p>
+
+<p>    There can be no doubt, however, that the external sexual organs
+    in normal men and women exhibit a peculiarly wide range of
+    variation. This is indicated not only by the unsystematic results
+    attained by experienced observers, but also by more systematic
+    studies. Thus Herman has shown by detailed measurements that
+    there are great normal variations in the conformation of the
+    parts that form the floor of the female pelvis. He found that the
+    projection of the pelvic floor varied from nothing to as much as
+    two inches, and that in healthy women who had borne no children
+    the distance between the coccyx and anus, the length <a name='5_Page_120'></a>of the
+    perineum, the distance between the fourchette and the symphysis
+    pubis, and the length of the vagina are subject to wide
+    variations. (<i>Lancet</i>, October 12, 1889.) Even the female
+    urethral opening varies very greatly, as has been shown by Bergh,
+    who investigated it in nearly 700 women and reproduces the
+    various shapes found; while most usually (in about a third of the
+    cases observed), a longitudinal slit, it may be cross-shaped,
+    star-shaped, crescentic, etc.; and while sometimes very small, in
+    about 6 per cent. of the cases it admitted the tip of the little
+    finger. (Bergh, <i>Monatsheft f&uuml;r Praktische Dermatologie</i>, 15
+    Sept., 1897.)</p>
+
+<p>    As regards both sexes, Stanley Hall states that &quot;Dr. F. N.
+    Seerley, who has examined over 2000 normal young men as well as
+    many young women, tells me that in his opinion individual
+    variations in these parts are much greater even than those of
+    face and form, and that the range of adult and apparently normal
+    size and proportion, as well as function, and of both the age and
+    order of development, not only of each of the several parts
+    themselves, but of all their immediate annexes, and in females as
+    well as males, is far greater than has been recognized by any
+    writer. This fact is the basis of the anxieties and fears of
+    morphological abnormality so frequent during adolescence.&quot; (G. S.
+    Hall, <i>Adolescence</i>, vol. i, p. 414).</p></div>
+
+<p>In accordance with the supreme importance of the part they play, and the
+intimately psychic nature of that part, the sexual organs, both internal
+and external, are very richly supplied with nerves. While the internal
+organs are very abundantly furnished with sympathetic nerves and ganglia,
+the external organs show the highest possible degree of specialization of
+the various peripheral nervous devices which the organism has developed
+for receiving, accumulating, and transmitting stimuli to the brain.<a name='5_FNanchor_77'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_77'><sup>[77]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;The number of conducting cords which attach the genitals to the
+    nervous centers is simply enormous,&quot; writes Bryan Robinson; &quot;the
+    pudic nerve is composed of nearly all the third sacral and
+    branches from the second and fourth sacral. As one examines this
+    nerve he is forced to the conclusion that it is an enormous
+    supply for a small organ. The periphery of the pudic nerve
+    spreads itself like a fan over the genitals.&quot; The lesser sciatic
+    nerve supplies only one muscle&mdash;the gluteus maximus&mdash;and <a name='5_Page_121'></a>then
+    sends the large pudendal branch to the side of the penis, and
+    hence the friction of coitus induces active contraction of the
+    gluteus maximus, &quot;the main muscle of coition.&quot; The large pudic
+    and the pudendal constitute the main supply of the external
+    genitals. In women the pudic nerve is equally large, but the
+    pudendal much smaller, possibly, Bryan Robinson suggests, because
+    women take a less active part in coitus. The nerve supply of the
+    clitoris, however, is three or four times as large as that of the
+    penis in proportion to size. (F. B. Robinson, &quot;The Intimate
+    Nervous Connection of the Genito-Urinary Organs With the
+    Cerebro-Spinal and Sympathetic Systems,&quot; <i>New York Medical
+    Journal</i>, March 11, 1893; <i>id.</i>, <i>The Abdominal Brain</i>, 1899.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Of all the sexual organs the penis is without doubt that which has most
+powerfully impressed the human imagination. It is the very emblem of
+generation, and everywhere men have contemplated it with a mixture of
+reverence and shuddering awe that has sometimes, even among civilized
+peoples, amounted to horror and disgust. Its image is worn as an amulet to
+ward off evil and invoked as a charm to call forth blessing. The sexual
+organs were once the most sacred object on which a man could place his
+hands to swear an inviolate oath, just as now he takes up the Testament.
+Even in the traditions of the great classic civilization which we inherit
+the penis is <i>fascinus</i>, the symbol of all fascination. In the history of
+human culture it has had far more than a merely human significance; it has
+been the symbol of all the generative force of Nature, the embodiment of
+creative energy in the animal and vegetable worlds alike, an image to be
+held aloft for worship, the sign of all unconscious ecstasy. As a symbol,
+the sacred phallus, it has been woven in and out of all the highest and
+deepest human conceptions, so intimately that it is possible to see it
+everywhere, that it is possible to fail to see it anywhere.</p>
+
+<p>In correspondence with the importance of the penis is the large number of
+names which men have everywhere bestowed upon it. In French literature
+many hundred synonyms may be found. They were also numerous in Latin. In
+English the literary terms for the penis seem to be comparatively few, but
+a large number of non-literary synonyms exist in colloquial and perhaps
+merely local usage. The Latin term penis, which has <a name='5_Page_122'></a>established itself
+among us as the most correct designation, is generally considered to be
+associated with <i>pendere</i> and to be connected therefore with the usually
+pendent position of the organ. In the middle ages the general literary
+term throughout Europe was <i>coles</i> (or <i>colis</i>) from <i>caulis</i>, a stalk,
+and <i>virga</i>, a rod. The only serious English literary term, yard (exactly
+equivalent to <i>virga</i>), as used by Chaucer&mdash;almost the last great English
+writer whose vocabulary was adequate to the central facts of life&mdash;has now
+fallen out of literary and even colloquial usage.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Pierer and Chaulant, in their anatomical and physiological
+    <i>Real-Lexicon</i> (vol. vi, p. 134), give nearly a hundred synonyms
+    for the penis. Hyrtl (<i>Topographisches Anatomie</i>, seventh
+    edition, vol. ii, pp. 67-69), adds others. Schurig, in his
+    <i>Spermatologia</i> (1720, pp. 89-91), also presents a number of
+    names for the penis; in Chapter III (pp. 189-192) of the same
+    book he discusses the penis generally with more fullness than
+    most authors. Louis de Landes, in his <i>Glossaire Erotique</i> of the
+    French language (pp. 239-242), enumerates several hundred
+    literary synonyms for the penis, though many of them probably
+    only occur once.</p>
+
+<p>    There is no thorough and comprehensive modern study of the penis
+    on an anthropological basis (though I should mention a valuable
+    and fully illustrated study of anthropological and pathological
+    variations of the penis in a series of articles by Marandon de
+    Montyel, &quot;Des Anomalies des Organs G&eacute;nitaux Externes Chez les
+    Ali&eacute;n&eacute;es,&quot; etc., <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, 1895),
+    and it would be out of place here to attempt to collect the
+    scattered notices regarding racial and other variations. It may
+    suffice to note some of the evidence showing that such variations
+    seem to be numerous and important. The Arab penis (according to
+    Kocher) is slender and long (a third longer than the average
+    European penis) and with a club-shaped glans. It undergoes little
+    change when it enters the erect state. The clothes leaves it
+    quite free, and the Arab practices manual excitement at an early
+    age to favor its development.</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Fuegians, also, according to Hyades and Deniker (<i>Cap
+    Horn</i>, vol. vii, p. 153), the average length of the penis is 77
+    millimeters, which is longer than in Europeans.</p>
+
+<p>    In men of black race, also, the penis is decidedly large. Thus
+    Sir H. H. Johnston (<i>British Central Africa</i>, p. 399) states this
+    to be a universal rule. Among the Wankenda of Northern Nyassa,
+    for instance, he remarks that, while the body is of medium size,
+    the penis is generally large. He gives the usual length as about
+    six inches, reaching nine or ten in erection. The prepuce, it is
+    added, is often very long, and circumcision is practiced by many
+    tribes.</p><a name='5_Page_123'></a>
+
+<p>    Among the American negroes Hrdlicka has found, also (<i>Proceedings
+    American Association for the Advancement of Science</i>, vol. xlvii,
+    p. 475), that the penis in black boys is larger than in white
+    boys.</p>
+
+<p>    The passages cited above suggest the question whether the penis
+    becomes larger by exercise of its generative functions. Most old
+    authors assert that frequent erection makes the penis large and
+    long (Schurig, <i>Spermatologia</i>, p. 107). Galen noted that in
+    singers and athletes, who were chaste in order to preserve their
+    strength, the sexual parts were small and rugrose, like those of
+    old men, and that exercise of the organs from youth develops
+    them; Roubaud, quoting this observation (<i>Trait&eacute; de
+    l'Impuissance</i>, p. 373), agrees with the statement. It seems
+    probable that there is an element of truth in this ancient
+    belief. At the same time it must be remembered that the penis is
+    only to small extent a muscular organ, and that the increase of
+    size produced by frequent congestion of erectile tissues cannot
+    be either rapid or pronounced. Variations in the size of the
+    sexual organs are probably on the whole mainly inherited, though
+    it is impossible to speak decisively on this point until more
+    systematic observations become customary.</p></div>
+
+<p>The scrotum has usually, in the human imagination, been regarded merely as
+an appendage of the penis, of secondary importance, although it is the
+garment of the primary and essential organs of sex, and the fact that it
+is not the seat of any voluptuous sensation has doubtless helped to
+confirm this position. Even the name is merely a medi&aelig;val perversion of
+<i>scortum</i>, skin or hide. In classic times it was usually called the pouch
+or purse. The importance of the testicles has not, however, been
+altogether ignored, as the very word <i>testis</i> itself shows, for the
+<i>testis</i> is simply the <i>witness</i> of virility.<a name='5_FNanchor_78'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_78'><sup>[78]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is easy to understand why the penis should occupy this special place in
+man's thoughts as the supreme sexual organ. It is the one conspicuous and
+prominent portion of the sexual apparatus, while its aptitude for swelling
+and erecting itself involuntarily, under the influence of sexual emotion,
+gives it a peculiar and almost unique position in the body. At the same
+time it is the point at which, in the male body, all voluptuous sensation
+is concentrated, the only normal masculine center of sex.<a name='5_FNanchor_79'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_79'><sup>[79]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='5_Page_124'></a>
+<p>It is not easy to find any correspondingly conspicuous symbol of sex in
+the sexual region of women. In the normal position nothing is visible but
+the peculiarly human cushion of fat picturesquely termed the Mons Veneris
+(because, as Palfyn said, all those who enroll themselves under the banner
+of Venus must necessarily scale it), and even that is veiled from view in
+the adult by the more or less bushy plantation of hair which grows upon
+it. A triangle of varyingly precise definition is thus formed at the lower
+apex of the trunk, and this would sometimes appear to have been regarded
+as a feminine symbol.<a name='5_FNanchor_80'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_80'><sup>[80]</sup></a> But the more usual and typical symbol of
+femininity is the idealized ring (by some savages drawn as a lozenge) of
+the vulvar opening&mdash;the <i>yoni</i> corresponding to the masculine
+<i>lingam</i>&mdash;which is normally closed from view by the larger lips arising
+from beneath the shadow of the <i>mons</i>. It is a symbol that, like the
+masculine phallus, has a double meaning among primitive peoples and is
+sometimes used to call down a blessing and sometimes to invoke a
+curse.<a name='5_FNanchor_81'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_81'><sup>[81]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>This external opening of the feminine genital passage with its two
+enclosing lips is now generally called the vulva. It would appear that
+originally (as by Celsus and Pliny) this term included the womb, also, but
+when the term &quot;uterus&quot; came into use &quot;vulva&quot; was confined (as its sense of
+folding doors suggests that it should be) to the external entrance. The
+classic term <i>cunnus</i> for the external genitals was chiefly used by the
+poets; it has been the etymological source of various European names for
+this region, such as the old French <i>con</i>, which has now, however,
+disappeared from literature while even in popular usage it has given place
+to <i>lapin</i> and similar terms. But there is always a tendency, marked in
+most parts of the world, for the names of the external female parts to
+become indecorous. Even in classic antiquity this part was the <i>pudendum</i>,
+the part <a name='5_Page_125'></a>to be ashamed of, and among ourselves the mass of the
+population, still preserving the traditions of primitive times, continue
+to cherish the same notion.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The anatomy, anthropology, folk-lore, and terminology of the
+    external and to some extent the internal feminine sexual region
+    may be studied in the following publications, among others:
+    Ploss, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol. i, Chapter VI; Hyrtl, <i>Topographisches
+    Anatomie</i>, vol. ii, and other publications by the same scholarly
+    anatomist; W. J. Stewart Mackay, <i>History of Ancient Gyn&aelig;cology</i>,
+    especially pp. 244-250; R. Bergh, &quot;Symbol&aelig; ad Cognitionem
+    Genitalium Externorum F&oelig;minearum&quot; (in Danish),
+    <i>Hospitalstidende</i>, August, 1894; and also in <i>Monatshefte f&uuml;r
+    Praktische Dermatologie</i>, 1897. D. S. Lamb, &quot;The Female External
+    Genital Organs,&quot; <i>New York Journal of Gyn&aelig;cology</i>, August, 1894;
+    R. L. Dickinson, &quot;Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their
+    Significance,&quot; <i>American Gynecology</i>, September, 1902; &#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;
+    (in various languages), vol. viii, pp. 3-11, 11-13,
+    and many other passages. Several of Schurig's works (especially
+    <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i>, <i>Muliebria</i>, and <i>Parthenologia</i>) contain full
+    summaries of the statements of the early writers.</p></div>
+
+<p>The external or larger lips, like the mons veneris, are specifically human
+in their full development, for in the anthropoid apes they are small as is
+the mons, and in the lower apes absent altogether; they are, moreover,
+larger in the white than in the other human races. Thus in the negro, and
+to a less degree in the Japanese (Wernich) and the Javanese (Scherzer)
+they are less developed than in women of white race. The greater lips
+develop in the f&oelig;tus later than the lesser lips, which are thus
+at first uncovered; this condition thus constitutes an infantile state
+which occasionally (in less than 2 per cent. of cases, according to Bergh)
+persists in the adult. Their generally accepted name, labia majora, is
+comparatively modern.<a name='5_FNanchor_82'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_82'><sup>[82]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The outer sides of the labia majora are covered with hair, and on
+    the inner sides, which are smooth and moist, but are not true
+    mucous membrane, there are a few sweat glands and numerous large
+    sebaceous glands. Bergh considers that there is little or no hair
+    on the inner sides of the labia majora, but Lamb states that
+    careful examination shows that from one- to two-thirds of the
+    inner surface in adult women <a name='5_Page_126'></a>show hairs like those of the
+    external surface. In brunettes and women of dark races this
+    surface is pigmented; in dark races it is usually a slate gray.
+    From an examination of 2200 young Danish prostitutes Bergh has
+    found that there are two main varieties in the shape of the labia
+    majora, with transitional forms. In the first and most frequent
+    form the labia tend to be less marked and more effaced and
+    separated at the upper and anterior part, often being lost in the
+    sides of the mons and presenting a fissure which is broader in
+    its upper part and showing the inner lips more or less bare. In
+    the second form the labia are thicker and more outstanding and
+    the inner edges lie in contact throughout their whole length,
+    showing the <i>rima pudendi</i> as a long narrow fissure. Whatever the
+    form, the labia close more tightly together in virgins and in
+    young individuals generally than in the deflowered and the
+    elderly. In children, as Martineau pointed out, the vulva appears
+    to look directly forward and the clitoris and urinary meatus
+    easily appear, while in adult women, and especially after
+    attempts at coitus have been made, the vulva appears directed
+    more below and behind, and the clitoris and meatus more covered
+    by the labia majora; so that the child urinates forward, while
+    the adult woman is usually able to urinate almost directly
+    downwards in the erect position, though in some cases (as may
+    occasionally be observed in the street) she can only do so when
+    bending slightly forwards. This difference in the direction of
+    the stream formerly furnished one of the methods of diagnosing
+    virginity, an uncertain one, since the difference is largely due
+    to age and individual variation. The main factor in the position
+    and aspect of the vulva is pelvic inclination. (See Havelock
+    Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition, p. 64; Stratz, <i>Die
+    Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, Chapter XII.) In the European
+    woman, according to Stratz, a considerable degree of pelvic
+    inclination is essential to beauty, concealing all but the
+    anterior third of the vulva. In negresses and other women of
+    lower race the vulva, however, usually lies further back, being
+    more conspicuous from behind than in European women; in this
+    respect lower races resemble the apes. Those women of dark race,
+    therefore, whose modesty is focused behind rather than in front
+    thus have sound anatomical considerations on their side.</p>
+
+<p>    As Ploss and Bartels remark, a very common variation among
+    European women consists in an unusually posterior position of the
+    vulva and vaginal entrance, so that unless a cushion is placed
+    under the buttocks it is difficult for the man to effect coitus
+    in the usual position without giving much pain to the woman. They
+    add that another anomaly, less easy to remedy, consists in an
+    abnormally anterior position of the vaginal entrance close
+    beneath the pelvic bone, so that, although intromission is easy,
+    the spasmodic contraction of the vagina at the culmination of
+    orgasm presses the penis against the bone and causes intolerable
+    pain to the man.</p></div><a name='5_Page_127'></a>
+
+<p>The mons veneris and the labia majora are, after the age of puberty,
+always normally covered by a more or less profuse growth of hair. It is
+notable that the apes, notwithstanding their general tendency to
+hairiness, show no such special development of hair in this region. We
+thus see that all the external and more conspicuous portions of the sexual
+sphere in woman&mdash;the mons veneris, the labia majora, and the
+hair&mdash;represent not so much an animal inheritance, such as we commonly
+misrepresent them to be, but a higher and genuinely human development. As
+none of these structures subserve any clear practical use, it would appear
+that they must have developed by sexual selection to satisfy the &aelig;sthetic
+demands of the eye.<a name='5_FNanchor_83'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_83'><sup>[83]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The character and arrangement of the pubic hair, investigated by
+    Eschricht and Voigt more than half a century ago, have been more
+    recently studied by Bergh. As these observers have pointed out,
+    there are various converging hair streams from above and below,
+    the clitoris seeming to be the center towards which they are
+    directed. The hair-covering thus formed is usually ample and, as
+    a rule, is more so in brunettes than in blondes. It is nearly
+    always bent, curly and more or less spirally twisted.<a name='5_FNanchor_84'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_84'><sup>[84]</sup></a> There
+    are frequently one or two curls at the commencement of the
+    fissure, rolled outwards, and occasionally a well marked tuft in
+    the middle line. In abundance the pubic hair corresponds with the
+    axillary hair; when one region is defective in hair the other is
+    usually so also. Strong eyebrows also usually indicate a strong
+    development of pubic hair. But the hair of the head usually
+    varies independently, and Bergh found that of 154 women with
+    spare pubic hair 72 had good and often profuse hair on the head.
+    Complete or almost <a name='5_Page_128'></a>complete absence of pubic hair is in Bergh's
+    experience only found in about 3 per cent. of women; these were
+    all young and blonde.</p></div>
+
+<p>Rothe, in his investigation of the pubic hair of 1000 Berlin women, found
+that no two women were really alike in this respect, but there was a
+tendency to two main types of arrangement, with minor subdivisions,
+according as the hair tended to grow chiefly in the middle line extending
+laterally from that line, or to grow equally over the whole extent of the
+pubic region; these two groups included half the cases investigated.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In men the pubic hair normally ascends anteriorly in a faint line
+    up to the navel, with tendency to form a triangle with the apex
+    above, and posteriorly extends backwards to the anus. In women
+    these anterior and posterior extensions are comparatively rare,
+    or at all events are only represented by a few stray hairs. Rothe
+    found this variation in 4 per cent. of North German women, though
+    a triangle of hair was only found in 2 per cent.; Lombroso found
+    it in 5 per cent, of Italian women; Bergh found it in only 1.6
+    per cent. among 1000 Danish prostitutes, all sixteen of whom with
+    three exceptions were brunettes. In Vienna, among 600 women, Coe
+    found only 1 per cent, with this distribution of hair, and states
+    that they were women of decidedly masculine type, though Ploss
+    and Bartels, as well as Rothe, find, however, that heterogeny, as
+    they term the masculine distribution, is more common in blondes.
+    The anterior extension of hair is usually accompanied by the
+    posterior extension around the anus, usually very slight, but
+    occasionally as pronounce as in men. (According to Rothe,
+    however, anterior heterogeny comparatively rare.) These masculine
+    variations in the extension of the pubic hair appear to be not
+    uncommonly associated with other physical and psychic anomalies;
+    it is on this account that they have sometimes been regarded as
+    indications of a vicious or a criminal temperament; they are,
+    however, found in quite normal women.</p>
+
+<p>    The pubic hair of women is usually shorter than that of men, but
+    thick, and the individual hairs stronger and larger in diameter
+    than those of men, as Pfaff first showed; dark hair is usually
+    stronger than light. In both length and size the individual
+    variations are considerable. The usual length is about 2 inches,
+    or 3-5 centimeters, occasionally reaching about 4 inches, or 9-10
+    centimeters, in the larger curls. In a series of 100 women
+    attended during confinement in London and the north of England I
+    have only once (in a rather blonde Lancashire woman) found the
+    hair on labia reaching a conspicuous length of several inches and
+    forming an obstruction to the manipulations involved in delivery.
+    But Jahn delivered a woman whose pubic hair was longer than that
+    of her head, reaching below her knee; Paulini also knew a woman
+    whose <a name='5_Page_129'></a>pubic hair nearly reached her knees and was sold to make
+    wigs; Bartholin mentions a soldier's wife who plaited her pubic
+    hair behind her back; while Brant&ocirc;me has several references to
+    abnormally long hair in ladies of the French court during the
+    sixteenth century. In 8 cases out of 2200 Bergh found the pubic
+    hair forming a large curly wig extending to the iliac spines. The
+    individual hairs have occasionally been found so stiff and
+    brush-like as to render coitus difficult.</p>
+
+<p>    In color the pubic hair, while generally approximating to that of
+    the head, is sometimes (according to Rothe, in Germany, in
+    one-third cases) lighter, and sometimes somewhat darker, as is
+    found to be the case by Coe, especially in brunettes, and also by
+    Bergh, in Denmark. Bergh remarks that it is generally
+    intermediate in color between the eyebrows and the axillary hair,
+    the latter being more or less decolorized by sweat, and that,
+    owing to the influence of the urine and vaginal discharges, the
+    labial hair is paler than that on the mons; blondes with dark
+    eyebrows usually have dark hair on the mons. The hair on this
+    spot, as Aristotle observed, is usually the last to turn gray.</p></div>
+
+<p>The key to the genital apparatus in women from the psychic point of view,
+and, indeed, to some extent, its anatomical center, is to be found in the
+clitoris. Anatomically and developmentally the clitoris is the rudimentary
+analogue of the masculine penis. Functionally, however, its scope is very
+much smaller. While the penis both receives and imparts specific
+voluptuous sensations, and is at the same time both the intromittent organ
+for the semen and the conduit for the urine, the sole function of the
+clitoris is to enter into erection under the stress of sexual emotion and
+receive and transmit the stimulatory voluptuous sensations imparted to it
+by friction with the masculine genital apparatus. It is so insignificant
+an organ that it is only within recent times that its homology with the
+penis has been realized. In 1844 Kobelt wrote in his important book, <i>Die
+Mannlichen und Weiblichen Wollust-Organe</i>, that in his attempt to show
+that the female organs are exactly analogous to the male the reader will
+probably be unable to follow him, while even Johannes M&uuml;ller, the father
+of scientific physiology, declared at about the same period that the
+clitoris is essentially different from the penis. It is indeed but three
+centuries since the clitoris was so little known that (in 1593) Realdus
+Columbus actually claimed the honor of discovering it.<a name='5_Page_130'></a> Columbus was not
+its discoverer, for Fallopius speedily showed that Avicenna and Albucasis
+had referred to it.<a name='5_FNanchor_85'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_85'><sup>[85]</sup></a> The Arabs appear to have been very familiar with
+it, and, from the various names they gave it, clearly understood the
+important part it plays in generating voluptuous emotion.<a name='5_FNanchor_86'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_86'><sup>[86]</sup></a> But it was
+known in classic antiquity; the Greeks called it &#956;&#8059;&#961;&#964;&#959;&#957;, the
+myrtle-berry; Galen and Soranus called it &#957;&#8059;&#956;&#966;&#951; because it is
+covered as a bride is veiled, while the old Latin name was <i>tentigo</i>, from
+its power of entering into erection, and <i>columella</i>, the little pillar,
+from its shape. The modern term, which is Greek and refers to the
+sensitiveness of the part to voluptuous titillation, is said to have
+originated with Suidas and Pollux.<a name='5_FNanchor_87'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_87'><sup>[87]</sup></a> It was mentioned, though not
+adopted, by Rufus.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The clitoris,&quot; declared Haller, &quot;is a part extremely sensible and
+wonderfully prurient.&quot; It is certainly the chief though by no means the
+only point through which the immediate call to detumescence is conveyed to
+the female organism. It is, indeed, as Bryan Robinson remarks, &quot;a
+veritable electrical bell button which, being pressed or irritated, rings
+up the whole nervous system.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The nervous supply of this little organ is very large, and the
+    dorsal nerve of the clitoris is relatively three or four times
+    larger than that of the penis. Yet the sensitive point of this
+    organ is only 5 to 7 millimeters in extent. The length of the
+    clitoris is usually rather over 2 centimeters (or about an inch)
+    and 3 centimeters when erect; a length of 4 centimeters or more
+    was regarded by Martineau as within the normal range of
+    variation. It is not usual to find the clitoris longer than this
+    in Europe (for among some races like the negro the clitoris is
+    generally large), but all degrees of magnitude may be found as
+    rare exceptions. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, Sir J. Y. Simpson,
+    &quot;Hermaphrodites,&quot; <i>Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions</i>, vol. ii,
+    pp. 217-226; also Dickinson, <i>loc. cit.</i>) It was formerly thought
+    that the clitoris is easily enlarged by masturbation, and
+    Martineau believed that in this way it might be doubled in
+    length. It is probable that slight enlargement of the clitoris
+    may be <a name='5_Page_131'></a>caused by very frequent masturbation, but only to an
+    insignificant extent, and it is impossible to diagnose
+    masturbation from the size of the clitoris. Among the women of
+    Lake Nyassa, as well as in the Caroline Islands, special methods
+    are practiced for elongating the clitoris, but in Europe, at all
+    events, it is probable that the variations in the size of the
+    organ are mainly congenital. It may well be that a congenitally
+    large clitoris is associated with an abnormally developed
+    excitability of the sexual apparatus. Tilt stated (<i>On Uterine
+    and Ovarian Inflammation</i>, p. 37) that in his experience there
+    was a frequent though not invariable connection between a large
+    clitoris and sexual proclivity. (Schurig referred to a case of
+    intense and life-long sexual obsession associated with an
+    extremely large clitoris, <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i>, pp. 16-17.) Of recent
+    years considerable importance has been attached by some
+    gynecologists (<i>e.g.</i>, R. T. Morris, &quot;Is Evolution Trying to Do
+    Away With the Clitoris?&quot; <i>Transactions American Association of
+    Obstetricians and Gynecologists</i>, vol. v, 1893) to preputial
+    adhesions around the clitoris as a source of nervous disturbance
+    and invalidism in young women.</p></div>
+
+<p>While the clitoris is anatomically analogous to the penis, its actual
+mechanism under the stress of sexual excitement is somewhat different. As
+Li&eacute;taud long since pointed out, it cannot rise freely in erection as the
+penis can; it is apparently bound down by its prepuce and its frenulum.
+Waldeyer, in his book on the pelvis, states more precisely that, unlike
+the penis, when erect it retains its angle, only this becomes somewhat
+rounded so that the organ is to some slight extent lifted and protruded.
+Waldeyer considered that the clitoris was thus perfectly fitted to fulfill
+its part as the recipient of erotic stimulation from friction by the
+penis. Adler, however, has pointed out with considerable justice, that
+this is not altogether the case. The clitoris was developed in mammals who
+practiced the posterior mode of coitus; in this position the clitoris was
+beneath the penis, which was thus easily able in coitus to press it
+against the pubic bone close beneath which it is situated, and thus impart
+the compression and friction which the feminine organ craves. But in the
+human anterior mode of coitus it is not necessarily brought into close
+contact with the penis during the act of coitus, and thus fails to receive
+powerful stimulation. Its restricted position, <a name='5_Page_132'></a>which is an advantage in
+posterior coitus, is a disadvantage in anterior coitus. Adler observes
+that it thus comes about that the human method of coitus, while by
+bringing breast to breast and face to face it has added a new dignity and
+refinement, a fresh source of enjoyment, to the embrace of the sexes, has
+not been an unmixed advantage to woman, for while man has lost nothing by
+the change, woman has now to contend with an increased difficulty in
+attaining an adequate amount of pressure on that &quot;electric button&quot; which
+normally sets the whole mechanism in operation.<a name='5_FNanchor_88'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_88'><sup>[88]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>We may well bring into connection with the changed conditions brought
+about by anterior coitus the interesting fact that while the clitoris
+remains the most exquisitely sensitive of the sexual centers in woman,
+voluptuous sensitivity is much more widely diffused in woman than in man.
+Over the whole body, indeed, it is apt to be more distinctly marked than
+is usually the case in man. But even if we confine ourselves to the
+genital region, while in man that portion of the penis which enters the
+vagina, and especially the glans, is normally the only portion which, even
+during turgescence, is sensitive to voluptuous contacts, in woman the
+whole of the region comprised within the larger lips, including even the
+anus and internally the vagina and the vaginal portion of the womb,<a name='5_FNanchor_89'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_89'><sup>[89]</sup></a>
+become sensitive to voluptuous contacts. Deprived of the penis the ability
+of a man to experience specifically sexual sensations becomes very limited
+indeed. But the loss of the clitoris or of any other structure involves no
+correspondingly serious disability on women. Ablation of the clitoris for
+sexual hyper&aelig;sthesia has for this reason been abandoned, except under
+special circumstances. The members of the Russian Skoptzy sect habitually
+amputate <a name='5_Page_133'></a>the clitoris, nymph&aelig;, and breasts, yet many young Skoptzy women
+told the Russian physician, Guttceit, that they were perfectly well able
+to enjoy coitus.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Freud believes that in very young girls the clitoris is the
+    exclusive seat of sexual sensation, masturbation at this age
+    being directed to the clitoris alone, and spontaneous sexual
+    excitement being confined to twitchings and erection of this
+    organ, so that young girls are able, from their own experience,
+    to recognize without instruction the signs of sexual excitement
+    in boys. At a later age sexual excitability spreads from the
+    clitoris to other regions&mdash;just as the easy inflammability of
+    wood sets light to coal&mdash;though in the male the penis remains
+    from first to last normally the almost exclusive seat of specific
+    excitability. (S. Freud, <i>Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie</i>,
+    p. 62.)</p>
+
+<p>    The anus would, however, seem to be sometimes an erogenous zone
+    even at an early age. Titillation of the anus appears to be
+    frequently pleasurable in women; and this is not surprising
+    considering the high degree of erotic sensitivity which is easily
+    developed at the body orifices where skin meets mucous membrane.
+    (Thus the meatus of the urethra is a highly erogenous zone, as is
+    sufficiently shown by the frequency with which hair-pins and
+    other articles used in masturbation find their way into the
+    bladder.) It is in this germinal sensitivity, undoubtedly, that
+    we find a chief key to the practice of <i>pedicatio</i>. Freud
+    attaches great importance to the anus as a sexually erogenous
+    zone at a very early age, and considers that it very frequently
+    makes its influence felt in this respect. He believes that
+    intestinal catarrhs in very early life and h&aelig;morrhoids later tend
+    to develop sensibility in the anus. He finds an indication that
+    the anus has become a sexually erogenous zone when children wish
+    to allow the contents of the rectum to accumulate so that
+    defecation may by its increased difficulty involve voluptuous
+    sensations, and adds that masturbatory excitation of the anus
+    with the fingers is by no means rare in older children. (S.
+    Freud, <i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 40-42.) A medical correspondent in India
+    tells me of a European lady who derived, she said, &quot;quite as
+    much, indeed more,&quot; pleasure from digitally titillating her
+    rectum as from vulvo-vaginal titillation; she had several times
+    submitted to <i>pedicatio</i> and enjoyed it, though it was painful
+    during penetration. The anus may retain this erogenous
+    irritability even in old age, and Routh mentions the case of a
+    lady of over 70, the reverse of lustful, who was so excited by
+    the act of defecation that she was invariably compelled to
+    masturbate, although this state of things was a source of great
+    mental misery to her. (C. H. F. Routh, <i>British Gyn&aelig;cological
+    Journal</i>, February, 1887, p. 48.)</p>
+
+<p>    B&ouml;lsche has sought the explanation of the erogenous nature of the
+    anus, and the key to <i>pedicatio</i>, in an atavistic return to the
+    very <a name='5_Page_134'></a>remote amphibian days when the anus was combined with the
+    sexual parts in a common cloaca. But it is unnecessary to invoke
+    any vestigial inheritance from a vastly remote past when we bear
+    in mind that the innervation of these two adjoining regions is
+    inevitably very closely related. The presence of a body exit with
+    its marked and special sensitivity at a point where it can
+    scarcely fail to receive the nervous overflow from an immensely
+    active center of nervous energy quite adequately accounts for the
+    phenomenon in question.</p></div>
+
+<p>The inner lips, the nymph&aelig; or labia minora, running parallel with the
+greater lips which enclose them, embrace the clitoris anteriorly and
+extend backward, enclosing the urethral exit between them as well as the
+vaginal entrance. They form little wings whence their old Latin name,
+<i>al&aelig;</i>, and from their resemblance to the cock's comb were by Spigelius
+termed crista galli. The red and (especially in brunettes) dark appearance
+of the nymph&aelig; suggests that they are mucous membrane and not
+integumentary; it is, however, now considered that even on the inner
+surface they are covered by skin and separated from the mucous membrane by
+a line.<a name='5_FNanchor_90'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_90'><sup>[90]</sup></a> In structure, as described by Waldeyer, they consist of fine
+connective tissue rich in elastic fibers as well as some muscular tissue,
+and full of large veins, so that they are capable of a considerable degree
+of turgescence resembling erection during sexual excitement, while
+Ballantyne finds that the nymph&aelig; are supplied to a notable extent with
+nervous end-organs.</p>
+
+<p>More than any other part of the sexual apparatus in either sex, the lesser
+lips, on account of their shape, their position, and their structure, are
+capable of acquired modifications, more especially hypertrophy and
+elongation. By stretching, it is stated, a labium can be doubled in its
+dimensions. The &quot;Hottentot apron,&quot; or elongated nymph&aelig;, commonly found
+among some peoples in South Africa, has long been a familiar phenomenon.
+In such cases a length or transverse diameter of 3 to 5 centimeters is
+commonly found. But such elongated <a name='5_Page_135'></a>nymph&aelig; are by no means confined to one
+part of the world or to one race; they are quite common among women of
+European race, and reach a size equal to most of the more reliably
+recorded Hottentot cases. Dickinson, who has very carefully studied this
+question in New York, finds that in 1000 consecutive gyn&aelig;cological cases
+the labia showed some form of hypertrophy in 36 per cent., or more than 1
+in 3; while among 150 of these cases who were neurasthenic, the proportion
+reached 56 per cent., even when minor or doubtful enlargements were
+disregarded. Bergh, in about 16 per cent. cases, found very enlarged
+nymph&aelig;, the height reached in about 5 per cent. of the cases of
+enlargement being nearly six centimeters. Ploss and Bartels, in a full
+discussion: of the &quot;Hottentot apron,&quot; come to the conclusion that this
+condition is perhaps in most cases artificially produced. It is known that
+among the Basutos it is the custom for the elder girls to manipulate the
+nymph&aelig; of younger children, when alone with them, almost from birth, and
+on account of the elastic nature of these structures such manipulation
+quite adequately accounts for the elongation. It is not necessary to
+suppose that the custom is practiced for the sake of producing sexual
+stimulation&mdash;though this may frequently occur&mdash;since there are numerous
+similar primitive customs involving deformation of the sexual organs
+without the production of sexual excitement. Dickinson has come to a
+similar conclusion as regards the corresponding elongation of the nymph&aelig;
+in civilized European women. In 361 out of 1000 women of good social class
+he found elongation or thickening, often with a notable degree of
+wrinkling and pigmentation, and believes that this is always the result of
+frequently repeated masturbation practiced with the separation of the
+nymph&aelig;; in 30 per cent. of the cases admission of masturbation was
+made.<a name='5_FNanchor_91'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_91'><sup>[91]</sup></a> While this conclusion is probably correct in the main, it
+requires some qualification. To assert <a name='5_Page_136'></a>that whenever in women who have
+not been pregnant the marked protrusion of the inner lips beyond the outer
+lips means that at some period manipulation has been practiced with or
+without the production of sexual excitement is to make too absolute a
+statement. It is highly probable that the nymph&aelig;, like the clitoris, are
+congenitally more prominent in some of the lower human races, as they are
+also in the apes; among the Fuegians, for instance, according to Hyades
+and Deniker, the labia minora descend lower than in Europeans, although
+there is not the slightest reason to suppose that these women practice any
+manipulations. Among European women, again, the nymph&aelig; sometimes protrude
+very prominently beyond the labia majora in women who are organically of
+somewhat infantile type; this occurs in cases in which we may be convinced
+that no manipulations have ever been practiced.<a name='5_FNanchor_92'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_92'><sup>[92]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is difficult to speak very decisively as to the function of the labia
+minora. They doubtless exert some amount of protective influence over the
+entrance to the vagina, and in this way correspond to the lips of the
+mouth after which they are called. They fulfill, however, one very
+definite though not obviously important function which is indicated by the
+mythologic name they have received. There is, indeed, some obscurity in
+the origin of this term, nymph&aelig;, which has not, I believe, been
+satisfactorily cleared up. It has been stated that the Greek name &#957;&#8059;&#956;&#966;&#951; has been transferred from the clitoris to the labia minora. Any
+such transfer could only have taken place when the meaning of the word had
+been forgotten, and &#957;&#8059;&#956;&#966;&#951; had become the totally different
+word <i>nymph&aelig;</i>, the goddesses who presided over streams. The old anatomists
+were much exercised in their minds as to the meaning of the name, but on
+the whole were inclined to believe that it referred to the <a name='5_Page_137'></a>action of the
+labia minora in directing the urinary stream. The term nymph&aelig; was first
+applied in the modern sense, according to Bergh, in 1599, by Pin&aelig;us,
+mainly from the influence of these structures on the urinary stream, and
+he dilated in his <i>De Virginitate</i> on the suitability of the term to
+designate so poetic a spot.<a name='5_FNanchor_93'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_93'><sup>[93]</sup></a> In more modern times Luschka and Sir
+Charles Bell considered that it is one of the uses of the nymph&aelig; to direct
+the stream of urine, and Lamb from his own observation thinks the same
+conclusion probable. In reality there cannot be the slightest doubt about
+the function of the nymph&aelig;, as, in Hyrtl's phrase, &quot;the naiads of the
+urinary source,&quot; and it can be demonstrated by the simplest
+experiment.<a name='5_FNanchor_94'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_94'><sup>[94]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The nymph&aelig; form the intermediate portal of the vagina, as the canal which
+conducts to the womb was in anatomy first termed (according to Hyrtl) by
+De Graaf.<a name='5_FNanchor_95'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_95'><sup>[95]</sup></a> It is a secreting, erectile, more or less sensitive canal
+lined by what is usually considered mucous membrane, though some have
+regarded it as integument of the same character as that of the external
+genitals; it certainly resembles such integument more than, for instance,
+the mucous membrane of the rectum. In the woman who has never had sexual
+intercourse and has been subjected to no manipulations or accidents
+affecting this region, the vagina <a name='5_Page_138'></a>is closed by a last and final gate of
+delicate membrane&mdash;scarcely admitting more than a slender finger&mdash;called
+the hymen.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The poets called the hymen &quot;fios virginitatis,&quot; the flower of
+    virginity, whence the medico-legal term <i>defloratio</i>.
+    Notwithstanding the great significance which has long been
+    attached to the phenomena connected with it, the hymen was not
+    accurately known until Vesalius, Fallopius, and Spigelius
+    described and named it. It was, however, recognized by the Arab
+    authors, Avicenna and Averroes. The early literature concerning
+    it is summarized by Schurig, <i>Muliebria</i>, 1729, Section II, cap.
+    V. The same author's <i>Parthenologia</i> is devoted to the various
+    ancient problems connected with the question of virginity.</p></div>
+
+<p>To say that this delicate piece of membrane is from the non-physical point
+of view a more important structure than any other part of the body is to
+convey but a feeble idea of the immense importance of the hymen in the
+eyes of the men of many past ages and even of our own times and among our
+own people.<a name='5_FNanchor_96'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_96'><sup>[96]</sup></a> For the uses of the feminine body, or for its beauty,
+there is no part which is more absolutely insignificant. But in human
+estimation it has acquired a spiritual value which has made it far more
+than a part of the body. It has taken the place of the soul, that whose
+presence gives all her worth and dignity, even her name, to the unmarried
+woman, her purity, her sexual desirability, her market value. Without
+it&mdash;though in all physical and mental respects she might remain the same
+person&mdash;she has sometimes been a mark for contempt, a worthless
+outcast.<a name='5_FNanchor_97'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_97'><sup>[97]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>So fragile a membrane scarcely possesses the reliability which
+    should be possessed by a structure whose presence or absence has
+    often meant so much. Its absence by no means necessarily
+    signifies that a woman has had intercourse with a man. Its
+    presence by no means signifies that she has never had such
+    intercourse.</p>
+
+<p>    There are many ways in which the hymen may be destroyed apart
+    from coitus. Among the Chinese (and also, it would appear, in
+    India and some other parts of the East) the female parts are from
+    infancy <a name='5_Page_139'></a>kept so scrupulously clean by daily washing, the finger
+    being introduced into the vagina, that the hymen rapidly
+    disappears, and its existence is unknown even to Chinese doctors.
+    Among some Brazilian Indians a similar practice exists among
+    mothers as regards their young children, less, however, for the
+    sake of cleanliness than in order to facilitate sexual
+    intercourse in future years. (Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol.
+    i, Chapter VI.) The manipulations of vaginal masturbation will,
+    of course, similarly destroy the hymen. It is also quite possible
+    for the hymen to be ruptured by falls and other accidents. (See,
+    <i>e.g.</i>, a lengthy study by Nina-Rodrigues, &quot;Des Ruptures de
+    l'Hymen dans les Chutes,&quot; <i>Annales d'Hygi&egrave;ne Publique</i>,
+    September, 1903.)</p>
+
+<p>    On the other hand, integrity of the hymen is no proof of
+    virginity, apart from the obvious fact that there may be
+    intercourse without penetration. (The case has even been recorded
+    of a prostitute with syphilitic condylomata, a somewhat masculine
+    type of pubic arch, and vulva rather posteriorly placed, whose
+    hymen had never been penetrated.) The hymen may be of a yielding
+    or folding type, so that complete penetration may take place and
+    yet the hymen be afterwards found unruptured. It occasionally
+    happens that the hymen is found intact at the end of pregnancy.
+    In some, though not all, of these cases there has been conception
+    without intromission of the penis. This has occurred even when
+    the entrance was very minute. The possibility of such conception
+    has long been recognized, and Schurig (<i>Syllepsilogia</i>, 1731,
+    Section I, cap. VIII, p. 2) quotes ancient authors who have
+    recorded cases. For some typical modern cases see Gu&eacute;rard
+    (<i>Centralblatt f&uuml;r Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, No. 15, 1895), in one of whose
+    cases the hymen of the pregnant woman scarcely admitted a hair;
+    also Braun (<i>ib.</i>, No. 23, 1895).</p></div>
+
+<p>The hymen has played a very definite and pronounced part in the social and
+moral life of humanity. Until recently it has been more difficult to
+decide what precise biological function it has exercised to ensure its
+development and preservation. Sexual selection, no doubt, has worked in
+its favor, but that influence has been very limited and comparatively very
+recent. Virginity is not usually of any value among peoples who are
+entirely primitive. Indeed, even in the classic civilization which we
+inherit, it is easy to show that the virgin and the admiration for
+virginity are of late growth; the virgin goddesses were not originally
+virgins in our modern sense. Diana was the many-breasted patroness of
+childbirth before she became the chaste and solitary huntress, for the
+earliest distinction would appear <a name='5_Page_140'></a>to have been simply between the woman
+who was attached to a man and the woman who followed an earlier rule of
+freedom and independence; it was a later notion to suppose that the latter
+woman was debarred from sexual intercourse. We certainly must not seek the
+origin of the hymen in sexual selection; we must find it in natural
+selection. And here it might seem at first sight that we come upon a
+contradiction in Nature, for Nature is always devising contrivances to
+secure the maximum amount of fertilization. &quot;Increase and multiply&quot; is so
+obviously the command of Nature that the Hebrews, with their usual
+insight, unhesitatingly dared to place it in the mouth of Jehovah. But the
+hymen is a barrier to fertilization. It has, however, always to be
+remembered that as we rise in the zo&ouml;logical scale, and as the period of
+gestation lengthens and the possible number of offspring is fewer, it
+becomes constantly more essential that fertilization shall be effective
+rather than easy; the fewer the progeny the more necessary it is that they
+shall be vigorous enough to survive. There can be little doubt that, as
+one or two writers have already suggested, the hymen owes its development
+to the fact that its influence is on the side of effective fertilization.
+It is an obstacle to the impregnation of the young female by immature,
+aged, or feeble males. The hymen is thus an anatomical expression of that
+admiration of force which marks the female in her choice of a mate. So
+regarded, it is an interesting example of the intimate manner in which
+sexual selection is really based on natural selection. Sexual selection is
+but the translation into psychic terms of a process which has already
+found expression in the physical texture of the body.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It may be added that this interpretation of the biological
+    function of the hymen is supported by the facts of its evolution.
+    It is unknown among the lower mammals, with whom fertilization is
+    easy, gestation short and offspring numerous. It only begins to
+    appear among the higher mammals in whom reproduction is already
+    beginning to take on the characters which become fully developed
+    in man. Various authors have found traces of a rudimentary hymen,
+    not only in apes, but in elephants, horses, donkeys, bitches,
+    bears, pigs, hyenas, and giraffes. (Hyrtl, <i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. ii,
+    p. 189; G. Gellhoen, &quot;Anatomy and Development<a name='5_Page_141'></a> of the Hymen,&quot;
+    <i>American Journal Obstetrics</i>, August, 1904.) It is in the human
+    species that the tendency to limitation of offspring is most
+    marked, combined at the same time with a greater aptitude for
+    impregnation than exists among any lower mammals. It is here,
+    therefore, that a physical check is of most value, and
+    accordingly we find that in woman alone, of all animals, is the
+    hymen fully developed.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_72'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_72'>[72]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Analysis of the Sexual Impulse,&quot; in vol. iii of these
+<i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_73'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_73'>[73]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;The accomplishment of no other function,&quot; Hyrtl remarks,
+&quot;is so intimately connected with the mind and yet so independent of it.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_74'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_74'>[74]</a><div class='note'><p> The process is still, however, but imperfectly understood;
+see Art. &quot;F&eacute;condation,&quot; by Ed. Retterer, in Richet's <i>Dictionnaire de
+Physiologie</i>, vol. vi, 1905.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_75'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_75'>[75]</a><div class='note'><p> Thus a male f&oelig;tus showing reptilian characters in
+sexual ducts was exhibited by Shattock at the Pathological Society of
+London, February 19, 1895.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_76'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_76'>[76]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Kohlbrugge, &quot;Die Umgestaltung des Uterus der Affen nach
+den Geburt,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Morphologie</i>, bd. iv, p. 1, 1901.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_77'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_77'>[77]</a><div class='note'><p> There are, however, no special nerve endings (Krause
+corpuscles), as was formerly supposed. The nerve endings in the genital
+region are the same as elsewhere. The difference lies in the abundance of
+superposed arboreal ramifications. See, <i>e.g.</i>, Ed. Retterer, Art.
+&quot;Ejaculation,&quot; Richet's <i>Dictionnaire de Physiologie</i>, vol. v.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_78'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_78'>[78]</a><div class='note'><p> Hyrtl, <i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_79'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_79'>[79]</a><div class='note'><p> Sensations of pleasure without those of touch appear to be
+normal at the tip of the penis, as pointed out by Scripture, quoted in
+<i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, January, 1898.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_80'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_80'>[80]</a><div class='note'><p> See the previous volume of these <i>Studies</i>, &quot;Sexual
+Selection in Man,&quot; p. 161.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_81'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_81'>[81]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol. i,
+beginning of chapter VI.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_82'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_82'>[82]</a><div class='note'><p> Hyrtl states that the name <i>labia</i> was first used by Haller
+in the middle of the eighteenth century in his <i>Elements of Physiology</i>,
+being adopted by him from the Greek poet Erotion, who gave these
+structures the very obvious name &#967;&#949;&#953;&#955;&#949;&#945;, lips. But this seems to
+be a mistake, for the seventeenth century anatomists certainly used the
+name &quot;labia&quot; for these parts.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_83'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_83'>[83]</a><div class='note'><p> Bergh tentatively suggests, as regards the pubic hair, that
+its appearance may be due to the upright walk in man and the human
+position during coitus, the hair preventing irritation of the genitals
+from the sweat pouring down from the body and protecting the skin from
+direct friction in coitus. (In both these suggestions he was, however,
+long previously anticipated by Fabricius ab Aquapendente.) The fanciful
+suggestion of Louis Robinson that the pubic hair has developed in order to
+enable the human infant to cling securely to his mother is very poorly
+supported by facts, and has not met with acceptance. It may be mentioned
+that (as stated by Ploss and Bartels) the women of the Bismarck
+Archipelago, whose pubic hair is very abundant, use it as a kind of
+handkerchief on which to clean their hands.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_84'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_84'>[84]</a><div class='note'><p> Routh and Heywood Smith have noted that the pubic hair tends
+to lose its curliness and become straight in women who masturbate.
+(<i>British Gyn&aelig;cological Journal</i>, February, 1887, p. 505.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_85'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_85'>[85]</a><div class='note'><p> Schurig, <i>Muliebria</i>, p. 75. Plazzon in 1621 said that in
+Italian it had a popular name, <i>il besneegio</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_86'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_86'>[86]</a><div class='note'><p> Schurig brought together in his <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i> (pp. 2-4)
+various early opinions concerning the clitoris as the seat of voluptuous
+feeling.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_87'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_87'>[87]</a><div class='note'><p> Hyrtl, <i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, p. 193.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_88'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_88'>[88]</a><div class='note'><p> Adler, <i>Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes</i>,
+1904, pp. 117-119.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_89'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_89'>[89]</a><div class='note'><p> The voluptuous sensations caused by sexual contacts
+producing movements of the womb are probably normal and usual. They may
+even occur under circumstances unconnected with sexual emotion, and Mund&eacute;
+(<i>International Journal of Surgery</i>, March, 1893) mentions incidentally
+that in one case while titillating the cervix with a sound the woman very
+plainly showed voluptuous manifestations.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_90'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_90'>[90]</a><div class='note'><p> Henle stated that fine hairs are frequently visible on the
+nymph&aelig;; Stieda (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Morphologie</i>, 1902, p. 458) remarks that
+he has never been able to see them with the naked eye.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_91'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_91'>[91]</a><div class='note'><p> R. L. Dickinson, &quot;Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their
+Significance,&quot; <i>American Gyn&aelig;cologist</i>, September, 1902. It is perhaps
+noteworthy that Bergh found that in 302 cases in which the nymph&aelig; were of
+unequal length, in all but 24 the left was longer.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_92'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_92'>[92]</a><div class='note'><p> It may be remarked that Bergh believes that the nymph&aelig;, and
+indeed the external genitals generally, are congenitally more strongly
+developed in libidinous persons, and at the same time in brunettes, while
+in public prostitutes this is not usually the case, which confirms the
+belief that exalted sexual sensibility does not usually lead to
+prostitution. He adds that prostitution, unless carried on for many years,
+has little effect on the shape of the external genitals.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_93'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_93'>[93]</a><div class='note'><p> Schurig (<i>Muliebria</i>, 1729, Section II, cap. II) gives
+numerous quotations on this point; thus De Graaf wrote in his book on the
+sexual organs of women: &quot;Tales protuberanti&aelig; nymph&aelig; appellantur ea propter
+quod aquis e vesica prosilientibus proxime adstare reperiantur,
+quandoquidem inter illas, tanquam duos parietes, urina magno impetu cum
+sibilo s&aelig;pe et absque labiorum irrigatione erumpit, vel quod sint
+castitatis pr&aelig;sides, aut sponsam primo intromittant.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_94'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_94'>[94]</a><div class='note'><p> Havelock Ellis, &quot;The Bladder as a Dynamometer,&quot; <i>American
+Journal of Dermatology</i>, May, 1902. If a woman who has never been
+pregnant, standing in the erect position before commencing the act of
+urination presses apart the labia minora with index and middle fingers the
+stream will be projected forward so as to fall usually at a considerable
+distance in front of a vertical line from the meatus; if when the act is
+half completed the fingers are removed, the labia close together and the
+stream, though maintained at a constant pressure, at once changes its
+character and direction.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_95'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_95'>[95]</a><div class='note'><p> In poetry this term was employed by Plautus, <i>Pseudolus</i>,
+Act IV, Sc. 7. The Greek &#945;&#953;&#948;&#959;&#953;&#959;&#957; sometimes meant vagina and
+sometimes the external sexual parts; &#954;&#959;&#955;&#960;&#959;&#962; was used for the
+vagina alone.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_96'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_96'>[96]</a><div class='note'><p> It is curious, however, that the European physicians of the
+seventeenth and even eighteenth centuries were doubtful of its value as a
+sign of virginity and considered it often absent.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_97'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_97'>[97]</a><div class='note'><p> For a summary of the beliefs and practices of various
+peoples with regard to the hymen and virginity see Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das
+Weib</i>, vol. i, Chapter XVI.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_M_II'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_142'></a>II</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Object of Detumescence&mdash;Erogenous Zones&mdash;The Lips&mdash;The Vascular
+Characters of Detumescence&mdash;Erectile Tissue&mdash;Erection in Woman&mdash;Mucous
+Emission in Women&mdash;Sexual Connection&mdash;The Human Mode of
+Intercourse&mdash;Normal Variations&mdash;The Motor Characters of
+Detumescence&mdash;Ejaculation&mdash;The Virile Reflex&mdash;The General Phenomena of
+Detumescence&mdash;The Circulatory and Respiratory Phenomena&mdash;Blood
+Pressure&mdash;Cardiac Disturbance&mdash;Glandular Activity&mdash;Distillatio&mdash;The
+Essentially Motor Character of Detumescence&mdash;Involuntary Muscular
+Irradiation to Bladder, etc.&mdash;Erotic Intoxication&mdash;Analogy of Sexual
+Detumescence and Vesical Tension&mdash;The Specifically Sexual Movements of
+Detumescence in Man&mdash;In Woman&mdash;The Spontaneous Movements of the Genital
+Canal in Woman&mdash;Their Function in Conception&mdash;Part Played by Active
+Movement of the Spermatozoa&mdash;The Artificial Injection of Semen&mdash;The Facial
+Expression During Detumescence&mdash;The Expression of Joy&mdash;The Occasional
+Serious Effects of Coitus.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We have seen what the object of detumescence is, and we have briefly
+considered the organs and structures which are chiefly concerned in the
+process. We have now to inquire what are the actual phenomena which take
+place during the act of detumescence.</p>
+
+<p>Detumescence is normally linked closely to tumescence. Tumescence is the
+piling on of the fuel; detumescence is the leaping out of the devouring
+flame whence is lighted the torch of life to be handed on from generation
+to generation. The whole process is double and yet single; it is exactly
+analogous to that by which a pile is driven into the earth by the raising
+and then the letting go of a heavy weight which falls on to the head of
+the pile. In tumescence the organism is slowly wound up and force
+accumulated; in the act of detumescence the accumulated force is let go
+and by its liberation the sperm-bearing instrument is driven home.
+Courtship, as we commonly term the process of tumescence which takes place
+when a woman is first sexually approached by a man, is usually a highly
+prolonged <a name='5_Page_143'></a>process. But it is always necessary to remember that every
+repetition of the act of coitus, to be normally and effectively carried
+out on both sides, demands a similar double process; detumescence must be
+preceded by an abbreviated courtship.</p>
+
+<p>This abbreviated courtship by which tumescence is secured or heightened in
+the repetition of acts of coitus which have become familiar, is mainly
+tactile.<a name='5_FNanchor_98'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_98'><sup>[98]</sup></a> Since the part of the man in coitus is more active and that
+of the woman more passive, the sexual sensitivity of the skin seems to be
+more pronounced in women. There are, moreover, regions of the surface of a
+woman's body where contact, when sympathetic, seems specially liable to
+arouse erotic excitement. Such erogenous zones are often specially marked
+in the breasts, occasionally in the palm of the hand, the nape of the
+neck, the lobule of the ear, the little finger; there is, indeed, perhaps
+no part of the surface of the body which may not, in some individuals at
+some time, become normally an erogenous zone. In hysteria the erotic
+excitability of these zones is sometimes very intense. The lips are,
+however, without doubt, the most persistently and poignantly sensitive
+region of the whole body outside the sphere of the sexual organs
+themselves. Hence the significance of the kiss as a preliminary of
+detumescence.<a name='5_FNanchor_99'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_99'><sup>[99]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The importance of the lips as a normal erogenous zone is shown by
+    the experiments of Gualino. He applied a thread, folded on itself
+    several times, to the lips, thus stimulating them in a simple
+    mechanical manner. Of 20 women, between the ages of 18 and 35,
+    only 8 felt this as a merely mechanical operation, 4 felt a
+    vaguely erotic element in the proceeding, 3 experienced a desire
+    for coitus and in 5 there was actual sexual excitement with
+    emission of mucus. Of 25 men, between the ages of 20 and 30, in
+    15 all sexual feeling was absent, in 7 erotic ideas were
+    suggested with congestion of the sexual organs without erection,
+    and in 3 there was the beginning of erection. It should be added
+    that both the women and the men in whom this sexual reflex was
+    more especially <a name='5_Page_144'></a>marked were of somewhat nervous temperament; in
+    such persons erotic reactions of all kinds generally occur most
+    easily. (Gualino, &quot;Il Rifflesso Sessuale nell' eccitamento alle
+    labbre,&quot; <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1904, p. 341.)</p></div>
+
+<p>As tumescence, under the influence of sensory stimulation, proceeds toward
+the climax when it gives place to detumescence, the physical phenomena
+become more and more acutely localized in the sexual organs. The process
+which was at first predominantly nervous and psychic now becomes more
+prominently vascular. The ancient sexual relationship of the skin asserts
+itself; there is marked surface congestion showing itself in various ways.
+The face tends to become red, and exactly the same phenomenon is taking
+place in the genital organs; &quot;an erection,&quot; it has been said, &quot;is a
+blushing of the penis.&quot; The difference is that in the genital organs this
+heightened vascularity has a definite and specific function to
+accomplish&mdash;the erection of the male organ which fits it to enter the
+female parts&mdash;and that consequently there has been developed in the penis
+that special kind of vascular mechanism, consisting of veins in connective
+tissue with unstriped muscular fibers, termed erectile tissue.<a name='5_FNanchor_100'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_100'><sup>[100]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is not only the man who is supplied with erectile tissue which in the
+process of tumescence becomes congested and swollen. The woman also, in
+the corresponding external genital region, is likewise supplied with
+erectile tissue now also charged with blood, and exhibits the same changes
+as have taken place in her partner, though less conspicuously visible. In
+the anthropoid apes, as the gorilla, the large clitoris and the nymph&aelig;
+become prominent in sexual excitement, but the less development of the
+clitoris in women, together with the specifically human evolution of the
+mons veneris and larger lips, renders this sexual turgescence practically
+invisible, though it is perceptible to touch in an increased degree of
+spongy and elastic tension. The whole feminine genital canal, including
+the uterus, indeed, is richly supplied with blood-vessels, and is capable
+<a name='5_Page_145'></a>during sexual excitement of a very high degree of turgescence, a kind of
+erection.</p>
+
+<p>The process of erection in woman is accompanied by the pouring out of
+fluid which copiously bathes all parts of the vulva around the entrance to
+the vagina. This is a bland, more or less odorless mucus which, under
+ordinary circumstances, slowly and imperceptibly suffuses the parts. When,
+however, the entrance to the vagina is exposed and extended, as during a
+gyn&aelig;cological examination which occasionally produces sexual excitement,
+there may be seen a real ejaculation of the fluid which, as usually
+described, comes largely from the glands of Bartholin, situated at the
+mouth of the vagina. Under these circumstances it is sometimes described
+as being emitted in a jet which is thrown to a distance.<a name='5_FNanchor_101'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_101'><sup>[101]</sup></a> This mucous
+ejaculation was in former days regarded as analogous to the seminal
+ejaculation in man, and hence essential to conception. Although this
+belief was erroneous the fluid poured out in this manner whenever a high
+degree of tumescence is attained, and before the onset of detumescence,
+certainly performs an important function in lubricating the entrance to
+the genital canal and so facilitating the intromission of the male
+organ.<a name='5_FNanchor_102'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_102'><sup>[102]</sup></a> Menstruation has a similar influence in facilitating coitus,
+as Schurig long since pointed out.<a name='5_FNanchor_103'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_103'><sup>[103]</sup></a> A like process takes place during
+parturition when the same parts are being lubricated and stretched in
+preparation for the protrusion of the f&oelig;tal head. The occurrence
+of the mucous flow in tumescence always indicates that that process is
+actively affecting the central sexual organs, and that voluptuous emotions
+are present.<a name='5_FNanchor_104'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_104'><sup>[104]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='5_Page_146'></a>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The secretions of the genital canal and outlet in women are
+    somewhat numerous. We have the odoriferous glands of sebaceous
+    origin, and with them the prepuce of the clitoris which has been
+    described as a kind of gigantic sebaceous follicle with the
+    clitoris occupying its interior. (Hyrtl.) There is the secretion
+    from the glands of Bartholin. There is again the vaginal
+    secretion, opaque and albuminous, which appears to be alkaline
+    when secreted, but becomes acid under the decomposing influence
+    of bacteria, which are, however, harmless and not pathogenic.
+    (Gow, <i>Obstetrical Society of London</i>, January 3, 1894.) There
+    is, finally, the mucous uterine secretion, which is alkaline,
+    and, being poured out during orgasm, is believed to protect the
+    spermatozoa from destruction by the acid vaginal secretion.</p>
+
+<p>    The belief that the mucus poured out in women during sexual
+    excitement is feminine semen and therefore essential to
+    conception had many remarkable consequences and was widespread
+    until the seventeenth century. Thus, in the chapter &quot;De Modo
+    coeundi et de regimine eorum qui coeunt&quot; of <i>De Secretis
+    Mulierum</i>, there is insistence on the importance of the proper
+    mixture of the male semen with the female semen and of arranging
+    that it shall not escape from the vagina. The woman must lie
+    quiet for several hours at least, not rising even to urinate, and
+    when she gets up, be very temperate in eating and drinking, and
+    not run or jump, pretending that she has a headache. It was the
+    belief in feminine semen which led some theologians to lay down
+    that a woman might masturbate if she had not experienced orgasm
+    in coitus. Schurig in his <i>Muliebria</i> (1729, pp. 159, <i>et seq.</i>)
+    discusses the opinions of old authors regarding the nature,
+    source, and uses of the female genital secretions, and quotes
+    authorities against the old view that it was female semen. In a
+    subsequent work (<i>Syllepsilogia</i>, 1731, pp. 3, <i>et seq.</i>) he
+    returns to the same question, quotes authors who accept a
+    feminine semen, shows that Harvey denied it any significance, and
+    himself decides against it. It has not seriously been brought
+    forward since.</p></div>
+
+<p>When erection is completed in both the man and the woman the conditions
+necessary for conjugation have at last been fulfilled. In all animals,
+even those most nearly allied to man, coitus is effected by the male
+approaching the female posteriorly. In man the normal method of male
+approach is anteriorly, face to face. Leonardo da Vinci, in a well-known
+drawing representing a sagittal section of a man and a woman connected in
+this position of so-called Venus obversa; has shown how well <a name='5_Page_147'></a>adapted the
+position is to the normal position of the organs in the human
+species.<a name='5_FNanchor_105'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_105'><sup>[105]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Among monkeys, it is stated, congress is sometimes performed when
+    the female is on all fours; at other times the male brings the
+    female between his thighs when he is sitting, holding her with
+    his forepaws. Froriep informed Lawrence that the male sometimes
+    supported his feet on the female's calves. (Sir W. Lawrence,
+    <i>Lectures on Physiology</i>, 1823, p. 186.) A summary of the methods
+    of congress practiced by the various animals below mammals will
+    be found in the article &quot;Copulation&quot; by H. de Varigny in Richet's
+    <i>Dictionnaire de Physiologie</i>, vol. iv.</p>
+
+<p>    The anterior position in coitus, with the female partner lying
+    supine, is so widespread throughout the world that it may fairly
+    be termed the most typically human attitude in sexual congress.
+    It is found represented in Egyptian graves at Benihassan,
+    belonging to the Twelfth Dynasty; it is regarded by Mohammedans
+    as the normal position, although other positions are permitted by
+    the Prophet: &quot;Your wives are your tillage: go in unto your
+    tillage in what manner soever you will;&quot; it is that adopted in
+    Malacca; it appears, from Peruvian antiquities, to have been the
+    position generally, though not exclusively, adopted in ancient
+    Peru; it is found in many parts of Africa, and seems also to have
+    been the most usual position among the American aborigines.</p>
+
+<p>    Various modifications of this position are, however, found. Thus,
+    in some parts of the world, as among the Suahelis in Zanzibar,
+    the male partner adopts the supine position. In Loango, according
+    to Pechuel-Loesche, coitus is performed lying on the side.
+    Sometimes, as on the west coast of Africa, the woman is supine
+    and the man more or less erect; or, as among the Queenslanders
+    (as described by Roth) the woman is supine and the man squats on
+    his heels with her thighs clasping his flanks, while he raises
+    her buttocks with his hands.</p>
+
+<p>    The position of coitus in which the man is supine is without
+    doubt a natural and frequent variation of the specifically human
+    obverse method of coitus. It was evidently familiar to the
+    Romans. Ovid mentions it (<i>Ars Amatoria</i>, III, 777-8),
+    recommending it to little women, and saying that Andromache was
+    too tall to practice it with Hector. Aristophanes refers to it,
+    and there are Greek epigrams in which women boast of their skill
+    in riding their lovers. It has sometimes been viewed with a
+    certain disfavor because it seems to confer a superiority on the
+    woman. &quot;Cursed be he,&quot; according to a Mohammedan saying, &quot;who
+    maketh woman heaven and man earth.&quot;</p><a name='5_Page_148'></a>
+
+<p>    Of special interest is the wide prevalence of an attitude in
+    coitus recalling that which prevails among quadrupeds. The
+    frequency with which on the walls of Pompeii coitus is
+    represented with the woman bending forward and her partner
+    approaching her posteriorly has led to the belief that this
+    attitude was formerly very common in Southern Italy. However that
+    may be, it is certainly normal at the present day among various
+    more or less primitive peoples in whom the vulva is often placed
+    somewhat posteriorly. It is thus among the Soudanese, as also, in
+    an altogether different part of the world, among the Eskimo
+    Innuit and Koniags. The New Caledonians, according to Foley,
+    cohabit in the quadrupedal manner, and so also the Papuans of New
+    Guinea (Bongu), according to Vahness. The same custom is also
+    found in Australia, where, however other postures are also
+    adopted. In Europe the quadrupedal posture would seem to prevail
+    among some of the South Slavs, notably the Dalmatians. (The
+    different methods of coitus practiced by the South Slavs are
+    described in &#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945; vol. vi, pp. 220, <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    This method of coitus was recommended by Lucretius (lib. iv) and
+    also advised by Paulus &AElig;ginetus as favorable to conception. (The
+    opinions of various early physicians are quoted by Schurig,
+    <i>Spermatologia</i>, 1720, pp. 232, <i>et seq.</i>). It seems to be a
+    position that is not infrequently agreeable to women, a fact
+    which may be brought into connection with the remarks of Adler
+    already quoted (p. 131) concerning the comparative lack of
+    adjustment of the feminine organs to the obverse position. It is
+    noteworthy that in the days of witchcraft hysterical women
+    constantly believed that they had had intercourse with the Devil
+    in this manner. This circumstance, indeed, probably aided in the
+    very marked disfavor in which coitus <i>a posteriori</i> fell after
+    the decay of classic influences. The medi&aelig;val physicians
+    described it as <i>mos diabolicus</i> and mistakenly supposed that it
+    produced abortion (Hyrtl, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, p. 87). The
+    theologians, needless to say, were opposed to the <i>mos
+    diabolicus</i>, and already in the Anglo-Saxon Penitential of
+    Theodore, at the end of the seventh century, 40 days' penance is
+    prescribed for this method of coitus.</p>
+
+<p>    From the frequency with which they have been adopted by various
+    peoples as national customs, most of the postures in coitus here
+    referred to must be said to come within the normal range of
+    variation. It is a mistake to regard them as vicious perversions.</p></div>
+
+<p>Up to the point to which we have so far considered it, the process of
+detumescence has been mainly nervous and vascular in character; it has, in
+fact, been but the more acute stage of a process which has been going on
+throughout tumescence.<a name='5_Page_149'></a> But now we reach the point at which a new element
+comes in: muscular action. With the onset of muscular action, which is
+mainly involuntary, even when it affects the voluntary muscles,
+detumescence proper begins to take place. Henceforward purposeful psychic
+action, except by an effort, is virtually abolished. The individual, as a
+separate person, tends to disappear. He has become one with another
+person, as nearly one as the conditions of existence ever permit; he and
+she are now merely an instrument in the hands of a higher power&mdash;by
+whatever name we may choose to call that Power&mdash;which is using them for an
+end not themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The decisive moment in the production of the instinctive and involuntary
+orgasm occurs when, under the influence of the stimulus applied to the
+penis by friction with the vagina, the tension of the seminal fluid poured
+into the urethra arouses the ejaculatory center in the spinal cord and the
+bulbo-cavernosus muscle surrounding the urethra responsively contracts in
+rhythmic spasms. Then it is that ejaculation occurs.<a name='5_FNanchor_106'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_106'><sup>[106]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>&quot;The circulation quickens, the arteries beat strongly,&quot; wrote Roubaud in a
+description of the physical state during coitus which may almost be termed
+classic; &quot;the venous blood, arrested by muscular contraction, increases
+the general heat, and this stagnation, more pronounced in the brain by the
+contraction of the muscles of the neck and the throwing of the head
+backward, causes a momentary cerebral congestion, during which
+intelligence is lost and the faculties abolished. The eyes, violently
+injected, become haggard, and the look uncertain, or, in the majority of
+cases, the eyes are closed spasmodically to <a name='5_Page_150'></a>avoid the contact of the
+light. The respiration is hurried, sometimes interrupted, and may be
+suspended by the spasmodic contraction of the larynx, and the air, for a
+time compressed, is at last emitted in broken and meaningless words. The
+congested nervous centers only communicate confused sensations and
+volitions; mobility and sensation show extreme disorder; the limbs are
+seized by convulsions and sometimes by cramps, or are thrown wildly about
+or become stiff like iron bars. The jaws, tightly pressed, grind the
+teeth, and in some persons the delirium is carried so far that they bite
+to bleeding the shoulders their companions have imprudently abandoned to
+them. This frantic state of epilepsy lasts but a short time, but it
+suffices to exhaust the forces of the organism, especially in man. It is,
+I believe, Galen, who said: 'Omne animal post coitum triste pr&aelig;ter
+mulierem gallumque.'&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_107'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_107'><sup>[107]</sup></a> Most of the elements that make up this typical
+picture of the state of coitus are not absolutely essential to that state,
+but they all come within the normal range of variation. There can be no
+doubt that this range is considerable. There would appear to be not only
+individual, but also racial, differences; there is a remarkable passage in
+Vatsyayana's <i>Kama Sutra</i> describing the varying behavior of the women of
+different races in India under the stress of sexual excitement&mdash;Dravidian
+women with difficulty attaining erethism, women of the Punjaub fond of
+being caressed with the tongue, women of Oude with impetuous desire and
+profuse flow of mucus, etc.&mdash;and it is highly probable, Ploss and Bartels
+remark, that these characterizations are founded on exact
+observations.<a name='5_FNanchor_108'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_108'><sup>[108]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The various phenomena included in Roubaud's description of the condition
+during coitus may all be directly or indirectly reduced to two groups: the
+first circulatory and respiratory, the second motor. It is necessary to
+consider both these aspects of the process of detumescence in somewhat
+greater detail, although while it is most convenient to discuss them
+separately, <a name='5_Page_151'></a>it must be borne in mind that they are not really separable;
+the circulatory phenomena are in large measure a by-product of the
+involuntary motor process.</p>
+
+<p>With the approach of detumescence the respiration becomes shallow, rapid,
+and to some extent arrested. This characteristic of the breathing during
+sexual excitement is well recognized; so that in, for instance, the
+<i>Arabian Nights</i>, it is commonly noted of women when gazing at beautiful
+youths whose love they desired, that they ceased breathing.<a name='5_FNanchor_109'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_109'><sup>[109]</sup></a> It may be
+added that exactly the same tendency to superficial and arrested
+respiration takes place whenever there is any intense mental
+concentration, as in severe intellectual work.<a name='5_FNanchor_110'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_110'><sup>[110]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The arrest of respiration tends to render the blood venous, and thus aids
+in stimulating the vasomotor centers, raising the blood-pressure in the
+body generally, and especially in the erectile tissues. High
+blood-pressure is one of the most marked features of the state of
+detumescence. The heart beats are stronger and quicker, the surface
+arteries are more visible, the conjunctiv&aelig; become red. The precise degree
+of blood-pressure attained during coitus has been most accurately
+ascertained in the dog. In Bechterew's laboratory in St. Petersburg a
+manometer was introduced into the central end of the carotid artery of a
+bitch; a male dog was then introduced, and during coitus observations were
+made on the blood-pressure at the peripheral and central ends of the
+artery. It was found that there was a great general elevation of
+blood-pressure, intense hyper&aelig;mia of the brain, rapid alternations, during
+the act, of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation of the brain, with
+increase and diminution of the general arterial tension in relation with
+the various phases of the act, the greatest cerebral vasodilatation and
+hyper&aelig;mia coinciding with the moment following the intromission of the
+penis; the end of the act is followed by a considerable <a name='5_Page_152'></a>fall in the
+blood-pressure.<a name='5_FNanchor_111'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_111'><sup>[111]</sup></a> I am not acquainted with any precise observations on
+the blood-pressure in human subjects during detumescence, and there are
+obvious difficulties in the way of such observations. It is probable,
+however, that the conditions found would be substantially the same. This
+is indicated, so far as the very marked increase of blood-pressure is
+concerned, by some observations made by Vaschide and Vurpas with the
+sphygmanometer on a lady under the influence of sexual excitement. In this
+case there was a relationship of sympathy and friendly tenderness between
+the experimenter and the subject, Madame X, aged 25. Experimenter and
+subject talked sympathetically, and finally, we are told, while the latter
+still had her hands in the sphygmanometer, the former almost made a
+declaration of love. Madame X was greatly impressed, and afterward
+admitted that her emotions had been genuine and strong. The
+blood-pressure, which was in this subject habitually 65 millimeters, rose
+to 150 and even 160, indicating a very high pressure, which rarely occurs;
+at the same time Madame X looked very emotional and troubled.<a name='5_FNanchor_112'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_112'><sup>[112]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Some authorities are of opinion that irregularities in the
+    accomplishment of the sexual act are specially liable to cause
+    disturbances in the circulation. Thus Kisch, of Prague, refers to
+    the case of a couple practising coitus interruptus&mdash;the husband
+    withdrawing before ejaculation&mdash;in which the wife, a vigorous
+    woman, became liable after some years to attacks termed by Kisch
+    <i>neurasthenia cordis vasomotoria</i>, in which there was at daily or
+    longer intervals palpitation, with feelings of anxiety, headache,
+    dizziness, muscular weakness and tendency to faint. He regards
+    coitus as a cause of various heart troubles in women: (1) Attacks
+    of tachycardia in very excitable and sexually inclined women; (2)
+    attacks of tachycardia with dyspn&oelig;a in young women, with
+    vaginismus; (3) cardiac symptoms with lowered vascular tone in
+    women who for a long time have practised coitus interruptus
+    without complete sexual gratification (Kisch, &quot;Herzbeschwerden
+    der Frauen verursacht <a name='5_Page_153'></a>durch den Cohabitationsact,&quot; <i>M&uuml;nchener
+    Medizinisches Wochenschrift</i>, 1897, p. 617). In this connection,
+    also, reference may probably be made to those attacks of anxiety
+    which Freud associates with psychic sexual lesions of an
+    emotional character.</p></div>
+
+<p>Associated with this vascular activity in detumescence we find a general
+tendency to glandular activity. Various secretions are formed abundantly.
+Perspiration is copious, and the ancient relationship between the
+cutaneous and sexual systems seems to evoke a general activity of the skin
+and its odoriferous secretions. Salivation, which also occurs, is very
+conspicuous in many lower animals, as for instance in the donkey, notably
+the female, who just before coitus stands with mouth open, jaws moving,
+and saliva dribbling. In men, corresponding to the more copious secretion
+in women, there is, during the latter stages of tumescence, a slight
+secretion of mucus&mdash;F&uuml;rbringer's <i>urethrorrh&oelig;a ex
+libidine</i>&mdash;which appears in drops at the urethral orifice. It comes from
+the small glands of Littr&eacute; and Cowper which open into the urethra. This
+phenomenon was well known to the old theologians, who called it
+<i>distillatio</i>, and realized its significance as at once distinct from
+semen and an indication that the mind was dwelling on voluptuous images;
+it was also known in classic times<a name='5_FNanchor_113'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_113'><sup>[113]</sup></a>; more recently it has often been
+confused with semen and has thus sometimes caused needless anxiety to
+nervous persons. There is also an increased secretion of urine, and it is
+probable that if the viscera were more accessible to observation we might
+be able to demonstrate that the glands throughout the body share in this
+increased activity.</p>
+
+<p>The phenomena of detumescence culminate, however, and have their most
+obvious manifestation in motor activity. The genital act, as Vaschide and
+Vurpas remark, consists essentially <a name='5_Page_154'></a>in &quot;a more and more marked tension of
+the motor state which, reaching its maximum, presents a short tonic phase,
+followed by a clonic phase, and terminates in a period of adynamia and
+repose.&quot; This motor activity is of the essence of the impulse of
+detumescence, because without it the sperm cells could not be brought into
+the neighborhood of the germ cell and be propelled into the organic nest
+which is assigned for their conjunction and incubation.</p>
+
+<p>The motor activity is general as well as specifically sexual. There is a
+general tendency to more or less involuntary movement, without any
+increase of voluntary muscular power, which is, indeed, decreased, and
+Vaschide and Vurpas state that dynamometric results are somewhat lower
+than normal during sexual excitement, and the variations greater.<a name='5_FNanchor_114'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_114'><sup>[114]</sup></a> The
+tendency to diffused activity of involuntary muscle is well illustrated by
+the contraction of the bladder associated with detumescence. While this
+occurs in both sexes, in men erection produces a mechanical impediment to
+any evacuation of the bladder. In women there is not only a desire to
+urinate but, occasionally, actual urination. Many quite healthy and normal
+women have, as a rare accident supervening on the coincidence of an
+unusually full bladder with an unusual degree of sexual excitement,
+experienced a powerful and quite involuntary evacuation of the bladder at
+the moment of orgasm. In women with less normal nervous systems this has,
+more rarely, been almost habitual. Brant&ocirc;me has perhaps recorded the
+earliest case of this kind in referring to a lady he knew who &quot;quand on
+lui faisait cela <a name='5_Page_155'></a>elle se compissait &agrave; bon escient.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_115'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_115'><sup>[115]</sup></a> The tendency to
+trembling, constriction of throat, sneezing, emission of internal gas, and
+the other similar phenomena occasionally associated with detumescence, are
+likewise due to diffusion of the motor disturbance. Even in infancy the
+motor signs of sexual excitement are the most obvious indications of
+orgasm; thus West, describing masturbation in a child of six or nine
+months who practiced thigh-rubbing, states that when sitting in her high
+chair she would grasp the handles, stiffen herself, and stare, rubbing her
+thighs quickly together several times, and then come to herself with a
+sigh, tired, relaxed, and sweating, these seizures, which lasted one or
+two minutes, being mistaken by the relations for epileptic fits.<a name='5_FNanchor_116'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_116'><sup>[116]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The essentially motor character of detumescence is well shown by
+    the extreme forms of erotic intoxication which sometimes appear
+    as the result of sexual excitement. F&eacute;r&eacute;, who has especially
+    called attention to the various manifestations of this condition,
+    presents an instructive case of a man of neurotic heredity and
+    antecedents, in whom it occasionally happened that sexual
+    excitement, instead of culminating in the normal orgasm, attained
+    its climax in a fit of uncontrollable muscular excitement. He
+    would then sing, dance, gesticulate, roughly treat his partner,
+    break the objects around him, and finally sink down exhausted and
+    stupefied. (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, Chapter X.) In such a case
+    a diffused and general detumescence has taken the place of the
+    normal detumescence which has its main focus in the sexual
+    sphere.</p>
+
+<p>    The same relationship is shown in a case of impotence accompanied
+    by cramps in the calves and elsewhere, which has been recorded by
+    Br&uuml;gelmann (&quot;Zur Lehre vom Perversen Sexualismus,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift
+    f&uuml;r Hypnotismus</i>, 1900, Heft I). These muscular conditions ceased
+    for several days whenever coitus was effected.</p>
+
+<p>    An instructive analogy to the motor irradiations preceding the
+    moment of sexual detumescence may be found in the somewhat
+    similar motor irradiations which follow the delayed expulsion of
+    a highly distended bladder. These sometimes become very marked in
+    a child or <a name='5_Page_156'></a>young woman unable to control the motor system
+    absolutely. The legs are crossed, the foot swung, the thighs
+    tightly pressed together, the toes curled. The fingers are flexed
+    in rhythmic succession. The whole body slowly twists as though
+    the seat had become uncomfortable. It is difficult to concentrate
+    the mind; the same remark may be automatically repeated; the eyes
+    search restlessly, and there is a tendency to count surrounding
+    objects or patterns. When the extreme degree of tension is
+    reached it is only by executing a kind of dance that the
+    explosive contraction of the bladder is restrained.</p>
+
+<p>    The picture of muscular irradiation presented under these
+    circumstances differs but slightly from that of the onset of
+    detumescence. In one case the explosion is sought, in the other
+    case it is dreaded; but in both cases there is a retarded
+    muscular tension,&mdash;in the one case involuntary, in the other case
+    voluntary&mdash;maintained at a point of acute intensity, and in both
+    cases the muscular irradiations of this tension spread over the
+    whole body.</p>
+
+<p>    The increased motor irritability of the state of detumescence
+    somewhat resembles the conditions produced by a weak an&aelig;sthetic
+    and there is some interest in noting the sexual excitement liable
+    to occur in an&aelig;sthesia. I am indebted to Dr. J. F. W. Silk for some
+    remarks on this point:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I. Sexual emotions may apparently be aroused during the stage of
+    excitement preceding or following the administration of any
+    an&aelig;sthetic; these emotions may take the form of mere delirious
+    utterances, or may be associated with what is apparently a sexual
+    orgasm. Or reflex phenomena connected with the sexual organs may
+    occasionally be observed under special circumstances; or, to put
+    it in another way, such reflex possibilities are not always
+    abolished by the condition of narcosis or an&aelig;sthesia.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;II. Of the particular an&aelig;sthetics employed I am inclined to
+    think that the possibility of such conditions arising is
+    inversely proportionate to their strength, <i>e.g.</i>, they are more
+    frequently observed with a weak an&aelig;sthetic like nitrous oxide
+    than with chloroform.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;III. Sexual emotions I believe to be rarely observable in men,
+    and this is remarkable, or, I should say, particularly
+    noticeable, for the presence of nurses, female students, etc.,
+    might almost have led one to expect that the contrary would have
+    been the case. On the other hand, it is among men that I have
+    frequently observed a reflex phenomenon which has usually taken
+    the shape of an erection of the penis when the structures in the
+    neighborhood of the spermatic cord have been handled.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;IV. Among females the emotional sexual phenomena most frequently
+    obtrude themselves, and I believe that if it were possible to
+    induce people to relate their dreams they would very often be
+    found to be of a sexual character.&quot;</p></div><a name='5_Page_157'></a>
+
+<p>Much more important than the general motor phenomena, more purposive
+though involuntary, are the specifically sexual muscular movements. From
+the very beginning of detumescence, indeed, muscular activity makes itself
+felt, and the peripheral muscles of sex act, according to Kobelt's
+expression, as a peripheral sexual heart. In the male these movements are
+fairly obvious and fairly simple. It is required that the semen should be
+expressed from the vesicul&aelig; seminales, propelled along the urethra, in
+combination with the prostatic fluid which is equally essential, and
+finally ejected with a certain amount of force from the urethral orifice.
+Under the influence of the stimulation furnished by the contact and
+friction of the vagina, this process is effectively carried out, mainly by
+the rhythmic contractions of the bulbo-cavernosus muscle, and the semen is
+emitted in a jet which may be ejaculated to a distance varying from a few
+centimeters to a meter or more.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>With regard to the details of the psychic sides of this process a
+    correspondent, a psychologist, writes as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have never noticed in my reading any attempt to analyze the
+    sensations which accompany the orgasm, and, as I have made a good
+    many attempts to make such an analysis myself, I will append the
+    results on the chance that they may be of some value. I have
+    checked my results so far as possible by comparing them with the
+    experience of such of my friends as had coitus frequently and
+    were willing to tell me as much as they could of the psychology
+    of the process.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The first fact that I hit upon was the importance of pressure.
+    As one of my informants picturesquely phrases it&mdash;'the tighter
+    the fit the greater the pleasure.' This agrees, too, with their
+    unanimous testimony that the pleasurable sensations were much
+    greater when the orgasm occurred simultaneously in the man and
+    woman. Their analysis seldom went further than this, but a few
+    remarked that the distinctive sensations accompanying the orgasm
+    seem to begin near the root of the penis or in the testes, and
+    that they are qualitatively different from the tickling
+    sensations which precede them.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;These tickling sensations are caused, I think, by the friction
+    of the glands against the vaginal walls, and are supplemented by
+    other sensations from the urethra, whose nerves are stimulated by
+    pressure of the vaginal walls and sphincter. The specific
+    sensation of the orgasm begins, I believe, with a strong
+    contraction of the muscles of the urethral walls along the entire
+    length of the canal, and is felt as a peculiar <a name='5_Page_158'></a>ache starting
+    from the base of the penis and quickly becoming diffused through
+    the whole organ. This sensation reaches its climax with the
+    expulsion of the semen into the urethra and the consequent
+    feeling of distention, which is instantly followed by the
+    rhythmic peristaltic contractions of the urethral muscles which
+    mark the climax of the orgasm.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The most careful introspection possible under the circumstances
+    seems to show that these sensations arise almost wholly from the
+    urethra and in a far less degree from the corona. During periods
+    of great sexual excitement the nerves of the urethra and corona
+    seem to possess a peculiar sensitivity and are powerfully
+    stimulated by the violent peristaltic contractions of the muscles
+    in the urethral walls during ejaculation. It seems possible that
+    the intensity and volume of sensation felt at the glans may be
+    due in part to the greater area of sensitive surface presented in
+    the fossa as well as to the sensitivity of the corona, and in
+    part to the fact that during the orgasm the glans is more highly
+    congested than at any other time, and the nerve endings thus
+    subjected to additional pressure.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;If the foregoing statements are true, it is easy to see why the
+    pleasure of the man is much increased when the orgasm occurs at
+    the same time in his partner and himself, for the contractions of
+    the vagina upon the penis would increase the stimulation of all
+    the nerve endings in that organ for which a mechanical stimulus
+    is adequate, and the prominence of the corpus spongiosum and
+    corona would ensure them the greatest stimulation. It seems not
+    improbable that the specific sensation of orgasm rises from the
+    stimulation of the peculiar form of nerve end-bulbs which Krause
+    found in the corpus spongiosum and in the glans.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The characteristic massiveness of the experience is probably due
+    largely to the great number of sensations of strain and pressure
+    caused by the powerful reflex contraction of so many of the
+    voluntary muscles.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Of course, the foregoing analysis is purely tentative, and I
+    offer it only on the chance that it may suggest some line of
+    inquiry which may lead to results of value to the student of
+    sexual psychology.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In man the whole process of detumescence, when it has once really
+    begun, only occupies a few moments. It is so likewise in many
+    animals; in the genera Bos, Ovis, etc., it is very short, almost
+    instantaneous, and rather short also in the Equid&aelig; (in a vigorous
+    stallion, according to Colin, ten to twelve seconds). As
+    Disselhorst has pointed out, this is dependent on the fact that
+    these animals, like man, possess a vas deferens which broadens
+    into an ampulla serving as a receptacle which holds the semen
+    ready for instant emission when required. On the other hand, in
+    the dog, cat, boar, and the Canid&aelig;, Felid&aelig;, and Suid&aelig; generally,
+    there is no receptacle of this kind, and coitus is slow, since a
+    longer time is required for the peristaltic action of the vas to
+    bring the semen <a name='5_Page_159'></a>to the urogenital sinus. (R. Disselhorst, <i>Die
+    Accessorischen Geschlechtsdrusen der Wirbelthiere</i>, 1897, p.
+    212.)</p>
+
+<p>    In man there can be little doubt that detumescence is more
+    rapidly accomplished in the European than in the East, in India,
+    among the yellow races, or in Polynesia. This is probably in part
+    due to a deliberate attempt to prolong the act in the East, and
+    in part to a greater nervous erethism among Westerns.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the woman the specifically sexual muscular process is less visible,
+more obscure, more complex, and uncertain. Before detumescence actually
+begins there are at intervals involuntary rhythmic contractions of the
+walls of the vagina, seeming to have the object of at once stimulating and
+harmonizing with those that are about to begin in the male organ. It would
+appear that these rhythmic contractions are the exaggeration of a
+phenomenon which is normal, just as slight contraction is normal and
+constant in the bladder. Jastreboff has shown, in the rabbit, that the
+vagina is in constant spontaneous rhythmic contraction from above
+downward, not peristaltic, but in segments, the intensity of the
+contractions increasing with age and especially with sexual development.
+This vaginal contraction which in women only becomes well marked just
+before detumescence, and is due mainly to the action of the sphincter
+cunni (analogous to the bulbo-cavernosus in the male), is only a part of
+the localized muscular process. At first there would appear to be a reflex
+peristaltic movement of the Fallopian tubes and uterus. Dembo observed
+that in animals stimulation of the upper anterior wall of the vagina
+caused gradual contraction of the uterus, which is erected by powerful
+contraction of its muscular fiber and round ligaments while at the same
+time it descends toward the vagina, its cavity becoming more and more
+diminished and mucus being forced out. In relaxing, Aristotle long ago
+remarked, it aspirates the seminal fluid.</p>
+
+<p>Although the active participation of the sexual organs in woman, to the
+end of directing the semen into the womb at the moment of detumescence, is
+thus a very ancient belief, and harmonizes with the Greek view of the womb
+as an animal in <a name='5_Page_160'></a>the body endowed with a considerable amount of
+activity,<a name='5_FNanchor_117'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_117'><sup>[117]</sup></a> precise observation in modern times has offered but little
+confirmation of the reality of this participation. Such observations as
+have been made have usually been the accidental result of sexual
+excitement and orgasm occurring during a gyn&aelig;cological examination. As,
+however, such a result is liable to occur in erotic subjects, a certain
+number of precise observations have accumulated during the past century.
+So far as the evidence goes, it would seem that in women, as in mares,
+bitches, and other animals, the uterus becomes shorter, broader, and
+softer during the orgasm, at the same time descending lower into the
+pelvis, with its mouth open intermittently, so that, as one writer
+remarks, spontaneously recurring to the simile which commended itself to
+the Greeks, &quot;the uterus might be likened to an animal gasping for
+breath.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_118'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_118'><sup>[118]</sup></a> This sensitive, responsive mobility of the uterus is,
+indeed, not confined to the moment of detumescence, but may occur at other
+times under the influence of sexual emotion.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem probable that in this erection, contraction, and descent of
+the uterus, and its simultaneous expulsion of mucus, we have the decisive
+moment in the completion of detumescence in woman, and it is probable that
+the thick mucus, unlike the earlier more limpid secretion, which women are
+sometimes aware of after orgasm, is emitted from the womb at this time.
+This is, however, not absolutely certain. Some authorities regard
+detumescence in women as accomplished in the pouring out of secretions,
+others in the rhythmic genital contractions; the sexual parts may,
+however, be copiously bathed in mucus for an indefinitely long period
+before the final stage of detumescence is achieved, and the rhythmic
+contractions are also taking place at a somewhat early period; in neither
+respect is there any obvious increase at the final moment of orgasm. In
+women this would seem to be more conspicuously a nervous manifestation
+than in men. On the subjective side it is very <a name='5_Page_161'></a>pronounced, with its
+feeling of relieved tension and agreeable repose&mdash;a moment when, as one
+woman expresses it, together with intense pleasure, there is, as it were,
+a floating up into a higher sphere, like the beginning of chloroform
+narcosis&mdash;but on the objective side this culminating moment is less easy
+to define.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Various observations and remarks made during the past two or
+    three centuries by Bond, Valisneri, Dionis, Haller, G&uuml;nther, and
+    Bischoff, tending to show a sucking action of the uterus in both
+    women and other female animals, have been brought together by
+    Litzmann in R. Wagner's <i>Handw&ouml;rterbuch der Physiologie</i> (1846,
+    vol. iii, p. 53). Litzmann added an experience of his own: &quot;I had
+    an opportunity lately, while examining a young and very erethic
+    woman, to observe how suddenly the uterus assumed a more erect
+    position, and descended deeper in the pelvis; the lips of the
+    womb became equal in length, the cervix rounded, softer, and more
+    easily reached by the finger, and at the same time a high state
+    of sexual excitement was revealed by the respiration and voice.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The general belief still remained, however, that the woman's part
+    in conjugation is passive, and that it is entirely by the energy
+    of the male organ and of the male sexual elements, the
+    spermatozoa, that conjunction with the germ cell is attained.
+    According to this theory, it was believed that the spermatozoa
+    were, as Wilkinson expresses it, in a history of opinion on this
+    question, &quot;endowed with some sort of intuition or instinct; that
+    they would turn in the direction of the os uteri, wading through
+    the acid mucus of the vagina; travel patiently upward and around
+    the vaginal portion of the uterus; enter the uterus and proceed
+    onward in search of the waiting ovum.&quot; (A. D. Wilkinson,
+    &quot;Sterility in the Female,&quot; <i>Transactions of the Lincoln Medical
+    Society</i>, Nebraska, 1896.)</p>
+
+<p>    About the year 1859 Fichstedt seems to have done something to
+    overthrow this theory by declaring his belief that the uterus was
+    not, as commonly supposed, a passive organ in coitus, but was
+    capable of sucking in the semen during the brief period of
+    detumescence. Various authorities then began to bring forward
+    arguments and observations in the same sense. Wernich,
+    especially, directed attention to this point in 1872 in a paper
+    on the erectile properties of the lower segment of the uterus
+    (&quot;Die Erectionsfahigkeit des untern Uterus-Abschnitts,&quot; <i>Beitr&auml;ge
+    zur Geburtsh&uuml;lfe und Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, vol. i, p. 296). He made
+    precise observations and came to the conclusion that owing to
+    erectile properties in the neck of the uterus, this part of the
+    womb elongates during congress and reaches down into the pelvis
+    with an aspiratory movement, as if to meet the glans of the male.
+    A little later, in a case of partial prolapse, Beck, in ignorance
+    of Wernich's theory, was enabled to make <a name='5_Page_162'></a>a very precise
+    observation of the action of the uterus during excitement. In
+    this case the woman was sexually very excitable even under
+    ordinary examination, and Beck carefully noted the phenomena that
+    took place during the orgasm. &quot;The os and cervix uteri,&quot; he
+    states, &quot;had been about as firm as usual, moderately hard and,
+    generally speaking, in a natural and normal condition, with the
+    external os closed to such an extent as to admit of the uterine
+    probe with difficulty; but the instant that the height of
+    excitement was at hand, the os opened itself to the extent of
+    fully an inch, as nearly as my eye can judge, made five or six
+    successive gasps as if it were drawing the external os into the
+    cervix, each time powerfully, and, it seemed to me, with a
+    regular rhythmical action, at the same time losing its former
+    density and hardness and becoming quite soft to the touch. Upon
+    the cessation of the action, as related, the os suddenly closed,
+    the cervix again hardened itself, and the intense congestion was
+    dissipated.&quot; (J. R. Beck, &quot;How do the Spermatozoa Enter the
+    Uterus?&quot; <i>American Journal of Obstetrics</i>, 1874.) It would appear
+    that in the early part of this final process of detumescence the
+    action of the uterus is mainly one of contraction and ejaculation
+    of any mucus that may be contained; Dr. Paul Mund&eacute; has described
+    &quot;the gushing, almost in jets,&quot; of this mucus which he has
+    observed in an erotic woman under a rather long digital and
+    specular examination. (<i>American Journal of Obstetrics</i>, 1893.)
+    It is during the latter part of detumescence, it would seem, and
+    perhaps for a short time after the orgasm is over, that the
+    action of the uterus is mainly aspiratory.</p></div>
+
+<p>While the active part played by the womb in detumescence can no longer be
+questioned, it need not too hastily be assumed that the belief in the
+active movements of the spermatozoa must therefore be denied. The vigorous
+motility of the tadpole-like organisms is obvious to anyone who has ever
+seen fresh semen under the microscope; and if it is correct, as Clifton
+Edgar states, that the spermatozoa may retain their full activity in the
+female organs for at least seventeen days, they have ample time to exert
+their energies. The fact that impregnation sometimes occurs without
+rupture of the hymen is not decisive evidence that there has been no
+penetration, as the hymen may dilate without rupturing; but there seems no
+reason to doubt that conception has sometimes taken place when ejaculation
+has occurred without penetration; this is indicated in a fairly objective
+manner when, as has been occasionally observed, conception has occurred in
+<a name='5_Page_163'></a>women whose vaginas were so narrow as scarcely to admit the entrance of a
+goose-quill; such was the condition in the case of a pregnant woman
+brought forward by Roubaud. The stories, repeated in various books, of
+women who have conceived after homosexual relations with partners who had
+just left their husbands' beds are not therefore inherently
+impossible.<a name='5_FNanchor_119'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_119'><sup>[119]</sup></a> Janke quotes numerous cases in which there has been
+impregnation in virgins who have merely allowed the penis to be placed in
+contact with the vulva, the hymen remaining unruptured until
+delivery.<a name='5_FNanchor_120'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_120'><sup>[120]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It must be added, however, that even if the semen is effused merely at the
+mouth of the vagina, without actual penetration, the spermatozoa are still
+not entirely without any resource save their own motility in the task of
+reaching the ovum. As we have seen, it is not only the uterus which takes
+an active part in detumescence; the vagina also is in active movement, and
+it seems highly probable that, at all events in some women and under some
+circumstances, such movement favoring aspiration toward the womb may be
+communicated to the external mouth of the vagina.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Riolan (<i>Anthropographia</i>, 1626, p. 294) referred to the
+    constriction and dilation of the vulva under the influence of
+    sexual excitement. It is said that in Abyssinia women can, when
+    adopting the straddling posture of coitus, by the movements of
+    their own vaginal muscles alone, grasp the male organ and cause
+    ejaculation, although the man remains passive. According to
+    Lorion the Annamites, adopting the normal posture of coitus,
+    introduce the penis when flaccid or only half erect, the
+    contraction of the vaginal walls completing the process; the
+    penis is very small in this people. It is recognized by
+    gyn&aelig;cologists that the condition of vaginismus, in which there is
+    spasmodic contraction of the vagina, making intercourse painful
+    or impossible, is but a morbid exaggeration of the normal
+    contraction which occurs in sexual excitement. Even in the
+    absence of sexual excitement there is a vague affection,
+    occurring in both married and unmarried women, and not, it would
+    seem, <a name='5_Page_164'></a>necessarily hysterical, characterized by quivering or
+    twitching of the vulva; I am told that this is popularly termed
+    &quot;flackering of the shape&quot; in Yorkshire and &quot;taittering of the
+    lips&quot; in Ireland. It may be added that quivering of the gluteal
+    muscles also takes place during detumescence, and that in Indian
+    medicine this is likewise regarded as a sign of sexual desire in
+    women, apart from coitus.</p>
+
+<p>    A non-medical correspondent in Australia, W. J. Chidley, from whom
+    I have received many communications on this subject, is strongly
+    of opinion from his own observations that not only does the
+    uterus take an active part in coitus, but that under natural
+    conditions the vagina also plays an active part in the process.
+    He was led to suspect such an action many years ago, as well by
+    an experience of his own, as also by hearing from a young woman
+    who met her lover after a long absence that by the excitement
+    thus aroused a tape attached to the underclothes had been drawn
+    into the vagina. Since then the confidences of various friends,
+    together with observations of animals, have confirmed him in the
+    view that the general belief that coitus must be effected by
+    forcible entry of the male organ into a passive vagina is
+    incorrect. He considers that under normal circumstances coitus
+    should take place but rarely, and then only under the most
+    favorable circumstances, perhaps exclusively in spring, and, most
+    especially, only when the woman is ready for it. Then, when in
+    the arms of the man she loves, the vagina, in sympathy with the
+    active movements of the womb, becomes distended at the touch of
+    the turgescent, but not fully erect, penis, &quot;flashes open and
+    draws in the male organ.&quot; &quot;All animals,&quot; he adds, &quot;have sexual
+    intercourse by the male organ being <i>drawn</i>, not forced, into the
+    female. I have been borne out in this by friends who have seen
+    horses, camels, mules and other large animals in the coupling
+    season. What is more absurd, for instance, than to say that an
+    entire <i>penetrates</i> the mare? His penis is a sensitive, beautiful
+    piece of mechanism, which brings its light head here and there
+    till it touches the right spot, when the mare, <i>if ready</i>, takes
+    it in. An entire's penis could not penetrate anything; it is a
+    curve, a beautiful curve which would easily bend. A bull's,
+    again, is turned down at the end and, more palpably still, would
+    fold on itself if pressed with force. The womb and vagina of a
+    beautiful and healthy woman constitute a living, vital, moving
+    organ, sensitive to a look, a word, a thought, a hand on the
+    waist.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    A well-known American author thus writes in confirmation of the
+    foregoing view: &quot;In nature the woman wooes. When impassioned her
+    vagina becomes erect and dilated, and so lubricated with abundant
+    mucus to the lips that entrance is easy. This dilatation and
+    erectile expansion of vagina withdraws the hymen so close to the
+    walls that penetration need not tear it or cause pain. The more
+    muscular, primitive and healthy the woman the tougher and less
+    sensitive the hymen, <a name='5_Page_165'></a>and the less likely to break or bleed. I
+    think one great function of the foreskin also is to moisten the
+    glans, so that it can be lubricated for entrance, and then to
+    retract, moist side out, to make entrance still easier. I think
+    that in nature the glans penetrates within the labia, is
+    withstood a moment, vibrating, and then all resistance is
+    withdrawn by a sudden 'flashing open' of the gates, permitting
+    easy entrance, and that the sudden giving up of resistance, and
+    substitution of welcome, with its instantaneous deep entrance,
+    causes an almost immediate male orgasm (the thrill being
+    irresistibly exciting). Certainly this is the process as observed
+    in horses, cattle, goats, etc., and it seems likely something
+    analogous is natural in man.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    While it is easily possible to carry to excess a view which would
+    make the woman rather than the man the active agent in coitus
+    (and it may be recalled that in the Cebid&aelig; the penis, as also the
+    clitoris, is furnished with a bone), there is probably an element
+    of truth in the belief that the vagina shares in the active part
+    which, there can now be little doubt, is played by the uterus in
+    detumescence. Such a view certainly enables us to understand how
+    it is that semen effused on the exterior sexual organs can be
+    conveyed to the uterus.</p>
+
+<p>    It was indeed the failure to understand the vital activity of the
+    semen and the feminine genital canal, co-operating together
+    towards the junction of sperm cell and germ cell, which for so
+    long stood in the way of the proper understanding of conception.
+    Even the genius of Harvey, which had grappled successfully with
+    the problem of the circulation, failed in the attempt to
+    comprehend the problem of generation. Mainly on account of this
+    difficulty, he was unable to see how the male element could
+    possibly enter the uterus, although he devoted much observation
+    and study to the question. Writing of the uterus of the doe after
+    copulation, he says: &quot;I began to doubt, to ask myself whether the
+    semen of the male could by any possibility make its way by
+    attraction or injection to the seat of conception, and repeated
+    examination led me to the conclusion that none of the semen
+    reached this seat.&quot; (<i>De-Generatione Animalium</i>, Exercise lxvii.)
+    &quot;The woman,&quot; he finally concluded, &quot;after contact with the
+    spermatic fluid <i>in coitu</i>, seems to receive an influence and
+    become fecundated without the co-operation of any sensible
+    corporeal agent, in the same way as iron touched by the magnet is
+    endowed with its powers.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>Although the specifically sexual muscular process of detumescence in
+women&mdash;as distinguished from the general muscular phenomena of sexual
+excitement which may be fairly obvious&mdash;is thus seen to be somewhat
+complex and obscure, in women as well as in men detumescence is a
+convulsion which <a name='5_Page_166'></a>discharges a slowly accumulated store of nervous force.
+In women also, as in men, the motor discharge is directed to a specific
+end&mdash;the intromission of the semen in the one sex, its reception in the
+other. In both sexes the sexual orgasm and the pleasure and satisfaction
+associated with it, involve, as their most essential element, the motor
+activity of the sexual sphere.<a name='5_FNanchor_121'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_121'><sup>[121]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The active co-operation of the female organs in detumescence is
+    probably indicated by the difficulty which is experienced in
+    achieving conception by the artificial injection of semen. Marion
+    Sims stated in 1866, in <i>Clinical Notes on Uterine Surgery</i>, that
+    in 55 injections in six women he had only once been successful;
+    he believed that that was the only case at that time on record.
+    Jacobi had, however, practiced artificial fecundation in animals
+    (in 1700) and John Hunter in man. See Gould and Pyle, <i>Anomalies
+    and Curiosities of Medicine</i>, p. 43; also Janke (<i>Die
+    Willk&uuml;rliche Hervorbringen des Geschlechts</i>, pp. 230 <i>et seq.</i>)
+    who discusses the question of artificial fecundation and brings
+    together a mass of data.</p></div>
+
+<p>The facial expression when tumescence is completed is marked by a high
+degree of energy in men and of loveliness in women. At this moment, when
+the culminating act of life is about to be accomplished, the individual
+thus reaches his supreme state of radiant beauty. The color is heightened,
+the eyes are larger and brighter, the facial muscles are more tense, so
+that in mature individuals any wrinkles disappear and youthfulness
+returns.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of detumescence the features are frequently more
+discomposed. There is a general expression of eager receptivity to sensory
+impressions. The dilatation of the pupils, the expansion of the nostrils,
+the tendency to salivation and to movements of the tongue, all go to make
+up a picture which indicates an approaching gratification of sensory
+desires; it is significant that in some animals there is at this moment
+erection of the ears.<a name='5_FNanchor_122'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_122'><sup>[122]</sup></a> There is sometimes a tendency to utter broken
+and meaningless words, and it is noted that sometimes <a name='5_Page_167'></a>women have called
+out on their mothers.<a name='5_FNanchor_123'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_123'><sup>[123]</sup></a> The dilatation of the pupils produces
+photophobia, and in the course of detumescence the eyes are frequently
+closed from this cause. At the beginning of sexual excitement, Vaschide
+and Vurpas have observed, tonicity of the eye-muscles seems to increase;
+the elevators of the upper lids contract, so that the eyes look larger and
+their mobility and brightness are heightened; with the increase of
+muscular tonicity strabismus occurs, owing to the greater strength of the
+muscles that carry the eyes inward.<a name='5_FNanchor_124'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_124'><sup>[124]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The facial expression which marks the culmination of tumescence,
+    and the approach of detumescence is that which is generally
+    expressive of joy. In an interesting psycho-physical study of the
+    emotion of joy, Dearborn thus summarizes its characteristics:
+    &quot;The eyes are brighter and the upper eyelid elevated, as also are
+    the brows, the skin over the glabella, the upper lip and the
+    corners of the mouth, while the skin at the outer canthi of the
+    eye is puckered. The nostrils are moderately dilated, the tongue
+    slightly extended and the cheeks somewhat expanded, while in
+    persons with largely developed pinnal muscles the ears tend
+    somewhat to incline forwards. The whole arterial system is
+    dilated, with consequent blushing from this effect on the dermal
+    capillaries of the face, neck, scalp and hands, and sometimes
+    more extensively even; from the same cause the eyes slightly
+    bulge. The whole glandular system likewise is stimulated, causing
+    the secretions,&mdash;gastric, salivary, lachrymal, sudoral, mammary,
+    genital, etc.&mdash;to be increased, with the resulting rise of
+    temperature and increase in the katobolism generally. Volubility
+    is almost regularly increased, and is, indeed, one of the most
+    sensitive and constant of the correlations in emotional
+    delight.... Pleasantness is correlated in living organisms by
+    vascular, muscular and glandular extension or expansion, both
+    literal and figurative.&quot; (G. Dearborn, &quot;The Emotion of Joy,&quot;
+    <i>Psychological Review Monograph Supplements</i>, vol. ii, No. 5, p.
+    62.) All these signs of joy appear to occur at some stage of the
+    process of sexual excitement.</p>
+
+<p>    In some monkeys it would seem that the muscular movement which in
+    man has become the smile is the characteristic facial expression
+    of sexual tumescence or courtship. Discussing the facial
+    expression of pleasure in children, S. S. Buckman has the
+    following remarks: &quot;There <a name='5_Page_168'></a>is one point in such expression which
+    has not received due consideration, namely, the raising of lumps
+    of flesh each side of the nose as an indication of pleasure.
+    Accompanying this may be seen small furrows, both in children and
+    adults, running from the eyes somewhat obliquely towards the
+    nose. What these characters indicate may be learned from the male
+    mandril, whose face, particularly in the breeding season, shows
+    colored fleshy prominences each side of the nose, with
+    conspicuous furrows and ridges. In the male mandril these
+    characters have been developed because, being an unmistakable
+    sign of sexual ardor, they gave the female particular evidence of
+    sexual feelings. Thus such characters would come to be recognized
+    as habitually symptomatic of pleasurable feelings. Finding
+    similar features in human beings, and particularly in children,
+    though not developed in the same degree, we may assume that in
+    our monkey-like ancestors facial characters similar to those of
+    the mandril were developed, though to a less extent, and that
+    they were symptomatic of pleasure, because connected with the
+    period of courtship. Then they became conventionalized as
+    pleasurable symptoms.&quot; (S. S. Buckmann, &quot;Human Babies: What They
+    Teach,&quot; <i>Nature</i>, July 5, 1900.) If this view is accepted, it may
+    be said that the smile, having in man become a generalized sign
+    of amiability, has no longer any special sexual significance. It
+    is true that a faint and involuntary smile is often associated
+    with the later stages of tumescence, but this is usually lost
+    during detumescence, and may even give place to an expression of
+    ferocity.</p></div>
+
+<p>When we have realized how profound is the organic convulsion involved by
+the process of detumescence, and how great the general motor excitement
+involved, we can understand how it is that very serious effects may follow
+coitus. Even in animals this is sometimes the case. Young bulls and
+stallions have fallen in a faint after the first congress; boars may be
+seriously affected in a similar way; mares have been known even to fall
+dead.<a name='5_FNanchor_125'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_125'><sup>[125]</sup></a> In the human species, and especially in men&mdash;probably, as Bryan
+Robinson remarks, because women are protected by the greater slowness with
+which detumescence occurs in them&mdash;not only death itself, but innumerable
+disorders and accidents have been known to follow immediately after
+coitus, these results being mainly due to the vascular and muscular
+excitement involved by the processes of detumescence. Fainting, vomiting,
+<a name='5_Page_169'></a>urination, def&aelig;cation have been noted as occurring in young men after a
+first coitus. Epilepsy has been not infrequently recorded. Lesions of
+various organs, even rupture of the spleen, have sometimes taken place. In
+men of mature age the arteries have at times been unable to resist the
+high blood-pressure, and cerebral h&aelig;morrhage with paralysis has occurred.
+In elderly men the excitement of intercourse with strange women has
+sometimes caused death, and various cases are known of eminent persons who
+have thus died in the arms of young wives or of prostitutes.<a name='5_FNanchor_126'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_126'><sup>[126]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>These morbid results, are, however, very exceptional. They usually occur
+in persons who are abnormally sensitive, or who have imprudently
+transgressed the obvious rules of sexual hygiene. Detumescence is so
+profoundly natural a process; it is so deeply and intimately a function of
+the organism, that it is frequently harmless even when the bodily
+condition is far from absolutely sound. Its usual results, under favorable
+circumstances, are entirely beneficial. In men there normally supervenes,
+together with the relief from the prolonged tension of tumescence, with
+the muscular repose and falling blood-pressure,<a name='5_FNanchor_127'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_127'><sup>[127]</sup></a> a sense of profound
+satisfaction, a glow of diffused well-being,<a name='5_FNanchor_128'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_128'><sup>[128]</sup></a> perhaps an agreeable
+lassitude, occasionally also a sense of mental liberation from an
+overmastering obsession. Under reasonably <a name='5_Page_170'></a>happy circumstances there is no
+pain, or exhaustion, or sadness, or emotional revulsion. The happy lover's
+attitude toward his partner is not expressed by the well-known Sonnet
+(CXXIX) of Shakespeare:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span>&quot;Past reason hunted, and no sooner had<br /></span>
+<span>Past reason hated.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>He feels rather with Boccaccio that the kissed mouth loses not its charm,</p>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span>&quot;Bocca baciata non perde ventura.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In women the results of detumescence are the same, except that the
+tendency to lassitude is not marked unless the act has been several times
+repeated; there is a sensation of repose and self-assurance, and often an
+accession of free and joyous energy. After completely satisfactory
+detumescence she may experience a feeling as of intoxication, lasting for
+several hours, an intoxication that is followed by no evil reaction.</p>
+
+<p>Such, so far as our present vague and imperfect knowledge extends, are the
+main features in the process of detumescence. In the future, without
+doubt, we shall learn to know more precisely a process which has been so
+supremely important in the life of man and of his ancestors.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_98'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_98'>[98]</a><div class='note'><p> The elements furnished by the sense of touch in sexual
+selection have been discussed in the first section of the previous volume
+of these <i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_99'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_99'>[99]</a><div class='note'><p> See Appendix A. &quot;The Origins of the Kiss,&quot; in the previous
+volume.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_100'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_100'>[100]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Art. &quot;Erection,&quot; by Retterer, in Richet's
+<i>Dictionnaire de Physiologie</i>, vol. v.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_101'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_101'>[101]</a><div class='note'><p> Guibaut, <i>Trait&eacute; Clinique des Maladies des Femmes</i>, p. 242.
+Adler discusses the sexual secretions in women and their significance,
+<i>Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes</i>, pp. 19-26.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_102'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_102'>[102]</a><div class='note'><p> In some parts of the world this is further aided by
+artificial means. Thus it is stated by Riedel (as quoted by Ploss and
+Bartels) that in the Gorong Archipelago the bridegroom, before the first
+coitus, anoints the bride's pudenda with an ointment containing opium,
+musk, etc. I have been told of an English bride who was instructed by her
+mother to use a candle for the same purpose.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_103'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_103'>[103]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Parthenologia</i>, pp. 302, <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_104'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_104'>[104]</a><div class='note'><p> The connection of this mucous flow with sexual emotion was
+discussed early in the eighteenth century by Schurig in his <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i>,
+pp. 8-11; it is frequently passed over by more modern writers.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_105'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_105'>[105]</a><div class='note'><p> The drawing is reproduced by Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>,
+vol. i, Chapter XVII; many facts bearing on the ethnography of coitus are
+brought together in this chapter.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_106'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_106'>[106]</a><div class='note'><p> Onanoff (Paris Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie, May 3, 1890) proposed
+the name of bulbo-cavernous reflex for the smart contraction of the
+ischio-and bulbo-cavernosus muscles (erector penis and accelerator urin&aelig;)
+produced by mechanical excitation of the glans. This reflex is clinically
+elicited by placing the index-finger of the left hand on the region of the
+bulb while the right hand rapidly rubs the dorsal surface of the glands
+with the edge of a piece of paper or lightly pinches the mucous membrane;
+a twitching of the region of the bulb is then perceived. This reflex is
+always present in healthy adult subjects and indicates the integrity of
+the physical mechanism of detumescence. It has been described by Hughes.
+(C. H. Hughes, &quot;The Virile or Bulbo-cavernous Reflex,&quot; <i>Alienist and
+Neurologist</i>, January, 1898.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_107'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_107'>[107]</a><div class='note'><p> Roubaud, <i>Trait&eacute; de l'Impuissance</i>, 1855, p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_108'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_108'>[108]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Das Weib</i>, seventh edition, vol. i, p. 510.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_109'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_109'>[109]</a><div class='note'><p> The influence of impeded respiration in exciting more or
+less perverted forms of sexual gratification has been discussed in a
+section of &quot;Love and Pain&quot; in the third volume of these <i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_110'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_110'>[110]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, the experiments of Obici on this point,
+<i>Revista Sperimentale di Freniatria</i>, 1903, pp. 689, <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_111'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_111'>[111]</a><div class='note'><p> Summarized in <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, March,
+1903, p. 188. The tendency to closure of the eyes noted by Roubaud, to
+avoid contact of the light, indicates dilatation of the pupils, for which
+we need not seek other explanation than the general tendency of all
+peripheral stimulation, according to Schiff's law, to produce such
+dilatation.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_112'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_112'>[112]</a><div class='note'><p> Vaschide and Vurpas, &quot;Du Coefficient Sexuel de l'Impulsion
+Musicale,&quot; <i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, May, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_113'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_113'>[113]</a><div class='note'><p> In the <i>Priapeia</i> is an inscription which has thus been
+translated:&mdash;</p>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span>&quot;You see this organ, after which I'm called<br /></span>
+<span>And which is my certificate, is humid;<br /></span>
+<span>This moisture is not dew nor drops of rain,<br /></span>
+<span>It is the outcome of sweet memory,<br /></span>
+<span>Recalling thoughts of a complacent maid.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>The translator supposes that semen is referred to, but without doubt the
+allusion is to the theologians' <i>distillatio</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_114'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_114'>[114]</a><div class='note'><p> A woman of 30, normal and intelligent, after conversing on
+love and passion, and then listening to the music of Grieg and Schumann,
+felt real and strong sexual excitement, increased by memories recalled by
+the presence of a sympathetic person. When then tested by the dynamometer
+the average of ten efforts with the right hand was found to be 28.2 (her
+normal average being 31.1) and with the left hand 28.0 (the normal being
+30.0). There was, however, great variability in the individual pressures
+which sometimes equaled and even exceeded the subject's normal efforts.
+The voluntary muscles are thus in harmony with the approaching general
+sexual avalanche. (Vaschide and Vurpas, &quot;Quelques Donn&eacute;es Exp&eacute;rimentales
+sur l'Influence de l'Excitation Sexuelle,&quot; <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>,
+1903, fasc. v-vi.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_115'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_115'>[115]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Cf.</i> MacGillicuddy, <i>Functional Disorders of the Nervous
+System in Women</i>, p. 110; F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, p.
+238; <i>id.</i>, &quot;Note sur une Anomalie de l'instinct Sexuel,&quot; <i>Belgique
+M&eacute;dicale</i>, 1905; also &quot;Analysis of the Sexual Impulse,&quot; in an earlier
+volume of these <i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_116'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_116'>[116]</a><div class='note'><p> J. P. West, &quot;Masturbation in Early Childhood,&quot; <i>Medical
+Standard</i>, November, 1895.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_117'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_117'>[117]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Cf.</i> the discussion of hysteria in &quot;Auto-Erotism,&quot; vol. i
+of these <i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_118'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_118'>[118]</a><div class='note'><p> Hirst, <i>Text-Book of Obstetrics</i>, 1899, p. 67.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_119'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_119'>[119]</a><div class='note'><p> The earliest story of the kind with which I am acquainted,
+that of a widow who was thus impregnated by a married friend, is quoted in
+Schurig's <i>Spermatologia</i> (p. 224) from Amatus Lusitanus, <i>Curationum
+Centuri&aelig; Septum</i>, 1629.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_120'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_120'>[120]</a><div class='note'><p> Janke, <i>Die Willk&uuml;rliche Hervorbringen des Geschlechts</i>, p.
+238.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_121'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_121'>[121]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Cf.</i> Adler, <i>Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des
+Weibes</i>, pp. 29-38.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_122'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_122'>[122]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Pathologie des Emotions</i>, p. 51.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_123'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_123'>[123]</a><div class='note'><p> This is an instinctive impulse under all strong emotion in
+primitive persons. &quot;The Australian Dieri,&quot; says A. W. Howitt (<i>Journal
+Anthropological Institute</i>, August, 1890), &quot;when in pain or grief cry out
+for their father or mother.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_124'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_124'>[124]</a><div class='note'><p> Vaschide and Vurpas, <i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, May, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_125'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_125'>[125]</a><div class='note'><p> F. B. Robinson, <i>New York Medical Journal</i>, March 11, 1893.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_126'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_126'>[126]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute; deals fully with the various morbid results which may
+follow coitus, <i>L' Instinct Sexuel</i>, Chapter X; <i>id.</i>, <i>Pathologie des
+Emotions</i>, p. 99.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_127'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_127'>[127]</a><div class='note'><p> With regard to the relationship of detumescence to the
+blood-pressure Haig remarks: &quot;I think that as the sexual act produces low
+and falling blood-pressure, it will of necessity relieve conditions which
+are due to high and rising blood-pressure, such, for instance, as mental
+depression and bad temper; and, unless my observation deceives me, we have
+here a connection between conditions of high blood-pressure, with mental
+and bodily depression, and the act of masturbation, for this act will
+relieve those conditions, and will tend to be practiced for this purpose.&quot;
+(A. Haig, <i>Uric Acid</i>, sixth edition, p. 154.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_128'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_128'>[128]</a><div class='note'><p> A medical correspondent speaks of subjective feelings of
+temperature coming over the body from 20 to 24 hours after congress, and
+marked by sensations of cooling of body and glow of cheeks. In another
+case, though lassitude appears on the second day after congress, the first
+day after is marked by a notable increase in mental and physical
+activity.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_M_III'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_171'></a>III.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Constituents of Semen&mdash;Function of the Prostate&mdash;The Properties of
+Semen&mdash;Aphrodisiacs&mdash;Alcohol, Opium, etc.&mdash;Anaphrodisiacs&mdash;The Stimulant
+Influence of Semen in Coitus&mdash;The Internal Effects of Testicular
+Secretions&mdash;The Influence of Ovarian Secretion.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The germ cell never comes into the sphere of consciousness and cannot
+therefore concern us in the psychological study of the phenomena of the
+sexual instinct. But it is otherwise with the sperm cell, and the seminal
+fluid has a relationship, both direct and indirect, to psychic phenomena
+which it is now necessary to discuss.</p>
+
+<p>While the spermatozoa are formed in the glandular tissue of the testes,
+the seminal fluid as finally emitted in detumescence is not a purely
+testicular product, but is formed by mixture with the fluids poured out at
+or before detumescence by various glands which open into the urethra, and
+notably the prostate.<a name='5_FNanchor_129'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_129'><sup>[129]</sup></a> This is a purely sexual gland, which in animals
+only becomes large and active during the breeding season, and may even be
+hardly distinguishable at other times; moreover, if the testes are removed
+in infancy, the prostate remains rudimentary, so that during recent years
+removal of the testes has been widely advocated and practiced for that
+hypertrophy of the prostate which is sometimes a distressing ailment of
+old age. It is the prostatic fluid, according to F&uuml;rbringer, which imparts
+its characteristic odor to semen. It appears, however, to be the main
+function of the prostatic fluid to arouse and maintain the motility of the
+spermatozoa; before meeting the prostatic fluid the spermatozoa are
+motionless; that fluid seems to furnish <a name='5_Page_172'></a>a thinner medium in which they
+for the first time gain their full vitality.<a name='5_FNanchor_130'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_130'><sup>[130]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>When at length the semen is ejaculated, it contains various substances
+which may be separated from it,<a name='5_FNanchor_131'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_131'><sup>[131]</sup></a> and possesses various qualities, some
+of which have only lately been investigated, while others have evidently
+been known to mankind from a very early period. &quot;When held for some time
+in the mouth,&quot; remarked John Hunter, &quot;it produces a warmth similar to
+spices, which lasts some time.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_132'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_132'><sup>[132]</sup></a> Possibly this fact first suggested
+that semen might, when ingested, possess valuable stimulant qualities, a
+discovery which has been made by various savages, notably by the
+Australian aborigines, who, in many parts of Australia, administer a
+potion of semen to dying or feeble members of the tribe.<a name='5_FNanchor_133'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_133'><sup>[133]</sup></a> It is
+perhaps noteworthy that in Central Africa the testes of the goat are
+consumed as an aphrodisiac.<a name='5_FNanchor_134'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_134'><sup>[134]</sup></a> In eighteenth century Europe, Schurig, in
+his <i>Spermatologia</i>, still found it necessary to discuss at considerable
+length the possible medical properties of human semen, giving many
+prescriptions which contained it.<a name='5_FNanchor_135'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_135'><sup>[135]</sup></a> The stimulation produced by the
+ingestion of semen would appear to form in some cases a part of the
+attraction exerted by <i>fellatio</i>; De Sade emphasized this point; and in a
+case recorded by Howard semen appears to have acted as a stimulant for
+which the craving was as irresistible as is that for alcohol in
+dipsomania.<a name='5_FNanchor_136'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_136'><sup>[136]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It must be remembered that the early history of this subject is
+    more or less inextricably commingled with folk-lore practices of
+    magical <a name='5_Page_173'></a>origin, not necessarily founded on actual observation of
+    the physiological effects of consuming the semen or testes. Thus,
+    according to W. H. Pearse (<i>Scalpel</i>, December, 1897), it is the
+    custom in Cornwall for country maids to eat the testicles of the
+    young male lambs when they are castrated in the spring, the
+    survival, probably, of a very ancient religious cult. (I have not
+    myself been able to hear of this custom in Cornwall.) In
+    Burchard's Penitential (Cap. CLIV, Wasserschleben, <i>op. cit.</i>, p.
+    660) seven years' penance is assigned to the woman who swallows
+    her husband's semen to make him love her more. In the seventeenth
+    century (as shown in William Salmon's <i>London Dispensatory</i>,
+    1678) semen was still considered to be good against witchcraft
+    and also valuable as a love-philter, in which latter capacity its
+    use still survives. (Bourke, <i>Scatalogic Rites</i>, pp. 343, 355.)
+    In an earlier age (Picart, quoted by Crawley, <i>The Mystic Rose</i>,
+    p. 109) the Manich&aelig;ans, it is said, sprinkled their eucharistic
+    bread with human semen, a custom followed by the Albigenses.</p>
+
+<p>    The belief, perhaps founded in experience, that semen possesses
+    medical and stimulant virtues was doubtless fortified by the
+    ancient opinion that the spinal cord is the source of this fluid.
+    This was not only held by the highest medical authorities in
+    Greece, but also in India and Persia.</p>
+
+<p>    The semen is thus a natural stimulant, a physiological
+    aphrodisiac, the type of a class of drugs which have been known
+    and cultivated in all parts of the world from time immemorial.
+    (Dufour has discussed the aphrodisiacs used in ancient Rome,
+    <i>Histoire de la Prostitution</i>, vol. II, ch. 21.) It would be vain
+    to attempt to enumerate all the foods and medicaments to which
+    has been ascribed an influence in heightening the sexual impulse.
+    (Thus, in the sixteenth century, aphrodisiacal virtues were
+    attributed to an immense variety of foods by Li&eacute;bault in his
+    <i>Thresor des Rem&egrave;des Secrets pour les Maladies des Femmes</i>, 1585,
+    pp. 104, <i>et seq.</i>) A large number of them certainly have no such
+    effect at all, but have obtained this credit either on some
+    magical ground or from a mistaken association. Thus the potato,
+    when first introduced from America, had the reputation of being a
+    powerful aphrodisiac, and the Elizabethan dramatists contain many
+    references to this supposed virtue. As we know, potatoes, even
+    when taken in the largest doses, have not the slightest
+    aphrodisiac effect, and the Irish peasantry, whose diet consists
+    very largely of potatoes, are even regarded as possessing an
+    unusually small measure of sexual feeling. It is probable that
+    the mistake arose from the fact that potatoes were originally a
+    luxury, and luxuries frequently tend to be regarded as
+    aphrodisiacs, since they are consumed under circumstances which
+    tend to arouse the sexual desires. It is possible also that, as
+    has been plausibly suggested, the misunderstanding may have been
+    due to sailors&mdash;the first to be familiar with the potato&mdash;who
+    <a name='5_Page_174'></a>attributed to this particular element of their diet ashore the
+    generally stimulating qualities of their life in port. The eryngo
+    (<i>Eryngium maritimum</i>), or sea holly, which also had an erotic
+    reputation in Elizabethan times, may well have acquired it in the
+    same way. Many other vegetables have a similar reputation, which
+    they still retain. Thus onions are regarded as aphrodisiacal, and
+    were so regarded by the Greeks, as we learn from Aristophanes. It
+    is noteworthy that Marro, a reliable observer, has found that in
+    Italy, both in prisons and asylums, lascivious people are fond of
+    onions (<i>La Pubert&agrave;</i>, p. 297), and it may perhaps be worth while
+    to recall the observation of S&eacute;rieux that in a woman in whom the
+    sexual instinct only awoke in middle age there was a horror of
+    leeks. In some countries, and especially in Belgium, celery is
+    popularly looked upon as a sexual stimulant. Various condiments,
+    again, have the same reputation, perhaps because they are hot and
+    because sexual desire is regarded, rightly enough, as a kind of
+    heat. Fish&mdash;skate, for instance, and notably oysters and other
+    shellfish&mdash;are very widely regarded as aphrodisiacs, and Kisch
+    attributes this property to caviar. It is probable that all these
+    and other foods which have obtained this reputation, in so far as
+    they have any action whatever on the sexual appetite, only
+    possess it by virtue of their generally nutritious and
+    stimulating qualities, and not by the presence of any special
+    principle having a selective action on the sexual sphere. A
+    beefsteak is probably as powerful a sexual stimulant as any food;
+    a nutritious food, however, which is at the same time easily
+    digestible, and thus requiring less expenditure of energy for its
+    absorption, may well exert a specially rapid and conspicuous
+    stimulant effect. But it is not possible to draw a line, and, as
+    Aquinas long since said, if we wish to maintain ourselves in a
+    state of purity we shall fear even an immoderate use of bread and
+    water.</p>
+
+<p>    More definitely aphrodisiacal effects are produced by drugs, and
+    especially by drugs which in large doses are poisons. The
+    aphrodisiac with the widest popular reputation is cantharides,
+    but its sexually exciting effects are merely an accidental result
+    of its action in causing inflammation of the genito-urinary
+    passage, and it is both an uncertain and a dangerous result,
+    except in skillful hands and when administered in small doses.
+    Nux vomica (with its alkaloid strychnia), by virtue of its
+    special action on the spinal cord, has a notably pronounced
+    effect in heightening the irritability of the spinal ejaculatory
+    center, though it by no means necessarily exerts any
+    strengthening influence. Alcohol exerts a sexually exciting
+    effect, but in a different manner; it produces little stimulation
+    of the cord and, indeed, even paralyzes the lumbar sexual center
+    in large doses, but it has an influence on the peripheral
+    nerve-endings and on the skin, and also on the cerebral centers,
+    tending to arouse desire and to diminish inhibition. In this
+    latter way, as Adler remarks, it may, in small doses, under some
+    circumstances, be <a name='5_Page_175'></a>beneficial in men with an excessive
+    nervousness or dread of coitus, and women, in whom orgasm has
+    been difficult to reach, have frequently found this facilitated
+    by some previous indulgence in alcohol. The aphrodisiac effect of
+    alcohol seems specially marked on women. But against the use of
+    alcohol as an aphrodisiac it must be remembered that it is far
+    from being a tonic to detumescence, at all events in men, and
+    that there is much evidence tending to show that not only chronic
+    alcoholism, but even procreation during intoxication is perilous
+    to the offspring (see, <i>e.g.</i>, Andriezen, <i>Journal of Mental
+    Science</i>, January, 1905, and <i>cf.</i> W. C. Sullivan, &quot;Alcoholism and
+    Suicidal Impulses,&quot; <i>ib.</i>, April, 1898, p. 268); it may be added
+    that Bunge has found a very high proportion of cases of
+    immoderate use of alcohol in the fathers of women unable to
+    suckle their infants (G. von Bunge, <i>Die Zunehmende Unf&auml;higkeit
+    der Frauen ihre Kinder zu Stillen</i>, 1903) while even an
+    approximation to the drunken state is far from being a desirable
+    prelude to the creation of a new human being. It is obvious that
+    those who wish, for any reason, to cultivate a strict chastity of
+    thought and feeling would do well to avoid alcohol altogether, or
+    only in its lightest forms and in moderation. The aphrodisiacal
+    effects of wine have long been known; Ovid refers to them
+    (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Ars Am.</i>, Bk. III, 765). Clement of Alexandria, who was
+    something of a man of science as well as a Christian moralist,
+    points out the influence of wine in producing lasciviousness and
+    sexual precocity. (<i>P&aelig;dagogus</i>, Bk. II, Chapter II). Chaucer
+    makes the Wife of Bath say in the Wife of Bath's Prologue:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;And, after wyn, on Venus moste [needs] I thinke:<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>For al so siken as cold engendreth hayl,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>A likerous mouth moste have a likerous tayl,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>In womman vinolent is no defense,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>This knowen lechours by experience.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Alcohol, as Chaucer pointed out, comes to the aid of the man, who
+    is unscrupulous in his efforts to overcome a woman, and this not
+    merely by virtue of its aphrodisiacal effects, and the apparently
+    special influence which it seems to exert on women, but also
+    because it lulls the mental and emotional characteristics which
+    are the guardians of personality. A correspondent who has
+    questioned on this point a number of prostitutes he has known,
+    writes: &quot;Their accounts of the first fall were nearly always the
+    same. They got to know a 'gentleman,' and on one occasion they
+    drank too much; before they quite realized what was happening
+    they were no longer virgins.&quot; &quot;In the mental areas, under the
+    influence of alcohol,&quot; Schmiedeberg remarks (in his <i>Elements of
+    Pharmacology</i>), &quot;the finer degrees of observation, judgment, and
+    reflection are the first to disappear, while the remaining mental
+    functions remain in a normal condition. The soldier acts more
+    boldly because he notices <a name='5_Page_176'></a>dangers less and reflects over them
+    less; the orator does not allow himself to be influenced by any
+    disturbing side-considerations as to his audience, hence he
+    speaks more freely and spiritedly; self-consciousness is lost to
+    a very great extent, and many are astounded at the ease with
+    which they can express their thoughts, and at the acuteness of
+    their judgment in matters which, when they are perfectly sober,
+    with difficulty reach their minds; and then afterwards they are
+    ashamed at their mistakes.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The action of opium in small doses is also to some extent
+    aphrodisiacal; it slightly stimulates both the brain and the
+    spinal cord, and has sensory effects on the skin like alcohol;
+    these effects are favored by the state of agreeable dreaminess it
+    produces. In the seventeenth century Venette (<i>La G&eacute;n&eacute;ration de
+    l'Homme</i>, Part II, Chapter V) strongly recommended small doses of
+    opium, then little known, for this purpose; he had himself, he
+    says, in illness experienced its joys, &quot;a shadow of those of
+    heaven.&quot; In India opium (as well as cannabis indica) has long
+    been a not uncommon aphrodisiac; it is specially used to diminish
+    local sensibility, delaying the orgasm and thus prolonging the
+    sexual act. (W. D. Sutherland, &quot;De Impotentia,&quot; <i>Indian Medical
+    Gazette</i>, January, 1900). Its more direct and stimulating
+    influence on the sexual emotions seems indicated by the statement
+    that prostitutes are found standing outside the opium-smoking
+    dens of Bombay, but not outside the neighboring liquor shops.
+    (G. C. Lucas, <i>Lancet</i>, February 2, 1884.) Like alcohol, opium
+    seems to have a marked aphrodisiacal effect on women. The case is
+    recorded of a mentally deranged girl, with no nymphomania though
+    she masturbated, who on taking small doses of opium at once
+    showed signs of nymphomania, following men about, etc. (<i>American
+    Journal Obstetrics</i>, May, 1901, p. 74.) It may well be believed
+    that opium acts beneficially in men when the ejaculatory centers
+    are weak but irritable; but its actions are too widespread over
+    the organism to make it in any degree a valuable aphrodisiac.
+    Various other drugs have more or less reputation as aphrodisiacs;
+    thus bromide of gold, a nervous and glandular stimulant, is said
+    to have as one of its effects a heightening of sexual feeling.
+    Yohimbin, an alkaloid derived from the West African Yohimbehe
+    tree, has obtained considerable repute during recent years in the
+    treatment of impotence; in some cases (see, <i>e.g.</i>, Toff's
+    results, summarized in <i>British Medical Journal</i>, February 18,
+    1905) it has produced good results, apparently by increasing the
+    blood supply to the sexual organs, but has not been successful in
+    all cases or in all hands. It must always be remembered that in
+    cases of psychical impotence suggestion necessarily exerts a
+    beneficial influence, and this may work through any drug or
+    merely with the aid of bread pills. All exercise, often even
+    walking, may be a sexual stimulant, and it is scarcely necessary
+    to add that powerful stimulation of the skin in the sexual
+    sphere, <a name='5_Page_177'></a>and more especially of the nates, is often a more
+    effective aphrodisiac than any drug, whether the irritation is
+    purely mechanical, as by flogging, or mechanico-chemical, as by
+    urtication or the application of nettles. Among the Malays (with
+    whom both men and women often use a variety of plants as
+    aphrodisiacs, according to Vaughan Stevens) Breitenstein states
+    (<i>21 Jahre in India</i>, Theil I, p. 228) that both massage and
+    gymnastics are used to increase sexual powers. The local
+    application of electricity is one of the most powerful of
+    aphrodisiacs, and McMordie found on applying one pole to a
+    uterine sound in the uterus and the other to the abdominal wall
+    that in the majority of healthy women the orgasm occurred.</p>
+
+<p>    Among anaphrodisiacs, or sexual sedatives, bromide of potassium,
+    by virtue of its antidotal relationship to strychnia, is one of
+    the drugs whose action is most definite, though, while it dulls
+    sexual desire, it also dulls all the nervous and cerebral
+    activities. Camphor has an ancient reputation as an
+    anaphrodisiac, and its use in this respect was known to the Arabs
+    (as may be seen by a reference to it in the <i>Perfumed Garden</i>),
+    while, as Hyrtl mentions (<i>loc. cit.</i> ii, p. 94), rue (<i>Ruta
+    graveolens</i>) was considered a sexual sedative by the monks of
+    old, who on this account assiduously cultivated it in their
+    cloister gardens to make <i>vinum rut&aelig;</i>. Recently heroin in large
+    doses (see, <i>e.g.</i>, Becker, <i>Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift</i>,
+    November 23, 1903) has been found to have a useful effect in this
+    direction. It may be doubted, however, whether there is any
+    satisfactory and reliable anaphrodisiac. Charcot, indeed, it is
+    said, used to declare that the only anaphrodisiac in which he had
+    any confidence was that used by the uncle of Helo&iuml;se in the case
+    of Abelard. &quot;<i>Cela</i> (he would add with a grim smile) <i>tranche la
+    difficulte</i>.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>If semen is a stimulant when ingested, it is easy to suppose that it may
+exert a similar action on the woman who receives it into the vagina in
+normal sexual congress. It is by no means improbable that, as Mattei
+argued in 1878, this is actually the case. It is known that the vagina
+possesses considerable absorptive power. Thus Coen and Levi, among others,
+have shown that if a tampon soaked in a solution of iodine is introduced
+into the vagina, iodine will be found in the urine within an hour. And the
+same is true of various other substances.<a name='5_FNanchor_137'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_137'><sup>[137]</sup></a> If the vagina absorbs drugs
+it probably absorbs semen. Toff, of Braila (Roumania), who attaches much
+importance to such absorption, considers that it must be analogous to the
+ingestion of organic extractives. It is due to this influence, he
+believes, <a name='5_Page_178'></a>that weak and an&aelig;mic girls so often become full-blooded and
+robust after marriage, and lose their nervous tendencies and shyness.<a name='5_FNanchor_138'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_138'><sup>[138]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is, however, most certainly a mistake to suppose that the beneficial
+influence of coitus on women is exclusively, or even mainly, dependent
+upon the absorption of semen. This is conclusively demonstrated by the
+fact that such beneficial influence is exerted, and in full measure, even
+when all precautions have been taken to avoid any contact with the semen.
+In so far as <i>coitus reservatus</i> or <i>interruptus</i> may lead to haste or
+discomfort which prevents satisfactory orgasm on the part of the woman, it
+is without doubt a cause of defective detumescence and incomplete
+satisfaction. But if orgasm is complete the beneficial effects of coitus
+follow even if there has been no possibility of the absorption of semen.
+Even after <i>coitus interruptus</i>, if it can be prolonged for a period long
+enough for the woman to attain full and complete satisfaction, she is
+enabled to experience what she may describe as a feeling of intoxication,
+lasting for several hours. It is in the action of the orgasm itself, and
+the vascular, secretory, and metabolic activities set up by the psychic
+and nervous influence of coitus with a beloved person, that we must seek
+the chief key to the effects produced by coitus on women, however these
+effects may possibly be still further heightened by the actual absorption
+of semen.<a name='5_FNanchor_139'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_139'><sup>[139]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The positive action of semen, or rather of the testicular products, has
+been much investigated during recent years, and appears on the whole to be
+demonstrated. The notable discovery <a name='5_Page_179'></a>by Brown-S&eacute;quard, a quarter of a
+century ago, that the ingestion of the testicular juices in states of
+debility and senility acted as a beneficial stimulant and tonic, opened
+the way to a new field of therapeutics. Many investigators in various
+countries have found that testicular extracts, and more especially the
+spermin as studied by Poehl,<a name='5_FNanchor_140'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_140'><sup>[140]</sup></a> and by him regarded as a positive
+katalysator or accelerator of metabolic processes, exert a real influence
+in giving tone to the heart and other muscles, and in improving the
+metabolism of the tissues even when all influences of mental suggestion
+have been excluded.<a name='5_FNanchor_141'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_141'><sup>[141]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>As the ovaries are strictly analogous to the testes, it was
+    surmised that ovarian extract might prove a drug equally valuable
+    with testicular products. As a matter of fact, ovarian extract,
+    in the form of ovarin, etc., would seem to have proved beneficial
+    in various disorders, more especially in an&aelig;mia and in troubles
+    due to the artificial menopause. In most conditions, however, in
+    which it has been employed the results are doubtful or uncertain,
+    and some authorities believe that the influence of suggestion
+    plays a considerable part here.</p></div>
+
+<p>There is, however, another use which is subserved by the testicular
+products, a use which may indeed be said to be implied in those uses to
+which reference has already been made, but is yet historically the latest
+to be realized and studied. It was not until 1869 that Brown-S&eacute;quard first
+suggested that an important secretion was elaborated by the ductless
+glands and received into the circulation, but that suggestion proved to be
+epoch-making. If these glandular secretions are so valuable when
+administered as drugs to other persons, must they not be of far greater
+value when naturally secreted and poured out into the circulation in the
+living body? It is now generally <a name='5_Page_180'></a>believed, on the basis of a large and
+various body of evidence, that this is undoubtedly so. In a very crude
+form, indeed, this belief is by no means modern. In opposition to the old
+writers who were inclined to regard the semen as an excretion which it was
+beneficial to expel, there were other ancient authorities who argued that
+it was beneficial to retain it as being a vital fluid which, if
+reabsorbed, served to invigorate the body. The great physiologist, Haller,
+in the middle of the eighteenth century, came very near to the modern
+doctrine when he stated in his <i>Elements of Physiology</i> that the sperm
+accumulated in the seminical vesicles is pumped back into the blood, and
+thus produces the beard and the hair together with the other surprising
+changes of puberty which are absent in the eunuch. The reabsorption of
+semen can scarcely be said to be a part of the modern physiological
+doctrine, but it is at least now generally held that the testes secrete
+substances which pass into the circulation and are of immense importance
+in the development of the organism.</p>
+
+<p>The experiments of Shattock and Seligmann indicate that the semen and its
+reabsorption in the seminal vesicles, or the nervous reactions produced by
+its presence, can have no part in the formation of secondary sexual
+characters. These investigators occluded the vas deferens in sheep by
+ligature, at an early age, rendering them later sterile though not
+impotent. The secondary sexual characters appeared as in ordinary sheep.
+Spermatogenesis, these inquirers conclude, may be the initial factor, but
+the results must be attributed to the elaboration by the testicles of an
+internal secretion and its absorption into the general circulation.<a name='5_FNanchor_142'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_142'><sup>[142]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>When animals are castrated there is enlargement of the ductless glands in
+the body, notably the thyroid and the suprarenal capsules.<a name='5_FNanchor_143'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_143'><sup>[143]</sup></a> It is
+evident, therefore, that the secretions of <a name='5_Page_181'></a>these ductless glands are in
+some degree compensatory to those of the testes. But this compensatory
+action is inadequate to produce any sexual development in the absence of
+the testes.</p>
+
+<p>We see, therefore, how extremely important is the function of the testis.
+Its significance is not alone for the race, it is not simply concerned
+with the formation of the spermatozoa which share equally with the ova the
+honor of making the mankind of the future. It also has a separate and
+distinct function which has reference to the individual. It elaborates
+those internal secretions which stimulate and maintain the physical and
+mental characters, constituting all that is most masculine in the male
+animal, all that makes the man in distinction from the eunuch. Among
+various primitive peoples, including those of the European race whence we
+ourselves spring, the most solemn form of oath was sworn by placing the
+hand on the testes, dimly recognized as the most sacred part of the body.
+A crude and passing phase of civilization has ignorantly cast ignominy
+upon the sexual organs; the more primitive belief is now justified by our
+advancing knowledge.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In these as in other respects the ovaries are precisely analogous
+    to the testes. They not only form the ova, but they elaborate for
+    internal use a secretion which develops and maintains the special
+    physical and mental qualities of womanhood, as the testicular
+    secretion those of manhood. Moreover, as Cecca and Zappi found,
+    removal of the ovaries has exactly the same effect on the
+    abnormal development of the other ductless glands as has removal
+    of the testes. It is of interest to point out that the internal
+    secretion of the ovaries and its important functions seem to have
+    been suggested before any other secretion than the sperm was
+    attributed to the testes. Early in the nineteenth century Cabanis
+    argued (&quot;De l'Influence des Sexes sur le Caract&egrave;re des Id&eacute;es et
+    des Affections Morales,&quot; <i>Rapport du Physique et du Moral de
+    l'Homme</i>, 1824, vol. ii, p. 18) that the ovaries are secreting
+    glands, forming a &quot;particular humor&quot; which is reabsorbed into the
+    blood and imparts excitations which are felt by the whole system
+    and all its organs.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_129'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_129'>[129]</a><div class='note'><p> The composite character of the semen was recognized by
+various old authors, some of whom said, (<i>e.g.</i>, Wharton) that it had
+three constituents, which they usually considered to be: (1) The noblest
+and most essential part, from the testicles; (2) a watery element from the
+vesicul&aelig;; (3) an oily element from the prostate. Schurig, <i>Spermatologia</i>,
+1720, p. 17.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_130'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_130'>[130]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, C. Mansell Moulin, &quot;A Contribution to the
+Morphology of the Prostate,&quot; <i>Journal of Anatomy and Physiology</i>, January,
+1895; G. Walker, &quot;A Contribution to the Anatomy and Physiology of the
+Prostate Gland, and a Few Observations on Ejaculation,&quot; <i>Johns Hopkins
+Hospital Bulletin</i>, October, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_131'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_131'>[131]</a><div class='note'><p> For a study of the semen and its constituents, see
+Florence, &quot;Du Sperme,&quot; <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, 1895.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_132'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_132'>[132]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Hunter, <i>Essays and Observations</i>, vol. i, p. 189.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_133'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_133'>[133]</a><div class='note'><p> As regards one part of Australia, Walter Roth,
+<i>Ethnological Studies Among the Queensland Aborigines</i>, p. 174.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_134'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_134'>[134]</a><div class='note'><p> Sir H. H. Johnston, <i>British Central Africa</i>, p. 438.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_135'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_135'>[135]</a><div class='note'><p> Cap. VII, pp. 327-357, &quot;De Spermaticis virilis usu
+Medico,&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_136'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_136'>[136]</a><div class='note'><p> W. L. Howard, &quot;Sexual Perversion,&quot; <i>Alienist and
+Neurologist</i>, January, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_137'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_137'>[137]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Zentralblatt f&uuml;r Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, 1894, No. 49.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_138'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_138'>[138]</a><div class='note'><p> E. Toff, &quot;Uber Impr&auml;gnierung,&quot; <i>Zentralblatt f&uuml;r
+Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, April, 1903. In a similar but somewhat more precise manner
+Dufoug&egrave;re has argued (&quot;La Chlorose, ses rapports avec le marriage, son
+traitement par le liquide orchitique,&quot; Th&egrave;se de Bordeaux, 1902) that semen
+when absorbed by the vagina stimulates the secretion of the ovaries and
+thus exerts an influence over the blood in an&aelig;mia; in this way he seeks to
+explain why it is that coitus is the best treatment for chlorosis.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_139'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_139'>[139]</a><div class='note'><p> In this connection I may refer to an interesting and
+suggestive paper by Harry Campbell on &quot;The Craving for Stimulants&quot;
+(<i>Lancet</i>, October 21, 1899). No reference is made to coitus, but the
+author discusses stimulants as normal and beneficial products of the
+organism, and deals with the nature of the &quot;physiological intoxication&quot;
+they produce.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_140'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_140'>[140]</a><div class='note'><p> Spermin was first discovered in the sperm by Schreiner in
+1878; it has also been found in the thyroid, ovaries and various other
+glands. &quot;The spermin secreting and elaborating organs,&quot; Howard Kelly
+remarks (<i>British Medical Journal</i>, January 29, 1898), &quot;may be called the
+apothecaries' of the body, secreting many important medicaments, much more
+active and more accurately representing its true wants than artificially
+administered drugs.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_141'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_141'>[141]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, a summary of Buschan's comprehensive
+discussion of the subject of organotherapy (Eulenburg's <i>Real-Encyclop&aelig;die
+der Gesammten Heilkunde</i>) in <i>Journal of Mental Science</i>, April, 1899, p.
+355.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_142'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_142'>[142]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Observations Upon the Acquirement of Secondary Sexual
+Characters, Indicating the Formation of an Internal Secretion by the
+Testicles,&quot; <i>Proceedings Royal Society</i>, vol. lxxiii, p. 49.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_143'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_143'>[143]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, the experiments of Cecca and Zappi, summarized
+in <i>British Medical Journal</i>, July 2, 1904.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_M_IV'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_182'></a>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Aptitude for Detumescence&mdash;Is There an Erotic Temperament?&mdash;The
+Available Standards of Comparison&mdash;Characteristics of the
+Castrated&mdash;Characteristics of Puberty&mdash;Characteristics of the State of
+Detumescence&mdash;Shortness of Stature&mdash;Development of the Secondary Sexual
+Characters&mdash;Deep Voice&mdash;Bright Eyes&mdash;Glandular Activity&mdash;Everted
+Lips&mdash;Pigmentation&mdash;Profuse Hair&mdash;Dubious Significance of Many of These
+Characters.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>What, if any, are the indications which the body generally may furnish as
+to the individual's aptitude and vigor for the orgasm of detumescence? Is
+there an erotic temperament outwardly and visibly displayed? That is a
+question which has often occupied those who have sought to penetrate the
+more intimate mysteries of human nature, and since we are here concerned
+with human beings in their relationship to the process of detumescence, we
+cannot altogether pass over this question, difficult as it is to discuss
+it with precision.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The old physiognomists showed much confidence in dealing with the
+    matter. Possibly they had more opportunities for observation than
+    we have, since they often wrote in days when life was lived more
+    nakedly than among ourselves, but their descriptions, while
+    sometimes showing much insight, are inextricably mixed up with
+    false science and superstition.</p>
+
+<p>    In the <i>De Secretis Mulierum</i>, wrongly attributed to Albertus
+    Magnus, we find a chapter entitled &quot;Signa mulieris calid&aelig; natur&aelig;
+    et qu&aelig; coit libenter,&quot; which may be summarized here. &quot;The signs,&quot;
+    we are told, &quot;of a woman of warm temperament, and one who
+    willingly cohabits are these: youth, an age of over 12, or
+    younger, if she has been seduced, small, high breasts, full and
+    hard, hair in the usual positions; she is bold of speech, with a
+    delicate and high voice, haughty and even cruel of disposition,
+    of good complexion, lean rather than stout, inclined to like
+    drinking. Such a woman always desires coitus, and receives
+    satisfaction in the act. The menstrual flow is not abundant nor
+    always regular. If she becomes pregnant the milk is not abundant.
+    Her perspiration is less odorous than that of the woman of
+    opposite <a name='5_Page_183'></a>temperament; she is fond of singing, and of moving
+    about, and delights in adornments if she has any.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Polemon, in his <i>Sulla Physionomia</i>, has given among the signs of
+    libidinous impulse: knees turned inwards, abundance of hairs on
+    the legs, squint, bright eyes, a high and strident voice, and in
+    women length of leg below the knee. Aristotle had mentioned among
+    the signs of wantonness: paleness, abundance of hair on the body,
+    thick and black hair, hairs covering the temples, and thick
+    eyelids.</p>
+
+<p>    In the seventeenth century Bouchet, in his <i>Ser&eacute;es</i> (Troisi&egrave;me
+    Ser&eacute;e), gave as the signs of virility which indicated that a man
+    could have children: a great voice, a thick rough black beard, a
+    large thick nose.</p>
+
+<p>    G. Tourdes (Art. &quot;Aphrodisie,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des
+    Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>) thus summarized the ancient beliefs on this
+    subject: &quot;The erotic temperament has been described as marked by
+    a lean figure, white and well-ranged teeth, a developed hairy
+    system, a characteristic voice, air, and expression, and even a
+    special odor.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>In approaching the question of the general physical indications of a
+special aptitude to the manifestation of vigorous detumescence, the most
+obvious preliminary would seem to be a study of the castrated. If we know
+the special peculiarities of those who by removal of the sexual glands at
+a very early age have been deprived of all ability to present the
+manifestations of detumescence, we shall probably be in possession of a
+type which is the reverse of that which we may expect in persons of a
+vigorously erotic temperament.</p>
+
+<p>The most general characteristics of eunuchs would appear to be an unusual
+tendency to put on fat, a notably greater length of the legs, absence of
+hair in the sexual and secondary sexual regions, a less degree of
+pigmentation, as noted both in the castrated negro and the white man, a
+puerile larynx and puerile voice. In character they are usually described
+as gentle, conciliatory, and charitable.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>There can be little doubt that castration in man tends to lead to
+    lengthening of the legs (tibia and fibula) at puberty, from
+    delayed ossification of the epiphyses. The hands and feet are
+    also frequently longer and sometimes the forearms. At the same
+    time the bones are more slender. The pelvis also is narrower. The
+    eunuchs of Cairo are said to be easily seen in a crowd from their
+    tall stature. (Collineau, quoting Lortet, <i>Revue Mensuelle de
+    l'Ecole d'Anthropologie</i>, May, 1896.) The <a name='5_Page_184'></a>castrated Skoptzy show
+    increased stature, and, it seems, large ears, with decreased
+    chest and head (L. Pittard, <i>Revue Scientifique</i>, June 20, 1903.)
+    F&eacute;r&eacute; shows that in most of these respects the eunuch resembles
+    beardless and infantile subjects. (&quot;Les Proportions des Membres
+    et les Caract&egrave;res Sexuels,&quot; <i>Journal de l'Anatomie et de la
+    Physiologie</i>, November-December, 1897.) Similar phenomena are
+    found in animals generally. Sellheim, carefully investigating
+    castrated horses, swine, oxen and fowls, found retardation of
+    ossification, long and slender extremities, long, broad, but low
+    skull, relatively smaller pelvis and small thorax. (&quot;Zur Lehre
+    von den Sekund&auml;ren Geschlechtscharakteren,&quot; <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur
+    Geburtsh&uuml;lfe und Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, 1898, summarized in <i>Centralblatt
+    f&uuml;r Anthropologie</i>, 1900, Heft IV.)</p>
+
+<p>    As regards the mental qualities and moral character of the
+    castrated, Griffiths considers that there is an undue prejudice
+    against eunuchs, and refers to Narses, who was not only one of
+    the first generals of the Roman Empire, but a man of highly
+    estimable character. (<i>Lancet</i>, March 30, 1895.) Matignon, who
+    has carefully studied Chinese eunuchs, points out that they
+    occupy positions of much responsibility, and, though regarded in
+    many respects as social outcasts, possess very excellent and
+    amiable moral qualities (<i>Archives Cliniques de Bordeaux</i>, May,
+    1896.) In America Everett Flood finds that epileptics and
+    feeble-minded boys are mentally and morally benefited by
+    castration. (&quot;Notes on the Castration of Idiot Children,&quot;
+    <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, January, 1899.) It is often
+    forgotten that the physical and psychic qualities associated with
+    and largely dependent on the ability to experience the impulse of
+    detumescence, while essential to the perfect man, involve many
+    egoistic, aggressive and acquisitive characteristics which are of
+    little intellectual value, and at the same time inimical to many
+    moral virtues.</p></div>
+
+<p>We have a further standard&mdash;positive this time rather than negative&mdash;to
+aid us in determining the erotic temperament: the phenomena of puberty.
+The efflorescence of puberty is essentially the manifestation of the
+ability to experience detumescence. It is therefore reasonable to suppose
+that the individuals in whom the special phenomena of puberty develop most
+markedly are those in whom detumescence is likely to be most vigorous. If
+such is the case we should expect to find the erotic temperament marked by
+developed larynx and deep voice, a considerable degree of pigmentary
+development in hair and skin, <a name='5_Page_185'></a>and a marked tendency to hairiness; while
+in women there should be a pronounced growth of the breasts and
+pelvis.<a name='5_FNanchor_144'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_144'><sup>[144]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>There is yet another standard by which we may measure the individual's
+aptitude for detumescence: the presence of those activities which are most
+prominently brought into play during the process of detumescence. The
+individual, that is to say, who is organically most apt to manifest the
+physiological activities which mainly make up the process of detumescence,
+is most likely to be of pronounced erotic temperament.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Erotic persons are of motor type,&quot; remark Vaschide and Vurpas, &quot;and we
+may say generally that nearly all persons of motor type are erotic.&quot; The
+state of detumescence is one of motor and muscular energy and of great
+vascular activity, so that habitual energy of motor response and an active
+circulation may reasonably be taken to indicate an aptitude for the
+manifestation of detumescence.</p>
+
+<p>These three types may be said, therefore, to furnish us valuable though
+somewhat general indications. The individual who is farthest removed from
+the castrated type, who presents in fullest degree the characters which
+begin to emerge at the period of puberty, and who reveals a physiological
+aptitude for the vigorous manifestation of those activities which are
+called into action during detumescence, is most likely to be of erotic
+temperament. The most cautious description of the characteristics of this
+temperament given by modern scientific writers, unlike the more detailed
+and hazardous descriptions of the early physiognomists, will be found to
+be fairly true to the standards thus presented to us.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The man of sexual type, according to Bi&eacute;rent (<i>La Pubert&eacute;</i>, p.
+    148), is hairy, dark and deep-voiced.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The men most liable to satyriasis,&quot; Bouchereau states (art.
+    &quot;Satyriasis,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des Sciences
+    M&eacute;dicales</i>), &quot;are those with vigorous nervous system, developed
+    muscles, abundant hair on body, dark complexion, and white
+    teeth.&quot;</p><a name='5_Page_186'></a>
+
+<p>    Mantegazza, in his <i>Fisiologia del Piacere</i>, thus describes the
+    sexual temperament: &quot;Individuals of nervous temperament, those
+    with fine and brown skins, rounded forms, large lips and very
+    prominent larynx enjoy in general much more than those with
+    opposite characteristics. A universal tradition,&quot; he adds,
+    &quot;describes as lascivious humpbacks, dwarfs, and in general
+    persons of short stature and with long noses.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In a case of nymphomania in a young woman, described by Alibert
+    (and quoted by Laycock, <i>Nervous Diseases of Women</i>, p. 28) the
+    hips, thighs and legs were remarkably plump, while the chest and
+    arms were completely emaciated. In a somewhat similar case
+    described by Marc in his <i>De la Folie</i> a peasant woman, who from
+    an early age had experienced sexual hyper&aelig;sthesia, so that she
+    felt spasmodic voluptuous feelings at the sight of a man, and was
+    thus the victim of solitary excesses and of spasmodic movements
+    which she could not repress, the upper part of the body was very
+    thin, the hips, legs and thighs highly developed.</p>
+
+<p>    In his work on <i>Uterine and Ovarian Inflammation</i> (1862, p. 37)
+    Tilt observes: &quot;The restless, bashful eye, and changing
+    complexion, in presence of a person of the opposite sex, and a
+    nervous restlessness of body, ever on the move, turning and
+    twisting on sofa or chair, are the best indications of sexual
+    temperament.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    An extremely sensual little girl of 8, who was constantly
+    masturbating when not watched, although brought up by nuns, was
+    described by Busdraghi (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, fas. i, 1888,
+    p. 53) as having chestnut hair, bright black eyes, an elevated
+    nose, small mouth, pleasant round face, full colored cheeks, and
+    plump and healthy aspect.</p>
+
+<p>    A highly intelligent young Italian woman with strong and somewhat
+    perverted sexual impulses is described as of attractive
+    appearance, with olive complexion, small black almond-shaped
+    eyes, dilated pupils, oblique thin eyebrows, very thick black
+    hair, rather prominent cheek-bones, largely developed jaw, and
+    with abundant down on lower part of cheeks and on upper lip.
+    (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1899, fasc. v-vi.)</p>
+
+<p>    As the type of the sensual woman in word and act, led by her
+    passions to commit various sexual offenses, Ottolenghi describes
+    (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, vol. xii, fasc. v-vi, p. 496) a woman
+    of 32 who attempted to kill her lover. The daughter of parents
+    who were neurotic and themselves very erotic, she was a highly
+    intelligent and vivacious woman, with a pleasing and open face,
+    very thick dark chestnut hair, large cheek-bones, adipose
+    buttocks almost resembling those of a Hottentot, and very thick
+    pubic hair. She was very fond of salt things. Sexual inclination
+    began at the age of 7.</p></div>
+
+<p>Adler and Moll remark, very truly, that, so far at least as women are
+concerned, sexual an&aelig;sthesia or sexual proclivity <a name='5_Page_187'></a>cannot be unfailingly
+read on the features. Every woman desires to please, and coquetry is the
+sign of a cold, rather than of an erotic temperament.<a name='5_FNanchor_145'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_145'><sup>[145]</sup></a> It may be added
+that a considerable degree of congenital sexual an&aelig;sthesia by no means
+prevents a woman from being beautiful and attractive, though it must
+probably still always be said that, as Roubaud points out,<a name='5_FNanchor_146'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_146'><sup>[146]</sup></a> the woman
+of cold and intellectual temperament, the &quot;femme de t&ecirc;te,&quot; however
+beautiful and skillful she may be, cannot compete in the struggle for love
+with the woman whose qualities are of the heart and of the emotions. But
+it seems sufficiently clear that the practical observations of skilled and
+experienced observers agree in attributing to persons of erotic type
+certain general characteristics which accord with those negative and
+positive standards we may frame on the basis of castration, of puberty,
+and of detumescence. It may be worth while to note a few of these
+characteristics briefly.</p>
+
+<p>The abnormal lengthening of the long bones at the age of puberty in the
+castrated is, as we have seen, very pronounced. There is little tendency
+to associate length of limb with an erotic temperament, and a certain
+amount of data as well as of more vague opinion points in the opposite
+direction. The Arabs would appear to believe that it is short rather than
+tall people in whom the sexual instinct is strongly developed, and we read
+in the <i>Perfumed Garden</i>: &quot;Under all circumstances little women love
+coitus more and evince a stronger affection for the virile member than
+women of a large size.&quot; In his elaborate investigation of criminals Marro
+found that prostitutes and women guilty of sexual offenses, as also male
+sexual offenders, tend to be short and thick set.<a name='5_FNanchor_147'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_147'><sup>[147]</sup></a> In European
+folk-lore the thick, bull neck is regarded as a sign of strong
+sexuality.<a name='5_FNanchor_148'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_148'><sup>[148]</sup></a> Mantegazza refers to a strong sexual temperament as being
+associated with arrest or disorder of bony development, and Marro suggests
+that <a name='5_Page_188'></a>the proverbial salacity of rachitic individuals may be due to an
+increased activity of the sexual organs.<a name='5_FNanchor_149'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_149'><sup>[149]</sup></a> It may be added that
+acromegaly, with its excessive bony growths, tends to be associated with
+premature sexual involution.</p>
+
+<p>A further point which is frequently mentioned in the case of women is the
+development of the chief secondary sexual regions: the pelvis and the
+breasts. It is, indeed, almost inevitable that there should be some degree
+of correlation between the aptitude for bearing children and the aptitude
+for experiencing detumescence. The reality of such a connection is not
+only evidenced by medical observations, but receives further testimony in
+popular beliefs. In Italy women with large buttocks are considered wanton,
+and among the South Slavs they are regarded as especially fruitful.<a name='5_FNanchor_150'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_150'><sup>[150]</sup></a>
+Blumenbach asserted that precocious venery will enlarge the breasts, and
+believed that he had found evidence of this among young London
+prostitutes.<a name='5_FNanchor_151'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_151'><sup>[151]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The association of the aptitude for detumescence with a tendency to a deep
+rather than to a high voice, both in men and women, has frequently been
+noted and has seldom been denied. The onset of puberty always affects the
+voice; in general, Bi&eacute;rent states, the more bass the voice is the more
+marked is the development of the sexual apparatus; &quot;a very robust man,
+with very developed sexual organs, and very dark and abundant hairy
+system, a man of strong puberty in a word, is nearly always a bass.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_152'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_152'><sup>[152]</sup></a>
+The influence of sexual excitement in deepening the voice is shown by the
+rules of sexual hygiene prescribed to tenors, while a bass has less need
+to observe similar precautions. In women every phase of sexual
+life&mdash;puberty, menstruation, coitus, pregnancy&mdash;tends to affect the voice
+and always by giving it a deeper character. The deepening of the voice by
+sexual intercourse was an ancient Greek observation, and Martial refers to
+a woman's good or bad singing as an index to her recent <a name='5_Page_189'></a>sexual habits.
+Prostitutes tend to have a deep voice. Venturi points out that married
+women preserve a fresh voice to a more advanced age than spinsters, this
+being due to the precocious senility in the latter of an unused function.
+Such a phenomenon indicates that the relationship of detumescence to the
+deepening of the voice is not quite simple. This is further indicated by
+the fact that in robust men abstinence still further deepens the voice
+(the monk of melodrama always has a bass voice), while excessive or
+precocious sexual indulgence tends to be associated with the same kind of
+puerile voice as is found in those persons in whom pubertal development
+has not been carried very far, or who are of what Griffiths terms
+eunuchoid type. Idiot boys, who are often sexually undeveloped, tend to
+have a high voice, while idiot girls (who often manifest marked sexual
+proclivities) not infrequently have a deep voice.<a name='5_FNanchor_153'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_153'><sup>[153]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Bright dilated eyes are among the phenomena of detumescence, and are very
+frequently noted in persons of a pronounced erotic temperament. This is,
+indeed, an ancient observation, and Burton says of people with a black,
+lively, and sparkling eye, &quot;without question they are most amorous,&quot;
+drawing his illustrations mostly from classic literature.<a name='5_FNanchor_154'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_154'><sup>[154]</sup></a> Tardieu
+described the erotic woman as having bright eyes, and Heywood Smith states
+that the eyes of lascivious women resemble, though in a less degree, those
+of the insane.<a name='5_FNanchor_155'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_155'><sup>[155]</sup></a> Sexual excitement is one among many
+causes&mdash;intellectual excitement, pain, a loud noise, even any sensory
+irritation&mdash;which produce dilatation of the pupils and enlargement of the
+palpebral fissure, with some protrusion of the eyeball. The influence of
+the sexual system upon the eye appears to be far less potent in men than
+in women.<a name='5_FNanchor_156'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_156'><sup>[156]</sup></a> Sexual desire is, however, by no means the only irritant
+within the sexual sphere which may thus influence the eye; morbid
+irritations may produce the same effect. Milner Fothergill, in his book on
+<i>Indigestion</i>, vividly describes the appearance of the <a name='5_Page_190'></a>eyes sometimes
+seen in ovarian disorder: &quot;The glittering flash which glances out from
+some female irides is the external indication of ovarian irritation, and
+'the ovarian gleam' has features quite its own. The most marked instance
+which ever came under my notice was due to irritation in the ovaries,
+which had been forced down in front of the uterus and been fixed there by
+adhesions. Here there was little sexual proclivity, but the eyes were very
+remarkable. They flashed and glittered unceasingly, and at times perfect
+lightning bolts shot from them. Usually there is a bright glittering sheen
+in them which contrasts with the dead look in the irides of sexual excess
+or profuse uterine discharges.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The activity of the glandular secretions, and especially those of the
+skin, during detumescence, would lead us to expect that such secretory
+activity is an index to an aptitude for detumescence. As a matter of fact
+it is occasionally, though not frequently, noted by medical observers. It
+is stated that the erotic temperament is characterized by a special
+odor.<a name='5_FNanchor_157'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_157'><sup>[157]</sup></a> The activity of the sweat-glands is seldom referred to by
+medical observers in describing persons of erotic temperament, although
+the descriptions of novelists not infrequently contain allusions to this
+point, and the literature of an earlier age shows that the tendency to
+perspiration, especially the moist hand, was regarded as a sure sign of a
+sensual temperament. &quot;The moist-handed Madonna Imperia, a most rare and
+divine creature,&quot; remarks Lazarillo in Middleton's comedy <i>Blurt,
+Master-Constable</i>, to quote one of many allusions to this point in the
+Elizabethan drama.</p>
+
+<p>The lips are sometimes noted as red and everted, perhaps thick<a name='5_FNanchor_158'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_158'><sup>[158]</sup></a>;
+Tardieu remarked that the typically erotic woman has thick red lips. This
+corresponds with the characteristic type of the satyr in classic statues
+as in later paintings; his lips are <a name='5_Page_191'></a>always thick and everted. Fullness,
+redness, and eversion of the lips are correlated with good breathing, the
+absence of an&aelig;mia, laughter, a well-fleshed face.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>This kind of mouth indicates, perhaps, not so much a congenitally
+    erotic temperament, as an abandonment to impulse. The opposite
+    type of mouth&mdash;with inverted, thin, and retracted lips&mdash;would
+    appear to be found with especial frequency in persons who
+    habitually repress their impulses on moral grounds. Any kind of
+    effort to restrain involuntary muscular action may lead to
+    retraction of the lips: the effort to overcome anger or fear, or
+    even the resistance to a strong desire to urinate or defecate. In
+    religious young men, however, it becomes habitual and fixed. I
+    recall a small band of medical students, gathered together from a
+    large medical school, who were accustomed to meet together for
+    prayer and Bible-reading; the majority showed this type of mouth
+    to a very marked degree: pale faces, with drawn, retracted lips.
+    It may be termed the Christian or pious <i>facies</i>. It is much less
+    frequently seen in religious women (unless of masculine type),
+    doubtless because religion for women is in a much less degree
+    than for men a moral discipline.</p>
+
+<p>    It may be added that an interesting form of this contraction of
+    the lips, and one that is not purely repressive, is that which
+    indicates the state of muscular tension associated with the
+    impulse to guard and protect. In this form the contracted mouth
+    is the index of tenderness, and is characteristic of the mother
+    who is watching over the infant she is suckling at her breast. I
+    have observed precisely the same expression in the face of a boy
+    of 14 with a large congenital scrotal hernia; when the tumor was
+    being examined his lower lip became retracted, well marked lines
+    appearing from the angles downwards, though the upper lip
+    retained its normal expression It was precisely the tender look
+    we may see in the faces of mothers who are watching anxiously
+    over their offspring, and the emotion is evidently the same in
+    both cases: solicitude for a sensitive and tenderly guarded
+    object.</p></div>
+
+<p>The degree of pigmentation is clearly correlated with sexual vigor. &quot;In
+general,&quot; Heusinger laid down, in 1823, &quot;the quantity of pigment is
+proportional to the functional effectiveness of the genital organs.&quot; This
+connection is so profound that it may be traced very widely throughout the
+organic world.</p>
+
+<p>The connection between pigmentation and sexual activity is very ancient.
+Even leaving out of account the wedding apparel of animals, nearly always
+gorgeous in scales and plumage and hair, the sexual orifice shows a more
+or less marked tendency <a name='5_Page_192'></a>to pigmentation during the breeding season from
+fishes upward, while in mammals the darker pigmentation of this region is
+a constant phenomenon in sexually mature individuals.<a name='5_FNanchor_159'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_159'><sup>[159]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In the human species both the negative standard of castration and the
+positive standard of puberty alike indicate a correlation of this kind.
+Those individuals in whom puberty never fully develops and who are
+consequently said to be affected by infantilism, reveal a relative absence
+of pigment in the sexual centers which are normally pigmented to a high
+degree.<a name='5_FNanchor_160'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_160'><sup>[160]</sup></a> Among those Asiatic races who extirpate the ovaries in young
+girls the skin remains white in the perineum, round the anus, and in the
+armpits.<a name='5_FNanchor_161'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_161'><sup>[161]</sup></a> Even in mature women who undergo ovariotomy, as Kepler
+found, the pigmentation of the nipples and areola disappears, as well as
+of the perineum and anus, the skin taking on a remarkable whiteness.</p>
+
+<p>Normally the sexual centers, and in a high degree the genital orifice,
+represent the maximum of pigmentation, and under some circumstances this
+is clearly visible even in infancy. Thus babies of mixed black and white
+blood may show no traces of negro ancestry at birth, but there will always
+be increased pigmentation about the external genitalia.<a name='5_FNanchor_162'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_162'><sup>[162]</sup></a> The linea
+fusca, which reaches from the pubes to the navel and occasionally to the
+ensiform cartilage, is a line of sexual pigmentation sometimes regarded as
+characteristic of pregnancy, but as Andersen, of Copenhagen, has found by
+the examination of several hundred children of both sexes, it exists in a
+slight form in about 75 per cent. of young girls, and in almost as large a
+proportion of boys. But there is no doubt that it tends to increase with
+age as well as to become marked at pregnancy. At puberty there is a
+general tendency to changes in pigmentation; thus Godin found <a name='5_Page_193'></a>that in 28
+per cent, adolescent changes occurred in the eyes and hair at this period,
+the hair becoming darker, though the eyes sometimes become lighter. Ammon,
+in his investigation of conscripts at the age of 20 (<i>post</i>, p. 196),
+discovered the significant fact that the eyes and hair darken <i>pari passu</i>
+with sexual development. In women, during menstruation, there is a general
+tendency to pigmentation; this is especially obvious around the eyes, and
+in some cases black rings of true pigment form in this position. Even the
+skin of the negro women of Loango sometimes becomes a few shades darker
+during menstruation.<a name='5_FNanchor_163'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_163'><sup>[163]</sup></a> During pregnancy this tendency to pigmentation
+reaches its climax. Pregnancy constantly gives rise to pigmentation of the
+face, the neck, the nipples, the abdomen, and this is especially marked in
+brunettes.</p>
+
+<p>This association of pigmentation and sexual aptitudes has been recognized
+in the popular lore of some peoples. Thus the Sicilians, who admire brown
+skin and have no liking either for a fair skin or light hair, believe that
+a white woman is incapable of responding to love. It is the brown woman
+who feels love; as it is said in Sicilian dialect: &quot;Fimmina scura, fimmina
+amurusa.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_164'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_164'><sup>[164]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The dependence of pigmentation upon the sexual system is shown by
+    the fact that irritation of the genital organs by disease will
+    frequently suffice to produce a high degree of pigmentation. This
+    may the neck, the trunk, the hands. Simpson long since noted that
+    uterine irritation apart from pregnancy may produce pigmentation
+    of the areol&aelig; of the nipples (<i>Obstetric Works</i>, vol. i, p. 345).
+    Engelmann discussed the subject and gave cases, &quot;The
+    Hystero-Neuroses,&quot; pp. 124-139, in <i>Gyn&aelig;cological Transactions</i>,
+    vol. xii, 1887; and a summary of a memoir by Fouquet on this
+    subject in <i>La Gyn&eacute;cologie</i>, February, 1903, will be found in
+    <i>British Medical Journal</i>, March 28, 1903,</p></div><a name='5_Page_194'></a>
+
+<p>Of all physical traits vigor of the hairy system has most frequently
+perhaps been regarded as the index of vigorous sexuality. In this matter
+modern medical observations are at one with popular belief and ancient
+physiognomical assertions.<a name='5_FNanchor_165'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_165'><sup>[165]</sup></a> The negative test of castration and the
+positive test of puberty point in the same direction.</p>
+
+<p>It is at puberty that all the hair on the body, except that on the head,
+begins to develop; indeed, the very word &quot;puberty&quot; has reference to this
+growth as the most obvious sign of the whole process. When castration
+takes place at an early age all this development of pubescent hair is
+arrested. When the primary sexual organs are undeveloped the sexual hair
+is also undeveloped, as in a case, recorded by Plant,<a name='5_FNanchor_166'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_166'><sup>[166]</sup></a> of a girl with
+rudimentary uterus and ovaries who had little or no axillary and pubic
+hair, although the hair of the head was long and strong.<a name='5_FNanchor_167'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_167'><sup>[167]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The pseudo-Michael Scot among the <i>Signa mulieris calid&aelig; natur&aelig;
+    et qu&aelig; coit libenter</i> stated that her hair, both on the head and
+    body, is thick and coarse and crisp, and Della Porta, the
+    greatest of the physiognomists, said that thickness of hair in
+    women meant wantonness. Venette, in his <i>Generation de l'Homme</i>,
+    remarked that men who have much hair on the body are most
+    amorous. At a more recent period Roubaud has said that pubic hair
+    in its quantity, color and curliness is an index of genital
+    energy. A poor pilous system, on the other hand, Roubaud regarded
+    as a probable though not an irrefragable proof of sexual
+    frigidity in women. &quot;In the cold woman the pilous system is
+    remarkable for the languor of its vitality; the hairs are fair,
+    delicate, scarce and smooth, while in ardent natures there are
+    little curly tufts about the temples.&quot; (<i>Trait&eacute; de
+    l'Impuissance</i>, pp. 124, 523.) Martineau declared (<i>Le&ccedil;ons sur
+    les D&eacute;formations Vulvaires</i>, p. 40) that &quot;the more developed the
+    genital organs the more abundant the hair covering them;
+    <a name='5_Page_195'></a>abundance of hair appears to be in relation to the perfect
+    development of the organs.&quot; Tardieu described the typically
+    erotic woman as very hairy.</p>
+
+<p>    Bergh found that among 2200 young Danish prostitutes those who
+    showed an unusual extension and amount of pubic hair included
+    several women who were believed to be libidinous in a very high
+    degree. (Bergh, &quot;Symbol&aelig;,&quot; etc., <i>Hospitalstidende</i>, August,
+    1894.) Moraglia, again, in Italy, in describing various women,
+    mostly prostitutes, of unusually strong sexual proclivities,
+    repeatedly notes very thick hair, with down on the face.
+    (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, vol. xvi, fasc. iv-v.)</p>
+
+<p>    Marro, also, in Italy found that abundance of hair and down is
+    especially marked in women who are guilty of infanticide (as also
+    Pasini has found), though criminal women generally, in his
+    experience, tend to have abnormally abundant hair. (<i>Caratteri
+    del Delinquenti</i>, cap. XXII.) Lombroso finds that prostitutes
+    generally tend to be hairy (<i>Donna Delinquente</i>, p. 320.)</p>
+
+<p>    A lad of 14, guilty of numerous crimes of violence having a
+    sexual source, is described by Arthur Macdonald in America as
+    having hair on the chest as well as all over the pubes. (A.
+    Macdonald, <i>Archives de L'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, January,
+    1893, p. 55.) The association of hairiness with abnormal
+    sexuality in the weak-minded has been noted at Bic&ecirc;tre
+    (<i>Recherches Cliniques sur l'Epilepsie</i>, vol. xix, pp. 69, 77.)</p>
+
+<p>    Hypertrichosis universalis, a general hairiness of body, has been
+    described by Cascella in a woman with very strong sexual desires,
+    who eventually became insane. (<i>Revista Mensile di Psichiatria</i>,
+    1903, p. 408.) Bucknill and Tuke give the case of a religiously
+    minded girl, with very strong and repressed sexual desires, who
+    became insane; the only abnormal feature in her physical
+    development was the marked growth of hair over the body.</p>
+
+<p>    Brant&ocirc;me refers to a great lady known to him whose body was very
+    hairy, and quotes a saying to the effect that hairy people are
+    either rich or wanton; the lady in question, he adds, was both.
+    (Brant&ocirc;me, <i>Vie des Dames Galantes</i>, Discours II.)</p>
+
+<p>    De Sade, whose writings are now regarded as a treasure house of
+    true observations in the domain of sexual psychology, makes the
+    Rodin of <i>Justine</i> dark, with much hair and thick eyebrows, while
+    his very sexual sister is described as dark, thin and very hairy.
+    (D&uuml;hren, <i>Der Marquis de Sade</i>, third edition, p. 440.)</p>
+
+<p>    A correspondent who has always taken a special interest in the
+    condition as regards hairiness of the women to whom he has been
+    attracted, has sent me notes concerning a series of 12 women. It
+    may be gathered from these notes that 5 women were neither
+    markedly sexual nor markedly hairy (either as regards head or
+    pubes), 6 cases both hairy and sexual, 1 was sexual and not
+    hairy, none were hairy <a name='5_Page_196'></a>and not sexual. My correspondent remarks:
+    &quot;There may be women with scanty pubic hair possessing very strong
+    sexual emotions. My own experience is quite the opposite.&quot; He has
+    also independently reached the conclusion, arrived at by many
+    medical observers and clearly suggested by some of the facts here
+    brought together, that profuse hair frequently denotes a neurotic
+    temperament.</p>
+
+<p>    It may be added that Mirabeau, as we learn from an anecdote told
+    by an eyewitness and recorded by Legouv&eacute;, had a very hairy chest,
+    while the same is recorded of Restif de la Bretonne.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is a very ancient and popular belief that if a hairy man is not sensual
+he is strong: <i>vir pilosus aut libidinosus aut fortis</i>. The Greeks
+insisted on the hairy nates of Hercules, and Ninon de l'Enclos, when the
+great Cond&eacute; shared her bed without touching her, remarked, on seeing his
+hairy body: &quot;Ah, Monseigneur, que vous devez &ecirc;tre fort!&quot; It may be doubted
+whether there is any exact parallelism between muscular strength and
+hairiness, for strength is largely a matter of training, but there can be
+no doubt that hairiness really tends to be associated with a generally
+vigorous development of the body.</p>
+
+<p>Although the observations concerning hairiness of body as an index of
+vigor, whether sexual or only generally physical, are so ancient, until
+recent years no attempts have been made to demonstrate on a large scale
+whether there is actually a correlation between hairiness and sexual or
+general development of the body. Some importance, therefore, attaches to
+Ammon's careful observations of many thousand conscripts in Baden. These
+observations fully justify this ancient belief, since they show that on
+the one hand the size of the testicles, and on the other hand girth of
+chest and stature, are correlated with hairiness of body.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Ammon's observations were made on nearly 4000 conscripts of the
+    age of 20. From the point of view of the hairy system he divided
+    them, into four classes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<ul><li>    I. To which 6.1 per cent, of the men belonged, with smooth
+    bodies.</li>
+
+<li>    II. Including 25.3 per cent., only slight hairiness.</li>
+
+<li>    III. 53.8 per cent., more developed hairy system, but belly,
+    breast and back smooth.</li>
+
+<li>  IV. 14.7 per cent., hair all over body.</li>
+
+<li>    V. 0.1 per cent., extreme cases of hairiness.</li></ul><a name='5_Page_197'></a>
+
+<p>    The beardless were 12.1 per cent., those with no axillary hair 9
+    per cent., those with no hair on pubis 0.4 per cent. This
+    corresponds with the fact that hair appears first on the pubis
+    and last on the chin.</p>
+
+<p>    In the first class 69 per cent, were beardless, 54 per cent,
+    without any axillary hair and 6 per cent, without pubic hair. In
+    the second class 24 per cent, were beardless, 17 per cent,
+    without axillary hair. In the third class 3 per cent, were
+    beardless and 3 per cent without axillary hair.</p>
+
+<p>    Below puberty the diameter of testicles is below 14 millimeters.
+    There were 13 conscripts having a testicular diameter of less
+    than 14 millimeters. These infantile individuals all belonged to
+    the first three classes and mostly to the first. The average
+    testicular diameter in the first class was nearly 24 millimeters,
+    and progressively rose in the succeeding classes to over 26
+    millimeters in the fourth.</p>
+
+<p>    While there was not much difference in height, the first class
+    was the shortest, the fourth the tallest. The fourth class also
+    showed the greatest chest perimeter. The cephalic index of all
+    classes was 84. (O. Ammon, &quot;L'Infantilisme et le Feminisme au
+    Conseil de R&eacute;vision,&quot; <i>L'Anthropologie</i>, May-June, 1896.)</p></div>
+
+<p>We thus see that it is quite justifiable to admit a type of person who
+possesses a more than average aptitude for detumescence. Such persons are
+more likely to be short than tall; they will show a full development of
+the secondary sexual characters; the voice will tend to be deep and the
+eyes bright; the glandular activity of the skin will probably be marked,
+the lips everted; there is a tendency to a more than average degree of
+pigmentation, and there is frequently an abnormal prevalence of hair on
+some parts of the body. While none of these signs, taken separately, can
+be said to have any necessary connection with the sexual impulse, taken
+altogether they indicate an organism that responds to the instinct of
+detumescence with special aptitude or with marked energy. In these
+respects observation, both scientific and popular, concords with the
+probabilities suggested by the three standards in this matter which have
+already been set forth.</p>
+
+<p>No generalization, however, can here be set down in an absolute and
+unqualified manner. There are definite reasons why this should be so.
+There is, for instance, the highly important consideration that the sexual
+impulse of the individual <a name='5_Page_198'></a>may be conspicuous in two quite distinct ways.
+It may assume prominence because the individual possesses a highly
+vigorous and well-nourished organism, or its prominence may be due to
+mental irritation in a very morbid individual. In the latter
+case&mdash;although occasionally the two sets of conditions are combined&mdash;most
+of the signs we might expect in the former case may be absent. Indeed, the
+sexual impulses which proceed from a morbid psychic irritability do not in
+most cases indicate any special aptitude for detumescence at all; in that
+largely lies their morbid character.</p>
+
+<p>Again, just in the same way that the exaggerated impulse itself may either
+be healthy or morbid, so the various characters which we have found to
+possess some value as signs of the impulse may themselves either be
+healthy or morbid. This is notably the case as regards an abnormal growth
+of hair on the body, more especially when it appears on regions where
+normally there is little or no hair. Such hypertrichosis is frequently
+degenerative in character, though still often associated with the sexual
+system. When, however, it is thus a degenerative character of sexual
+nature, having its origin in some abnormal f&oelig;tal condition or
+later atrophy of the ovaries, it is no necessary indication of any
+aptitude for detumescence.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Idiots, more especially it would seem idiot girls, tend to show a
+    highly developed hairy system. Thus Voisin, when investigating
+    150 idiot and imbecile girls, found the hair long and thick and
+    tending to occupy a large surface; one girl had hair on the
+    areol&aelig; of the mamma. (J. Voisin, &quot;Conformation des organes
+    g&eacute;nitaux chez les Idiots,&quot; <i>Annales d'Hygi&egrave;ne Publique</i>, June,
+    1894.) It should be said that in idiot boys puberty is late, and
+    the sexual organs as well as the sexual instinct frequently
+    undeveloped, while in idiot girls there is no delay in puberty,
+    and the sexual organs and instinct are frequently fully and even
+    abnormally developed.</p>
+
+<p>    Hegar has described an interesting case showing an association,
+    of f&oelig;tal origin, between sexual anomaly and abnormal
+    hairness. In this case a girl of 16 had a uterus duplex, an
+    infantile pelvis, very slight menstruation and undeveloped
+    breasts. She was very hairy on the face, the anterior aspects of
+    the chest and abdomen, the sexual regions, and the thighs, but
+    not specially so on the rest of the body. The hairs were of
+    lanugo-like character, but dark in color. (A. Hegar, <i>Beitr&auml;ge
+    zur<a name='5_Page_199'></a> Geburtsh&uuml;lfe und Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, vol. i, p. III, 1898.)
+    Sometimes hiruties of the face and abdomen begin to appear during
+    pregnancy, apparently from disease or degeneration of the
+    ovaries. (A case is noted in <i>British Medical Journal</i>, August 2
+    and 16, pp. 375 and 436, 1902.) Laycock many years ago referred
+    to the popular belief that women who have hair on the upper lip
+    seldom bear children, and regarded this opinion as &quot;questionless
+    founded on fact.&quot; (Laycock, <i>Nervous Diseases of Women</i>, p. 22.)
+    When this is so, we may suppose that the abnormal hairy growth is
+    associated with degeneration of the ovaries.</p></div>
+
+<p>There is another factor which enters into this question and renders the
+definition of a physical sexual type less precise than it would otherwise
+be. The sexual instinct is common to all persons, and while it seems
+probable that there is a type of person in whom sexual energies are
+predominant, it would also appear that the people who otherwise show a
+very high level of energy in life usually exhibit a more than average
+degree of energy in matters of love. The predominantly sexual type, as we
+have seen, tends to be associated with a high degree of pigmentation; the
+person specially apt for detumescence inclines to belong to the dark
+rather than to the purely fair group of the population. On the other hand,
+the active, energetic, practical man, the man who is most apt for the
+achievement of success in life, tends to belong to the fair rather than to
+the dark type.<a name='5_FNanchor_168'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_168'><sup>[168]</sup></a> Thus we have a certain conflict of tendencies, and it
+becomes possible to assert that while persons with pronounced aptitude for
+sexual detumescence tend to be dark, persons whose pronounced energy in
+sexual matters tends to ensure success are most likely to be fair.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The tendency of the fair energetic type, the type of the northern
+    European man, to sexuality may be connected with the fact that
+    the violent and criminal man who commits sexual crimes tends to
+    be fair even amid a dark population. Criminals on the whole would
+    appear to tend to be dark rather than fair; but Marro found in
+    Italy that the group of sexual offenders differed from all other
+    groups of criminals in that their hair was predominantly fair.
+    (<i>Caratteri del Delinquenti</i>, <a name='5_Page_200'></a>p. 374.) Ottolenghi, in the same
+    way, in examining 100 sexual offenders, found that they showed 17
+    per cent., of fair hair, though criminals generally (on a basis
+    of nearly 2000) showed only 6 per cent., and normal persons
+    (nearly 1000) 9 per cent. Similarly while the normal persons
+    showed only 20 per cent. of blue eyes and criminals generally 36
+    per cent., the sexual offenders showed 50 per cent. of blue eyes.
+    (Ottolenghi, <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, fasc. vi, 1888, p. 573.)
+    Burton remarked (<i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Section II,
+    Mem. II, Subs. II) that in all ages most amorous young men have
+    been yellow-haired, adding, &quot;Synesius holds every effeminate
+    fellow or adulterer is fair-haired.&quot; In folk-lore, it has been
+    noted (&#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. ii, p. 258), red or yellow hair
+    is sometimes regarded as a mark of sexuality.</p>
+
+<p>    In harmony with this fairness, sexual offenders would appear to
+    be more dolichocephalic than other criminals. In Italy Marro
+    found the foreheads of sexual offenders to be narrow, and in
+    California Dr&auml;hms found that while murderers had an average
+    cephalic index of 83.5, and thieves of 80.5, that of sexual
+    offenders was 79.</p>
+
+<p>    On the other hand, high cheek-bones and broad faces&mdash;a condition
+    most usually found associated with brachycephaly&mdash;have sometimes
+    been noted as associated with undue or violent sexuality. Marro
+    noted the excess of prominent cheek-bones in sexual offenders,
+    and in America it has been found that unchaste girls tend to have
+    broad faces. (<i>Pedagogical Seminary</i>, December, 1896, pp. 231,
+    235.)</p></div>
+
+<p>It will be seen that, when we take a comprehensive view of the facts and
+considerations involved, it is possible to obtain a more definite and
+coherent picture of the physical signs of a marked aptitude for
+detumescence than has hitherto been usually supposed possible. But we also
+see that while the <i>ensemble</i> of these signs is probably fairly reliable
+as an index of marked sexuality, the separate signs have no such definite
+significance, and under some circumstances their significance may even be
+reversed.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_144'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_144'>[144]</a><div class='note'><p> See Bi&eacute;rent, <i>La Pubert&eacute;</i>; Marro, <i>La Pubert&agrave;</i> (and
+enlarged French translation, <i>La Pubert&eacute;</i>), and portions of G. S. Hall's
+<i>Adolescence</i>; also Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i> (fourth edition,
+revised and enlarged).</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_145'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_145'>[145]</a><div class='note'><p> Adler, <i>Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes</i>,
+p. 174; Moll, &quot;Perverse Sexualempfindung, Psychische Impotenz und Ehe&quot;
+(Section II), in Senator and Kaminer, <i>Krankheiten und Ehe</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_146'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_146'>[146]</a><div class='note'><p> Roubaud, <i>Trait&eacute; de l'Impuissance</i>, p. 524.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_147'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_147'>[147]</a><div class='note'><p> Marro, <i>Caratteri del Delinquenti</i>, p. 374.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_148'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_148'>[148]</a><div class='note'><p> &#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. ii, p. 258.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_149'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_149'>[149]</a><div class='note'><p> Marro, <i>La Pubert&agrave;</i>, p. 196. In Italy, the sensuality of
+the lame is the subject of proverbs.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_150'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_150'>[150]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1896, p. 515;
+&#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. vi, p. 212.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_151'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_151'>[151]</a><div class='note'><p> Blumenbach, <i>Anthropological Treatises</i>, p. 248.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_152'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_152'>[152]</a><div class='note'><p> Bi&eacute;rent, <i>La Pubert&eacute;</i>, p. 148.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_153'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_153'>[153]</a><div class='note'><p> Venturi, <i>Degenerazioni Psico-sessuali</i>, pp. 408-410.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_154'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_154'>[154]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Section II, Mem. II,
+Sub. II.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_155'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_155'>[155]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>British Gyn&aelig;cological Journal</i>, February, 1887, p. 505.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_156'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_156'>[156]</a><div class='note'><p> Power, <i>Lancet</i>, November 26, 1887.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_157'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_157'>[157]</a><div class='note'><p> With regard to the sexual relationships of personal odor,
+see the previous volume of these <i>Studies</i>, &quot;Sexual Selection in Man,&quot;
+section on Smell.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_158'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_158'>[158]</a><div class='note'><p> In European folk-lore thick lips in a woman are sometimes
+regarded as a sign of sensuality, &#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. ii, p, 258.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_159'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_159'>[159]</a><div class='note'><p> The direct dependence of sexual pigmentation on the primary
+sexual glands is well illustrated by a true hermaphroditic adult finch
+exhibited at the Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam (May 31, 1890); this
+bird had a testis on the right side and an ovary on the left, and on the
+right side its plumage was of the male's colors, on the left of the
+female's color.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_160'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_160'>[160]</a><div class='note'><p> See. <i>e.g.</i>, Papillault, <i>Bulletin Soci&eacute;t&eacute;
+d'Anthropologie</i>, 1899, p. 446.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_161'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_161'>[161]</a><div class='note'><p> Guinard, Art. &quot;Castration,&quot; Richet's <i>Dictionnaire de
+Physiologie</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_162'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_162'>[162]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Whitridge Williams, <i>Obstetrics</i>, 1903, p. 132.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_163'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_163'>[163]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1878, p. 19.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_164'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_164'>[164]</a><div class='note'><p> C. Pitre, <i>Medicina Populare Siciliana</i>, p. 47. In England,
+from notes sent to me by one correspondent, it would appear that the
+proportion of dark and sexually apt women to fair and sexually apt women
+is as 3 to 1. The experience of others would doubtless give varying
+results, and in any case the fallacies are numerous. See, in the previous
+volume of these <i>Studies</i>, &quot;Sexual Selection in Man,&quot; Section IV.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_165'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_165'>[165]</a><div class='note'><p> In Japan the same belief would appear to be held. In a nude
+figure representing the typical voluptuous woman by the Japanese painter
+Marugama Okio (reproduced in Ploss's <i>Das Weib</i>) the pubic and axillary
+hair is profuse, though usually sparse in Japan.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_166'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_166'>[166]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Centralblatt f&uuml;r Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, No. 9, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_167'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_167'>[167]</a><div class='note'><p> It is important to remember that there is little
+correlation in this matter between the hair of the head and the sexual
+hair, if not a certain opposition. (See <i>ante</i>, p. 127.) According to one
+of the aphorisms of Hippocrates, repeated by Buffon, eunuchs do not become
+bald, and Aristotle seems to have believed that sexual intercourse is a
+cause of baldness in men. (Laycock, <i>Nervous Diseases of Women</i>, p. 23.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_168'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_168'>[168]</a><div class='note'><p> For some of the evidence on this point, see Havelock Ellis,
+&quot;The Comparative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark,&quot; <i>Monthly Review</i>,
+August, 1901; <i>cf.</i> <i>id.</i>, <i>A Study of British Genius</i>, Chapter X.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_THE_PSYCHIC_STATE_IN_PREGNANCY'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_201'></a>THE PSYCHIC STATE IN PREGNANCY.</h2>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Relationship of Maternal and Sexual Emotion&mdash;Conception and Loss of
+Virginity&mdash;The Anciently Accepted Signs of This Condition&mdash;The Pervading
+Effects of Pregnancy on the Organism&mdash;Pigmentation&mdash;The Blood and
+Circulation&mdash;The Thyroid&mdash;Changes in the Nervous System&mdash;The Vomiting of
+Pregnancy&mdash;The Longings of Pregnant Women&mdash;Maternal Impressions&mdash;Evidence
+for and Against Their Validity&mdash;The Question Still Open&mdash;Imperfection of
+Our Knowledge&mdash;The Significance of Pregnancy.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In analyzing the sexual impulse I have so far deliberately kept out of
+view the maternal instinct. This is necessary, for the maternal instinct
+is specific and distinct; it is directed to an aim which, however
+intimately associated it may be with that of the sexual impulse proper,
+can by no means be confounded with it. Yet the emotion of love, as it has
+finally developed in the world, is not purely of sexual origin; it is
+partly sexual, but it is also partly parental.<a name='5_FNanchor_169'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_169'><sup>[169]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='5_Page_202'></a>
+<p>In so far as it is parental it is certainly mainly maternal. There is a
+drawing by Bronzino in the Louvre of a woman's head gazing tenderly down
+at some invisible object; is it her child or her lover? Doubtless her
+child, yet the expression is equally adequate to the emotion evoked by a
+lover. If we were here specifically dealing with the emotion of love as a
+complex whole, and not with the psychology of the sexual impulse, it would
+certainly be necessary to discuss the maternal instinct and its associated
+emotions. In any case it seems desirable to touch on the psychic state of
+pregnancy, for we are here concerned not only with emotions very closely
+connected with the sexual emotions in the narrower sense, but we here at
+last approach that state which it is the object of the whole sexual
+process to achieve.</p>
+
+<p>In civilized life a period of weeks, months, even years, may elapse
+between the establishment of sexual relations and the occurrence <a name='5_Page_203'></a>of
+conception. Under primitive conditions the loss of the virginal condition
+practically involves the pregnant condition, so that under primitive
+conditions very little allowance is made for the state, so common among
+civilized peoples, of the woman who is no longer a virgin, yet not about
+to become a mother.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>There is some interest in noting the signs of loss of virginity
+    chiefly relied upon by ancient authors. In doing this it is
+    convenient to follow mainly the full summary of authorities given
+    by Schurig in his <i>Barthenologia</i> early in the eighteenth
+    century. The ancient custom, known in classic times, of measuring
+    the neck the day after marriage was frequently practiced to
+    ascertain if a girl was or was not a virgin. There were various
+    ways of doing this. One was to measure with a thread the
+    circumference of the bride's neck before she went to bed on the
+    bridal night. If in the morning the same thread would not go
+    around her neck it was a sure sign that she had lost her
+    virginity during the night; if not, she was still a virgin or had
+    been deflowered at an earlier period. Catullus alluded to this
+    custom, which still exists, or existed until lately, in the south
+    of France. It is perfectly sound, for it rests on the intimate
+    response by congestion of the thyroid gland to sexual excitement.
+    (<i>Parthenologia</i>, p. 283; Bi&eacute;rent, <i>La Pubert&eacute;</i>, p. 150; Havelock
+    Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition, p. 267.)</p>
+
+<p>    Some say, Schurig tells us, that the voice, which in the virgin
+    is shrill, becomes rougher and deeper after the first coitus. He
+    quotes Riolan's statement that it is certain that the voice of
+    those who indulge in venery is changed. On that account the
+    ancients bound down the penis of their singers, and Martial said
+    that those who wish to preserve their voices should avoid coitus.
+    Democritus who one day had greeted a girl as &quot;maiden&quot; on the
+    following day addressed her as &quot;woman,&quot; while in the same way it
+    is said that Albertus Magnus, observing from his study a girl
+    going for wine for her master, knew that she had had sexual
+    intercourse by the way because on her return her voice had become
+    deeper. Here, again, the ancient belief has a solid basis, for
+    the voice and the larynx are really affected by sexual
+    conditions. (<i>Parthenologia</i>, p. 286; Marro, <i>La Pubert&eacute;</i>, p.
+    303; Havelock Ellis, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 271, 289.)</p>
+
+<p>    Others, again, Schurig proceeds, have judged that the goaty smell
+    given out in the armpits during the venereal act is also no
+    uncertain sign of defloration, such odor being perceptible in
+    those who use much venery, and not seldom in harlots and the
+    newly married, while, as Hippocrates said, it is not perceived in
+    boys and girls. (<i>Parthenologia</i>, p. 286; <i>cf.</i> the previous
+    volume of these <i>Studies</i>, &quot;Sexual Selection in Man,&quot; p. 64.)</p><a name='5_Page_204'></a>
+
+<p>    In virgins, Schurig remarks, the pubic hair is said to be long
+    and not twisted, while in women accustomed to coitus it is
+    crisper. But it is only after long and repeated coitus, some
+    authors add, that the pubic hairs become crisp. Some recent
+    observers, it may be remarked, have noted a connection between
+    sexual excitation and the condition of the pubic hair in women.
+    (<i>Cf.</i> the present volume, <i>ante</i> p. 127.)</p>
+
+<p>    A sign to which the old authors often attached much importance
+    was furnished by the urinary stream. In the <i>De Secretis
+    Mulierum</i>, wrongly attributed to Albertus Magnus, it is laid down
+    that &quot;the virgin urinates higher than the woman.&quot; Riolan, in his
+    <i>Anthropographia</i>, discussing the ability of virgins to ejaculate
+    urine to a height, states that Scaliger had observed women who
+    were virgins emit urine in a high jet against a wall, but that
+    married women could seldom do this. Bouaciolus also stated that
+    the urine of virgins is emitted in a small stream to a distance
+    with an acute hissing sound. (<i>Parthenologia</i>, p. 281.) A
+    folk-lore belief in the reality of this influence is evidenced by
+    the Picardy <i>conte</i> referred to already (<i>ante</i>, p. 53), &quot;La
+    Princesse qui pisse au dessus les Meules.&quot; There is no doubt a
+    tendency for the various stresses of sexual life to produce an
+    influence in this direction, though they act far too slowly and
+    uncertainly to be a reliable index to the presence or the absence
+    of virginity.</p>
+
+<p>    Another common ancient test of virginity by urination rests on a
+    psychic basis, and appears in a variety of forms which are really
+    all reducible to the same principle. Thus we are told in <i>De
+    Secretis Mulierum</i> that to ascertain if a girl is seduced she
+    should be given to eat of powdered crocus flowers, and if she has
+    been seduced she immediately urinates. We are here concerned with
+    auto-suggestion, and it may well be believed that with nervous
+    and credulous girls this test often revealed the truth.</p>
+
+<p>    A further test of virginity discussed by Schurig is the presence
+    of modesty of countenance. If a woman blushes her virtue is safe.
+    In this way girls who have themselves had experience of the
+    marriage bed are said to detect the virgin. The virgin's eyes are
+    cast down and almost motionless, while she who has known a man
+    has eyes that are bright and quick. But this sign is equivocal,
+    says Schurig, for girls are different, and can simulate the
+    modesty they do not feel. Yet this indication also rests on a
+    fundamentally sound psychological basis. (See &quot;The Evolution of
+    Modesty,&quot; in the first volume of these <i>Studies</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>    In his <i>Syllepsilogia</i> (Section V, cap. I-II), published in 1731,
+    Schurig discusses further the anciently recognized signs of
+    pregnancy. The real or imaginary signs of pregnancy sought by
+    various primitive peoples of the past and present are brought
+    together by Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, bd. i, Chapter XXVII.</p></div><a name='5_Page_205'></a>
+
+<p>Both physically and psychically the occurrence of pregnancy is, however, a
+distinct event. It marks the beginning of a continuous physical process,
+which cannot fail to manifest psychic reactions. A great center of vital
+activity&mdash;practically a new center, for only the germinal form of it in
+menstruation had previously existed&mdash;has appeared and affects the whole
+organism. &quot;From the moment that the embryo takes possession of the woman,&quot;
+Robert Barnes puts it, &quot;every drop of blood, every fiber, every organ, is
+affected.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_170'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_170'><sup>[170]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A woman artist once observed to Dr. Stratz, that as the final aim of a
+woman is to become a mother and pregnancy is thus her blossoming time, a
+beautiful woman ought to be most beautiful when she is pregnant. That is
+so, Stratz replied, if her moment of greatest physical perfection
+corresponds with the early months of pregnancy, for with the beginning of
+pregnancy metabolism is increased, the color of the skin becomes more
+lively and delicate, the breasts firmer.<a name='5_FNanchor_171'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_171'><sup>[171]</sup></a> Pregnancy may, indeed, often
+become visible soon after conception by the brighter eye, the livelier
+glance, resulting from greater vascular activity, though later, with the
+increase of strain, the face may tend to become somewhat thin and
+distorted. The hair, Barnes states, assumes a new vigor, even though it
+may have been falling out before. The temperature rises; the weight
+increases, even apart from the growth of the f&oelig;tus. The
+efflorescence of pregnancy shows itself, as in the blossoming and
+fecundated flower, by increased pigmentation.<a name='5_FNanchor_172'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_172'><sup>[172]</sup></a> The nipples with their
+areol&aelig;, and the mid-line of the belly, become darker; brown flecks
+(lentigo) tend to appear on the forehead, neck, arms, and body; while
+stri&aelig;&mdash;at first blue-red, then a brilliant white&mdash;appear on the belly and
+thighs, <a name='5_Page_206'></a>though these are scarcely normal, for they are not seen in women
+with very elastic skins and are rare among peasants and savages.<a name='5_FNanchor_173'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_173'><sup>[173]</sup></a> The
+whole carriage of the woman tends to become changed with the development
+of the mighty seed of man planted within her; it simulates the carriage of
+pride with the arched back and protruded abdomen.<a name='5_FNanchor_174'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_174'><sup>[174]</sup></a> The pregnant woman
+has been lifted above the level of ordinary humanity to become the casket
+of an inestimable jewel.</p>
+
+<p>It is in the blood and the circulation that the earliest of the most
+prominent symptoms of pregnancy are to be found. The ever increasing
+development of this new focus of vascular activity involves an increased
+vascular activity in the whole organism. This activity is present almost
+from the first&mdash;a few days after the impregnation of the ovum&mdash;in the
+breasts, and quickly becomes obvious to inspection and palpation. Before a
+quite passive organ, the breast now rapidly increases in activity of
+circulation and in size, while certain characteristic changes begin to
+take place around the nipples.<a name='5_FNanchor_175'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_175'><sup>[175]</sup></a> As a result of the additional work
+imposed upon it the heart tends to become slightly hypertrophied in order
+to meet the additional strain; there may be some dilatation also.<a name='5_FNanchor_176'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_176'><sup>[176]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The recent investigations of Stengel and Stanton tend to show
+    that the increase of the heart's work during pregnancy is less
+    considerable than has generally been supposed, and that beyond
+    some enlargement and dilatation of the right ventricle there is
+    not usually any hypertrophy of the heart.</p></div><a name='5_Page_207'></a>
+
+<p>The total quantity of blood is raised. While increased in quantity, the
+blood appears on the whole to be somewhat depreciated in quality, though
+on this point there are considerable differences of opinion. Thus, as
+regards h&aelig;moglobin, some investigators have found that the old idea as to
+the poverty of h&aelig;moglobin in pregnancy is quite unfounded; a few have even
+found that the h&aelig;moglobin is increased. Most authorities have found the
+red cells diminished, though some only slightly, while the white cells,
+and also the fibrin, are increased. But toward the end of pregnancy there
+is a tendency, perhaps due to the establishment of compensation, for the
+blood to revert to the normal condition.<a name='5_FNanchor_177'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_177'><sup>[177]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It would appear probable, however, that the vascular phenomena of
+pregnancy are not altogether so simple as the above statement would imply.
+The activity of various glands at this time&mdash;well illustrated by the
+marked salivation which sometimes occurs&mdash;indicates that other modifying
+forces are at work, and it has been suggested that the changes in the
+maternal circulation during pregnancy may best be explained by the theory
+that there are two opposing kinds of secretion poured into the blood in
+unusual degree during pregnancy: one contracting the vessels, the other
+dilating them, one or the other sometimes gaining the upper hand.
+Suprarenal extract, when administered, has a vaso-constricting influence,
+and thyroid extract a vasodilating influence; it may be surmised that
+within the body these glands perform similar functions.<a name='5_FNanchor_178'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_178'><sup>[178]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The important part played by the thyroid gland is indicated by its marked
+activity at the very beginning of pregnancy. We may probably associate the
+general tendency to vasodilatation during early pregnancy with the
+tendency to goitre; Freund found an increase of the thyroid in 45 per
+cent. of 50 cases. The thyroid belongs to the same class of ductless
+glands as the <a name='5_Page_208'></a>ovary, and, as Bland Sutton and others have insisted, the
+analogies between the thyroid and the ovary are very numerous and
+significant. It may be added that in recent years Armand Gautier has noted
+the importance of the thyroid in elaborating nucleo-proteids containing
+arsenic and iodine, which are poured into the circulation during
+menstruation and pregnancy. The whole metabolism of the body is indeed
+affected, and during the latter part of pregnancy study of the ingesta and
+egesta has shown that a storage of nitrogen and even of water is taking
+place.<a name='5_FNanchor_179'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_179'><sup>[179]</sup></a> The woman, as Pinard puts it, forms the child out of her own
+flesh, not merely out of her food; the individual is being sacrificed to
+the species.</p>
+
+<p>The changes in the nervous system of the pregnant woman correspond to
+those in the vascular system. There is the same increase of activity, a
+heightening of tension. Bruno Wolff, from experiments on bitches,
+concluded that the central nervous system in women is probably more easily
+excited in the pregnant than in the non-pregnant state, though he was not
+prepared to call this cerebral excitability &quot;specific.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_180'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_180'><sup>[180]</sup></a> Direct
+observations on pregnant women have shown, without doubt, a heightened
+nervous irritability. Reflex action generally is increased. Neumann
+investigated the knee-jerk in 500 women during pregnancy, labor, and the
+puerperium, and in a large number found that there was a progressive
+exaggeration with the advance of pregnancy, little or no change being
+observed in the early months; sometimes when no change was observed during
+pregnancy the knee-jerk still increased during labor, reaching its maximum
+at the moment of the expulsion of the f&oelig;tus; the return to the
+normal condition took place gradually during the puerperium. Tridandani
+found in pregnant women that though the superficial reflexes, with the
+exception of the abdominal, were diminished, the deep and tendon reflexes
+were markedly increased, especially that of the knee, these changes being
+more marked in primipar&aelig; than in multipar&aelig;, and more pronounced as
+pregnancy advanced, the normal condition returning with <a name='5_Page_209'></a>ten days after
+labor. Electrical excitability was sensibly diminished.<a name='5_FNanchor_181'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_181'><sup>[181]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>One of the first signs of high nervous tension is vomiting. As is well
+known, this phenomenon commonly appears early in pregnancy, and it is by
+many considered entirely physiological. Barnes regards it as a kind of
+safety valve, a regulating function, letting off excessive tension and
+maintaining equilibrium.<a name='5_FNanchor_182'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_182'><sup>[182]</sup></a> Vomiting is, however, a convulsion, and is
+thus the simplest form of a kind of manifestation&mdash;to which the heightened
+nervous tension of pregnancy easily lends itself&mdash;that finds its extreme
+pathological form in eclampsia. In this connection it is of interest to
+point out that the pregnant woman here manifests in the highest degree a
+tendency which is marked in women generally, for the female sex, apart
+altogether from pregnancy, is specially liable to convulsive
+phenomena.<a name='5_FNanchor_183'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_183'><sup>[183]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>There is some slight difference of opinion among authorities as
+    to the precise nature and causation of the sickness of pregnancy.
+    Barnes, Horrocks and others regard it as physiological; but many
+    consider it pathological; this is, for instance, the opinion of
+    Giles. Graily Hewitt attributed it to flexion of the gravid
+    uterus, Kaltenbach to hysteria, and Zaborsky terms it a neurosis.
+    Whitridge Williams considers that it may be (1) reflex, or (2)
+    neurotic (when it is allied to hysteria and amenable to
+    suggestion), or (3) tox&aelig;mic. It really appears to lie on the
+    borderland between healthy and diseased manifestations. It is
+    said to be unknown to farmers and veterinary surgeons. It appears
+    to be little known among savages; it is comparatively infrequent
+    among women of the lower social classes, and, as Giles has found,
+    women who habitually menstruate in a painless and normal manner
+    suffer comparatively little from the sickness of pregnancy.</p>
+
+<p>    We owe a valuable study of the sickness of pregnancy to Giles,
+    who analyzed the records of 300 cases. He concluded that about
+    one-third of the pregnant women were free from sickness
+    throughout pregnancy, 45 per cent. were free during the first
+    three months. When sickness occurred it began in 70 per cent. of
+    cases in the first month, and was most frequent during the second
+    month. The duration varied from <a name='5_Page_210'></a>a few days to all through.
+    Between the ages of 20 and 25 sickness was least frequent, and
+    there was less sickness in the third than in any other pregnancy.
+    (This corresponds with the conclusion of Matthews Duncan that 25
+    is the most favorable age for pregnancy.) To some extent in
+    agreement with Gu&eacute;niot, Giles believes that the vomiting of
+    pregnancy is &quot;one form of manifestation of the high nervous
+    irritability of pregnancy.&quot; This high nervous tension may
+    overflow into other channels, into the vascular and excretory
+    system, causing eclampsia; into the muscular system, causing
+    chorea, or, expending itself in the brain, give rise to hysteria
+    when mild or insanity when severe. But the vagi form a very ready
+    channel for such overflow, and hence the frequency of sickness in
+    pregnancy. There are thus three main factors in the causation of
+    this phenomenon: (1) An increased nervous irritability; (2) a
+    local source of irritation; (3) a ready efferent channel for
+    nervous energy. (Arthur Giles, &quot;Observations on the Etiology of
+    the Sickness of Pregnancy,&quot; <i>Transactions Obstetrical Society of
+    London</i>, vol. xxv, 1894.)</p>
+
+<p>    Martin, who regards the phenomenon as normal, points out that
+    when nausea and vomiting are absent or suddenly cease there is
+    often reason to suspect something wrong, especially the death of
+    the embryo. He also remarks that women who suffer from large
+    varicose veins are seldom troubled by the nausea of pregnancy.
+    (J. M. H. Martin, &quot;The Vomiting of Pregnancy,&quot; <i>British Medical
+    Journal</i>, December 10, 1904.) These observations may be connected
+    with those of Evans (<i>American Gyn&aelig;cological and Obstetrical
+    Journal</i>, January, 1900), who attributes primary importance to
+    the undoubtedly active factor of the irritation set up by the
+    uterus, more especially the rhythmic uterine contractions;
+    stimulation of the breasts produces active uterine contractions,
+    and Evans found that examination of the breasts sufficed to bring
+    on a severe attack of vomiting, while on another occasion this
+    was produced by a vaginal examination. Evans believes that the
+    purpose of these contractions is to facilitate the circulation of
+    the blood through the large venous sinuses, the surcharging of
+    the relatively stagnant pools with effete blood producing the
+    irritation which leads to rhythmic contractions.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is on the basis of the increased vascular and glandular activity and
+the heightened nervous tension that the special psychic phenomena of
+pregnancy develop. The best known, and perhaps the most characteristic of
+these manifestations, is that known as &quot;longings.&quot; By this term is meant
+more or less irresistible desires for some special food or drink, which
+may be digestible or indigestible, sometimes a substance which the <a name='5_Page_211'></a>woman
+ordinarily likes, such as fruit, and occasionally one which, under
+ordinary circumstances, she dislikes, as in one case known to me of a
+young country woman who, when bearing her child, was always longing for
+tobacco and never happy except when she could get a pipe to smoke,
+although under ordinary circumstances, like other young women of her
+class, she was without any desire to smoke. Occasionally the longings lead
+to actions which are more unscrupulous than is common in the case of the
+same person at other times; thus in one case known to me a young woman,
+pregnant with her first child, insisted to her sister's horror on entering
+a strawberry field and eating a quantity of fruit. These &quot;longings&quot; in
+their extreme form may properly be considered as neurasthenic obsessions,
+but in their simple and less pronounced forms they may well be normal and
+healthy.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The old medical authors abound in narratives describing the
+    longings of pregnant women for natural and unnatural foods. This
+    affection was commonly called <i>pica</i>, sometimes <i>citra</i> or
+    <i>malatia</i>. Schurig, whose works are a comprehensive treasure
+    house of ancient medical lore, devotes a long chapter (cap. II)
+    of his <i>Chylologia</i>, published in 1725, to pica as manifested
+    mainly, though not exclusively, in pregnant women. Some women, he
+    tells us, have been compelled to eat all sorts of earthy
+    substances, of which sand seems the most common, and one Italian
+    woman when pregnant ate several pounds of sand with much
+    satisfaction, following it up with a draught of her own urine.
+    Lime, mud, chalk, charcoal, cinders, pitch are also the desired
+    substances in other cases detailed. One pregnant woman must eat
+    bread fresh from the oven in very large quantities, and a certain
+    noble matron ate 140 sweet cakes in one day and night. Wheat and
+    various kinds of corn as well as of vegetables were the foods
+    desired by many longing women. One woman was responsible for 20
+    pounds of pepper, another ate ginger in large quantities, a third
+    kept mace under her pillow; cinnamon, salt, emulsion of almonds,
+    treacle, mushrooms were desired by others. Cherries were longed
+    for by one, and another ate 30 or 40 lemons in one night. Various
+    kinds of fish&mdash;mullet, oysters, crabs, live eels, etc.&mdash;are
+    mentioned, while other women have found delectation in lizards,
+    frogs, spiders and flies, even scorpions, lice and fleas. A
+    pregnant woman, aged 33, of sanguine temperament, ate a live fowl
+    completely with intense satisfaction. Skin, wool, cotton, thread,
+    linen, blotting paper have been desired, as well as more
+    repulsive substances, such as nasal mucus and feces (eaten with
+    bread). Vinegar, ice, and snow occur in <a name='5_Page_212'></a>other cases. One woman
+    stilled a desire for human flesh by biting the nates of children
+    or the arms of men. Metals are also swallowed, such as iron,
+    silver, etc. One pregnant woman wished to throw eggs in her
+    husband's face, and another to have her husband throw eggs in her
+    face.</p>
+
+<p>    In the next chapter of the same work Schurig describes cases of
+    acute antipathy which may arise under the same circumstances
+    (cap. III, &quot;De Nausea seu Antipathia certorum ciborum&quot;). The list
+    includes bread, meat, fowls, fish, eels (a very common
+    repulsion), crabs, milk, butter (very often), cheese (often),
+    honey, sugar, salt, eggs, caviar, sulphur, apples (especially
+    their odor), strawberries, mulberries, cinnamon, mace, capers,
+    pepper, onions, mustard, beetroot, rice, mint, absinthe, roses
+    (many pages are devoted to this antipathy), lilies, elder
+    flowers, musk (which sometimes caused vomiting), amber, coffee,
+    opiates, olive oil, vinegar, cats, frogs, spiders, wasps, swords.</p>
+
+<p>    More recently Gould and Pyle (<i>Anomalies and Curiosities of
+    Medicine</i>, p. 80) have briefly summarized some of the ancient and
+    modern records concerning the longings of pregnant women.</p></div>
+
+<p>Various theories are put forward concerning the causation of the longings
+of pregnant women, but none of these seems to furnish by itself a complete
+and adequate explanation of all cases. Thus it is said that the craving is
+the expression of a natural instinct, the system of the pregnant woman
+really requiring the food she longs for. It is quite probable that this is
+so in many cases, but it is obviously not so in the majority of cases,
+even when we confine ourselves to the longings for fairly natural foods,
+while we know so little of the special needs of the organism during
+pregnancy that the theory in any case is insusceptible of clear
+demonstration.</p>
+
+<p>Allied to this theory is the explanation that the longings are for things
+that counteract the tendency to nausea and sickness. Giles, however, in
+his valuable statistical study of the longings of a series of 300 pregnant
+women, has shown that the percentage of women with longings is exactly the
+same (33 per cent.) among women who had suffered at some time during
+pregnancy from sickness as among the women who had not so suffered.
+Moreover, Giles found that the period of sickness frequently bore no
+relation to the time when there were cravings, and the patient often had
+cravings after the sickness had ceased.</p>
+
+<p>According to another theory these longings are mainly a <a name='5_Page_213'></a>matter of
+auto-suggestion. The pregnant woman has received the tradition of such
+longings, persuades herself that she has such a longing, and then becomes
+convinced that, according to a popular belief, it will be bad for the
+child if the longing is not gratified. Giles considers that this process
+of auto-suggestion takes place &quot;in a certain number, perhaps even in the
+majority of cases.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_184'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_184'><sup>[184]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Duchess d'Abrant&egrave;s, the wife of Marshal Junot, in her
+    <i>M&eacute;moires</i> gives an amusing account of how in her first pregnancy
+    a longing was apparently imposed upon her by the anxious
+    solicitude of her own and her husband's relations. Though
+    suffering from constant nausea and sickness, she had no longings.
+    One day at dinner after the pregnancy had gone on for some months
+    her mother suddenly put down her fork, exclaiming: &quot;I have never
+    asked you what longing you have!&quot; She replied with truth that she
+    had none, her days and her nights being occupied with suffering.
+    &quot;No <i>envie!</i>&quot; said the mother, &quot;such a thing was never heard of.
+    I must speak to your mother-in-law.&quot; The two old ladies consulted
+    anxiously and explained to the young mother how an unsatisfied
+    longing might produce a monstrous child, and the husband also now
+    began to ask her every day what she longed for. Her
+    sister-in-law, moreover, brought her all sorts of stories of
+    children born with appalling mother's marks due to this cause.
+    She became frightened and began to wonder what she most wanted,
+    but could think of nothing. At last, when eating a pastille
+    flavored with pineapple, it occurred to her that pineapple is an
+    excellent fruit, and one, moreover, which she had never seen, for
+    at that time it was extremely rare. Thereupon she began to long
+    for pineapple, and all the more when she was told that at that
+    season they could not be obtained. She now began to feel that she
+    must have pineapple or die, and her husband ran all over Paris,
+    vainly offering twenty louis for a pineapple. At last he
+    succeeded in obtaining one through the kindness of Mme.
+    Bonaparte, and drove home furiously just as his wife, always
+    talking of pineapples, had gone to bed. He entered the room with
+    the pineapple, to the great satisfaction of the Duchess's mother.
+    (In one of her own pregnancies, it appears, she longed in vain
+    for cherries in January, and the child was born with a mark on
+    her body resembling a cherry&mdash;in scientific terminology, a
+    <i>n&aelig;vus</i>.) The Duchess effusively thanked her husband and wished
+    to eat of the fruit immediately, but her husband stopped her and
+    said that Corvisart, the famous physician, had told him that she
+    must on no <a name='5_Page_214'></a>account touch it at night, as it was extremely
+    indigestible. She promised not to do so, and spent the night in
+    caressing the pineapple. In the morning the husband came and cut
+    up the fruit, presenting it to her in a porcelain bowl. Suddenly,
+    however, there was a revulsion of feeling; she felt that she
+    could not possibly eat pineapple; persuasion was useless; the
+    fruit had to be taken away and the windows opened, for the very
+    smell of it had become odious. The Duchess adds that henceforth,
+    throughout her life, though still liking the flavor, she was only
+    able to eat pineapple by doing a sort of violence to herself.
+    (<i>M&eacute;mories de la Duchesse d'Abrant&egrave;s</i>, vol. iii, Chapter VIII.)
+    It should be added that, in old age, the Duchess d'Abrant&egrave;s
+    appears to have become insane.</p></div>
+
+<p>The influence of suggestion must certainly be accepted as, at all events,
+increasing and emphasizing the tendency to longings. It can scarcely,
+however, be regarded as a radical and adequate explanation of the
+phenomenon generally. If it is a matter of auto-suggestion due to a
+tradition, then we should expect to find longings most frequent and most
+pronounced in multiparous women, who are best acquainted with the
+tradition and best able to experience all that is expected of a pregnant
+woman. But, as a matter of fact, the women who have borne most children
+are precisely those who are least likely to be affected by the longings
+which tradition demands they should manifest. Giles has shown that
+longings occur much more frequently in the first than in any subsequent
+pregnancy; there is a regular decrease with the increase in number of
+pregnancies until in women with ten or more children the longings scarcely
+occur at all.</p>
+
+<p>We must probably regard longings as based on a physiological and psychic
+tendency which is of universal extension and almost or quite normal. They
+are known throughout Europe and were known to the medical writers of
+antiquity. Old Indian as well as old Jewish physicians recognized them.
+They have been noted among many savage races to-day: among the Indians of
+North and South America, among the peoples of the Nile and the Soudan, in
+the Malay archipelago.<a name='5_FNanchor_185'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_185'><sup>[185]</sup></a> In Europe they are most <a name='5_Page_215'></a>common among the
+women of the people, living simple and natural lives.<a name='5_FNanchor_186'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_186'><sup>[186]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The true normal relationship of the longings of pregnancy is with the
+impulsive and often irresistible longings for food delicacies which are
+apt to overcome children, and in girls often persist or revive through
+adolescence and even beyond. Such sudden fits of greediness belong to
+those kind of normal psychic manifestations which are on the verge of the
+abnormal into which they occasionally pass. They may occur, however, in
+healthy, well-bred, and well-behaved children who, under the stress of the
+sudden craving, will, without compunction and apparently without
+reflection, steal the food they long for or even steal from their parents
+the money to buy it. The food thus seized by a well-nigh irresistible
+craving is nearly always a fruit. Fruit is usually doled out to children
+in small quantities as a luxury, but we are descended from primitive human
+peoples and still more remote ape-like ancestors, by whom fruit was in its
+season eaten copiously, and it is not surprising that when that season
+comes round the child, more sensitive than the adult to primitive
+influences, should sometimes experience the impulse of its ancestors with
+overwhelming intensity, all the more so if, as is probable, the craving is
+to some extent the expression of a physiological need.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Sanford Bell, who has investigated the food impulses of children
+    in America, finds that girls have a greater number of likes and
+    dislikes in foods than boys of the same age, though at the same
+    time they have less dislikes to some foods than boys. The
+    proclivity for sweets and fruits shows itself as soon as a child
+    begins to eat solids. The chief fruits liked are oranges,
+    bananas, apples, peaches, and pears. This strong preference for
+    fruits lasts till the age of 13 or 14, though relatively weaker
+    from 10 to 13. In girls, however, Bell notes the significant fact
+    from our present point of view that at mid-adolescence there is a
+    revived taste for sweets and fruits. He believes that the growth
+    of children in taste in foods recapitulates the experience of the
+    race. (S. Bell, &quot;An Introductory Study of the Psychology of
+    Foods.&quot; <i>Pedagogical Seminary</i>, March, 1904.)</p></div><a name='5_Page_216'></a>
+
+<p>The heightened nervous impressionability of pregnancy would appear to
+arouse into activity those primitive impulses which are liable to occur in
+childhood and in the unmarried girl continue to the nubile age. It is a
+significant fact that the longings of pregnant women are mainly for fruit,
+and notably for so wholesome a fruit as the apple, which may very well
+have a beneficial effect on the system of the pregnant woman. Giles, in
+his tabulation of the foods longed for by 300 pregnant women, found that
+the fruit group was by far the largest, furnishing 79 cases; apples were
+far away at the head, occurring in 34 cases out of the 99 who had
+longings, while oranges followed at a distance (with 13 cases), and in the
+vegetable group tomatoes came first (with 6 cases). Several women declared
+&quot;I could have lived on apples,&quot; &quot;I was eating apples all day,&quot; &quot;I used to
+sit up in bed eating apples.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_187'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_187'><sup>[187]</sup></a> Pregnant women appear seldom to long
+for the possession of objects outside the edible class, and it seems
+doubtful whether they have any special tendency to kleptomania. Pinard has
+pointed out that neither Las&egrave;gue nor Lunier, in their studies of
+kleptomania, have mentioned a single shop robbery committed by a pregnant
+woman.<a name='5_FNanchor_188'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_188'><sup>[188]</sup></a> Brouardel has indeed found such cases, but the object stolen
+was usually a food.</p>
+
+<p>A further significant fact connecting the longings of pregnant women with
+the longings of children is to be found in the fact that they occur mainly
+in young women. We have, indeed, no tabulation of the ages of pregnant
+women who have manifested longings, but Giles has clearly shown that these
+chiefly <a name='5_Page_217'></a>occur in primipar&aelig;, and steadily and rapidly decrease in each
+successive pregnancy. This fact, otherwise somewhat difficult of
+explanation, is natural if we look upon the longings of pregnancy as a
+revival of those of childhood. It certainly indicates also that we can by
+no means regard these longings as exclusively the expression of a
+physiological craving, for in that case they would be liable to occur in
+any pregnancy unless, indeed, it is argued that with each successive
+pregnancy the woman becomes less sensitive to her own physiological state.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>There has been a frequent tendency, more especially among
+    primitive peoples, to regard a pregnant woman's longings as
+    something sacred and to be indulged, all the more, no doubt, as
+    they are usually of a simple and harmless character. In the Black
+    Forest, according to Ploss and Bartels, a pregnant woman may go
+    freely into other people's gardens and take fruit, provided she
+    eats it on the spot, and very similar privileges are accorded to
+    her elsewhere. Old English opinion, as reflected, for instance,
+    in Ben Jonson's plays (as Dr. Harriet C. B. Alexander has pointed
+    out), regards the pregnant woman as not responsible for her
+    longings, and Kiernan remarks (&quot;Kleptomania and Collectivism,&quot;
+    <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, November, 1902) that this is in &quot;a
+    most natural and just view.&quot; In France at the Revolution a law of
+    the 28th Germinal, in the year III, to some extent admitted the
+    irresponsibility of the pregnant woman generally,&mdash;following the
+    classic precedent, by which a woman could not be brought before a
+    court of justice so long as she was pregnant,&mdash;but the Napoleonic
+    code, never tender to women, abrogated this. Pinard does not
+    consider that the longings of pregnant women are irresistible,
+    and, consequently, regards the pregnant woman as responsible.
+    This is probably the view most widely held. In any case these
+    longings seldom come up for medico-legal consideration.</p></div>
+
+<p>The phenomena of the longings of pregnancy are linked to the much more
+obscure and dubious phenomena of the influence of maternal impressions on
+the child within the womb. It is true, indeed, that there is no real
+connection whatever between these two groups of manifestations, but they
+have been so widely and for so long closely associated in the popular mind
+that it is convenient to pass directly from one to the other. The same
+name is sometimes given to the two manifestations; thus in France a
+pregnant longing is an <i>envie</i>, while a mother's mark on the child is also
+called an <i>envie</i>, because it is supposed to be due to the mother's
+unsatisfied longing.</p><a name='5_Page_218'></a>
+
+<p>The conception of a &quot;maternal impression&quot; (the German <i>Versehen</i>) rests on
+the belief that a powerful mental influence working on the mother's mind
+may produce an impression, either general or definite, on the child she is
+carrying. It makes a great deal of difference whether the effect of the
+impression on the child is general, or definite and circumscribed. It is
+not difficult to believe that a general effect&mdash;even, as Sir Arthur
+Mitchell first gave good reason for believing, idiocy&mdash;may be produced on
+the child by strong and prolonged emotional influence working on the
+mother, because such general influence may be transmitted through a
+deteriorated blood-stream. But it is impossible at present to understand
+how a definite and limited influence working on the mother could produce a
+definite and limited effect on the child, for there are no channels of
+nervous communications for the passage of such influences. Our difficulty
+in conceiving of the process must, however, be put aside if the fact
+itself can be demonstrated by convincing evidence.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In order to illustrate the nature of maternal impressions, I will
+    summarize a few cases which I have collected from the best
+    medical periodical literature during the past fifteen years. I
+    have exercised no selection and in no way guarantee the
+    authenticity of the alleged facts or the alleged explanation.
+    They are merely examples to illustrate a class of cases published
+    from time to time by medical observers in medical journals of
+    high repute.</p>
+
+<p>    Early in pregnancy a woman found her pet rabbit killed by a cat
+    which had gnawed off the two forepaws, leaving ragged stumps; she
+    was for a long time constantly thinking of this. Her child was
+    born with deformed feet, one foot with only two toes, the other
+    three, the os calcis in both feet being either absent or little
+    developed. (G. B. Beale, Tottenham, <i>Lancet</i>, May 4, 1889).</p>
+
+<p>    Three months and a half before birth of the child the father, a
+    glazier, fell through the roof of a hothouse, severely cutting
+    his right arm, so that he was lying in the infirmary for a long
+    time, and it was doubtful whether the hand could be saved. The
+    child was healthy, but on the flexor surface of the radial side
+    of the right forearm just above the wrist&mdash;the same spot as the
+    father's injury&mdash;there was a n&aelig;vus the size of a sixpence. (W.
+    Russell, Paisley, <i>Lancet</i>, May 11, 1889.)</p>
+
+<p>    At the beginning of pregnancy a woman was greatly scared by being
+    kicked over by a frightened cow she was milking; she hung on to
+    the animal's teats, but thought she would be trampled to death,
+    and <a name='5_Page_219'></a>was ill and nervous for weeks afterwards. The child was a
+    monster, with a fleshy substance&mdash;seeming to be prolonged from
+    the spinal cord and to represent the brain&mdash;projecting from the
+    floor of the skull. Both doctor and nurse were struck by the
+    resemblance to a cow's teats before they knew the woman's story,
+    and this was told by the woman immediately after delivery and
+    before she knew to what she had given birth. (A. Ross Paterson,
+    Reversby, Lincolnshire, <i>Lancet</i>, September 29, 1889.)</p>
+
+<p>    During the second month of pregnancy the mother was terrified by
+    a bullock as she was returning from market. The child reached
+    full term and was a well-developed male, stillborn. Its head
+    &quot;exactly resembled a miniature cow's head;&quot; the occipital bone
+    was absent, the parietals only slightly developed, the eyes were
+    placed at the top of the frontal bone, which was quite flat, with
+    each of its superior angles twisted into a rudimentary horn.
+    (J. T. Hislop, Tavistock, Devon, <i>Lancet</i>, November 1, 1890.)</p>
+
+<p>    When four months pregnant the mother, a multipara of 30, was
+    startled by a black and white collie dog suddenly pushing against
+    her and rushing out when she opened the door. This preyed on her
+    mind, and she felt sure her child would be marked. The whole of
+    the child's right thigh was encircled by a shining black mole,
+    studded with white hairs; there was another mole on the spine of
+    the left scapula. (C. F. Williamson, Horley, Surrey, <i>Lancet</i>,
+    October 11, 1890.)</p>
+
+<p>    A lady in comfortable circumstances, aged 24, not markedly
+    emotional, with one child, in all respects healthy, early in her
+    pregnancy saw a man begging whose arms and legs were &quot;all doubled
+    up.&quot; This gave her a shock, but she hoped no ill effects would
+    follow. The child was an encephalous monster, with the
+    extremities rigidly flexed and the fingers clenched, the feet
+    almost sole to sole. In the next pregnancy she frequently passed
+    a man who was a partial cripple, but she was not unduly
+    depressed; the child was a counterpart of the last, except that
+    the head was normal. The next child was strong and well formed.
+    (C. W. Chapman, London, <i>Lancet</i>, October 18, 1890.)</p>
+
+<p>    When the pregnant mother was working in a hayfield her husband
+    threw at her a young hare he had found in the hay; it struck her
+    on the cheek and neck. Her daughter has on the left cheek an
+    oblong patch of soft dark hair, in color and character clearly
+    resembling the fur of a very young hare. (A. Mackay, Port Appin,
+    N. B., <i>Lancet</i>, December 19, 1891. The writer records also four
+    other cases which have happened in his experience.)</p>
+
+<p>    When the mother was pregnant her husband had to attend to a sow
+    who could not give birth to her pigs; he bled her freely, cutting
+    a notch out of both ears. His wife insisted on seeing the sow.
+    The helix of each ear of her child at birth was gone, for nearly
+    or quite half an inch, as if cut purposely. (R. P. Roons, <i>Medical
+    World</i>, 1894.)</p><a name='5_Page_220'></a>
+
+<p>    A lady when pregnant was much interested in a story in which one
+    of the characters had a supernumerary digit, and this often
+    recurred to her mind. Her baby had a supernumerary digit on one
+    hand. (J. Jenkyns, Aberdeen, <i>British Medical Journal</i>, March 2,
+    1895. The writer also records another case.)</p>
+
+<p>    When pregnant the mother saw in the forest a new-born fawn which
+    was a double monstrosity. Her child was a similar double
+    monstrosity (<i>cephalothora copagus</i>). (Hartmann, <i>M&uuml;nchener
+    Medicinisches Wochenschrift</i>, No. 9, 1895.)</p>
+
+<p>    A well developed woman of 30, who had ten children in twelve
+    years, in the third month of her tenth pregnancy saw a child run
+    over by a street car, which crushed the upper and back part of
+    its head. Her own child was anencephalic and acranial, with
+    entire absence of vault of skull. (F. A. Stahl, <i>American Journal
+    of Obstetrics</i>, April, 1896.)</p>
+
+<p>    A healthy woman with no skin blemish had during her third
+    pregnancy a violent appetite for sunfish. During or after the
+    fourth month her husband, as a surprise, brought her some sunfish
+    alive, placing them in a pail of water in the porch. She stumbled
+    against the pail and the shock caused the fish to flap over the
+    pail and come in violent contact with her leg. The cold wriggling
+    fish produced a nervous shock, but she attached no importance to
+    this. The child (a girl) had at birth a mark of bronze pigment
+    resembling a fish with the head uppermost (photograph given) on
+    the corresponding part of the same leg. Daughter's health good;
+    throughout life she has had a strong craving for sunfish, which
+    she has sometimes eaten till she has vomited from repletion.
+    (C. F. Gardiner, Colorado Springs, <i>American Journal Obstetrics</i>,
+    February, 1898.)</p>
+
+<p>    The next case occurred in a bitch. A thoroughbred fox terrier
+    bitch strayed and was discovered a day or two later with her
+    right foreleg broken. The limb was set under chloroform with the
+    help of R&ouml;ntgen rays, and the dog made a good recovery. Several
+    weeks later she gave birth to a puppy with a right foreleg that
+    was ill-developed and minus the paw. (J. Booth, Cork, <i>British
+    Medical Journal</i>, September 16, 1899.)</p>
+
+<p>    Four months before the birth of her child a woman with four
+    healthy children and no history of deformity in the family fell
+    and cut her left wrist severely against a broken bowl; she had a
+    great fright and shock. Her child, otherwise perfect, was born
+    without left hand and wrist, the stump of arm terminating at
+    lower end of radius and ulna. (G. Ainslie Johnston, Ambleside,
+    <i>British Medical Journal</i>, April 18, 1903.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The belief in the reality of the transference of strong mental or physical
+impressions on the mother into physical <a name='5_Page_221'></a>changes in the child she is
+bearing is very ancient and widespread. Most writers on the subject begin
+with the book of Genesis and the astute device of Jacob in influencing the
+color of his lambs by mental impressions on his ewes. But the belief
+exists among even more primitive people than the early Hebrews, and in all
+parts of the world.<a name='5_FNanchor_189'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_189'><sup>[189]</sup></a> Among the Greeks there is a trace of the belief
+in Hippocrates, the first of the world's great physicians, while Soranus,
+the most famous of ancient gyn&aelig;cologists, states the matter in the most
+precise manner, with instances in proof. The belief continued to persist
+unquestioned throughout the Middle Ages. The first author who denied the
+influence of maternal impressions altogether appears to have been the
+famous anatomist, Realdus Columbus, who was a professor at Padua, Pisa,
+and Rome at the beginning of the sixteenth century. In the same century,
+however, another and not less famous Neapolitan, Della Porta, for the
+first time formulated a definite theory of maternal impressions. A little
+later, early in the seventeenth century, a philosophic physician at Padua,
+Fortunatus Licetus, took up an intermediate position which still finds,
+perhaps reasonably, a great many adherents. He recognized that a very
+frequent cause of malformation in the child is to be found in morbid
+antenatal conditions, but at the same time was not prepared to deny
+absolutely and in every case the influence of maternal impression on such
+conditions. Malebranche, the Platonic philosopher, allowed the greatest
+extension to the power of the maternal imagination. In the eighteenth
+century, however, the new spirit of free inquiry, of radical criticism,
+and unfettered logic, led to a sceptical attitude toward this ancient
+belief then flourishing vigorously.<a name='5_FNanchor_190'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_190'><sup>[190]</sup></a> In 1727, a few years after
+Malebranche's death, James Blondel, a physician of extreme acuteness, who
+had <a name='5_Page_222'></a>been born in Paris, was educated at Leyden, and practiced in London,
+published the first methodical and thorough attack on the doctrine of
+maternal impressions, <i>The Strength of Imagination of Pregnant Women
+Examined</i>, and exercised his great ability in ridiculing it. Haller,
+Roederer, and S&ouml;mmering followed in the steps of Blondel, and were either
+sceptical or hostile to the ancient belief. Blumenbach, however, admitted
+the influence of maternal impressions. Erasmus Darwin, as well as Goethe
+in his <i>Wahlverwandtschaften</i>, even accepted the influence of paternal
+impressions on the child. By the beginning of the nineteenth century the
+majority of physicians were inclined to relegate maternal impressions to
+the region of superstition. Yet the exceptions were of notable importance.
+Burdach, when all deductions were made, still found it necessary to retain
+the belief in maternal impressions, and Von Baer, the founder of
+embryology, also accepted it, supported by a case, occurring in his own
+sister, which he was able to investigate before the child's birth. L. W. T.
+Bischoff, also, while submitting the doctrine to acute criticism, found it
+impossible to reject maternal impressions absolutely, and he remarked that
+the number of adherents to the doctrine was showing a tendency to increase
+rather than diminish. Johannes M&uuml;ller, the founder of modern physiology in
+Germany, declared himself against it, and his influence long prevailed;
+Valentin, Rudolf Wagner, and Emil du Bois-Reymond were on the same side.
+On the other hand various eminent gyn&aelig;cologists&mdash;Litzmann, Roth, Hennig,
+etc.&mdash;have argued in favor of the reality of maternal impressions.<a name='5_FNanchor_191'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_191'><sup>[191]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The long conflict of opinion which has taken place over this opinion has
+still left the matter unsettled. The acutest critics <a name='5_Page_223'></a>of the ancient
+belief constantly conclude the discussion with an expression of doubt and
+uncertainty. Even if the majority of authorities are inclined to reject
+maternal impressions, the scientific eminence of those who accept them
+makes a decisive opinion difficult. The arguments against such influence
+are perfectly sound: (1) it is a primitive belief of unscientific origin;
+(2) it is impossible to conceive how such influence can operate since
+there is no nervous connection between mother and child; (3) comparatively
+few cases have been submitted to severe critical investigation; (4) it is
+absurd to ascribe developmental defects to influences which arise long
+after the f&oelig;tus had assumed its definite shape<a name='5_FNanchor_192'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_192'><sup>[192]</sup></a>; (5) in any
+case the phenomenon must be rare, for William Hunter could not find a
+coincidence between maternal impressions and f&oelig;tal marks through
+a period of several years, and Bischoff found no case in 11,000
+deliveries. These statements embody the whole of the argument against
+maternal impressions, yet it is clear that they do not settle the matter.
+Edgar, in a manual of obstetrics which is widely regarded as a standard
+work, states that this is &quot;yet a mooted question.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_193'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_193'><sup>[193]</sup></a> Ballantyne, again,
+in a discussion of this influence at the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society,
+summarizing the result of a year's inquiry, concluded that it is still
+&quot;<i>sub judice</i>.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_194'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_194'><sup>[194]</sup></a> In a subsequent discussion of the question he has
+somewhat modified his opinion, and is inclined to deny that definite
+impressions on the pregnant woman's mind can cause similar defects in the
+f&oelig;tus; they are &quot;accidental coincidences,&quot; but he adds that a few
+of the <a name='5_Page_224'></a>cases are difficult to explain away. At the same time he fully
+believes that prolonged and strongly marked mental states of the mother
+may affect the development of the f&oelig;tus in her uterus, causing
+vascular and nutritive disturbances, irregularities of development, and
+idiocy.<a name='5_FNanchor_195'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_195'><sup>[195]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Whether and in how far mental impressions on the mother can
+    produce definite mental and emotional disposition in the child is
+    a special aspect of the question to which scarcely any inquiry
+    has been devoted. So distinguished a biologist as Mr. A. W.
+    Wallace has, however, called attention to this point, bringing
+    forward evidence on the question and emphasizing the need of
+    further investigation. &quot;Such transmission of mental influence,&quot;
+    he remarks, &quot;will hardly be held to be impossible or even very
+    improbable,&quot; (A. W. Wallace, &quot;Prenatal Influences on Character,&quot;
+    <i>Nature</i>, August 24, 1893.)</p></div>
+
+<p>It has already been pointed out that a large number of cases of f&oelig;tal
+deformities, supposed to be due to maternal impressions, cannot
+possibly be so caused because the impression took place at a period when
+the development of the f&oelig;tus must already have been decided. In
+this connection, however, it must be noted that Dabney has observed a
+relationship between the time of supposed mental impressions and the
+nature of the actual defect which is of considerable significance as an
+argument in favor of the influence of mental impressions. He tabulated 90
+carefully reported cases from recent medical literature, and found that 21
+of them were concerned with defects of structure of the lips and palate.
+In all but 2 of these 21 the defect was referred to an impression
+occurring within the first three months of pregnancy. This is an important
+point as showing that the assigned cause really falls within a period when
+a defect of development actually could produce the observed result,
+although the person reporting the cases was in many instances manifestly
+ignorant of the details of embryology and teratology. There was no such
+preponderance of early impressions among the defects of skin and hair
+which might well, so far as development is concerned, have been caused at
+a later period; here, in 7 out <a name='5_Page_225'></a>of 15 cases, it was distinctly stated that
+the impression was made later than the fourth month.<a name='5_FNanchor_196'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_196'><sup>[196]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It would seem, on the whole, that while the influence of maternal
+impressions in producing definite effects on the child within the womb has
+by no means been positively demonstrated, we are not entitled to reject it
+with any positive assurance. Even if we accept it, however, it must
+remain, for the present, an inexplicable fact; the <i>modus operandi</i> we can
+scarcely even guess at. General influences from the mother on the child we
+can easily conceive of as conveyed by the mother's blood; we can even
+suppose that the modified blood might act specifically on one particular
+kind of tissue. We can, again, as suggested by F&eacute;r&eacute;, very well believe
+that the maternal emotions act upon the womb and produce various kinds and
+degrees of pressure on the child within, so that the apparently active
+movements of the f&oelig;tus may be really consecutive on unconscious
+maternal excitations.<a name='5_FNanchor_197'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_197'><sup>[197]</sup></a> We may also believe that, as suggested by John
+Thomson, there are slight inco&ouml;rdinations <i>in utero</i>, a kind of
+developmental neurosis, produced by some slight lack of harmony of
+whatever origin, and leading to the production of malformations.<a name='5_FNanchor_198'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_198'><sup>[198]</sup></a> We
+know, finally, that, as F&eacute;r&eacute; and others have repeatedly demonstrated
+during recent years by experiments on chickens, etc., very subtle agents,
+even odors, may profoundly affect embryonic development and produce
+deformity. But how the mother's psychic disposition can, apart from
+heredity, affect specifically the physical conformation or even the
+psychic disposition of the child within her womb must remain for the
+present an insoluble mystery, even if we feel disposed to conclude that in
+some cases such action seems to be indicated.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In comprehending such a connection, however at present
+    undemonstrated, it may well be borne in mind that the
+    relationship of the mother to the child within her womb is of a
+    uniquely intimate character. It is <a name='5_Page_226'></a>of interest in this
+    connection to quote some remarks by an able psychologist, Dr.
+    Henry Rutgers Marshall; the remarks are not less interesting for
+    being brought forward without any connection with the question of
+    maternal impressions: &quot;It is true that, so far as we know, the
+    nervous system of the embryo never has a direct connection with
+    the nervous system of the mother: nevertheless, as there is a
+    reciprocity of reaction between the physical body of the mother
+    and its embryonic parasite, the relation of the embryonic nervous
+    system to the nervous system of the mother is not very far
+    removed from the relation of the pre-eminent part of the nervous
+    system of a man to some minor nervous system within his body
+    which is to a marked extent dissociated from the whole neural
+    mass.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Correspondingly, then, and within the consciousness of the
+    mother, there develops a new little minor consciousness which,
+    although but lightly integrated with the mass of her
+    consciousness, nevertheless has its part in her consciousness
+    taken as a whole, much as the psychic correspondents of the
+    action of the nerve which govern the secretions of the glands of
+    the body have their part in her consciousness taken as a whole.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It is very much as if the optic ganglia developed fully in
+    themselves, without any closer connection with the rest of the
+    brain than existed at their first appearance. They would form a
+    little complex nervous system almost but not quite apart from the
+    brain system; and it would be difficult to deny them a
+    consciousness of their own; which would indeed form part of the
+    whole consciousness of the individual, but which would be in a
+    manner self-dependent.&quot; It must, if this is so, be said that
+    before birth, on the psychic side, the embryo's activities &quot;form
+    part of a complex consciousness which is that of the mother and
+    embryo together.&quot; &quot;Without subscribing to the strange stories of
+    telepathy, of the solemn apparition of a person somewhere at the
+    moment of his death a thousand miles away, of the unquiet ghost
+    haunting the scenes of its bygone hopes and endeavors, one may
+    ask&quot; (with the author of the address in medicine at the Leicester
+    gathering of the British Medical Association, <i>British Medical
+    Journal</i>, July 29, 1905) &quot;whether two brains cannot be so tuned
+    in sympathy as to transmit and receive a subtile transfusion of
+    mind without mediation of sense. Considering what is implied by
+    the human brain with its countless millions of cells, its
+    complexities of minute structure, its innumerable chemical
+    compositions, and the condensed forces in its microscopic and
+    ultramicroscopic elements&mdash;the whole a sort of microcosm of
+    cosmic forces to which no conceivable compound of electric
+    batteries is comparable; considering, again, that from an
+    electric station waves of energy radiate through the viewless air
+    to be caught up by a fit receiver a thousand miles distant, it is
+    not inconceivable that the human brain may send off still more
+    subtile <a name='5_Page_227'></a>waves to be accepted and interpreted by the fitly tuned
+    receiving brain. Is it, after all, mere fancy that a mental
+    atmosphere or effluence emanates from one person to affect
+    another, either soothing sympathetically or irritating
+    antipathically?&quot; These remarks (like Dr. Marshall's) were made
+    without reference to maternal impressions, but it may be pointed
+    out that under no conceivable circumstance could we find a brain
+    in so virginal and receptive a state as is the child's in the
+    womb.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the whole we see that pregnancy induces a psychic state which is at
+once, in healthy persons, one of full development and vigor, and at the
+same time one which, especially in individuals who are slightly abnormal,
+is apt to involve a state of strained or overstrained nervous tension and
+to evoke various manifestations which are in many respects still
+imperfectly understood. Even the specifically sexual emotions tend to be
+heightened, more especially during the earlier period of pregnancy. In 24
+cases of pregnancy in which the point was investigated by Harry Campbell,
+sexual feeling was decidedly increased in 8, in one case (of a woman aged
+31 who had had four children) being indeed only present during pregnancy,
+when it was considerable; in only 7 cases was there diminution or
+disappearance of sexual feeling.<a name='5_FNanchor_199'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_199'><sup>[199]</sup></a> Pregnancy may produce mental
+depression;<a name='5_FNanchor_200'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_200'><sup>[200]</sup></a> but on the other hand it frequently leads to a change of
+the most favorable character in the mental and general well-being. Some
+women indeed are only well during pregnancy. It is remarkable that some
+women who habitually suffer from various nervous troubles&mdash;neuralgias,
+gastralgia, headache, insomnia&mdash;are only free from them at this moment.
+This &quot;paradox of gestation,&quot; as Vinay has termed it, is specially marked
+in the hysterical and those suffering from slight nervous disorders, but
+it is by no means universal, so that although it is possible, Vinay
+states, to confirm the opinion of the ancients as <a name='5_Page_228'></a>to the beneficial
+action of marriage on hysteria, that is only true of slight cases and
+scarcely enables us to counsel marriage in hysteria.<a name='5_FNanchor_201'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_201'><sup>[201]</sup></a> Even a woman's
+intelligence is sometimes heightened by pregnancy, and Tarnier, as quoted
+by Vinay, knew many women whose intelligence, habitually somewhat obtuse,
+has only risen to the normal level during pregnancy.<a name='5_FNanchor_202'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_202'><sup>[202]</sup></a> The pregnant
+woman has reached the climax of womanhood; she has attained to that state
+toward which the periodically recurring menstrual wave has been drifting
+her at regular intervals throughout her sexual life<a name='5_FNanchor_203'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_203'><sup>[203]</sup></a>; she has achieved
+that function for which her body has been constructed, and her mental and
+emotional disposition adapted, through countless ages.</p>
+
+<p>And yet, as we have seen, our ignorance of the changes effected by the
+occurrence of this supremely important event&mdash;even on the physical
+side&mdash;still remains profound. Pregnancy, even for us, the critical and
+unprejudiced children of a civilized age, still remains, as for the
+children of more primitive ages, a mystery. Conception itself is a mystery
+for the primitive man, and may be produced by all sorts of subtle ways
+apart from sexual connection, even by smelling a flower.<a name='5_FNanchor_204'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_204'><sup>[204]</sup></a> The pregnant
+woman <a name='5_Page_229'></a>was surrounded by ceremonies, by reverence and fear, often shut up
+in a place apart.<a name='5_FNanchor_205'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_205'><sup>[205]</sup></a> Her presence, her exhalations, were of extreme
+potency; even in some parts of Europe to-day, as in the Walloon districts
+of Belgium, a pregnant woman must not kiss a child for her breath is
+dangerous, or urinate on plants for she will kill them.<a name='5_FNanchor_206'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_206'><sup>[206]</sup></a> The mystery
+has somewhat changed its form; it still remains. The future of the race is
+bound up with our efforts to fathom the mystery of pregnancy. &quot;The early
+days of human life,&quot; it has been truly said, &quot;are entirely one with the
+mother. On her manner of life&mdash;eating, drinking, sleeping, and
+thinking&mdash;what greatness may not hang?&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_207'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_207'><sup>[207]</sup></a> Schopenhauer observed, with
+misapplied horror, that there is nothing a woman is less modest about than
+the state of pregnancy, while Weininger exclaims: &quot;Never yet has a
+pregnant woman given expression in any form&mdash;poem, memoirs, or
+gyn&aelig;cological monograph&mdash;to her sensations or feelings.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_208'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_208'><sup>[208]</sup></a> Yet when we
+contemplate the mystery of pregnancy and all that it involves, how trivial
+all such considerations become! We are here lifted into a region where our
+highest intelligence can only lead us to adoration, for we are gazing at a
+process in which the operations of Nature become one with the divine task
+of Creation.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_169'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_169'>[169]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Groos, <i>&AElig;sthetische Genuss</i>, p. 249. &quot;We have
+to admit,&quot; Groos observes, &quot;the entrance of another instinct, the impulse
+to tend and foster, so closely connected with the sexual life. It is
+seemingly due to the co-operation of this impulse that the little female
+bird during courtship is so often fed by the male like a young fledgling.
+In man 'love' from the biological standpoint is also an amalgamation of
+two needs; when the tender need to protect and foster and serve is lacking
+the emotion is not quite perfect. Heine's expression, 'With my mantle I
+protect you from the storm,' has always seemed to me very characteristic.&quot;
+Sometimes the sexual impulse may undergo a complete transformation in this
+direction. &quot;I believe there is really a tendency in women,&quot; a lady writes
+in a letter, &quot;to allow maternal feeling to take the place of sexual
+feeling. Very often a woman's feeling for her husband becomes this (though
+he may be twenty years older than herself); sometimes it does not,
+remaining purely sex feeling. Sometimes it is for some other man she has
+this curious self-obliterating maternal feeling. It is not necessarily
+connected with sex intercourse. A prostitute, who has relations with
+dozens of men, may have it for some feeble drunken fool, who perhaps goes
+after other women. I once saw the change from sex feeling to mother
+feeling, as I call it, come almost suddenly over a woman after she had
+lived about four years with a man who was unfaithful to her. Then, when
+all real sex feeling, the hatred of the woman he followed, the desire he
+should give her love and tenderness, had all gone, came the other feeling,
+and she said to me, 'You don't understand at all; he's only my little
+baby; nothing he does can make any difference to me now.' As I grow older
+and understand women's natures better, I can see almost at once which
+relation it is a woman has to her husband, or any given man. It is this
+feeling, and not sex passion, that keeps woman from being free.&quot; Not only
+is there a sexual association in the impulse to foster and protect, there
+would appear to be a similar element also in the response to that impulse.
+Freud has especially insisted on the partly sexual character of the
+child's feelings for those who care for it and tend it and satisfy its
+needs. It is begun in earliest infancy; &quot;whoever has seen the sated infant
+sink back from the breast, to fall asleep with flushed cheeks and happy
+smile, must say that the picture is adequate to the expression of the
+sexual satisfaction of later life.&quot; The lips, moreover, are the earliest
+erogenous zone. &quot;There will, perhaps, be some opposition,&quot; Freud remarks
+(<i>Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie</i>, pp. 36, 64), &quot;to the
+identification of the child's feelings of tenderness and appreciation for
+those who tend it with sexual love, but I believe that exact psychological
+analysis will place the identity beyond doubt. The relationship of the
+child with the person who tends it is for it a continual source of sexual
+excitement and satisfaction flowing from the erogenous zones, especially
+since the fostering person&mdash;as a rule the mother&mdash;regards the child with
+emotions which proceed from her sexual life; strokes it, kisses it, rocks
+it, and very plainly treats it as a compensation for a fully valid sexual
+object.&quot; Freud remarks that girls who retain the childish character of
+their love for their parents to adult age are apt to make cold wives and
+to be sexually an&aelig;sthetic.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_170'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_170'>[170]</a><div class='note'><p> Esbach (in his <i>Th&egrave;se de Paris</i>, published in 1876) showed
+that even the finger nails are affected in pregnancy and become measurably
+thinner.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_171'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_171'>[171]</a><div class='note'><p> C. H. Stratz, <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>,
+Chapter VI.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_172'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_172'>[172]</a><div class='note'><p> Iron appears to be liberated in the maternal organism
+during pregnancy, and Wychgel has shown (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Geburtsh&uuml;lfe und
+Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, bd. xlvii, Heft II) that the pigment of pregnant women
+contains iron, and that the amount of iron in the urine is increased.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_173'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_173'>[173]</a><div class='note'><p> Vinay, <i>Maladies de la Grossesse</i>, Chapter VIII; K. Hennig,
+&quot;Exploratio Externa,&quot; <i>Comptes-rendus du XIIe. Congr&egrave;s International de
+M&eacute;d&egrave;cine</i>, vol. vi, Section XIII, pp. 144-166. A bibliography of the
+literature concerning the physiology of pregnancy, extending to ten pages,
+is appended by Pinard to his article &quot;Grossesse,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire
+Encyclop&eacute;dique des Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_174'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_174'>[174]</a><div class='note'><p> Stratz, <i>op. cit.</i>, Chapter XII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_175'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_175'>[175]</a><div class='note'><p> W. S. A. Griffith, &quot;The Diagnosis of Pregnancy,&quot; <i>British
+Medical Journal</i>, April 11, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_176'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_176'>[176]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Mackenzie and H. O. Nicholson, &quot;The Heart in Pregnancy,&quot;
+<i>British Medical Journal</i>, October 8, 1904; Stengel and Stanton, &quot;The
+Condition of the Heart in Pregnancy,&quot; <i>Medical Record</i>, May 10, 1902 and
+<i>University Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin</i>, Sept., 1904 (summarized in
+<i>British Medical Journal</i>, August 16, 1902, and Sept. 23, 1905.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_177'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_177'>[177]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Henderson, &quot;Maternal Blood at Term,&quot; <i>Journal of
+Obstetrics and Gyn&aelig;cology</i>, February, 1902; C. Douglas, &quot;The Blood in
+Pregnant Women,&quot; <i>British Medical Journal</i>, March 26, 1904; W. L. Thompson,
+&quot;The Blood in Pregnancy,&quot; <i>Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin</i>, June, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_178'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_178'>[178]</a><div class='note'><p> H. O. Nicholson, &quot;Some Remarks on the Maternal Circulation
+in Pregnancy,&quot; <i>British Medical Journal</i>, October 3, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_179'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_179'>[179]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Morris Slemans, &quot;Metabolism During Pregnancy,&quot; <i>Johns
+Hopkins Hospital Reports</i>, vol. xii, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_180'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_180'>[180]</a><div class='note'><p> B. Wolff, <i>Zentralblatt f&uuml;r Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, 1904, No. 26.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_181'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_181'>[181]</a><div class='note'><p> Tridandani, <i>Annali di Ostetrica</i>, March, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_182'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_182'>[182]</a><div class='note'><p> R. Barnes, &quot;The Induction of Labor,&quot; <i>British Medical
+Journal</i>, December 22, 1894.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_183'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_183'>[183]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth
+edition, pp. 344, <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_184'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_184'>[184]</a><div class='note'><p> Arthur Giles, &quot;The Longings of Pregnant Women,&quot;
+<i>Transactions Obstetrical Society of London</i>, vol. xxxv, 1893.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_185'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_185'>[185]</a><div class='note'><p> Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, Chapter XXX.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_186'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_186'>[186]</a><div class='note'><p> Thus, in Cornwall, &quot;to be in the longing way&quot; is a popular
+synonym for pregnancy.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_187'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_187'>[187]</a><div class='note'><p> The apple, wherever it is known, has nearly always been a
+sacred or magic fruit (as J. F. Campbell shows, <i>Popular Tales of West
+Highlands</i>, vol. I, p. lxxv. <i>et seq.</i>), and the fruit of the forbidden
+tree which tempted Eve is always popularly imagined to be an apple. One
+may perhaps refer in this connection to the fact that at Rome and
+elsewhere the testicles have been called apples. I may add that we find a
+curious proof of the recognition of the feminine love of apples in an old
+Portuguese ballad, &quot;Donna Guimar,&quot; in which a damsel puts on armour and
+goes to the wars; her sex is suspected and as a test, she is taken into an
+orchard, but Donna Guimar is too wary to fall into the trap, and turning
+away from the apples plucks a citron.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_188'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_188'>[188]</a><div class='note'><p> A. Pinard, Art. &quot;Grossesse,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique
+des Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>, p. 138. On the subject of violent, criminal and
+abnormal impulses during pregnancy, see Cumston, &quot;Pregnancy and Crime,&quot;
+<i>American Journal Obstetrics</i>, December, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_189'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_189'>[189]</a><div class='note'><p> See especially Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol. i,
+Chapter XXXI. Ballantyne in his work on the pathology of the f&oelig;tus
+adds Loango negroes, the Eskimo and the ancient Japanese.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_190'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_190'>[190]</a><div class='note'><p> In 1731 Schurig, in his <i>Syllepsilogia</i>, devoted more than
+a hundred pages (cap. IX) to summarizing a vast number of curious cases of
+maternal impressions leading to birth-marks of all kinds.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_191'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_191'>[191]</a><div class='note'><p> J. W. Ballantyne has written an excellent history of the
+doctrine of maternal impressions, reprinted in his <i>Manual of Antenatal
+Pathology: The Embryo</i>, 1904, Chapter IX; he gives a bibliography of 381
+items. In Germany the history of the question has been written by Dr. Iwan
+Bloch (under the pseudonym of Gerhard von Welsenburg), <i>Das Versehen der
+Frauen</i>, 1899. <i>Cf.</i>, in French, G. Variot, &quot;Origine des Pr&eacute;jug&eacute;s
+Populaires sur les Envies,&quot; <i>Bulletin Soci&eacute;t&eacute; d'Anthropologie</i>, Paris,
+June 18, 1891. Variot rejects the doctrine absolutely, Bloch accepts it,
+Ballantyne speaks cautiously.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_192'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_192'>[192]</a><div class='note'><p> J. G. Kiernan has shown how many of the alleged cases are
+negatived by the failure to take this fact into consideration. (<i>Journal
+of American Medical Association</i>, December 9, 1899.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_193'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_193'>[193]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Clifton Edgar, <i>The Practice of Obstetrics</i>, second
+edition, 1904, p. 296. In an important discussion of the question at the
+American Gyn&aelig;cological Society in 1886, introduced by Fordyce Barker,
+various eminent gyn&aelig;cologists declared in favor of the doctrine, more or
+less cautiously. (<i>Transactions of the American Gyn&aelig;cological Society</i>,
+vol. xi, 1886, pp. 152-196.) Gould and Pyle, bringing forward some of the
+data on the question (<i>Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine</i>, pp. 81, <i>et
+seq.</i>) state that the reality of the influence of maternal impressions
+seems fully established. On the other side, see G. W. Cook, <i>American
+Journal of Obstetrics</i>, September, 1889, and H. F. Lewis, <i>ib.</i>, July,
+1899.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_194'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_194'>[194]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Transactions Edinburgh Obstetrical Society</i>, vol. xvii,
+1892.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_195'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_195'>[195]</a><div class='note'><p> J. W. Ballantyne, <i>Manual of Antenatal Pathology: The
+Embryo</i>, p. 45.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_196'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_196'>[196]</a><div class='note'><p> W. C. Dabney, &quot;Maternal Impressions,&quot; Keating's <i>Cyclop&aelig;dia
+of Diseases of Children</i>, vol. i, 1889, pp. 191-216.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_197'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_197'>[197]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Sensation et Mouvement</i>, Chapter XIV, &quot;Sur la
+Psychologie du F&oelig;tus.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_198'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_198'>[198]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Thomson, &quot;Defective Co-ordination in Utero,&quot; <i>British
+Medical Journal</i>, September 6, 1902.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_199'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_199'>[199]</a><div class='note'><p> H. Campbell, <i>Nervous Organization of Man and Woman</i>, p.
+206; <i>cf.</i> Moll, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p. 264.
+Many authorities, from Soranus of Ephesus onward, consider, however, that
+sexual relations should cease during pregnancy, and certainly during the
+later months. <i>Cf.</i> Br&eacute;not, <i>De l'influence de la copulation pendant la
+grosseisse</i>, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_200'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_200'>[200]</a><div class='note'><p> Bianchi terms this fairly common condition the neurasthenia
+of pregnancy.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_201'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_201'>[201]</a><div class='note'><p> Vinay, <i>Trait&eacute; des Maladies de la Grossesse</i>, 1894, pp. 51,
+577; Mongeri, &quot;Nervenkrankungen und Schwangerschaft.&quot; <i>Allegemeine
+Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Psychiatrie</i>, bd. LVIII, Heft 5. Haig remarks (<i>Uric
+Acid</i>, sixth edition, p. 151) that during normal pregnancy diseases with
+excess of uric acid in the blood (headaches, fits, mental depression,
+dyspepsia, asthma) are absent, and considers that the common idea that
+women do not easily take colds, fevers, etc., at this time is well
+founded.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_202'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_202'>[202]</a><div class='note'><p> Founding his remarks on certain anatomical changes and on a
+suggestion of Engel's, Donaldson observes: &quot;It is impossible to escape the
+conclusion that in women natural education is complete only with
+maternity, which we know to effect some slight changes in the sympathetic
+system and possibly the spinal cord, and which may be fairly laid under
+suspicion of causing more structural modifications than are at present
+recognized.&quot; H. H. Donaldson, <i>The Growth of the Brain</i>, p. 352.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_203'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_203'>[203]</a><div class='note'><p> The state of menstruation is in many respects an
+approximation to that of pregnancy; see, <i>e.g.</i>, Edgar's <i>Practice of
+Obstetrics</i>, plates 6 6 and 7, showing the resemblance of the menstrual
+changes in the breasts and the external sexual parts to the changes of
+pregnancy; <i>cf.</i> Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition, Chapter
+XI, &quot;The Functional Periodicity of Woman.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_204'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_204'>[204]</a><div class='note'><p> Thus the gypsies say of an unmarried woman who becomes
+pregnant, &quot;She has smelt the moon-flower&quot;&mdash;a flower believed to grow on
+the so-called moon-mountain and to possess the property of impregnating by
+its smell. Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, bd. I, Chapter XXVII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_205'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_205'>[205]</a><div class='note'><p> This was a sound instinct, for it is now recognized as an
+extremely important part of puericulture that a woman should rest at all
+events during the latter part of pregnancy; see, <i>e.g.</i>, Pinard, <i>Gazette
+des H&ocirc;pitaux</i>, November 28, 1895, and <i>Annales de Gyn&eacute;cologie</i>, August,
+1898.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_206'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_206'>[206]</a><div class='note'><p> Ploss and Bartels, <i>op. cit.</i>, Chapter XXIX;
+&#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. viii, p. 143.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_207'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_207'>[207]</a><div class='note'><p> Griffith Wilkin, <i>British Medical Journal</i>, April 8, 1905.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_208'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_208'>[208]</a><div class='note'><p> Weininger, <i>Geschlecht und Charakter</i>, p. 107. I may remark
+that a recent book, Ellis Meredith's <i>Heart of My Heart</i>, is devoted to a
+seemingly autobiographical account of a pregnant woman's emotions and
+ideas. The relations of maternity to intellectual work have been carefully
+and impartially investigated by Adele Gerhard and Helena Simon, who seem
+to conclude that the conflict between the inevitable claims of maternity
+and the scarcely less inevitable claims of the intellectual life cannot be
+avoided.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+<a name='5_Page_230'></a>
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_APPENDIX'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_231'></a>APPENDIX.</h2>
+
+<h3>HISTORIES OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY I.&mdash;</b>The following narrative has been written by a
+    university man trained in psychology:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    So far as I have been able to learn, none of my ancestors for at
+    least three generations have suffered from any nervous or mental
+    disease; and of those more remote I can learn nothing at all. It
+    appears probable, then, that any peculiarities of my own sexual
+    development must be explained by reference to the somewhat
+    peculiar environment.</p>
+
+<p>    I was the first child and was, naturally, somewhat spoiled&mdash;a
+    process which tended to increase my natural tendency to
+    sentimentality. On the other hand, I was shy and undemonstrative
+    with all except my nearest relatives, and with them as well after
+    my seventh or eighth year. And here it may be well to describe my
+    &quot;mental type,&quot; as this is probably the most important factor in
+    determining the direction of one's mental development. Of mental
+    types the &quot;visual&quot; is, of course, by far the most common, but in
+    my own case visual imagery was never strong or vivid, and has
+    constantly grown weaker. The dominant part has been played by
+    tactual, muscular and organic sensations, placing me as one of
+    the &quot;tactual motor&quot; type, with strong &quot;verbal motor&quot; and
+    &quot;organic&quot; tendencies. In reading a novel I seldom have a mental
+    picture of the character or situation, but easily imagine the
+    sensations (except the visual) and feel something of the emotions
+    described. When telling of any event I have a strong impulse to
+    make the movements described and to gesticulate. I remember
+    events in terms of movements and the words to be used in giving
+    an account of them; and in thinking of any subject I can feel the
+    movements of the larynx and, in a less degree, of the lips and
+    tongue that would be involved in putting my thoughts into words.
+    I am easily moved to emotion, even to sentimentality, but am
+    seldom if ever deeply affected and am so averse to any display of
+    my feelings that I have the reputation among my acquaintances of
+    being cold, unfeeling and unemotional. I am naturally quiet and
+    bashful to a degree, which has rendered all forms of social
+    intercourse painful through much of my life, and this in spite of
+    a real longing to associate with people on terms of intimacy. As
+    a child I was sensitive and solitary; later I became morbid as
+    well. In a character so constituted the feelings and impulses <a name='5_Page_232'></a>of
+    the moment are likely to rule, and such has been my constant
+    experience, though a large element of obstinacy in my character
+    has kept me from appearing impulsive, and slight influences will
+    bring about reactions which seem out of all proportion to their
+    cause. For instance, I cannot, even now, read the more erotic of
+    Boccaccio's stories without a good deal of sexual excitement and
+    restlessness, which can be relieved only by vigorous exercise or
+    masturbation.</p>
+
+<p>    The first ten years of my life were passed on a farm, most of the
+    time without playmates or companions of my own age.</p>
+
+<p>    As far back as I can remember I indulged in elaborate day-dreams
+    in which I figured as the chief character along with a few others
+    who were chiefly creatures of my imagination, but at times
+    borrowed from reality. These others were always boys until I
+    learned the proper function of the sexual organs, when girls
+    usurped the whole stage in numbers beyond the limits of a Turkish
+    harem. Even at school my day-dreams were scarcely interrupted,
+    for my shyness and timidity made me very unpopular among my
+    schoolmates, who tormented me after the fashion of small boys or
+    neglected me, as the spirit moved them. To make matters worse, I
+    was brought up under the &quot;sheltered life system,&quot; kept carefully
+    away from the &quot;bad boys,&quot; which category included nearly all the
+    youngsters of the community, and deluged with moral homilies and
+    tirades on things religious until I was thoroughly convinced that
+    goodness and discomfort, the right and the unpleasant, were
+    strictly synonymous; and I was kept through much of the time
+    facing the prospect of an early death, to be followed by the good
+    old orthodox hell or the equal miseries of its gorgeous
+    alternative. I may say in all seriousness that this is a
+    conservative and unexaggerated account of one phase of my early
+    life&mdash;the one, I think, that tended most strongly to make me
+    introspective and morbid. Later on, when I was trying to abandon
+    the habit of masturbation, this early training greatly increased
+    the despair I felt at each successive failure.</p>
+
+<p>    The first traces of sexual excitement that I can now recall
+    occurred when I was about 4 years old. I had erections quite
+    frequently and found a mild pleasure in fondling my genitals when
+    these occurred, especially just after waking in the morning. I
+    had no notion of an orgasm, and never succeeded in producing one
+    until I was 13 years of age. In the summer of my sixth year I
+    experienced pleasurable sensations in daubing my genitals with
+    oil and then fondling or rubbing them, but I abandoned this
+    amusement after getting some irritating substance into the
+    meatus. A year later my mother warned me that playing with my
+    penis would &quot;make me very sick,&quot; but since experience had taught
+    me that this was not true, my conviction that what was forbidden
+    must necessarily be pleasant, sent me directly to my favorite
+    retreat in the barn loft to experiment. Since, however, I failed,
+    in spite of persistent <a name='5_Page_233'></a>effort, to produce any such pleasant
+    results as I had expected, I soon gave up my attempts for other
+    kinds of amusement.</p>
+
+<p>    A few months after this, in midsummer, a very sensual servant
+    girl began a series of attempts to satisfy herself sexually with
+    my help. She came nearly every day into the loft where I was
+    playing and did her best to initiate me into the mysteries of
+    sexual relationships, but I proved a sorry pupil. She would rub
+    my penis until it became erect and then, placing me upon her,
+    would insert the penis in her vulva and make movements of her
+    thighs and hips calculated to cause friction. At times she varied
+    the program by lying upon me and embracing me passionately. I can
+    remember distinctly her quick, gasping breath and convulsive
+    movements. She generally ended the seance by persuading me to
+    perform cunnilingus upon her. None of these performances were
+    intelligible to me and I invariably protested against being
+    compelled to leave my play to amuse her. Even her fondling of my
+    genitals annoyed me; and, stranger still, I preferred satisfying
+    her by cunnilingus to the attempts at coitus.</p>
+
+<p>    It was nearly a year later that I experienced the first
+    unmistakable manifestations of the sexual impulse&mdash;erections
+    accompanied by lustful feeling and vague desires of whose proper
+    satisfaction I had no notion whatever. It never occurred to me to
+    associate my experiences with the servant girl with these new
+    sensations. The peculiar fact about them was that they were
+    generally occasioned by the infliction of pain upon animals. I do
+    not remember how I first discovered that they could be evoked in
+    this way, but I can clearly recollect many of my efforts to
+    arouse this pleasurable excitement by abusing the dog or the
+    cats, or by prodding the calves with a nail set in the end of a
+    broom handle. I seldom manipulated my genitals at this time, and
+    when I did it was for the purpose of causing sexual excitement
+    rather than allaying it.</p>
+
+<p>    During this same year I got my first idea of sexual intercourse
+    by watching animals copulate; but my powers of observation must
+    have been limited, for I supposed that the penis of the male
+    entered the anus of the female. In watching the coitus of animals
+    I experienced lively sexual excitement and lustful sensations,
+    located not only in the genitals, but apparently in the anus as
+    well. I often excited, myself by imagining myself playing the
+    part of the female animal&mdash;a peculiar combination of passive
+    pederasty and bestiality. A servant girl put me to right on the
+    error of observation just mentioned, but neglected to apply the
+    principle to human animals, and I remained for another year in
+    complete ignorance of the structure of woman's sexual organs and
+    of the intercourse between man and woman. In the meantime I
+    cultivated my fancies of intercourse with animals, often still
+    perversely imagining myself taking the part of the female; and
+    the notion of such <a name='5_Page_234'></a>relationships gradually became so familiar as
+    to seem possible and desirable. This is especially significant in
+    view of later developments.</p>
+
+<p>    Up to my eleventh or twelfth year the erotic element in my
+    daydreaming varied with the seasons. In the summer it played a
+    dominant part, while in the winter it was almost entirely absent,
+    owing, it may be, to the fact that most of my time was spent
+    indoors or on long, tiresome tramps to and from school, and the
+    further fact that during the winter I saw but little of the
+    animals which had acted as a stimulus to sexual excitement. So
+    little was I troubled in winter and so ignorant was I of normal
+    intercourse that sleeping with a cousin, a girl of about my own
+    age (7 or 8 years), resulted in no addition to my knowledge of
+    things sexual.</p>
+
+<p>    It was early in my ninth year that I first learned something of
+    the anatomical difference between man and woman and of the
+    functions of the sexual organs in coitus. These were explained to
+    me by a young male servant, who, however, told me nothing of
+    conception or pregnancy. At first I was very little interested,
+    as it did not immediately occur to me to associate my own erotic
+    experiences with the matter of these revelations; but under the
+    faithful tuition of my new instructor I soon began to desire
+    normal coitus, and my interest in the sexual affairs of animals
+    weakened accordingly. His teachings went still further, for he
+    masturbated before me, then persuaded me to masturbate him, and
+    finally practiced coitus inter femora upon me. He also tried to
+    masturbate me, but was unable to produce an orgasm, though I
+    found the experiment mildly pleasurable.</p>
+
+<p>    Early in my eleventh year we left the farm and lived in the city
+    for several months. In the meantime there had been no
+    developments in my sexual life beyond what has already been
+    indicated. In the city I found so much to interest and amuse me
+    that I almost entirely forgot my erotic day-dreams and desires.
+    Though my chief playmates were two girls of about my own age I
+    never thought of attempting sexual intercourse with them, as I
+    might easily have done, for they were much wiser and more
+    experienced in these things than myself. Shortly before the end
+    of our stay in town an older schoolmate explained to me as much
+    of the process of reproduction as is usually known by a
+    precocious youngster of 12 years, but I firmly refused to credit
+    his statements. He adduced the fact of lactation in proof of the
+    correctness of his views, but I had been too thoroughly steeped
+    in supernaturalism to be very amenable to naturalistic evidence
+    of this sort and remained obdurate. But the suggestion stayed
+    with me and perplexed me not a little; when we returned to the
+    farm I began to watch the reproductive process in animals.</p>
+
+<p>    The following two years were decidedly unpleasant. I was growing
+    rapidly and was sluggish, awkward and stupid. At school I was
+    more <a name='5_Page_235'></a>unpopular than ever and seemed to have a positive genius
+    for doing the wrong thing. On the rare occasions when my
+    companions admitted me to their counsels I was a willing dupe and
+    catspaw, with the result that I was much in trouble with my
+    teachers. Being morbidly sensitive I suffered keenly under these
+    circumstances and, as my health was not at all good, I often made
+    of my frequent headaches excuses to stay at home, where I would
+    lie abed brooding over my small troubles or, more often, dreaming
+    erotic day-dreams and making repeated attempts to produce an
+    orgasm. But though these efforts were accompanied by the most
+    lustful thoughts and my imagination created situations of
+    oriental extravagance, I was 13 years old when they first met
+    with success. I remember the occasion very distinctly, the more
+    so because I thought of it much and bitterly when shortly
+    afterwards I tried to abandon a habit which the family &quot;doctor
+    book&quot; assured me must result in every variety of damnation. At
+    the moment, however, I was greatly surprised and gratified and
+    tried at once to repeat the delightful sensation, but was unable
+    to do so until the following day. From that time to the present I
+    think I have masturbated an average of ten times per week, and
+    this is certainly a very conservative estimate; for though up to
+    my sixteenth year I could seldom produce an orgasm more than once
+    a day I have often, during the last four or five years, produced
+    it from four to seven times per day without difficulty and this
+    for days and even weeks in succession. During these periods of
+    excessive masturbation very little liquid was ejaculated and the
+    pleasurable sensations were slight or entirely lacking.</p>
+
+<p>    From the time when I began masturbating regularly practically my
+    whole interest centered in things pertaining to sex. I read the
+    chapters of the family &quot;doctor book&quot; which treated of sexual
+    matters; my day-dreams were almost exclusively erotic; I sought
+    opportunities to talk about sex-relationships with my
+    schoolmates, with whom I was now slowly getting on better terms;
+    I collected pictures of nude women, learned a great number of
+    obscene stories, read such obscene books as I could obtain and
+    even searched the dictionary for words having a sexual
+    connotation. Up to my fifteenth year, when ejaculation of semen
+    began, there was a strong sadistic coloring to my day-dreams.
+    Through this period, too, my bashfulness in the presence of the
+    opposite sex increased until it reached the point of absurdity.</p>
+
+<p>    When fifteen years old I began to practice coitus inter femora on
+    my brother and continued it intermittently for about two years.
+    The experience was disappointing, for I had confidently expected
+    a great increase of pleasure over masturbation in this act; and
+    in casting about for some stronger stimulus I recurred to the
+    forgotten idea of intercourse with animals. I promptly tried to
+    put the idea to a test, but failed several times, and finally
+    succeeded, only to find that the result <a name='5_Page_236'></a>fell far short of my
+    expectations. Nevertheless I continued the practice irregularly
+    for about three years&mdash;or rather through that part of the three
+    years that I spent at home, for while I was at school opportunity
+    for such indulgence was lacking. Long familiarity with the idea
+    of intercourse with animals had made it impossible for me to feel
+    the disgust with the practice which it inspires in most people;
+    and even the perusal of Exodus xxii: 19 failed to make me abandon
+    it. Firmly as I believed in the Mosaic law the supremacy of the
+    sexual impulse was complete.</p>
+
+<p>    As early as my sixteenth year I tried to abandon &quot;self-abuse&quot; in
+    all its forms and have repeatedly made the same effort since that
+    time but never with more than very partial success. On two or
+    three occasions I have stopped for periods of several weeks, but
+    only to begin again and indulge more recklessly than before. The
+    deep depression which followed each failure, and often each act
+    of masturbation, I attributed solely to the loss of semen,
+    leaving out of account the fact that I expected to feel depressed
+    and the utter discouragement and self-contempt which accompanied
+    the sense of failure and weakness when, in the face of my
+    resolution, I repeatedly gave way and yielded to the temptation
+    to an act whose consequences I firmly believed must be ruinous. I
+    am now convinced that by far the greater part of this depression
+    was due to suggestion and the humiliating sense of defeat. And
+    this feeling of moral impotence, this seeming helplessness
+    against an overpowering impulse which, on the other hand, seemed
+    so trivial when viewed without passion, eventually weakened my
+    self-control to a degree guessed by no one but myself and sapped
+    the foundations of my moral life in a way which I have constant
+    occasion to deplore.</p>
+
+<p>    The foregoing paragraphs give, I think, a fair idea of my
+    condition when I left home for a boarding school at the beginning
+    of my seventeenth year. From this time my experiences may be said
+    to have run on in two distinct cycles&mdash;that of the summer months
+    when I was at home, and that of the remainder of the year when I
+    was at school. This fact will make some confusion and apparent
+    inconsistency in the rest of this &quot;history&quot; unavoidable. When I
+    left home I was shy, retiring, totally ignorant of social usage,
+    without self-confidence, unambitious, dreamy, and subject to fits
+    of melancholy. I masturbated at least once a day, though I was in
+    almost constant rebellion against the habit. In my more idle
+    moments I elaborated erotic day dreams in which there was a
+    peculiar mixture of the purely sensual and the purely ideal
+    element; which never fused in my experience, but held the field
+    alternately or mingled somewhat in the manner of air and water.
+    One person usually served as the object of my ideal attachment,
+    another as the center round which I grouped my sensual dreams and
+    desires.</p>
+
+<p>    At school I found more congenial companions than I had fallen in
+    with <a name='5_Page_237'></a>elsewhere, and the necessary contact with people of both
+    sexes gradually wore off some of the rougher corners and brought
+    a measure of self-confidence. I had two or three incipient love
+    affairs which my backwardness kept from growing serious. Out of
+    this change of environment came a sense of expansion, of escape
+    from self, which was distinctly pleasant. I still masturbated
+    regularly, but no longer experienced the former depression except
+    when at home during vacation. Relatively to the past, life was
+    now so varied and interesting that I had less and less time for
+    melancholy; and the discovery that I could lead my classes and
+    hold my own in athletic sports seemed to indicate that my past
+    fears had been exaggerated. Nevertheless I was never reconciled
+    to the habit and often rebelled at the weakness that kept me its
+    slave.</p>
+
+<p>    When I entered the university the effects of my useless struggle
+    with the practice of masturbation were pretty well developed. I
+    could no longer fix my attention steadily upon my work and found
+    that only by &quot;cribbing&quot; and &quot;bluffing&quot; could I keep my place at
+    the head of my classes. I was troubled not a little by the
+    shoddiness of my work, and tried again and again during the
+    course of the two years spent at this college to shake off the
+    habit. At the university I was introduced gradually to a wider
+    social circle and so far outgrew my bashfulness that I began to
+    seek the society of the opposite sex assiduously. As I gained
+    self-confidence I became reckless, getting at one time into
+    serious trouble with the authorities which came near resulting in
+    my expulsion. I became one of the more popular members of the
+    clique to which I belonged&mdash;much to my surprise and even more to
+    that of my acquaintances. The physical culture craze attacked me
+    at this time and my pet ambition was the attainment of strength
+    and agility. My bump of vanity also grew apace, but an unmeasured
+    hatred of all kinds of foppishness kept me on the safe side of
+    moderation in my dress and behavior.</p>
+
+<p>    During my second year of university life I had two love affairs
+    in the course of which I found that my interest in any particular
+    member of the fair sex disappeared as soon as it was returned.
+    The pursuit was fascinating enough, but I cared nothing at all
+    for the prize when once it was within reach. I may add that the
+    interest I had in the girls was purely ideal. While at this
+    school I do not think I masturbated half as often as while at the
+    preparatory school.</p>
+
+<p>    When I left this college for &mdash;&mdash; University I took with me a
+    formidable catalogue of good resolutions, first among which was
+    the determination to abandon all kinds of &quot;self-abuse.&quot; I think I
+    kept this one about a month. As I had gone from a comparatively
+    small school to one of the largest of American universities the
+    change was great and the revelations it brought me frequently
+    humiliating. I was lonesome, home-sick, and my bump of
+    self-esteem was woefully bruised; and not <a name='5_Page_238'></a>unnaturally I soon
+    began to seek a partial solace in day-dreams and masturbation.
+    After I had become somewhat adapted to my new environment I
+    indulged less frequently in either, and from that time to the
+    present I have masturbated very irregularly, sometimes but little
+    and again to excess.</p>
+
+<p>    Not long after I came to this place I met a young lady with whom
+    I soon became quite intimate. For over a year our friendship was
+    strictly platonic and then swung suddenly around to a sexual
+    basis. We were ardent lovers for a few weeks, after which I tired
+    of the game as I had before in other cases, and broke off all
+    relations with her as abruptly as was possible. Since then I have
+    almost wholly withdrawn from the society and companionship of
+    women and have almost entirely lost whatever tact and assurance I
+    once possessed in their company. Things pertaining to sexual life
+    have interested me rather more than less, but have occupied my
+    attention much less exclusively than before this episode. Though
+    I have never intended to marry, my breaking off relations with
+    this girl affected me much. At any rate it marked an abrupt
+    change in the character of my sexual experiences. The sexual
+    impulse seems to have lost its power to rouse me to action.
+    Hitherto I had practiced masturbation always under protest, as it
+    were&mdash;as the only available form of sexual satisfaction; while
+    now I resigned myself to it as all that there was to hope for in
+    that field. Of course I knew that a little effort or a little
+    money would procure natural satisfaction of my sexual needs, but
+    I also knew that I would never, under any ordinary circumstances,
+    put forth the necessary effort, and fear of venereal disease has
+    been more than enough to keep me away from houses of
+    prostitution.</p>
+
+<p>    Some months ago I refrained from masturbation for a period of
+    about six weeks and watched carefully for any change in my health
+    or spirits, but noticed none at all. The only impulse to
+    masturbate was occasioned by fits of restlessness accompanied by
+    erections and a mildly pleasurable feeling of fullness in the
+    penis and scrotum. I think that over 75 per cent, of my acts of
+    masturbation are provoked by these fits of restlessness and are
+    unaccompanied by fancy images, erotic thoughts, lustful desires,
+    or marked pleasure. At other times the act is occasioned by
+    erotic thoughts and images, and is accompanied by a considerable
+    degree of lustful pleasure which, however, is never so intense as
+    in my earlier experiences and has steadily decreased from the
+    first. Usually the orgasm is accompanied by a strong contraction
+    of all the voluntary muscles, particularly the extensors,
+    followed by a slight giddiness and slight feeling of exhaustion.
+    If repeated several times in the course of a single day the acts
+    are followed by dullness and lassitude; otherwise the feeling of
+    exhaustion passes away quickly and a sense of relief and quiet
+    takes its place. So natural or rather habitual has this resort
+    <a name='5_Page_239'></a>to masturbation as a means of relief from nervousness and
+    restlessness become that the act is almost instinctive in its
+    unconsciousness.</p>
+
+<p>    I am extremely sensitive to all kinds of sexual influences, and
+    have an insatiable curiosity regarding everything that pertains
+    to the sexual life of men or women. I am not, however, excited
+    sexually by conversation about sexual facts and relationships, no
+    matter what its nature, though in reading erotic literature my
+    excitement is often intense.</p>
+
+<p>    The tendency to day dream has never left me, but there are no
+    longer any elaborate scenes or long-continued &quot;stories,&quot; these
+    having been replaced by vaguely imagined incidents which are
+    usually broken off before they reach a satisfactory climax. They
+    are always interrupted by the intrusion of other matters, usually
+    of more practical interest; and the long-continued habit of
+    satisfying myself by masturbation has made erotic dreams rather
+    tantalizing than pleasurable. I dream very seldom at night&mdash;at
+    least I can scarcely ever remember any dreams upon waking&mdash;and
+    practically never of sexual relations. I have not had a nocturnal
+    emission for over three years, and probably not more than
+    twenty-five in my life.</p>
+
+<p>    In my &quot;love passages&quot; with girls there has been no serious
+    thought of coitus on my part, and I have never had intercourse
+    with a woman&mdash;unless my early experiences with the servant girl
+    be called such. Like all masturbators I always idealized &quot;love&quot;
+    to the utter exclusion of all sensual cravings; and the notion
+    that the physical act of coitus was something degrading and
+    destructive of real love rather than its consummation was, of all
+    prejudices I have ever formed, the most difficult to escape&mdash;a
+    circumstance due, I suppose, to the fact that all I had ever been
+    taught on the subject tended to the complete divorce of what was
+    called &quot;love&quot; from what was stigmatized as a &quot;base sensual
+    desire.&quot; Judging from my own experience and observation I should
+    say that &quot;ideal love&quot; is a mere surface feeling, bound to
+    disappear as soon as it has gained its object by arousing a
+    reciprocal interest on the part of the one to whom it is
+    directed. So little did I &quot;materialize&quot; the objects of my &quot;love&quot;
+    that I have never cared for kissing or the warm embraces in which
+    lovers usually indulge. I have never kissed but one girl, and her
+    with far too little enthusiasm to satisfy her. My last sweetheart
+    was a very passionate girl, the warmth of whose embraces was
+    somewhat torrid and, to me, both puzzling and annoying. The
+    intensity of feeling which demanded such strenuous expression was
+    beyond my knowledge of human nature. A somewhat peculiar
+    circumstance in connection with these experiences is the fact
+    that I often found myself trying to analyze my emotions with a
+    purely psychological interest while playing the part of the
+    intoxicated lover in his mistress's arms.</p>
+
+<p>    There is but little left to say on the subject of my sexual
+    development. During the last two or three years my knowledge of
+    the facts of <a name='5_Page_240'></a>the sexual life has been very greatly increased,
+    and I have become acquainted with phases of human nature which
+    were wholly unknown to me before. The part played by things
+    sexual in my life is still, I suppose, abnormally large; it is
+    undoubtedly the largest single interest, though my outer life is
+    determined almost wholly by other considerations.</p>
+
+<p>    Of course I know nothing of the effect which long-continued
+    masturbation may have had on my ability to perform normal coitus.
+    I do not think I am subject to any kind of sexual perversion, for
+    all my indulgence has been <i>faute de mieux</i> and, at least since I
+    began masturbation, all my desires and erotic day-dreams have had
+    to do only with normal coitus. The mystery which surrounds the
+    sexual act seems at times to be regaining its former influence
+    and power of fascination. I have no doubt, however, but that I
+    should be greatly disillusioned should I ever perform coitus; and
+    I greatly regret that I have not been able to test this
+    conviction and so round out and complete this &quot;history.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It may be worth while to say a word about my religious
+    experiences, as, in many cases, they are closely bound up with
+    the sexual impulse. I was never &quot;converted,&quot; but on a dozen or
+    more occasions approached the crisis more or less closely. The
+    dominant emotion in these experiences was always fear, sometimes
+    with anger and despair intermixed in varying proportions. A
+    complete analysis of these experiences is, of course, impossible,
+    but the various pleasurable feelings of which converts spoke in
+    the revivals which I attended were a closed book to me. Following
+    my revival-meeting experiences came a few days spent in a sort of
+    moral exaltation during which I eschewed all my habits of which
+    conventional morality disapproved, save masturbation, and felt no
+    small satisfaction with my moral conditions. I became a
+    first-rate Pharisee. Toward the women who had figured in my day
+    dreams I suddenly conceived the chastest affection, resolutely
+    smothering every sensual thought and fancy when thinking of them,
+    and putting in place of these elements ideal love,
+    self-sacrifice, knightly devotion&mdash;Sunday-school Garden-of-Eden
+    pictures with a medi&aelig;val, romantic coloring. These day-dreams
+    were always sexual, involving situations of extreme complexity
+    and monumental silliness. Masturbation was always continued and
+    usually with increased frequency. The end of these periods was
+    always abrupt and much like awaking from a dream in which the
+    dreamer has been behaving in a manner to arouse his own disgust.
+    They were followed by feelings of sheepishness and self-contempt
+    mingled with anger and a dislike of all things having to do with
+    religion. My inability to pass the conversion crisis and a
+    growing contempt for empty enthusiasm finally led me to a saner
+    attitude toward religion, from which I passed easily into
+    religious scepticism; and later the study of philosophy and
+    science, and particularly of psychology, banished the last
+    lingering remnant <a name='5_Page_241'></a>of faith in a supernatural agency and led me
+    to the passion for facts and indifference to values which have
+    caused me to be often called &quot;dead to all morality.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY II.&mdash;</b>C. A., aged 25, unmarried; tutor, preparing to take
+    Holy Orders:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    My paternal ancestry (which is largely Huguenot) is noteworthy
+    for its patriotism and its large families. My father, who died
+    when I was a year old, is remembered for the singular uprightness
+    and purity of his life from his earliest childhood. The
+    photograph which I have shows him as possessed of a rare classic
+    beauty of features. He was an ideal husband and father. At the
+    time of his death he was a Master of Arts and a school principal.
+    My mother is an extraordinarily neurotic woman, yet famed among
+    her friends for her great domesticity, attachment to her
+    husbands, and an almost abnormal love of babies. She has nobly
+    borne the ill-treatment of her second husband, who for several
+    years has been in a state of melancholia. My mother has been
+    &quot;highly-wrought&quot; all her life, and has suffered intensely from
+    fears of all kinds. As a young girl she was somnambulistic, and
+    once fell down a stairhead during sleep. In spite of her bodily
+    sufferings with indigestion, eye-strain, and depression she
+    retains her youthfulness. She has slight powers of reasoning. She
+    has had times of unconsciousness and rigidity, I have never heard
+    any mention of epilepsy. She has a horror of showing prudishness
+    in regard to the healthful manifestations of sex life, and is
+    always praising examples of what she terms &quot;a natural woman.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    I have heard that during my first year my mother detected my
+    nurse in the act of putting a morphine powder on my tongue for
+    the purpose of keeping me quiet. I was subject to convulsions at
+    this period, and narrowly escaped a permanent hernia. My family
+    tell me that from the beginning I was a well-developed and boyish
+    boy, full of mischief, impulsive, good to look upon, unusually
+    affectionate, beloved by all.</p>
+
+<p>    In my third year I took pleasure in crawling under the bed with
+    my boy-cousin who was nine months my senior, and after we had
+    taken down our drawers, in kissing each other's nates. I do not
+    remember which of us first thought of this pastime.</p>
+
+<p>    At the age of 4 I gave myself a treat by gazing upward through a
+    cellar window at the nates of a woman who was defecating from
+    several feet above into a cesspool that lay beneath. It was
+    during this summer also that I frightened myself by pulling back
+    my prepuce far enough to disclose the purple glans, which I had
+    never seen before. But this act gave me no desire to masturbate.</p>
+
+<p>    When 5 years old, and living in a great city, I drew indecent
+    pictures in company with a little girl and her younger brother.
+    These pictures <a name='5_Page_242'></a>represented men in the act of urinating. The
+    penes were drawn large, and the streams of urine plainly
+    indicated. One afternoon I induced the boy to go to the
+    bath-room, lie on his back, and allow me to perform <i>fellatio</i> on
+    him. I did not ask him to return the favor. I remember the
+    curious tar-like smell of his clothing and the region about his
+    genitals. It is possible that I gained my knowledge of <i>fellatio</i>
+    from an unknown boy of 10, who had induced me, during the
+    preceding summer to enter a sandy lot with him, watch him
+    urinate, and then, kneeling before him, commit <i>fellatio</i>. A year
+    later, as I was walking home in the rain to our summer cottage,
+    with an open umbrella over my shoulder, a boy of 15, who was
+    leaning against our fence, exhibited a large, erect penis, and
+    when I had passed him urinated upon me and my umbrella. I never
+    saw the boy again. I felt peculiarly insulted by his act. Back of
+    the house there lived a 12-year-old boy who invited me to watch
+    him defecate in the outdoor privy, and during the act told me a
+    number of indecent stories and words which I cannot remember.</p>
+
+<p>    About this time I fell in love with a little Jewish boy next
+    door. Often I cried myself to sleep over the thought that perhaps
+    he was lying on a sofa alone and crying with a stomach-ache. I
+    longed to embrace him; and yet I saw little of him, and made
+    little of him when I was with him.</p>
+
+<p>    Living in a Western city a few months later, some girls of 12 and
+    14 led me to their barn, where they dressed themselves in boys'
+    clothing and made believe that they were cowboys. One of them
+    told me to &quot;shut my eyes, open my mouth, and get a surprise.&quot;
+    When I opened my eyes once more a piece of hen-dung lay in my
+    mouth. I have a vague remembrance of one of the girls asking me
+    to enter a water-closet with her. She uttered some indelicate
+    phrase, but I performed no act with her. In the house where I
+    lived I once entered the bedroom of a half-grown girl while she
+    was dressing. She knelt to kiss me innocently enough, and I, by a
+    sudden impulse, ran my hand between her bare neck and her corset
+    as far as I could reach. Apparently she took no notice of my
+    movement. Although I did not masturbate, yet during this winter I
+    experienced a tickling sensation about my genitals when I placed
+    my hand beneath them as I lay on my stomach in bed. One evening I
+    pulled up my night-dress and, holding my penis in my hand, I
+    danced to and fro on the carpet. I imagined that I was one of a
+    line of naked men and women who were advancing toward another
+    similar line that faced them. I imagined myself as pleasurably
+    coming in contact with my female partner who possessed male
+    genitals.</p>
+
+<p>    The following summer I lived in the woods. My next-door playmate
+    was a little girl of my own age&mdash;6 years. She sat down before me
+    in the barn and exposed her genitals. This was the first time I
+    had seen female organs, or had thought for a moment that they
+    differed from <a name='5_Page_243'></a>my own. In great perplexity I asked the little
+    girl: &quot;Has it been cut off?&quot; She and I defecated in peach baskets
+    that we found in the upper part of the barn.</p>
+
+<p>    When I was 7 years old and back in the Eastern city I lived in
+    the house of a physician. Alone with his 3-year-old daughter one
+    day, I showed her my erect organ, and felt a delicious
+    gratification when she stroked it with the words: &quot;Nice! Nice!&quot; I
+    confessed my fault to my guardian that night after I had said my
+    prayers. I had complained to my mother a year before of the
+    inconvenience I found in my penis being &quot;so long sometimes.&quot; She
+    said that she would &quot;see about having the end taken off.&quot; But I
+    was never circumcised. Her words gave me the doubly unpleasant
+    impression that my <i>glans</i> was to be cut off.</p>
+
+<p>    There came occasionally to the kitchen of Dr. W.'s house a
+    foul-mouthed Irish laundress who used coarse language to me
+    concerning urination. I loathed the woman, and yet one night I
+    dreamed that I was embracing her naked form and rolling over and
+    over with her on the bed; and in spite of my sight of female
+    genitals a few months before, I thought of her as having organs
+    of my own kind and size. At my first school I watched a
+    red-haired boy of 12 expose the penis of a 7-year-old boy as he
+    lay on his back in the bath-room. I do not remember that the
+    sight gave me sexual pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>    I spent the summer before I was 8 in a double house. The adopted
+    daughter of our neighbor (a neurotic, retired physician) was a
+    girl of 13 who had been taken from a poor laboring family. She
+    got me to show her my parts, touched them, and asked whether I
+    urinated from my scrotum. She also induced me to play with her
+    genitals as we sat on a sofa in the twilight, and to spank her
+    naked nates with the back of a hair-brush as she lay on a bed;
+    but from none of these performances did I derive physical
+    satisfaction. The girl E. and I took delight in &quot;talking dirty
+    secrets,&quot; as she expressed it. Her young cousin H. (nephew of her
+    adopted mother) never heard me use the word &quot;thing&quot; without
+    suggestively smiling. E. recalled the pleasant hours that she had
+    spent with her cousin when they were in their night-gowns. She
+    did not particularize these sexual relations. Under the
+    board-walk the boy H. and I once defecated in bottles. Some
+    little girls who lived opposite us pulled up their dresses one
+    night and &quot;dared&quot; each other to dance out beyond the end of the
+    house, in full view of the road. We boys merely looked on.</p>
+
+<p>    I now fell passionately in love with a remarkably handsome little
+    boy of my own age. I longed to kiss and hug him, but I did not
+    dare to do so, for he was haughty and intolerant of my
+    attentions. I even allowed him to stand with one foot on me and
+    remark in a loud tone: &quot;I am Conqueror!&quot; I endured no end of
+    petty insults and much ill-treatment from this boy. I reached the
+    height of my passion on the <a name='5_Page_244'></a>night that he appeared at our
+    cottage in a tight-fitting suit of pepper-and-salt. I gloried in
+    his perfect legs and besought my guardian that she would buy me a
+    similar suit of clothes.</p>
+
+<p>    For the summer after I was 8 years old I lived in a cottage in a
+    country town. The servant maid M. was a young girl of 16 who
+    listened eagerly to my accounts of the &quot;secrets&quot; and actions in
+    which the girl E. and I had taken delight a year before. I think
+    that M. arranged a meeting between a little black-haired girl and
+    me in order that we might take a walk and play sexually with each
+    other. Just as we were starting on our walk one of my relatives
+    said that I must not leave the yard.</p>
+
+<p>    The little girl and I had see-sawed together and I had been
+    interested in her legs as she rose in the air. (When I was 13
+    years old and see-sawing at a picnic with a stout girl, the
+    motion of the board and the sight of her straddled form filled me
+    with longing to embrace her sexually.) One afternoon M. took me
+    to the house of an acquaintance of hers. M's brother was in the
+    room and made a number of unremembered remarks which struck me as
+    being rather &quot;free,&quot; and M. told me later that she and the girl
+    once dressed as ballet dancers and danced before M.'s brother. I
+    felt that he was lascivious. I was always remarkably intuitive.</p>
+
+<p>    I fell in love with a handsome, stout, black-haired boy who lived
+    on a farm; but he was not a &quot;farmer's son&quot; in the common sense of
+    the word. I visited him for two or three days, and we slept with
+    each other, to my boundless joy. For his freckled girl cousin I
+    did not care the turn of my wrist, although she was a nice enough
+    little thing. One night when we three lay on a bed in the dark,
+    and neither of us boys had eyes or words for her, she silently
+    left us. He and I never committed the slightest sexual fault. I
+    left him with tears at the summer-end, and I often kissed his
+    photograph during the following winter.</p>
+
+<p>    In the flat-house where I began to live when I was 8 years old, I
+    once practiced mutual tickling of a very slight character with a
+    boy of my own age. We sat on chairs placed opposite to each other
+    and we inserted our fingers through the openings in our trousers.
+    Just as we were beginning to enjoy the titillation we were
+    interrupted by the approach of one of my family who, however, was
+    not quick enough to discover us. Down cellar I often saw the
+    genitals of the janitor's little girls&mdash;they were fond of lifting
+    their skirts and they did not wear drawers&mdash;but I had no desire
+    to attempt conjunction. I once caught an older friend of mine (he
+    was 13) in the act of leaving one of the girls. The pair had been
+    in a coal-compartment. The boy was buttoning his trousers and I
+    guessed what he had been doing. When I began to sleep alone in my
+    tenth year I had no desire to masturbate, and was loath to do so
+    by reason of ample warnings given me by my guardian and by the
+    family physician. One afternoon a stunted friend of mine sat down
+    in <a name='5_Page_245'></a>the back yard and astonished me by tying a piece of string to
+    his penis. At a large private school which I now attended I made
+    the acquaintance of the principal's son, and wondered why he had
+    such a fancy for dressing his 5-year-old sister in boy's clothes.
+    He closed the door on me while he was thus engaged. At my house
+    we went to the bath-room together, and he showed me his
+    circumcised and much-ridged penis. Neither of us made any mention
+    of masturbating.</p>
+
+<p>    At this period I fell slightly in love with a 5-year-old boy with
+    intensely black eyes. I would kiss him whenever we were alone,
+    but I had no wish to seduce him. I was always interested in
+    watching the urination of younger children. When I was 5 years
+    old I went on my knees to a strange little boy in order to
+    whisper in his ear an inquiry as to whether he wanted to urinate.
+    I experienced a pleasurable thrill when I was 10 years old in
+    leading a small girl cousin to the outdoor privy, in helping her
+    on and off the open seat, in buttoning and unbuttoning her
+    drawers, and in gazing at her vulva.</p>
+
+<p>    The summer before I was 10 I lived a wild life in the mountains.
+    My companions were a negro girl, the two daughters of a
+    clergyman, the two sons of a questionable woman hotel-keeper, and
+    the daughter of the Irish scavenger. All of these children were
+    extraordinarily sensual. Their leading pastime, from morning
+    until night, was varying forms of indecency, with the supreme
+    caress&mdash;which they termed &quot;raising dickie&quot;&mdash;as the most frequent
+    enjoyment. The 5-year-old daughter of the scavenger explained to
+    us how she had seen her father approaching her stout mother with
+    an erect penis, the pair standing up before the lamplight during
+    the act. This curly-headed, rosy-cheeked child handled her
+    genitals so much that they were inflamed. I once saw her sitting
+    in the road and rubbing dust against her vulva. I saw little of
+    the elder daughter of the minister (she was 12 years old). She
+    persuaded me to expose myself before her in the cellar of a
+    partially-built house. In return for my favor she allowed me to
+    look at her genitals. She did not ask for <i>conjunctio</i>. The two
+    younger daughters were my intimates. With the middle one I was
+    forever performing a weak conjunction that consisted in the
+    laying of my member against her vulva. Notwithstanding all the
+    entreaties of my little friend, I could not be persuaded to
+    protrude my penis against her vagina; and not on one occasion can
+    I remember obtaining an erection or extreme pleasure. Up in the
+    garret she straddled slanting beams with her genitals exposed,
+    and I followed her example. The negro girl and my little friend
+    both urinated on a tent floor at my request. I did not fancy the
+    odor of a girl's genitals, nor the appearance of the vulva when
+    the labia were held apart.</p>
+
+<p>    The following summer, when I was almost 11, I took a long walk
+    one day with my old friend, the girl E. We entered a patch of
+    woods and ate our lunch, but no sense of sexual drawing toward
+    the girl came <a name='5_Page_246'></a>over me and she did not offer to entice me. I
+    slept with her boy-cousin one night, and her neuropathic aunt, a
+    retired lady physician, bothered us by repeatedly creeping into
+    our room. I felt intuitively that she was watching to see whether
+    we would commit mutual masturbation&mdash;which we had no thought of
+    doing. Three years before I had opened the door of her bedroom
+    suddenly and saw E.'s naked form. The physician had been
+    examining her, E. told me later. My guardian also annoyed me by
+    repeated warnings not to play with myself.</p>
+
+<p>    Just before I turned 11 I was sent to a small and so-called
+    &quot;home&quot; boarding-school. Eight of us lived in the smaller
+    dormitory. The matron roomed downstairs. There was no resident
+    master&mdash;a serious error. We small boys were told to strip one
+    evening. We were then tied neck-to-neck and made to dance a
+    &quot;slave-dance,&quot; which was marked by no sexuality. A boy of 15, R.,
+    one afternoon gave me the astonishing information that my father
+    had taken a part in my procreation. Up to this moment I had known
+    only of the maternal offices, information of which had been
+    beautifully supplied to me by my guardian when I was 7 years old.
+    At that time I talked freely about the coming of a baby brother
+    in a distant city; I watched the construction of baby clothes; I
+    named the newcomer, and I was momentarily disappointed when he
+    proved to be a girl. This same R., a strong boy with a large
+    penis, got into the custom of lying in bed with me just before
+    lights were put out. He would read to himself and occasionally
+    pause to pump his penis and make with his lips the sound of a
+    laboring locomotive. I felt impelled to handle his organ, for I
+    was fascinated by its size, and stiffness, and warmth. Rarely he
+    would titillate my then small and unerect penis. R. never
+    ejaculated when he was with me; hence not until my third year was
+    I acquainted with the appearance of a flow of semen. Sometimes R.
+    would stop during his dressing to manipulate his penis, but was
+    such a picture of rosy health that I doubt whether he brought
+    himself often to ejaculation. R. told me that he had been to a
+    brothel where his genitals were examined to determine whether
+    they were large enough and not diseased. He also related how he
+    &quot;played cow&quot; with a girl of his own age, she consenting to
+    perform <i>fellatio</i> upon him. A dark-skinned, unwashed, pimpled
+    but fairly vigorous boy of 16, with an irritable domineering
+    manner, told me the delights of coitus with a girl in a
+    bath-house, and I overheard his conversation with another &quot;old&quot;
+    boy concerning the purchase of a girl in a big city for the sum
+    of five dollars. No details were given.</p>
+
+<p>    I will now pass to my third year, when I was 13 years old. A
+    large, well-set-up boy of 16, A., became my idol. His toleration
+    of my presence in his room filled me with endless love. When I
+    lied about a matter in which he was concerned, his denunciation
+    of me brought me to a state of shuddering and weeping
+    unspeakable. When our relations <a name='5_Page_247'></a>were established again A.
+    allowed me to creep into his bed after the lights were out, and
+    there I passionately embraced him, but without performing any
+    definite act. When I turned over on my side with my back to him
+    he drew my prepuce back and forth until I experienced orgasm, but
+    not ejaculation. I would return his favor by pumping his erect
+    penis, but with no ejaculation on his part. He did not propose
+    <i>fellatio</i>, and I did not think of it. One night when he was in
+    my bed I began to masturbate very slightly, whereupon he laughed,
+    saying: &quot;So that is the way you amuse yourself!&quot; As a matter of
+    fact the habit was not fastened upon me. He always laughed when
+    the rubbing of his finger on my exposed glans caused me to
+    shrink. Another boy, H., now began to show me his erect penis and
+    we practiced mutual manipulations. A. laughingly told me how me
+    had caught H. in the act of masturbating as he stood in the
+    bath-tub. A. told me a number of sexual stories&mdash;how he enjoyed
+    coitus in the bushes with a girl on the way home from
+    entertainments; how half a dozen boys and girls stripped in the
+    basement of a church and performed coitus on the velvet chairs
+    which stood behind the pulpit; and how he and a younger boy, who
+    camped out together, played with each other's genitals. F., a boy
+    of 11, was highly nervous, subject to timidity and tears on the
+    slightest provocation, often morose, and under treatment for
+    kidney trouble. His penis was erect whenever I saw him undress.
+    He told me that a partially idiotic man taught F. and his
+    companion how to masturbate. The man invited the boys to his tent
+    and there pumped his organ until &quot;some white stuff came out of
+    it.&quot; F. also told me that an Indian princess in his part of the
+    country would permit coitus for fifty cents. A. sometimes slept
+    with F., and I could imagine their embraces. S., a secretive,
+    handsome boy of 13, wetted his bed with urine every night. The
+    only sign that he gave of an interest in sexuality was his
+    laughing remark concerning the coupling of rose-bugs. Of his
+    chum, my beloved C., I will speak later. My small room-mate
+    handled himself only slightly. I never had a desire to lie with
+    him, since I disliked him, nor with my first room-mate, a
+    &quot;chunky,&quot; fiery boy of 10, whose penis interested me merely
+    because it was circumcised and almost always erect. His
+    masturbation was also so slight as not to attract any particular
+    attention. A lusty German boy, B., showed no signs of sexuality
+    until his third year, when he laughed about his newly-appearing
+    pubic hair, and told several of us openly of how he enjoyed to
+    play &quot;a drum-beat&quot; on his penis before going to sleep. &quot;I don't
+    do it too much, though,&quot; he explained. He showed a mild curiosity
+    when I gave him the resum&eacute; of a book on cohabitation which
+    contained illustrations of the erect penis and the female organs.
+    I had found this book in the woods and I read it eagerly during
+    my third year.</p>
+
+<p>    I came to the point of agreeing with A., who said: &quot;Everyone is
+    <a name='5_Page_248'></a>smutty.&quot; Indeed I lived in a lustful world, and yet my mind was
+    bent also on books, and writing, and the outdoor world. I was
+    overgrown and splendidly developed, with a medium-sized penis and
+    a scant growth of pubic hair. My face wore a somewhat infantile
+    expression. My mouth was a perfect &quot;Cupid's bow,&quot; my hair thin
+    and light. I was troubled about my snub-nose, which gave the boys
+    a great deal of amusement. As a matter of fact I exaggerated its
+    upward tendency out of my morbid self-consciousness and
+    cowardice. My imagination was extraordinarily intense, as it had
+    always been. I was sensitive to smells and sounds and colors and
+    personalities, and to the subtle influence of the night. I was
+    timid and easily moved to tears, but not from any physical
+    weakness until after. At the lower house there was the boy Z.,
+    famed for his large penis; and the older G., a boy of 15, who was
+    the leader in sexuality at his dormitory. Z. showed me his penis
+    and exposed his glans often enough, but we did not manipulate
+    each other. G. told us to notice how large a space his penis
+    occupied in his trousers, and laughed over Z.'s custom of
+    masturbating by means of a narrow vase. G.'s special lover was a
+    nervous boy of ten. It is remarkable that none of us mentioned
+    <i>fellatio</i> or <i>p&aelig;dicatio</i>. These acts may have occurred at
+    school, but not to my knowledge. We did not have much to say
+    sexually about the girls. We heard rumors of a 16-year-old, V.,
+    who had been sent away from school for coitus; and my first
+    room-mate was said to have obtained <i>conjunctio</i> with a girl
+    under cover of the chapel shed. Once A. and I pointed a telescope
+    at the open windows of the girls' dormitory, but we saw nothing
+    to interest us. A day-scholar, J., a pale, nervous, bright boy of
+    13, took me into the study of his uncle-physician and together we
+    gloated over pictures of the sexual organs. A. was with us on one
+    occasion. J. told me how he liked to roll over and over in bed
+    with his hand placed under his scrotum. This act, he said, made
+    him imagine that he was obtaining coitus. He advised me to slide
+    my penis back and forth in the vagina whenever I should actually
+    obtain coitus. In my room at school J. once drew an imaginary map
+    of a bagnio, in which the water-closet was carefully displayed
+    <i>en suite</i> with the bedrooms. J. and I never masturbated
+    together. Indeed, I cannot remember seeing his organ. A hulking
+    boy of 16, who lived opposite the school-grounds, became intimate
+    with J., and we three went on a walk up the railroad track. The
+    big boy, W., tried to inflame my passions by telling me how he
+    and J. had had coitus with a handsome black-haired widow in town,
+    but I remained cold.</p>
+
+<p>    During this year I fell in love with C., a popular, talkative,
+    witty boy of my own age, or perhaps a year younger. He fancied me
+    and we slept together one night under the most innocent
+    circumstances. I never dreamed of having sexual relations with
+    him, and yet I fairly burned with love for him. My stay at his
+    beautiful home over Sunday while his <a name='5_Page_249'></a>parents were away was one
+    long delight. We slept in each other's arms, but there was no
+    sexuality. En route to C.'s home he pointed with a glove to a
+    little working-girl, saying he would like to have intercourse
+    with her, but this was the only remark of the kind that ever
+    passed his lips in my presence. When undressed save for his
+    undershirt, he laughingly held his unerect organ in his hand and
+    made the motions of obtaining conjunction with an imaginary
+    partner. Once we spoke of masturbation (I could recite the
+    information of my good physician with a marvelous show of
+    virtue), and C. remarked: &quot;Yes, doing that makes boys crazy.&quot; C.
+    finally grew tired of my deceptive, babyish nature and
+    ultra-interest in books and puzzles, but I cherished an
+    undiminished affection for him, and when he was detained at home
+    for a fortnight with a broken arm, I wrote him a passionate
+    letter, which I sobbed over and actually wetted with my tears.
+    But the fervor of my passion died at the close of the year. I
+    consider this unsullied friendship to be the only redeeming
+    feature of my sensual days at school.</p>
+
+<p>    Versed as I was in the warnings against masturbation, I found
+    pleasure one afternoon when I was alone in slipping my penis
+    through the open handle of a pair of scissors and in violently
+    flapping my partially erect organ until a strange, sweet thrill
+    crept over me from top to toe and a drop of clear liquid oozed
+    from my member. But I gave up the manipulation with scissors,
+    finding a greater satisfaction in masturbating while I was
+    defecating or just after it. I either pumped my organ by slipping
+    the prepuce back and forth, or I grasped the organ at its root
+    and violently jerked it back and forth. I soon began to
+    masturbate not only every time that I defecated, but also at
+    night just before I went to sleep, and sometimes early in the
+    morning. On the whole I preferred the jerking just described. I
+    always brought about ejaculation after perhaps five minutes of
+    violent exertion.</p>
+
+<p>    My penis became chafed at the root, but I did not especially
+    care. I remember the afternoon that I masturbated for the first
+    time while I was defecating in the school water-closet. I cannot
+    recall that at first I thought of coitus while I masturbated. On
+    one occasion I masturbated over the <i>vase de nuit</i> after a
+    delightful afternoon of tobogganing exploration up and down the
+    mountain.</p>
+
+<p>    During this first year of abuse, I felt no ill effects
+    whatsoever, although I realized, in an unthinking way, that I was
+    doing wrong. But sexuality had assumed the proportion of a
+    regular feature of our school life. It was difficult for me to
+    place a &quot;universal&quot; view in its true perspective. I used to smile
+    at the glazed, dull morning eye of poor H., who was a stunted boy
+    of 15, and thus could not endure his losses so well as I could
+    endure them. The qualms of conscience which I suffered were lost
+    in my delight in my dawning sexual life. Sometimes I lay on my
+    stomach in bed, and by placing my hand under my scrotum,
+    according to <a name='5_Page_250'></a>the directions of J., brought up a pretty girl to
+    mind. Just before Sunday school G., our chief reprobate, and the
+    rest of us would hunt out what we considered to be nasty texts of
+    Scripture. The chapter concerning the whoredoms of Aholah and
+    Aholibah gave me an especial pleasure. T. mentioned the giggling
+    that occurred at prayers in the lower dormitory when the details
+    of Esau's birth were read out. A few days before G. was
+    expelled&mdash;for exactly what cause I do not know&mdash;he told me of how
+    greatly he enjoyed coitus on his grandmother's sofa with a girl
+    of fifteen. When I went home on the boat for holidays I noted the
+    large, black-haired penis of the strong boy of our school. He
+    occupied a state-room with me, but made no sexual overtures.</p>
+
+<p>    Since my twelfth year I had been wrapped up all summer long in a
+    boy who was six months my senior. We slept together constantly,
+    but not once did we think of obtaining mutual gratification. On
+    the contrary, we held up high ideals to each other and frowned on
+    masturbation. I took delight in saying that I never had handled
+    myself, and never would do so. Even at the height of my
+    &quot;auto-erotic&quot; period, I skillfully concealed my habits from all
+    my boy friends. A neurotic solo choir boy friend once spoke of
+    obtaining ejaculation, whereupon I expressed utter ignorance of
+    such an act, little hypocrite that I was. This boy told how the
+    house servants joked with him about coitus and made laughing
+    lunges at his organs.</p>
+
+<p>    But much as I loved my chum, my most passionate regard went out
+    in my thirteenth year to N., a chubby, blue-eyed, choir-boy of
+    12. He was a pretty boy to any eye. He was not gifted, except in
+    water-sports, and anything but popular either with girls or with
+    boys; yet I grew warm at the mention of his name. He did not care
+    a fig for me. From first to last I had no consciousness of the
+    sexual nature of my passion, and the thought of doing more than
+    embrace and kiss him in an innocent manner never crossed my mind.
+    For two summers I had nights of tossing on my bed (although I
+    almost never was sleepless for any cause) when I would see his
+    dear face and form, in and out of the swimming pool, or engaged
+    perhaps in singing or in showing his beautiful teeth. I seldom
+    was smitten with little girls, and I found myself embarrassed in
+    their company after my ninth year; yet I thought well enough of
+    their looks and ways to enjoy their company at dances. The girls
+    liked me in a platonic way, for I was accounted a good, big,
+    kind, blundering boy with a helping hand for the smallest fry.</p>
+
+<p>    During the summer after I was 13, I imagined myself in the early
+    morning, when I was half awake, as persuading my wife to have
+    coitus with me. In the course of my spoken words I kept my hand
+    under my scrotum.</p>
+
+<p>    A plump girl-cousin of my own age was visiting at my uncle's
+    during the summer after I was 13. With her I greatly desired to
+    <a name='5_Page_251'></a>satisfy myself, but I could not be sure that my boy cousin (5
+    years old) might not find us out, even though she should consent.
+    Once when we three were in the hay-loft a wave of lust rolled
+    over me, but I made no proposal. Night and gaslight greatly
+    increased my <i>libido</i>. On one occasion my aunt had gone to the
+    village for ice-cream, and L. and I were left alone in the
+    dining-room. I took her on my lap and had a powerful erection. I
+    almost asked her to play sexually with me in the barn, but
+    instead I spoke of an imaginary girl, the first letters of whose
+    successive names spelled an indecent word for coitus&mdash;a word
+    known to almost every Anglo-Saxon child, I fear. L. laughed, but
+    gave no sign of assent. For a neighboring girl of 15 I felt such
+    a drawing that early in the morning I would roll on the floor
+    with my erect organ in my hand in riotous imagining of coitus
+    with her. I walked with her in the woods and sat at her feet, but
+    although I felt instinctively that she would satisfy me without
+    much persuasion, yet I <i>could not</i> ask her. One night I started
+    to church in order to walk home with her, and lead her (if
+    possible) to a field where we might gratify ourselves (I picked
+    out the exact grassy spot where we might lie); but when I was
+    almost at the church door my &quot;moral sense&quot; (if that is what it
+    was) rose and dragged me home again.</p>
+
+<p>    During the swimming hour I watched the genitals of the boys,
+    comparing them carefully in the most minute details. Circumcised
+    organs affected me as being disagreeable, and men's hairy, coarse
+    genitals I abhorred.</p>
+
+<p>    When 13 I became acquainted with the new mail-boy at the inn. He
+    was a city &quot;street-boy,&quot; and got me into smoking cigarettes
+    occasionally. I did not definitely take up smoking until I was
+    16. He told me that a mason once offered him ten cents if he
+    would masturbate the man in a cellar. The boy said that he
+    refused. I slept a few times with an ill-favored boy of fine
+    parentage. He was of my own age, and I had played with him in a
+    natural way for several years, but my increasing sexual desires
+    led me to mutually masturbate with him, and even unsuccessfully
+    to attempt with him mutual p&aelig;dicatio. On the morning after our
+    nights of sensuality I felt &quot;gone&quot; and miserable, but not
+    repentant. By afternoon I was myself again. My relations with G.
+    were purely animal, for I disliked his jealous disposition, his
+    horse-laugh, his features, his form, his withdrawn scrotum and
+    his undersized penis. At home in the evening I often found myself
+    inflamed with a mental picture of active <i>fellatio</i> with him, but
+    I never performed this act, so far as I remember.</p>
+
+<p>    One of my great sexual desires was to walk along a fence on which
+    a girl was seated. In order that I might feast my eyes on her
+    pudenda she must not wear drawers.</p>
+
+<p>    When I turned 14 I had been, from my unusual size, in long
+    trousers <a name='5_Page_252'></a>for several months. I entered a private day-school and
+    progressed brilliantly in my studies. I kept up masturbation
+    almost daily, sometimes twice a day, both in the water closet and
+    in bed. I can remember ejaculating before urination in the school
+    <i>cabinet</i>. At night I often found myself longing for the return
+    of my sister, seven years my junior, in order that I might
+    embrace her in bed and fondle her genitals. I had done these
+    things during my Christmas vacation of the year before. I mildly
+    reproached myself for such incestuous desires, but they recurred
+    continually. I dreamed little. And I cannot remember the
+    character of my dreams. My waking <i>libido</i> spent itself mostly in
+    longings to embrace (without lustful acts) the forms of little
+    boys of exquisite blonde beauty and thick hair. Narcissism may
+    have been present, for in my twelfth year I had been told that at
+    the age of 5 and 6 I was an extraordinarily beautiful little
+    creature with long, lint-white hair. The preferable age was from
+    6 to 9. My eye was alert on the streets for boys answering to
+    this description, and a street boy with long, white hair so won
+    my passion that I followed him to his home and asked his mother
+    if he might call on me and &quot;play some games.&quot; As I did not even
+    know the boy's name and had never seen him before, I was
+    wonderingly refused. I sought in vain to find the whereabouts of
+    another long-haired street boy whom I burned to embrace and load
+    with benefits. I had a boundless desire for such a boy as this to
+    idolize me&mdash;to look into my face out of big eyes and lose himself
+    in love for me&mdash;to call me by endearing pet names&mdash;of his own
+    accord to throw his arms around my neck. This second actual boy
+    disappeared from my horizon by presumably moving away from the
+    vast city neighborhood. I took a fancy to a small boy at school,
+    who possessed the requisite delicacy, timidity, and sweetness, if
+    not the physical requisites, of my beau ideal. I walked with him
+    in the park and planned to have him at the house; but the matter
+    was not arranged. At boarding-school I had associated much with
+    younger and weaker boys, and had been ridiculed much for my
+    cowardice in sports, but at the city school I moved with my
+    equals and won their recognition. Our gymnasium director was
+    middle-aged and of an indolent disposition. He liked to recall
+    his youthful erections and to answer my sexual queries too fully,
+    and cheerfully volunteered information on brothels. Yet I doubt
+    whether he had an evil purpose in conversing with me. I thought I
+    should never dare or want to enter one. I always conjured up the
+    picture of a row of naked women from whom I could take my pick,
+    and the smell of the women I imagined to be identical with the
+    smell of my big friend A. at boarding-school. When I was
+    traveling down town on an elevated train one afternoon the
+    brakeman asked me whether I had ever been in a brothel, and told
+    me that disorderly houses abounded in my neighborhood. &quot;I have
+    had connection with women,&quot; said this red-haired young man,
+    waving his hand <a name='5_Page_253'></a>in greeting to a woman who nodded at him from a
+    window, &quot;since I was 15 years old. Not long ago a fine-looking,
+    young woman in black offered to pay all my expenses if I would
+    live with her and connect with her.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    When a girl of perhaps 7, a distant cousin of mine, visited us
+    for a few days, I gratified my lust by placing my hand under her
+    genitals and swinging her to and fro. She giggled with pleasure.
+    That summer I began to experience the evil effects of the
+    masturbation which I had practiced daily for a year and a half.
+    Pimples began to break out on my chin (my complexion up to this
+    time had been white and delicate). The family ascribed my
+    condition to digestive difficulties. In playing with the boys and
+    girls I found myself seized with a terrible shyness and a
+    tendency to look down and weep. I had lost all the courage I
+    had&mdash;it had never been great&mdash;in the presence of a crowd of
+    children. I was fairly at ease with a single companion. My
+    self-consciousness was something more painful to me than I can
+    convey in words. At home I wept in my room and cursed myself for
+    a baby. I little realized the cause of my nervous collapse. Yet I
+    had too robust a frame not to be able to sleep and to play hard.
+    The sympathetic pleasure which I had found in swinging my
+    girl-cousin to and fro I now doubled by letting a 7-year-old boy
+    ride cock-horse on my feet. I experienced an erection during the
+    process, and I almost induced ejaculation when I tickled the boy
+    with my feet in the region of his genitals. To see his shrinking,
+    giggling joy gave me an exquisite sexual thrill. I longed to
+    sleep with the boy, but I was afraid of causing comment. At the
+    new and large boarding school which I entered in the fall my most
+    lustful dreams and ejaculations were concerned with standing this
+    little boy on the footboard of a bed, taking down his
+    knickerbockers, and performing <i>fellatio</i> on him. But I dreamed
+    also of natural coitus. I fell in love with the handsome,
+    12-year-old son of the aged headmaster. The boy, O., sat next me
+    at the table, and I never tired of gazing at him. It gave me a
+    special sense of pleasure to look at him when he wore a certain
+    flowing, scarlet, four-in-hand necktie. But O. was not attracted
+    to me&mdash;for one thing I was in a disagreeably pimpled
+    condition&mdash;and I could not induce him to linger in my room nor to
+    sleep with me. My passion for O. did not diminish, and it rose to
+    its supremacy on the evening when he appeared in our hallway (he
+    roomed on the girls' side of the house and hinted at the sexual
+    sights that he saw) in a costume of white satin, lace, and wings.
+    He was ready for a costume party.</p>
+
+<p>    I now masturbated less frequently, for I was beginning to
+    appreciate the horrible consequences of my indulgence. I had
+    frequent pollutions, with dreams. My day was one long agony of
+    fear. How I dreaded to go to sleep in the same bed with my older
+    chum, who never made any advances beyond embracing me passively
+    <i>cum erectione</i> while he was asleep. My day was one long agony of
+    fear. At meal time my feet <a name='5_Page_254'></a>constantly writhed in agony for fear
+    that the headmaster's grown up young ladies should make fun of
+    me, or that my lack of facial composure and my inability to look
+    people in the eye might be commented upon. I tingled with
+    apprehension, especially in the region of my stomach. Every nerve
+    was taut in the effort I made to appear composed. I masturbated
+    with erections over nothing. Greek recitations were for me an
+    <i>auto da fe</i>. My heart beat like a trip-hammer at the thought of
+    getting up to recite, and once on my feet my voice shook and my
+    mind wandered. I hated the thought of people behind me looking at
+    me. I rarely summoned the courage to turn my head either one way
+    or the other. I vastly admired the &quot;bravery&quot; of the small,
+    15-year-old boy who recited so calmly and so well. I was too
+    cowardly to play foot-ball and base-ball, and I dreaded even my
+    favorite tennis because the spectators put me in a state of
+    scared self-consciousness. Knowing my own condition, I was yet so
+    blind to it most of the time, and such a Jekyll-and-Hyde, that I
+    actually pitied a boy of 19 who was an eccentric and a scared
+    victim of masturbation. But in spite of my neuropathic condition
+    I developed intellectually. I do not touch upon this aspect of my
+    life, however, because I am trying to limit myself strictly to
+    sexual manifestations. At the present time I have not the courage
+    to continue the narrative.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY III.&mdash;</b>The following narrative is written by a clergyman,
+    age 40, unmarried:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    My childhood and early boyhood were unmarked by sexual phenomena,
+    beyond occasional erections, which commenced when about 5 years
+    of age, without any exciting causes. These were accompanied by
+    some degree of excitement, of the same nature as that which I
+    experienced in later years. I was absolutely ignorant of sexual
+    matters, but always had an idea that the essential difference
+    between man and woman was to be found in the genital organs. This
+    was sometimes a matter for thought and curiosity.</p>
+
+<p>    Being for many years an only child I saw little of other
+    children, and formed the habit of amusing myself with making
+    things&mdash;boats, houses, etc.&mdash;and acquired a taste for science.
+    When I could read I preferred biography, history, and poetry to
+    anything else.</p>
+
+<p>    When I was 13 years old and at a large school I heard for the
+    first time of coitus, but very imperfectly. For a few days it
+    filled my thoughts and mind, but feeling it was too engrossing a
+    subject and one which took me off better things, I put it out of
+    my mind. Later, another boy gave me a fuller description of the
+    matter, and I began to have a great desire to know more and to be
+    old enough to practice it. I also discovered that boys
+    masturbated, and about a year after tried <a name='5_Page_255'></a>the experiment for
+    myself. This vice was largely indulged in by my school-fellows.
+    It never occurred to me that it was sinful, until I was nearly
+    16, when I came across a passage in Kenns's <i>Manual of
+    Schoolboys</i>, in which it was hinted such things were wrong
+    morally and spiritually. Previously I had felt it was an
+    indelicate and shameful thing, and bad for health. This last idea
+    was held as a solemn fact by all my boy friends. Gradually
+    religion began to exert an influence over my sexual nature,
+    obtaining as years passed a greater and greater restraining
+    power. It is simply impossible for me to write a history of my
+    sexual development without also describing the action which
+    Christianity has had in determining its growth. The two have been
+    so intimately bound together that my life history would not be a
+    faithful record of facts if I left religion out of it.</p>
+
+<p>    At school I took part, with great keenness, in cricket and
+    foot-ball, and was very ambitious to excel in everything in which
+    I took an interest, but I always had other tastes as well, which
+    were more precious to me, for example, the love for science,
+    history, and poetry. Until I was past 16 years my desire was
+    simply for coitus, girls and women attracted me only as affording
+    the means of gratifying this desire; but when I was nearly 17 I
+    began to regard girls as beautiful objects, apart from this, and
+    to desire their love and companionship. At the same time it
+    dawned upon me that life held much of joy in the love of women
+    and in domestic life&mdash;so henceforth I regarded them in a higher
+    and purer light, and apart from sexual gratification. In fact,
+    from this period till I was over 20, this idea so dominated my
+    whole being that the lower side of my nature was entirely held in
+    subjection and abeyance by it. It was rather repulsive to think
+    of girls as objects of lust. This state of mind was not brought
+    about by any romantic attachment or through any acquaintance or
+    through circumstances. I was living in great seclusion and had no
+    girl friends. After this period the lower side of my nature woke
+    up as a giant refreshed with wine, and I underwent for many years
+    a constant struggle with my nature, in which religion always
+    triumphed in the end. I never fell into fornication, though
+    sometimes into the vice of masturbation. These outbursts of
+    desire were periodic, about ten or fourteen days apart, and would
+    last several days. I must record also the fact that from the time
+    this awakening took place my ideal views of woman no longer
+    seemed incompatible with sexual relations. I noticed that at
+    about 27 there was a lessening of the desire, but that may have
+    been due to overwork and consequent nervous exhaustion. I had a
+    good deal of worry and studied daily for about eight hours. In
+    any case the impulse was strongest during the years above
+    mentioned. A little later in life, for a time, I became attached
+    to a girl, and eventually engaged. I then observed, greatly to my
+    sorrow and annoyance, that whenever I met this lady, or even
+    thought of her, <a name='5_Page_256'></a>erections took place. This was particularly
+    painful to me, as my thoughts were not of a lustful or impure
+    character. Sometimes sitting by her at a religious service this
+    would occur, when certainly my mind was far away from anything of
+    the kind. That was the first woman ever kissed by me, except of
+    course members of my immediate family circle. Later on my
+    thoughts turned to marriage, and there was a great longing at
+    times for this event to take place. However, as this attachment
+    afterward became the great sorrow of my life for years, it needs
+    no more comment. This closes one chapter of my history, and at
+    present I do not propose to add another, as in a great measure it
+    is only partly written. It may be well here to state that there
+    has never been in me the slightest homosexual desire; in fact it
+    has always appeared as a thing utterly inconceivable and
+    disgustingly loathsome. I am fond of the society of both men and
+    women, but on the whole prefer the latter. I have had several
+    warm and intimate though platonic friendships, and get on
+    exceedingly well with the other sex, although not a good-looking
+    man. I have always been attracted to women by their spiritual or
+    mental qualities, rather than by physical beauty, and feel
+    strongly that the latter alone would never cause me to desire
+    coitus. Unless there was an attraction other than that of the
+    flesh, I should feel that I was following simply a brute
+    instinct, and it would jar with my higher nature and cause
+    revulsion. This was not the case in my earlier years to the same
+    extent. I have often wondered whether the sexual impulse was
+    strong in me or not, but if not, there is nothing in my physical
+    state or family history to account for it. I am fairly cognizant
+    with the lives of my ancestors, being descended from two old
+    families. The sexual instinct was certainly not weak or abnormal
+    in them. Personally, I am tall and healthy, well built, but
+    sensitive and highly strung. Smell has never played any part in
+    my life as a stimulant of sexual desire, and the mere thought of
+    body odors would have a very decided effect in the opposite
+    direction. Touch and sight appeal to me strongly, and of the two
+    the former most.</p>
+
+<p>    I am convinced, after many years careful thought, that sexual
+    vice and perversion could be greatly reduced if the young were
+    instructed in the elements of physiology as they bear on this
+    question. Personally, had I been thus enlightened much sin would
+    have been avoided in my schoolboy days, and a perverted view of
+    sexual matters would never have arisen in my mind. It took years
+    to overcome the feeling that all such things were unclean and
+    defiling. Eventually light came to me through reading a passage
+    in a tractate on the Creed by Rufinus. He was defending the
+    doctrine, of the Incarnation against the pagan objection that it
+    was an unclean and disgusting idea that God should enter the
+    world through the womb of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and he meets
+    it by showing that God created the sexual organs, therefore the
+    objection <a name='5_Page_257'></a>is invalid&mdash;otherwise God would not be clean or pure,
+    having Himself designed them and their functions. This passage is
+    slight in itself, but gave birth to a line of thought which has
+    influenced me profoundly. I no longer regard sexual matters as
+    disgusting and unholy, but as intensely sacred, being the outcome
+    of the Divine Mind. Further, the Incarnation of the Saviour has
+    not only sanctioned motherhood and all that is implied by it, but
+    has eternally sanctified it as the means chosen for the
+    manifestation of God to the world. I should not obtrude my
+    theological conceptions, but for the fact that they have
+    determined my life-history in that aspect.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY IV.&mdash;</b>When I was 9 years old a boy at the preparatory
+    school, which I attended, showed me the act of masturbation,
+    which he said he had practiced for a long time, and which he
+    urged me to imitate, if I wished to become a father when I grew
+    up, and married! Boy-like I believed him and tried, but the
+    sensation obtained was not a pleasant one (I suppose that I was
+    too rough with myself) and I desisted.</p>
+
+<p>    When I was about 12 years old, a schoolfellow told me that he had
+    seen his nurse copulating with the groom, and he and I used to
+    haunt the woods in the hope that we might see an amorous couple
+    so engaged, but without success. We often talked of the act, as
+    to how it was done. Neither he nor I had any clear ideas on the
+    subject, save as to the organs involved. I was about 15 when a
+    maidservant of the house in which I was a boarder, came to my
+    bedroom one night and taught me how to masturbate her. She said
+    that this was a good thing for me to do, and warned me never to
+    &quot;play with myself&quot; as it would kill me, or drive me mad. I told
+    her that I had tried it, but could not bring on a pleasurable
+    feeling, so she did it to me, and although I did not have an
+    emission, I derived great pleasure from the act. She told me that
+    it never did a boy any harm to let a girl play with his parts,
+    and promised that if I would keep the secret, she would often do
+    this for me. Naturally I promised to say nothing, and she often
+    came up to my room. Later on she used to insert my penis into her
+    vulva, while she was rubbing it, at the same time giving me a
+    pigeon kiss. This <i>modus operandi</i> was much appreciated by me.
+    One night, after we had been together thus, I dreamt of her and
+    her maneuvers and had my first emission. I was very proud of
+    this, as I considered that I had at last attained to man's
+    estate, and told her of it. She never allowed me to insert my
+    penis into her vulva after that, alleging that she did not want
+    to have a baby.</p>
+
+<p>    I was about 16&frac12; years old when I had my first real coitus, my
+    partner in the act being a girl some two years older than I, who
+    lived near us. I enjoyed the act very much, as she permitted, nay
+    insisted on, emission <i>intra vaginam</i>, and told her that this was
+    much nicer than my <a name='5_Page_258'></a>amours with the maidservant which of course I
+    had confided to her. She laughed, and said: &quot;Of course.&quot; We often
+    copulated, as long as I was at home, and then I lost sight of
+    her. Of all the women with whom I have had to do, save one, she
+    had the most copious secretion of mucus, which in those days I
+    believed was the woman's semen. Her thighs used to be wet with
+    it.</p>
+
+<p>    At the University I had regular relations with women of all
+    sorts, rarely missing a week. Two of them were married women, one
+    the wife of a solicitor, the other of a doctor. How proud I felt
+    of my first intrigue with a married woman! I felt that I was
+    really a man of the world now!</p>
+
+<p>    But though my friends used to tell me all about their love
+    affairs, and I longed to confide in them, I did not do so. This
+    was because when I went up to the University, my uncle said that
+    he would give me a word of advice and hoped that I would follow
+    it&mdash;never to give away a woman, and never to refuse to respond to
+    a woman's advances, whoever she were. To neglect this advice
+    would, he said, be foolish, and to break the rules &quot;damned
+    ungentlemanly.&quot; I wish I had always followed advice proffered, as
+    closely as I have followed this. One night, when I was somewhat
+    disguised in liquor, as our grandfathers would have put it, I
+    picked up a girl, who was a private prostitute, if the phrase be
+    permissible. She declined copulation, and proposed other means of
+    satisfaction. I insisted, being stubborn in my cups. Had I been
+    sober I should have done as she suggested, for I have always made
+    it a point to allow the woman to choose the method of
+    gratification, and not to demand, or even suggest, anything
+    myself. I like to please women, and I have always been curious as
+    to their wants and desires, as revealed, without outside
+    influence, by themselves. The result of my refusing all methods
+    of gratification save the most ordinary was that the girl, who
+    must have known that she was not all right, but shrank from
+    saying so in so many words, gave me a gonorrh&oelig;a, which
+    lasted nine weeks and much interfered with my amours, as I
+    naturally declined to run the risk of infecting my partner, a
+    risk which to my certain knowledge many a young fellow has run,
+    with disastrous consequence to the confiding woman. As it was due
+    to my tipsy obstinacy, I could not blame the girl, but resolved
+    never to drink too much again, a resolve which I have kept, save
+    once, unbroken. In those days we youngsters thought that it was
+    manly to be able to carry one's liquor well, and did all in our
+    power to attain to the seasoned head; but I considered that the
+    risks entailed were too serious to be neglected.</p>
+
+<p>    I was well on in my 26th year when I met a widow with whom I fell
+    in love, with the result that I married her. She is a most
+    sensible woman, and it was her intellectual gifts which were the
+    attraction to me. In my amours intellect has never played a part.
+    She has all along been <a name='5_Page_259'></a>cognizant of, and lenient to, my
+    polygamous tendencies; for she recognizes the fact that whatever
+    <i>fredaine</i> I may have on hand makes not the slightest difference
+    in my love and respect for her. Were she a more sensual woman,
+    perhaps things would be different.</p>
+
+<p>    In all I have had to do with 81 other women, of whose special
+    characteristics I kept a careful note at the time. Twenty-six
+    were normal women with whom my <i>liasons</i> have lasted long, so I
+    know more about them than I do about the other fifty-five, who
+    were prostitutes, and with some of whom my dealings were but for
+    an afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>    The races represented have been these, for I have seen a bit of
+    the world: English, Scotch, Irish, Welsh, French, German,
+    Italian, Greek, Danish, Hungarian, Roumanian, Indian, and
+    Japanese. Taking them all round, the only difference that I found
+    between old and young women is that the older ones are less
+    selfish, and more complaisant, and less inclined to resent one's
+    being unable to attain to the height of their desire, for from
+    time to time I have been unable to &quot;come up to the scratch&quot; after
+    a heavy night's labor, or when I was afraid of being caught in
+    the act of coition, a fear which, in my experience, acts as a
+    stimulus to desire in women, unlike its action in men. Of all the
+    women with whom I have had to do the nicest in every way have
+    been the French women. The English women of the town drink too
+    much, and are far too keen on getting as much money as they can
+    for as little as they can, to please me. Were the London girls to
+    recognize that men do not like a tipsy woman, and that where
+    there is so much competition the person who is most skillful and
+    most polite gets the most custom, the alien invasion in Regent
+    street would soon come to an end.</p>
+
+<p>    Of the fifty-five prostitutes: eighteen informed me that they
+    were in the habit of masturbating; eight of their own free will,
+    without asking for reward, did <i>fellatio</i>; six asked me to do
+    <i>cunnilingus</i>, which I naturally declined to do; three proposed
+    anal coitus. Of those who did <i>fellatio</i>, two (one French and one
+    German) told me that they had taken to it because they had heard
+    that human semen was an excellent remedy against consumption,
+    which disease had carried off some of their relatives, and that
+    they had gradually come to like doing it. All who told me that
+    they masturbated, asked me whether I did so too, and two desired
+    me to show them the act, one alleging that she liked to see a man
+    do it; she had been married late in life, after a &quot;stormy youth&quot;
+    and had had, she said, a large experience of the male sex. They
+    all seemed to think that however much the practice of
+    self-excitement might hurt a man, and all thought that it would
+    hurt him, a woman might masturbate as often as she liked, failing
+    better means of satisfaction, as she had no such loss of
+    substance as a man.</p>
+
+<p>    Of the twenty-six normal women, whom I knew more intimately than
+    I did the fifty-five prostitutes, thirteen, without being
+    questioned <a name='5_Page_260'></a>by me, blurted out the fact that they were habitual
+    masturbators, apparently all required to think of the loved
+    person to obtain full satisfaction. <i>Fellatio</i> was proposed, and
+    fully performed, by nine, of whom three experienced the orgasm as
+    soon as they perceived that I had attained to it. All were more
+    or less excited while doing it. One proposed anal coitus, &quot;just
+    to see what it was like;&quot; and three proposed <i>cunnilingus</i>, one
+    having been initiated by a girl friend, and one by her husband.
+    The third had, I believe, evolved the act out of her own inner
+    consciousness in her desire to experience pleasure with me. My
+    relations with one of the twenty-six were confined to my
+    masturbation of her, the while she did <i>fellatio</i>, as she said
+    that she &quot;had no feeling inside down there.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    With two exceptions my partings from these normal women have not
+    been tragic and all whom I have met in after life (seven) have
+    been very ready to resume relations with me, four of them having
+    made the proposal themselves.</p>
+
+<p>    One thing has struck me, and that is the, often great, difference
+    that exists between what a woman's looks lead one to think she
+    is, and what she is when one becomes her lover; the most sensual
+    woman that I have met might have sat for her portrait as the
+    Madonna, and she was the only one who took pleasure in hearing
+    and relating &quot;smoking-room stories,&quot; a form of amusement which,
+    perhaps from their want of appreciation of humor and wit, women
+    do not indulge in&mdash;at least in my experience.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY V.&mdash;</b>(A continuation of History III in Appendix B to the
+    previous volume.)</p>
+
+<p>    As I became better I commenced to dream of true love. I wondered,
+    too, if my horrible past really could be lived down and a young
+    woman come to love <i>me</i>. I took pleasure in reading love poems,
+    especially Browning's, and illustrated some with little
+    water-colors....</p>
+
+<p>    I was sitting in the stalls one night seeing a performance by a
+    company of English actors when one of them played so badly that I
+    thought to myself: &quot;Why, hang it, I could play it better myself!&quot;
+    The next minute another thought followed: &quot;Why not try?&quot; I came
+    out of the stalls the proverbial stage-struck youth. I was
+    sitting in the same place another night when the young man next
+    to me entered into conversation. By a strange coincidence he knew
+    a few young men, amateurs, who were going to form a company, give
+    up their situations and travel, if they could induce a few more
+    to join them and put a little money in. I made an appointment for
+    the following evening....</p>
+
+<p>    There were lots of meetings in bedrooms and rehearsals between
+    the beds, but ultimately I was told a school-room had been
+    engaged and <a name='5_Page_261'></a>a professional actress, A. F. I went to the
+    school-room and found all the boys there, and a young woman with
+    a pale, rice-powder complexion. On introduction she gazed at me
+    as if struck dumb. If she had been better-looking (I thought her
+    vulgar and puffy) I would have been flattered. I was
+    disappointed, but rather frightened (she had a stage presence) of
+    her professional ability, especially when we commenced to
+    rehearse. I had to make love to her, too, which embarrassed me.
+    She had a good profile, I noticed, and would have been better
+    looking, I thought, if she were in better condition, for she was
+    young, about my own age, twenty-three or four. We were all
+    young&mdash;enjoyed our rehearsals, and had lots of fun&mdash;but I did not
+    respond to the advances A. was evidently making to me. Finally we
+    started on our tour. As the weeks went on A. F., like the others,
+    improved wonderfully in health and appearance. If we had had
+    anything like houses it would have been a pleasant trip. My
+    strangeness did not escape the notice of the boys altogether, for
+    I was still a bit strange in mind and nerves&mdash;and deeply
+    religious, bowing my head before each meal and reading my little
+    Bible and prayer-book at odd times. I drank no alcohol. I spent a
+    good deal of time by myself of with my faithful companion A., who
+    was nearly always at my side, she and her appealing eyes. I was
+    surprised to see how quickly she had improved; she looked quite
+    attractive and ladylike some evenings at meals, but I only
+    tolerated her. I was selfish and conceited.</p>
+
+<p>    Things had been going on like this for a week&mdash;always playing to
+    empty houses and our money lower and lower&mdash;when A. said to our
+    other lady, Mrs. T., on a train in my presence: &quot;I shall have to
+    give him up, I suppose; he will have nothing to do with me.&quot; Mrs.
+    T. said: &quot;You give him up, do you?&quot; and looked at me as if she
+    were going to try her hand. A. said &quot;Yes,&quot; and looked at me,
+    smiling sadly. I don't know what motive prompted me&mdash;whether my
+    vanity was alarmed at her threatened desertion or that she had
+    really made some impression on me by her love, probably a little
+    of both&mdash;but I said: &quot;No, don't; come and sit down here,&quot; making
+    way for her, and she joyfully came and nestled against me. From
+    that time I ceased to treat her with ridicule, and kissed her at
+    other times than when on the stage. I was subject still to black
+    moods, and would not speak to her for hours sometimes, but she
+    seemed content to walk with me and was infinitely patient. I had
+    heard she was living with&mdash;if not married to&mdash;an actor. I asked
+    her about him once, and she said she did not love him; she loved
+    me and had never loved before. Her face had a touching sadness;
+    her life had been unhappy and stormy, with no love and little
+    rest in it. Her face, when she had lost her dissipated look and
+    unhealthy pallor, was exquisite, delicate as a cameo. Love had
+    improved her manners, too; she was more gentle and refined. I let
+    things drift without thinking <a name='5_Page_262'></a>of the future, when one night
+    after the performance&mdash;I was lying on the sofa and A. was sitting
+    at my side, as usual&mdash;I suddenly thought, with the brutality that
+    characterized me in these matters&mdash;&quot;I will ask her to let me
+    sleep with her.&quot; I still fought against any premonitory thought
+    of self-abuse, but here, I thought to myself, is a chance of
+    something better that will do me no harm and perhaps good. When
+    she understood me she turned very red and walked away, shaking
+    her head. But I let her understand that was the only way of
+    retaining me, and finally, when they had all gone to bed, she
+    gave herself to me, reluctantly and sadly; for she, too, had been
+    drifting on without thinking of anything of this sort (she hated
+    it at this time), but just living for her love of me, her first
+    true love.</p>
+
+<p>    Before this occurred, I must tell you, I had been so much better
+    that I sometimes felt capable of doing anything, a sense of power
+    and grasp of intellect which was combined with delicacy of
+    feeling and sensitiveness to beauty, to skies and clouds and
+    flowers. I seemed to be awakening to true manhood, to my true
+    self. And at meals, it is worth recording, I commenced to have a
+    distaste for meat.</p>
+
+<p>    These glimpses of a better state of things left me on cohabiting
+    with A., and for a time my gloom and black religious mania came
+    on me once more. I now thought of my promise at confirmation, and
+    it seemed to me I had offended beyond pardon. When we came to the
+    next town, however, I openly slept with A. all night, leaving my
+    own bed untouched. When we returned to Adelaide one of our party
+    remarked: &quot;The only man who had any success with the women on the
+    tour was a Bible-reading, praying, and good, pious, confirmed
+    Christian.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    A.'s nascent beauty and delicacy and improvement were gradually
+    impaired, too. My own conduct became so morose at times that,
+    besides increasing her misery, I offended the others, and
+    bickerings ensued. I heard the other actress say &quot;He's mad; that
+    what's the matter.&quot; And I was so wrapped up in myself and my
+    religious mania that I did not mind their thinking so.</p>
+
+<p>    After the tour was over A. asked me to come and see her at her
+    home, and as I missed her very much I went one night to tea. She
+    had a room in her father's house to herself. A. was dressed in
+    her best and we had an affectionate meeting. After tea I asked
+    her if she were married to E. She said &quot;No.&quot; Then I said: &quot;Who
+    are you married to?&quot; She commenced to cry then, and told me
+    something of her life, the saddest I ever heard. When only 17 she
+    had been courted by a young man she did not care for, but who
+    prevailed on her parents by pretending he had seduced her, but
+    wished to marry her. Strange as it may seem, A. did not know what
+    marriage meant, her mother being one of those silly women who
+    don't like talking of these things and let their daughters grow
+    up in ignorance, expecting they will learn from some one. In nine
+    <a name='5_Page_263'></a>cases out of ten this happens, but A. was an exception. It was
+    this, and the fact that she had not a particle of love for her
+    husband, that gave her such a hatred of coition. When her mother
+    saw the sheets the morning after the marriage she burst out
+    crying; she did not like the young man and saw she had been
+    deceived.</p>
+
+<p>    A.'s husband soon showed his true character; he was in reality a
+    gaol-bird. He beat her, drank, and even wanted her to go on the
+    streets to earn money for him. She left him and went home; it was
+    then she began her theatrical career by entering the ballet. At
+    intervals her husband, drunk and desperate, would waylay and
+    threaten her in the street. One day after a rehearsal he
+    attempted to stab her. She got on in spite of all, being a born
+    actress, and played small parts in traveling companies. Then E.,
+    who had also gone on the stage, courted her and she listened to
+    him, not because she cared for him, but he protected her and
+    offered her a home. She joined him; but his drunkenness and
+    sensuality were so gross that he ruined his health and he
+    attempted to maltreat A. in a nameless way. And whenever she was
+    in the family way he would leave her alone and half-conscious in
+    the cellar for days. To add to her misery she had epileptic fits.
+    Then sometimes they would be out of an engagement and starving.
+    They had been so hungry as to steal raw potatoes out of a sack
+    and eat them thus, having no fire. She would often have had
+    engagements, but E. was jealous and would not let her act without
+    him. And he beat her as her husband had done, and her health
+    became undermined. It was just after one of the forced
+    miscarriages that she joined our traveling company, and that
+    accounted for her yellow and puffy appearance. E. was now away
+    up-country with a circus, but was expected down any time. A. told
+    me a good deal of all this, between her tears, while sitting at
+    my feet, and her tone carried conviction. When I ought to have
+    gone home I persuaded her to let me stay all night. We had been
+    in bed some time when her mother knocked at the door and wanted
+    to come in for something in a chest of drawers there. &quot;Why don't
+    you open the door, A.? Who have you got there? Hasn't that fellow
+    gone?&quot; A. was confused and told me to get under the bed, but I
+    refused, and she covered me up with the bed clothes as well as
+    she could and opened the door. She had hid my clothes, but missed
+    one of my shoes, and her mother saw it. &quot;Oh, A.,&quot; was all she
+    said; &quot;you've got that fellow in bed,&quot; and went out crying.
+    &quot;Well, Fred&quot; (my stage name), &quot;you've got me into a nice row,&quot; A.
+    said. She gave me my breakfast in the morning and I walked out of
+    the front door without being molested. Another night I entered
+    her window by a ladder and stayed all night. In the middle of the
+    night E. came home drunk. She would not let him in and told him
+    she would have nothing more to do with him. He attempted to break
+    in the door, when A. called to me, and hearing a man in the room
+    he went away, saying, as he <a name='5_Page_264'></a>went downstairs: &quot;Oh, A.! Oh, A.!&quot;
+    as if he thought she would not have done such a thing. He never
+    molested us after that night.</p>
+
+<p>    I think it was my intention, at first, to break off with A.
+    gradually. I found, however, I could not keep away from her, and
+    it commenced to be evident to me that a bachelor's life in
+    lodgings again would be dreary and lonely. And all this time the
+    fear that I had offended God troubled me more than I have said,
+    and it occurred to me (there may have been a touch of sophistry
+    in this, or not) that if I were a true husband to her for the
+    future&mdash;stuck to her and worked for her for the rest of my
+    days&mdash;perhaps it would find favor in God's sight and be an
+    atonement for my sin. Had she been free I would have married her,
+    I believe. But she began to be harassed by her mother and
+    bothered about my incessantly coming there and staying all night.
+    It ended in my telling her I would be a husband to her, and she
+    came and lived with me at my lodgings. We had one room and our
+    meals cost us sixpence each. Cheap as it was, it was a struggle
+    for me to earn money at all. I remember feeling ill and anxious
+    once, and sustaining myself by the thought of my father wheeling
+    the heavy truck up the street when he married my mother. And I
+    decided to wheel my truck, too.</p>
+
+<p>    A. seemed happy and her love increased, if possible; at first,
+    though, she must have found me a trying lover, for I made her
+    kneel and pray with me two or three times a day, which she did
+    with such a queer expression of face. Sometimes her feelings got
+    the better of her, and she would say: &quot;Oh, damn it, Fred, you are
+    always praying.&quot; And then I would be shocked and she would be
+    sorry.... Coitus was frequent; she commenced to like it now....</p>
+
+<p>    A. was not looking well one evening when she came in, and lay
+    down on the bed. Presently she commenced to make a strange noise,
+    and I saw her eyes were closed and her hands clenched. &quot;Ah,&quot; said
+    the landlady, who came in to help me; &quot;she has epileptic fits.&quot;
+    When her convulsions were over she looked blankly at us, knitting
+    her brows and evidently puzzling her poor brain to remember who
+    we were. For many years it was my fate to see her looking at me
+    thus, at first stony and estranged, like a dweller in another
+    star, then half-recalling with extended hand, then forgetting
+    again with hand to mouth, then the gradual dawn of memory and
+    love, and final full recognition. &quot;It's Fred, my Fred!&quot; I never
+    got used to it; it always moved me to tears.... It was not to be
+    thought that we had no quarrels. I still had fits of bad temper,
+    and sometimes they came into collision with A.'s temper. It hurt
+    my vanity considerably to see how soon she relinquished the
+    respectful, patient, spaniel-bearing she had when we were
+    traveling. I said some cruel things to her and she retorted. One
+    would have thought, to hear us, that all affection was over. But
+    when the mood of rage wore <a name='5_Page_265'></a>itself out we would both be sorry and
+    make it up with tears, and be very happy in spite of our poverty.</p>
+
+<p>    I think it was lust that prevented me from striving to fulfill my
+    ambitions. A. let me do anything I liked, at all times of day or
+    night, although she seemed surprised at my proceedings sometimes,
+    for it was becoming a fever of lubricity with me. She still
+    thought only of her love. I remember her coming in one day,
+    tired, pale, perspiring, and worried&mdash;we had hardly anything in
+    the house and she had been to the theater ineffectually&mdash;and when
+    her eyes lighted on me the whole expression of her face changed,
+    softened and brightened at once, and she came and kissed me and
+    said: &quot;It is so strange, I was thinking all sorts of nasty things
+    coming along, but as soon as I see my pet's face I feel happy&mdash;I
+    don't care for anything&mdash;I would sooner share a crust with him
+    than have all the money in the world!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    I commenced to feel libidinous curiosity to examine her&mdash;this was
+    mostly on Sundays&mdash;and she let me, blushing at first, but
+    laughing. Then I would try new positions in coitus I had heard
+    of. Still she did not enter into my mood.</p>
+
+<p>    She was engaged at this time to play in a pantomime and I
+    commenced to lead a miserable, jealous existence. I heard scandal
+    about her, baseless enough, but in the diseased, nervous, anxious
+    state I had brought myself to it nearly drove me mad. I would go
+    with her sometimes to visit her mother, whom I began to like. Her
+    brother I still saluted coldly. It caused me horror and jealousy
+    to see A. kissing him and letting him tickle her. In my rage,
+    when we came home, I even said that perhaps she would let him do
+    something else, naming it brutally and coarsely. I remember her
+    shame, astonishment, indignation and tears. If ever a man tried a
+    woman's love I did. But she forgave me, even that.</p>
+
+<p>    We went to live in a little cottage. It was in this cottage that
+    A. first showed signs of lust, and in the diseased state of my
+    mind, instead of regretting it, I encouraged her. She told me one
+    day that the orgasm very often did not occur at the same time
+    with her as with me, and that it would not unless I put my little
+    finger into the anus. This her husband taught her, and she would
+    rather have died than confess it to me when we first met. We
+    would often devote our Sundays to having a picnic as we termed
+    our lustful bouts, stimulating ourselves with wine. Her temper
+    was not improved thereby (though her fits entirely stopped for a
+    twelvemonth)&mdash;we had wordy warfares, but we made it up again
+    always with tears. Nor did I allow myself to deteriorate without
+    reactions and excursions into better things. I was always reading
+    Emerson; it was he who rescued me from orthodox Christianity and
+    taught me to trust in myself and in Nature. I have never ceased
+    this struggle towards better things to this day. There, in a
+    nutshell, is <a name='5_Page_266'></a>my life; I have always been defeated when
+    temptation came, but I have never ceased to struggle. I
+    determined to be more abstemious in sexual indulgence and asked
+    her to help me. She agreed willingly, for she was easily led.
+    Whenever we fell back again into excess it was my fault.</p>
+
+<p>    At a theatrical performance we first met a Miss T., a young
+    German who sang. She was about 25, with modest, quiet and
+    engaging manners. A. and she became very friendly. I liked her;
+    she was tall, dark and lithe, but had bad teeth.</p>
+
+<p>    I had been ill and at this time A. and I had a quarrel, my temper
+    suddenly breaking out in murderous frenzy. I called her names and
+    finally put her outside the house, telling her to go to her
+    mother. I suffered a very hell of remorse and misery. Everything
+    in the quiet, lonely house reminded me of her, seemed fragrant of
+    her; my anguish became so keen I could not stop in the house,
+    though I was just as wretched walking about. I kept this up for
+    two days, when I met her coming to look for me. One look was
+    enough&mdash;&quot;A.!&quot; &quot;Pet!&quot; in broken sobs&mdash;and in tears we kissed and
+    made it up. Miss T. was with her, and I greeted her, too, with
+    happy tears in my eyes. Another time, when A. was giving way to
+    <i>her</i> temper, and one would have thought all love was dead, I
+    said &quot;Don't you love me then?&quot; and the word alone was a talisman,
+    her face changed, she held out her arms and began to sob
+    quietly.... She accepted an offer to travel with a small
+    theatrical company who were going up-country. She was not looking
+    well when I left and after a time I received a telegram telling
+    me to come to her at once as she was ill. Dreading all sorts of
+    things I borrowed my fare and went to her. I knew nothing of
+    women, of their point of view and different code of honor, and
+    was very far from the attitude of Guy de Maupassant who said he
+    liked women all the better for their charmingly deceitful ways.
+    A. wanted to see me and had taken the surest means to ensure my
+    coming. I was angry at first, but she looked so well and was so
+    loving that I could not be angry long.</p>
+
+<p>    One day when I was working the landlady came in and began talking
+    about A. and her conduct before I came. She had gone into the
+    actors' rooms at all hours, the woman said, and drank and been as
+    bad as the rest in her conversation. It was the second time a
+    married woman had run her down to me, and I commenced to think
+    there might be something in it, and suffered all my mad jealousy
+    over again. Not knowing the freedom actors and actresses allow
+    themselves on tour, without there being necessarily anything in
+    it, I worried till I thought I had nothing to do but die. And
+    then one of the great struggles of my life occurred. Walking the
+    country roads, I asked myself: &quot;If it <i>is</i> true, if she has been
+    unfaithful, will you forgive her and help her to arrive at her
+    best?&quot; For a long time the answer was &quot;No!&quot; But perhaps my
+    striving for unity with myself had done some good, and the <a name='5_Page_267'></a>final
+    resolution was for forgiveness. I felt more peace of mind then,
+    and when I told a dying consumptive lodger in the house what the
+    landlady had said, he replied, &quot;Don't you believe a word of it. I
+    know she loves you!&quot;....</p>
+
+<p>    After an absence I found myself one evening in a town where A.
+    was performing. I went round to the back and they told me she had
+    gone to a room in the hotel to change for another part. I
+    followed and entered the room, with a glass of spirits I found
+    that an effeminate young actor was bringing to her. She was half
+    undressed, her beautiful arms and shoulders bare. My arrival was
+    unexpected and she looked at me surprised, I thought coldly, as I
+    reproached her for not keeping a promise she had made to me to
+    touch no alcohol during the tour, but soon her arms were round my
+    neck. She cried like a child. She was bigger and handsomer and
+    healthier. There was not only an increased strength and size, but
+    an increased delicacy and sweetness; her eyes and brows were
+    lovely; there was an indescribable bloom and fragrance on her,
+    such as the sun leaves on a peach; the traveling, country air,
+    and freedom from coitus (had I known it) had enabled her to
+    arrive at her true self, not only a beautiful woman, but a woman
+    of fascination, of wit, vivacity and universal <i>camaraderie</i>. Her
+    face was like the dawn; all my fears and jealousy left me like a
+    cloud that melts before the sun. I remember the look on her face
+    as she embraced me in bed that night. It had just the very
+    smallest touch of sensuality, but was more like some beautiful
+    child's who is being caressed by one she loves; this divine,
+    drowsy-eyed, adorable look I had never seen on her face
+    before&mdash;nor have I since.</p>
+
+<p>    We fell back into our old lustful ways. Later on A. became ill
+    and the black devil of epilepsy returned. I became gloomy.... A
+    restlessness and selfish brutality came over me; our love and
+    peace were gone. I persuaded A. to go to Melbourne and look out
+    for an engagement. The day before she was to sail we went to
+    Glenelg for a trip. The sea air, as often happened, precipitated
+    A.'s fits. We had gone down to the pier and A. said she felt bad.
+    I just managed to support her to the hotel before she became
+    stiff, and I made some impatient remark (for she nearly dragged
+    me down) which she heard, not being quite unconscious and said
+    half incoherently and very pitiably: &quot;Be kind, oh, be kind!&quot;
+    repeating it after consciousness left her. Her heart had been
+    breaking all day at the prospect of parting, and also, I expect,
+    because I was so ready to part with her. That moment was a crisis
+    in my life. I was in a murderous humor, but she looked so
+    unutterably wretched that it seemed impossible to be anything but
+    kind. I made myself speak lovingly to her, in moments of partial
+    consciousness, hired a room, carried her up, and nursed her and
+    petted her all night. The act of self-control, <a name='5_Page_268'></a>and forcing
+    myself to be kind whatever I felt, became a habit in time, a sort
+    of second nature.</p>
+
+<p>    In a few days she sailed. When she had gone I was remorseful and
+    mad with myself. How could I let her go by herself? I resolved to
+    follow her as speedily as possible, and did so.</p>
+
+<p>    If I remember rightly I came to the conclusion about this time
+    that we ought not to have coition unless we felt great love for
+    each other. It seemed to corroborate this to a certain extent
+    that A. always seemed more electric and pleasant to the touch
+    when we had connection for love and not for lust. Leave it to
+    Nature, I would say to myself. I began to feel how much my
+    struggles, efforts and temperate living had improved me. I had
+    more self-respect, though something of the old self-consciousness
+    was still left. I did not get better continuously, but in an
+    up-and-down zigzag. I still had moods of rage approaching madness
+    and periods of neurotic depression. Long walks decidedly helped
+    to cure me, and the sea, sun, wind, clouds and trees colored my
+    dreams at night very sweetly. I frequently dreamed I was walking
+    in orchards or forests, and a deeper, slightly melancholy but
+    potent savor, as of a diviner destiny, was on my soul.</p>
+
+<p>    After a long absence, during which she had frequently been ill,
+    A. joined me. I could see she was recovering from fits, which I
+    began to realize that she had more frequently in absence from me,
+    and also from drinking, perhaps. She was small and thin, but
+    fresh and sweet as honey, and all signs of fits and tempers
+    passed away from her face, so wonderful in its changes. I had
+    become so healthy through my abstinence, temperance and long
+    walks that our meeting was a new revelation to me of how
+    delicate, fragrant and divine a convalescent woman may be. She
+    was glad and surprised to see me looking so well, and if she put
+    her hand on my arm I felt a joyous thrill. I was certainly a
+    better man for abstaining and she a better woman and I determined
+    not to have connection unless we were carried away by our love.
+    As a matter of fact we did not give way to excess, though we were
+    very loving. I tried to persuade myself that we had not gone back
+    to our old ways, but I could not do so long.</p>
+
+<p>    Miss T. put in an appearance every day. She did not look so
+    innocent, but as it was no business of mine I did not trouble.
+    She seemed more attached to A. than ever.... A. was still very
+    loving with me, but it was an effort to me to keep up to her
+    pitch, and when A. proposed to go to Melbourne with Miss T, to
+    sell off the furniture before settling in Adelaide, I was rather
+    glad of the opportunity of abstaining from coitus and of watching
+    myself to see if I again improved. When A. and Miss T. came to
+    see me before going down to the steamer, A. was nearly crying and
+    Miss T., changed from the old welcome friend, was not only pale
+    and anxious, but looked guilty as if she had some <a name='5_Page_269'></a>treachery in
+    her mind; she could not meet my eye. I thought less of it then
+    than afterwards. And once more I took long walks at night and
+    rose early to catch the freshness of the mornings.</p>
+
+<p>    Some time before this I had read a book advocating a vegetarian
+    diet, and at this time I chanced to read Pater's beautiful &quot;Denys
+    L'Auxerrois,&quot; the imaginary portrait of a young vine-dresser, who
+    was attractive beyond ordinary mortals and lived, until his fall
+    and deterioration, on fruit and water. The words, &quot;a natural
+    simplicity in living&quot; remained in my memory. I resolved to read
+    more carefully the book on scientific diet. Who can say, I
+    thought, what changes for the better may come to me if I live on
+    a strictly scientific and natural diet?</p>
+
+<p>    I fasted one whole day, and then had a breakfast of cherries, in
+    the middle of the day a meal of fruit, and walking in the
+    afternoon&mdash;a gray, rainy day&mdash;I felt so light, so different, and
+    the gray sky looked so sweet and familiar, that I was reminded of
+    the luminous visions of my boyhood. It was a distinct revelation.
+    This Pan-like, almost Bacchic feeling, did not last, however, nor
+    was I always able to maintain my new method of diet, though I
+    tried to do so. I made the attempt, however, but I imagine I was
+    more than usually run down. I would walk miles in the hope of
+    feeling less restless. One holiday I walked down to Glenelg,
+    having only had grapes for my dinner, and lying on the beach I
+    looked through a strong binocular glass I had borrowed at the
+    girls bathing. And the beauty of their faces in their frames of
+    hair, of their arms, of their figures, seen through their wet
+    clinging dresses, satisfied me and filled me with joy, gave me
+    for a short time that peace and content&mdash;in harmony with the
+    strong sunlight on the waves and the rhythmic surf on the
+    shore&mdash;I was seeking. The summer evenings on the pier or along
+    the beach had a peculiar savor; one felt the youth and beauty
+    there even on dark nights, the air was fragrant with them, white
+    dresses and summer hats disappearing down the beach or over the
+    sand hills. It was easy&mdash;doubtless justifiable sometimes&mdash;to put
+    a lewd construction on these disappearances; but I felt it need
+    not have been so; that it was not necessary that youth and
+    beauty, even the sexual act itself if led up to by love, should
+    be a subject of giggling and sniggering. I always left the beach
+    and its flitting summer dresses with a sigh.</p>
+
+<p>    A., after writing once, ceased writing at all and once more her
+    mother and I were left in a state of anxiety and suspense. At
+    last I determined to go to Melbourne to look for her, the only
+    clue I had being a remark in her letter that a certain actor was
+    giving her an engagement. In Melbourne I could not find any
+    traces of her for some days and what traces I did find of her
+    were not calculated to allay my anxious fears. One hotel-keeper
+    told me that some one of A's name had stayed there with another
+    hussy (giving Miss T's stage name): &quot;There were nice carryings on
+    with the pair of them.&quot; I thought of Miss T's strange <a name='5_Page_270'></a>looks, but
+    could not imagine what hold she had on A., for A. loved me, I
+    knew. I seemed to be in an inextricable maze. I could settle to
+    nothing and was thinking of applying to the police when I heard
+    that the actor A. had mentioned had taken his company to the
+    Gippsland lakes. I followed to Sale, found the actor and was told
+    that A. was not there. &quot;She slipped me at the last moment,&quot; he
+    said, &quot;and remained in Melbourne.&quot; I returned to my lodgings,
+    with my anxiety and nervous restlessness increased tenfold. But
+    suddenly my fear and restlessness left me like a cloud. I felt
+    quiet, young, peaceful, able to enjoy the country, A. was
+    doubtless all right and would be able to explain her silence. I
+    undressed leisurely and happily, thinking of the stars.</p>
+
+<p>    The next day, Sunday, I awoke refreshed and still at peace. After
+    breakfast, hearing children's voices, I went out into the garden
+    and there was a collision of souls who somehow were affinities. A
+    young girl about twelve or younger with a fine presence and
+    handsome face fixed her eyes on me for half a minute and then
+    came and sat on my knee. She was one of those children I am
+    accustomed to call &quot;love-children,&quot; because they are so much
+    brighter, healthier, larger and more loving than others. I always
+    imagine more love went to their making. We fell in love and she
+    said, stroking my beard, &quot;Oh, you are pretty!&quot; and I said, &quot;And
+    so are you!&quot; We were so affectionate that the servant called the
+    child away and I went for a walk, finding my little sweetheart
+    waiting for me on my return. The touch of her hand was electric
+    and her voice fresh and musical. I kissed her, but had become
+    more self-conscious since the morning and wondered if her mother
+    or the servant were looking, or even of they would appear. I was
+    not so frank and natural as my little chum. I have often thought
+    of her since. She had the breadth of forehead, the strength and
+    yet lightness of limb, together with the hands and feet, not too
+    small, that I always imagine the dwellers in Paradise will have.</p>
+
+<p>    I returned to Melbourne and continued trying to find A. At the
+    same time I commenced in earnest to live on fruit and brown bread
+    only, and enjoyed better tone and health every day, so that it
+    was a joy to walk down the street in the sun and exchange glances
+    with passengers &agrave; la old Walt. One day in the Botanical Gardens
+    veils seemed to be lifted off my eyes. I could look straight at
+    the sun and taking my note of color from that golden light I
+    turned my eyes on the flowers, the mown grass, the trees, and for
+    the first time perceived what a heavenly color green is, what
+    divine companions flowers are, and what a blue sky really means.
+    For half an hour I was in Paradise, and to complete my joy Nature
+    revealed to me a new and unexpected secret.</p>
+
+<p>    I was lying on a bench, basking, and my silk shirt coming open
+    the strong sun made its way to my breast and presently I felt a
+    totally new sensation there. I had discovered the last joy of the
+    skin. My <a name='5_Page_271'></a>skin, fed by healthy fruit-made blood, must have
+    functioned normally under the excitation of the sun just then
+    (for a brief space only, alas!). I cannot describe the joy, any
+    more than I could describe the taste of a peach to one who has
+    only eaten apples: it was satisfying, divine. I opened my shirt
+    wider, but the feeling only spread faintly, and indeed this
+    halcyon sunny hour terminated in a restlessness that sent me
+    walking into town to look for A.</p>
+
+<p>    At last I heard, not of A., but of Miss T. She was in a ballet. I
+    went round during rehearsal and while waiting entered into
+    conversation with a little chorus girl with a good face, who was
+    sewing. On my telling her whom I was seeking she stopped sewing
+    and looked at me quickly: &quot;Oh, are you her husband? I know her.
+    <i>I have seen them together</i>.&quot; She looked as if she were going to
+    tell me something, but merely shook her old-fashioned head in a
+    mournful, indescribable way, saying &quot;Why don't you keep your wife
+    with you?&quot; I went to the door and presently saw Miss T. She tried
+    to avoid me, I thought, and looked more vicious than ever, but
+    after a minute's thought reluctantly told me where she and A.
+    were staying. To hide my fears and suspicions I had assumed a
+    careless demeanor, but I think I should have strangled her had
+    she refused to tell me. I hastily went to the place indicated and
+    going up the stairs (to the astonishment of the people) opened
+    the door and found myself face to face with A.&mdash;but how changed!
+    She had the hard, harlot, loveless look I detested. I felt for a
+    few minutes that I did not love her, and she regarded me coldly
+    too, but presently old habits reinstated themselves. She put out
+    her hands, very pitiably, and then was sobbing in my arms. I
+    could get nothing out of her but sobs, and to this day do not
+    know where she spent all these weeks nor why she did not write.
+    Miss T. came in after rehearsal, pale and hard-faced. I greeted
+    her politely, but was watching her, trying to puzzle out why A.
+    did not look as she usually did after long absence from coition.
+    Miss T. took another room in the same house and was soon joined
+    by another ballet girl, young and very pretty, who soon began to
+    have fits. A. was always crying until Miss T. went away with her
+    pretty friend. I knew nothing, could hardly be said to suspect
+    anything definite, and yet I pitied that pretty girl whose eyes
+    looked so helpless and appealing.</p>
+
+<p>    I set to work again. But I continued to live on fruit and bread,
+    and taking off my clothes I would stand up at the window in the
+    sun. A lot of prostitutes, however, who lived at the back saw me
+    and were scandalized or shocked or thought me mad. The landlady
+    heard of it and spoke to A. So I had to desist from my glorious
+    sun-baths.</p>
+
+<p>    We slept on a single bed, and though I did my best to avoid
+    coitus (I wanted to wait and think out some theory of it), A.,
+    who knew nothing of this, wanted to resume our old habits, and
+    finally I surrendered. But my sufferings next day were intense,
+    and I had the sense <a name='5_Page_272'></a>of having fallen from some high estate. My
+    thoughts were divided between two theories: one that our misery
+    was caused by our diet, more or less; the other that we had
+    fallen into some error as regards coitus, and this was becoming
+    almost a certainty with me.</p>
+
+<p>    There is one incident I think worthy of note which happened
+    before the &quot;fall&quot; just mentioned and when I was living on fruit
+    and in splendid health. At a performance I saw a girl on the
+    stage with handsome legs in tights, and once as she straightened
+    her leg the knee-cap going into position gave me such a strange
+    and keen joy&mdash;of that quality I call divine or musical&mdash;that I
+    was like one suddenly awakened to the divinity and beauty of the
+    female form. The joy was so keen and yet peaceful, familiar, and
+    subjective that I could not help comparing it to a happy chemical
+    change in the tissues of my own brain. Like the unexpected
+    functioning of my skin in the sun it was a sign of a partial
+    return to a normal condition, another glimpse of Paradise.</p>
+
+<p>    I stuck to my new diet and gained a fresh elation and joy in
+    life. Gradually clothes became insupportable, and I went down to
+    the beach as often as possible to take them off, and at nights,
+    beside the patient and astonished A., I would lie naked. One
+    evening, passing some grass, I looked over the fence like a gipsy
+    and felt a longing to take off my clothes and sleep in the grass
+    all night. It was of course impossible. And A. looked unhappily
+    in my face; she began to think her mother, who now thought I was
+    mad, must be right.</p>
+
+<p>    That night I woke up and found myself having coition. I was angry
+    and felt I had been put back in my progress, but a fever of lust
+    now came over me. I would sit under the tap and let the cold
+    water run over me to conquer the fever, but at the end of a week
+    my hopes were frustrated and I even turned against my natural
+    diet, on which I had made flesh. A., as I expected, went through
+    her usual fits, and slowly recovered. (If we had connection only
+    once she in about three weeks had a mild attack of fits; if we
+    had coition more than once the fits were more severe.) I relapsed
+    more than once and as a means of impressing my resolution for
+    future abstinence I would walk for miles in the middle of
+    pitch-black nights....</p>
+
+<p>    Miss T. came over to Adelaide and as I knew nothing definite
+    against her and heard that she was engaged, I thought perhaps my
+    suspicions were unfounded and was friendly. But one day in town I
+    saw her and A. on a tram going out to our cottage. Even then my
+    suspicions might not have been awakened, but I saw Miss T. say
+    something rapidly to A., and A. called out to me, &quot;Will you be
+    coming home soon?&quot; And I answered &quot;No.&quot; When the tram had gone on
+    I found myself vaguely wondering what Miss T. wanted to know that
+    for, for my perceptions were becoming acute enough to understand
+    women's ways. In another minute I was walking rapidly home. When
+    I came to the door <a name='5_Page_273'></a>it was locked. I knocked and knocked and no
+    one came. I called out and threatened to kick in the door. Still
+    no one came. Mad with rage I commenced to put my threat into
+    execution, when the door was opened by Miss T., half-naked, in
+    her petticoats, and pale as death, but no longer defiant. &quot;So
+    I've caught you, have I?&quot; I <i>looked</i>, but could not trust myself
+    to speak. Wondering why A. did not appear I went into the
+    bedroom. She was lying on the bed, just as Miss T. had left her,
+    on the verge of a fit, and on seeing me she held out her hands
+    piteously, and when I stooped over her she whispered, &quot;Send her
+    away, send her away.&quot; Then she became unconscious and going into
+    the next room I ordered Miss T. (who had managed to scramble on
+    her dress) out of the house. I spoke scornfully as if addressing
+    a dog, and she slinked out with a malignant but cowed look I hope
+    never to see on a woman's face again. What they had been doing
+    with their clothes off I do not know; women will rather die than
+    confess. When A. had recovered from her fit she denied that there
+    had been anything between them, and stuck to it doggedly, but
+    with such a forlorn look I had not the heart to prosecute my
+    inquiries.</p>
+
+<p>    For my part, all the efforts I had been making for so long seemed
+    for a time to be in vain; for some weeks I sank into a sort of
+    satyriasis, and even my anger against Miss T. turned to a
+    prurient curiosity. At the same time I was not always able to
+    adhere to my diet. But both as regards coition and diet I was
+    still fighting, and on the whole successfully. My fits of temper,
+    however, were excessive and my ennui became gloomy despair. One
+    day I blasphemed on crossing the Park and spoke contemptuously of
+    &quot;God and his twopenny ha'penny revolving balls,&quot; referring to the
+    planetary system. But for long walks I should have gone mad. A.
+    was drinking in the intervals of her fits. I found half-empty
+    bottles of wine hidden away. This did not improve my temper, and
+    one day&mdash;this was when she was well and up&mdash;I struck her a heavy
+    blow on the face, and she aimed a glass decanter at me. She went
+    home to her mother and I lived alone in the cottage. I heard soon
+    afterwards that her husband had come back and that they had made
+    it up. Our parting was not, however, destined to be final.</p>
+
+<p>    Even out of that month's sufferings I made capital. I was better
+    after my tendency to lubricity, my gloom, rage, restlessness and
+    degradation. They had been but the irritations of convalescence.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<a name='5_Page_274'></a>
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_INDEX_OF_AUTHORS'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_275'></a>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</h2>
+
+
+<ul><li>Abrant&egrave;s, duchesse d', <a href='#5_Page_213'>213</a>.</li>
+<li>Adler, <a href='#5_Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Albucasis, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Alexander, H. C. B., <a href='#5_Page_217'>217</a>.</li>
+<li>Amatus Lusitanus, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Ammon, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#5_Page_196'>196</a>.</li>
+<li>Andersen, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Andriezen, <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Aquinas, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Aristophanes, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Aristotle, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
+<li>Averroes, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a></li>
+<li>Avicenna, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>Aubrey, <a href='#5_Page_93'>93</a>.</li>
+<li>Aulnoy, Madame d', <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Baer, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Ball, <a href='#5_Page_93'>93</a>.</li>
+<li>Ballantyne, J. W., <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Bancroft, H. H., <a href='#5_Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+<li>Barker, Fordyce, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Barnes, R., <a href='#5_Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Bartholin, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Bayle, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>.</li>
+<li>Beale, G. B., <a href='#5_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+<li>Bechterew, <a href='#5_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+<li>Beck, J. R., <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
+<li>Becker, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Bell, Sir C., <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Bell, Sanford, <a href='#5_Page_215'>215</a>.</li>
+<li>Belletrud, <a href='#5_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#5_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>Beneden, <a href='#5_Page_116'>116</a>.</li>
+<li>Bergh, <a href='#5_Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#5_Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#5_Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Bianchi, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+<li>Bi&eacute;rent, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#5_Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Binet, <a href='#5_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li>
+<li>Bischoff, T. L. W., <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Bloch, J., <a href='#5_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#5_Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#5_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#5_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#5_Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#5_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#5_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Blondel, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Blumenbach, <a href='#5_Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#5_Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Blunt, J. J., <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Boas, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#5_Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+<li>Boccaccio, <a href='#5_Page_170'>170</a>.</li>
+<li>Boeteau, <a href='#5_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Bois, J., <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Bois-Reymond, E. du, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>B&ouml;lsche, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
+<li>Booth, D. S., <a href='#5_Page_103'>103</a>.</li>
+<li>Booth, J., <a href='#5_Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
+<li>Bouchereau, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>Bouchet, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Bourke, J. G., <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#5_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Boveri, <a href='#5_Page_116'>116</a>.</li>
+<li>Brand, <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Braun, <a href='#5_Page_139'>139</a>.</li>
+<li>Brant&ocirc;me, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Brehm, <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>.</li>
+<li>Breitenstein, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Br&eacute;nier de Montmorand, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>.</li>
+<li>Br&eacute;not, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+<li>Brouardel, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Brown-S&eacute;quard, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Br&uuml;gelmann, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li>
+<li>Buckman, S. S., <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+<li>Bucknill, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Bunge, <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Burchard, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Burdach, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Burton, Robert, <a href='#5_Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#5_Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#5_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Buschan, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Busdraghi, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Cabanis, <a href='#5_Page_181'>181</a>.</li>
+<li>Campbell, J. F., <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Campbell, H., <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+<li>Carpenter, E., <a href='#5_Page_110'>110</a>.</li>
+<li>Casanova, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>Cascella, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Castelnau, <a href='#5_Page_84'>84</a>.</li>
+<li>Catullus, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Cecca, <a href='#5_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Celsus, <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Chapman, C. W., <a href='#5_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Charcot, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Chaucer, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Chaulant, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Chevalier, <a href='#5_Page_11'>11</a>.</li>
+<li>Chidley, W., <a href='#5_Page_164'>164</a>.</li>
+<li>Cladel, J., <a href='#5_Page_109'>109</a>.</li>
+<li>Clement, of Alexandria, <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Coe, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Coen, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Collineau, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Colman, W. S., <a href='#5_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Columbus, R., <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Cook, G. W., <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.<a name='5_Page_276'></a></li>
+<li>Crawley, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Cumston, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Cuvier, <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>.</li>
+<li>Cyples, <a href='#5_Page_109'>109</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Dabney, <a href='#5_Page_224'>224</a>.</li>
+<li>Darwin, C., <a href='#5_Page_85'>85</a>.</li>
+<li>Darwin, E., <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Daumas, <a href='#5_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Dearborn, G., <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+<li>Dembo, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
+<li>Deniker, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#5_Page_136'>136</a>.</li>
+<li>Dessoir, Max, <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+<li>Dickinson, R. L., <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_135'>135</a>.</li>
+<li>Diderot, <a href='#5_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+<li>Disselhorst, <a href='#5_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Donaldson, H. H., <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li>
+<li>Douglas, C., <a href='#5_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Dr&auml;hms, <a href='#5_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>D&uuml;hren, E., <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#5_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#5_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a> (and see Bloch, J.).</li>
+<li>Dufoug&egrave;re, <a href='#5_Page_178'>178</a>.</li>
+<li>Dufour, <a href='#5_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Dulaure, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#5_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Duncan, Matthews, <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>East, A., <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Edgar, Clifton, <a href='#5_Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li>
+<li>Ellis, Havelock, <a href='#5_Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#5_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#5_Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#5_Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li>
+<li>Engelmann, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+<li>Erotion, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Esbach, <a href='#5_Page_205'>205</a>.</li>
+<li>Eschricht, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Espinas, <a href='#5_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Eulenburg, <a href='#5_Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#5_Page_95'>95</a>.</li>
+<li>Evans, <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
+<li>Ezekiel, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Fabricius, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Fallopius, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>F&eacute;r&eacute;, <a href='#5_Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#5_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#5_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#5_Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#5_Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#5_Page_225'>225</a>.</li>
+<li>Fichstedt, <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
+<li>Flood, E., <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Florence, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Fothergill, Milner, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+<li>Frazer, J. G., <a href='#5_Page_61'>61</a>.</li>
+<li>Freud, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#5_Page_202'>202</a>.</li>
+<li>Freyer, <a href='#5_Page_91'>91</a>.</li>
+<li>Froriep, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Fuchs, <a href='#5_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#5_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#5_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>F&uuml;rbringer, <a href='#5_Page_171'>171</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Galen, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Gardiner, C. F., <a href='#5_Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
+<li>Garnier, <a href='#5_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#5_Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#5_Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+<li>Gautier, A., <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Gautier, T., <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+<li>Gellhoen, <a href='#5_Page_140'>140</a>.</li>
+<li>Gerhard, A., <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Giles, A., <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#5_Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#5_Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Godin, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Goethe, <a href='#5_Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#5_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Goncourt, E. de, <a href='#5_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+<li>Gopcevic, <a href='#5_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Goron, <a href='#5_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Gould, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#5_Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Gow, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Graaf, de, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Griffiths, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+<li>Groos, K., <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#5_Page_201'>201</a>.</li>
+<li>Gualino, <a href='#5_Page_143'>143</a>.</li>
+<li>Gu&eacute;niot, <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
+<li>Guibaut, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>.</li>
+<li>Guillereau, <a href='#5_Page_85'>85</a>.</li>
+<li>Guinard, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Guttceit, <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Hack, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Haddon, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>Haig, <a href='#5_Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li>
+<li>Hall, G. Stanley, <a href='#5_Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#5_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#5_Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#5_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#5_Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#5_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#5_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#5_Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>Haller, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Hamilton, A., <a href='#5_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Hammond, <a href='#5_Page_29'>29</a>.</li>
+<li>Hardy, Thomas, <a href='#5_Page_17'>17</a>.</li>
+<li>Hartland, E. S., <a href='#5_Page_61'>61</a>.</li>
+<li>Harvey, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#5_Page_165'>165</a>.</li>
+<li>Hegar, <a href='#5_Page_198'>198</a>.</li>
+<li>Henderson, J., <a href='#5_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Henle, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a>.</li>
+<li>Hennig, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Herman, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Herodotus, <a href='#5_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#5_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+<li>Herrick, <a href='#5_Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#5_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#5_Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
+<li>Heusinger, <a href='#5_Page_191'>191</a>.</li>
+<li>Hewitt, Graily, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Hippocrates, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#5_Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
+<li>Hirst, <a href='#5_Page_160'>160</a>.</li>
+<li>Hislop, J. T., <a href='#5_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Hoche, <a href='#5_Page_97'>97</a>.</li>
+<li>Horrocks, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Howard, W. L., <a href='#5_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#5_Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Howell, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>Howitt, A. W., <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+<li>Hrdlicka, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>Hughes, C. H., <a href='#5_Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Hunter, John, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Hunter, William, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Huysmans, <a href='#5_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#5_Page_50'>50</a>.</li>
+<li>Hyades, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#5_Page_136'>136</a>.</li>
+<li>Hyrtl, <a href='#5_Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#5_Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.<a name='5_Page_277'></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Jacobi, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Jacoby, P., <a href='#5_Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#5_Page_27'>27</a>.</li>
+<li>Jahn, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>.</li>
+<li>Janet, <a href='#5_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#5_Page_55'>55</a>.</li>
+<li>Janke, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Jastreboff, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
+<li>Jenkyns, J., <a href='#5_Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
+<li>Johnston, G. A., <a href='#5_Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
+<li>Johnston, Sir H. H., <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Jonson, Ben, <a href='#5_Page_217'>217</a>.</li>
+<li>Juvenal, <a href='#5_Page_84'>84</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Kaltenbach, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Kelly, H., <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Kepler, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Kiernan, J. G., <a href='#5_Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#5_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#5_Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Kisch, <a href='#5_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Kleinpaul, <a href='#5_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#5_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#5_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+<li>Kobelt, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Kocher, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Kohlbrugge, <a href='#5_Page_118'>118</a>.</li>
+<li>Kolbein, <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Krafft-Ebing,
+  <ul><li>    <a href='#5_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#5_Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#5_Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#5_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#5_Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#5_Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#5_Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#5_Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#5_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#5_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#5_Page_62'>62</a>,</li>
+<li>      <a href='#5_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#5_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#5_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#5_Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#5_Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#5_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#5_Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#5_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#5_Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Krauss, <a href='#5_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#5_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Lamb, D. S., <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Landes, L. de, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Lane, <a href='#5_Page_12'>12</a>.</li>
+<li>Las&egrave;gue, <a href='#5_Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Laurent, E., <a href='#5_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#5_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Lawrence, Sir W., <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Laycock, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#5_Page_199'>199</a>.</li>
+<li>Levi, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Licetus, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Li&eacute;bault, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Li&eacute;taud, <a href='#5_Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+<li>Lipps, <a href='#5_Page_105'>105</a>.</li>
+<li>Litzmann, <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Lombroso, <a href='#5_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Lorion, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Lortet, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Lucas, J. C., <a href='#5_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Lucretius, <a href='#5_Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>.</li>
+<li>Lunier, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Luschka, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Lusini, <a href='#5_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Lydston, <a href='#5_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Macdonald, A., <a href='#5_Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#5_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>MacGillicuddy, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li>
+<li>McKay, A., <a href='#5_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Mackay, W. J. S., <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Mackenzie, J., <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Magnan, <a href='#5_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#5_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#5_Page_89'>89</a>.</li>
+<li>Malebranche, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Mantegazza, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#5_Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#5_Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#5_Page_187'>187</a>.</li>
+<li>Marandon de Montyel, <a href='#5_Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Marc, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Marro, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#5_Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#5_Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#5_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Marshall, H. R., <a href='#5_Page_225'>225</a>.</li>
+<li>Martial, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Martin, J. M. H., <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
+<li>Martineau, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
+<li>Maschka, <a href='#5_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>.</li>
+<li>Masterman, <a href='#5_Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+<li>Matignon, <a href='#5_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Mattel, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>McMordie, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Mercier, <a href='#5_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#5_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>Meredith, Ellis, <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Middleton, T., <a href='#5_Page_190'>190</a>.</li>
+<li>Mirabeau, <a href='#5_Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#5_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>Mitchell, Sir A., <a href='#5_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+<li>Moll, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#5_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#5_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#5_Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#5_Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#5_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#5_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#5_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#5_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#5_Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#5_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#5_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#5_Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+<li>Mongeri, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li>
+<li>Morache, <a href='#5_Page_22'>22</a>.</li>
+<li>Moraglia, <a href='#5_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#5_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Morris, R. T., <a href='#5_Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+<li>Morselli, <a href='#5_Page_55'>55</a>.</li>
+<li>Motet, <a href='#5_Page_76'>76</a>.</li>
+<li>Moulin, J. Mansell, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>M&uuml;ller, J., <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Mund&eacute;, P., <a href='#5_Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#5_Page_162'>162</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>N&auml;cke, <a href='#5_Page_85'>85</a>.</li>
+<li>Neale, R., <a href='#5_Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+<li>Neri, <a href='#5_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Nicholson, H. O., <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#5_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Nina Rodrigues, <a href='#5_Page_139'>139</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Obici, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+<li>Onanoff, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Ottolenghi, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#5_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Ovid, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Pacheco, <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+<li>Palfyn, <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Park, Mungo, <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Papillault, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Pasini, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Paterson, A. R., <a href='#5_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Paulini, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>.</li>
+<li>Paulus &AElig;ginetus, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>.</li>
+<li>Pearse, W. H., <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Pearson, Karl, <a href='#5_Page_5'>5</a>.<a name='5_Page_278'></a></li>
+<li>Pechuel-Loesche, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Pelanda, <a href='#5_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#5_Page_92'>92</a>.</li>
+<li>Pennant, <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Penta, <a href='#5_Page_13'>13</a>.</li>
+<li>Pfaff, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>.</li>
+<li>Pierer, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Pillon, <a href='#5_Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
+<li>Pin&aelig;us, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Pinard, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Pitre, C., <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+<li>Pitres, <a href='#5_Page_55'>55</a>.</li>
+<li>Pittard, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Plant, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
+<li>Plautus, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Pliny, <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Ploss,
+  <ul><li>      <a href='#5_Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#5_Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#5_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>, </li>
+<li>        <a href='#5_Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#5_Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#5_Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Poehl, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Polemon, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Pollux, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Porta, Della, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Power, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+<li>Pyle, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#5_Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Raymond, <a href='#5_Page_55'>55</a>.</li>
+<li>R&eacute;gis, <a href='#5_Page_55'>55</a>.</li>
+<li>R&eacute;gnier, H. de, <a href='#5_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Reinach, S., <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+<li>Renooz, C&eacute;line, <a href='#5_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Restif de la Bretonne, <a href='#5_Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#5_Page_22'>22</a>.</li>
+<li>Retterer, E., <a href='#5_Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#5_Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#5_Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
+<li>Reynolds, A. R., <a href='#5_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Rhys, J., <a href='#5_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>Ribot, <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>.</li>
+<li>Riedel, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>.</li>
+<li>Rimbaud, <a href='#5_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Riolan, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#5_Page_204'>204</a>.</li>
+<li>Robinson, Bryan, <a href='#5_Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_168'>168</a>.</li>
+<li>Robinson, Louis, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Rodin, <a href='#5_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>Roederer, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Roons, R. P., <a href='#5_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Rosse, Irving, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Roth, W., <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Rothe, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Roubaud, <a href='#5_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#5_Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
+<li>Rousseau, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+<li>Routh, C. H. F., <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
+<li>Rufus, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Russell, W., <a href='#5_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Sade, de, <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Salmon, W., <a href='#5_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Scherzer, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Schinz, <a href='#5_Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
+<li>Schmiedeberg, <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Schreiner, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Schrenck-Notzing, <a href='#5_Page_89'>89</a>.</li>
+<li>Schurig,
+  <ul><li>      <a href='#5_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#5_Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>,</li>
+<li>        <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#5_Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#5_Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Scott, Colin, <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Scripture, E. W., <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Seerley, <a href='#5_Page_120'>120</a>.</li>
+<li>Seligmann, <a href='#5_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Sellheim, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Shakespeare, <a href='#5_Page_170'>170</a>.</li>
+<li>Shattock, <a href='#5_Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#5_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Shufeldt, <a href='#5_Page_45'>45</a>.</li>
+<li>Silk, J. F. W., <a href='#5_Page_156'>156</a>.</li>
+<li>Simon, H., <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Simpson, Sir J., <a href='#5_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+<li>Sims, Marion, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Smith, Sir A., <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>.</li>
+<li>Smith, Haywood, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+<li>S&ouml;mmering, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Soranus, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+<li>Spigelius, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>Stahl, F. A., <a href='#5_Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
+<li>Stanton, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Stendhal, <a href='#5_Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#5_Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#5_Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#5_Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
+<li>Stengel, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Stern, B., <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#5_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#5_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Stevens, Vaughan, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Stieda, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a>.</li>
+<li>Stratz, <a href='#5_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#5_Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#5_Page_205'>205</a>.</li>
+<li>Stubbs, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>Suidas, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Sukhanoff, <a href='#5_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Sullivan, W. C., <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Sutherland, W. D., <a href='#5_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Sutton, Bland, <a href='#5_Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Swift, <a href='#5_Page_48'>48</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Tarde, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li>
+<li>Tardieu, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#5_Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Tarnier, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li>
+<li>Taxil, <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Theocritus, <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Thoinot, <a href='#5_Page_95'>95</a>.</li>
+<li>Thompson, W. L., <a href='#5_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Thomson, J., <a href='#5_Page_225'>225</a>.</li>
+<li>Tilt, <a href='#5_Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Toff, <a href='#5_Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Tourdes, G., <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Tridandani, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Trochon, <a href='#5_Page_91'>91</a>.<a name='5_Page_279'></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Vahness, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>.</li>
+<li>Valentin, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Varigny, H de, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Variot, G., <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Varro, <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>.</li>
+<li>Vaschide, <a href='#5_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#5_Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>Vatsyayana, <a href='#5_Page_150'>150</a>.</li>
+<li>Venette, <a href='#5_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Venturi, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+<li>Vesalius, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>Vinay, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+<li>Vinci, L. da, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Voigt, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Voisin, J., <a href='#5_Page_198'>198</a>.</li>
+<li>Vurpas, <a href='#5_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#5_Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Wagner, R., <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Waldeyer, <a href='#5_Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+<li>Walker, G., <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Wallace, A. W., <a href='#5_Page_224'>224</a>.</li>
+<li>Warton, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>.</li>
+<li>Wasserschleben, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Weininger, O., <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Wellhausen, <a href='#5_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+<li>Werner, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Wernich, <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
+<li>West, J. P., <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li>
+<li>Wharton, <a href='#5_Page_171'>171</a>.</li>
+<li>Wilhelm, Eugen, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+<li>Wilkin, G., <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Wilkinson, A. D., <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
+<li>Williams, J. W. Whitridge, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Williamson, C. F., <a href='#5_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Wolff, B., <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Wollstonecraft, Mary, <a href='#5_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Wordsworth, <a href='#5_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Wychgel, <a href='#5_Page_205'>205</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Youatt, <a href='#5_Page_85'>85</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Zaborsky, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Zoppi, <a href='#5_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Zimmer, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+<li>Zola, <a href='#5_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<a name='5_Page_280'></a>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_281'></a>INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</h2>
+
+
+<ul><li>Abyssinians,
+  <ul><li>coitus among, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Acquired element in erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_28'>28</a>.</li>
+<li>Acromegaly and sexual development, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Alcohol,
+  <ul><li>aphrodisiac effects of, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Algolagnia,
+  <ul><li>in relation to scatologic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_56'>56</a>;</li>
+<li>  as a form of erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>An&aelig;sthesia,
+  <ul><li>sexual, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>An&aelig;sthetics in relation to sexual excitement, <a href='#5_Page_156'>156</a>.</li>
+<li>Anaphrodisiacs, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Animal copulation,
+  <ul><li>attraction of, <a href='#5_Page_72'>72</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Animals,
+  <ul><li>detumescence in, <a href='#5_Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#5_Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#5_Page_168'>168</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Annamites,
+  <ul><li>coitus among, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Antipathies of pregnant women, <a href='#5_Page_212'>212</a>.</li>
+<li>Anus in relation to pubic hair, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>;
+  <ul><li>as an erogenous zone, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Apes,
+  <ul><li>sexual organs of, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#5_Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#5_Page_165'>165</a>;</li>
+<li>  sexual congress in, <a href='#5_Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Aphrodisiacs, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Apples,
+  <ul><li>longings of women for, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Arabs,
+  <ul><li>penis in, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Artist,
+  <ul><li>compared to lover, <a href='#5_Page_108'>108</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Associations of contiguity and resemblance in erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>.</li>
+<li>Australian method of sexual congress, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>.</li>
+<li>Auto-suggestions,
+  <ul><li>longings of pregnancy as, <a href='#5_Page_213'>213</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Bartholin,
+  <ul><li>glands of, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Beard in relation to sexual development, <a href='#5_Page_197'>197</a>.</li>
+<li>Beauty,
+  <ul><li>the objective element in, <a href='#5_Page_107'>107</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Bestiality, <a href='#5_Page_77'>77</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Bladder in relation to sexual excitement, <a href='#5_Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#5_Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li>
+<li>Blood during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Blood-pressure during detumescence, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#5_Page_169'>169</a>.</li>
+<li>Breasts,
+  <ul><li>and erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_188'>188</a>;</li>
+<li>  during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Bromide as an anaphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Bulbo-cavernous reflex, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#5_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Camphor as an anaphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Cantharides,
+  <ul><li>effects of, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Castration,
+  <ul><li>results of, <a href='#5_Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Celery as an aphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Children,
+  <ul><li>attracted to foot, <a href='#5_Page_16'>16</a>;</li>
+<li>  to scatology, <a href='#5_Page_53'>53</a>;</li>
+<li>  to copulation of animals, <a href='#5_Page_72'>72</a>;</li>
+<li>  to hair, <a href='#5_Page_74'>74</a>;</li>
+<li>  food impulses of, <a href='#5_Page_215'>215</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Chinese,
+  <ul><li>foot-fetichism of, <a href='#5_Page_21'>21</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Circulatory conditions during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>;
+  <ul><li>during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_207'>207</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Clitoris, <a href='#5_Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#5_Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Clothes,
+  <ul><li>erotic fascination of, <a href='#5_Page_45'>45</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Coitus,
+  <ul><li>the phenomena of, <a href='#5_Page_111'>111</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  the methods of, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  ethnic variations in methods of, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>;</li>
+<li>  respiratory and circulatory conditions during, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>;</li>
+<li>  interruptus as a cause of vasomotor disturbance, <a href='#5_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#5_Page_178'>178</a>;</li>
+<li>  glandular activity during, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>;</li>
+<li>  motor activity during, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  psychic state during, <a href='#5_Page_157'>157</a>;</li>
+<li>  serious effects of, <a href='#5_Page_168'>168</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Congenital element in erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_27'>27</a>.</li>
+<li>Contiguity in erotic symbolism,
+  <ul><li>associations of, <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Coprolagnia, <a href='#5_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#5_Page_62'>62</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Coprophagia,
+  <ul><li>religious and sexual, <a href='#5_Page_57'>57</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Courtship, <a href='#5_Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
+<li>Crystallization,
+  <ul><li>Stendhal's, <a href='#5_Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#5_Page_107'>107</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Defile,
+  <ul><li>the impulse to, <a href='#5_Page_95'>95</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Distillatio, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Dog,
+  <ul><li>human sexual intercourse with, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Dynamometric experiments during sexual excitement, <a href='#5_Page_154'>154</a>.<a name='5_Page_282'></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Ejaculation, the mechanism of, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Embryo, <a href='#5_Page_117'>117</a>.</li>
+<li>Epilepsy and exhibitionism, <a href='#5_Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#5_Page_103'>103</a>;
+  <ul><li>compared to coitus, <a href='#5_Page_150'>150</a>;</li>
+<li>  as a result of coitus, <a href='#5_Page_169'>169</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Erectility during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
+<li>Erogenous zone,
+  <ul><li>anus as, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>;</li>
+<li>  lips as, <a href='#5_Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#5_Page_202'>202</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Erotic intoxication, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li>
+<li>Erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_182'>182</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Eryngo as an aphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Ethnic variations in coitus, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Etruscans,
+  <ul><li>sexual significance of foot among, <a href='#5_Page_24'>24</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Eunuchs,
+  <ul><li>characteristics of, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Exercise on sexual organs,
+  <ul><li>influence of, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Exhibitionism, <a href='#5_Page_89'>89</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Eyes during detumescence, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>;
+  <ul><li>in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>;</li>
+<li>  darker at puberty, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Face during detumescence,
+  <ul><li>expression of, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>F&aelig;ces as a drug, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>.</li>
+<li>Fecundation,
+  <ul><li>the phenomena of, <a href='#5_Page_117'>117</a>;</li>
+<li>  artificial, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Feet as a sexual symbol,
+  <ul><li>uncovering, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Fellatio, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Fetichism,
+  <ul><li>erotic, <a href='#5_Page_2'>2</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Flagellation, <a href='#5_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#5_Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li>
+<li>Foot-fetichism,
+  <ul><li><i>see</i> Shoe-fetichism.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Fuegians,
+  <ul><li>penis in, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Fur as a fetich, <a href='#5_Page_76'>76</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Garments as fetiches, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#5_Page_74'>74</a></li>
+<li>Genital organs as fetiches, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>Goat as a human sexual fetich, <a href='#5_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#5_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>Greeks,
+  <ul><li>sexual significance of foot among, <a href='#5_Page_24'>24</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Hair as a fetich, <a href='#5_Page_74'>74</a>;
+  <ul><li>despoilers of, <a href='#5_Page_75'>75</a>;</li>
+<li>  pubic, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  darkens at puberty, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  in pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_205'>205</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Hand as fetich, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>Heart during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Homosexuality as a form of erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_2'>2</a>.</li>
+<li>Hottentot apron, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a>.</li>
+<li>Hymen, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#5_Page_162'>162</a>.</li>
+<li>Hyper&aelig;sthesia, sexual, <a href='#5_Page_6'>6</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Hypertrichosis universalis, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Hysteria, <a href='#5_Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Ideal coprolagnia, <a href='#5_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Idiocy as result of maternal impressions, <a href='#5_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#5_Page_224'>224</a>.</li>
+<li>Idiots,
+  <ul><li>sexual development of, <a href='#5_Page_198'>198</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Impregnation without rupture of hymen, <a href='#5_Page_162'>162</a>;
+  <ul><li>without conjunctions, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>;</li>
+<li>  artificial, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Impressions,
+  <ul><li>maternal, <a href='#5_Page_217'>217</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Intellectual work,
+  <ul><li>relation of pregnancy to, <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Intoxication,
+  <ul><li>erotic, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Japanese,
+  <ul><li>labia majora in, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Joy,
+  <ul><li>the expression of, <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Kiss, the, <a href='#5_Page_143'>143</a>.</li>
+<li>Kleptomania and pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Knee-jerk in pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Labia majora, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Labia minora, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Larynx in relation to sexual state, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Linea fusca, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Lips,
+  <ul><li>as an erogenous zone, <a href='#5_Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#5_Page_202'>202</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_190'>190</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Longings of pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>;
+  <ul><li>theories of, <a href='#5_Page_212'>212</a>;</li>
+<li>  as auto-suggestions, <a href='#5_Page_213'>213</a>;</li>
+<li>  physiological basis of, <a href='#5_Page_214'>214</a>;</li>
+<li>  relation to the longings of childhood, <a href='#5_Page_215'>215</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Masochism,
+  <ul><li>in relation to shoe-fetichism, <a href='#5_Page_31'>31</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to scatalogic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_56'>56</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to exhibitionism of nates, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>;</li>
+<li>  as a form of erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Masturbation and pubic hair, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>;
+  <ul><li>hypertrophy of clitoris ascribed to, <a href='#5_Page_131'>131</a>;</li>
+<li>  part played by clitoris in, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>;</li>
+<li>  why some theologians permitted, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>;</li>
+<li>  phenomena during, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Maternal element in sexual love, <a href='#5_Page_201'>201</a>.</li>
+<li>Maternal impressions, <a href='#5_Page_217'>217</a> <i>et seq.</i><a name='5_Page_283'></a></li>
+<li>Menstruation in relation to coitus, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>;
+  <ul><li>metabolism during, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to sickness of pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>;</li>
+<li>  compared to pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Mental state during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Metabolism during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Mixoscopic zoophilia, <a href='#5_Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
+<li>Modesty a supposed sign of virginity, <a href='#5_Page_204'>204</a>.</li>
+<li>Mohammedan method of sexual congress, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Mole as a fetich, <a href='#5_Page_12'>12</a>.</li>
+<li>Mongol peoples,
+  <ul><li>foot fetichism among various, <a href='#5_Page_23'>23</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Mons veneris, <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Mordvins,
+  <ul><li>foot-fetichism among, <a href='#5_Page_23'>23</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Motor activity during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Mouth in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_191'>191</a>.</li>
+<li>Muscular movements during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Nates in relation to coprolagnia, <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>;
+  <ul><li>in relation to exhibitionism, <a href='#5_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Necrophilia, <a href='#5_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#5_Page_81'>81</a>.</li>
+<li>Negative fetich, <a href='#5_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Negro,
+  <ul><li>penis in, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>;</li>
+<li>  labia majora in, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>;</li>
+<li>  clitoris in, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>;</li>
+<li>  labia minora in, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a>;</li>
+<li>  method of sexual congress among, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Nervous system during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Neurasthenia cordis vasomotoria, <a href='#5_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>Nipples,
+  <ul><li>pigmentation of, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Nudity,
+  <ul><li>religious, <a href='#5_Page_99'>99</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Nutrition,
+  <ul><li>symbolism of, <a href='#5_Page_7'>7</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Nymph&aelig;, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Nymphomania, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Obsessions of scruple, <a href='#5_Page_7'>7</a>;
+  <ul><li>longings of pregnancy as, <a href='#5_Page_211'>211</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Obsessional exhibitionism, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+<li>Odor an alleged sign of defloration, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Onion as an aphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Opium as an aphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Organs,
+  <ul><li>sexual, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Ova and spermatozoa,
+  <ul><li>union of, <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Ovarian extract, effects of, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Ovaries,
+  <ul><li>function of, <a href='#5_Page_181'>181</a>;</li>
+<li>  analogy of with thyroid, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Paidophilia, <a href='#5_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#5_Page_13'>13</a>.</li>
+<li>Pain and erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li>
+<li>Pedicatio, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
+<li>Pelvic development and erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Pelvic floor, variability of, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Pelvic inclination, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Penis, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#5_Page_121'>121</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Penis-fetichism, <a href='#5_Page_96'>96</a>.</li>
+<li>Phallic worship, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Physiognomists and the erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_182'>182</a>.</li>
+<li>Pica, <a href='#5_Page_211'>211</a>.</li>
+<li>Pigmentation in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_191'>191</a>;
+  <ul><li>in pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_205'>205</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Potatoes,
+  <ul><li>the supposed aphrodisiac effects of, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Precocity,
+  <ul><li>influence of, <a href='#5_Page_29'>29</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Pregnancy and pigmentation, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>;
+  <ul><li>psychic state in, <a href='#5_Page_201'>201</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  sexual desire during, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>;</li>
+<li>  relation of to intellectual work, <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Presbyophilia, <a href='#5_Page_11'>11</a>.</li>
+<li>Prostate, <a href='#5_Page_171'>171</a>.</li>
+<li>Prostitutes,
+  <ul><li>external genitals of, <a href='#5_Page_136'>136</a>;</li>
+<li>  stature of, <a href='#5_Page_187'>187</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Psychic exhibitionism, <a href='#5_Page_94'>94</a>.</li>
+<li>Psychic condition during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Puberty,
+  <ul><li>the phenomena of, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>;</li>
+<li>  pigmentary changes at, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Pubic hair, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a> <i>et seq.</i>; <a href='#5_Page_204'>204</a>.</li>
+<li>Puericulture, <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Pygmalionism, <a href='#5_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#5_Page_12'>12</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Quadrupedal method of coitus in man, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Rachitic,
+  <ul><li>sexual tendencies of the, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Reflex, bulbo-cavernous, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Reflexes during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Religious scatalogic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Resemblance in erotic symbolism,
+  <ul><li>associations of, <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Respiration during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+<li>Responsibility of pregnant women, <a href='#5_Page_217'>217</a>.<a name='5_Page_284'></a></li>
+<li>Restif de la Bretonne's shoe-fetichism, <a href='#5_Page_18'>18</a>.</li>
+<li>Romans,
+  <ul><li>sexual significance of foot among, <a href='#5_Page_24'>24</a>;</li>
+<li>  methods of coitus among, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Rousseau, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+<li>Rue as an anaphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Sadism, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li>
+<li>Saint compared to lover, <a href='#5_Page_109'>109</a>.</li>
+<li>Salivation during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Satyriasis, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>Scatalogic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_47'>47</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Scrotum, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>Scruple, obsessions of, <a href='#5_Page_7'>7</a>.</li>
+<li>Secretions of genital canal, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Semen,
+  <ul><li>alleged female, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>;</li>
+<li>  in coitus, <a href='#5_Page_157'>157</a>;</li>
+<li>  in female genital canal, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a>;</li>
+<li>  vital activity of, <a href='#5_Page_165'>165</a>;</li>
+<li>  artificial injection of, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>;</li>
+<li>  constituents of, <a href='#5_Page_171'>171</a>;</li>
+<li>  as a stimulant, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sexual an&aelig;sthesia, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Sexual conjugation, <a href='#5_Page_116'>116</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Sexual desire during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Sexual organs, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Sexual selection in relation to erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>;
+  <ul><li>in relation to external sexual organs, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>;</li>
+<li>  the probable cause of the hymen, <a href='#5_Page_140'>140</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Shadow as a fetich, <a href='#5_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Shoe,
+  <ul><li>sexual significance of, <a href='#5_Page_25'>25</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Shoe-fetichism frequency of, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>;
+  <ul><li>normal basis of, <a href='#5_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#5_Page_27'>27</a>;</li>
+<li>  illustrated by Restif de la Bretonne, <a href='#5_Page_18'>18</a>;</li>
+<li>  prevalence of among Chinese, etc., <a href='#5_Page_21'>21</a>;</li>
+<li>  former prevalence in Europe, <a href='#5_Page_24'>24</a>;</li>
+<li>  congenital basis of, <a href='#5_Page_27'>27</a>;</li>
+<li>  acquired element in, <a href='#5_Page_28'>28</a>;</li>
+<li>  favored by precocity, <a href='#5_Page_29'>29</a>;</li>
+<li>  relation to masochism, <a href='#5_Page_30'>30</a>;</li>
+<li>  illustrative cases of, <a href='#5_Page_33'>33</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  dynamic element in, <a href='#5_Page_45'>45</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sickness of pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Skin,
+  <ul><li>sexual significance of, <a href='#5_Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>;</li>
+<li>  condition of during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_190'>190</a>;</li>
+<li>  sexual pigmentation of, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Slipper as a sexual symbol, <a href='#5_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Smile,
+  <ul><li>origin of the, <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sodomy,
+  <ul><li>the term, <a href='#5_Page_72'>72</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Spain,
+  <ul><li>sexual attractiveness of foot in, <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Spermatozoa reach ova,
+  <ul><li>how the, <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#5_Page_171'>171</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Spermin, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Sphygmanometer experiments during sexual excitement, <a href='#5_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>Stature and erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_187'>187</a>.</li>
+<li>Stimulants, <a href='#5_Page_178'>178</a>.</li>
+<li>Stuff-fetichisms, <a href='#5_Page_73'>73</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Strychnine,
+  <ul><li>aphrodisiac effects of, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Suggestion in relation to longings of pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_214'>214</a>.</li>
+<li>Symbols,
+  <ul><li>nature of, <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>;</li>
+<li>  of sex in language, <a href='#5_Page_4'>4</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Temperament,
+  <ul><li>alleged erotic, <a href='#5_Page_182'>182</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Testicular juices,
+  <ul><li>effects of, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Testes, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#5_Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#5_Page_197'>197</a>.</li>
+<li>Thyroid,
+  <ul><li>condition during sexual excitement, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>;</li>
+<li>  during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_207'>207</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ticklishness in relation to stuff-fetichisms, <a href='#5_Page_76'>76</a>.</li>
+<li>Tumescence in relation to detumescence, <a href='#5_Page_115'>115</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#5_Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Unnatural offence,
+  <ul><li>the term, <a href='#5_Page_72'>72</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Urethra,
+  <ul><li>variability of female, <a href='#5_Page_120'>120</a>;</li>
+<li>  an erogenous zone, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Urethrorrh&oelig;a ex libidine, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Urinary stream,
+  <ul><li>in relation to nymph&aelig;, <a href='#5_Page_136'>136</a>;</li>
+<li>  an alleged index to virginity, <a href='#5_Page_204'>204</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Urine in religious rites, <a href='#5_Page_50'>50</a>;
+  <ul><li>possesses magical virtues, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>;</li>
+<li>  in legends, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>;</li>
+<li>  in medicine, <a href='#5_Page_59'>59</a>;</li>
+<li>  during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#5_Page_154'>154</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Urolagnia, <a href='#5_Page_47'>47</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Uterus, <a href='#5_Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#5_Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Vagina, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Vaginismus, <a href='#5_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Vasomotor conditions during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+<li>Vaudonism, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Virginity,
+  <ul><li>ancient diagnosis of, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Virile reflex, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>.<a name='5_Page_285'></a></li>
+<li>Voice,
+  <ul><li>in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_188'>188</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to virginity, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Vomiting of pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Vulva, <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a> <i>et seq.</i> <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Vulva-fetichism, <a href='#5_Page_96'>96</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Waist,
+  <ul><li>origin of admiration for small, <a href='#5_Page_21'>21</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Yohimbin as an aphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Zooerastia, <a href='#5_Page_77'>77</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Zoophilia erotica, <a href='#5_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#5_Page_76'>76</a>.</li>
+<li>Zoophilia non-erotic, <a href='#5_Page_77'>77</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<br>
+<br>
+<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 13614 ***</div>
+</body>
+</html>
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #13614 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13614)
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 5
+(of 6), by Havelock Ellis
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 5 (of 6)
+
+Author: Havelock Ellis
+
+Release Date: October 8, 2004  [eBook #13614]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX,
+VOLUME 5 (OF 6)***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland and the Project Gutenberg Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME V
+
+   Erotic Symbolism
+   The Mechanism of Detumescence
+   The Psychic State in Pregnancy
+
+by
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS
+
+1927
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In this volume the terminal phenomena of the sexual process are discussed,
+before an attempt is finally made, in the concluding volume, to consider
+the bearings of the psychology of sex on that part of morals which may be
+called "social hygiene."
+
+Under "Erotic Symbolism" I include practically all the aberrations of the
+sexual instinct, although some of these have seemed of sufficient
+importance for separate discussion in previous volumes. It is highly
+probable that many readers will consider that the name scarcely suffices
+to cover manifestations so numerous and so varied. The term "sexual
+equivalents" will seem preferable to some. While, however, it may be fully
+admitted that these perversions are "sexual equivalents"--or at all events
+equivalents of the normal sexual impulse--that term is merely a
+descriptive label which tells us nothing of the phenomena. "Sexual
+Symbolism" gives us the key to the process, the key that makes all these
+perversions intelligible. In all of them--very clearly in some, as in
+shoe-fetichism; more obscurely in others, as in exhibitionism--it has come
+about by causes congenital, acquired, or both, that some object or class
+of objects, some act or group of acts, has acquired a dynamic power over
+the psycho-physical mechanism of the sexual process, deflecting it from
+its normal adjustment to the whole of a beloved person of the opposite
+sex. There has been a transmutation of values, and certain objects,
+certain acts, have acquired an emotional value which for the normal person
+they do not possess. Such objects and acts are properly, it seems to me,
+termed symbols, and that term embodies the only justification that in most
+cases these manifestations can legitimately claim.
+
+"The Mechanism of Detumescence" brings us at last to the final climax for
+which the earlier and more prolonged stage of tumescence, which has
+occupied us so often in these _Studies_, is the elaborate preliminary.
+"The art of love," a clever woman novelist has written, "is the art of
+preparation." That "preparation" is, on the physiological side, the
+production of tumescence, and all courtship is concerned in building up
+tumescence. But the final conjugation of two individuals in an explosion
+of detumescence, thus slowly brought about, though it is largely an
+involuntary act, is still not without its psychological implications and
+consequences; and it is therefore a matter for regret that so little is
+yet known about it. The one physiological act in which two individuals are
+lifted out of all ends that center in self and become the instrument of
+those higher forces which fashion the species, can never be an act to be
+slurred over as trivial or unworthy of study.
+
+In the brief study of "The Psychic State in Pregnancy" we at last touch
+the point at which the whole complex process of sex reaches its goal. A
+woman with a child in her womb is the everlasting miracle which all the
+romance of love, all the cunning devices of tumescence and detumescence,
+have been invented to make manifest. The psychic state of the woman who
+thus occupies the supreme position which life has to offer cannot fail to
+be of exceeding interest from many points of view, and not least because
+the maternal instinct is one of the elements even of love between the
+sexes. But the psychology of pregnancy is full of involved problems, and
+here again, as so often in the wide field we have traversed, we stand at
+the threshold of a door it is not yet given us to pass.
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS.
+
+Carbis Water, Lelant, Cornwall.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+EROTIC SYMBOLISM.
+
+I.
+
+The Definition of Erotic Symbolism. Symbolism of Act and Symbolism of
+Object. Erotic Fetichism. Wide Extension of the Symbols of Sex. The
+Immense Variety of Possible Erotic Fetiches. The Normal Foundations of
+Erotic Symbolism. Classification of the Phenomena. The Tendency to
+Idealize the Defects of a Beloved Person. Stendhal's "Crystallization".
+
+II.
+
+Foot-fetichism and Shoe-fetichism. Wide Prevalence and Normal Basis.
+Restif de la Bretonne. The Foot a Normal Focus of Sexual Attraction Among
+Some Peoples. The Chinese, Greeks, Romans, Spaniards, etc. The Congenital
+Predisposition in Erotic Symbolism. The Influence of Early Association and
+Emotional Shock. Shoe-fetichism in Relation to Masochism. The Two
+Phenomena Independent Though Allied. The Desire to be Trodden On. The
+Fascination of Physical Constraint. The Symbolism of Self-inflicted Pain.
+The Dynamic Element in Erotic Symbolism. The Symbolism of Garments.
+
+III.
+
+Scatalogic Symbolism. Urolagnia. Coprolagnia. The Ascetic Attitude Towards
+the Flesh. Normal Basis of Scatalogic Symbolism. Scatalogic Conceptions
+Among Primitive Peoples. Urine as a Primitive Holy Water. Sacredness of
+Animal Excreta. Scatalogy in Folk-lore. The Obscene as Derived from the
+Mythological. The Immature Sexual Impulse Tends to Manifest Itself in
+Scatalogic Forms. The Basis of Physiological Connection Between the
+Urinary and Genital Spheres. Urinary Fetichism Sometimes Normal in
+Animals. The Urolagnia of Masochists. The Scatalogy of Saints. Urolagnia
+More Often a Symbolism of Act Than a Symbolism of Object. Only
+Occasionally an Olfactory Fetichism. Comparative Rarity of Coprolagnia.
+Influence of Nates Fetichism as a Transition to Coprolagnia, Ideal
+Coprolagnia. Olfactory Coprolagnia. Urolagnia and Coprolagnia as Symbols
+of Coitus.
+
+IV.
+
+Animals as Sources of Erotic Symbolism. Mixoscopic Zoophilia. The
+Stuff-fetichisms. Hair-fetichism. The Stuff-fetichisms Mainly on a Tactile
+Base. Erotic Zoophilia. Zooerastia. Bestiality. The Conditions that Favor
+Bestiality. Its Wide Prevalence Among Primitive Peoples and Among
+Peasants. The Primitive Conception of Animals. The Goat. The Influence of
+Familiarity With Animals. Congress Between Women and Animals. The Social
+Reaction Against Bestiality.
+
+V.
+
+Exhibitionism. Illustrative Cases. A Symbolic Perversion of Courtship. The
+Impulse to Defile. The Exhibitionist's Psychic Attitude. The Sexual Organs
+as Fetiches. Phallus Worship. Adolescent Pride in Sexual Development.
+Exhibitionism of the Nates. The Classification of the Forms of
+Exhibitionism. Nature of the Relationship of Exhibitionism to Epilepsy.
+
+VI.
+
+The Forms of Erotic Symbolism are Simulacra of Coitus. Wide Extension of
+Erotic Symbolism. Fetichism Not Covering the Whole Ground of Sexual
+Selection. It is Based on the Individual Factor in Selection.
+Crystallization. The Lover and the Artist. The Key to Erotic Symbolism is
+to be Found in the Emotional Sphere. The Passage to Pathological Extremes.
+
+
+
+THE MECHANISM OF DETUMESCENCE.
+
+I.
+
+The Psychological Significance of Detumescence. The Testis and the Ovary.
+Sperm Cell and Germ Cell. Development of the Embryo. The External Sexual
+Organs. Their Wide Range of Variation. Their Nervous Supply. The Penis.
+Its Racial Variations. The Influence of Exercise. The Scrotum and
+Testicles. The Mons Veneris. The Vulva. The Labia Majora and their
+Varieties. The Public Hair and Its Characters. The Clitoris and Its
+Functions. The Anus as an Erogenous Zone. The Nymphæ and their Function.
+The Vagina. The Hymen. Virginity. The Biological Significance of the
+Hymen.
+
+II.
+
+The Object of Detumescence. Erogenous Zones. The Lips. The Vascular
+Characters of Detumescence. Erectile Tissue. Erection in Woman. Mucous
+Emission in Women. Sexual Connection. The Human Mode of Intercourse.
+Normal Variations. The Motor Characters of Detumescence. Ejaculation. The
+Virile Reflex. The General Phenomena of Detumescence. The Circulatory and
+Respiratory Phenomena. Blood Pressure. Cardiac Disturbance. Glandular
+Activity. Distillatio. The Essentially Motor Character of Detumescence.
+Involuntary Muscular Irradiation to Bladder, etc. Erotic Intoxication.
+Analogy of Sexual Detumescence and Vesical Tension. The Specifically
+Sexual Movements of Detumescence in Man. In Woman. The Spontaneous
+Movements of the Genital Canal in Woman. Their Function in Conception.
+Part Played by Active Movement of the Spermatozoa. The Artificial
+Injection of Semen. The Facial Expression During Detumescence. The
+Expression of Joy. The Occasional Serious Effects of Coitus.
+
+III.
+
+The Constituents of Semen. Function of the Prostate. The Properties of
+Semen. Aphrodisiacs. Alcohol, Opium, etc. Anaphrodisiacs. The Stimulant
+Influence of Semen in Coitus. The Internal Effects of Testicular
+Secretions. The Influence of Ovarian Secretion.
+
+IV.
+
+The Aptitude for Detumescence. Is There an Erotic Temperament? The
+Available Standards of Comparison. Characteristics of the Castrated.
+Characteristics of Puberty. Characteristics of the State of Detumescence.
+Shortness of Stature. Development of the Secondary Sexual Characters. Deep
+Voice. Bright Eyes. Glandular Activity. Everted Lips. Pigmentation.
+Profuse Hair. Dubious Significance of Many of These Characters.
+
+
+THE PSYCHIC STATE IN PREGNANCY.
+
+The Relationship of Maternal and Sexual Emotion. Conception and Loss of
+Virginity. The Anciently Accepted Signs of This Condition. The Pervading
+Effects of Pregnancy on the Organism. Pigmentation. The Blood and
+Circulation. The Thyroid. Changes in the Nervous System. The Vomiting of
+Pregnancy. The Longings of Pregnant Women. Mental Impressions. Evidence
+for and Against Their Validity. The Question Still Open. Imperfection of
+Our Knowledge. The Significance of Pregnancy.
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+Histories of Sexual Development.
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+
+
+
+EROTIC SYMBOLISM.
+
+I.
+
+The Definition of Erotic Symbolism--Symbolism of Act and Symbolism of
+Object--Erotic Fetichism--Wide extension of the symbols of Sex--The
+Immense Variety of Possible Erotic Fetiches--The Normal Foundations of
+Erotic Symbolism--Classification of the Phenomena--The Tendency to
+Idealize the Defects of a Beloved Person--Stendhal's "Crystallization."
+
+
+By "erotic symbolism" I mean that tendency whereby the lover's attention
+is diverted from the central focus of sexual attraction to some object or
+process which is on the periphery of that focus, or is even outside of it
+altogether, though recalling it by association of contiguity or of
+similarity. It thus happens that tumescence, or even in extreme cases
+detumescence, may be provoked by the contemplation of acts or objects
+which are away from the end of sexual conjugation.[1]
+
+In considering the phenomena of sexual selection in a previous volume,[2]
+it was found that there are four or five main factors in the constitution
+of beauty in so far as beauty determines sexual selection. Erotic
+symbolism is founded on the factor of individual taste in beauty; it
+arises as a specialized development of that factor, but it is,
+nevertheless, incorrect to merge it in sexual selection. The attractive
+characteristics of a beloved woman or man, from the point of view of
+sexual selection, are a complex but harmonious whole leading up to a
+desire for the complete possession of the person who displays them. There
+is no tendency to isolate and dissociate any single character from the
+individual and to concentrate attention upon that character at the expense
+of the attention bestowed upon the individual generally. As soon as such a
+tendency begins to show itself, even though only in a slight or temporary
+form, we may say that there is erotic symbolism.
+
+Erotic symbolism is, however, by no means confined to the individualizing
+tendency to concentrate amorous attention upon some single characteristic
+of the adult woman or man who is normally the object of sexual love. The
+adult human being may not be concerned at all, the attractive object or
+act may not even be human, not even animal, and we may still be concerned
+with a symbol which has parasitically rooted itself on the fruitful site
+of sexual emotion and absorbed to itself the energy which normally goes
+into the channels of healthy human love having for its final end the
+procreation of the species. Thus understood in its widest sense, it may be
+said that every sexual perversion, even homosexuality, is a form of erotic
+symbolism, for we shall find that in every case some object or act that
+for the normal human being has little or no erotic value, has assumed such
+value in a supreme degree; that is to say, it has become a symbol of the
+normal object of love. Certain perversions are, however, of such great
+importance on account of their wide relationships, that they cannot be
+adequately discussed merely as forms of erotic symbolism. This is notably
+the case as regards homosexuality, auto-erotism, and algolagnia, all of
+which phenomena have therefore been separately discussed in previous
+studies. We are now mainly concerned with manifestations which are more
+narrowly and exclusively symbolical.
+
+A portion of the field of erotic symbolism is covered by what Binet
+(followed by Lombroso, Krafft-Ebing, and others) has termed "erotic
+fetichism," or the tendency whereby sexual attraction is unduly exerted by
+some special part or peculiarity of the body, or by some inanimate object
+which has become associated with it. Such erotic symbolism of object
+cannot, however, be dissociated from the even more important erotic
+symbolism of process, and the two are so closely bound together that we
+cannot attain a truly scientific view of them until we regard them broadly
+as related parts of a common psychic tendency. If, as Groos asserts,[3] a
+symbol has two chief meanings, one in which it indicates a physical
+process which stands for a psychic process, and another in which it
+indicates a part which represents the whole, erotic symbolism of act
+corresponds to the first of these chief meanings, and erotic symbolism of
+object to the other.
+
+Although it is not impossible to find some germs of erotic symbolism in
+animals, in its more pronounced manifestations it is only found in the
+human species. It could not be otherwise, for such symbolism involves not
+only the play of fancy and imagination, the idealizing aptitude, but also
+a certain amount of power of concentrating the attention on a point
+outside the natural path of instinct and the ability to form new mental
+constructions around that point. There are, indeed, as we shall see,
+elementary forms of erotic symbolism which are not uncommonly associated
+with feeble-mindedness, but even these are still peculiarly human, and in
+its less crude manifestations erotic symbolism easily lends itself to
+every degree of human refinement and intelligence.
+
+    "It depends primarily upon an increase of the psychological
+    process of representation," Colin Scott remarks of sexual
+    symbolism generally, "involving greater powers of comparison and
+    analysis as compared with the lower animals. The outer
+    impressions come to be clearly distinguished as such, but at the
+    same time are often treated as symbols of inner experiences, and
+    a meaning read into them which they would not otherwise possess.
+    Symbolism or fetichism is, indeed, just the capacity to see
+    meaning, to emphasize something for the sake of other things
+    which do not appear. In brain terms it indicates an activity of
+    the higher centers, a sort of side-tracking or long-circuiting of
+    the primitive energy; ... Rosetti's poem, 'The Woodspurge,'
+    gives a concrete example of the formation of such a symbol. Here
+    the otherwise insignificant presentation of the three-cupped
+    woodspurge, representing originally a mere side-current of the
+    stream of consciousness, becomes the intellectual symbol or
+    fetich of the whole psychosis forever after. It seems, indeed, as
+    if the stronger the emotion the more likely will become the
+    formation of an overlying symbolism, which serves to focus and
+    stand in the place of something greater than itself; nowhere at
+    least is symbolism a more characteristic feature than as an
+    expression of the sexual instinct. The passion of sex, with its
+    immense hereditary background, in early man became centered often
+    upon the most trivial and unimportant features.... This
+    symbolism, now become fetichistic, or symbolic in a bad sense, is
+    at least an exercise of the increasing representative power of
+    man, upon which so much of his advancement has depended, while it
+    also served to express and help to purify his most perennial
+    emotion." (Colin Scott, "Sex and Art," _American Journal of
+    Psychology_, vol. vii, No. 2, p. 189.)
+
+In the study of "Love and Pain" in a previous volume, the analysis of the
+large and complex mass of sexual phenomena which are associated with pain,
+gradually resolved them to a considerable extent into a special case of
+erotic symbolism; pain or restraint, whether inflicted on or by the loved
+person, becomes, by a psychic process that is usually unconscious, the
+symbol of the sexual mechanism, and hence arouses the same emotions as
+that mechanism normally arouses. We may now attempt to deal more broadly
+and comprehensively with the normal and abnormal aspects of erotic
+symbolism in some of their most typical and least mixed forms.
+
+"When our human imagination seeks to animate artificial things," Huysmans
+writes in _Là-bas_, "it is compelled to reproduce the movements of animals
+in the act of propagation. Look at machines, at the play of pistons in the
+cylinders; they are Romeos of steel in Juliets of cast-iron." And not only
+in the work of man's hands but throughout Nature we find sexual symbols
+which are the less deniable since, for the most part, they make not the
+slightest appeal to even the most morbid human imagination. Language is
+full of metaphorical symbols of sex which constantly tend to lose their
+poetic symbolism and to become commonplace. Semen is but seed, and for the
+Latins especially the whole process of human sex, as well as the male and
+female organs, constantly presented itself in symbols derived from
+agricultural and horticultural life. The testicles were beans (_fabæ_) and
+fruit or apples (_poma_ and _mala_); the penis was a tree (_arbor_), or a
+stalk (_thyrsus_), or a root (_radix_), or a sickle (_falx_), or a
+ploughshare (_vomer_). The semen, again, was dew (_ros_). The labia majora
+or minora were wings (_alæ_); the vulva and vagina were a field (_ager_
+and _campus_), or a ploughed furrow (_sulcus_), or a vineyard (_vinea_),
+or a fountain (_fons_), while the pudendal hair was herbage
+(_plantaria_).[4] In other languages it is not difficult to trace similar
+and even identical imagery applied to sexual organs and sexual acts. Thus
+it is noteworthy that Shakespeare more than once applies the term
+"ploughed" to a woman who has had sexual intercourse. The Talmud calls the
+labia minora the doors, the labia majora hinges, and the clitoris the key.
+The Greeks appear not only to have found in the myrtle-berry, the fruit of
+a plant sacred to Venus, the image of the clitoris, but also in the rose
+an image of the feminine labia; in the poetic literature of many
+countries, indeed, this imagery of the rose may be traced in a more or
+less veiled manner.[5]
+
+The widespread symbolism of sex arose in the theories and conceptions of
+primitive peoples concerning the function of generation and its nearest
+analogies in Nature; it was continued for the sake of the vigorous and
+expressive terminology which it furnished both for daily life and for
+literature; its final survivals were cultivated because they furnished a
+delicately æsthetic method of approaching matters which a growing
+refinement of sentiment made it difficult for lovers and poets to approach
+in a more crude and direct manner. Its existence is of interest to us now
+because it shows the objective validity of the basis on which erotic
+symbolism, as we have here to understand it, develops. But from first to
+last it is a distinct phenomenon, having a more or less reasoned and
+intellectual basis, and it scarcely serves in any degree to feed the
+sexual impulse. Erotic symbolism is not intellectual but emotional in its
+origin; it starts into being, obscurely, with but a dim consciousness or
+for the most part none at all, either suddenly from the shock of some
+usually youthful experience, or more gradually through an instinctive
+brooding on those things which are most intimately associated with a
+sexually desirable person.
+
+    The kind of soil on which the germs of erotic symbolism may
+    develop is well seen in cases of sexual hyperæsthesia. In such
+    cases all the emotionally sexual analogies and resemblances,
+    which in erotic symbolism are fixed and organized, may be traced
+    in vague and passing forms, a single hyperæsthetic individual
+    perhaps presenting a great variety of germinal symbolisms.
+
+    Thus it has been recorded of an Italian nun (whose sister became
+    a prostitute) that from the age of 8 she had desire for coitus,
+    from the age of 10 masturbated, and later had homosexual
+    feelings, that the same feelings and practices continued after
+    she had taken the veil, though from time to time they assumed
+    religious equivalents. The mere contact, indeed, of a priest's
+    hand, the news of the presentation of an ecclesiastic she had
+    known to a bishopric, the sight of an ape, the contemplation of
+    the crucified Christ, the figure of a toy, the picture of a
+    demon, the act of defecation in the children entrusted to her
+    care (whom, on this account, and against the regulations, she
+    would accompany to the closets), especially the sight and the
+    mere recollection of flies in sexual connection--all these things
+    sufficed to produce in her a powerful orgasm. (_Archivio di
+    Psichiatria_, 1902, fasc. II-III, p. 338.)
+
+    A boy of 15 (given to masturbation), studied by Macdonald in
+    America, was similarly hyperæsthetic to the symbols of sexual
+    emotion. "I like amusing myself with my comrades," he told
+    Macdonald, "rolling ourselves into a ball, which gives one a
+    funny kind of warmth. I have a special pleasure in talking about
+    some things. It is the same when the governess kisses me on
+    saying good night or when I lean against her breast. I have that
+    sensation, too, when I see some of the pictures in the comic
+    papers, but only in those representing a woman, as when a young
+    man skating trips up a girl so that her clothes are raised a
+    little. When I read how a man saved a young girl from drowning,
+    so that they swam together, I had the same sensation. Looking at
+    the statues of women in the museum produces the same effect, or
+    when I see naked babies, or when a mother suckles a child. I
+    have often had that sensation when reading novels I ought not to
+    read, or when looking at a new-born calf, or seeing dogs and cows
+    and horses mounting on each other. When I see a girl flirting
+    with a boy, or leaning on his shoulder or with his arm round her
+    waist, I have an erection. It is the same when I see women and
+    little girls in bathing costume, or when boys talk of what their
+    fathers and mothers do together. In the Natural History Museum I
+    often see things which give me that sensation. One day when I
+    read how a man killed a young girl and carried her into a wood
+    and undressed her I had a feeling of enjoyment. When I read of
+    men who were bastards the idea of a woman having a child in that
+    way gives me this sensation. Some dances, and seeing young girls
+    astride a horse, excited me, too, and so in a circus when a woman
+    was shot out of a cannon and her skirts flew in the air. It has
+    no effect on me when I see men naked. Sometimes I enjoy seeing
+    women's underclothes in a shop, or when I see a lady or a girl
+    buying them, especially if they are drawers. When I saw a lady in
+    a dress which buttoned from top to bottom it had more effect on
+    me than seeing underclothes. Seeing dogs coupling gives me more
+    pleasure than looking at pretty women, but less than looking at
+    pretty little girls." In order of increasing intensity he placed
+    the phenomena that affected him thus: The coupling of flies, then
+    of horses, then the sight of women's undergarments, then a boy
+    and a girl flirting, then cows mounting on each other, the
+    statues of women with naked breasts, then contact with the
+    governess's body and breasts, finally coitus. (Arthur Macdonald,
+    _Le Criminel-Type_, pp. 126 et seq.)
+
+    It is worthy of remark that the instinct of nutrition, when
+    restrained, may exhibit something of an analogous symbolism,
+    though in a minor degree, to that of sex. The ways in which a
+    hyperæsthetic hunger may seek its symbols are illustrated in the
+    case of a young woman called Nadia, who during several years was
+    carefully studied by Janet. It is a case of obsession ("maladie
+    du scrupule"), simulating hysterical anorexia, in which the
+    patient, for fear of getting fat, reduced her nourishment to the
+    smallest possible amount. "Nadia is generally hungry, even very
+    hungry. One can tell this by her actions; from time to time she
+    forgets herself to such an extent as to devour greedily anything
+    she can put her hands on. At other times, when she cannot resist
+    the desire to eat, she secretly takes a biscuit. She feels
+    horrible remorse for the action, but, all the same, she does it
+    again. Her confidences are very curious. She recognizes that a
+    great effort is needed to avoid eating, and considers she is a
+    heroine to resist so long. 'Sometimes I spent whole hours in
+    thinking about food, I was so hungry; I swallowed my saliva, I
+    bit my handkerchief, I rolled on the floor, I wanted to eat so
+    badly. I would look in books for descriptions of meals and
+    feasts, and tried to deceive my hunger by imagining that I was
+    sharing all these good things,'" (P. Janet, "La Maladie du
+    Scrupule," _Revue Philosophique_, May, 1901, p. 502.) The
+    deviations of the instinct of nutrition are, however, confined
+    within narrow limits, and, in the nature of things, hunger,
+    unlike sexual desire, cannot easily accept a fetich.
+
+"There is almost no feature, article of dress, attitude, act," Stanley
+Hall declares, "or even animal or perhaps object in nature, that may not
+have to some morbid soul specialized erogenic and erethic power."[6] Even
+a mere shadow may become a fetich. Goron tells of a merchant in Paris--a
+man with a reputation for ability, happily married and the father of a
+family, altogether irreproachable in his private life--who was returning
+home one evening after a game of billiards with a friend, when, on
+chancing to raise his eyes, he saw against a lighted window the shadow of
+a woman changing her chemise. He fell in love with that shadow and
+returned to the spot every evening for many months to gaze at the window.
+Yet--and herein lies the fetichism--he made no attempt to see the woman or
+to find out who she was; the shadow sufficed; he had no need of the
+realty.[7] It is even possible to have a negative fetich, the absence of
+some character being alone demanded, and the case has been recorded in
+Chicago of an American gentleman of average intelligence, education, and
+good habits who, having as a boy cherished a pure affection for a girl
+whose leg had been amputated, throughout life was relatively impotent with
+normal women, but experienced passion and affection for women who had lost
+a leg; he was found by his wife to be in extensive correspondence with
+one-legged women all over the country, expending no little money on the
+purchase of artificial legs for his various protegées.[8]
+
+It is important to remember, however, that while erotic symbolism becomes
+fantastic and abnormal in its extreme manifestations, it is in its
+essence absolutely normal. It is only in the very grossest forms of sexual
+desire that it is altogether absent. Stendhal described the mental side of
+the process of tumescence as a crystallization, a process whereby certain
+features of the beloved person present points around which the emotions
+held in solution in the lover's mind may concentrate and deposit
+themselves in dazzling brilliance. This process inevitably tends to take
+place around all those features and objects associated with the beloved
+person which have most deeply impressed the lover's mind, and the more
+sensitive and imaginative and emotional he is the more certainly will such
+features and objects crystallize into erotic symbols. "Devotion and love,"
+wrote Mary Wollstonecraft, "may be allowed to hallow the garments as well
+as the person, for the lover must want fancy who has not a sort of sacred
+respect for the glove or slipper of his mistress. He would not confound
+them with vulgar things of the same kind." And nearly two centuries
+earlier Burton, who had gathered together so much of the ancient lore of
+love, clearly asserted the entirely normal character of erotic symbolism.
+"Not one of a thousand falls in love," he declares, "but there is some
+peculiar part or other which pleaseth most, and inflames him above the
+rest.... If he gets any remnant of hers, a busk-point, a feather of her
+fan, a shoe-tie, a lace, a ring, a bracelet of hair, he wears it for a
+favor on his arm, in his hat, finger, or next his heart; as Laodamia did
+by Protesilaus, when he went to war, sit at home with his picture before
+her: a garter or a bracelet of hers is more precious than any Saint's
+Relique, he lays it up in his casket (O blessed Relique) and every day
+will kiss it: if in her presence his eye is never off her, and drink he
+will where she drank, if it be possible, in that very place," etc.[9]
+
+    Burton's accuracy in describing the ways of lovers in his century
+    is shown by a passage in Hamilton's _Mémoires de Gramont_. Miss
+    Price, one of the beauties of Charles II's court, and Dongan were
+    tenderly attached to each other; when the latter died he left
+    behind a casket full of all possible sorts of love-tokens
+    pertaining to his mistress, including, among other things, "all
+    kinds of hair." And as regards France, Burton's contemporary,
+    Howell, wrote in 1627 in his _Familiar Letters_ concerning the
+    repulse of the English at Rhé: "A captain told me that when they
+    were rifling the dead bodies of the French gentlemen after the
+    first invasion they found that many of them had their mistresses'
+    favors tied about their genitories."
+
+    Schurig (_Spermatologia_, p. 357) at the beginning of the
+    eighteenth century knew a Belgian lady who, when her dearly loved
+    husband died, secretly cut off his penis and treasured it as a
+    sacred relic in a silver casket. She eventually powdered it, he
+    adds, and found it an efficacious medicine for herself and
+    others. An earlier example, of a lady at the French court who
+    embalmed and perfumed the genital organs of her dead husband,
+    always preserving them in a gold casket, is mentioned by
+    Brantôme. Mantegazza knew a man who kept for many years on his
+    desk the skull of his dead mistress, making it his dearest
+    companion. "Some," he remarks, "have slept for months and years
+    with a book, a garment, a trifle. I once had a friend who would
+    spend long hours of joy and emotion kissing a thread of silk
+    which _she_ had held between her fingers, now the only relic of
+    love." (Mantegazza, _Fisiologia dell' Amore_, cap. X.) In the
+    same way I knew a lady who in old age still treasured in her
+    desk, as the one relic of the only man she had ever been
+    attracted to, a fragment of paper he had casually twisted up in a
+    conversation with her half a century before.
+
+The tendency to treasure the relics of a beloved person, more especially
+the garments, is the simplest and commonest foundation of erotic
+symbolism. It is without doubt absolutely normal. It is inevitable that
+those objects which have been in close contact with the beloved person's
+body, and are intimately associated with that person in the lover's mind,
+should possess a little of the same virtue, the same emotional potency. It
+is a phenomenon closely analogous to that by which the relics of saints
+are held to possess a singular virtue. But it becomes somewhat less normal
+when the garment is regarded as essential even in the presence of the
+beloved person.[10]
+
+While an extremely large number of objects and acts may be found to
+possess occasionally the value of erotic symbols, such symbols most
+frequently fall into certain well-defined groups. A vast number of
+isolated objects or acts may be exceptionally the focus of erotic
+contemplation, but the objects and acts which frequently become thus
+symbolic are comparatively few.
+
+It seems to me that the phenomena of erotic symbolism may be most
+conveniently grouped in three great classes, on the basis of the objects
+or acts which arouse them.
+
+I. PARTS OF THE BODY.--_A. Normal:_ Hand, foot, breasts, nates, hair,
+secretions and excretions, etc.
+
+_B. Abnormal:_ Lameness, squinting, pitting of smallpox, etc. Paidophilia
+or the love of children, presbyophilia or the love of the aged, and
+necrophilia or the attraction for corpses, may be included under this
+head, as well as the excitement caused by various animals.
+
+
+II. INANIMATE OBJECTS.[11]--_A. Garments:_ Gloves, shoes and stockings and
+garters, caps, aprons, handkerchiefs, underlinen.
+
+_B. Impersonal Objects:_ Here may be included all the various objects that
+may accidentally acquire the power of exciting sexual feeling in
+auto-erotism. Pygmalionism may also be included.
+
+
+III. ACTS AND ATTITUDES.--_A. Active:_ Whipping, cruelty, exhibitionism.
+_B. Passive:_ Being whipped, experiencing cruelty. Personal odors and the
+sound of the voice may be included under this head. _C. Mixoscopic:_ The
+vision of climbing, swinging, etc. The acts of urination and defecation.
+The coitus of animals.
+
+Although the three main groups into which the phenomena of erotic
+symbolism are here divided may seem fairly distinct, they are yet very
+closely allied, and indeed overlap, so that it is possible, as we shall
+see, for a single complex symbol to fall into all three groups.
+
+A very complete kind of erotic symbolism is furnished by Pygmalionism or
+the love of statues.[12] It is exactly analogous to the child's love of a
+doll, which is also a form of sexual (though not erotic) symbolism. In a
+somewhat less abnormal form, erotic symbolism probably shows itself in its
+simplest shape in the tendency to idealize unbeautiful peculiarities in a
+beloved person, so that such peculiarities are ever afterward almost or
+quite essential in order to arouse sexual attraction. In this way men have
+become attracted to limping women. Even the most normal man may idealize a
+trifling defect in a beloved woman. The attention is inevitably
+concentrated on any such slight deviation from regular beauty, and the
+natural result of such concentration is that a complexus of associated
+thoughts and emotions becomes attached to something that in itself is
+unbeautiful. A defect becomes an admired focus of attention, the embodied
+symbol of the lover's emotion.
+
+    Thus a mole is not in itself beautiful, but by the tendency to
+    erotic symbolism it becomes so. Persian poets especially have
+    lavished the richest imagery on moles (_Anis El-Ochchâq_ in
+    _Bibliothèque des Hautes Etudes_, fasc, 25, 1875); the Arabs, as
+    Lane remarks (_Arabian Society in the Middle Ages_, p. 214), are
+    equally extravagant in their admiration of a mole.
+
+    Stendhal long since well described the process by which a defect
+    becomes a sexual symbol. "Even little defects in a woman's face,"
+    he remarked, "such as a smallpox pit, may arouse the tenderness
+    of a man who loves her, and throw him into deep reverie when he
+    sees them in another woman. It is because he has experienced a
+    thousand feelings in the presence of that smallpox mark, that
+    these feelings have been for the most part delicious, all of the
+    highest interest, and that, whatever they may have been, they are
+    renewed with incredible vivacity on the sight of this sign, even
+    when perceived on the face of another woman. If in such a case we
+    come to prefer and love _ugliness_, it is only because in such a
+    case ugliness is beauty. A man loved a woman who was very thin
+    and marked by smallpox; he lost her by death. Three years later,
+    in Rome, he became acquainted with two women, one very beautiful,
+    the other thin and marked by smallpox, on that account, if you
+    will, rather ugly. I saw him in love with this plain one at the
+    end of a week, which he had employed in effacing her plainness by
+    his memories." (_De l'Amour_, Chapter XVII.)
+
+In the tendency to idealize the unbeautiful features of a beloved person
+erotic symbolism shows itself in a simple and normal form. In a less
+simple and more morbid form it appears in persons in whom the normal paths
+of sexual gratification are for some reasons inhibited, and who are thus
+led to find the symbols of natural love in unnatural perversions. It is
+for this reason that so many erotic symbolisms take root in childhood and
+puberty, before the sexual instincts have reached full development. It is
+for the same reason also, that, at the other end of life, when the sexual
+energies are failing, erotic symbols sometimes tend to be substituted for
+the normal pleasures of sex. It is for this reason, again, that both men
+and women whose normal energies are inhibited sometimes find the symbols
+of sexual gratification in the caresses of children.
+
+    The case of a schoolmistress recorded by Penta instructively
+    shows how an erotic symbolism of this last kind may develop by no
+    means as a refinement of vice, but as the one form in which
+    sexual gratification becomes possible when normal gratification
+    has been pathologically inhibited. F.R., aged 48, schoolmistress;
+    she was some years ago in an asylum with religious mania, but
+    came out well in a few months. At the age of 12 she had first
+    experienced sexual excitement in a railway train from the jolting
+    of the carriage. Soon after she fell in love with a youth who
+    represented her ideal and who returned her affection. When,
+    however, she gave herself to him, great was her disillusion and
+    surprise to find that the sexual act which she had looked forward
+    to could not be accomplished, for at the first contact there was
+    great pain and spasmodic resistance of the vagina. There was a
+    condition of vaginismus. After repeated attempts on subsequent
+    occasions her lover desisted. Her desire for intercourse
+    increased, however, rather than diminished, and at last she was
+    able to tolerate coitus, but the pain was so great that she
+    acquired a horror of the sexual embrace and no longer sought it.
+    Having much will power, she restrained all erotic impulses during
+    many years. It was not until the period of the menopause that the
+    long repressed desires broke out, and at last found a symbolical
+    outlet that was no longer normal, but was felt to supply a
+    complete gratification. She sought the close physical contact of
+    the young children in her care. She would lie on her bed naked,
+    with two or three naked children, make them suck her breasts and
+    press them to every part of her body. Her conduct was discovered
+    by means of other children who peeped through the keyhole, and
+    she was placed under Penta for treatment. In this case the loss
+    of moral and mental inhibition, due probably to troubles of the
+    climacteric, led to indulgence, under abnormal conditions, in
+    those primitive contacts which are normally the beginning of
+    love, and these, supported by the ideal image of the early lover,
+    constituted a complete and adequate symbol of natural love in a
+    morbidly perverted individual. (P. Penta, _Archivio delle
+    Psicopatie Sessuali_, January, 1896.)
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] The term "erotic symbolism" has already been employed by Eulenburg
+(_Sexuale Neuropathie_, 1895, p. 101). It must be borne in mind that this
+term, implying the specific emotion, is much narrower than the term
+"sexual symbolism," which may be used to designate a great variety of
+ritual and social practices which have played a part in the evolution of
+civilization.
+
+[2] _Sexual Selection in Man_, iv, "Vision."
+
+[3] K. Groos, _Der Æsthetische Genuss_, p. 122. The psychology of the
+associations of contiguity and resemblance through which erotic symbolism
+operates its transference is briefly discussed by Ribot in the _Psychology
+of the Emotions_, Part 1, Chapter XII; the early chapters of the same
+author's _Logique des Sentiments_ may also be said to deal with the
+emotional basis on which erotic symbolism arises.
+
+[4] A number of synonyms for the female pudenda are brought together by
+Schurig--cunnus, hortus, concha, navis, fovea, larva, canis, annulus,
+focus, cymba, antrum, delta, myrtus, etc.--and he discusses many of them.
+(_Muliebria_, Section I, cap. I.)
+
+[5] Kleinpaul, _Sprache Ohne Worte_, pp. 24-29; cf. K. Pearson, on the
+general and special words for sex, _Chances of Death_, vol. ii, pp.
+112-245; a selection of the literature of the rose will be found in a
+volume of translations entitled _Ros Rosarum_.
+
+[6] G.S. Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. i, p. 470.
+
+[7] Goron, _Les Parias de l'Amour_, p. 45.
+
+[8] A.R. Reynolds, _Medical Standard_, vol. x, cited by Kiernan,
+"Responsibility in Sexual Perversion," _American Journal of Neurology and
+Psychiatry_, 1882.
+
+[9] R. Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. II,
+Subs. II, and Mem. III, Subs. I.
+
+[10] Numerous examples are given by Moll, _Konträre Sexualempfindung_,
+third edition, pp. 265-268.
+
+[11] Chevalier (_De l'Inversion_, 1885; id., _L'Inversion Sexuelle_, 1892,
+p. 52), followed by E. Laurent (_L'Amour Morbide_, 1891, Chapter X),
+separates this group from other fetichistic perversions, under the head of
+"azoöphilie." I see no adequate ground for this step. The various forms of
+fetichism are too intimately associated to permit of any group of them
+being violently separated from the others.
+
+[12] This has already been considered as a perversion founded on vision,
+in discussing _Sexual Selection in Man_. IV.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Foot-fetichism and Shoe-fetichism--Wide Prevalence and Normal
+Basis--Restif de la Bretonne--The Foot a Normal Focus of Sexual Attraction
+Among Some Peoples--The Chinese, Greeks, Romans, Spaniards, etc.--The
+Congenital Predisposition in Erotic Symbolism--The Influence of Early
+Association and Emotional Shock--Shoe-fetichism in Relation to
+Masochism--The Two Phenomena Independent Though Allied--The Desire to be
+Trodden On--The Fascination of Physical Constraint--The Symbolism of
+Self-inflicted Pain--The Dynamic Element in Erotic Symbolism--The
+Symbolism of Garments.
+
+
+Of all forms of erotic symbolism the most frequent is that which idealizes
+the foot and the shoe. The phenomena we here encounter are sometimes so
+complex and raise so many interesting questions that it is necessary to
+discuss them somewhat fully.
+
+It would seem that even for the normal lover the foot is one of the most
+attractive parts of the body. Stanley Hall found that among the parts
+specified as most admired in the other sex by young men and women who
+answered a _questionnaire_ the feet came fourth (after the eyes, hair,
+stature and size).[13] Casanova, an acute student and lover of women who
+was in no degree a foot fetichist, remarks that all men who share his
+interest in women are attracted by their feet; they offer the same
+interest, he considers, as the question of the particular edition offers
+to the book-lover.[14]
+
+    In a report of the results of a _questionnaire_ concerning
+    children's sense of self, to which over 500 replies were
+    received, Stanley Hall thus summarizes the main facts ascertained
+    with reference to the feet: "A special period of noticing the
+    feet comes somewhat later than that in which the hands are
+    discovered to consciousness. Our records afford nearly twice as
+    many cases for feet as for hands. The former are more remote from
+    the primary psychic focus or position, and are also more often
+    covered, so that the sight of them is a more marked and
+    exceptional event. Some children become greatly excited whenever
+    their feet are exposed. Some infants show signs of fear at the
+    movement of their own knees and feet covered, and still more
+    often fright is the first sensation which signalizes the child's
+    discovery of its feet.... Many are described as playing with them
+    as if fascinated by strange, newly-discovered toys. They pick
+    them up and try to throw them away, or out of the cradle, or
+    bring them to the mouth, where all things tend to go.... Children
+    often handle their feet, pat and stroke them, offer them toys and
+    the bottle, as if they, too, had an independent hunger to
+    gratify, an _ego_ of their own.... Children often develop [later]
+    a special interest in the feet of others, and examine, feel them,
+    etc., sometimes expressing surprise that the pinch of the
+    mother's toe hurts her and not the child, or comparing their own
+    and the feet of others point by point. Curious, too, are the
+    intensifications of foot-consciousness throughout the early years
+    of childhood, whenever children have the exceptional privilege of
+    going barefoot, or have new shoes. The feet are often
+    apostrophized, punished, beaten sometimes to the point of pain
+    for breaking things, throwing the child down, etc. Several
+    children have habits, which reach great intensity, and then
+    vanish, of touching or tickling the feet, with gales of laughter,
+    and a few are described as showing an almost morbid reluctance to
+    wear anything upon the feet, or even to having them touched by
+    others.... Several almost fall in love with the great toe or the
+    little one, especially admiring some crease or dimple in it,
+    dressing it in some rag of silk or bit of ribbon, or cut-off
+    glove fingers, winding it with string, prolonging it by tying on
+    bits of wood. Stroking the feet of others, especially if they are
+    shapely, often becomes almost a passion with young children, and
+    several adults confess a survival of the same impulse which it is
+    an exquisite pleasure to gratify. The interest of some mothers in
+    babies' toes, the expressions of which are ecstatic and almost
+    incredible, is a factor of great importance." (G. Stanley Hall,
+    "Some Aspects of the Early Sense of Self," _American Journal of
+    Psychology_, April, 1898.) In childhood, Stanley Hall remarks
+    elsewhere (_Adolescence_, vol. ii, p. 104), "a form of courtship
+    may consist solely in touching feet under the desk." It would
+    seem that even animals have a certain amount of sexual
+    consciousness in the feet; I have noticed a male donkey, just
+    before coitus, bite the feet of his partner.
+
+At the same time it is scarcely usual for the normal lover, in most
+civilized countries to-day, to attach primary importance to the foot, such
+as he very frequently attaches to the eyes, though the feet play a very
+conspicuous part in the work of certain novelists.[15]
+
+In a small but not inconsiderable minority of persons, however, the foot
+or the boot becomes the most attractive part of a woman, and in some
+morbid cases the woman herself is regarded as a comparatively unimportant
+appendage to her feet or her boots. The boots under civilized conditions
+much more frequently constitute the sexual symbol than do the feet
+themselves; this is not surprising since in ordinary life the feet are not
+often seen.
+
+    It is usually only under exceptionally favoring conditions that
+    foot-fetichism occurs, as in the case recorded by Marandon de
+    Montyel of a doctor who had been brought up in the West Indies.
+    His mother had been insane and he himself was subject to
+    obsessions, especially of being incapable of urinating; he had
+    had nocturnal incontinence of urine in childhood. All the women
+    of the people in the West Indies go about with naked feet, which
+    are often beautiful. His puberty evolved under this influence,
+    and foot-fetichism developed. He especially admired large, fat,
+    arched feet, with delicate skin and large, regular toes. He
+    masturbated with images of feet. At 15 he had relations with a
+    colored chambermaid, but feared to mention his fetichism, though
+    it was the touch of her feet that chiefly excited him. He now
+    gave up masturbation, and had a succession of mistresses, but was
+    always ashamed to confess his fancies until, at the age of 33, in
+    Paris, a very intelligent woman who had become his mistress
+    discovered his mania and skillfully enabled him to yield to it
+    without shock to his modesty. He was devoted to this mistress,
+    who had very beautiful feet (he had been horrified by the feet of
+    Europeans generally), until she finally left him. (_Archives de
+    Neurologie_, October, 1904.)
+
+    Probably the first case of shoe-fetichism ever recorded in any
+    detail is that of Restif de la Bretonne (1734-1806), publicist
+    and novelist, one of the most remarkable literary figures of the
+    later eighteenth century in France. Restif was a neurotic
+    subject, though not to an extreme degree, and his shoe-fetichism,
+    though distinctly pronounced, was not pathological; that is to
+    say, that the shoe was not itself an adequate gratification of
+    the sexual impulse, but simply a highly important aid to
+    tumescence, a prelude to the natural climax of detumescence; only
+    occasionally, and _faute de mieux_, in the absence of the beloved
+    person, was the shoe used as an adjunct to masturbation. In
+    Restif's stories and elsewhere the attraction of the shoe is
+    frequently discussed or used as a motive. His first decided
+    literary success, _Le Pied de Fanchette_, was suggested by a
+    vision of a girl with a charming foot, casually seen in the
+    street. While all such passages in his books are really founded
+    on his own personal feelings and experiences, in his elaborate
+    autobiography, _Monsieur Nicolas_, he has frankly set forth the
+    gradual evolution and cause of his idiosyncrasy. The first
+    remembered trace dated from the age of 4, when he was able to
+    recall having remarked the feet of a young girl in his native
+    place. Restif was a sexually precocious youth, and at the age of
+    9, though both delicate in health and shy in manners, his
+    thoughts were already absorbed in the girls around him. "While
+    little Monsieur Nicolas," he tells us, "passed for a Narcissus,
+    his thoughts, as soon as he was alone, by night or by day, had no
+    other object than that sex he seemed to flee from. The girls most
+    careful of their persons were naturally those who pleased him
+    most, and as the part least easy to keep clean is that which
+    touches the earth it was to the foot-gear that he mechanically
+    gave his chief attention. Agathe, Reine, and especially
+    Madeleine, were the most elegant of the girls at that time; their
+    carefully selected and kept shoes, instead of laces or buckles,
+    which were not yet worn at Sacy, had blue or rose ribbon,
+    according to the color of the skirt. I thought of these girls
+    with emotion; I desired--I knew not what; but I desired
+    something, if it were only to subdue them." The origin Restif
+    here assigns to his shoe-fetichism may seem paradoxical; he
+    admired the girls who were most clean and neat in their dress, he
+    tells us, and, therefore, paid most attention to that part of
+    their clothing which was least clean and neat. But, however
+    paradoxical the remark may seem, it is psychologically sound. All
+    fetichism is a kind of not necessarily morbid obsession, and as
+    the careful work of Janet and others in that field has shown, an
+    obsession is a fascinated attraction to some object or idea
+    which gives the subject a kind of emotional shock by its
+    contrast to his habitual moods or ideas. The ordinary morbid
+    obsession cannot usually be harmoniously co-ordinated with the
+    other experiences of the subject's daily life, and shows,
+    therefore, no tendency to become pleasurable. Sexual fetichisms,
+    on the other hand, have a reservoir of agreeable emotion to draw
+    on, and are thus able to acquire both stability and harmony. It
+    will also be seen that no element of masochism is involved in
+    Restif's fetichism, though the mistake has been frequently made
+    of supposing that these two manifestations are usually or even
+    necessarily allied. Restif wishes to subject the girl who
+    attracts him, he has no wish to be subjected by her. He was
+    especially dazzled by a young girl from another town, whose shoes
+    were of a fashionable cut, with buckles, "and who was a charming
+    person besides." She was delicate as a fairy, and rendered his
+    thoughts unfaithful to the robust beauties of his native Sacy.
+    "No doubt," he remarks, "because, being frail and weak myself, it
+    seemed to me that it would be easier to subdue her." "This taste
+    for the beauty of the feet," he continues, "was so powerful in me
+    that it unfailingly aroused desire and would have made me
+    overlook ugliness. It is excessive in all those who have it." He
+    admired the foot as well as the shoe: "The factitious taste for
+    the shoe is only a reflection of that for pretty feet. When I
+    entered a house and saw the boots arranged in a row, as is the
+    custom, I would tremble with pleasure; I blushed and lowered my
+    eyes as if in the presence of the girls themselves. With this
+    vivacity of feeling and a voluptuousness of ideas inconceivable
+    at the age of 10 I still fled, with an involuntary impulse of
+    modesty, from the girls I adored."
+
+    We may clearly see how this combination of sensitive and
+    precocious sexual ardor with extreme shyness, furnished the soil
+    on which the germ of shoe-fetichism was able to gain a firm root
+    and persist in some degree throughout a long life very largely
+    given up to a pursuit of women, abnormal rather by its
+    excessiveness than its perversity. A few years later, he tells
+    us, he happened to see a pretty pair of shoes in a bootmaker's
+    shop, and on hearing that they belonged to a girl whom at that
+    time he reverently adored at a distance he blushed and nearly
+    fainted.
+
+    In 1749 he was for a time attracted to a young woman very much
+    older than himself; he secretly carried away one of her slippers
+    and kept it for a day; a little later he again took away a shoe
+    of the same woman which had fascinated him when on her foot, and,
+    he seems to imply, he used it to masturbate with.
+
+    Perhaps the chief passion of Restif's life was his love for
+    Colette Parangon. He was still a boy (1752), she was the young
+    and virtuous wife of the printer whose apprentice Restif was and
+    in whose house he lived. Madame Parangon, a charming woman, as
+    she is described, was not happily married, and she evidently
+    felt a tender affection for the boy whose excessive love and
+    reverence for her were not always successfully concealed.
+    "Madonna Parangon," he tells us, "possessed a charm which I could
+    never resist, a pretty little foot; it is a charm which arouses
+    more than tenderness. Her shoes, made in Paris, had that
+    voluptuous elegance which seems to communicate soul and life.
+    Sometimes Colette wore shoes of simple white drugget or with
+    silver flowers; sometimes rose-colored slippers with green heels,
+    or green with rose heels; her supple feet, far from deforming her
+    shoes, increased their grace and rendered the form more
+    exciting." One day, on entering the house, he saw Madame Parangon
+    elegantly dressed and wearing rose-colored shoes with tongues,
+    and with green heels and a pretty rosette. They were new and she
+    took them off to put on green slippers with rose heels and
+    borders which he thought equally exciting. As soon as she had
+    left the room, he continues, "carried away by the most impetuous
+    passion and idolizing Colette, I seemed to see her and touch her
+    in handling what she had just worn; my lips pressed one of these
+    jewels, while the other, deceiving the sacred end of nature, from
+    excess of exaltation replaced the object of sex (I cannot express
+    myself more clearly). The warmth which she had communicated to
+    the insensible object which had touched her still remained and
+    gave a soul to it; a voluptuous cloud covered my eyes." He adds
+    that he would kiss with rage and transport whatever had come in
+    close contact with the woman he adored, and on one occasion
+    eagerly pressed his lips to her cast-off underlinen, _vela
+    secretiora penetralium_.
+
+    At this period Restif's foot-fetichism reached its highest point
+    of development. It was the aberration of a highly sensitive and
+    very precocious boy. While the preoccupation with feet and shoes
+    persisted throughout life, it never became a complete perversion
+    and never replaced the normal end of sexual desire. His love for
+    Madam Parangon, one of the deepest emotions in his whole life,
+    was also the climax of his shoe-fetichism. She represented his
+    ideal woman, an ethereal sylph with wasp-waist and a child's
+    feet; it was always his highest praise for a woman that she
+    resembled Madame Parangon, and he desired that her slipper should
+    be buried with him. (Restif de la Bretonne, _Monsieur Nicolas_,
+    vols. i-iv, vol. xiii, p. 5; id., _Mes Inscriptions_, pp. ci-cv.)
+
+    Shoe-fetichism, more especially if we include under this term all
+    the cases of real or pseudo-masochism in which an attraction to
+    the boots or slippers is the chief feature, is a not infrequent
+    phenomenon, and is certainly the most frequently occurring form
+    of fetichism. Many cases are brought together by Krafft-Ebing in
+    his _Psychopathia Sexualis_. Every prostitute of any experience
+    has known men who merely desire to gaze at her shoes, or possibly
+    to lick them, and who are quite willing to pay for this
+    privilege. In London such a person is known as a "bootman," in
+    Germany as a "Stiefelfrier."
+
+The predominance of the foot as a focus of sexual attraction, while among
+us to-day it is a not uncommon phenomenon, is still not sufficiently
+common to be called normal; the majority of even ardent lovers do not
+experience this attraction in any marked degree. But these manifestations
+of foot-fetichism which with us to-day are abnormal, even when they are
+not so extreme as to be morbid, may perhaps become more intelligible to us
+when we realize that in earlier periods of civilization, and even to-day
+in some parts of the world, the foot is generally recognized as a focus of
+sexual attraction, so that some degree of foot-fetichism becomes a normal
+phenomenon.
+
+The most pronounced and the best known example of such normal
+foot-fetichism at the present day is certainly to be found among the
+Southern Chinese. For a Chinese husband his wife's foot is more
+interesting than her face. A Chinese woman is as shy of showing her feet
+to a man as a European woman her breasts; they are reserved for her
+husband's eyes alone, and to look at a woman's feet in the street is
+highly improper and indelicate. Chinese foot-fetichism is connected with
+the custom of compressing the feet. This custom appears to rest on the
+fact that Chinese women naturally possess a very small foot and is thus an
+example of the universal tendency in the search for beauty to accentuate,
+even by deformation, the racial characteristics. But there is more than
+this. Beauty is largely a name for sexual attractiveness, and the energy
+expended in the effort to make the Chinese woman's small foot still
+smaller is a measure of the sexual fascination which it exerts. The
+practice arose on the basis of the sexual attractiveness of the foot,
+though it has doubtless served to heighten that attractiveness, just as
+the small waist, which (if we may follow Stratz) is a characteristic
+beauty of the European woman, becomes to the average European man still
+more attractive when accentuated, even to the extent of deformity, by the
+compression of the corset.
+
+    Referring to the sexual fascination exerted by the foot in China,
+    Matignon writes: "My attention has been drawn to this point by a
+    large number of pornographic engravings, of which the Chinese are
+    very fond. In all these lascivious scenes we see the male
+    voluptuously fondling the woman's foot. When a Celestial takes
+    into his hand a woman's foot, especially if it is very small, the
+    effect upon him is precisely the same as is provoked in a
+    European by the palpation of a young and firm bosom. All the
+    Celestials whom I have interrogated on this point have replied
+    unanimously: 'Oh, a little foot! You Europeans cannot understand
+    how exquisite, how sweet, how exciting it is!' The contact of the
+    genital organ with the little foot produces in the male an
+    indescribable degree of voluptuous feeling, and women skilled in
+    love know that to arouse the ardor of their lovers a better
+    method than all Chinese aphrodisiacs--including 'giusen' and
+    swallows' nests--is to take the penis between their feet. It is
+    not rare to find Chinese Christians accusing themselves at
+    confession of having had 'evil thoughts on looking at a woman's
+    foot.'" (Dr. J. Matignon, "A propos d'un Pied de Chinoise,"
+    _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1898.)
+
+    It is said that a Chinese Empress, noted for her vice and having
+    a congenital club foot, about the year 1100 B.C., desired all
+    women to resemble her, and that the practice of compressing the
+    foot thus arose. But this is only tradition, since, in 300 B.C.,
+    Chinese books were destroyed (Morache, Art. "Chine,"
+    _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales_, p. 191). It
+    is also said that the practice owes its origin to the wish to
+    keep women indoors. But women are not secluded in China, nor does
+    foot compression usually render a woman unable to walk. Many
+    intelligent Chinese are of opinion that its object is to promote
+    the development of the sexual parts and of the thighs, and so to
+    aid both intercourse and parturition. There is no ground for
+    believing that it has any such influence, though Morache found
+    that the mons veneris and labia are largely developed in Chinese
+    women, and not in Tartar women living in Pekin (who do not
+    compress the foot). If there is any correlation between the feet
+    and the pelvic regions, it is more probably congenital than due
+    to the artificial compression of the feet. The ancients seem to
+    have believed that a small foot indicated a small vagina. Restif
+    de la Bretonne, who had ample opportunities for forming an
+    opinion on a matter in which he took so great an interest,
+    believed that a small foot, round and short, indicated a large
+    vagina (_Monsieur Nicolas_, vol. i, reprint of 1883, p. 92).
+    Even, however, if we admit that there is a real correlation
+    between the foot and the vagina, that would by no means suffice
+    to render the foot a focus of sexual attraction.
+
+    It remains the most reasonable view that the foot bandage must be
+    regarded as strictly analogous to the waist bandage or corset
+    which also tends to produce deformity of the constricted region.
+    Stratz has ingeniously remarked (_Frauenkleidung_, third edition,
+    p. 101) that the success of the Chinese in dwarfing trees may
+    have suggested a similar attempt in regard to women's feet, and
+    adds that in any case both dwarfed trees and bound feet bear
+    witness in the Mongolian to the same love for small and elegant,
+    not to say deformed, things. For a Chinaman the deformed foot is
+    a "golden water-lily."
+
+    Many facts (together with illustrations) bearing on Chinese
+    deformation of the foot will be found in Ploss, _Das Weib_, vol.
+    i, Section IV.
+
+The significance of the sexual emotion aroused by the female foot in China
+and the origin of its compression begin to become clear when we realize
+that this foot-fetichism is merely an extreme development of a tendency
+which is fairly well marked among nearly all the peoples of yellow race.
+Jacoby, who has brought together a number of interesting facts bearing on
+the sexual significance of the foot, states that a similar tendency is to
+be found among the Mongol and Turk peoples of Siberia, and in the east and
+central parts of European Russia, among the Permiaks, the Wotiaks, etc.
+Here the woman, at all events when young, has always her feet, as well as
+head, covered, however little clothing she may otherwise wear.
+
+    "On hot nights or on baking days," Jacoby states, "you may see
+    these women with uncovered breasts, or even entirely naked
+    without embarrassment, but you will never see them with bare
+    feet, and no male relations, except the husband, will ever see
+    the feet and lower part of the legs of the women in the house.
+    These women have their modesty in their feet, and also their
+    coquetry; to unbind the feet of a woman is for a man a voluptuous
+    act, and the touch of the bands produces the same effect as a
+    corset still warm from a woman's body on a European man. A
+    woman's beauty, that which attracts and excites a man, lies in
+    her foot; in Mordvin love poems celebrating the beauty of women
+    there is much about her attire, especially her embroidered
+    chemise, but as regards the charms of her person the poet is
+    content to state that 'her feet are beautiful;' with that
+    everything is said. The young peasant woman of the central
+    provinces as part of her holiday raiment puts on great woolen
+    stockings which come up to the groin and are then folded over to
+    below the knee. To uncover the feet of a person of the opposite
+    sex is a sexual act, and has thus become the symbol of sexual
+    possession, so that the stocking or foot-gear became the emblem
+    of marriage, as later the ring. (It was so among the Jews, as we
+    see in the book of _Ruth_, Chapter III, v. 4, and Chapter IV, vv.
+    7 and 8). St. Vladimir the Great asked in marriage the daughter
+    of Prince Rogvold; as Vladimir's mother had been a serf, the
+    princess proudly replied that she 'would not uncover the feet of
+    a slave.' At the present time in the east of Russia when a young
+    girl tries to find out by divination whom she will have as a
+    husband the traditional formula is 'Come and take my stockings
+    off.' Among the populations of the north and east, it is
+    sometimes the bride who must do this for her husband on the
+    wedding night, and sometimes the bridegroom for his wife, not as
+    a token of love, but as a nuptial ceremony. Among the
+    professional classes and small nobility in Russia parents place
+    money in the stocking of their child at marriage as a present for
+    the other partner, it being supposed that the couple mutually
+    remove each other's foot raiment, as an act of sexual possession,
+    the emblem of coitus." (Paul Jacoby, _Archives d'Anthropologie
+    Criminelle_, December, 1903, p. 793.) The practice among
+    ourselves of children hanging up their stockings at night for
+    presents would seem to be a relic of the last-mentioned custom.
+
+While we may witness the sexual symbolism of the foot, with or without an
+associated foot-fetichism, most highly developed in Asia and Eastern
+Europe, it has by no means been altogether unknown in some stages of
+western civilization, and traces of it may be found here and there even
+yet. Schinz refers to the connection between the feet and sexual pleasure
+as existing not only among the Egyptians and the Arabs, but among the
+ancient Germans and the modern Spaniards,[16] while Jacoby points out that
+among the Greeks, the Romans, and especially the Etruscans, it was usual
+to represent chaste and virgin goddesses with their feet covered, even
+though they might be otherwise nude. Ovid, again, is never weary of
+dwelling on the sexual charm of the feminine foot. He represents the
+chaste matron as wearing a weighted _stola_ which always fell so as to
+cover her feet; it was only the courtesan, or the nymph who is taking part
+in an erotic festival, who appears with raised robes, revealing her
+feet.[17] So grave a historian as Strabo, as well as Ælian, refers to the
+story of the courtesan Rhodope whose sandal was carried off by an eagle
+and dropped in the King of Egypt's lap as he was administering justice, so
+that he could not rest until he had discovered to whom this delicately
+small sandal belonged, and finally made her his queen. Kleinpaul, who
+repeats this story, has collected many European sayings and customs
+(including Turkish), indicating that the slipper is a very ancient symbol
+of a woman's sexual parts.[18]
+
+    In Rome, Dufour remarks, "Matrons having appropriated the use of
+    the shoe (_soccus_) prostitutes were not allowed to use it, and
+    were obliged to have their feet always naked in sandals or
+    slippers (_crepida_ and _solea_), which they fastened over the
+    instep with gilt bands. Tibullus delights to describe his
+    mistress's little foot, compressed by the band that imprisoned
+    it: _Ansaque compressos colligat arcta pedes_. Nudity of the foot
+    in woman was a sign of prostitution, and their brilliant
+    whiteness acted afar as a pimp to attract looks and desires."
+    (Dufour, _Histoire de la Prostitution_, vol. II., ch. xviii.)
+
+    This feeling seems to have survived in a more or less vague and
+    unconscious form in mediæval Europe. "In the tenth century,"
+    according to Dufour (_Histoire de la Prostitution_, vol. VI., p.
+    11), "shoes _a la poulaine_, with a claw or beak, pursued for
+    more than four centuries by the anathemas of popes and the
+    invectives of preachers, were always regarded by mediæval
+    casuists as the most abominable emblems of immodesty. At a first
+    glance it is not easy to see why these shoes--terminating in a
+    lion's claw, an eagle's beak, the prow of a ship, or other metal
+    appendage--should be so scandalous. The excommunication inflicted
+    on this kind of foot-gear preceded the impudent invention of some
+    libertine, who wore _poulaines_ in the shape of the phallus, a
+    custom adopted also by women. This kind of _poulaine_ was
+    denounced as _mandite de Dicu_ (Ducange's Glossary, at the word
+    Poulainia) and prohibited by royal ordinances (see letter of
+    Charles V., 17 October, 1367, regarding the garments of the women
+    of Montpellier). Great lords and ladies continued, however, to
+    wear _poulaines_." In Louis XL's court they were still worn of a
+    quarter of an ell in length.
+
+    Spain, ever tenacious of ancient ideas, appears to have preserved
+    longer than other countries the ancient classic traditions in
+    regard to the foot as a focus of modesty and an object of sexual
+    attraction. In Spanish religious pictures it was always necessary
+    that the Virgin's feet should be concealed, the clergy ordaining
+    that her robe should be long and flowing, so that the feet might
+    be covered with decent folds. Pacheco, the master and
+    father-in-law of Velasquez, writes in 1649 in his _Arte de la
+    Pintura_: "What can be more foreign from the respect which we owe
+    to the purity of Our Lady the Virgin than to paint her sitting
+    down with one of her knees placed over the other, and often with
+    her sacred feet uncovered and naked. Let thanks be given to the
+    Holy Inquisition which commands that this liberty should be
+    corrected!" It was Pacheco's duty in Seville to see that these
+    commands were obeyed. At the court of Philip IV. at this time the
+    princesses never showed their feet, as we may see in the pictures
+    of Velasquez. When a local manufacturer desired to present that
+    monarch's second bride, Mariana of Austria, with some silk
+    stockings the offer was indignantly rejected by the Court
+    Chamberlain: "The Queen of Spain has no legs!" Philip V.'s, queen
+    was thrown from her horse and dragged by the feet; no one
+    ventured to interfere until two gentlemen bravely rescued her and
+    then fled, dreading punishment by the king: they were, however,
+    graciously pardoned. Reinach ("Pieds Pudiques," _Cultes, Mythes
+    et Religions_, pp. 105-110) brings together several passages from
+    the Countess D'Aulnoy's account of the Madrid Court in the
+    seventeenth century and from other sources, showing how careful
+    Spanish ladies were as regards their feet, and how jealous
+    Spanish husbands were in this matter. At this time, when Spanish
+    influence was considerable, the fashion of Spain seems to have
+    spread to other countries. One may note that in Vandyck's
+    pictures of English beauties the feet are not visible, though in
+    the more characteristically English painters of a somewhat later
+    age it became usual to display them conspicuously, while the
+    French custom in this matter is the farthest removed from the
+    Spanish. At the present day a well-bred Spanish woman shows as
+    little as possible of her feet in walking, and even in some of
+    the most characteristic Spanish dances there is little or no
+    kicking, and the feet may even be invisible throughout. It is
+    noteworthy that in numerous figures of Spanish women (probably
+    artists' models) reproduced in Ploss's _Das Weib_ the stockings
+    are worn, although the women are otherwise, in most cases, quite
+    naked. Max Dessoir mentions ("Psychologie der Vita Sexualis,"
+    _Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie_, 1894, p. 954) that in Spanish
+    pornographic photographs women always have their shoes on, and he
+    considers this an indication of perversity. I have seen the
+    statement (attributed to Gautier's _Voyage en Espagne_, where,
+    however, it does not occur) that Spanish prostitutes uncover
+    their feet in sign of assent, and Madame d'Aulnoy stated that in
+    her time to show her lover her feet was a Spanish woman's final
+    favor.
+
+The tendency, which we thus find to be normal at some earlier periods of
+civilization, to insist on the sexual symbolism of the feminine foot or
+its coverings, and to regard them as a special sexual fascination, is not
+without significance for the interpretation of the sporadic manifestations
+of foot-fetichism among ourselves. Eccentric as foot-fetichism may appear
+to us, it is simply the re-emergence, by a pseudo-atavism or arrest of
+development, of a mental or emotional impulse which was probably
+experienced by our forefathers, and is often traceable among young
+children to-day.[19] The occasional reappearance of this bygone impulse
+and the stability which it may acquire are thus conditioned by the
+sensitive reaction of an abnormally nervous and usually precocious
+organism to influences which, among the average and ordinary population of
+Europe to-day, are either never felt, or quickly outgrown, or very
+strictly subordinated in the highly complex crystallizations which the
+course of love and the process of tumescence create within us.
+
+    It may be added that this is by no means true of foot-fetichism
+    only. In some other fetichisms a seemingly congenital
+    predisposition is even more marked. This is not only the case as
+    regards hair-fetichism and fur-fetichism (see, e.g.,
+    Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of
+    tenth edition, pp. 233, 255, 262). In many cases of fetichisms of
+    all kinds not only is there no record of any commencement in a
+    definite episode (an absence which may be accounted for by the
+    supposition that the original incident has been forgotten), but
+    it would seem in some cases that the fetichism developed very
+    slowly.
+
+In this sense, it will be seen, although it is hazardous to speak of
+foot-fetichism as strictly an atavism, it may certainly be said to arise
+on a congenital basis. It represents the rare development of an inborn
+germ, usually latent among ourselves, which in earlier stages of
+civilization frequently reached a normal and general fruition.
+
+It is of interest to emphasize this congenital element of foot symbolism,
+because more than any other forms of sexual perversion the fetichisms are
+those which are most vaguely conditioned by inborn states of the organism
+and most definitely aroused by seemingly accidental associations or shocks
+in early life. Inversion is sometimes so fundamentally ingrained in the
+individual's constitution that it arises and develops in spite of the very
+strongest influence in a contrary direction. But a fetichism, while it
+tends to occur in sensitive, nervous, timid, precocious individuals--that
+is to say, individuals of more or less neuropathic heredity--can usually,
+though not always, be traced to a definite starting point in the shock of
+some sexually emotional episode in early life.
+
+    A few examples of the influences of such association may here be
+    given, referring miscellaneously to various forms of erotic
+    symbolism. Magnan has recorded the case of a hair-fetichist,
+    living in a district where the women wore their hair done up, who
+    at the age of 15 experienced pleasurable feelings with erection
+    at the sight of a village beauty combing her hair; from that time
+    flowing hair became his fetich, and he could not resist the
+    temptation to touch it and if possible sever it, thus becoming a
+    hair-despoiler, for which he was arrested but not sentenced.
+    (_Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle_, vol. v, No. 28.)
+
+    I have elsewhere recorded the history of a boy of 14, having
+    already had imperfect connection with a grown-up woman, who
+    associated much with a young married lady; he had no sexual
+    relations with her, but one day she urinated in his presence, and
+    he saw that her mons veneris was covered by very thick hair; from
+    that time he worshiped this woman in secret and acquired a
+    life-long fetichistic attraction to women whose pubic hair was
+    similarly abundant (_Studies in the Psychology of Sex_, vol. iii,
+    Appendix B, History V).
+
+    Roubaud reported the case of a general's son, sexually initiated
+    at the age of 14 by a blonde young lady of 21 who, in order to
+    avoid detection, always retained her clothing: gaiters, a corset
+    and a silk dress; when the boy's studies were completed and he
+    was sent to a garrison where he could enjoy freedom he found that
+    his sexual desires could only be aroused by blonde women dressed
+    like the lady who had first aroused his sexual desires;
+    consequently he gave up all thoughts of matrimony, as a woman in
+    nightclothes produced impotence (_Traité de l'Impuissance_, p.
+    439). Krafft-Ebing records the somewhat similar case of a nervous
+    Polish boy of old family seduced at the age of 17 by a French
+    governess, who during several months practiced mutual
+    masturbation with him; in this way his attention became
+    attracted by her very elegant boots, and in the end he became a
+    confirmed boot-fetichist (_Psychopathia Sexualis_, English
+    translation, p. 249).
+
+    A boy of 7, of bad heredity, was taught to masturbate by a
+    servant girl; on one occasion she practiced this on him with her
+    foot without taking off her shoe; it was the first time the
+    manoeuvre gave him any pleasure, and an association was thus
+    established which led to shoe-fetichism (Hammond, _Sexual
+    Impotence_, p. 44). A government official whose first coitus in
+    youth took place on a staircase; the sound of his partner's
+    creaking shoes against the stairs, produced by her efforts to
+    accelerate orgasm, formed an association which developed into an
+    auditory shoe-fetichism; in the streets he was compelled to
+    follow ladies whose shoes creaked, ejaculation being thus
+    produced, while to obtain complete satisfaction he would make a
+    prostitute, otherwise naked, sit in front of him in her shoes,
+    moving her feet so that the shoes creaked. (Moraglia, _Archivio
+    di Psichiatria_, vol. xiii, p. 568.)
+
+    Bechterew, in St. Petersburg, has recorded the case of a man who
+    when a child used to fall asleep at the knees of his nurse with
+    his head buried in the folds of her apron; in this position he
+    first experienced erection and voluptuous sensations; when a
+    youth he had no attraction to naked women, and in real life and
+    in dreams was only excited sexually under conditions recalling
+    his early experience; in his relations with women he preferred
+    them dressed, and was excited by the rustling sound of their
+    skirts; in this case there was no traceable neuropathic taint nor
+    any other personal peculiarity. (Summarized in _Journal de
+    Psychologie Normale et Pathologique_, January-February, 1904, p.
+    72.)
+
+    In a curious case recorded in detail by Moll, a philologist of
+    sensitive temperament but sound heredity, who had always been
+    fond of flowers, at the age of 21 became engaged to a young lady
+    who wore large roses fastened in her jacket; from this time roses
+    became to him a sexual fetich, to kiss them caused erection, and
+    his erotic dreams were accompanied by visions of roses and the
+    hallucination of their odor; the engagement was finally broken
+    off and the rose-fetichism disappeared (_Untersuchungen über
+    Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 540).
+
+Such associations may naturally occur in the early experiences of even the
+most normal persons. The degree to which they will influence the
+subsequent life and thought and feeling depends on the degree of the
+individual's morbid emotional receptivity, on the extent to which he is
+hereditarily susceptible of abnormal deviation. Precocity is undoubtedly a
+condition which favors such deviation; a child who is precociously and
+abnormally sensitive to persons of the opposite sex before puberty has
+established the normal channels of sexual desire, is peculiarly liable to
+become the prey of a chance symbolism. All degrees of such symbolism are
+possible. While the average insensitive person may fail to perceive them
+at all, for the more alert and imaginative lover they are a fascinating
+part of the highly charged crystallization of passion. A more nervously
+exceptional person, when once such a symbolism has become firmly
+implanted, may find it an absolutely essential element in the charm of a
+beloved and charming person. Finally, for the individual who is thoroughly
+unsound the symbol becomes generalized; a person is no longer desired at
+all, being merely regarded as an appendage of the symbol, or being
+dispensed with altogether; the symbol is alone desired, and is fully
+adequate to impart by itself complete sexual gratification. While it must
+be considered a morbid state to demand a symbol as an almost essential
+part of the charm of a desired person, it is only in the final condition,
+in which the symbol becomes all-sufficing, that we have a true and
+complete perversion. In the less complete forms of symbolism it is still
+the woman who is desired, and the ends of procreation may be served; when
+the woman is ignored and the mere symbol is an adequate and even preferred
+stimulus to detumescence the pathological condition becomes complete.
+
+Krafft-Ebing regarded shoe-fetichism as, in large measure, a more or less
+latent form of masochism, the foot or the shoe being the symbol of the
+subjection and humiliation which the masochist feels in the presence of
+the beloved object. Moll is also inclined to accept such a connection.
+
+    "The very numerous class of boot-and-shoe-fetichists,"
+    Krafft-Ebing wrote, "forms the transition to the manifestations
+    of another independent perversion, i.e., fetichism itself; but it
+    stands in closer relationship to the former.... It is highly
+    probable, and shown by a correct classification of the observed
+    cases, that the majority, and perhaps all of the cases of
+    shoe-fetichism, rest upon a basis of more or less conscious
+    masochistic desire for self-humiliation.... The majority or all
+    may be looked upon as instances of latent masochism (the motive
+    remaining unconscious) in which the _female foot or shoe, as the
+    masochist's fetich_, has acquired an independent significance."
+    (_Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of tenth edition,
+    pp. 159, et seq.) "Though Krafft-Ebing may not have cleared up
+    the whole matter," Moll remarks, "I regard his deductions
+    concerning the connection of foot-and-shoe fetichism to masochism
+    as the most important progress that has been made in the
+    theoretic study of sexual perversions.... In any case, the
+    connection is very frequent." (_Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third
+    edition, p. 306.)
+
+It is quite easy to see that this supposed identity of masochism and
+foot-fetichism forms a seductive theory. It is also undoubtedly true that
+a masochist may very easily be inclined to find in his mistress's foot an
+aid to the ecstatic self-abnegation which he desires to attain.[20] But
+only confusion is attained by any general attempt to amalgamate masochism
+and foot-fetichism. In the broad sense in which erotic symbolism is here
+understood, both masochism and foot-fetichism may be coördinated as
+symbolisms; for the masochist his self-humiliating impulses are the symbol
+of ecstatic adoration; for the foot-fetichist his mistress's foot or shoe
+is the concentrated symbol of all that is most beautiful and elegant and
+feminine in her personality. But if in this sense they are coördinated,
+they remain entirely distinct and have not even any necessary tendency to
+become merged. Masochism merely simulates foot-fetichism; for the
+masochist the boot is not strictly a symbol, it is only an instrument
+which enables him to carry out his impulse; the true sexual symbol for him
+is not the boot, but the emotion of self-subjection. For the
+foot-fetichist, on the other hand, the foot or the shoe is not a mere
+instrument, but a true symbol; the focus of his worship, an idealized
+object which he is content to contemplate or reverently touch. He has no
+necessary impulse to any self-degrading action, nor any constant emotion
+of subjection. It may be noted that in the very typical case of
+foot-fetichism which is presented to us in the person of Restif de la
+Bretonne (_ante_, p. 18), he repeatedly speaks of "subjecting" the woman
+for whom he feels this fetichistic adoration, and mentions that even when
+still a child he especially admired a delicate and fairy-like girl in this
+respect because she seemed to him easier to subjugate. Throughout life
+Restif's attitude toward women was active and masculine, without the
+slightest trace of masochism.[21]
+
+To suppose that a fetichistic admiration of his mistress's foot is due to
+a lover's latent desire to be kicked, is as unreasonable as it would be to
+suppose that a fetichistic admiration for her hand indicated a latent
+desire to have his ears boxed. In determining whether we are concerned
+with a case of foot-fetichism or of masochism we must take into
+consideration the whole of the subject's mental and emotional attitude. An
+act, however definite, will not suffice as a criterion, for the same act
+in different persons may have altogether different implications. To
+amalgamate the two is the result of inadequate psychological analysis and
+only leads to confusion.
+
+It is, however, often very difficult to decide whether we are dealing with
+a case which is predominantly one of masochism or of foot-fetichism. The
+nature of the action desired, as we have seen, will not suffice to
+determine the psychological character of the perversion. Krafft-Ebing
+believed that the desire to be trodden on, very frequently experienced by
+masochists, is absolutely symptomatic of masochism.[22] This is scarcely
+the case. The desire to be trodden on may be fundamentally an erotic
+symbolism, closely approaching foot-fetichism, and such slight indications
+of masochism as appear may be merely a parasitic growth on the symbolism,
+a growth perhaps more suggested by the circumstances involved in the
+gratification of the abnormal desire than inherent in the innate impulse
+of the subject. This may be illustrated by the interesting case of a very
+intelligent man with whom I am well acquainted.
+
+    C.P., aged 38. Heredity good. Parents both healthy and normal.
+    Several children of the marriage, all sexually normal so far as
+    is known. C.P. is the youngest of the family and separated from
+    the others by an interval of many years. He was a seven-months'
+    child. He has always enjoyed good health and is active and
+    vigorous, both mentally and physically.
+
+    From the age of 9 or 10 to 14 he masturbated occasionally for the
+    sake of physical relief, having discovered the act for himself.
+    He was, however, quite innocent and knew nothing of sexual
+    matters, never having been initiated either by servants or by
+    other boys.
+
+    "When I encounter a woman who very strongly attracts me and whom
+    I very greatly admire," he writes, "my desire is never that I may
+    have sexual connection with her in the ordinary sense, but that I
+    may lie down upon the floor on my back and be trampled upon by
+    her. This curious desire is seldom present unless the object of
+    my admiration is really a lady, and of fine proportions. She must
+    be richly dressed--preferably in an evening gown, and wear dainty
+    high-heeled slippers, either quite open so as to show the curve
+    of the instep, or with only one strap or 'bar' across. The skirts
+    should be raised sufficiently to afford me the pleasure of seeing
+    her feet and a liberal amount of ankle, but in no case above the
+    knee, or the effect is greatly reduced. Although I often greatly
+    admire a woman's intellect and even person, sexually no other
+    part of her has any serious attraction for me except the leg,
+    from the knee downwards, and the foot, and these must be
+    exquisitely clothed. Given this condition, my desire amounts to a
+    wish to gratify my sexual sense by contact with the (to me)
+    attractive part of the woman. Comparatively few women have a leg
+    or foot sufficiently beautiful to my mind to excite any serious
+    or compelling desire, but when this is so, or I suspect it, I am
+    willing to spend any time or trouble to get her to tread upon me
+    and am anxious to be trampled on with the greatest severity.
+
+    "The treading should be inflicted for a few minutes all over the
+    chest, abdomen and groin, and lastly on the penis, which is, of
+    course, lying along the belly in a violent state of erection, and
+    consequently too hard for the treading to damage it. I also enjoy
+    being nearly strangled by a woman's foot.
+
+    "If the lady finally stands facing my head and places her slipper
+    upon my penis so that the high heel falls about where the penis
+    leaves the scrotum, the sole covering most of the rest of it and
+    with the other foot upon the abdomen, into which I can _see_ as
+    well as feel it sink as she shifts her weight from one foot to
+    the other, orgasm takes place almost at once. Emission under
+    these conditions is to me an agony of delight, during which
+    practically the lady's whole weight should rest upon the penis.
+
+    "One reason for my special pleasure in this method seems to be
+    that first the heel and afterwards the sole of the slipper as it
+    treads upon the penis greatly check the passage of the semen and
+    consequently the pleasure is considerably prolonged. There is
+    also a curious mental side to the affair. I love to imagine that
+    the lady who is treading upon me is my mistress and I her slave,
+    and that she is doing it to punish me for some fault, or to give
+    _herself_ (not me) pleasure.
+
+    "It follows that the greater the contempt and severity with which
+    I am 'punished,' the greater becomes my pleasure. The idea of
+    'punishment' or 'slavery' is seldom aroused except when I have
+    great difficulty in accomplishing my desire and the treader is
+    more than usually handsome and heavy and the trampling
+    mercilessly inflicted. I have been trampled so long and so
+    mercilessly several times, that I have flinched each time the
+    slipper pressed its way into my aching body and have been black
+    and blue for days afterwards. I take the greatest interest in
+    leading ladies on to do this for me where I think I will not
+    offend, and have been surprisingly successful. I must have lain
+    beneath the feet of quite a hundred women, many of them of good
+    social position, who would never dream of permitting any ordinary
+    sexual intercourse, but who have been so interested or amused by
+    the idea as to do it for me--many of them over and over again. It
+    is perhaps needless to say that none of my own or the ladies'
+    clothing is ever removed, or disarranged, for the accomplishment
+    of orgasm in this manner. After a long and varied experience, I
+    may say that my favorite weight is 10 to 11 stone, and that
+    black, very high-heeled slippers, in combination with tan silk
+    stockings, seem to give me the greatest pleasure and create in me
+    the strongest desires.
+
+    "Boots, or outdoor shoes, do not attract me to anything like the
+    same degree, although I have, upon several occasions, enjoyed
+    myself fairly well by their use. Nude women repel me, and I find
+    no pleasure in seeing a woman in tights. I am not averse to
+    normal sexual connection and occasionally employ it. To me,
+    however, the pleasure is far inferior to that of being trampled
+    upon. I also derive keen pleasure--and usually have a strong
+    erection--from seeing a woman, dressed as I have described, tread
+    upon anything which yields under her foot--such as the seat of a
+    carriage, the cushions of a punt, a footstool, etc., and I enjoy
+    seeing her crush flowers by treading upon them. I have often
+    strolled along in the wake of some handsome lady at a picnic or
+    garden party, for the pleasure of seeing the grass upon which she
+    has trodden rise slowly again after her foot has pressed it. I
+    delight also to see a carriage sway as a woman leaves or enters
+    it--anything which needs the pressure of the foot.
+
+    "To pass now to the origin of this direction of my feelings.
+
+    "Even in early childhood I admired pretty feminine foot-gear, and
+    in the contemplation of it experienced vague sensations which I
+    now recognize as sexual. When a lad of 14 or so, I stayed a good
+    deal at the house of some intimate friends of my parents, the
+    daughter of the house--an only child--a beautiful and powerful
+    girl, about six years my senior, being my special chum. This girl
+    was always daintily dressed, and having most lovely feet and
+    ankles not unnaturally knew it. Whenever possible she dressed so
+    as to show off their beauty to the best advantage--rather short
+    skirts and usually little high-heeled slippers--and was not
+    averse to showing them in a most distractingly coquettish manner.
+    She seemed to have a passion for treading upon things which would
+    scrunch or yield under her foot, such as flowers, little
+    windfallen apples and pears, acorns, etc., or heaps of hay, straw
+    or cut grass. As we wandered about the gardens--for we were left
+    to do exactly as we liked--I got quite accustomed to seeing her
+    hunt out and tread upon such things, and used to chaff her about
+    it. At that time I was--as I am still--fond of lying at full
+    length on a thick hearthrug before a good fire. One evening as I
+    was lying in this way and we were alone, A. crossed the room to
+    reach a bangle from the mantelpiece. Instead of reaching over me,
+    she playfully stepped upon my body, saying that she would show me
+    how the hay and straw felt. Naturally I fell in with the joke and
+    laughed. After standing upon me a few moments she raised her
+    skirt slightly and, holding on to the mantelpiece for support,
+    stretched out one dainty foot in its brown silk stocking and
+    high-heeled slipper to the blaze to warm, while looking down and
+    laughing at my scarlet, excited face. She was a perfectly frank
+    and charming girl, and I feel pretty certain that, although she
+    evidently enjoyed my excitement and the feeling of my body
+    yielding under her feet, she did not on this first occasion
+    clearly understand my condition; nor can I remember that, though
+    the desire for sexual gratification drove me nearly mad, it
+    appeared to awaken in her any reciprocal feeling. I took hold of
+    her raised foot and, after kissing it, guided it by an absolutely
+    irresistible impulse on to my penis, which was as hard as wood
+    and seemed almost bursting. Almost at the moment that her weight
+    was thrown upon it, orgasm took place for the first time in my
+    life thoroughly and effectively. No description can give any idea
+    of what I felt--I only know that from that moment my distorted
+    sexual focus was fixed forever. Numberless times, after that
+    evening, I felt the weight of her dainty slippers, and nothing
+    will ever cause the memory of the pleasure she thus gave me to
+    fade. I know that A. came to enjoy treading upon me, as much as I
+    enjoyed having her do it. She had a liberal dress allowance and,
+    seeing the pleasure they gave me, she was always buying pretty
+    stockings and ravishing slippers with the highest and most
+    slender Louis heels she could find and would show them to me with
+    the greatest glee, urging me to lie down that she might try them
+    on me. She confessed that she loved to see and feel them sink
+    into my body as she trod upon me and enjoyed the crunch of the
+    muscles under her heel as she moved about. After some minutes of
+    this, I always guided her slipper on to my penis, and she would
+    tread carefully, but with her whole weight--probably about 9
+    stone--and watch me with flashing eyes, flushed cheeks, and
+    quivering lips, as she felt--as she must have done plainly--the
+    throbbing and swelling of my penis under her foot as emission
+    took place. I have not the smallest doubt that orgasm took place
+    simultaneously with her, though we never at any time spoke openly
+    of it. This went on for several years on almost every favorable
+    opportunity we had, and after a month or two of separation
+    sometimes four or five times during a single day. Several times
+    during A.'s absence I masturbated by getting her slipper and
+    pressing it with all my strength against the penis while
+    imagining that she was treading upon me. The pleasure was, of
+    course, very inferior to her attentions. There was never at any
+    time between us any question of normal sexual intercourse, and we
+    were both well content to let things drift as they were.
+
+    "A little after 20 I went abroad, and on my return about three
+    years later I found her married. Although we met often, the
+    subject was never alluded to, though we remained firm friends. I
+    confess I often, when I could do so without being seen, looked
+    longingly at her feet and would have gladly accepted the pleasure
+    she could have given me by an occasional resumption of our
+    strange practice--but it never came.
+
+    "I went abroad again, and now neither she nor her husband are
+    alive and leave no issue. From time to time I have had occasional
+    relations with prostitutes, but always in this manner, though I
+    much prefer to find some lady of or above my own social position
+    who will do the treading for me. This is, however, interestingly
+    difficult.
+
+    "Out of say a hundred women (which at home and abroad is what I
+    should estimate must have stood upon my body) I should say quite
+    80 or 85 were _not_ prostitutes. Certainly not more than 10 to 12
+    shared any _sexual_ excitement, but while they were evidently
+    excited they were not gratified. A. alone, so far as I know, had
+    complete sexual satisfaction of it. I have never asked a woman in
+    so many words to tread upon me for the purpose of gratifying my
+    sexual desires (prostitutes excepted), but have always tempted
+    them to do it in a jocular or teasing manner, and it is very
+    doubtful if more than a few (married) women really understood,
+    even after they had given me the extreme pleasure, that they had
+    done so, because any flushing and movement on my part under their
+    feet was not unnaturally put down to the trampling to which they
+    were subjecting me, and it was easy for me to guide the foot as
+    often as was necessary on to the penis till orgasm took place,
+    and even to keep it there by laying hold of the other one to kiss
+    it or on some other pretext during emission. Of course many
+    understood after once doing it (most have done it only once) what
+    I was at, and, although they did not ever discuss it nor did I,
+    they were not unwilling to give me as many treadings as I cared
+    to playfully suggest. I don't think they got any pleasure
+    sexually out of it themselves, though they could see plainly that
+    I did, and they did not object to give it me. I have spent as
+    long as twelve months with some women working gradually nearer
+    and nearer to my desire--often getting what I want in the end,
+    but more often failing. I _never_ risk it till I am certain it
+    would be safe to ask it, and have never had a serious rebuff. In
+    very many cases I should say the doing of what I want has simply
+    been regarded by the woman as gratifying a silly and perhaps
+    amusing whim, in which, beyond the novelty of treading on a man's
+    body, she has taken but little interest.
+
+    "As in normal seduction, the endeavor to win the woman over to do
+    what I want without arousing her antagonism is a great part of
+    the charm to me, and naturally the better her social position the
+    more difficult this becomes--and the more attractive. I have
+    found that in three instances prostitutes have performed the same
+    office for other men and knew all about it. It is not
+    uninteresting to note that these three women were all of fine,
+    massive build--one standing about 5 feet 10 inches and weighing
+    nearly 14 stone--but with comparatively uninteresting faces. The
+    weight, build and clothing count for a good deal in exciting me.
+    I find that a sudden check to a man at the supreme moment of
+    sexual pleasure tends to heighten and prolong the pleasure. My
+    physical satisfaction is due to the fact that by getting the lady
+    to stand with all her weight upon my penis (as it lies between
+    her foot and the soft bed of my own body into which it is deeply
+    pressed) the act of emission is enormously prolonged, with
+    corresponding enjoyment. For this reason also I prefer a very
+    high-heeled slipper. The seminal fluid has to be forced past two
+    separate obstacles--the pressure of the heel close at the root of
+    the penis and afterwards the ball of the foot which compresses
+    the outer half, leaving a free portion between them under the
+    arched sole of the slipper. I may add that the pleasure is
+    greatly increased by the retention of the urine, and I always try
+    to retain as much water as I dare. I have an unconquerable
+    aversion to red in slippers or stockings; it will even cause
+    impotence. Why, I know not. Strange as it may seem, although pain
+    and bruising are often inflicted by a severe treading, I have
+    never been in any way injured by the practice, and my pleasure in
+    it seems not to diminish by constant repetition. The comparative
+    difficulty of obtaining the pleasure from just the woman I want
+    has a never-ending, if inexplicable, charm for me."
+
+    It will be observed that in this case special importance is
+    attached to shoes with high heels, and the subject considers that
+    the pressure of such shoes is for mechanical reasons most
+    favorable for procuring ejaculation. Nearly all heterosexual
+    shoe-fetichists seem, however, to be equally attracted by high
+    heels. Restif de la Bretonne frequently referred to this point,
+    and he gave a number of reasons for the attractiveness of high
+    heels: (1) They are unlike men's boots and, therefore, have a
+    sexual fascination; (2) they make the leg and foot look more
+    charming; (3) they give a less bold and more sylph-like character
+    to the walk; (4) they keep the feet clean. (Restif de la
+    Bretonne, _Nuits de Paris_, vol. v, quoted in Preface to his _Mes
+    Inscriptions_, p. ciii.) It is doubtless the first reason--the
+    fact that high heels are a kind of secondary sexual
+    character--which is most generally potent in this attraction.
+
+The foregoing history, while it very distinctly brings before us a case of
+erotic symbolism, is not strictly an example of shoe-fetichism. The
+symbolism is more complex. The focus of beauty in a desirable woman is
+transferred and concentrated in the region below the knee; in that sense
+we have foot-fetichism. But the act of coitus itself is also symbolically
+transferred. Not only has the foot become the symbol of the vulva, but
+trampling has become the symbol of coitus; intercourse takes place
+symbolically _per pedem_. It is a result of this symbolization of the foot
+and of trampling that all acts of treading take on a new and symbolical
+sexual charm. The element of masochism--of pleasure in being a woman's
+slave--is a parasitic growth; that is to say, it is not founded in the
+subject's constitution, but chances to have found a favorable soil in the
+special circumstances under which his sexual life developed. It is not
+primary, but secondary, and remains an unimportant and merely occasional
+element.
+
+It may be instructive to bring forward for comparison a case in which also
+we have a symbolism involving boot-fetichism, but extending beyond it. In
+this case there is a basis of inversion (as is not infrequent in erotic
+symbolisms), but from the present point of view the psychological
+significance of the case remains the same.
+
+    A.N., aged 29, unmarried, healthy, though not robust, and without
+    any known hereditary taint. Has followed various avocations
+    without taking great interest in them, but has shown some
+    literary ability.
+
+    "I am an Englishman," his own narrative runs, "the third of three
+    children. At my birth my father was 41 and my mother 34. My
+    mother died of cancer when I was 15. My father is still alive, a
+    reserved man, who still nurses his sorrow for his wife's death. I
+    have no reason to believe my parents anything but normal and
+    useful members of society. My sister is normal and happily
+    married. My brother I have reason to believe to be an invert.
+
+    "A horoscope cast for me describes me in a way I think correct,
+    and so do my friends: 'A mild, obliging, gentle, amiable person,
+    with many fine traits of character; timid in nature, fond of
+    society, loving peace and quietude, delighting in warm and close
+    friendships. There is much that is firm, steadfast and
+    industrious, some self-love, a good deal of diplomacy, a little
+    that is subtle, or what is called finesse. You are reserved with
+    those you dislike. There is a serious and sad side to your
+    character; you are very thoughtful and contemplative when in
+    these moods. But you are not pessimistic. You have superior
+    abilities, for they are intuitively intellectual. There is a cold
+    reticence which restrains generous impulses and which inclines to
+    acquisitiveness; it will make you deliberate, inventive, adding
+    self-esteem, some vanity.'
+
+    "At an early age I was left much alone in the nursery and there
+    contracted the habit of masturbation long before the age of
+    puberty. I use the word 'masturbation' for want of a better,
+    though it may not quite describe my case. I have never used my
+    hand to the penis. As far back as I can remember I have had what
+    a Frenchman has described as 'le fetichisme de la chaussure,' and
+    in those early days, before I was 6 years old, I would put on my
+    father's boots, taken from a cupboard at hand, and then tying or
+    strapping my legs together would produce an erection, and all the
+    pleasurable feelings experienced, I suppose, by means of
+    masturbation. I always did this secretly, but couldn't tell why.
+    I continued this practice on and off all my boyhood and youth.
+    When I discovered the first emission I was much surprised. I
+    always did this thing without loosening my trousers. As to how
+    these feelings arose I am totally unable to say. I can't remember
+    being without such feelings, and they seem to me perfectly
+    normal. The sight, or even thought, of high boots, or leggings,
+    especially if well polished or in patent leather, would set all
+    my sexual passions aflame, and does yet. As a boy my great desire
+    was to wear these things. A soldier in boots and spurs, a groom
+    in tops, or even an errand-boy in patent leather leggings,
+    fascinated me, and to this day, despite reason and everything
+    else. The sight of such things produced an erection. An emission
+    I could always produce by tightly tying my legs together, but
+    only when wearing boots, and preferably leggings, which when I
+    had pocket money I bought for this purpose. (At the present
+    moment I have five pairs in the house and two pairs of high
+    boots, quite unjustified by ordinary use.) This habit I lapse
+    into yet at times. The smell of leather affects me, but I never
+    know how far this may be due to association with boots; the smell
+    suggests the image. Restraint by a leather strap is more exciting
+    than by cords. Erotic dreams always take the form of restraint on
+    the limbs when booted.
+
+    "Uniforms and liveries have a great temptation for me, but only
+    when of a tight-fitting nature and smart, as soldiers', grooms',
+    etc., but not sailors'; most powerfully when the person is in
+    boots or leggings and breeches.
+
+    "I was a quiet, sensitive boy, taking no part in games or sports.
+    Have always been indifferent to them. I made few friends, but
+    didn't want them. The craving for friendship came much later,
+    after I was 21. I was a day boy at a private school, and never
+    had any conversation with any boy on sexual matters, though I was
+    dimly aware of much 'nastiness' about the school. I knew nothing
+    of sodomy. But all these things were repulsive to me,
+    notwithstanding my secret practices. I was a 'good boy.'
+
+    "Up to the age of 21 I was perfectly satisfied with my own
+    society, something of a prig, fond of books and reading, etc. I
+    was and ever have been absolutely insensible to the influence of
+    the other sex. I am not a woman hater, and take intellectual
+    pleasure in the society of certain ladies, but they are nearly
+    all much older than myself. I have a strong repulsion from sexual
+    relations with women. I should not mind being married for the
+    sake of companionship and for the sake of having boys of my own.
+    But the sexual act would frighten me. I could not in my present
+    frame of mind go to bed with a woman. Yet I feel an immense envy
+    of my married friends in that they are able to give out, and find
+    satisfaction for, their affection in a way that is quite
+    impossible for me. I picture certain boys in the place of the
+    wife.
+
+    "I am now only happy in the society of men younger than myself,
+    age 17 to (say) 23 or 24, youths with smooth faces, or first sign
+    of hair on lip, well groomed, slightly effeminate in feature, of
+    sympathetic, perhaps weak nature. I feel I want to help them, do
+    something for them, devote myself entirely to their welfare.
+
+    "With such there is no fixed line between friendship and love. I
+    yearn for intimacy with particular friends, but never dare
+    express it. I find so many people object to any strong expression
+    of feeling that I dare not run the risk of appearing ridiculous
+    in the eyes of these desired intimates.
+
+    "I have no desire for _pædicatio_, but the idea itself does not
+    repulse me or seem unnatural, though personally it repels me a
+    little. But I think this to be mere prejudice on my part, which
+    might be broken down if the loved person showed a willingness to
+    act a passive part. I should never dare to make an advance,
+    however.
+
+    "I am restrained by moral and religious considerations from
+    making my real feelings known, and I feel I should sink in my own
+    estimation if I gave way, though my natural desire is to do so.
+    In the face of opportunities (not I mean of _pædicatio_, but of
+    expression of excessive affection, etc.), or what might be such,
+    I always fail to speak lest I should forfeit the esteem of the
+    other person. I have a feeling of surprise when any one I like
+    evinces a liking for me. I feel that those I love are
+    immeasurably my superiors, though my reason may tell me it is not
+    so. I would grovel at their feet, do anything to win a smile from
+    them, or to make them give me their company.
+
+    "Ordinary bodily contact with the boy I love gives me most
+    exquisite pleasure, and I never lose an opportunity of bringing
+    such contact about when it can be done naturally. I feel an
+    immense desire to embrace, kiss, squeeze, etc., the person, to
+    generally maul him, and say nice things--the kind of things a man
+    usually says to a woman. A handshake, the mere presence of the
+    person, makes me happy and content.
+
+    "I can say with the Albanian: 'If I find myself in the presence
+    of the beloved, I rest absorbed in gazing on him. Absent, I think
+    of nought but him. If the beloved unexpectedly appears I fall
+    into confusion. My heart beats faster. I have eyes and ears only
+    for the beloved.'
+
+    "I feel that my capacity of affection is finer and more spiritual
+    than that which commonly subsists between persons of different
+    sexes. And so, while trying to fight my instincts by religion, I
+    find my natural feeling to be part of my religion, and its
+    highest expression. In this sense I can speak from experience in
+    my own case, and more especially in that of my brother, that what
+    you have said about philanthropic activity resulting from
+    repressed homosexuality is very true indeed. I can say with one
+    of your female cases: 'Love is to me a religion. The very nature
+    of my affection for my friends precludes the possibility of any
+    element entering into it which is not absolutely pure and
+    sacred.' I am, however, madly jealous. I want entire possession,
+    and I can't bear for a moment that any one I do not care for
+    should know the person I love.
+
+    "I am never attracted by men older than myself. The youths who
+    attract me may be of any class, though preferably, I think, of a
+    class a little lower than myself. I am not quite sure of this,
+    however, as circumstances may have contributed more than
+    deliberate choice to bring certain youths under my notice. Those
+    who have exercised the most powerful influence on me have been an
+    Oxford undergraduate, a barber's assistant, and a plumber's
+    apprentice. Though naturally fond of intellectual society, I do
+    not ask for intellect in those I love. It goes for nothing. I
+    always prefer their company to that of the most educated persons.
+    This preference has alienated me to some extent from more refined
+    and educated circles that formerly I was intimate with.
+
+    "I have been led entirely out of my old habits by association
+    with younger friends, and now do things which before I should
+    never have dreamed of doing. My thoughts now are always with
+    certain youths, and if they speak of leaving the town, or in any
+    way talk of a future that I cannot share, I suffer horrid
+    sinkings of the heart and depression of spirits."
+
+This case, while it concerns a person of quite different temperament, with
+a more innate predisposition to specific perversions, is yet in many
+respects analogous to the previous case. There is boot-fetichism; nothing
+is felt to be so attractive as the foot-gear, and there is also at the
+same time more than this; there is the attraction of repression and
+constraint developed into a sexual symbol. In C.P.'s case that symbolism
+arises from the experience of an abnormal heterosexual relationship; in
+A.N.'s case it is founded on auto-erotic experiences associated with
+inversion; in both alike the entire symbolism has become diffused and
+generalized.
+
+In the two cases just brought forward we have an erotic symbolism of act
+founded on, and closely associated with, an erotic symbolism of object. It
+may be instructive to bring forward another case in which no fetichistic
+feeling toward an object can be traced, but an erotic symbolism still
+clearly exists. In this case pain, even when self-inflicted, has acquired
+a symbolic value as a stimulus to tumescence, without any element of
+masochism. Such a case serves to indicate how the sexual attraction of
+pain is really a special case of the erotic symbolism with which we are
+here concerned.
+
+    A.W., aged 50, a writer and lecturer, physically and mentally
+    energetic and enjoying good health. He is, however, very
+    emotional and of nervous temperament, but self-controlled. Though
+    physically well developed, the sexual organs are small. He is
+    married to an attractive woman, to whom he is much attached, and
+    has two healthy children.
+
+    At 10 or 12 years of age he had a frequent desire to be whipped,
+    his parents never having struck him, and on one occasion he asked
+    a brother to go with him to the closet to get him to whip him on
+    the posterior; but on arrival he was too shy to make the request.
+    He did not recognize the cause of these desires, knowing nothing
+    of such things except from the misinformation of his
+    school-fellows' talk. As far as he can remember, he was an
+    entirely normal, healthy boy up to the age of about 15, when his
+    attention was arrested by an advertisement of a quack medicine
+    for the results of "youthful excesses."
+
+    Being a city boy, he was unfamiliar with the coupling even of
+    animals, had never had a conscious erection and did not know of
+    frictional excitement. Experiment, however, resulted in an
+    orgasm, and, though believing that it was wicked or at least weak
+    and degrading, he indulged in masturbation at intervals, usually
+    about six times a month, and has continued even up to the
+    present.
+
+    He had an abnormally small opening in the prepuce, making the
+    uncovering of the glans almost impossible. (At the age of about
+    37, he himself slit the prepuce by three or four cuts of a
+    scissors at intervals of about ten days. This was followed by a
+    marked decrease in desire, especially as he shortly afterwards
+    learned the importance of local cleanliness.) While in college at
+    about the age of 19 he began to have nocturnal emissions
+    occasionally and once or twice a week when at stool. Alarmed by
+    these, he consulted a physician, who warned him of the danger,
+    gave him bromide and prescribed cold bathing of the parts, with a
+    hard, cool bed. These stopped the emissions.
+
+    He never had connection with women until the age of about 25, and
+    then only three times until his marriage at 30 years of age,
+    being deterred partly by conscientious scruples, but more by
+    shyness and convention, and deriving very little pleasure from
+    these instances. Even since marriage he has derived more pleasure
+    from sexual excitement than from coitus, and can maintain
+    erection for as long as two hours.
+
+    He has always been accustomed to torture himself in various
+    ingenious ways, nearly always connected with sex. He would burn
+    his skin deeply with red hot wire in inconspicuous places. These
+    and similar acts were generally followed by manual excitation
+    nearly always brought to a climax.
+
+    He considers that he is attracted to refined and intellectual
+    women. But he is without very ardent desires, having several
+    times gone to bed with attractive women who stripped themselves
+    naked, but without attempting any sexual intercourse with them.
+    He became interested in the "Karezza" theory and has tried to
+    practice it with his wife, but could never entirely control the
+    emission.
+
+    He has hired a masseur to whip him, as children are whipped, with
+    a heavy dog whip, which caused pleasurable excitement. During
+    this time he had relations with his wife generally about once a
+    week without any great ecstasy. She was cold and sexually slow,
+    owing to conventional sex repression and to an idea that the
+    whole thing was "like animals" and to fear of child-bearing,
+    usually necessitating the use of a cover or withdrawal. It was
+    only eight years after their marriage that she desired and
+    obtained a child. During these years he would often stick pins
+    through his mammæ and tie them together by a string round the
+    pins drawn so short as to cause great pain and then indulge
+    himself in the sexual act. He used strong wooden clips with a
+    tack fixed in them, so as to pierce and pinch the mammæ, and once
+    he drove a pin entirely through the penis itself, then obtaining
+    orgasm by friction. He was never able to get an automatic
+    emission in this way, though he often tried, not even by walking
+    briskly during an erection.
+
+In another class of cases a purely ideal symbolism may be present by means
+of a fetich which acts as a powerful stimulus without itself being felt to
+possess any attraction. A good illustration of this condition is furnished
+by a case which has been communicated to me by a medical correspondent in
+New Zealand.
+
+    "The patient went out to South Africa as a trooper with the
+    contingent from New Zealand, throwing up a good position in an
+    office to do so. He had never had any trouble as regards
+    connection with women before going out to South Africa. While in
+    active service at the front he sustained a nasty fall from his
+    horse, breaking his leg. He was unconscious for four days, and
+    was then invalided down to Cape Town. Here he rapidly got well,
+    and his accustomed health returning to him he started having what
+    he terms 'a good time.' He repeatedly went to brothels, but was
+    unable to have more than a temporary erection, and no ejaculation
+    would take place. In one of these places he was in company with a
+    drunken trooper, who suggested that they should perform the
+    sexual act with their boots and spurs (only) on. My patient, who
+    was also drunk, readily assented, and to his surprise was enabled
+    to perform the act of copulation without any difficulty at all.
+    He has repeatedly tried since to perform the act without any
+    spurs, but is quite unable to do so; with the spurs he has no
+    difficulty at all in obtaining all the gratification he desires.
+    His general health is good. His mother was an extremely nervous
+    woman, and so is his sister. His father died when he was quite
+    young. His only other relation in the colony is a married sister,
+    who seems to enjoy vigorous health."
+
+The consideration of the cases here brought forward may suffice to show
+that beyond those fetichisms which find their satisfaction in the
+contemplation of a part of the body or a garment, there is a more subtle
+symbolism. The foot is a center of force, an agent for exerting pressure,
+and thus it furnishes a point of departure not alone for the merely static
+sexual fetich, but for a dynamic erotic symbolization. The energy of its
+movements becomes a substitute for the energy of the sexual organs
+themselves in coitus, and exerts the same kind of fascination. The young
+girl (page 35) "who seemed to have a passion for treading upon things
+which would scrunch or yield under her foot," already possessed the germs
+of an erotic symbolism which, under the influence of circumstances in
+which she herself took an active part, developed into an adequate method
+of sexual gratification.[23] The youth who was her partner learned, in the
+same way, to find an erotic symbolism in all the pressure reactions of
+attractive feminine feet, the swaying of a carriage beneath their weight,
+the crushing of the flowers on which they tread, the slow rising of the
+grass which they have pressed. Here we have a symbolism which is
+altogether different from that fetichism which adores a definite object;
+it is a dynamic symbolism finding its gratification in the spectacle of
+movements which ideally recall the fundamental rhythm and pressure
+reactions of the sexual process.
+
+We may trace a very similar erotic symbolism in an absolutely normal form.
+The fascination of clothes in the lover's eyes is no doubt a complex
+phenomenon, but in part it rests on the aptitudes of a woman's garments to
+express vaguely a dynamic symbolism which must always remain indefinite
+and elusive, and on that account always possess fascination. No one has so
+acutely described this symbolism as Herrick, often an admirable
+psychologist in matters of sexual attractiveness. Especially instructive
+in this respect are his poems, "Delight in Disorder," "Upon Julia's
+Clothes," and notably "Julia's Petticoat." "A sweet disorder in the
+dress," he tells us, "kindles in clothes a wantonness;" it is not on the
+garment itself, but on the character of its movement that he insists; on
+the "erring lace," the "winning wave" of the "tempestuous petticoat;" he
+speaks of the "liquefaction" of clothes, their "brave vibration each way
+free," and of Julia's petticoat he remarks with a more specific symbolism
+still,
+
+    "Sometimes 'twould pant and sigh and heave,
+     As if to stir it scarce had leave;
+     But having got it, thereupon,
+     'Twould make a brave expansion."
+
+In the play of the beloved woman's garment, he sees the whole process of
+the central act of sex, with its repressions and expansions, and at the
+sight is himself ready to "fall into a swoon."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[13] G. Stanley Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. ii, p. 113. It will be noted
+that the hand does not appear among the parts of the body which are
+normally of supreme interest. An interest in the hand is by no means
+uncommon (it may be noted, for instance, in the course of History XII in
+Appendix B to vol. iii of these _Studies_), but the hand does not possess
+the mystery which envelops the foot, and hand-fetichism is very much less
+frequent than foot-fetichism, while glove-fetichism is remarkably rare. An
+interesting case of hand-fetichism, scarcely reaching morbid intensity, is
+recorded by Binet, _Etudes de Psychologie Expérimentale_, pp. 13-19; and
+see Krafft-Ebing, _Op. cit._, pp. 214 et seq.
+
+[14] _Mémoires_, vol. i, Chapter VII.
+
+[15] Among leading English novelists Hardy shows an unusual but by no
+means predominant interest in the feet and shoes of his heroines; see,
+e.g., the observations of the cobbler in _Under the Greenwood Tree_,
+Chapter III. A chapter in Goethe's _Wahlverwandtschaften_ (Part I, Chapter
+II) contains an episode involving the charm of the foot and the kissing of
+the beloved's shoe.
+
+[16] Schinz, "Philosophie des Conventions Sociales," _Revue
+Philosophique_, June, 1903, p. 626. Mirabeau mentions in his _Erotika
+Biblion_ that modern Greek women sometimes use their feet to provoke
+orgasm in their lovers. I may add that simultaneous mutual masturbation by
+means of the feet is not unknown to-day, and I have been told by an
+English shoe-fetichist that he at one time was accustomed to practice this
+with a married lady (Brazilian)--she with slippers on and he without--who
+derived gratification equal to his own.
+
+[17] Jacoby (loc. cit. pp. 796-7) gives a large number of references to
+Ovid's works bearing on this point. "In reading him," he remarks, "one is
+inclined to say that the psychology of the Romans was closely allied to
+that of the Chinese."
+
+[18] R. Kleinpaul, _Sprache ohne Worte_, p. 308. See also Moll, _Konträre
+Sexualempfindung_, third edition, pp. 306-308. Bloch brings together many
+interesting references bearing on the ancient sexual and religious
+symbolism of the shoe, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+Teil II, p. 324.
+
+[19] Jacoby (loc. cit. p. 797) appears to regard shoe-fetichism as a true
+atavism: "The sexual adoration of feminine foot-gear," he concludes,
+"perhaps the most enigmatic and certainly the most singular of
+degenerative insanities, is thus merely a form of atavism, the return of
+the degenerate to the very ancient and primitive psychology which we no
+longer understand and are no longer capable of feeling."
+
+[20] Moll has reported in detail (_Untersuchungen über die Libido
+Sexualis_, bd. i, Teil II, pp. 320-324) a case which both he and
+Krafft-Ebing regard as illustrative of the connection between
+boot-fetichism and masochism. It is essentially a case of masochism,
+though manifesting itself almost exclusively in the desire to perform
+humiliating acts in connection with the attractive person's boots.
+
+[21] Krafft-Ebing goes so far as to assert (_Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+English translation of tenth edition, p. 174) that "when in cases of
+shoe-fetichism the female shoe appears alone as the excitant of sexual
+desire one is justified in presuming that masochistic motives have
+remained latent.... Latent masochism may always be assumed as the
+unconscious motive." In this way he hopelessly misinterprets some of his
+own cases.
+
+[22] Krafft-Ebing goes so far as to assert (_Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+English translation, pp. 159 and 174). Yet some of the cases he brings
+forward (e.g., Coxe's as quoted by Hammond) show no sign of masochism,
+since, according to Krafft-Ebing's own definition (p. 116), the idea of
+subjugation by the opposite sex is of the essence of masochism.
+
+[23] Her actions suggest that there is often a latent sexual consciousness
+in regard to the feet in women, atavistic or pseudo-atavistic, and
+corresponding to the sexual attraction which the feet formerly aroused,
+almost normally, in men. This is also suggested by the case, referred to
+by Shufeldt, of an unmarried woman, belonging to a family exhibiting in a
+high degree both erotic and neurotic traits, who had "a certain
+uncontrollable fascination for shoes. She delights in new shoes, and
+changes her shoes all day long at regular intervals of three hours each.
+She keeps this row of shoes out in plain sight in her apartment." (R.W.
+Shufeldt, "On a Case of Female Impotency," 1896, p. 10.)
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+Scatalogic Symbolism--Urolagnia--Coprolagnia--The Ascetic Attitude Towards
+the Flesh--Normal basis of Scatalogic Symbolism--Scatalogic Conceptions
+Among Primitive Peoples--Urine as a Primitive Holy Water--Sacredness of
+Animal Excreta--Scatalogy in Folk-lore--The Obscene as Derived from the
+Mythological--The Immature Sexual Impulse Tends to Manifest Itself in
+Scatalogic Forms--The basis of Physiological Connection Between the
+Urinary and Genital Spheres--Urinary Fetichism Sometimes Normal in
+Animals--The Urolagnia of Masochists--The Scatalogy of Saints--Urolagnia
+More Often a Symbolism of Act Than a Symbolism of Object--Only
+Occasionally an Olfactory Fetichism--Comparative Rarity of
+Coprolagnia--Influence of Nates Fetichism as a Transition to
+Coprolagnia--Ideal Coprolagnia--Olfactory Coprolagnia--Urolagnia and
+Coprolagnia as Symbols of Coitus.
+
+
+We meet with another group of erotic symbolisms--alike symbolisms of
+object and of act--in connection with the two functions adjoining the
+anatomical sexual focus: the urinary and alvine excretory functions. These
+are sometimes termed the scatalogical group, with the two subdivisions of
+urolagnia and Coprolagnia.[24] _Inter fæces et urinam nascimur_ is an
+ancient text which has served the ascetic preachers of old for many
+discourses on the littleness of man and the meanness of that reproductive
+power which plays so large a part in man's life. "The stupid bungle of
+Nature," a correspondent writes, "whereby the generative organs serve as a
+means of relieving the bladder, is doubtless responsible for much of the
+disgust which those organs excite in some minds."
+
+At the same time, it is necessary to point out, such reflex influence may
+act not in one direction only, but also in the reverse direction. From
+the standpoint of ascetic contemplation eager to belittle humanity, the
+excretory centers may cast dishonor upon the genital center which they
+adjoin. From the more ecstatic standpoint of the impassioned lover, eager
+to magnify the charm of the woman he worships, it is not impossible for
+the excretory centers to take on some charm from the irradiating center of
+sex which they enclose.
+
+Even normally such a process is traceable. The normal lover may not
+idealize the excretory functions of his mistress, but the fact that he
+finds no repulsion in the most intimate contacts and feels no disgust at
+the proximity of the excretory orifices or the existence of their
+functions, indicates that the idealization of love has exerted at all
+events a neutralizing influence; indeed, the presence of an acute
+sensibility to the disturbing influence of this proximity of the excretory
+orifices and their functions must be considered abnormal; Swift's
+"Strephon and Chloe"--with the conviction underlying it that it is an easy
+matter for the excretory functions to drown the possibilities of
+love--could only have proceeded from a morbidly sensitive brain.[25]
+
+A more than mere neutralizing influence, a positively idealizing influence
+of the sexual focus on the excretory processes adjoining it, may take
+place in the lover's mind without the normal variations of sexual
+attraction being over-passed, and even without the creation of an
+excretory fetichism.
+
+    Reflections of this attitude may be found in the poets. In the
+    _Song of Songs_ the lover says of his mistress, "Thy navel is
+    like a round goblet, wherein no mingled wine is wanting;" in his
+    lyric "To Dianeme," Herrick says with clear reference to the
+    mons veneris:--
+
+        "Show me that hill where smiling love doth sit,
+        Having a living fountain under it;"
+
+    and in the very numerous poems in various languages which have
+    more or less obscurely dealt with the rose as the emblem of the
+    feminine pudenda there are occasional references to the stream
+    which guards or presides over the rose. It may, indeed, be
+    recalled that even in the name _nymphæ_ anatomists commonly apply
+    to the _labia minora_ there is generally believed to be a poetic
+    allusion to the Nymphs who presided over streams, since the
+    _labia minora_ exert an influence on the direction of the urinary
+    stream.
+
+    In _Wilhelm Meister_ (Part I, Chapter XV), Goethe, on the basis
+    of his own personal experiences, describes his hero's emotions in
+    the humble surroundings of Marianne's little room as compared
+    with the stateliness and order of his own home. "It seemed to him
+    when he had here to remove her stays in order to reach the
+    harpsichord, there to lay her skirt on the bed before he could
+    seat himself, when she herself with unembarrassed frankness would
+    make no attempt to conceal from him many natural acts which
+    people are accustomed to hide from others out of decency--it
+    seemed to him, I say, that he became bound to her by invisible
+    bands." We are told of Wordsworth (Findlay's _Recollections of De
+    Quincey_, p. 36) that he read _Wilhelm Meister_ till "he came to
+    the scene where the hero, in his mistress's bedroom, becomes
+    sentimental over her dirty towels, etc., which struck him with
+    such disgust that he flung the book out of his hand, would never
+    look at it again, and declared that surely no English lady would
+    ever read such a work." I have, however, heard a woman of high
+    intellectual distinction refer to the peculiar truth and beauty
+    of this very passage.
+
+    In one of his latest novels, _Les Rencontres de M. de Bréot_,
+    Henri de Régnier, one of the most notable of recent French
+    novelists, narrates an episode bearing on the matter before us. A
+    personage of the story is sitting for a moment in a dark grotto
+    during a night fête in a nobleman's park, when two ladies enter
+    and laughingly proceed to raise their garments and accomplish a
+    natural necessity. The man in the background, suddenly overcome
+    by a sexual impulse, starts forward; one lady runs away, the
+    other, whom he detains, offers little resistance to his advances.
+    To M. de Bréot, whom he shortly after encounters, he exclaims,
+    abashed at his own actions: "Why did I not flee? But could I
+    imagine that the spectacle of so disgusting a function would have
+    any other effect than to give me a humble opinion of human
+    nature?" M. de Bréot, however, in proceeding to reproach his
+    interlocutor for his inconsiderate temerity, observes: "What you
+    tell me, sir, does not entirely surprise me. Nature has placed
+    very various instincts within us, and the impulse that led you to
+    what you have just now done is not so peculiar as you think. One
+    may be a very estimable man and yet love women even in what is
+    lowliest in their bodies." In harmony with this passage from
+    Régnier's novel are the remarks of a correspondent who writes to
+    me of the function of urination that it "appeals sexually to most
+    normal individuals. My own observations and inquiries prove this.
+    Women themselves instinctively feel it. The secrecy surrounding
+    the matter lends, too, I think, a sexual interest."
+
+    The fact that scatalogic processes may in some degree exert an
+    attraction even in normal love has been especially emphasized by
+    Bloch (_Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil
+    II, pp. 222, et seq.): "The man whose intellect and æsthetic
+    sense has been 'clouded by the sexual impulse' sees these things
+    in an entirely different light from him who has not been overcome
+    by the intoxication of love. For him they are idealized (sit
+    venia verbo) since they are a part of the beloved person, and in
+    consequence associated with love." Bloch quotes the _Memoiren
+    einer Sängerin_ (a book which is said to be, though this seems
+    doubtful, genuinely autobiographical) in the same sense: "A man
+    who falls in love with a girl is not dragged out of his poetic
+    sphere by the thought that his beloved must relieve certain
+    natural necessities every day. It seems, indeed, to him to be
+    just the opposite. If one loves a person one finds nothing
+    obscene or disgusting in the object that pleases me." The
+    opposite attitude is probably in extreme cases due to the
+    influence of a neurotic or morbidly sensitive temperament. Swift
+    possessed such a temperament. The possession of a similar
+    temperament is doubtless responsible for the little prose poem,
+    "L'Extase," in which Huysmans in his first book, _Le Drageloir á
+    Epices_, has written an attenuated version of "Strephon and
+    Chloe" to express the disillusionment of love; the lover lies in
+    a wood clasping the hand of the beloved with rapturous emotion;
+    "suddenly she rose, disengaged her hand, disappeared in the
+    bushes, and I heard as it were the rustling of rain on the
+    leaves." His dream has fled.
+
+In estimating the significance of the lover's attitude in this matter, it
+is important to realize the position which scatologic conceptions took in
+primitive belief. At certain stages of early culture, when all the
+emanations of the body are liable to possess mysterious magic properties
+and become apt for sacred uses, the excretions, and especially the urine,
+are found to form part of religious ritual and ceremonial function. Even
+among savages the excreta are frequently regarded as disgusting, but under
+the influence of these conceptions such disgust is inhibited, and those
+emanations of the body which are usually least honored become religious
+symbols.
+
+    Urine has been regarded as the original holy water, and many
+    customs which still survive in Italy and various parts of Europe,
+    involving the use of a fluid which must often be yellow and
+    sometimes salt, possibly indicate the earlier use of urine. (The
+    Greek water of aspersion, according to Theocritus, was mixed
+    with salt, as is sometimes the modern Italian holy water. J.J.
+    Blunt, _Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Customs_, p. 173.) Among
+    the Hottentots, as Kolbein and others have recorded, the medicine
+    man urinated alternately on bride and bridegroom, and a
+    successful young warrior was sprinkled in the same way. Mungo
+    Park mentions that in Africa on one occasion a bride sent a bowl
+    of her urine which was thrown over him as a special mark of honor
+    to a distinguished guest. Pennant remarked that the Highlanders
+    sprinkled their cattle with urine, as a kind of holy water, on
+    the first Monday in every quarter. (Bourke, _Scatalogic Rites_,
+    pp. 228, 239; Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, "Bride-Ales.")
+
+    Even the excreta of animals have sometimes been counted sacred.
+    This is notably so in the case of the cow, of all animals the
+    most venerated by primitive peoples, and especially in India.
+    Jules Bois (_Visions de l'Inde_, p. 86) describes the spectacle
+    presented in the temple of the cows at Benares: "I put my head
+    into the opening of the holy stables. It was the largest of
+    temples, a splendor of precious stones and marble, where the
+    venerated heifers passed backwards and forwards. A whole people
+    adored them. They take no notice, plunged in their divine and
+    obscure unconsciousness. And they fulfil with serenity their
+    animal functions; they chew the offerings, drink water from
+    copper vessels, and when they are filled they relieve themselves.
+    Then a stercoraceous and religious insanity overcomes these
+    starry-faced women and venerable men; they fall on their knees,
+    prostrate themselves, eat the droppings, greedily drink the
+    liquid, which for them is miraculous and sacred." (Cf. Bourke,
+    _Scatalogic Rites_, Chapter XVII.)
+
+    Among the Chevsurs of the Caucasus, perhaps an Iranian people, a
+    woman after her confinement, for which she lives apart, purifies
+    herself by washing in the urine of a cow and then returns home.
+    This mode of purification is recommended in the Avesta, and is
+    said to be used by the few remaining followers of this creed.
+
+We have not only to take into account the frequency with which among
+primitive peoples the excretions possess a religious significance. It is
+further to be noted that in the folk-lore of modern Europe we everywhere
+find plentiful evidence of the earlier prevalence of legends and practices
+of a scatalogical character. It is significant that in the majority of
+cases it is easy to see a sexual reference in these stories and customs.
+The legends have lost their earlier and often mythical significance, and
+frequently take on a suggestion of obscenity, while the scatalogical
+practices have become the magical devices of lovelorn maidens or forsaken
+wives practiced in secrecy. It has happened to scatalogical rites to be
+regarded as we may gather from the _Clouds_ of Aristophanes, that the
+sacred leathern phallus borne by the women in the Bacchanalia was becoming
+in his time, an object to arouse the amusement of little boys.
+
+    Among many primitive peoples throughout the world, and among the
+    lower social classes of civilized peoples, urine possesses magic
+    properties, more especially, it would seem, the urine of women
+    and that of people who stand, or wish to stand, in sexual
+    relationship to each other. In a legend of the Indians of the
+    northwest coast of America, recorded by Boas, a woman gives her
+    lover some of her urine and says: "You can wake the dead if you
+    drop some of my urine in their ears and nose." (_Zeitschrift für
+    Ethnologie_, 1894, Heft IV, p. 293.) Among the same Indians there
+    is a legend of a woman with a beautiful white skin who found on
+    bathing every morning in the river that the fish were attracted
+    to her skin and could not be driven off even by magical
+    solutions. At last she said to herself: "I will make water on
+    them and then they will leave me alone." She did so, and
+    henceforth the fish left her. But shortly after fire came from
+    Heaven and killed her. (Ib., 1891, Heft V, p. 640.) Among both
+    Christians and Mohammedans a wife can attach an unfaithful
+    husband by privately putting some of her urine in his drink. (B.
+    Stern, _Medizin in der Türkei_, vol. ii, p. 11.) This practice is
+    world-wide; thus among the aborigines of Brazil, according to
+    Martius, the urine and other excretions and secretions are potent
+    for aphrodisiacal objects. (Bourke's _Scatalogic Rites of All
+    Nations_ contains many references to the folk-lore practices in
+    this matter; a study of popular beliefs in the magic power of
+    urine, published in Bombay by Professor Eugen Wilhelm in 1889, I
+    have not seen.)
+
+    The legends which narrate scatalogic exploits are numerous in the
+    literature of all countries. Among primitive peoples they often
+    have a purely theological character, for in the popular
+    mythologies of all countries (even, as we learn from
+    Aristophanes, among the Greeks) natural phenomena such as the
+    rain, are apt to be regarded as divine excretions, but in course
+    of time the legends take on a more erotic or a more obscene
+    character. In the Irish _Book of Leinster_ (written down
+    somewhere about the twelfth century, but containing material of
+    very much older date) we are told how a number of princesses in
+    Emain Macha, the seat of the Ulster Kings, resolved to find out
+    which of them could by urinating on it melt a snow pillar which
+    the men had made, the woman who succeeded to be regarded as the
+    best among them. None of them succeeded, and they sent for
+    Derbforgaill, who was in love with Cuchullain, and she was able
+    to melt the pillar; whereupon the other women, jealous of the
+    superiority she had thus shown, tore out her eyes. (Zimmer,
+    "Keltische Beiträge," _Zeitschrift für Deutsche Alterthum_, vol.
+    xxxii, Heft II, pp. 216-219.) Rhys considers that Derbforgaill
+    was really a goddess of dawn and dusk, "the drop glistening in
+    the sun's rays," as indicated by her name, which means a drop or
+    tear. (J. Rhys, _Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as
+    Illustrated by Celtic Heathendom_, p. 466.) It is interesting to
+    compare the legend of Derbforgaill with a somewhat more modern
+    Picardy folk-lore _conte_ which is clearly analogous but no
+    longer seems to show any mythologic element, "La Princesse qui
+    pisse par dessus les Meules." This princess had a habit of
+    urinating over hay-cocks; the king, her father, in order to break
+    her of the habit, offered her in marriage to anyone who could
+    make a hay-cock so high that she could not urinate over it. The
+    young men came, but the princess would merely laugh and at once
+    achieve the task. At last there came a young man who argued with
+    himself that she would not be able to perform this feat after she
+    had lost her virginity. He therefore seduced her first and she
+    then failed ignobly, merely wetting her stockings. Accordingly,
+    she became his bride. (Kryptadia, vol. i. p. 333.) Such legends,
+    which have lost any mythologic elements they may originally have
+    possessed and have become merely _contes_, are not uncommon in
+    the folk-lore of many countries. But in their earlier more
+    religious forms and in their later more obscene forms, they alike
+    bear witness to the large place which scatalogic conceptions play
+    in the primitive mind.
+
+It is a notable fact in evidence of the close and seemingly normal
+association with the sexual impulse of the scatalogic processes, that an
+interest in them, arising naturally and spontaneously, is one of the most
+frequent channels by which the sexual impulse first manifests itself in
+young boys and girls.
+
+    Stanley Hall, who has made special inquiries into the matter,
+    remarks that in childhood the products of excretion by bladder
+    and bowels are often objects of interest hardly less intense for
+    a time than eating and drinking. ("Early Sense of Self,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, April, 1898, p. 361.)
+    "Micturitional obscenities," the same writer observes again,
+    "which our returns show to be so common before adolescence,
+    culminate at 10 or 12, and seem to retreat into the background as
+    sex phenomena appear." They are, he remarks, of two classes:
+    "Fouling persons or things, secretly from adults, but openly with
+    each other," and less often "ceremonial acts connected with the
+    act or the product that almost suggest the scatalogical rites of
+    savages, unfit for description here, but of great interest and
+    importance." (G. Stanley Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. i, p. 116.)
+    The nature of such scatalogical phenomena in childhood--which are
+    often clearly the instinctive manifestations of an erotic
+    symbolism--and their wide prevalence among both boys and girls,
+    are very well illustrated in a narrative which I include in
+    Appendix B, History II.
+
+In boys as they approach the age of puberty, this attraction to the
+scatalogic, when it exists, tends to die out, giving place to more normal
+sexual conceptions, or at all events it takes a subordinate and less
+serious place in the mind. In girls, on the other hand, it often tends to
+persist. Edmond de Goncourt, a minute observer of the feminine mind,
+refers in _Chérie_ to "those innocent and triumphant gaieties which
+scatalogic stories have the privilege of arousing in women who have
+remained still children, even the most distinguished women." The extent to
+which innocent young women, who would frequently be uninterested or
+repelled in presence of the sexually obscene are sometimes attracted by
+the scatalogically obscene, becomes intelligible, however, if we realize
+that a symbolism comes here into play. In women the more specifically
+sexual knowledge and experience of life frequently develop much later than
+in men or even remains in abeyance, and the specifically sexual phenomena
+cannot therefore easily lend themselves to wit, or humor, or imagination.
+But the scatalogic sphere, by the very fact that in women it is a
+specially intimate and secret region which is yet always liable to be
+unexpectedly protruded into consciousness, furnishes an inexhaustible
+field for situations which have the same character as those furnished by
+the sexually obscene. It thus happens that the sexually obscene which in
+men tends to overshadow the scatalogically obscene, in women--partly from
+inexperience and partly, it is probable, from their almost physiological
+modesty--plays a part subordinate to the scatalogical. In a somewhat
+analogous way scatalogical wit and humor play a considerable part in the
+work of various eminent authors who were clergymen or priests.
+
+In addition to the anatomical and psychological associations which
+contribute to furnish a basis on which erotic symbolisms may spring up,
+there are also physiological connections between the genital and urinary
+spheres which directly favor such symbolisms. In discussing the analysis
+of the sexual impulse in a previous volume of these _Studies_, I have
+pointed out the remarkable relationship--sometimes of transference,
+sometimes of compensation--which exists between genital tension and
+vesical tension, both in men and women. In the histories of normal sexual
+development brought together at the end of that and subsequent volumes the
+relationship may frequently be traced, as also in the case of C.P. in the
+present study (p. 37). Vesical power is also commonly believed to be in
+relation with sexual potency, and the inability to project the urinary
+stream in a normal manner is one of the accepted signs of sexual
+impotency.[26] Féré, again, has recorded the history of a man with
+periodic crises of sexual desire, and subsequently sexual obsession
+without desire, which were always accompanied by the impulse to urinate
+and by increased urination.[27] In the case, recorded by Pitres and Régis,
+of a young girl who, having once at the sight of a young man she liked in
+a theater been overcome by sexual feeling accompanied by a strong desire
+to urinate, was afterward tormented by a groundless fear of experiencing
+an irresistible desire to urinate at inconvenient times,[28] we have an
+example of what may be called a physiological scatalogic symbolism of sex,
+an emotion which was primarily erotic becoming transferred to the bladder
+and then remaining persistent. From such a physiological symbolism it is
+but a step to the psychological symbolisms of scatalogic fetichism.
+
+    It is worthy of note, as an indication that such phenomena are
+    scarcely abnormal, that a urinary symbolism, and even a strictly
+    sexual fetichism, are normal among many animals.
+
+    The most familiar example of this kind is furnished by the dog,
+    who is sexually excited in this manner by traces of the bitch and
+    himself takes every opportunity of making his own path
+    recognizable. "This custom," Espinas remarks (_Des Sociétés
+    Animales_, p. 228), "has no other aim than to spread along the
+    road recognizable traces of their presence for the benefit of
+    individuals of the other sex, the odor of these traces doubtless
+    causing excitement."
+
+    It is noteworthy, also, that in animals as well as in man, sexual
+    excitement may manifest itself in the bladder. Thus Daumas states
+    (_Chevaux de Sahara_, p. 49) that if the mare urinates when she
+    hears the stallion neigh it is a sign that she is ready for
+    connection.
+
+It is in masochism, or passive algolagnia, that we may most frequently
+find scatalogic symbolism in its fully developed form. The man whose
+predominant impulse is to subjugate himself to his mistress and to receive
+at her hands the utmost humiliation, frequently finds the climax of his
+gratification in being urinated on by her, whether in actual fact or only
+in imagination.
+
+In many such cases, however, it is evident that we have a mixed
+phenomenon; the symbolism is double. The act becomes desirable because it
+is the outward and visible sign of an inwardly experienced abject slavery
+to an adored person. But it is also desirable because of intimately sexual
+associations in the act itself, as a symbolical detumescence, a simulacrum
+of the sexual act, and one which proceeds from the sexual focus itself.
+
+    Krafft-Ebing records various cases of masochism in which the
+    emission of urine on to the body or into the mouth formed the
+    climax of sexual gratification, as, for instance (_Psychopathia
+    Sexualis_, English translation, p. 183) in the case of a Russian
+    official who as a boy had fancies of being bound between the
+    thighs of a woman, compelled to sleep beneath her nates and to
+    drink her urine, and in later life experienced the greatest
+    excitement when practicing the last part of this early
+    imagination.
+
+    In another case, recorded by Krafft-Ebing and by him termed
+    "ideal masochism" (_Op. cit._, pp. 127-130), the subject from
+    childhood indulged in voluptuous day-dreams in which he was the
+    slave of a beautiful mistress who would compel him to obey all
+    her caprices, stand over him with one foot on his breast, sit on
+    his face and body, make him wait on her in her bath, or when she
+    urinated, and sometimes insist on doing this on his face; though
+    a highly intellectual man, he was always too timid to attempt to
+    carry any of his ideas into execution; he had been troubled by
+    nocturnal enuresis up to the age of 20.
+
+    Neri, again (_Archivio delle Psicopatie Sessuali_, vol. i, fasc.
+    7 and 8, 1896), records the case of an Italian masochist who
+    experienced the greatest pleasure when both urination and
+    defecation were practiced in this manner by the woman he was
+    attached to.
+
+    In a previous volume of these _Studies_ ("Sexual Inversion,"
+    History XXVI) I have recorded the masochistic day-dreams of a boy
+    whose impulses were at the same time inverted; in his reveries
+    "the central fact," he states, "became the discharge of urine
+    from my lover over my body and limbs, or, if I were very fond of
+    him, I let it be in my face." In actual life the act of urination
+    casually witnessed in childhood became the symbol, even the
+    reality, of the central secret of sex: "I stood rooted and
+    flushing with downcast eyes till the act was over, and was
+    conscious for a considerable time of stammering speech and
+    bewildered faculties.... I was overwhelmed with emotion and could
+    barely drag my feet from the spot or my eyes from the damp
+    herbage where he had deposited the waters of secrecy. Even to-day
+    I cannot dissociate myself from the shuddering charm that moment
+    had for me."
+
+It is not only the urine and the fæces which may thus acquire a symbolic
+fascination and attractiveness under the influence of masochistic
+deviations of sexual idealization. In some cases extreme rapture has been
+experienced in licking sweating feet. There is, indeed, no excretion or
+product of the body which has not been a source of ecstasy: the sweat from
+every part of the body, the saliva and menstrual fluid, even the wax from
+the ears.
+
+    Krafft-Ebing very truly points out (_Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+    English translation, p. 178) that this sexual scatalogic
+    symbolism is precisely paralleled by a religious scatalogic
+    symbolism. In the excesses of devout enthusiasm the ascetic
+    performs exactly the same acts as are performed in these excesses
+    of erotic enthusiasm. To mix excreta with the food, to lick up
+    excrement, to suck festering sores--all these and the like are
+    acts which holy and venerated women have performed.
+
+    Not only the saint, but also the prophet and medicine-man have
+    been frequently eaters of human excrement; it is only necessary
+    to refer to the instance of the prophet Ezekiel, who declared
+    that he was commanded to bake his bread with human dung, and to
+    the practices of medicine-men at Torres Straits, in whose
+    training the eating of human excrement takes a recognized part.
+    (Deities, notably Baal-Phegor, were sometimes supposed to eat
+    excrement, so that it was natural that their messengers and
+    representatives among men should do so. As regards Baal-Phegor,
+    see Dulaure, _Des Divinités Génératrices_, Chapter IV, and J.G.
+    Bourke, _Scatalogic Rites of All Nations_, p. 241. See also
+    Ezekiel, Chapter IV, v. 12, and _Reports Anthropological
+    Expedition to Torres Straits_, vol. v, p. 321.)
+
+    It must be added, however, that while the masochist is overcome
+    by sexual rapture, so that he sees nothing disgusting in his act,
+    the medicine-man and the ascetic are not so invariably overcome
+    by religious rapture, and several ascetic writers have referred
+    to the horror and disgust they experienced, at all events at
+    first, in accomplishing such acts, while the medicine-men when
+    novices sometimes find the ordeal too severe and have to abandon
+    their career. Brénier de Montmorand, while remarking, not without
+    some exaggeration, that "the Christian ascetics are almost all
+    eaters of excrement" ("Ascétisme et Mysticisme," _Revue
+    Philosophique_, March, 1904, p. 245), quotes the testimonies of
+    Marguerite-Marie and Madame Guyon as to the extreme repugnance
+    which they had to overcome. They were impelled by a merely
+    intellectual symbolism of self-mortification rather than by the
+    profoundly felt emotional symbolism which moves the masochist.
+
+    Coprophagic acts, whether under the influences of religious
+    exaltation or of sexual rapture, inevitably excite our disgust.
+    We regard them as almost insane, fortified in that belief by the
+    undoubted fact that coprophagia is not uncommon among the insane.
+    It may, therefore, be proper to point out that it is not so very
+    long since the ingestion of human excrement was carried out by
+    our own forefathers in the most sane and deliberate manner. It
+    was administered by medical practitioners for a great number of
+    ailments, apparently with entirely satisfactory results. Less
+    than two centuries ago, Schurig, who so admirably gathered
+    together and arranged the medical lore of his own and the
+    immediately preceding ages, wrote a very long and detailed
+    chapter, "De Stercoris Humani Usu Medico" (_Chylologia_, 1725,
+    cap. XIII; in the Paris _Journal de Médecine_ for February 19,
+    1905, there appeared an article, which I have not seen, entitled
+    "Médicaments oubliées: l'urine et la fiente humaine.") The
+    classes of cases in which the drug was found beneficial would
+    seem to have been extremely various. It must not be supposed that
+    it was usually ingested in the crude form. A common method was to
+    take the fæces of boys, dry them, mix them with the best honey,
+    and administer an electuary. (At an earlier period such drugs
+    appear to have met with some opposition from the Church, which
+    seems to have seen in them only an application of magic; thus I
+    note that in Burchard's remarkable Penitential of the fourteenth
+    century, as reproduced by Wasserschleben, 40 days' penance is
+    prescribed for the use of human urine or excrement as a medicine.
+    Wasserschleben _Die Bussordnungen der Abendländlichen Kirche_, p.
+    651.)
+
+The urolagnia of masochism is not a simple phenomenon; it embodies a
+double symbolism: on the one hand a symbolism of self-abnegation, such as
+the ascetic feels, on the other hand a symbolism of transferred sexual
+emotion. Krafft-Ebing was disposed to regard all cases in which a
+scatalogical sexual attraction existed as due to "latent masochism." Such
+a point of view is quite untenable. Certainly the connection is common,
+but in the majority of cases of slightly marked scatalogical fetichism no
+masochism is evident. And when we bear in mind the various considerations,
+already brought forward, which show how widespread and clearly realized is
+the natural and normal basis furnished for such symbolism, it becomes
+quite unnecessary to invoke any aid from masochism. There is ample
+evidence to show that, either as a habitual or more usually an occasional
+act, the impulse to bestow a symbolic value on the act of urination in a
+beloved person, is not extremely uncommon; it has been noted of men of
+high intellectual distinction; it occurs in women as well as men; when
+existing in only a slight degree, it must be regarded as within the normal
+limits of variation of sexual emotion.
+
+    The occasional cases in which the urine is drunk may possibly
+    suggest that the motive lies in the properties of the fluid
+    acting on the system. Support for this supposition might be found
+    in the fact that urine actually does possess, apart altogether
+    from its magic virtues embodied in folk-lore, the properties of a
+    general stimulant. In composition (as Masterman first pointed
+    out) "beef-tea differs little from healthy urine," containing
+    exactly the same constituents, except that in beef-tea there is
+    less urea and uric acid. Fresh urine--more especially that of
+    children and young women--is taken as a medicine in nearly all
+    parts of the world for various disorders, such as epistaxis,
+    malaria and hysteria, with benefit, this benefit being almost
+    certainly due to its qualities as a general stimulant and
+    restorative. William Salmon's _Dispensatory_, 1678 (quoted in
+    _British Medical Journal_, April 21, 1900, p. 974), shows that in
+    the seventeenth century urine still occupied an important place
+    as a medicine, and it frequently entered largely into the
+    composition of Aqua Divina.
+
+    Its use has been known even in England in the nineteenth century.
+    (Masterman, _Lancet_, October 2, 1880; R. Neale, "Urine as a
+    Medicine," _Practitioner_, November, 1881; Bourke brings together
+    a great deal of evidence as to the therapeutic uses of urine in
+    his _Scatalogic Rites_, especially pp. 331-335; Lusini has shown
+    that normal urine invariably increases the frequency of the heart
+    beats, _Archivio di Farmacologia_, fascs. 19-21, 1893.)
+
+    But it is an error to suppose that these facts account for the
+    urolagnic drinking of urine. As in the gratification of a normal
+    sexual impulse, the intense excitement of gratifying a scatalogic
+    sexual impulse itself produces a degree of emotional stimulation
+    far greater than the ingestion of a small amount of animal
+    extractives would be adequate to effect. In such cases, as much
+    as in normal sexuality, the stimulation is clearly psychic.
+
+When, as is most commonly the case, it is the process of urination and not
+the urine itself which is attractive, we are clearly concerned with a
+symbolism of act and not with the fetichistic attraction of an excretion.
+When the excretion, apart from the act, provides the attraction, we seem
+usually to be in the presence of an olfactory fetichism. These fetichisms
+connected with the excreta appear to be experienced chiefly by individuals
+who are somewhat weak-minded, which is not necessarily the case in regard
+to those persons for whom the act, rather than its product apart from the
+beloved person, is the attractive symbol.
+
+    The sexually symbolic nature of the act of urination for many
+    people is indicated by the existence, according to Bloch, who
+    enumerates various kinds of indecent photographs, of a group
+    which he terms "the notorious _pisseuses_." It is further
+    indicated by several of the reproductions in Fuch's _Erotsiche
+    Element in der Karikatur_, such as Delorme's "La Necessitê n'a
+    point de Loi." (It should be added that such a scene by no means
+    necessarily possesses any erotic symbolism, as we may see in
+    Rembrandt's etching commonly called "Le Femme qui Pisse," in
+    which the reflected lights on the partly shadowed stream furnish
+    an artistic motive which is obviously free from any trace of
+    obscenity.) In the case which Krafft-Ebing quotes from Maschka of
+    a young man who would induce young girls to dance naked in his
+    room, to leap, and to urinate in his presence, whereupon seminal
+    ejaculation would take place, we have a typical example of
+    urolagnic symbolism in a form adequate to produce complete
+    gratification. A case in which the urolagnic form of scatalogic
+    symbolism reached its fullest development as a sexual perversion
+    has been described in Russia by Sukhanoff (summarized in
+    _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, November, 1900, and
+    _Annales Medico-psychologiques_, February, 1901), that of a young
+    man of 27, of neuropathic temperament, who when he once chanced
+    to witness a woman urinating experienced voluptuous sensations.
+    From that moment he sought close contact with women urinating,
+    the maximum of gratification being reached when he could place
+    himself in such a position that a woman, in all innocence, would
+    urinate into his mouth. All his amorous adventures were concerned
+    with the search for opportunities for procuring this difficult
+    gratification. Closets in which he was able to hide, winter
+    weather and dull days he found most favorable to success. (A
+    somewhat similar case is recorded in the _Archives de
+    Neurologie_, 1902, p. 462.)
+
+    In the case of a robust man of neuropathic heredity recorded by
+    Pelanda some light is shed on the psychic attitude in these
+    manifestations; there was masturbation up to the age of 16, when
+    he abandoned the practice, and up to the age of 30 found complete
+    satisfaction in drinking the still hot urine of women. When a
+    lady or girl in the house went to her room to satisfy a need of
+    this kind, she had hardly left it but he hastened in, overcome by
+    extreme excitement, culminating in spontaneous ejaculation. The
+    younger the woman the greater the transport he experienced. It is
+    noteworthy that in this, as possibly in all similar cases, there
+    was no sensory perversion and no morbid attraction of taste or
+    smell; he stated that the action of his senses was suspended by
+    his excitement, and that he was quite unable to perceive the odor
+    or taste of the fluid. (Pelanda, "Pornopatice," _Archivio di
+    Psichiatria_, facs. iii-iv, 1889, p. 356.) It is in the emotional
+    symbolism that the fascination lies and not in any sensory
+    perversion.
+
+    Magnan records the spontaneous development of this sexual
+    symbolism in a girl of 11, of good intellectual development but
+    alcoholic heredity, who seduced a boy younger than herself to
+    mutual masturbation, and on one occasion, lying on the ground and
+    raising her clothes, asked him to urinate on her. (_International
+    Congress of Criminal Anthropology_, 1889.) This case (except for
+    the early age of the subject) illustrates sporadically occurring
+    urolagnic symbolism in a woman, to whom such symbolism is fairly
+    obvious on account of the close resemblance between the emission
+    of urine and the ejaculation of semen in the man, and the fact
+    that the same conduit serves for both fluids. (A urolagnic
+    day-dream of this kind is recorded in the history of a lady
+    contained in the third volume of these _Studies_, Appendix B,
+    History VIII.) The natural and inevitable character of this
+    symbolism is shown by the fact that among primitive peoples urine
+    is sometimes supposed to possess the fertilizing virtues of
+    semen. J.G. Frazer in his edition of Pausanias (vol. iv, p. 139)
+    brings together various stories of women impregnated by urine.
+    Hartland also (_Legend of Perseus_, vol. i, pp. 76, 92) records
+    legends of women who were impregnated by accidentally or
+    intentionally drinking urine.
+
+    The symbolic sexual significance of urolagnia has hitherto
+    usually been confused with the fetichistic and mainly olfactory
+    perversion by which the excretion itself becomes a source of
+    sexual excitement. Long since Tardieu referred, under the name of
+    "renifleurs," to persons who were said to haunt the neighborhood
+    of quiet passages, more especially in the neighborhood of
+    theatres, and who when they perceived a woman emerge after
+    urination, would hasten to excite themselves by the odor of the
+    excretion. Possibly a fetichism of this kind existed in a case
+    recorded by Belletrud and Mercier (_Annales d'Hygiène Publique_,
+    June, 1904, p. 48). A weak-minded, timid youth, who was very
+    sexual but not attractive to women, would watch for women who
+    were about to urinate and immediately they had passed on would go
+    and lick the spot they had moistened, at the same time
+    masturbating. Such a fetichistic perversion is strictly analogous
+    to the fetichism by which women's handkerchiefs, aprons or
+    underlinen become capable of affording sexual gratification. A
+    very complete case of such urolagnic fetichism--complete because
+    separated from association with the person accomplishing the act
+    of urination--has been recorded by Moraglia in a woman. It is the
+    case of a beautiful and attractive young woman of 18, with thick
+    black hair, and expressive vivacious eyes, but sallow complexion.
+    Married a year previously, but childless, she experienced a
+    certain amount of pleasure in coitus, but she preferred
+    masturbation, and frankly acknowledged that she was highly
+    excited by the odor of fermented urine. So strong was this
+    fetichism that when, for instance, she passed a street urinal she
+    was often obliged to go aside and masturbate; once she went for
+    this purpose into the urinal itself and was almost discovered in
+    the act, and on another occasion into a church. Her perversion
+    caused her much worry because of the fear of detection. She
+    preferred, when she could, to obtain a bottle of urine--which
+    must be stale and a man's (this, she said, she could detect by
+    the smell)--and to shut herself up in her own room, holding the
+    bottle in one hand and repeatedly masturbating with the other.
+    (Moraglia, "Psicopatie Sessuali," _Archivio di Psichiatria_, vol.
+    xiii, fasc. 6, p. 267, 1892.) This case is of especial interest
+    because of the great rarity of fully developed fetichism in
+    women. In a slight and germinal degree I believe that cases of
+    fetichism are not uncommon in women, but they are certainly rare
+    in a well-marked form, and Krafft-Ebing declared, even in the
+    late editions of his _Psychopathia Sexualis_, that he knew of no
+    cases in women.
+
+So far we have been concerned with the urolagnic rather than the
+coprolagnic variety of scatalogical symbolism. Although the two are
+sometimes associated there is no necessary connection, and most usually
+there is no tendency for the one to involve the other. Urolagnia is
+certainly much the more frequently found; the act of urination is far more
+apt to suggest erotically symbolical ideas than the idea of defecation.
+It is not difficult to understand why this should be so. The act of
+urination lends itself more easily to sexual symbolism; it is more
+intimately associated with the genital function; its repetition is
+necessary at more frequent intervals so that it is more in evidence;
+moreover, its product, unlike that of the act of defecation, is not
+offensive to the senses. Still coprolagnia occurs and not so very
+infrequently. Burton remarked that even the normal lover is affected by
+this feeling: "immo nec ipsum amicæ stercus foctet."[29]
+
+Of Caligula who, however, was scarcely sane, it was said "et quidem
+stercus uxoris degustavit."[30] In Parisian brothels (according to Taxil
+and others) provision is made for those who are sexually excited by the
+spectacle of the act of defecation (without reference to contact or odor)
+by means of a "tabouret de verre," from under the glass floor of which the
+spectacle of the defecating women may be closely observed. It may be added
+that the erotic nature of such a spectacle is referred to in the Marquis
+de Sade's novels.
+
+There is one motive for the existence of coprolagnia which must not be
+passed over, because it has doubtless frequently served as a mode of
+transition to what, taken by itself, may well seem the least æsthetically
+attractive of erotic symbols. I refer to the tendency of the nates to
+become a sexual fetich. The nates have in all ages and in all parts of the
+world been frequently regarded as one of the most æsthetically beautiful
+parts of the feminine body.[31] It is probable that on the basis of this
+entirely normal attraction more than one form of erotic symbolism is at
+all events in part supported. Dühren and others have considered that the
+æsthetic charm of the nates is one of the motives which prompt the desire
+to inflict flagellation on women. In the same way--certainly in some and
+probably in many cases--the sexual charm of the nates progressively
+extends to the anal region, to the act of defecation, and finally to the
+feces.
+
+    In a case of Krafft-Ebing's (_Op. cit._, p. 183) the subject,
+    when a child of 6, accidentally placed his hand in contact with
+    the nates of the little girl who sat next to him in school, and
+    experienced so great a pleasure in this contact that he
+    frequently repeated it; when he was 10 a nursery governess, to
+    gratify her own desires, placed his finger in her vagina; in
+    adult life he developed urolagnic tendencies.
+
+    In a case of Moll's the development of a youthful admiration for
+    the nates in a coprolagnic direction may be clearly traced. In
+    this case a young man, a merchant, in a good position, sought to
+    come in contact with women defecating; and with this object would
+    seek to conceal himself in closets; the excretal odor was
+    pleasurable to him, but was not essential to gratification, and
+    the sight of the nates was also exciting and at the same time not
+    essential to gratification; the act of defecation appears,
+    however, to have been regarded as essential. He never sought to
+    witness prostitutes in this situation; he was only attracted to
+    young, pretty and innocent women. The coprolagnia here, however,
+    had its source in a childish impression of admiration for the
+    nates. When 5 or 6 years old he crawled under the clothes of a
+    servant girl, his face coming in contact with her nates, an
+    impression that remained associated in his mind with pleasure.
+    Three or four years later he used to experience much pleasure
+    when a young girl cousin sat on his face; thus was strengthened
+    an association which developed naturally into coprolagnia. (Moll,
+    _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 837.)
+
+    It is scarcely necessary to remark that an admiration for the
+    nates, even when reaching a fetichistic degree, by no means
+    necessarily involves, even after many years, any attraction to
+    the excreta. A correspondent for whom the nates have constituted
+    a fetich for many years writes: "I find my craving for women with
+    profuse pelvic or posterior development is growing and I wish to
+    copulate from behind; but I would feel a sickening feeling if any
+    part of my person came in contact with the female anus. It is
+    more pleasing to me to see the nates than the mons, yet I loathe
+    everything associated with the anal region."
+
+Moll has recorded in detail a case of what may be described as "ideal
+coprolagnia"--that is to say, where the symbolism, though fully developed
+in imagination, was not carried into real life--which is of great interest
+because it shows how, in a very intelligent subject, the deviated
+symbolism may become highly developed and irradiate all the views of life
+in the same way as the normal impulse. (The subject's desires were also
+inverted, but from the present point of view the psychological interest of
+the case is not thereby impaired.) Moll's case was one of symbolism of
+act, the excreta offering no attraction apart from the process of
+defecation. In a case which has been communicated to me there was, on the
+other hand, an olfactory fetichistic attraction to the excreta even in the
+absence of the person.
+
+    In Moll's case, the patient, X., 23 years of age, belongs to a
+    family which he himself describes as nervous. His mother, who is
+    anæmic, has long suffered from almost periodical attacks of
+    excitement, weakness, syncope and palpitation. A brother of the
+    mother died in a lunatic asylum, and several other brothers
+    complain much of their nerves. The mother's sisters are very
+    good-natured, but liable to break out in furious passions; this
+    they inherit from their father. There appears to be no nervous
+    disease on the patient's father's side. X.'s sisters are also
+    healthy.
+
+    X. himself is of powerful undersized build and enjoys good
+    health, injured by no excesses. He considers himself nervous. He
+    worked hard at school and was always the first in his class; he
+    adds, however, that this is due less to his own abilities than
+    the laziness of his school-fellows. He is, as he remarks, very
+    religious and prays frequently, but seldom goes to church.
+
+    In regard to his psychic characters he says that he has no
+    specially prominent talent, but is much interested in languages,
+    mathematics, physics and philosophy, in fact, in abstract
+    subjects generally. "While I take a lively interest in every kind
+    of intellectual work," he says, "it is only recently that I have
+    been attracted to real life and its requirements. I have never
+    had much skill in physical exercises. For external things until
+    recently I have only had contempt. I have a delicately
+    constituted nature, loving solitude, and only associating with a
+    few select persons. I have a decided taste for fiction, poetry
+    and music; my temperament is idealistic and religious, with
+    strict conceptions of duty and morality, and aspirations towards
+    the good and beautiful. I detest all that is common and coarse,
+    and yet I can think and act in the way you will learn from the
+    following pages."
+
+    Regarding his sexual life, X. made the following communication:
+    "During the last two years I have become convinced of the
+    perversion of my sexual instinct. I had often previously thought
+    that in me the impulse was not quite normal, but it is only
+    lately that I have become convinced of my complete perversion. I
+    have never read or heard of any case in which the sexual feelings
+    were of the same kind. Although I can feel a lively inclination
+    towards superior representatives of the female sex, and have
+    twice felt something like love, the sight or the recollection
+    even of a beautiful woman have never caused sexual excitement."
+    In the two exceptional instances mentioned it appears that X. had
+    an inclination to kiss the women in question, but that the
+    thought of coitus had no attraction. "In my voluptuous dreams,
+    connected with the emission of semen, women in seductive
+    situations have never appeared. I have never had any desire to
+    visit a _puella publica_. The love-stories of my fellow-students
+    seemed very silly, dances and balls were a horror to me, and only
+    on very rare occasions could I be persuaded to go into society.
+    It will be easy to guess the diagnosis in my case: I suffer from
+    the sexual attraction of my own sex, I am a lover of boys.
+
+    "You cannot imagine what a world of thoughts, wishes, feelings
+    and impulses the words 'knabe,' 'pais,' 'garcon,' 'boy,'
+    'ragazzo' have for me; one of these words, even in an unmeaning
+    clause of a translation-book, calls before me the whole sum of
+    associations which in course of time have become bound up with
+    this idea, and it is only with an effort that I can scare away
+    the wild band. This group of thoughts shows a wonderful mixture
+    of warm sensuality and ideal love, it unites my lowest and
+    highest impulses, the strength and the weakness of my nature, my
+    curse and my blessing. My inclination is especially towards boys
+    of the age of 12 to 15; though they may be rather younger or
+    older. That I should prefer beautiful and intelligent boys is
+    comprehensible. I do not want a prostitute, but a friend or a
+    son, whose soul I love, whom I can help to become a more perfect
+    man, such as I myself would willingly be.
+
+    "When I myself belonged to that happy age (i.e., below 15) I had
+    no dearer wish than to possess a friend of similar tastes. I have
+    sought, hoped, waited, grieved, and been at last disillusioned,
+    overcome by desire and despair, and have not found that friend.
+    Even later the hope often reappeared, but always in vain, and I
+    cannot boast of that sure recognition which one reads of in the
+    autobiographies of Urnings. I do not know personally a single
+    fellow-sufferer. It is also doubtful whether such an
+    acquaintanceship would greatly help me, for I have a very
+    peculiar conception of homosexuality. As you will see, I have
+    little more in common with what are called pæderasts than sexual
+    indifference to the female sex, and I often ask myself: 'Does any
+    other man in the whole world feel like you? Are you alone in the
+    earth with your morbid desires? Are you a pariah of pariahs, or
+    is there, perhaps, another soul with similar longings living near
+    you? How often in summer have I gone to the lakes and streams
+    outside cities to seek boys bathing; but I always came back
+    unsatisfied, whether I found any or not. And in winter I have
+    been irresistibly impelled to return to the same spots, as if it
+    were sanctified by the boys, but my darlings had vanished and
+    cold winds blew over the icy floods, so that I would return
+    feeling as though I had buried all my happiness.
+
+    "It must be borne in mind, therefore, that what I have to say
+    regarding my sexual impulses only refers to fancies and never to
+    their practical realization. My sensual impulses are not
+    connected with the sexual organs; all my voluptuous ideas are not
+    in the least connected with these parts. For this reason I have
+    never practiced onanism and _immissio membri in anum_ is as
+    repulsive to me as to a normal man. Even every imitation of
+    coitus is, for me, without attraction. In a boy's body two things
+    specially excite me: _his belly and his nates_, the first as
+    containing the digestive tract, the second as holding the opening
+    of the bowels. Of the vegetable processes of life in the boy none
+    interest me nearly so much as the progress of his digestion and
+    the process of defecation. It is incredible to what an extent
+    this part of physiology has occupied me from youth. If as a boy I
+    wanted to read something of a piquantly exciting character I
+    sought in my father's encyclopædia for articles like:
+    Obstruction, Constipation, Hæmorrhoids, Fæces, etc. No function
+    of the body seemed to be so significant as this, and I regarded
+    its disturbances as the most important in the whole mechanism of
+    life. The description of other disorders I could read in cold
+    blood, but intussusception of the bowels makes me ill even
+    to-day. I am always extremely pleased to hear that the digestion
+    of the people around me is in good condition. A man who did not
+    sufficiently watch over his digestion aroused distrust in me, and
+    I imagined that wicked men must be horribly indifferent regarding
+    this weighty matter. Even more than in ordinary persons was I
+    interested in the digestion of more mysterious beings, like
+    magicians in legends, or men of other nations. I would willingly
+    have made an anthropological study of my favorite subject, only
+    to my annoyance books nearly always pass over the matter in
+    silence. In history and fiction I regretted the absence of
+    information concerning the state of my heroes' digestion when
+    they languished in prison or in some unaccustomed or unhealthy
+    spot. For this reason I held no book more precious than one which
+    describes how a young man after being shipwrecked lived for a
+    long time in a narrow snow-hut, and it was conscientiously stated
+    that he became aware of digestive disturbances. No immorality
+    angers me more than the foolish practice of ladies who in society
+    neglect the satisfaction of their natural needs from misplaced
+    motives of modesty. On a railway journey I suffer horribly from
+    the thought that one of my fellow-travelers may be prevented from
+    fulfilling some imperative natural necessity.
+
+    "I naturally devote the greatest attention to my own digestion.
+    With painful conscientiousness I go to stool every day at the
+    same hour; if the operation does not come off to my satisfaction
+    I feel not so much physical as mental discomfort. To this quite
+    useful hygienic interest became associated at puberty a sensual
+    interest. Since my fourteenth year I have had no greater
+    enjoyment than to defecate undressed (I do not do so now) after
+    having first carefully examined the distension of my abdomen. In
+    summer I would go into the woods, undress myself in a secluded
+    spot and indulge in the voluptuous pleasures of defecation. I
+    would sometimes combine with this a bath in a stream. I would
+    exhaust my imagination in the effort to invent specially
+    enjoyable variations, longed for a desert island where I could go
+    about naked, fill my body with much nourishing food, hold in the
+    excrement as long as possible and then discharge it in some
+    subtly-thought-out spot. These practices and ideas often caused
+    erections and later on emissions, but the genitals played no part
+    in my conceptions; their movements were uncomfortable and gave no
+    pleasure.
+
+    "I soon longed to be associated in these orgies with some boy of
+    the same age, but I wanted not only a companion in my passion,
+    but also a real friend. Since there could be no question of
+    masturbation or pæderasty, our love would have been limited to
+    kisses, embraces, and--as a compensation for coitus--defecation
+    together. That would have been perfect bliss to me. I will spare
+    you the unæsthetic contents of my voluptuous dreams. But I
+    remained without a companion, and, therefore, without real
+    enjoyment. [He has, however, on various occasions experienced
+    erections, and even emissions, on seeing, by chance, men or boys
+    defecate.] Hinc illæ lacrimæ; the excitement over my own
+    defecation only took place _faute de mieux_.
+
+    "I knew very well that my thoughts and practices were impure and
+    contemptible. Ah! how often, when the intoxication was over, have
+    I thrown myself remorsefully on my knees, praying to God for
+    pardon! For some weeks I repressed my longing; but at last it was
+    too strong for me, I tried to justify myself and fell into my
+    vice anew. That I was guilty of licentiousness and loved boys
+    sexually first became clear to me later on, when I knew the
+    significance of erection as a sign of sexual excitement.
+
+    "No one can imagine with what demoniacal joy I am possessed at
+    the thought of a beautiful naked boy whose abdomen is filled as
+    the result of long abstinence from stool. The thought powerfully
+    excites me, a flood of passion goes through my blood and my limbs
+    tremble. I would never grow tired of feeling that belly and
+    looking at it. My passion would express itself in tempestuous
+    caresses, and the boy would have to assume various positions in
+    order to show off the beauty of his form, i.e., to bring the
+    parts in question into better view. To observe defecation would
+    still further increase this peculiar enjoyment. If the boy's
+    bowels were not sufficiently filled I would feed him with all
+    sorts of food which produces much excrement, such as potatoes,
+    coarse bread, etc. If possible I would seek to delay defecation
+    for two or three days, so that it might be as copious as
+    possible. When at last it occurred it would be an unspeakable joy
+    for me to watch the fæces--which would have to be fairly
+    firm--emerging from the anus."
+
+    X. would like to be a teacher and thinks he could exert a
+    beneficial influence on boys. In spite of the pain he has
+    suffered he does not think he would like to be cured of his
+    perverse inclinations, for they have given him joy as well as
+    pain, and the pain has chiefly been owing to the fact that he
+    could not gratify his inclinations. X. smokes and drinks in
+    moderation, and has no feminine habits. (The foregoing is a
+    condensed summary of the case which is fully reported by Moll,
+    _Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third edition, pp. 295-305.)
+
+    The case of coprolagnia communicated to me is that of a married
+    man, normal in all other respects, intellectually brilliant and
+    filling successfully a very responsible position. When a child
+    the women of his household were always indifferent as to his
+    presence in their bedrooms, and would satisfy all natural calls
+    without reserve before him. He would dream of this with
+    erections. His sexual interests became slowly centered in the act
+    of defecation, and this fetich throughout life never appealed to
+    him so powerfully as when associated with the particular type of
+    household furniture which was used for this purpose in his own
+    house. The act of defecation in the opposite sex or anything
+    pertaining to or suggesting the same caused uncontrollable sexual
+    excitement; the nates also exerted a great attraction. The alvine
+    excreta exerted this influence even in the absence of the woman;
+    it was, however, necessary that she should be a sexually
+    desirable person. The perversion in this case was not complete;
+    that is to say, that the excitement produced by the act of
+    defecation or the excretion itself was not actually preferred to
+    coitus; the sexual idea was normal coitus in the normal manner,
+    but preceded by the visual and olfactory enjoyment of the
+    exciting fetich. When coitus was not possible the enjoyment of
+    the fetich was accompanied by masturbation (as in the analogous
+    case of urolagnia in a woman summarized on p. 62.) On one
+    occasion he was discovered by a friend in a bedroom belonging to
+    a woman, engaged in the act of masturbation over a vessel
+    containing the desired fetich. In an agony of shame he begged the
+    mercy of silence concerning this episode, at the same time
+    revealing his life-history. He has constantly been haunted by the
+    dread of detection, as well as by remorse and the consciousness
+    of degradation, also by the fear that his unconquerable obsession
+    may lead him to the asylum.
+
+The scatalogic groups of sexual perversions, urolagnia and coprolagnia, as
+may be sufficiently seen in this brief summary, are not merely olfactory
+fetiches. They are, in a larger proportion of cases, dynamic symbols, a
+preoccupation with physiological acts which, by associations of contiguity
+and still more of resemblance, have gained the virtue of stimulating in
+slight cases, and replacing in more extreme cases, the normal
+preoccupation with the central physiological act itself. We have seen that
+there are various considerations which amply suffice to furnish a basis
+for such associations. And when we reflect that in the popular mind, and
+to some extent in actual fact, the sexual act itself is, like urination
+and defecation, an excretory act, we can understand that the true
+excretory acts may easily become symbols of the pseudo-excretory act. It
+is, indeed, in the muscular release of accumulated pressures and tensions,
+involved by the act of liberating the stored-up excretion, that we have
+the closest simulacrum of the tumescence and detumescence of the sexual
+process.[32]
+
+In this way the erotic symbolism of urolagnia and coprolagnia is
+completely analogous with that dynamic symbolism of the clinging and
+swinging garments which Herrick has so accurately described, with the
+complex symbolism of flagellation and its play of the rod against the
+blushing and trembling nates, with the symbols of sexual strain and stress
+which are embodied in the foot and the act of treading.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[24] Fuchs (_Das Erotische Element In der Karikatur_, p. 26),
+distinguishing sharply between the "erotic" and the "obscene," reserves
+the latter term exclusively for the representation of excretory organs and
+acts. He considers that this is etymologically the most exact usage.
+However that may be, it seems to me that, in any case, "obscene" has
+become so vague a term that it is now impracticable to give it a
+restricted and precise sense.
+
+[25] In this connection we may profitably contemplate the hand and recall
+the vast gamut of functions, sacred and profane, which that organ
+exercises. Many savages strictly reserve the left hand to the lowlier
+purposes of life; but in civilization that is not considered necessary,
+and it may be wholesome for some of us to meditate on the more humble uses
+of the same hand which is raised in the supreme gesture of benediction and
+which men have often counted it a privilege to kiss.
+
+[26] See, e.g., Morselli, _Una Causa di Nullità del Matrimonio_, 1902, p.
+39.
+
+[27] Féré, _Comptes-Rendus Société de Biologie_, July 23, 1904.
+
+[28] Transactions of the International Medical Congress, Moscow, vol. iv,
+p. 19. A similar symbolism may be traced in many of the cases in which the
+focus of modesty becomes in modest women centered in the excretory sphere
+and sometimes exaggerated to the extent of obsession. It must not be
+supposed, however, that every obsession in this sphere has a symbolical
+value of an erotic kind. In the case, for instance, which has been
+recorded by Raymond and Janet (_Les Obsessions_, vol. ii, p. 306) of a
+woman who spent much of her time in the endeavor to urinate perfectly,
+always feeling that she failed in some respect, the obsession seems to
+have risen fortuitously on a somewhat neurotic basis without reference to
+the sexual life.
+
+[29] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. III, Subs. I.
+
+[30] It may be remarked here that while the eating of excrement (apart
+from its former use as a magic charm and as a therapeutic agent) is in
+civilization now confined to sexual perverts and the insane, among some
+animals it is normal as a measure of hygiene in relation to their young.
+Thus, as, e.g., the Rev. Arthur East writes, the mistle thrush swallows
+the droppings of its young. (_Knowledge_, June 1, 1899, p. 133.) In the
+dog I have observed that the bitch licks her puppies shortly after birth
+as they urinate, absorbing the fluid.
+
+[31] See, e.g., the previous volume of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection
+in Man," pp. 165 et seq., and Dühren, _Geschlechtsleben in England_, bd.
+ii, pp. 258, et seq.
+
+[32] In the study of _Love and Pain_ in a previous volume (p. 130) I have
+quoted the remarks of a lady who refers to the analogy between sexual
+tension and vesical tension--"Cette volupté que ressentent les bords de la
+mer, d'être toujours pleins sans jamais déborder"--and its erotic
+significance.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+Animals as Sources of Erotic Symbolism--Mixoscopic Zoophilia--The
+Stuff-fetichisms--Hair-fetichism--The Stuff-fetichisms Mainly on a Tactile
+Base--Erotic Zoophilia--Zooerastia--Bestiality--The Conditions that Favor
+Bestiality--Its Wide Prevalence Among Primitive Peoples and Among
+Peasants--The Primitive Conception of Animals--The Goat--The Influence of
+Familiarity with Animals--Congress Between Women and Animals--The Social
+Reaction Against Bestiality.
+
+
+The erotic symbols with which we have so far been concerned have in every
+case been portions of the body, or its physiological processes, or at
+least the garments which it has endowed with life. The association on
+which the symbol has arisen has in every case been in large measure,
+although not entirely, an association of contiguity. It is now necessary
+to touch on a group of sexual symbols in which the association of
+contiguity with the human body is absent: the various methods by which
+animals or animal products or the sight of animal copulation may arouse
+sexual desire in human persons. Here we encounter a symbolism mainly
+founded on association by resemblance; the animal sexual act recalls the
+human sexual act; the animal becomes the symbol of the human being.
+
+The group of phenomena we are here concerned with includes several
+subdivisions. There is first the more or less sexual pleasure sometimes
+experienced, especially by young persons, in the sight of copulating
+animals. This I would propose to call Mixoscopic Zoophilia; it falls
+within the range of normal variation. Then we have the cases in which the
+contact of animals, stroking, etc., produces sexual excitement or
+gratification; this is a sexual fetichism in the narrow sense, and is by
+Krafft-Ebing termed _Zoophilia Erotica_. We have, further, the class of
+cases in which a real or simulated sexual intercourse with animals is
+desired. Such cases are not regarded as fetichism by Krafft-Ebing,[33]
+but they come within the phenomena of erotic symbolism as here understood.
+This class falls into two divisions: one in which the individual is fairly
+normal, but belongs to a low grade of culture; the other in which he may
+belong to a more refined social class, but is affected by a deep degree of
+degeneration. In the first case we may properly apply the term bestiality;
+in the second case it may perhaps be better to use the term _zooerastia_,
+proposed by Krafft-Ebing.[34]
+
+Among children, both boys and girls, it is common to find that the
+copulation of animals is a mysteriously fascinating spectacle. It is
+inevitable that this should be so, for the spectacle is more or less
+clearly felt to be the revelation of a secret which has been concealed
+from them. It is, moreover, a secret of which they feel intimate
+reverberations within themselves, and even in perfectly innocent and
+ignorant children the sight may produce an obscure sexual excitement.[35]
+It would seem that this occurs more frequently in girls than in boys. Even
+in adult age, it may be added, women are liable to experience the same
+kind of emotion in the presence of such spectacles. One lady recalls, as a
+girl, that on several occasions an element of physical excitement entered
+into the feelings with which she watched the coquetry of cats. Another
+lady mentions that at the age of about 25, and when still quite ignorant
+of sexual matters, she saw from a window some boys tickling a dog and
+inducing sexual excitement in the animal; she vaguely divined what they
+were doing, and though feeling disgust at their conduct she at the same
+time experienced in a strong degree what she now knows was sexual
+excitement. The coupling of the larger animals is often an impressive and
+splendid spectacle which is far, indeed, from being obscene, and has
+commended itself to persons of intellectual distinction;[36] but in young
+or ill-balanced minds such sights tend to become both prurient and morbid.
+I have already referred to the curious case of a sexually hyperæsthetic
+nun who was always powerfully excited by the sight or even the
+recollection of flies in sexual connection, so that she was compelled to
+masturbate; this dated from childhood. After becoming a nun she recorded
+having had this experience, followed by masturbation, more than four
+hundred times.[37] Animal spectacles sometimes produce a sexual effect on
+children even when not specifically sexual; thus a correspondent, a
+clergyman, informs me that when a young and impressionable boy, he was
+much affected by seeing a veterinary surgeon insert his hand and arm into
+a horse's rectum, and dreamed of this several times afterward with
+emissions.
+
+While the contemplation of animal coitus is an easily intelligible and in
+early life, perhaps, an almost normal symbol of sexual emotion, there is
+another subdivision of this group of animal fetichisms which forms a more
+natural transition from the fetichisms which have their center in the
+human body: the stuff-fetichisms, or the sexual attraction exerted by
+various tissues, perhaps always of animal origin. Here we are in the
+presence of a somewhat complicated phenomenon. In part we have, in a
+considerable number of such cases, the sexual attraction of feminine
+garments, for all such tissues are liable to enter into the dress. In
+part, also, we have a sexual perversion of tactile sensibility, for in a
+considerable proportion of these cases it is the touch sensations which
+are potent in arousing the erotic sensations. But in part, also, it would
+seem, we have here the conscious or subconscious presence of an animal
+fetich, and it is notable that perhaps all these stuffs, and especially
+fur, which is by far the commonest of the groups, are distinctively animal
+products. We may perhaps regard the fetich of feminine hair--a much more
+important and common fetich, indeed, than any of the stuff fetichisms--as
+a link of transition. Hair is at once an animal and a human product, while
+it may be separated from the body and possesses the qualities of a stuff.
+Krafft-Ebing remarks that the senses of touch, smell, and hearing, as well
+as sight, seem to enter into the attraction exerted by hair.
+
+    The natural fascination of hair, on which hair-fetichism is
+    founded, begins at a very early age. "The hair is a special
+    object of interest with infants," Stanley Hall concludes, "which
+    begins often in the latter part of the first year.... The hair,
+    no doubt, gives quite unique tactile sensations, both in its own
+    roots and to hands, and is plastic and yielding to the motor
+    sense, so that the earliest interest may be akin to that in fur,
+    which is a marked object in infant experience. Some children
+    develop an almost fetichistic propensity to pull or later to
+    stroke the hair or beard of every one with whom they come in
+    contact." (G. Stanley Hall, "The Early Sense of Self," _American
+    Journal of Psychology_, April, 1898, p. 359.)
+
+    It should be added that the fascination of hair for the infantile
+    and childish mind is not necessarily one of attraction, but may
+    be of repulsion. It happens here, as in the case of so many
+    characteristics which are of sexual significance, that we are in
+    the presence of an object which may exert a dynamic emotional
+    force, a force which is capable of repelling with the same energy
+    that it attracts. Féré records the instructive case of a child of
+    3, of psychopathic heredity, who when he could not sleep was
+    sometimes taken by his mother into her bed. One night his hand
+    came in contact with a hairy portion of his mother's body, and
+    this, arousing the idea of an animal, caused him to leap out of
+    the bed in terror. He became curious as to the cause of his
+    terror and in time was able to observe "the animal," but the
+    train of feelings which had been set up led to a life-long
+    indifference to women and a tendency to homosexuality. It is
+    noteworthy that he was attracted to men in whom the hair and
+    other secondary sexual characters were well developed. (Féré,
+    _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, pp. 262-267.)
+
+    As a sexual fetich hair strictly belongs to the group of parts of
+    the body; but since it can be removed from the body and is
+    sexually effective as a fetich in the absence of the person to
+    whom it belongs, it is on a level with the garments which may
+    serve in a similar way, with shoes or handkerchiefs or gloves.
+    Psychologically, hair-fetichism presents no special problem, but
+    the wide attraction of hair--it is sexually the most generally
+    noted part of the feminine body after the eyes--and the peculiar
+    facility with which when plaited it may be removed, render
+    hair-fetichism a sexual perversion of specially great
+    medico-legal interest.
+
+    The frequency of hair-fetichism, as well as of the natural
+    admiration on which it rests, is indicated by a case recorded by
+    Laurent. "A few years ago," he states, "one constantly saw at the
+    Bal Bullier, in Paris, a tall girl whose face was lean and bony,
+    but whose black hair was of truly remarkable length. She wore it
+    flowing down her shoulders and loins. Men often followed her in
+    the street to touch or kiss the hair. Others would accompany her
+    home and pay her for the mere pleasure of touching and kissing
+    the long black tresses. One, in consideration of a relatively
+    considerable sum, desired to pollute the silky hair. She was
+    obliged to be always on her guard, and to take all sorts of
+    precautions to prevent any one cutting off this ornament, which
+    constituted her only beauty as well as her livelihood." (E.
+    Laurent, _L'Amour Morbide_, 1891, p. 164; also the same author's
+    _Fétichistes et Erotomanes_, p. 23.)
+
+    The hair despoiler (_Coupeur des Nattes_ or _Zopfabschneider_)
+    may be found in any civilized country, though the most carefully
+    studied cases have occurred in Paris. (Several medico-legal
+    histories of hair-despoilers are summarized by Krafft-Ebing, _Op.
+    cit._, pp. 329-334). Such persons are usually of nervous
+    temperament and bad heredity; the attraction to hair occasionally
+    develops in early life; sometimes the morbid impulse only appears
+    in later life after fever. The fetich may be either flowing hair
+    or braided hair, but is usually one or the other, and not both.
+    Sexual excitement and ejaculation may be produced in the act of
+    touching or cutting off the hair, which is subsequently, in many
+    cases, used for masturbation. As a rule the hair-despoiler is a
+    pure fetichist, no element of sadistic pleasure entering into his
+    feelings. In the case of a "capillary kleptomaniac" in Chicago--a
+    highly intelligent and athletic married young man of good
+    family--the impulse to cut off girls' braids appeared after
+    recovery from a severe fever. He would gaze admiringly at the
+    long tresses and then clip them off with great rapidity; he did
+    this in some fifty cases before he was caught and imprisoned. He
+    usually threw the braids away before he reached home. (_Alienist
+    and Neurologist_, April, 1889, p. 325.) In this case there is no
+    history of sexual excitement, probably because no proper
+    medico-legal examination was made. (It may be added that
+    hair-despoilers have been specially studied by Motet, "Les
+    Coupeurs de Nattes," _Annales d'Hygiène_, 1890.)
+
+The stuff-fetiches are most usually fur and velvet; feathers, silk, and
+leathers also sometimes exert this influence; they are all, it will be
+noted, animal substances.[38] The most interesting is probably fur, the
+attraction of which is not uncommon in association with passive
+algolagnia. As Stanley Hall has shown, the fear of fur, as well as the
+love of it, is by no means uncommon in childhood; it may appear even in
+infancy and in children who have never come in contact with animals.[39]
+It is noteworthy that in most cases of uncomplicated stuff-fetichism the
+attraction apparently arises on a congenital basis, as it appears in
+persons of nervous or sensitive temperament at an early age and without
+being attached to any definite causative incident. The sexual excitation
+is nearly always produced by the touch rather than by the sight. As we
+found, when dealing with the sense of touch in the previous volume, the
+specific sexual sensations may be regarded as a special modification of
+ticklishness. The erotic symbolism in the case of these stuff-fetichisms
+would seem to be a more or less congenital perversion of ticklishness in
+relation to specific animal contacts.
+
+A further degree of perversion in this direction is reached in a case of
+erotic _zoophilia_, recorded by Krafft-Ebing.[40] In this case a
+congenital neuropath, of good intelligence but delicate and anæmic, with
+feeble sexual powers, had a great love of domestic animals, especially
+dogs and cats, from an early age; when petting them he experienced sexual
+emotions, although he was innocent in sexual matters. At puberty he
+realized the nature of his feelings and tried to break himself of his
+habits. He succeeded, but then began erotic dreams accompanied by images
+of animals, and these led to masturbation associated with ideas of a
+similar kind. At the same time he had no wish for any sort of sexual
+intercourse with animals, and was indifferent as to the sex of the animals
+which attracted him; his sexual ideals were normal. Such a case seems to
+be fundamentally one of fetichism on a tactile basis, and thus forms a
+transition between the stuff-fetichisms and the complete perversions of
+sexual attraction toward animals.
+
+    In some cases sexually hyperæsthetic women have informed me that
+    sexual feeling has been produced by casual contact with pet dogs
+    and cats. In such cases there is usually no real perversion, but
+    it seems probable that we may here have an occasional foundation
+    for the somewhat morbid but scarcely vicious excesses of
+    affection which women are apt to display towards their pet dogs
+    or cats. In most cases of this affection there is certainly no
+    sexual element; in the case of childless women, it may rather be
+    regarded as a maternal than as an erotic symbolism. (The excesses
+    of this non-erotic zoophilia have been discussed by Féré,
+    _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, pp. 166-171.)
+
+Krafft-Ebing considers that complete perversion of sexual attraction
+toward animals is radically distinct from erotic _zoophilia_. This view
+cannot be accepted. Bestiality and _zooerastia_ merely present in a more
+marked and profoundly perverted form a further degree of the same
+phenomenon which we meet with in erotic _zoophilia_; the difference is
+that they occur either in more insensitive or in more markedly degenerate
+persons.
+
+A fairly typical case of _zooerastia_ has been recorded in America by
+Howard, of Baltimore. This was the case of a boy of 16, precociously
+mature and fairly bright. He was, however, indifferent to the opposite
+sex, though he had ample opportunity for gratifying normal passions. His
+parents lived in the city, but the youth had an inordinate desire for the
+country and was therefore sent to school in a village. On the second day
+after his arrival at school a farmer missed a sow which was found secreted
+in an outhouse on the school grounds. This was the first of many similar
+incidents in which a sow always took part. So strong was his passion that
+on one occasion force had to be used to take him away from the sow he was
+caressing. He did not masturbate, and even when restrained from
+approaching sows he had no sexual inclination for other animals. His
+nocturnal pollutions, which were frequent, were always accompanied by
+images of wallowing swine. Notwithstanding careful treatment no cure was
+effected; mental and physical vigor failed, and he died at the age of
+23.[41]
+
+It is, however, somewhat doubtful whether we can always or even usually
+distinguish between zooerastia and bestiality. Dr. G.F. Lydston, of
+Chicago, has communicated to me a case (in which he was consulted) which
+seems fairly typical and is instructive in this respect. The subject was a
+young man of 21, a farmer's son, not very bright intellectually, but very
+healthy and strong, of great assistance on the farm, very capable and
+industrious, such a good farm hand that his father was unwilling to send
+him away and to lose his services. There was no history of insanity or
+neurosis in the family, and no injury or illness in his own history. He
+had spells of moroseness and irritability, however, and had also been a
+masturbator. Women had no attraction for him, but he would copulate with
+the mares upon his father's farm, and this without regard to time, place,
+or spectators. Such a case would seem to stand midway between ordinary
+bestiality and pathological zooerastia as defined by Krafft-Ebing, yet it
+seems probable that in most cases of ordinary bestiality some slight
+traces of mental anomaly might be found, if such cases always were, as
+they should be, properly investigated.[42]
+
+We have here reached the grossest and most frequent perversion in this
+group; bestiality, or the impulse to attain sexual gratification by
+intercourse, or other close contact, with animals. In seeking to
+comprehend this perversion it is necessary to divest ourselves of the
+attitude toward animals which is the inevitable outcome of refined
+civilization and urban life. Most sexual perversions, if not in large
+measure the actual outcome of civilized life, easily adjust themselves to
+it. Bestiality (except in one form to be noted later) is, on the other
+hand, the sexual perversion of dull, insensitive and unfastidious persons.
+It flourishes among primitive peoples and among peasants. It is the vice
+of the clodhopper, unattractive to women or inapt to court them.
+
+Three conditions have favored the extreme prevalence of bestiality: (1)
+primitive conceptions of life which built up no great barrier between man
+and the other animals; (2) the extreme familiarity which necessarily
+exists between the peasant and his beasts, often combined with separation
+from women; (3) various folk-lore beliefs such as the efficacy of
+intercourse with animals as a cure for venereal disease, etc.[43]
+
+The beliefs and customs of primitive peoples, as well as their mythology
+and legends, bring before us a community of man and animals altogether
+unlike anything we know in civilization. Men may become animals and
+animals may become men; animals and men may communicate with each other
+and live on terms of equality; animals may be the ancestors of human
+tribes; the sacred totems of savages are most usually animals. There is no
+shame or degradation in the notion of a sexual relationship between men
+and animals, because in primitive conceptions animals are not inferior
+beings separated from man by a great gulf. They are much more like men in
+disguise, and in some respects possess powers which make them superior to
+men. This is recognized in those plays, festivals, and religious dances,
+so common among primitive peoples, in which animal disguises are worn.[44]
+When men admire and emulate the qualities of animals and are proud to
+believe that they descend from them, it is not surprising that they should
+sometimes see nothing derogatory in sexual intercourse with them.[45]
+
+A significant relic of primitive conceptions in this matter may perhaps be
+found in the religious rites connected with the sacred goat of Mendes
+described by Herodotus. After telling how the Mendesians reverence the
+goat, especially the he-goat, out of their veneration for Pan, whom they
+represent as a goat ("the real motive which they assign for this custom I
+do not choose to relate"), he adds: "It happened in this country, and
+within my remembrance, and was indeed universally notorious, that a goat
+had indecent and public communication with a woman."[46] The meaning of
+the passage evidently is that in the ordinary intercourse of women with
+the sacred goat, connection was only simulated or incomplete on account of
+the natural indifference of the goat to the human female, but that in rare
+cases the goat proved sexually excitable with the woman and capable of
+connection.[47] The goat has always been a kind of sacred emblem of lust.
+In the middle ages it became associated with the Devil as one of the
+favorite forms he assumed. It is significant of a primitively religious
+sexual association between men and animals, that witches constantly
+confessed, or were made to confess, that they had had intercourse with the
+Devil in the shape of an animal, very frequently a dog. The figures of
+human beings and animals in conjunction carved on temples in India, also
+seem to indicate the religious significance which this phenomenon
+sometimes presents. There is, indeed, no need to go beyond Europe even in
+her moments of highest culture to find a religious sanction for sexual
+union between human beings, or gods in human shape, and animals. The
+legends of Io and the bull, of Leda and the swan, are among the most
+familiar in Greek mythology, and in a later pictorial form they constitute
+some of the most cherished works of the painters of the Renaissance.
+
+As regards the prevalence of occasional sexual intercourse between men or
+women and animals among primitive peoples at the present time, it is
+possible to find many scattered references by travelers in all parts of
+the world. Such references by no means indicate that such practices are,
+as a rule, common, but they usually show that they are accepted with a
+good-humored indifference.[48]
+
+Bestiality is very rarely found in towns. In the country this vice of the
+clodhopper is far from infrequent. For the peasant, whose sensibilities
+are uncultivated and who makes but the most elementary demands from a
+woman, the difference between an animal and a human being in this respect
+scarcely seems to be very great. "My wife was away too long," a German
+peasant explained to the magistrate, "and so I went with my sow." It is
+certainly an explanation that to the uncultivated peasant, ignorant of
+theological and juridical conceptions, must often seem natural and
+sufficient.
+
+    Bestiality thus resembles masturbation and other abnormal
+    manifestations of the sexual impulse which may be practiced
+    merely _faute de mieux_ and not as, in the strict sense,
+    perversions of the impulse. Even necrophily may be thus
+    practiced. A young man who when assisting the grave-digger
+    conceived and carried out the idea of digging up the bodies of
+    young girls to satisfy his passions with, and whose case has
+    been recorded by Belletrud and Mercier, said: "I could find no
+    young girl who would agree to yield to my desires; that is why I
+    have done this. I should have preferred to have relations with
+    living persons. I found it quite natural to do what I did: I saw
+    no harm in it, and I did not think that any one else could. As
+    living women felt nothing but repulsion for me, it was quite
+    natural I should turn to the dead, who have never repulsed me. I
+    used to say tender things to them like 'my beautiful, my love, I
+    love you.'" (Belletrud and Mercier "Perversion de l'Instinct
+    Genésique," _Annales d'Hygiène Publique_, June, 1903.) But when
+    so highly abnormal an act is felt as natural we are dealing with
+    a person who is congenitally defective so far as the finer
+    developments of intelligence are concerned. It was so in this
+    case of necrophily; he was the son of a weak-minded woman of
+    unrestrainable sexual inclinations, and was himself somewhat
+    feeble-minded; he was also, it is instructive to observe,
+    anosmic.
+
+But it is by no means only their dulled sensibility or the absence of
+women, which accounts for the frequency of bestiality among peasants. A
+highly important factor is their constant familiarity with animals. The
+peasant lives with animals, tends them, learns to know all their
+individual characters; he understands them far better than he understands
+men and women; they are his constant companions, his friends. He knows,
+moreover, the details of their sexual lives, he witnesses the often highly
+impressive spectacle of their coupling. It is scarcely surprising that
+peasants should sometimes regard animals as being not only as near to them
+as their fellow human beings, but even nearer.
+
+The significance of the factor of familiarity is indicated by the great
+frequency of bestiality among shepherds, goatherds, and others whose
+occupation is exclusively the care of animals. Mirabeau, in the eighteenth
+century, stated, on the evidence of Basque priests, that all the shepherds
+in the Pyrenees practice bestiality. It is apparently much the same in
+Italy.[49] In South Italy and Sicily, especially, bestiality among
+goatherds and peasants is said to be almost a national custom.[50] In the
+extreme north of Europe, it is reported, the reindeer, in this respect,
+takes the place of the goat.
+
+The importance of the same factor is also shown by the fact that when
+among women in civilization animal perversions appear, the animal is
+nearly always a pet dog. Usually in these cases the animal is taught to
+give gratification by _cunnilinctus_. In some cases, however, there is
+really sexual intercourse between the animal and the woman.
+
+    Moll mentions that in a case of _cunnilinctus_ by a dog in
+    Germany there was a difficulty as to whether the matter should be
+    considered an unnatural offence or simply an offence against
+    decency; the lower court considered it in the former light, while
+    the higher court took the more merciful view. (Moll,
+    _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 697.) In a
+    case reported by Pfaff and mentioned by Moll, a country girl was
+    accused of having sexual intercourse with a large dog. On
+    examination Pfaff found in the girl's thick pubic hair a loose
+    hair which under the microscope proved to belong to the dog.
+    (_Loc. cit._, p. 698.) In such a case it must be noted that while
+    this evidence may be held to show sexual contact with the dog, it
+    scarcely suffices to show sexual intercourse. This has, however,
+    undoubtedly occurred from time to time, even more or less openly.
+    Bloch (_Op. cit._, pp. 277 and 282) remarks that this is not an
+    infrequent exhibition given by prostitutes in certain brothels.
+    Maschka has referred to such an exhibition between a woman and a
+    bull-dog, which was given to select circles in Paris. Rosse
+    refers to a case in which a young unmarried woman in Washington
+    was surprised during intercourse with a large English mastiff,
+    who in his efforts to get loose caused such severe injuries that
+    the woman died from hæmorrhage in about an hour. Rosse also
+    mentions that some years ago a performance of this kind between a
+    prostitute and a Newfoundland dog could be witnessed in San
+    Francisco by paying a small sum; the woman declared that a woman
+    who had once copulated with a dog would ever afterwards prefer
+    this animal to a man. Rosse adds that he was acquainted with a
+    similar performance between a woman and a donkey, which used to
+    take place in Europe (Irving Rosse, "Sexual Hypochondriasis and
+    Perversion of the Genesic Instinct," _Virginia Medical Monthly_,
+    October, 1892, p. 379). Juvenal mentions such relations between
+    the donkey and woman (vi, 332). Krauss (quoted by Bloch,
+    _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, p.
+    276) states that in Bosnia women sometimes carry on these
+    practices with dogs and also--as he would not have believed had
+    he not on one occasion observed it--with cats. "It seems to me,"
+    writes Dr. Kiernan, of Chicago, (private letter) "that what Rosse
+    says of the animal exhibitions in San Francisco is true of all
+    great cities. The animal employed in such exhibitions here has
+    usually been a donkey, and in one instance death occurred from
+    the animal trampling the girl partner. The practice described
+    occurs in country regions quite frequently. Thus in a case
+    reported in the suburbs of Omaha, Nebraska, a sixteen-year-old
+    boy engaged in rectal coitus with a large dog. In attempting to
+    extricate his swollen penis from the boy's rectum the dog tore
+    through the _sphincter ani_ an inch into the gluteus muscles.
+    (_Omaha Clinic_, March, 1893.) In a Missouri case, which I
+    verified, a smart, pretty, well-educated country girl was found
+    with a profuse offensive vaginal discharge which had been present
+    for about a week, coming on suddenly. After washing the external
+    genitals and opening the labia three rents were discovered, one
+    through the fourchette and two through the left nymphæ. The
+    vagina was excessively congested and covered with points bleeding
+    on the slightest irritation. The patient confessed that one day
+    while playing with the genitals of a large dog she became excited
+    and thought she would have slight coitus. After the dog had made
+    an entrance she was unable to free herself from him, as he
+    clasped her so firmly with his fore legs. The penis became so
+    swollen that the dog could not free himself, although for more
+    than an hour she made persistent efforts to do so. (_Medical
+    Standard_, June, 1903, p. 184). In an Indiana case, concerning
+    which I was consulted, the girl was a hebephreniac who had
+    resorted to this procedure with a Newfoundland dog at the
+    instance of another girl, seemingly normal as regards mentality,
+    and had been badly injured; a discharge resulted which resembled
+    gonorrhoea, but contained no gonococci. These cases are probably
+    more frequent than is usually assumed."
+
+    Women are known to have had intercourse with various other
+    animals, occasionally or habitually, in various parts of the
+    world. Monkeys have been mentioned in this connection. Moll
+    remarks that it seems to be an indication of an abnormal interest
+    in monkeys that some women are observed by the attendants in the
+    monkey-house of zoölogical gardens to be very frequent visitors.
+    Near the Amazon the traveler Castelnau saw an enormous Coati
+    monkey belonging to an Indian woman and tried to purchase it;
+    though he offered a large sum, the woman only laughed. "Your
+    efforts are useless," remarked an Indian in the same cabin, "he
+    is her husband." (So far as the early literature of this subject
+    is concerned, a number of facts and fables regarding the congress
+    of women with dogs, goats and other animals was brought together
+    at the beginning of the eighteenth century by Schurig in his
+    _Gynæcologia_, Section II, cap. VII; I have not drawn on this
+    collection.)
+
+    In some cases women, and also men, find gratification in the
+    sexual manipulation of animals without any kind of congress. This
+    may be illustrated by an observation communicated to me by a
+    correspondent, a clergyman. "In Ireland, my father's house
+    adjoined the residence of an archdeacon of the established
+    church. I was then about 20 and was still kept in religious awe
+    of evil ways. The archdeacon had two daughters, both of whom he
+    brought up in great strictness, resolved that they should grow up
+    examples of virtue and piety. Our stables adjoined, and were
+    separated only by a thin wall in which was a doorway closed up by
+    some boards, as the two stables had formerly been one. One night
+    I had occasion to go to our stable to search for a garden tool I
+    had missed, and I heard a door open on the other side, and saw a
+    light glimmer through the cracks of the boards. I looked through
+    to ascertain who could be there at that late hour, and soon
+    recognized the stately figure of one of the daughters, F.F. was
+    tall, dark and handsome, but had never made any advances to me,
+    nor had I to her. She was making love to her father's mare after
+    a singular fashion. Stripping her right arm, she formed her
+    fingers into a cone, and pressed on the mare's vulva. I was
+    astonished to see the beast stretching her hind legs as if to
+    accommodate the hand of her mistress, which she pushed in
+    gradually and with seeming ease to the elbow. At the same time
+    she seemed to experience the most voluptuous sensation, crisis
+    after crisis arriving." My correspondent adds that, being
+    exceedingly curious in the matter, he tried a somewhat similar
+    experiment himself with one of his father's mares and experienced
+    what he describes as "a most powerful sexual battery" which
+    produced very exciting and exhausting effects. Näcke
+    (_Psychiatrische en Neurologische Bladen_, 1899, No. 2) refers to
+    an idiot who thus manipulated the vulva of mares in his charge.
+    The case has been recorded by Guillereau (_Journal de Médicine
+    Véterinaire et de Zootechnie_, January, 1899) of a youth who was
+    accustomed to introduce his hand into the vulva of cows in order
+    to obtain sexual excitement.
+
+    The possibility of sexual excitement between women and animals
+    involves a certain degree of sexual excitability in animals from
+    contact with women. Darwin stated that there could be no doubt
+    that various quadrumanous animals could distinguish women from
+    men--in the first place probably by smell and secondarily by
+    sight--and be thus liable to sexual excitement. He quotes the
+    opinions on this point of Youatt, Brehm, Sir Andrew Smith and
+    Cuvier (_Descent of Man_, second edition, p. 8). Moll quotes the
+    opinion of an experienced observer to the same effect
+    (_Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, Bd. i, p. 429).
+    Hufeland reported the case of a little girl of three who was
+    playing, seated on a stool, with a dog placed between her thighs
+    and locked against her. Seemingly excited by this contact the
+    animal attempted a sort of copulation, causing the genital parts
+    of the child to become inflamed. Bloch (_Op. cit._, p. 280, _et
+    seq._) discusses the same point; he does not consider that
+    animals will of their own motion sexually cohabit with women, but
+    that they may be easily trained to it. There can be no doubt that
+    dogs at all events are sometimes sexually excited by the presence
+    of women, perhaps especially during menstruation, and many women
+    are able to bear testimony to the embarrassing attentions they
+    have sometimes received from strange dogs. There can be no
+    difficulty in believing that, so far as _cunnilinctus_ is
+    concerned dogs would require no training. In a case recorded by
+    Moll (_Konträre Sexualempfindung_, third edition, p. 560) a lady
+    states that this was done to her when a child, as also to other
+    children, by dogs who, she said, showed signs of sexual
+    excitement. In this case there was also sexual excitement thus
+    produced in the child, and after puberty mutual _cunnilinctus_
+    was practiced with girl friends. Guttceit (_Dreissig Jahre
+    Praxis_, Theil I, p. 310) remarks that some Russian officers who
+    were in the Turkish campaign of 1828 told him that from fear of
+    veneral infection in Wallachia they refrained from women and
+    often used female asses which appeared to show signs of sexual
+    pleasure.
+
+A very large number of animals have been recorded as having been employed
+in the gratification of sexual desire at some period or in some country,
+by men and sometimes by women. Domestic animals are naturally those which
+most frequently come into question, and there are few if any of these
+which can altogether be excepted. The sow is one of the animals most
+frequently abused in this manner.[51] Cases in which mares, cows, and
+donkeys figure constantly occur, as well as goats and sheep. Dogs, cats,
+and rabbits are heard of from time to time. Hens, ducks, and, especially
+in China, geese, are not uncommonly employed. The Roman ladies were said
+to have had an abnormal affection for snakes. The bear and even the
+crocodile are also mentioned.[52]
+
+The social and legal attitude toward bestiality has reflected in part the
+frequency with which it has been practiced, and in part the disgust mixed
+with mystical and sacrilegious horror which it has aroused. It has
+sometimes been met merely by a fine, and sometimes the offender and his
+innocent partner have been burnt together. In the middle ages and later
+its frequency is attested by the fact that it formed a favorite topic with
+preachers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is significant that
+in the Penitentials,--which were criminal codes, half secular and half
+spiritual, in use before the thirteenth century, when penance was
+relegated to the judgment of the confessor,--it was thought necessary to
+fix the periods of penance which should be undergone respectively by
+bishops, priests and deacons who should be guilty of bestiality.
+
+    In Egbert's Penitential, a document of the ninth and tenth
+    centuries, we read (V. 22): "Item Episcopus cum quadrupede
+    fornicans VII annos, consuetudinem X, presbyter V, diaconus III,
+    clerus II." There was a great range in the penances for
+    bestiality, from ten years to (in the case of boys) one hundred
+    days. The mare is specially mentioned (Haddon and Stubbs,
+    _Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents_, vol. iii, p. 422). In
+    Theodore's Penitential, another Anglo-Saxon document of about the
+    same age, those who habitually fornicate with animals are
+    adjudged ten years of penance. It would appear from the
+    _Penitentiale Pseudo-Romanum_ (which is earlier than the eleventh
+    century) that one year's penance was adequate for fornication
+    with a mare when committed by a layman (exactly the same as for
+    simple fornication with a widow or virgin), and this was
+    mercifully reduced to half a year if he had no wife.
+    (Wasserschleben, _Die Bussordnungen der Abendländlichen Kirche_,
+    p. 366). The _Penitentiale Hubertense_ (emanating from the
+    monastery of St. Hubert in the Ardennes) fixes ten years' penance
+    for sodomy, while Fulbert's Penitential (about the eleventh
+    century) fixes seven years for either sodomy or bestiality.
+    Burchard's Penitential, which is always detailed and precise,
+    specially mentions the mare, the cow and the ass, and assigns
+    forty days bread and water and seven years penance, raised to ten
+    years in the case of married men. A woman having intercourse with
+    a horse is assigned seven years penance in Burchard's
+    Penitential. (Wasserschleben, ib. pp. 651, 659.)
+
+The extreme severity which was frequently exercised toward those guilty of
+this offense, was doubtless in large measure due to the fact that
+bestiality was regarded as a kind of sodomy, an offense which was
+frequently viewed with a mystical horror apart altogether from any actual
+social or personal injury it caused. The Jews seem to have felt this
+horror; it was ordered that the sinner and his victim should both be put
+to death (Exodus, Ch. 22, v. 19; Leviticus, Ch. 20, v. 15). In the middle
+ages, especially in France, the same rule often prevailed. Men and sows,
+men and cows, men and donkeys were burnt together. At Toulouse a woman was
+burnt for having intercourse with a dog. Even in the seventeenth century a
+learned French lawyer, Claude Lebrun de la Rochette, justified such
+sentences.[53] It seems probable that even to-day, in the social and legal
+attitude toward bestiality, sufficient regard is not paid to the fact that
+this offense is usually committed either by persons who are morbidly
+abnormal or who are of so low a degree of intelligence that they border on
+feeble-mindedness. To what extent, and on what grounds, it ought to be
+punished is a question calling for serious reconsideration.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[33] For Krafft-Ebing's discussion of the subject see _Op. cit._, pp.
+530-539.
+
+[34] In England it is not uncommon to use the term "unnatural offence;"
+this is an awkward and possibly misleading practice which should not be
+followed. In Germany a similar confusion is caused by applying the term
+"sodomy" to these cases as well as to pederasty. Krafft-Ebing considers
+that this error is due to the jurists, while the theologians have always
+distinguished correctly. In this matter, he adds, science must be _ancilla
+theologiæ_ and return to the correct usage of words.
+
+[35] This childish interest, with later abnormal developments, may be seen
+in History I of the Appendix to this volume.
+
+[36] The Countess of Pembroke, Sir Philip Sidney's sister, appears to have
+found sexual enjoyment in the contemplation of the sexual prowess of
+stallions. Aubrey writes that she "was very salacious and she had a
+contrivance that in the spring of the year ... the stallions ... were to
+be brought before such a part of the house where she had a vidette to look
+on them." (_Short Lives_, 1898, vol. i, p. 311.) Although the modern
+editor's modesty has caused the disappearance of several lines from this
+passage, the general sense is clear. In the same century Burchard, the
+faithful secretary of Pope Alexander VI, describes in his invaluable diary
+how four race horses were brought to two mares in a court of the Vatican,
+the horses clamorously fighting for the possession of the mares and
+eventually mounting them, while the Pope and his daughter Lucrezia looked
+on from a window "cum magno risu et delectatione." (_Diarium_, ed Thuasne,
+vol. III, p. 169.)
+
+[37] _Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1902, fasc. ii-iii, p. 338. In the case of
+pathological sexuality in a boy of 15, reported by A. MacDonald, and
+already summarized, the sight of copulating flies is also mentioned among
+many other causes of sexual excitation.
+
+[38] Krafft-Ebing presents or quotes typical cases of all these fetiches,
+_Op. cit._, pp. 255-266.
+
+[39] G. Stanley Hall, "A study of Fears," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, 1897, pp. 213-215.
+
+[40] _Op. cit._, p. 268.
+
+[41] W. Howard, "Sexual Perversion," _Alienist and Neurologist_, January,
+1896. Krafft-Ebing (op. cit., p. 532) quotes from Boeteau the somewhat
+similar case of a gardener's boy of 16--an illegitimate child of
+neuropathic heredity and markedly degenerate--who had a passion, of
+irresistible and impulsive character, for rabbits. He was declared
+irresponsible. Moll (_Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, pp.
+431-433) presents the case of a neurotic man who from the age of 15 had
+been sexually excited by the sight of animals or by contact with them. He
+had repeatedly had connection with cows and mares; he was also sexually
+excited by sheep, donkeys, and dogs, whether female or male; the normal
+sexual instinct was weak and he experienced very slight attraction to
+women.
+
+[42] Moll also remarks ("Perverse Sexualempfindung," in Senator's and
+Kaminer's _Krankheiten und Ehe_) that in this matter it is often hardly
+possible to draw a sharp line between vice and disease.
+
+[43] Instances of this widespread belief--found among the Tamils of Ceylon
+as well as in Europe--are quoted from various authors by Bloch, _Beiträge
+zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, p. 278, and Moll,
+_Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 700. On the frequency
+of bestiality, from one cause or another, in the East, see, e.g., Stern,
+_Medizin und Geschlechtsleben in der Türkei_, bd. ii, p. 219.
+
+[44] Sometimes (as among the Aleuts) the animal pantomime dances of
+savages may represent the transformation of a captive bird into a lovely
+woman who falls exhausted into the arms of the hunter. (H.H. Bancroft,
+_Native Races of the Pacific_, vol. i, p. 93.) A system of beliefs which
+accepts the possibility that a human being may be latent in an animal
+obviously favors the practice of bestiality.
+
+[45] For an example of the primitive confusion between the intercourse of
+women with animals and with men see, e.g., Boas, "Sagen aus
+British-Columbia," _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, heft V, p. 558.
+
+[46] Herodotus, Book II, Chapter 46.
+
+[47] Dulare (_Des Divinités Génératrices_, Chapter II) brings together the
+evidence showing that in Egypt women had connection with the sacred goat,
+apparently in order to secure fertility.
+
+[48] Various facts and references bearing on this subject are brought
+together by Blumenbach, _Anthropological Memoirs_, translated by Bendyshe,
+p. 80; Block, _Beiträge zur Ætiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II,
+pp. 276-283; also Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, seventh edition, p. 520.
+
+[49] Mantegazza mentions (_Gli Amori degli Uomini_, cap V) that at Rimini
+a young goatherd of the Apennines, troubled with dyspepsia and nervous
+symptoms, told him this was due to excesses with the goats in his care. A
+finely executed marble group of a satyr having connection with a goat,
+found at Herculaneum and now in the Naples Museum (reproduced in Fuchs's
+_Erotische Element in der Karikatur_), perhaps symbolizes a traditional
+and primitive practice of the goatherd.
+
+[50] Bayle (_Dictionary_, Art, Bathyllus) quotes various authorities
+concerning the Italian auxiliaries in the south of France in the sixteenth
+century and their custom of bringing and using goats for this purpose.
+Warton in the eighteenth century was informed that in Sicily priests in
+confession habitually inquired of herdsmen if they had anything to do with
+their sows. In Normandy priests are advised to ask similar questions.
+
+[51] It is worth noting that in Greek the work choiros means both a sow
+and a woman's pudenda; in the _Acharnians_ Aristophanes plays on this
+association at some length. The Romans also (as may be gathered from
+Varro's _De Re Rustica_) called the feminine pudenda _porcus_.
+
+[52] Schurig, _Gynæcologia_, pp. 280-387; Bloch, op. cit., 270-277. The
+Arabs, according to Kocher, chiefly practice bestiality with goats, sheep
+and mares. The Annamites, according to Mondière, commonly employ sows and
+(more especially the young women) dogs. Among the Tamils of Ceylon
+bestiality with goats and cows is said to be very prevalent.
+
+[53] Mantegazza (_Gli Amori degli Uomini_, cap. V) brings together some
+facts bearing on this matter.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+Exhibitionism--Illustrative Cases--A Symbolic Perversion of Courtship--The
+Impulse to Defile--The Exhibitionist's Psychic Attitude--The Sexual Organs
+as Fetichs--Phallus Worship--Adolescent Pride in Sexual
+Development--Exhibitionism of the Nates--The Classification of the Forms
+of Exhibitionism--Nature of the Relationship of Exhibitionism to Epilepsy.
+
+
+There is a remarkable form of erotic symbolism--very definite and standing
+clearly apart from all other forms--in which sexual gratification is
+experienced in the simple act of exhibiting the sexual organ to persons of
+the opposite sex, usually by preference to young and presumably innocent
+persons, very often children. This is termed exhibitionism.[54] It would
+appear to be a not very infrequent phenomenon, and most women, once or
+more in their lives, especially when young, have encountered a man who has
+thus deliberately exposed himself before them.
+
+The exhibitionist, though often a young and apparently vigorous man, is
+always satisfied with the mere act of self-exhibition and the emotional
+reaction which that act produces; he makes no demands on the woman to whom
+he exposes himself; he seldom speaks, he makes no effort to approach her;
+as a rule, he fails even to display the signs of sexual excitation. His
+desires are completely gratified by the act of exhibition and by the
+emotional reaction it arouses in the woman. He departs satisfied and
+relieved.
+
+    A case recorded by Schrenck-Notzing very well represents both the
+    nature of the impulse felt by the exhibitionist and the way in
+    which it may originate. It is the case of a business man of 49,
+    of neurotic heredity, an affectionate husband and father of a
+    family, who, to his own grief and shame, is compelled from time
+    to time to exhibit his sexual organs to women in the street. As a
+    boy of 10 a girl of 12 tried to induce him to coitus; both had
+    their sexual parts exposed. From that time sexual contacts, as of
+    his own naked nates against those of a girl, became attractive,
+    as well as games in which the boys and girls in turn marched
+    before each other with their sexual parts exposed, and also
+    imitation of the copulation of animals. Coitus was first
+    practiced about the age of 20, but sight and touch of the woman's
+    sexual parts were always necessary to produce sexual excitement.
+    It was also necessary--and this consideration is highly important
+    as regards the development of the tendency to exhibition--that
+    the woman should be excited by the sight of his organs. Even when
+    he saw or touched a woman's parts orgasm often occurred. It was
+    the naked sexual organs in an otherwise clothed body which
+    chiefly excited him. He was not possessed of a high degree of
+    potency. Girls between the ages of 10 and 17 chiefly excited him,
+    and especially if he felt that they were quite ignorant of sexual
+    matters. His self-exhibition was a sort of psychic defloration,
+    and it was accompanied by the idea that other people felt as he
+    did about the sexual effects of the naked organs, that he was
+    shocking but at the same time sexually exciting a young girl. He
+    was thus gratifying himself through the belief that he was
+    causing sexual gratification to an innocent girl. This man was
+    convicted several times, and was finally declared to be suffering
+    from impulsive insanity. (Schrenck-Notzing,
+    _Kriminal-psychologische und Psycho-pathologische Studien_, 1902,
+    pp. 50-57.) In another case of Schrenck-Notzing's, an actor and
+    portrait painter, aged 31, in youth masturbated and was fond of
+    contemplating the images of the sexual organs of both sexes,
+    finding little pleasure in coitus. At the age of 24, at a bathing
+    establishment, he happened to occupy a compartment next to that
+    occupied by a lady, and when naked he became aware that his
+    neighbor was watching him through a chink in the partition. This
+    caused him powerful excitement and he was obliged to masturbate.
+    Ever since he has had an impulse to exhibit his organs and to
+    masturbate in the presence of women. He believes that the sight
+    of his organs excites the woman (Ib., pp. 57-68). The presence of
+    masturbation in this case renders it untypical as a case of
+    exhibitionism. Moll at one time went so far as to assert that
+    when masturbation takes place we are not entitled to admit
+    exhibitionism, (_Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i,
+    p. 661), but now accepts exhibitionism with masturbation
+    ("Perverse Sexualempfindung," _Krankheiten und Ehe_). The act of
+    exhibition itself gratifies the sexual impulse, and usually it
+    suffices to replace both tumescence and detumescence.
+
+    A fairly typical case, recorded by Krafft-Ebing, is that of a
+    German factory worker of 37, a good, sober and intelligent
+    workman. His parents were healthy, but one of his mother's and
+    also one of his father's sisters were insane; some of his
+    relatives are eccentric in religion. He has a languishing
+    expression and a smile of self-complacency. He never had any
+    severe illness, but has always been eccentric and imaginative,
+    much absorbed in romances (such as Dumas's novels) and fond of
+    identifying himself with their heroes. No signs of epilepsy. In
+    youth moderate masturbation, later moderate coitus. He lives a
+    retired life, but is fond of elegant dress and of ornament.
+    Though not a drinker, he sometimes makes himself a kind of punch
+    which has a sexually exciting effect on him. The impulse to
+    exhibitionism has only developed in recent years. When the
+    impulse is upon him he becomes hot, his heart beats violently,
+    the blood rushes to his head, and he is oblivious of everything
+    around him that is not connected with his own act. Afterwards he
+    regards himself as a fool and makes vain resolutions never to
+    repeat the act. In exhibition the penis is only half erect and
+    ejaculation never occurs. (He is only capable of coitus with a
+    woman who shows great attraction to him.) He is satisfied with
+    self-exhibition, and believes that he thus gives pleasure to the
+    woman, since he himself receives pleasure in contemplating a
+    woman's sexual parts. His erotic dreams are of self-exhibition to
+    young and voluptuous women. He had been previously punished for
+    an offense of this kind; medico-legal opinion now recognized the
+    incriminated man's psychopathic condition. (Krafft-Ebing, _Op.
+    cit._, pp. 492-494.)
+
+    Trochon has reported the case of a married man of 33, a worker in
+    a factory, who for several years had exhibited himself at
+    intervals to shop-girls, etc., in a state of erection, but
+    without speaking or making other advances. He was a hard-working,
+    honest, sober man of quiet habits, a good father to his family
+    and happy at home. He showed not the slightest sign of insanity.
+    But he was taciturn, melancholic and nervous; a sister was an
+    idiot. He was arrested, but on the report of the experts that he
+    committed these acts from a morbid impulse he could not control
+    he was released. (Trochon, _Archives de l'Anthropologie
+    Criminelle_, 1888, p. 256.)
+
+    In a case of Freyer's (_Zeitschrift für Medizinalbeamte_, third
+    year, No. 8) the occasional connection of exhibitionism with
+    epilepsy is well illustrated by a barber's assistant, aged 35,
+    whose father suffered from chronic alcoholism and was also said
+    to have committed the same kind of offense as his son. The mother
+    and a sister suffered nervously. From ages of 7 to 18 the subject
+    had epileptic convulsions. From 16 to 21 he indulged in normal
+    sexual intercourse. At about that time he had often to pass a
+    playground and at times would urinate there; it happened that the
+    children watched him with curiosity. He noticed that when thus
+    watched sexual excitement was caused, inducing erection and even
+    ejaculation. He gradually found pleasure in this kind of sexual
+    gratification; finally he became indifferent to coitus. His
+    erotic dreams, though still usually about normal coitus, were now
+    sometimes concerned with exhibition before little girls. When
+    overcome by the impulse he could see and hear nothing around him,
+    though he did not lose consciousness. After the act was over he
+    was troubled by his deed. In all other respects he was entirely
+    reasonable. He was imprisoned many times for exhibiting himself
+    to young schoolgirls, sometimes vaunting the beauty of his organs
+    and inviting inspection. On one occasion he underwent mental
+    examination, but was considered to be mentally sound. He was
+    finally held to be a hereditarily tainted individual with
+    neuropathic constitution. The head was abnormally broad, penis
+    small, patellar reflex absent, and there were many signs of
+    neurasthenia. (Krafft-Ebing, _Op. cit._, pp. 490-492.)
+
+    The prevalence of epilepsy among exhibitionists is shown by the
+    observations of Pelanda in Verona. He has recorded six cases of
+    this perversion, all of which eventually reached the asylum and
+    were either epileptics or with epileptic relations. One had a
+    brother who was also an exhibitionist. In some cases the penis
+    was abnormally large, in others abnormally small. Several had
+    very weak sexual impulse; one, at the age of 62, had never
+    effected coitus, and was proud of the fact that he was still a
+    virgin, considering, he would say, the epoch of demoralization in
+    which we live. (Pelanda, "Pornopatici," _Archivio di
+    Psichiatria_, fasc. ii-iv, 1889.)
+
+    In a very typical case of exhibitionism which Garnier has
+    recorded, a certain X., a gentleman engaged in business in Paris,
+    had a predilection for exhibiting himself in churches, more
+    especially in Saint-Roch. He was arrested several times for
+    exposing his sexual organs here before ladies in prayer. In this
+    way he finally ruined his commercial position in Paris and was
+    obliged to establish himself in a small provincial town. Here
+    again he soon exposed himself in a church and was again sent to
+    prison, but on his liberation immediately performed the same act
+    in the same church in what was described as a most imperturbable
+    manner. Compelled to leave the town, he returned to Paris, and in
+    a few weeks' time was again arrested for repeating his old
+    offense in Saint Roch. When examined by Garnier, the information
+    he supplied was vague and incomplete, and he was very embarrassed
+    in the attempt to explain himself. He was unable to say why he
+    chose a church, but he felt that it was to a church that he must
+    go. He had, however, no thought of profanation and no wish to
+    give offense. "Quite the contrary!" he declared. He had the sad
+    and tired air of a man who is dominated by a force stronger than
+    his will. "I know," he added, "what repulsion my conduct must
+    inspire. Why am I made thus? Who will cure me?" (P. Garnier,
+    "Perversions Sexuelles," _Comptes Rendus_, International Congress
+    of Medicine at Paris in 1900, _Section de Psychiatrie_, pp.
+    433-435.)
+
+    In some cases, it would appear, the impulse to exhibitionism may
+    be overcome or may pass away. This result is the more likely to
+    come about in those cases in which exhibitionism has been largely
+    conditioned by chronic alcoholism or other influences tending to
+    destroy the inhibiting and restraining action of the higher
+    centers, which may be overcome by hygiene and treatment. In this
+    connection I may bring forward a case which has been communicated
+    to me by a medical correspondent in London. It is that of an
+    actor, of high standing in his profession and extremely
+    intelligent, 49 years of age, married and father of a large
+    family. He is sexually vigorous and of erotic temperament. His
+    general health has always been good, but he is a high-strung,
+    neurotic man, with quick mental reactions. His habits had for a
+    long time been decidedly alcoholic, but two years ago, a small
+    quantity of albumen being found in the urine, he was persuaded to
+    leave off alcohol, and has since been a teetotaller. Though
+    ordinarily very reticent about sexual matters, he began four or
+    five years ago to commit acts of exhibitionism, exposing himself
+    to servants in the house and occasionally to women in the
+    country. This continued after the alcohol had been abandoned and
+    lasted for several years, though the attention of the police was
+    never attracted to the matter, and so far as possible he was
+    quietly supervised by his friends. Nine months after, the acts of
+    exhibitionism ceased, apparently in a spontaneous manner, and
+    there has so far been no relapse.
+
+Exhibitionism is an act which, on the face of it, seems nonsensical and
+meaningless, and as such, as an inexplicable act of madness, it has
+frequently been treated both by writers on insanity and on sexual
+perversion. "These acts are so lacking in common sense and intelligent
+reflection that no other reason than insanity can be offered for the
+patient," Ball concluded.[55] Moll, also, who defines exhibitionism
+somewhat too narrowly as a condition in which "the charm of the exhibition
+lies for the subject in the display itself," not sufficiently taking into
+consideration the imagined effect on the spectator, concludes that "the
+psychological basis of exhibitionism is at present by no means cleared
+up."[56]
+
+We may probably best approach exhibitionism by regarding it as
+fundamentally a symbolic act based on a perversion of courtship. The
+exhibitionist displays the organ of sex to a feminine witness, and in the
+shock of modest sexual shame by which she reacts to that spectacle, he
+finds a gratifying similitude of the normal emotions of coitus.[57] He
+feels that he has effected a psychic defloration.
+
+    Exhibitionism is thus analogous, and, indeed, related, to the
+    impulse felt by many persons to perform indecorous acts or tell
+    indecent stories before young and innocent persons of the
+    opposite sex. This is a kind of psychic exhibitionism, the
+    gratification it causes lying exactly, as in physical
+    exhibitionism, in the emotional confusion which it is felt to
+    arouse. The two kinds of exhibitionism may be combined in the
+    same person: Thus, in a case reported by Hoche (p. 97), the
+    exhibitionist an intellectual and highly educated man, with a
+    doctor's degree, also found pleasure in sending indecent poems
+    and pictures to women, whom, however, he made no attempt to
+    seduce; he was content with the thought of the emotions he
+    aroused or believed that he aroused.
+
+    It is possible that within this group should come the agent in
+    the following incident which was lately observed by a lady, a
+    friend of my own. An elderly man in an overcoat was seen standing
+    outside a large and well-known draper's shop in the outskirts of
+    London; when able to attract the attention of any of the
+    shop-girls or of any girl in the street he would fling back his
+    coat and reveal that he was wearing over his own clothes a
+    woman's chemise (or possibly bodice) and a woman's drawers; there
+    was no exposure. The only intelligible explanation of this action
+    would seem to be that pleasure was experienced in the mild shock
+    of interested surprise and injured modesty which this vision was
+    imagined to cause to a young girl. It would thus be a
+    comparatively innocent form of psychic defloration.
+
+It is of interest to point out that the sexual symbolism of active
+flagellation is very closely analogous to this symbolism of exhibitionism.
+The flagellant approaches a woman with the rod (itself a symbol of the
+penis and in some countries bearing names which are also applied to that
+organ) and inflicts on an intimate part of her body the signs of blushing
+and the spasmodic movements which are associated with sexual excitement,
+while at the same time she feels, or the flagellant imagines that she
+feels, the corresponding emotions of delicious shame.[58] This is an even
+closer mimicry of the sexual act than the exhibitionist attains, for the
+latter fails to secure the consent of the woman nor does he enjoy any
+intimate contact with her naked body. The difference is connected with the
+fact that the active flagellant is usually a more virile and normal person
+than the exhibitionist. In the majority of cases the exhibitionist's
+sexual impulse is very feeble, and as a rule he is either to some degree a
+degenerate, or else a person who is suffering from an early stage of
+general paralysis, dementia, or some other highly enfeebling cause of
+mental disorganization, such as chronic alcoholism. Sexual feebleness is
+further indicated by the fact that the individuals selected as witnesses
+are frequently mere children.
+
+    It seems probable that a form of erotic symbolism somewhat
+    similar to exhibitionism is to be found in the rare cases in
+    which sexual gratification is derived from throwing ink, acid or
+    other defiling liquids on women's dresses. Thoinot has recorded a
+    case of this kind (_Attentats aux Moeurs_, 1898, pp. 484, _et
+    seq._). An instructive case has been presented by Moll. In this
+    case a young man of somewhat neuropathic heredity had as a youth
+    of 16 or 17, when romping with his young sister's playfellows,
+    experienced sexual sensations on chancing to see their white
+    underlinen. From that time white underlinen and white dresses
+    became to him a fetich and he was only attracted to women so
+    attired. One day, at the age of 25, when crossing the street in
+    wet weather with a young lady in a white dress, a passing vehicle
+    splashed the dress with mud. This incident caused him strong
+    sexual excitement, and from that time he had the impulse to throw
+    ink, perchloride of iron, etc., on to ladies' white dresses, and
+    sometimes to cut and tear them, sexual excitement and ejaculation
+    taking place every time he effected this. (Moll, "Gutachten über
+    einem Sexual Perversen [Besudelungstrieb]," _Zeitschrift für
+    Medizinalbeamte_, Heft XIII, 1900). Such a case is of
+    considerable psychological interest. Thoinot considers that in
+    these cases the fleck is a fetich. That is an incorrect account
+    of the matter. In this case the white garments constituted the
+    primary fetich, but that fetich becomes more acutely realized,
+    and at the same time both parties are thrown into an emotional
+    state which to the fetichist becomes a mimicry of coitus, by the
+    act of defilement. We may perhaps connect with this phenomenon
+    the attraction which muddy shoes often exert over the
+    shoe-fetichist, and the curious way in which, as we have seen (p.
+    18), Restif de la Bretonne associates his love of neatness in
+    women with his attraction to the feet, the part, he remarks,
+    least easy to keep clean.
+
+    Garnier applied the term _sadi-fetichism_ to active flagellation
+    and many similar manifestations such as we are here concerned
+    with, on the grounds that they are hybrids which combine the
+    morbid adoration for a definite object with the impulse to
+    exercise a more or less degree of violence. From the standpoint
+    of the conception of erotic symbolism I have adopted there is no
+    need for this term. There is here no hybrid combination of two
+    unlike mental states. We are simply concerned with states of
+    erotic symbolism, more or less complete, more or less complex.
+
+The conception of exhibitionism as a process of erotic symbolism, involves
+a conscious or unconscious attitude of attention in the exhibitionist's
+mind to the psychic reaction of the woman toward whom his display is
+directed. He seeks to cause an emotion which, probably in most cases, he
+desires should be pleasurable. But from one cause or another his finer
+sensibilities are always inhibited or in abeyance, and he is unable to
+estimate accurately either the impression he is likely to produce or the
+general results of his action, or else he is moved by a strong impulsive
+obsession which overpowers his judgment. In many cases he has good reason
+for believing that his act will be pleasurable, and frequently he finds
+complacent witnesses among the low-class servant girls, etc.
+
+    It may be pointed out here that we are quite justified in
+    speaking of a penis-fetichism and also of a vulva-fetichism. This
+    might be questioned. We are obviously justified in recognizing a
+    fetichism which attaches itself to the pubic hair, or, as in a
+    case with which I am acquainted, to the clitoris, but it may seem
+    that we cannot regard the central sexual organs as symbols of
+    sex, symbols, as it were, of themselves. Properly regarded,
+    however, it is the sexual act rather than the sexual organ which
+    is craved in normal sexual desire; the organ is regarded merely
+    as the means and not as the end. Regarded as a means the organ is
+    indeed an object of desire, but it only becomes a fetich when it
+    arrests and fixes the attention. An attention thus pleasurably
+    fixed, a vulva-fetichism or a penis-fetichism, is within the
+    normal range of sexual emotion (this point has been mentioned in
+    the previous volume when discussing the part played by the
+    primary sexual organs in sexual selection), and in coarse-grained
+    natures of either sex it is a normal allurement in its
+    generalized shape, apart from any attraction to the person to
+    whom the organs belong. In some morbid cases, however, this
+    penis-fetichism may become a fully developed sexual perversion. A
+    typical case of this kind has been recorded by Howard in the
+    United States. Mrs. W., aged 39, was married at 20 to a strong,
+    healthy man, but derived no pleasure from coitus, though she
+    received great pleasure from masturbation practiced immediately
+    after coitus, and nine years after marriage she ceased actual
+    coitus, compelling her husband to adopt mutual masturbation. She
+    would introduce men into the house at all times of the day or
+    night, and after persuading them to expose their persons would
+    retire to her room to masturbate. The same man never aroused
+    desire more than once. This desire became so violent and
+    persistent that she would seek out men in all sorts of public
+    places and, having induced them to expose themselves, rapidly
+    retreat to the nearest convenient spot for self-gratification.
+    She once abstracted a pair of trousers she had seen a man wear
+    and after fondling them experienced the orgasm. Her husband
+    finally left her, after vainly attempting to have her confined in
+    an asylum. She was often arrested for her actions, but through
+    the intervention of friends set free again. She was a highly
+    intelligent woman, and apart from this perversion entirely
+    normal. (W.L. Howard, "Sexual Perversion," _Alienist and
+    Neurologist_, January, 1896.) It is on the existence of a more or
+    less developed penis-fetichism of this kind that the
+    exhibitionist, mostly by an ignorant instinct, relies for the
+    effects he desires to produce.
+
+The exhibitionist is not usually content to produce a mere titillated
+amusement; he seeks to produce a more powerful effect which must be
+emotional whether or not it is pleasurable. A professional man in
+Strassburg (in a case reported by Hoche[59]) would walk about in the
+evening in a long cloak, and when he met ladies would suddenly throw his
+cloak back under a street lamp, or igniting a red-fire match, and thus
+exhibit his organs. There was an evident effort--on the part of a weak,
+vain, and effeminate man--to produce a maximum of emotional effect. The
+attempt to heighten the emotional shock is also seen in the fact that the
+exhibitionist frequently chooses a church as the scene of his exploits,
+not during service, for he always avoids a concourse of people, but
+perhaps toward evening when there are only a few kneeling women scattered
+through the edifice. The church is chosen, often instinctively rather than
+deliberately, from no impulse to commit a sacrilegious outrage--which, as
+a rule, the exhibitionist does not feel his act to be--but because it
+really presents the conditions most favorable to the act and the effects
+desired. The exhibitionist's attitude of mind is well illustrated by one
+of Garnier's patients who declared that he never wished to be seen by more
+than two women at once, "just what is necessary," he added, "for an
+exchange of impressions." After each exhibition he would ask himself
+anxiously: "Did they see me? What are they thinking? What do they say to
+each other about me? Oh! how I should like to know!" Another patient of
+Garnier's, who haunted churches for this purpose, made this very
+significant statement: "Why do I like going to churches? I can scarcely
+say. _But I know that it is only there that my act has its full
+importance_. The woman is in a devout frame of mind, and she must see that
+such an act in such a place is not a joke in bad taste or a disgusting
+obscenity; _that if I go there it is not to amuse myself; it is more
+serious than that!_ I watch the effect produced on the faces of the ladies
+to whom I show my organs. I wish to see them express a profound joy. I
+wish, in fact, that they may be forced to say to themselves: _How
+impressive Nature is when thus seen!_"
+
+    Here we trace the presence of a feeling which recalls the
+    phenomena of the ancient and world-wide phallic worship, still
+    liable to reappear sporadically. Women sometimes took part in
+    these rites, and the osculation of the male sexual organ or its
+    emblematic representation by women is easily traceable in the
+    phallic rites of India and many other lands, not excluding Europe
+    even in comparatively recent times. (Dulaure in his _Divinités
+    Génératices_ brings together much bearing on these points; cf.:
+    Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i, Chapter XVII, and Bloch,
+    _Beiträge zur Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil I, pp. 115-117. Colin
+    Scott has some interesting remarks on phallic worship and the
+    part it has played in aiding human evolution, "Sex and Art,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, vol. vii, No. 2, pp. 191-197.
+    Irving Rosse describes some modern phallic rites in which both
+    men and women took part, similar to those practiced in vaudouism,
+    "Sexual Hypochondriasis," _Virginia Medical Monthly_, October,
+    1892.)
+
+    Putting aside any question of phallic worship, a certain pride
+    and more or less private feeling of ostentation in the new
+    expansion and development of the organs of virility seems to be
+    almost normal at adolescence. "We have much reason to assume,"
+    Stanley Hall remarks, "that in a state of nature there is a
+    certain instinctive pride and ostentation that accompanies the
+    new local development. I think it will be found that
+    exhibitionists are usually those who have excessive growth here,
+    and that much that modern society stigmatizes as obscene is at
+    bottom more or less spontaneous and perhaps in some cases not
+    abnormal. Dr. Seerley tells me he has never examined a young man
+    largely developed who had the usual strong instinctive tendency
+    of modesty to cover himself with his hands, but he finds this
+    instinct general with those whose development is less than the
+    average." (G. Stanley Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. ii, p. 97.) This
+    instinct of ostentation, however, so far as it is normal, is held
+    in check by other considerations, and is not, in the strict
+    sense, exhibitionism. I have observed a full-grown telegraph boy
+    walking across Hampstead Heath with his sexual organs exposed,
+    but immediately he realized that he was seen he concealed them.
+    The solemnity of exhibitionism at this age finds expression in
+    the climax of the sonnet, "Oraison du Soir," written at 16 by
+    Rimbaud, whose verse generally is a splendid and insolent
+    manifestation of rank  adolescence:--
+
+        "Doux comme le Seigneur du cèdre et des hysopes,
+        Je pisse vers les cieux bruns très haut et très loin,
+        Avec l'assentiment des grands héliotropes."
+
+        (J.A. Rimbaud, _Oeuvres_, p. 68.)
+
+    In women, also, there would appear to be traceable a somewhat
+    similar ostentation, though in them it is complicated and largely
+    inhibited by modesty, and at the same time diffused over the body
+    owing to the absence of external sexual organs. "Primitive
+    woman," remarks Madame Renooz, "proud of her womanhood, for a
+    long time defended her nakedness which ancient art has always
+    represented. And in the actual life of the young girl to-day
+    there is a moment when by a secret atavism she feels the pride of
+    her sex, the intuition of her moral superiority, and cannot
+    understand why she must hide its cause. At this moment, wavering
+    between the laws of Nature and social conventions, she scarcely
+    knows if nakedness should or should not affright her. A sort of
+    confused atavistic memory recalls to her a period before clothing
+    was known, and reveals to her as a paradisaical ideal the customs
+    of that human epoch." (Céline Renooz, _Psychologie Comparée de
+    l'Homme et de la Femme_, p. 85.) It may be added that among
+    primitive peoples, and even among some remote European
+    populations to-day, the exhibition of feminine nudity has
+    sometimes been regarded as a spectacle with religious or magic
+    operation. (Ploss, _Das Weib_, seventh edition, vol. ii, pp.
+    663-680; Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition, p.
+    304.) It is stated by Gopcevic that in the long struggle between
+    the Albanians and the Montenegrians the women of the former
+    people would stand in the front rank and expose themselves by
+    raising their skirts, believing that they would thus insure
+    victory. As, however, they were shot down, and as, moreover,
+    victory usually fell to the Montenegrians, this custom became
+    discredited. (Quoted by Bloch, _Op. cit._, Teil II, p. 307.)
+
+    With regard to the association, suggested by Stanley Hall,
+    between exhibitionism and an unusual degree of development of the
+    sexual organs, it must be remarked that both extremes--a very
+    large and a very small penis--are specially common in
+    exhibitionists. The prevalence of the small organ is due to an
+    association of exhibitionism with sexual feebleness. The
+    prevalence of the large organ may be due to the cause suggested
+    by Hall. Among Mahommedans the sexual organs are sometimes
+    habitually exposed by religious penitents, and I note that
+    Bernhard Stern, in his book on the medical and sexual aspects of
+    life in Turkey, referring to a penitent of this sort whom he saw
+    on the Stamboul bridge at Constantinople, remarks that the organ
+    was very largely developed. It may well be in such a case that
+    the penitent's religious attitude is reinforced by some lingering
+    relic of a more fleshly ostentation.
+
+It is by a pseudo-atavism that this phallicism is evoked in the
+exhibitionist. There is no true emergence of an ancestrally inherited
+instinct, but by the paralysis or inhibition of the finer and higher
+feelings current in civilization, the exhibitionist is placed on the same
+mental level as the man of a more primitive age, and he thus presents the
+basis on which the impulses belonging to a higher culture may naturally
+take root and develop.
+
+    Reference may here be made to a form of primitive exhibitionism,
+    almost confined to women, which, although certainly symbolic, is
+    absolutely non-sexual, and must not, therefore, be confused with
+    the phenomena we are here occupied with. I refer to the
+    exhibition of the buttocks as a mark of contempt. In its most
+    primitive form, no doubt, this exhibitionism is a kind of
+    exorcism, a method of putting evil spirits, primarily, and
+    secondarily evil-disposed persons, to flight. It is the most
+    effective way for a woman to display sexual centers, and it
+    shares in the magical virtues which all unveiling of the sexual
+    centers is believed by primitive peoples to possess. It is
+    recorded that the women of some peoples in the Balkan peninsula
+    formerly used this gesture against enemies in battle. In the
+    sixteenth century so distinguished a theologian as Luther when
+    assailed by the Evil One at night was able to put the adversary
+    to flight by protruding his uncovered buttocks from the bed. But
+    the spiritual significance of this attitude is lost with the
+    decay of primitive beliefs. It survives, but merely as a gesture
+    of insult. The symbolism comes to have reference to the nates as
+    the excretory focus, the seat of the anus. In any case it ignores
+    any sexual attractiveness in this part of the body. Exhibitionism
+    of this kind, therefore, can scarcely arise in persons of any
+    sensitiveness or æsthetic perception, even putting aside the
+    question of modesty, and there seems to be little trace of it in
+    classic antiquity when the nates were regarded as objects of
+    beauty. Among the Egyptians, however, we gather from Herodotus
+    (Bk. II, Chapter LX) that at a certain popular religious festival
+    men and women would go in boats on the Nile, singing and playing,
+    and when they approached a town the women on the boats would
+    insult the women of the town by injurious language and by
+    exposing themselves. Among the Arabs, however, the specific
+    gesture we are concerned with is noted, and a man to whom
+    vengeance is forbidden would express his feelings by exposing his
+    posterior and strewing earth on his head (Wellhausen, _Rests
+    Arabischen Heidentums_, 1897, p. 195). It is in Europe and in
+    mediæval and later times that this emphatic gesture seems to have
+    flourished as a violent method of expressing contempt. It was by
+    no means confined to the lower classes, and Kleinpaul, in
+    discussing this form of "speech without words," quotes examples
+    of various noble persons, even princesses, who are recorded thus
+    to have expressed their feelings. (Kleinpaul, _Sprache ohne
+    Worte_, pp. 271-273.) In more recent times the gesture has become
+    merely a rare and extreme expression of unrestrained feeling in
+    coarse-grained peasants. Zola, in the figure of Mouquette in
+    _Germinal_, may be said to have given a kind of classic
+    expression to the gesture. In the more remote parts of Europe it
+    appears to be still not altogether uncommon. This seems to be
+    notably the case among the South Slavs, and Krauss states that
+    "when a South Slav woman wishes to express her deepest contempt
+    for anyone she bends forward, with left hand raising her skirts,
+    and with the right slapping her posterior, at the same time
+    exclaiming: 'This for you!'" (Kryptadia, vol. vi, p. 200.)
+
+    A verbal survival of this gesture, consisting in the contemptuous
+    invitation to kiss this region, still exists among us in remote
+    parts of the country, especially as an insult offered by an angry
+    woman who forgets herself. It is said to be commonly used in
+    Wales. ("Welsh Ædoelogy," Kryptadia, vol. ii, pp. 358, et seq.)
+    In Cornwall, when addressed by a woman to a man it is sometimes
+    regarded as a deadly insult, even if the woman is young and
+    attractive, and may cause a life-long enmity between related
+    families. From this point of view the nates are a symbol of
+    contempt, and any sexual significance is excluded. (The
+    distinction is brought out by Diderot in _Le Neveu de Rameau:_
+    "_Lui:_--Il y a d'autres jours ou il ne m'en coûterait rien pour
+    être vil tant qu'on voudrait; ces jours-là, pour un liard, je
+    baiserais le cul à la petite Hus. _Moi:_--Eh! mais, l'ami, elle
+    est blanche, jolie, douce, potelée, et c'est un acte d'humilité
+    auquel un plus delicat que vous pourrait quelquefois s'abaisser.
+    _Lui:_--Entendons-nous; c'est qu'il y a baiser le cul au simple,
+    et baiser le cul au figuré.")
+
+    It must be added that a sexual form of exhibitionism of the nates
+    must still be recognized. It occurs in masochism and expresses
+    the desire for passive flagellation. Rousseau, whose emotional
+    life was profoundly affected by the castigations which as a child
+    he received from Mlle Lambercier, has in his _Confessions_ told
+    us how, when a youth, he would sometimes expose himself in this
+    way in the presence of young women. Such masochistic
+    exhibitionism seems, however, to be rare.
+
+While the manifestations of exhibitionism are substantially the same in
+all cases, there are many degrees and varieties of the condition. We may
+find among exhibitionists, as Garnier remarks, dementia, states of
+unconsciousness, epilepsy, general paralysis, alcoholism, but the most
+typical cases, he adds, if not indeed the cases to which the term properly
+belongs, are those in which it is an impulsive obsession. Krafft-Ebing[60]
+divides exhibitionists into four clinical groups: (1) acquired states of
+mental weakness, with cerebral or spinal disease clouding consciousness
+and at the same time causing impotence; (2) epileptics, in whom the act is
+an abnormal organic impulse performed in a state of imperfect
+consciousness; (3) a somewhat allied group of neurasthenic cases; (4)
+periodical impulsive cases with deep hereditary taint. This classification
+is not altogether satisfactory. Garnier's classification, placing the
+group of obsessional cases in the foreground and leaving the other more
+vaguely defined groups in the background, is probably better. I am
+inclined to consider that most of the cases fall into one or other of two
+mixed groups. The first class includes cases in which there is more or
+less congenital abnormality, but otherwise a fair or even complete degree
+of mental integrity; they are usually young adults, they are more or less
+precisely conscious of the end they wish to attain, and it is often only
+with a severe struggle that they yield to their impulses. In the second
+class the beginnings of mental or nervous disease have diminished the
+sensibility of the higher centers; the subjects are usually old men whose
+lives have been absolutely correct; they are often only vaguely aware of
+the nature of the satisfaction they are seeking, and frequently no
+struggle precedes the manifestation; such was the case of the overworked
+clergyman described by Hughes,[61] who, after much study, became morose
+and absent-minded, and committed acts of exhibitionism which he could not
+explain but made no attempt to deny; with rest and restorative treatment
+his health improved and the acts ceased. It is in the first class of cases
+alone that there is a developed sexual perversion. In the cases of the
+second class there is a more or less definite sexual intention, but it is
+only just conscious, and the emergence of the impulse is due not to its
+strength but to the weakness, temporary or permanent, of the higher
+inhibiting centers.
+
+Epileptic cases, with loss of consciousness during the act, can only be
+regarded as presenting a pseudo-exhibitionism. They should be excluded
+altogether. It is undoubtedly true that many cases of real or apparent
+exhibitionism occur in epileptics.[62] We must not, however, too hastily
+conclude that because these acts occur in epileptics they are necessarily
+unconscious acts. Epilepsy frequently occurs on a basis of hereditary
+degeneration, and the exhibitionism may be, and not infrequently is, a
+stigma of the degeneracy and not an indication of the occurrence of a
+minor epileptic fit. When the act of pseudo-exhibitionism is truly
+epileptic, it will usually have no psychic sexual content, and it will
+certainly be liable to occur under all sorts of circumstances, when the
+patient is alone or in a miscellaneous concourse of people. It will be on
+a level with the acts of the highly respectable young woman who, at the
+conclusion of an attack of _petit mal_, consisting chiefly of a sudden
+desire to pass urine, on one occasion lifted up her clothes and urinated
+at a public entertainment, so that it was with difficulty her friends
+prevented her from being handed over to the police.[63] Such an act is
+automatic, unconscious, and involuntary; the spectators are not even
+perceived; it cannot be an act of exhibitionism. Whenever, on the other
+hand, the place and the time are evidently chosen deliberately,--a quiet
+spot, the presence of only one or two young women or children,--it is
+difficult to admit that we are in the presence of a fit of epileptic
+unconsciousness, even when the subject is known to be epileptic.
+
+Even, however, when we exclude those epileptic pseudo-exhibitionists who,
+from the legal point of view, are clearly irresponsible, it must still be
+remembered that in every case of exhibitionism there is a high degree of
+either mental abnormality on a neuropathic basis, or else of actual
+disease. This is true to a greater extent in exhibitionism than in almost
+any other form of sexual perversion. No subject of exhibitionism should be
+sent to prison without expert medical examination.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[54] Lasège first drew attention to this sexual perversion and gave it its
+generally accepted name, "Les Exhibitionistes," _L'Union Médicale_, May,
+1877. Magnan, on various occasions (for example, "Les Exhibitionistes,"
+_Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle_, vol. v, 1890, p. 456), has given
+further development and precision to the clinical picture of the
+exhibitionist.
+
+[55] B. Ball. _La Folie Erotique_, p. 86.
+
+[56] Moll, _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 661.
+
+[57] "Exhibitionism in its most typical form is," Garnier truly says, "a
+_systematic act_, manifesting itself as the _strange equivalent of a
+sexual connection_, or its _substitution_." The brief account of
+exhibitionism (pp. 433-437) in Garnier's discussion of "Perversions
+Sexuelles" at the International Medical Congress at Paris in 1900
+(_Section de Psychiatrie: Comptes-Rendus_) is the most satisfactory
+statement of the psychological aspects of this perversion with which I am
+acquainted. Garnier's unrivalled clinical knowledge of these
+manifestations, due to his position during many years as physician at the
+Depôt of the Prefecture of Police in Paris, adds great weight to his
+conclusions.
+
+[58] The symbolism of coitus involved in flagellation has been touched on
+by Eulenburg (_Sexuale Neuropathie_, p. 121), and is more fully developed
+by Dühren (_Geschlechtsleben in England_, bd. ii, pp. 366, _et seq._).
+
+[59] A. Hoche, _Neurologische Centralblatt_, 1896, No. 2.
+
+[60] _Op. cit._, pp. 478, et seq.
+
+[61] C.H. Hughes, "Morbid Exhibitionism," _Alienist and Neurologist_,
+August, 1904. Another somewhat similar American case, also preceded by
+overwork, and eventually adjudged insane by the courts, is recorded by
+D.S. Booth, _Alienist and Neurologist_, February, 1905.
+
+[62] Exhibitionism in epilepsy is briefly discussed by Féré, _L'Instinct
+Sexuel_, second edition, pp. 194-195.
+
+[63] W.S. Colman, "Post-Epileptic Unconscious Automatic Actions,"
+_Lancet_, July 5, 1890.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+The Forms of Erotic Symbolism are Simulacra of Coitus--Wide
+Extension of Erotic Symbolism--Fetichism Not Covering the Whole
+Ground of Sexual Selection--It is Based on the Individual Factor in
+Selection--Crystallization--The Lover and the Artist--The Key to Erotic
+Symbolism to be Found in the Emotional Sphere--The Passage to Pathological
+Extremes.
+
+
+We have now examined several very various and yet very typical
+manifestations in all of which it is not difficult to see how, in some
+strange and eccentric form--on a basis of association through resemblance
+or contiguity or both combined--there arises a definite mimicry of the
+normal sexual act together with the normal emotions which accompany that
+act. It has become clear in what sense we are justified in recognizing
+erotic symbolism.
+
+    The symbolic and, as it were, abstracted nature of these
+    manifestations is shown by the remarkable way in which they are
+    sometimes capable of transference from the object to the subject.
+    That is to say that the fetichist may show a tendency to
+    cultivate his fetich in his own person. A foot-fetichist may like
+    to go barefoot himself; a man who admired lame women liked to
+    halt himself; a man who was attracted by small waists in women
+    found sexual gratification in tight-lacing himself; a man who was
+    fascinated by fine white skin and wished to cut it found
+    satisfaction in cutting his own skin; Moll's coprolagnic
+    fetichist found a voluptuous pleasure in his own acts of
+    defecation. (See, e.g., Krafft-Ebing, _Op. cit._, p. 221, 224,
+    226; Hammond, _Sexual Impotence_, p. 74; cf. _ante_, p. 68.) Such
+    symbolic transference seems to have a profoundly natural basis,
+    for we may see a somewhat similar phenomenon in the well-known
+    tendency of cows to mount a cow in heat. This would appear to be,
+    not so much a homosexual impulse, as the dynamic psychic action
+    of an olfactory sexual symbol in a transformed form.
+
+    We seem to have here a psychic process which is a curious
+    reversal of that process of _Einfühlung_--the projection of one's
+    own activities into the object contemplated--which Lipps has so
+    fruitfully developed as the essence of every æsthetic condition.
+    (T. Lipps, _Æsthetik_, Teil I, 1903.) By _Einfühlung_ our own
+    interior activity becomes the activity of the object perceived,
+    a thing being beautiful in proportion as it lends itself to our
+    _Einfühlung_. But by this action of erotic symbolism, on the
+    other hand, we transfer the activity of the object into
+    ourselves.
+
+When the idea of erotic symbolism as manifested in such definite and
+typical forms becomes realized, it further becomes clear that the vaguer
+manifestations of such symbolism are exceedingly widespread. When in a
+previous volume we were discussing and drawing together the various
+threads which unite "Love and Pain," it will now be understood that we
+were standing throughout on the threshold of erotic symbolism. Pain
+itself, in the sense in which we slowly learned to define it in this
+relationship--as a state of intense emotional excitement--may, under a
+great variety of special circumstances, become an erotic symbol and afford
+the same relief as the emotions normally accompanying the sexual act.
+Active algolagnia or sadism is thus a form of erotic symbolism; passive
+algolagnia or masochism is (in a man) an inverted form of erotic
+symbolism. Active flagellation or passive flagellation are, in exactly the
+same way, manifestations of erotic symbolism, the imaginative mimicry of
+coitus.
+
+Binet and also Krafft-Ebing[64] have argued in effect that the whole of
+sexual selection is a matter of fetichism, that is to say, of erotic
+symbolism of object. "Normal love," Binet states, "appears as the result
+of a complicated fetichism." Tarde also seems to have regarded love as
+normally a kind of fetichism. "We are a long time before we fall in love
+with a woman," he remarks; "we must wait to see the detail which strikes
+and delights us, and causes us to overlook what displeases us. Only in
+normal love the details are many and always changing. Constancy in love is
+rarely anything else but a voyage around the beloved person, a voyage of
+exploration and ever new discoveries. The most faithful lover does not
+love the same woman in the same way for two days in succession."[65]
+
+From that point of view normal sexual love is the sway of a fetich--more
+or less arbitrary, more or less (as Binet terms it) polytheistic--and it
+can have little objective basis. But, as we saw when considering "Sexual
+Selection in Man" in the previous volume, more especially when analyzing
+the notion of beauty, we are justified in believing that beauty has to a
+large extent an objective basis, and that love by no means depends simply
+on the capricious selection of some individual fetich. The individual
+factor, as we saw, is but one of many factors which constitute beauty. In
+the study of sexual selection that individual factor was passed over very
+lightly. We now see that it is often a factor of great importance, for in
+it are rooted all these outgrowths--normal in their germs, highly abnormal
+in their more extreme developments--which make up erotic symbolism.
+
+Erotic symbolism is therefore concerned with all that is least generic,
+least specific, all that is most intimately personal and individual, in
+sexual selection. It is the final point in which the decreasing circle of
+sexual attractiveness is fixed. In the widest and most abstract form
+sexual selection in man is merely human, and we are attracted to that
+which bears most fully the marks of humanity; in a less abstract form it
+is sexual, and we are attracted to that which most vigorously presents the
+secondary sexual characteristics; still narrowing, it is the type of our
+own nation and people that appeals most strongly to us in matters of love;
+and still further concentrating we are affected by the ideal--in
+civilization most often the somewhat exotic ideal--of our own day, the
+fashion of our own city. But the individual factor still remains, and amid
+the infinite possibilities of erotic symbolism the individual may evolve
+an ideal which is often, as far as he knows and perhaps in actuality, an
+absolutely unique event in the history of the human soul.
+
+Erotic symbolism works in its finer manifestations by means of the
+idealizing aptitudes; it is the field of sexual psychology in which that
+faculty of crystallization, on which Stendhal loved to dwell, achieves its
+most brilliant results. In the solitary passage in which we seem to see a
+smile on the face of the austere poet of the _De Rerum Naturâ_, Lucretius
+tells us how every lover, however he may be amused by the amorous
+extravagances of other men, is himself blinded by passion: if his mistress
+is black she is a fascinating brunette, if she squints she is the rival of
+Pallas, if too tall she is majestic, if too short she is one of the
+Graces, _tota merum sal_; if too lean it is her delicate refinement, if
+too fat then a Ceres, dirty and she disdains adornment, a chatterer and
+brilliantly vivacious, silent and it is her exquisite modesty.[66] Sixteen
+hundred years later Robert Burton, when describing the symptoms of love,
+made out a long and appalling list of the physical defects which the lover
+is prepared to admire.[67]
+
+Yet we must not be too certain that the lover is wrong in this matter. We
+too hastily assume that the casual and hasty judgment of the world is
+necessarily more reliable, more conformed to what we call "truth," than
+the judgment of the lover which is founded on absorbed and patient study.
+In some cases where there is lack of intelligence in the lover and
+dissimulation in the object of his love, it may be so. But even a poem or
+a picture will often not reveal its beauty except by the expenditure of
+time and study. It is foolish to expect that the secret beauty of a human
+person will reveal itself more easily. The lover is an artist, an artist
+who constructs an image, it is true, but only by patient and concentrated
+attention to nature; he knows the defects of his image, probably better
+than anyone, but he knows also that art lies, not in the avoidance of
+defects, but in the realization of those traits which swallow up defects
+and so render them non-existent. A great artist, Rodin, after a life spent
+in the study of Nature, has declared that for art there is no ugliness in
+Nature. "I have arrived at this belief by the study of Nature," he said;
+"I can only grasp the beauty of the soul by the beauty of the body, but
+some day one will come who will explain what I only catch a glimpse of and
+will declare how the whole earth is beautiful, and all human beings
+beautiful. I have never been able to say this in sculpture so well as I
+wish and as I feel it affirmed within me. For poets Beauty has always
+been some particular landscape, some particular woman; but it should be
+all women, all landscapes. A negro or a Mongol has his beauty, however
+remote from ours, and it must be the same with their characters. There is
+no ugliness. When I was young I made that mistake, as others do; I could
+not undertake a woman's bust unless I thought her pretty, according to my
+particular idea of beauty; to-day I should do the bust of any woman, and
+it would be just as beautiful. And however ugly a woman may look, when she
+is with her lover she becomes beautiful; there is beauty in her character,
+in her passions, and beauty exists as soon as character or passion becomes
+visible, for the body is a casting on which passions are imprinted. And
+even without that, there is always the blood that flows in the veins and
+the air that fills the lungs."[68]
+
+The saint, also, is here at one with the lover and the artist. The man who
+has so profoundly realized the worth of his fellow men that he is ready
+even to die in order to save them, feels that he has discovered a great
+secret. Cyples traces the "secret delights" that have thus risen in the
+hearts of holy men to the same source as the feelings generated between
+lovers, friends, parents, and children. "A few have at intervals walked in
+the world," he remarks, "who have, each in his own original way, found out
+this marvel.... Straightway man in general has become to them so sweet a
+thing that the infatuation has seemed to the rest of their fellows to be a
+celestial madness. Beggars' rags to their unhesitating lips grew fit for
+kissing, because humanity had touched the garb; there were no longer any
+menial acts, but only welcome services.... Remember by how much man is the
+subtlest circumstance in the world; at how many points he can attach
+relationships; how manifold and perennial he is in his results. All other
+things are dull, meager, tame beside him."[69]
+
+It may be added that even if we still believe that lover and artist and
+saint are drawing the main elements of their conceptions from the depths
+of their own consciousness, there is a sense in which they are coming
+nearer to the truth of things than those for whom their conceptions are
+mere illusions. The aptitude for realizing beauty has involved an
+adjustment of the nerves and the associated brain centers through
+countless ages that began before man was. When the vision of supreme
+beauty is slowly or suddenly realized by anyone, with a reverberation that
+extends throughout his organism, he has attained to something which for
+his species, and for far more than his species, is truth, and can only be
+illusion to one who has artificially placed himself outside the stream of
+life.
+
+    In an essay on "The Gods as Apparitions of the Race-Life," Edward
+    Carpenter, though in somewhat Platonic phraseology, thus well
+    states the matter: "The youth sees the girl; it may be a chance
+    face, a chance outline, amid the most banal surroundings. But it
+    gives the cue. There is a memory, a confused reminiscence. The
+    mortal figure without penetrates to the immortal figure within,
+    and there rises into consciousness a shining form, glorious, not
+    belonging to this world, but vibrating with the agelong life of
+    humanity, and the memory of a thousand love-dreams. The waking of
+    this vision intoxicates the man; it glows and burns within him; a
+    goddess (it may be Venus herself) stands in the sacred place of
+    his temple; a sense of awe-struck splendor fills him, and the
+    world is changed." "He sees something" (the same writer continues
+    in a subsequent essay, "Beauty and Duty") "which, in a sense, is
+    more real than the figures in the street, for he sees something
+    that has lived and moved for hundreds of years in the heart of
+    the race; something which has been one of the great formative
+    influences of his own life, and which has done as much to create
+    those very figures in the street as qualities in the circulation
+    of the blood may do to form a finger or other limb. He comes into
+    touch with a very real Presence or Power--one of those organic
+    centers of growth in the life of humanity--and feels this larger
+    life within himself, subjective, if you like, and yet intensely
+    objective. And more. For is it not also evident that the woman,
+    the mortal woman who excites his Vision, _has_ some closest
+    relation to it, and is, indeed, far more than a mere mask or
+    empty formula which reminds him of it? For she indeed has within
+    her, just as much as the man has, deep subconscious Powers
+    working; and the ideal which has dawned so entrancingly on the
+    man is in all probability closely related to that which has been
+    working most powerfully in the heredity of the woman, and which
+    has most contributed to mold _her_ form and outline. No wonder,
+    then, that her form should remind him of it. Indeed, when he
+    looks into her eyes he sees _through_ to a far deeper life even
+    than she herself may be aware of, and yet which is truly hers--a
+    life perennial and wonderful. The more than mortal in him beholds
+    the more than mortal in her; and the gods descend to meet."
+    (Edward Carpenter, _The Art of Creation_, pp. 137, 186.)
+
+It is this mighty force which lies behind and beneath the aberrations we
+have been concerned with, a great reservoir from which they draw the
+life-blood that vivifies even their most fantastic shapes. Fetichism and
+the other forms of erotic symbolism are but the development and the
+isolation of the crystallizations which normally arise on the basis of
+sexual selection. Normal in their basis, in their extreme forms they
+present the utmost pathological aberrations of the sexual instinct which
+can be attained or conceived. In the intermediate space all degrees are
+possible. In the slightest degree the symbol is merely a specially
+fascinating and beloved feature in a person who is, in all other respects,
+felt to be lovable; as such its recognition is a legitimate part of
+courtship, an effective aid to tumescence. In a further degree the symbol
+is the one arresting and attracting character of a person who must,
+however, still be felt as a sexually attractive individual. In a still
+further degree of perversion the symbol is effective, even though the
+person with whom it is associated is altogether unattractive. In the final
+stage the person and even all association with a person disappear
+altogether from the field of sexual consciousness; the abstract symbol
+rules supreme.
+
+Long, however, before the symbol has reached that final climax of morbid
+intensity we may be said to have passed beyond the sphere of sexual love.
+A person, not an abstracted quality, must be the goal of love. So long as
+the fetich is subordinated to the person it serves to heighten love. But
+love must be based on a complexus of attractive qualities, or it has no
+stability.[70] As soon as the fetich becomes isolated and omnipotent, so
+that the person sinks into the background as an unimportant appendage of
+the fetich, all stability is lost. The fetichist now follows an impersonal
+and abstract symbol withersoever it may lead him.
+
+It has been seen that there are an extraordinary number of forms in which
+erotic symbolism may be felt. It must be remembered, and it cannot be too
+distinctly emphasized, that the links that bind together the forms of
+erotic symbolism are not to be found in objects or even in acts, but in
+the underlying emotion. A feeling is the first condition of the symbol, a
+feeling which recalls, by a subtle and unconscious automatic association
+of resemblance or of contiguity, some former feeling. It is the similarity
+of emotion, instinctively apprehended, which links on a symbol only
+partially sexual, or even apparently not sexual at all, to the great
+central focus of sexual emotion, the great dominating force which brings
+the symbol its life-blood.[71]
+
+The cases of sexual hyperæsthesia, quoted at the beginning of this study,
+do but present in a morbidly comprehensive and sensitive form those
+possibilities of erotic symbolism which, in some degree, or at some
+period, are latent in most persons. They are genuinely instinctive and
+automatic, and have nothing in common with that fanciful and deliberate
+play of the intelligence around sexual imagery--not infrequently seen in
+abnormal and insane persons--which has no significance for sexual
+psychology.
+
+It is to the extreme individualization involved by the developments of
+erotic symbolism that the fetichist owes his morbid and perilous
+isolation. The lover who is influenced by all the elements of sexual
+selection is always supported by the fellow-feeling of a larger body of
+other human beings; he has behind him his species, his sex, his nation, or
+at the very least a fashion. Even the inverted lover in most cases is soon
+able to create around him an atmosphere constituted by persons whose
+ideals resemble his own. But it is not so with the erotic symbolist. He is
+nearly always alone. He is predisposed to isolation from the outset, for
+it would seem to be on a basis of excessive shyness and timidity that the
+manifestations of erotic symbolism are most likely to develop. When at
+length the symbolist realizes his own aspirations--which seem to him for
+the most part an altogether new phenomenon in the world--and at the same
+time realizes the wide degree in which they deviate from those of the rest
+of mankind, his natural secretiveness is still further reinforced. He
+stands alone. His most sacred ideals are for all those around him a
+childish absurdity, or a disgusting obscenity, possibly a matter calling
+for the intervention of the policeman. We have forgotten that all these
+impulses which to us seem so unnatural--this adoration of the foot and
+other despised parts of the body, this reverence for the excretory acts
+and products, the acceptance of congress with animals, the solemnity of
+self-exhibition--were all beliefs and practices which, to our remote
+forefathers, were bound up with the highest conceptions of life and the
+deepest ardors of religion.
+
+A man cannot, however, deviate at once so widely and so spontaneously in
+his impulses from the rest of the world in which he himself lives without
+possessing an aboriginally abnormal temperament. At the very least he
+exhibits a neuropathic sensitiveness to abnormal impressions. Not
+infrequently there is more than this, the distinct stigmata of
+degeneration, sometimes a certain degree of congenital feeble-mindedness
+or a tendency to insanity.
+
+Yet, regarded as a whole, and notwithstanding the frequency with which
+they witness to congenital morbidity, the phenomena of erotic symbolism
+can scarcely fail to be profoundly impressive to the patient and impartial
+student of the human soul. They often seem absurd, sometimes disgusting,
+occasionally criminal; they are always, when carried to an extreme degree,
+abnormal. But of all the manifestations of sexual psychology, normal and
+abnormal, they are the most specifically human. More than any others they
+involve the potently plastic force of the imagination. They bring before
+us the individual man, not only apart from his fellows, but in opposition,
+himself creating his own paradise. They constitute the supreme triumph of
+human idealism.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[64] Binet, _Etudes de Psychologie Expérimentale_, esp., p. 84;
+Krafft-Ebing, _Op. cit._, p. 18.
+
+[65] G. Tarde, "L'Amour Morbide," _Archives de l'Anthropologie
+Criminelle_, 1890, p. 585.
+
+[66] Lucretius, Lib. IV, vv. 1150-1163.
+
+[67] Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. III,
+Subs. I.
+
+[68] Judith Cladel, _Auguste Rodin Pris sur la Vie_, 1903, pp. 103-104.
+Some slight modifications have been made in the translation of this
+passage on account of the conversational form of the original.
+
+[69] W. Cyples, _The Process of Human Experience_, p. 462. Even if (as we
+have already seen, _ante_, p. 58) the saint cannot always feel actual
+physical pleasure in the intimate contact of humanity, the ardor of
+devoted service which his vision of humanity arouses remains unaffected.
+
+[70] "To love," as Stendhal defined it (_De l'Amour_, Chapter II), "is to
+have pleasure in seeing, touching, and feeling by all the senses, and as
+near as possible, a beloved object by whom one is oneself loved."
+
+[71] Pillon's study of "La Mémoire Affective" (_Revue Philosophique_,
+February, 1901) helps to explain the psychic mechanism of the process.
+
+
+
+
+THE MECHANISM OF DETUMESCENCE.
+
+I.
+
+The Psychological Significance of Detumescence--The Testis and the
+Ovary--Sperm Cell and Germ Cell--Development of the Embryo--The External
+Sexual Organs--Their Wide Range of Variation--Their Nervous Supply--The
+Penis--Its Racial Variations--The Influence of Exercise--The Scrotum and
+Testicles--The Mons Veneris--The Vulva--The Labia Majora and their
+Varieties--The Pubic Hair and Its Characters--The Clitoris and Its
+Functions--The Anus as an Erogenous Zone--The Nymphæ and their
+Function--The Vagina--The Hymen--Virginity--The Biological Significance of
+the Hymen.
+
+
+In analyzing the sexual impulse we have seen that the process whereby the
+conjunction of the sexes is achieved falls naturally into two phases: the
+first phase, of tumescence, during which force is generated in the
+organism, and the second phase, of detumescence, in which that force is
+discharged during conjugation.[72] Hitherto we have been occupied mainly
+with the first phase, that of tumescence, and with its associated psychic
+phenomena. It was inevitable that this should be so, for it is during the
+slow process of tumescence that sexual selection is decided, the
+crystallizations of love elaborated, and, to a large extent, the
+individual erotic symbols determined. But we can by no means altogether
+pass over the final phase of detumescence. Its consideration, it is true,
+brings us directly into the field of anatomy and physiology; while
+tumescence is largely under control of the will, when the moment of
+detumescence arrives the reins slip from the control of the will; the more
+fundamental and uncontrollable impulses of the organism gallop on
+unchecked; the chariot of Phaëthon dashes blindly down into a sea of
+emotion.
+
+Yet detumescence is the end and climax of the whole drama; it is an
+anatomico-physiological process, certainly, but one that inevitably
+touches psychology at every point.[73] It is, indeed, the very key to the
+process of tumescence, and unless we understand and realize very precisely
+what it is that happens during detumescence, our psychological analysis of
+the sexual impulse must remain vague and inadequate.
+
+From the point of view we now occupy, a man and a woman are no longer two
+highly sensitive organisms vibrating, voluptuously it may indeed be, but
+vaguely and indefinitely, to all kinds of influences and with fluctuating
+impulses capable of being directed into any channel, even in the highest
+degree divergent from the proper ends of procreation. They are now two
+genital organisms who exist to propagate the race, and whatever else they
+may be, they must be adequately constituted to effect the act by which the
+future of the race is ensured. We have to consider what are the material
+conditions which ensure the most satisfactory and complete fulfillment of
+this act, and how those conditions may be correlated with other
+circumstances in the organism. In thus approaching the subject we shall
+find that we have not really abandoned the study of the psychic aspects of
+sex.
+
+The two most primary sexual organs are the testis and the ovary; it is the
+object of conjugation to bring into contact the sperm from the testis with
+the germ from the ovary. There is no reason to suppose that the germ-cell
+and the sperm-cell are essentially different from each other. Sexual
+conjugation thus remains a process which is radically the same as the
+non-sexual mode of propagation which preceded it. The fusion of the nuclei
+of the two cells was regarded by Van Beneden, who in 1875 first accurately
+described it, as a process of conjugation comparable to that of the
+protozoa and the protophyta. Boveri, who has further extended our
+knowledge of the process, considers that the spermatozoon removes an
+inhibitory influence preventing the commencement of development in the
+ovum; the spermatozoon replaces a portion of the ovum which has already
+undergone degeneration, so that the object of conjugation is chiefly to
+effect the union of the properties of two cells in one, sexual
+fertilization achieving a division of labor with reciprocal inhibition;
+the two cells have renounced their original faculty of separate
+development in order to attain a fusion of qualities and thus render
+possible that production of new forms and qualities which has involved the
+progress of the organized world.[74]
+
+While in fishes this conjugation of the male and female elements is
+usually ensured by the female casting her spawn into an artificial nest
+outside the body, on to which the male sheds his milt, in all animals
+(and, to some extent, birds, who occupy an intermediate position) there is
+an organic nest, or incubation chamber as Bland Sutton terms it, the womb,
+in the female body, wherein the fertilized egg may develop to a high
+degree of maturity sheltered from those manifold risks of the external
+world which make it necessary for the spawn of fishes to be so enormous in
+amount. Since, however, men and women have descended from remote ancestors
+who, in the manner of aquatic creatures, exercised functions of
+sperm-extrusion and germ-extrusion that were exactly analogous in the two
+sexes, without any specialized female uterine organization, the early
+stages of human male and female foetal development still display the
+comparatively undifferentiated sexual organization of those remote
+ancestors, and during the first months of foetal life it is practically
+impossible to tell by the inspection of the genital regions whether the
+embryo would have developed into a man or into a woman. If we examine the
+embryo at an early stage of development we see that the hind end is the
+body stalk, this stalk in later stages becoming part of the umbilical
+cord. The urogenital region, formed by the rapid extension of the hind
+end beyond its original limit, which corresponds to what is later the
+umbilicus, develops mainly by the gradual differentiation of structures
+(the Wolffian and Müllerian bodies) which originally exist identically in
+both sexes. This process of sexual differentiation is highly complex, so
+that it cannot yet be said that there is complete agreement among
+investigators as to its details. When some irregularity or arrest of
+development occurs in the process we have one or other of the numerous
+malformations which may affect this region. If the arrest occurs at a very
+early stage we may even find a condition of things which seems to
+approximate to that which normally exists in the adult reptilia.[75] Owing
+to the fact that both male and female organs develop from more primitive
+structures which were sexually undifferentiated, a fundamental analogy in
+the sexual organs of the sexes always remains; the developed organs of one
+sex exist as rudiments in the other sex; the testicles correspond to the
+ovaries; the female clitoris is the homologue of the male penis; the
+scrotum of one sex is the labia majora in the other sex, and so
+throughout, although it is not always possible at present to be quite
+certain in regard to these homologics.
+
+Since the object to be attained by the sexual organs in the human species
+is identical with that which they subserve in their pre-human ancestors,
+it is not surprising to find that these structures have a clear
+resemblance to the corresponding structures in the apes, although on the
+whole there would appear to be in man a higher degree of sexual
+differentiation. Thus the uterus of various species of _semnopithecus_
+seems to show a noteworthy correspondence with the same organ in
+woman.[76] The somewhat less degree of sexual differentiation is well
+shown in the gorilla; in the male the external organs are in the passive
+state covered by the wrinkled skin of the abdomen, while in the female,
+on the contrary, they are very apparent, and in sexual excitement the
+large clitoris and nymphæ become markedly prominent. The penis of the
+gorilla, however, more nearly resembles that of man, according to
+Hartmann, than does that of the other anthropoid apes, which diverge from
+the human type in this respect more than do the cynocephalic apes and some
+species of baboon.
+
+From the psychological point of view we are less interested in the
+internal sexual organs, which are most fundamentally concerned with the
+production and reception of the sexual elements, than with the more
+external parts of the genital apparatus which serve as the instruments of
+sexual excitation, and the channels for the intromission and passage of
+the seminal fluid. It is these only which can play any part at all in
+sexual selection; they are the only part of the sexual apparatus which can
+enter into the formation of either normal or abnormal erotic conceptions;
+they are the organs most prominently concerned with detumescence; they
+alone enter normally into the conscious process of sex at any time. It
+seems desirable, therefore, to discuss them briefly at this point.
+
+    Our knowledge of the individual and racial variations of the
+    external sexual organs is still extremely imperfect. A few
+    monographs and collections of data on isolated points may be
+    found in more or less inaccessible publications. As regards
+    women, Ploss and Bartels have devoted a chapter to the sexual
+    organs of women which extends to a hundred pages, but remains
+    scanty and fragmentary. (_Das Weib_, vol. i, Chapter VI.) The
+    most systematic series of observations have been made in the case
+    of the various kinds of degenerates--idiots, the insane,
+    criminals, etc.--but it would be obviously unsafe to rely too
+    absolutely on such investigations for our knowledge of the sexual
+    organs of the ordinary population.
+
+    There can be no doubt, however, that the external sexual organs
+    in normal men and women exhibit a peculiarly wide range of
+    variation. This is indicated not only by the unsystematic results
+    attained by experienced observers, but also by more systematic
+    studies. Thus Herman has shown by detailed measurements that
+    there are great normal variations in the conformation of the
+    parts that form the floor of the female pelvis. He found that the
+    projection of the pelvic floor varied from nothing to as much as
+    two inches, and that in healthy women who had borne no children
+    the distance between the coccyx and anus, the length of the
+    perineum, the distance between the fourchette and the symphysis
+    pubis, and the length of the vagina are subject to wide
+    variations. (_Lancet_, October 12, 1889.) Even the female
+    urethral opening varies very greatly, as has been shown by Bergh,
+    who investigated it in nearly 700 women and reproduces the
+    various shapes found; while most usually (in about a third of the
+    cases observed), a longitudinal slit, it may be cross-shaped,
+    star-shaped, crescentic, etc.; and while sometimes very small, in
+    about 6 per cent. of the cases it admitted the tip of the little
+    finger. (Bergh, _Monatsheft für Praktische Dermatologie_, 15
+    Sept., 1897.)
+
+    As regards both sexes, Stanley Hall states that "Dr. F.N.
+    Seerley, who has examined over 2000 normal young men as well as
+    many young women, tells me that in his opinion individual
+    variations in these parts are much greater even than those of
+    face and form, and that the range of adult and apparently normal
+    size and proportion, as well as function, and of both the age and
+    order of development, not only of each of the several parts
+    themselves, but of all their immediate annexes, and in females as
+    well as males, is far greater than has been recognized by any
+    writer. This fact is the basis of the anxieties and fears of
+    morphological abnormality so frequent during adolescence." (G.S.
+    Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. i, p. 414).
+
+In accordance with the supreme importance of the part they play, and the
+intimately psychic nature of that part, the sexual organs, both internal
+and external, are very richly supplied with nerves. While the internal
+organs are very abundantly furnished with sympathetic nerves and ganglia,
+the external organs show the highest possible degree of specialization of
+the various peripheral nervous devices which the organism has developed
+for receiving, accumulating, and transmitting stimuli to the brain.[77]
+
+    "The number of conducting cords which attach the genitals to the
+    nervous centers is simply enormous," writes Bryan Robinson; "the
+    pudic nerve is composed of nearly all the third sacral and
+    branches from the second and fourth sacral. As one examines this
+    nerve he is forced to the conclusion that it is an enormous
+    supply for a small organ. The periphery of the pudic nerve
+    spreads itself like a fan over the genitals." The lesser sciatic
+    nerve supplies only one muscle--the gluteus maximus--and then
+    sends the large pudendal branch to the side of the penis, and
+    hence the friction of coitus induces active contraction of the
+    gluteus maximus, "the main muscle of coition." The large pudic
+    and the pudendal constitute the main supply of the external
+    genitals. In women the pudic nerve is equally large, but the
+    pudendal much smaller, possibly, Bryan Robinson suggests, because
+    women take a less active part in coitus. The nerve supply of the
+    clitoris, however, is three or four times as large as that of the
+    penis in proportion to size. (F.B. Robinson, "The Intimate
+    Nervous Connection of the Genito-Urinary Organs With the
+    Cerebro-Spinal and Sympathetic Systems," _New York Medical
+    Journal_, March 11, 1893; id., _The Abdominal Brain_, 1899.)
+
+Of all the sexual organs the penis is without doubt that which has most
+powerfully impressed the human imagination. It is the very emblem of
+generation, and everywhere men have contemplated it with a mixture of
+reverence and shuddering awe that has sometimes, even among civilized
+peoples, amounted to horror and disgust. Its image is worn as an amulet to
+ward off evil and invoked as a charm to call forth blessing. The sexual
+organs were once the most sacred object on which a man could place his
+hands to swear an inviolate oath, just as now he takes up the Testament.
+Even in the traditions of the great classic civilization which we inherit
+the penis is _fascinus_, the symbol of all fascination. In the history of
+human culture it has had far more than a merely human significance; it has
+been the symbol of all the generative force of Nature, the embodiment of
+creative energy in the animal and vegetable worlds alike, an image to be
+held aloft for worship, the sign of all unconscious ecstasy. As a symbol,
+the sacred phallus, it has been woven in and out of all the highest and
+deepest human conceptions, so intimately that it is possible to see it
+everywhere, that it is possible to fail to see it anywhere.
+
+In correspondence with the importance of the penis is the large number of
+names which men have everywhere bestowed upon it. In French literature
+many hundred synonyms may be found. They were also numerous in Latin. In
+English the literary terms for the penis seem to be comparatively few, but
+a large number of non-literary synonyms exist in colloquial and perhaps
+merely local usage. The Latin term penis, which has established itself
+among us as the most correct designation, is generally considered to be
+associated with _pendere_ and to be connected therefore with the usually
+pendent position of the organ. In the middle ages the general literary
+term throughout Europe was _coles_ (or _colis_) from _caulis_, a stalk,
+and _virga_, a rod. The only serious English literary term, yard (exactly
+equivalent to _virga_), as used by Chaucer--almost the last great English
+writer whose vocabulary was adequate to the central facts of life--has now
+fallen out of literary and even colloquial usage.
+
+    Pierer and Chaulant, in their anatomical and physiological
+    _Real-Lexicon_ (vol. vi, p. 134), give nearly a hundred synonyms
+    for the penis. Hyrtl (_Topographisches Anatomie_, seventh
+    edition, vol. ii, pp. 67-69), adds others. Schurig, in his
+    _Spermatologia_ (1720, pp. 89-91), also presents a number of
+    names for the penis; in Chapter III (pp. 189-192) of the same
+    book he discusses the penis generally with more fullness than
+    most authors. Louis de Landes, in his _Glossaire Erotique_ of the
+    French language (pp. 239-242), enumerates several hundred
+    literary synonyms for the penis, though many of them probably
+    only occur once.
+
+    There is no thorough and comprehensive modern study of the penis
+    on an anthropological basis (though I should mention a valuable
+    and fully illustrated study of anthropological and pathological
+    variations of the penis in a series of articles by Marandon de
+    Montyel, "Des Anomalies des Organs Génitaux Externes Chez les
+    Aliénées," etc., _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1895),
+    and it would be out of place here to attempt to collect the
+    scattered notices regarding racial and other variations. It may
+    suffice to note some of the evidence showing that such variations
+    seem to be numerous and important. The Arab penis (according to
+    Kocher) is slender and long (a third longer than the average
+    European penis) and with a club-shaped glans. It undergoes little
+    change when it enters the erect state. The clothes leaves it
+    quite free, and the Arab practices manual excitement at an early
+    age to favor its development.
+
+    Among the Fuegians, also, according to Hyades and Deniker (_Cap
+    Horn_, vol. vii, p. 153), the average length of the penis is 77
+    millimeters, which is longer than in Europeans.
+
+    In men of black race, also, the penis is decidedly large. Thus
+    Sir H.H. Johnston (_British Central Africa_, p. 399) states this
+    to be a universal rule. Among the Wankenda of Northern Nyassa,
+    for instance, he remarks that, while the body is of medium size,
+    the penis is generally large. He gives the usual length as about
+    six inches, reaching nine or ten in erection. The prepuce, it is
+    added, is often very long, and circumcision is practiced by many
+    tribes.
+
+    Among the American negroes Hrdlicka has found, also (_Proceedings
+    American Association for the Advancement of Science_, vol. xlvii,
+    p. 475), that the penis in black boys is larger than in white
+    boys.
+
+    The passages cited above suggest the question whether the penis
+    becomes larger by exercise of its generative functions. Most old
+    authors assert that frequent erection makes the penis large and
+    long (Schurig, _Spermatologia_, p. 107). Galen noted that in
+    singers and athletes, who were chaste in order to preserve their
+    strength, the sexual parts were small and rugrose, like those of
+    old men, and that exercise of the organs from youth develops
+    them; Roubaud, quoting this observation (_Traité de
+    l'Impuissance_, p. 373), agrees with the statement. It seems
+    probable that there is an element of truth in this ancient
+    belief. At the same time it must be remembered that the penis is
+    only to small extent a muscular organ, and that the increase of
+    size produced by frequent congestion of erectile tissues cannot
+    be either rapid or pronounced. Variations in the size of the
+    sexual organs are probably on the whole mainly inherited, though
+    it is impossible to speak decisively on this point until more
+    systematic observations become customary.
+
+The scrotum has usually, in the human imagination, been regarded merely as
+an appendage of the penis, of secondary importance, although it is the
+garment of the primary and essential organs of sex, and the fact that it
+is not the seat of any voluptuous sensation has doubtless helped to
+confirm this position. Even the name is merely a mediæval perversion of
+_scortum_, skin or hide. In classic times it was usually called the pouch
+or purse. The importance of the testicles has not, however, been
+altogether ignored, as the very word _testis_ itself shows, for the
+_testis_ is simply the _witness_ of virility.[78]
+
+It is easy to understand why the penis should occupy this special place in
+man's thoughts as the supreme sexual organ. It is the one conspicuous and
+prominent portion of the sexual apparatus, while its aptitude for swelling
+and erecting itself involuntarily, under the influence of sexual emotion,
+gives it a peculiar and almost unique position in the body. At the same
+time it is the point at which, in the male body, all voluptuous sensation
+is concentrated, the only normal masculine center of sex.[79]
+
+It is not easy to find any correspondingly conspicuous symbol of sex in
+the sexual region of women. In the normal position nothing is visible but
+the peculiarly human cushion of fat picturesquely termed the Mons Veneris
+(because, as Palfyn said, all those who enroll themselves under the banner
+of Venus must necessarily scale it), and even that is veiled from view in
+the adult by the more or less bushy plantation of hair which grows upon
+it. A triangle of varyingly precise definition is thus formed at the lower
+apex of the trunk, and this would sometimes appear to have been regarded
+as a feminine symbol.[80] But the more usual and typical symbol of
+femininity is the idealized ring (by some savages drawn as a lozenge) of
+the vulvar opening--the _yoni_ corresponding to the masculine
+_lingam_--which is normally closed from view by the larger lips arising
+from beneath the shadow of the _mons_. It is a symbol that, like the
+masculine phallus, has a double meaning among primitive peoples and is
+sometimes used to call down a blessing and sometimes to invoke a
+curse.[81]
+
+This external opening of the feminine genital passage with its two
+enclosing lips is now generally called the vulva. It would appear that
+originally (as by Celsus and Pliny) this term included the womb, also, but
+when the term "uterus" came into use "vulva" was confined (as its sense of
+folding doors suggests that it should be) to the external entrance. The
+classic term _cunnus_ for the external genitals was chiefly used by the
+poets; it has been the etymological source of various European names for
+this region, such as the old French _con_, which has now, however,
+disappeared from literature while even in popular usage it has given place
+to _lapin_ and similar terms. But there is always a tendency, marked in
+most parts of the world, for the names of the external female parts to
+become indecorous. Even in classic antiquity this part was the _pudendum_,
+the part to be ashamed of, and among ourselves the mass of the
+population, still preserving the traditions of primitive times, continue
+to cherish the same notion.
+
+    The anatomy, anthropology, folk-lore, and terminology of the
+    external and to some extent the internal feminine sexual region
+    may be studied in the following publications, among others:
+    Ploss, _Das Weib_, vol. i, Chapter VI; Hyrtl, _Topographisches
+    Anatomie_, vol. ii, and other publications by the same scholarly
+    anatomist; W.J. Stewart Mackay, _History of Ancient Gynæcology_,
+    especially pp. 244-250; R. Bergh, "Symbolæ ad Cognitionem
+    Genitalium Externorum Foeminearum" (in Danish),
+    _Hospitalstidende_, August, 1894; and also in _Monatshefte für
+    Praktische Dermatologie_, 1897. D.S. Lamb, "The Female External
+    Genital Organs," _New York Journal of Gynæcology_, August, 1894;
+    R.L. Dickinson, "Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their
+    Significance," _American Gynecology_, September, 1902; Kryptadia
+    (in various languages), vol. viii, pp. 3-11, 11-13, and many
+    other passages. Several of Schurig's works (especially
+    _Gynæcologia_, _Muliebria_, and _Parthenologia_) contain full
+    summaries of the statements of the early writers.
+
+The external or larger lips, like the mons veneris, are specifically human
+in their full development, for in the anthropoid apes they are small as is
+the mons, and in the lower apes absent altogether; they are, moreover,
+larger in the white than in the other human races. Thus in the negro, and
+to a less degree in the Japanese (Wernich) and the Javanese (Scherzer)
+they are less developed than in women of white race. The greater lips
+develop in the foetus later than the lesser lips, which are thus at first
+uncovered; this condition thus constitutes an infantile state which
+occasionally (in less than 2 per cent. of cases, according to Bergh)
+persists in the adult. Their generally accepted name, labia majora, is
+comparatively modern.[82]
+
+    The outer sides of the labia majora are covered with hair, and on
+    the inner sides, which are smooth and moist, but are not true
+    mucous membrane, there are a few sweat glands and numerous large
+    sebaceous glands. Bergh considers that there is little or no hair
+    on the inner sides of the labia majora, but Lamb states that
+    careful examination shows that from one- to two-thirds of the
+    inner surface in adult women show hairs like those of the
+    external surface. In brunettes and women of dark races this
+    surface is pigmented; in dark races it is usually a slate gray.
+    From an examination of 2200 young Danish prostitutes Bergh has
+    found that there are two main varieties in the shape of the labia
+    majora, with transitional forms. In the first and most frequent
+    form the labia tend to be less marked and more effaced and
+    separated at the upper and anterior part, often being lost in the
+    sides of the mons and presenting a fissure which is broader in
+    its upper part and showing the inner lips more or less bare. In
+    the second form the labia are thicker and more outstanding and
+    the inner edges lie in contact throughout their whole length,
+    showing the _rima pudendi_ as a long narrow fissure. Whatever the
+    form, the labia close more tightly together in virgins and in
+    young individuals generally than in the deflowered and the
+    elderly. In children, as Martineau pointed out, the vulva appears
+    to look directly forward and the clitoris and urinary meatus
+    easily appear, while in adult women, and especially after
+    attempts at coitus have been made, the vulva appears directed
+    more below and behind, and the clitoris and meatus more covered
+    by the labia majora; so that the child urinates forward, while
+    the adult woman is usually able to urinate almost directly
+    downwards in the erect position, though in some cases (as may
+    occasionally be observed in the street) she can only do so when
+    bending slightly forwards. This difference in the direction of
+    the stream formerly furnished one of the methods of diagnosing
+    virginity, an uncertain one, since the difference is largely due
+    to age and individual variation. The main factor in the position
+    and aspect of the vulva is pelvic inclination. (See Havelock
+    Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition, p. 64; Stratz, _Die
+    Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, Chapter XII.) In the European
+    woman, according to Stratz, a considerable degree of pelvic
+    inclination is essential to beauty, concealing all but the
+    anterior third of the vulva. In negresses and other women of
+    lower race the vulva, however, usually lies further back, being
+    more conspicuous from behind than in European women; in this
+    respect lower races resemble the apes. Those women of dark race,
+    therefore, whose modesty is focused behind rather than in front
+    thus have sound anatomical considerations on their side.
+
+    As Ploss and Bartels remark, a very common variation among
+    European women consists in an unusually posterior position of the
+    vulva and vaginal entrance, so that unless a cushion is placed
+    under the buttocks it is difficult for the man to effect coitus
+    in the usual position without giving much pain to the woman. They
+    add that another anomaly, less easy to remedy, consists in an
+    abnormally anterior position of the vaginal entrance close
+    beneath the pelvic bone, so that, although intromission is easy,
+    the spasmodic contraction of the vagina at the culmination of
+    orgasm presses the penis against the bone and causes intolerable
+    pain to the man.
+
+The mons veneris and the labia majora are, after the age of puberty,
+always normally covered by a more or less profuse growth of hair. It is
+notable that the apes, notwithstanding their general tendency to
+hairiness, show no such special development of hair in this region. We
+thus see that all the external and more conspicuous portions of the sexual
+sphere in woman--the mons veneris, the labia majora, and the
+hair--represent not so much an animal inheritance, such as we commonly
+misrepresent them to be, but a higher and genuinely human development. As
+none of these structures subserve any clear practical use, it would appear
+that they must have developed by sexual selection to satisfy the æsthetic
+demands of the eye.[83]
+
+    The character and arrangement of the pubic hair, investigated by
+    Eschricht and Voigt more than half a century ago, have been more
+    recently studied by Bergh. As these observers have pointed out,
+    there are various converging hair streams from above and below,
+    the clitoris seeming to be the center towards which they are
+    directed. The hair-covering thus formed is usually ample and, as
+    a rule, is more so in brunettes than in blondes. It is nearly
+    always bent, curly and more or less spirally twisted.[84] There
+    are frequently one or two curls at the commencement of the
+    fissure, rolled outwards, and occasionally a well marked tuft in
+    the middle line. In abundance the pubic hair corresponds with the
+    axillary hair; when one region is defective in hair the other is
+    usually so also. Strong eyebrows also usually indicate a strong
+    development of pubic hair. But the hair of the head usually
+    varies independently, and Bergh found that of 154 women with
+    spare pubic hair 72 had good and often profuse hair on the head.
+    Complete or almost complete absence of pubic hair is in Bergh's
+    experience only found in about 3 per cent. of women; these were
+    all young and blonde.
+
+Rothe, in his investigation of the pubic hair of 1000 Berlin women, found
+that no two women were really alike in this respect, but there was a
+tendency to two main types of arrangement, with minor subdivisions,
+according as the hair tended to grow chiefly in the middle line extending
+laterally from that line, or to grow equally over the whole extent of the
+pubic region; these two groups included half the cases investigated.
+
+    In men the pubic hair normally ascends anteriorly in a faint line
+    up to the navel, with tendency to form a triangle with the apex
+    above, and posteriorly extends backwards to the anus. In women
+    these anterior and posterior extensions are comparatively rare,
+    or at all events are only represented by a few stray hairs. Rothe
+    found this variation in 4 per cent. of North German women, though
+    a triangle of hair was only found in 2 per cent.; Lombroso found
+    it in 5 per cent, of Italian women; Bergh found it in only 1.6
+    per cent. among 1000 Danish prostitutes, all sixteen of whom with
+    three exceptions were brunettes. In Vienna, among 600 women, Coe
+    found only 1 per cent, with this distribution of hair, and states
+    that they were women of decidedly masculine type, though Ploss
+    and Bartels, as well as Rothe, find, however, that heterogeny, as
+    they term the masculine distribution, is more common in blondes.
+    The anterior extension of hair is usually accompanied by the
+    posterior extension around the anus, usually very slight, but
+    occasionally as pronounce as in men. (According to Rothe,
+    however, anterior heterogeny comparatively rare.) These masculine
+    variations in the extension of the pubic hair appear to be not
+    uncommonly associated with other physical and psychic anomalies;
+    it is on this account that they have sometimes been regarded as
+    indications of a vicious or a criminal temperament; they are,
+    however, found in quite normal women.
+
+    The pubic hair of women is usually shorter than that of men, but
+    thick, and the individual hairs stronger and larger in diameter
+    than those of men, as Pfaff first showed; dark hair is usually
+    stronger than light. In both length and size the individual
+    variations are considerable. The usual length is about 2 inches,
+    or 3-5 centimeters, occasionally reaching about 4 inches, or 9-10
+    centimeters, in the larger curls. In a series of 100 women
+    attended during confinement in London and the north of England I
+    have only once (in a rather blonde Lancashire woman) found the
+    hair on labia reaching a conspicuous length of several inches and
+    forming an obstruction to the manipulations involved in delivery.
+    But Jahn delivered a woman whose pubic hair was longer than that
+    of her head, reaching below her knee; Paulini also knew a woman
+    whose pubic hair nearly reached her knees and was sold to make
+    wigs; Bartholin mentions a soldier's wife who plaited her pubic
+    hair behind her back; while Brantôme has several references to
+    abnormally long hair in ladies of the French court during the
+    sixteenth century. In 8 cases out of 2200 Bergh found the pubic
+    hair forming a large curly wig extending to the iliac spines. The
+    individual hairs have occasionally been found so stiff and
+    brush-like as to render coitus difficult.
+
+    In color the pubic hair, while generally approximating to that of
+    the head, is sometimes (according to Rothe, in Germany, in
+    one-third cases) lighter, and sometimes somewhat darker, as is
+    found to be the case by Coe, especially in brunettes, and also by
+    Bergh, in Denmark. Bergh remarks that it is generally
+    intermediate in color between the eyebrows and the axillary hair,
+    the latter being more or less decolorized by sweat, and that,
+    owing to the influence of the urine and vaginal discharges, the
+    labial hair is paler than that on the mons; blondes with dark
+    eyebrows usually have dark hair on the mons. The hair on this
+    spot, as Aristotle observed, is usually the last to turn gray.
+
+The key to the genital apparatus in women from the psychic point of view,
+and, indeed, to some extent, its anatomical center, is to be found in the
+clitoris. Anatomically and developmentally the clitoris is the rudimentary
+analogue of the masculine penis. Functionally, however, its scope is very
+much smaller. While the penis both receives and imparts specific
+voluptuous sensations, and is at the same time both the intromittent organ
+for the semen and the conduit for the urine, the sole function of the
+clitoris is to enter into erection under the stress of sexual emotion and
+receive and transmit the stimulatory voluptuous sensations imparted to it
+by friction with the masculine genital apparatus. It is so insignificant
+an organ that it is only within recent times that its homology with the
+penis has been realized. In 1844 Kobelt wrote in his important book, _Die
+Mannlichen und Weiblichen Wollust-Organe_, that in his attempt to show
+that the female organs are exactly analogous to the male the reader will
+probably be unable to follow him, while even Johannes Müller, the father
+of scientific physiology, declared at about the same period that the
+clitoris is essentially different from the penis. It is indeed but three
+centuries since the clitoris was so little known that (in 1593) Realdus
+Columbus actually claimed the honor of discovering it. Columbus was not
+its discoverer, for Fallopius speedily showed that Avicenna and Albucasis
+had referred to it.[85] The Arabs appear to have been very familiar with
+it, and, from the various names they gave it, clearly understood the
+important part it plays in generating voluptuous emotion.[86] But it was
+known in classic antiquity; the Greeks called it myrton, the myrtle-berry;
+Galen and Soranus called it nymphê because it is covered as a bride is
+veiled, while the old Latin name was _tentigo_, from its power of entering
+into erection, and _columella_, the little pillar, from its shape. The
+modern term, which is Greek and refers to the sensitiveness of the part to
+voluptuous titillation, is said to have originated with Suidas and
+Pollux.[87] It was mentioned, though not adopted, by Rufus.
+
+"The clitoris," declared Haller, "is a part extremely sensible and
+wonderfully prurient." It is certainly the chief though by no means the
+only point through which the immediate call to detumescence is conveyed to
+the female organism. It is, indeed, as Bryan Robinson remarks, "a
+veritable electrical bell button which, being pressed or irritated, rings
+up the whole nervous system."
+
+    The nervous supply of this little organ is very large, and the
+    dorsal nerve of the clitoris is relatively three or four times
+    larger than that of the penis. Yet the sensitive point of this
+    organ is only 5 to 7 millimeters in extent. The length of the
+    clitoris is usually rather over 2 centimeters (or about an inch)
+    and 3 centimeters when erect; a length of 4 centimeters or more
+    was regarded by Martineau as within the normal range of
+    variation. It is not usual to find the clitoris longer than this
+    in Europe (for among some races like the negro the clitoris is
+    generally large), but all degrees of magnitude may be found as
+    rare exceptions. (See, e.g., Sir J.Y. Simpson, "Hermaphrodites,"
+    _Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions_, vol. ii, pp. 217-226; also
+    Dickinson, loc. cit.) It was formerly thought that the clitoris
+    is easily enlarged by masturbation, and Martineau believed that
+    in this way it might be doubled in length. It is probable that
+    slight enlargement of the clitoris may be caused by very
+    frequent masturbation, but only to an insignificant extent, and
+    it is impossible to diagnose masturbation from the size of the
+    clitoris. Among the women of Lake Nyassa, as well as in the
+    Caroline Islands, special methods are practiced for elongating
+    the clitoris, but in Europe, at all events, it is probable that
+    the variations in the size of the organ are mainly congenital. It
+    may well be that a congenitally large clitoris is associated with
+    an abnormally developed excitability of the sexual apparatus.
+    Tilt stated (_On Uterine and Ovarian Inflammation_, p. 37) that
+    in his experience there was a frequent though not invariable
+    connection between a large clitoris and sexual proclivity.
+    (Schurig referred to a case of intense and life-long sexual
+    obsession associated with an extremely large clitoris,
+    _Gynæcologia_, pp. 16-17.) Of recent years considerable
+    importance has been attached by some gynecologists (e.g., R.T.
+    Morris, "Is Evolution Trying to Do Away With the Clitoris?"
+    _Transactions American Association of Obstetricians and
+    Gynecologists_, vol. v, 1893) to preputial adhesions around the
+    clitoris as a source of nervous disturbance and invalidism in
+    young women.
+
+While the clitoris is anatomically analogous to the penis, its actual
+mechanism under the stress of sexual excitement is somewhat different. As
+Liétaud long since pointed out, it cannot rise freely in erection as the
+penis can; it is apparently bound down by its prepuce and its frenulum.
+Waldeyer, in his book on the pelvis, states more precisely that, unlike
+the penis, when erect it retains its angle, only this becomes somewhat
+rounded so that the organ is to some slight extent lifted and protruded.
+Waldeyer considered that the clitoris was thus perfectly fitted to fulfill
+its part as the recipient of erotic stimulation from friction by the
+penis. Adler, however, has pointed out with considerable justice, that
+this is not altogether the case. The clitoris was developed in mammals who
+practiced the posterior mode of coitus; in this position the clitoris was
+beneath the penis, which was thus easily able in coitus to press it
+against the pubic bone close beneath which it is situated, and thus impart
+the compression and friction which the feminine organ craves. But in the
+human anterior mode of coitus it is not necessarily brought into close
+contact with the penis during the act of coitus, and thus fails to receive
+powerful stimulation. Its restricted position, which is an advantage in
+posterior coitus, is a disadvantage in anterior coitus. Adler observes
+that it thus comes about that the human method of coitus, while by
+bringing breast to breast and face to face it has added a new dignity and
+refinement, a fresh source of enjoyment, to the embrace of the sexes, has
+not been an unmixed advantage to woman, for while man has lost nothing by
+the change, woman has now to contend with an increased difficulty in
+attaining an adequate amount of pressure on that "electric button" which
+normally sets the whole mechanism in operation.[88]
+
+We may well bring into connection with the changed conditions brought
+about by anterior coitus the interesting fact that while the clitoris
+remains the most exquisitely sensitive of the sexual centers in woman,
+voluptuous sensitivity is much more widely diffused in woman than in man.
+Over the whole body, indeed, it is apt to be more distinctly marked than
+is usually the case in man. But even if we confine ourselves to the
+genital region, while in man that portion of the penis which enters the
+vagina, and especially the glans, is normally the only portion which, even
+during turgescence, is sensitive to voluptuous contacts, in woman the
+whole of the region comprised within the larger lips, including even the
+anus and internally the vagina and the vaginal portion of the womb,[89]
+become sensitive to voluptuous contacts. Deprived of the penis the ability
+of a man to experience specifically sexual sensations becomes very limited
+indeed. But the loss of the clitoris or of any other structure involves no
+correspondingly serious disability on women. Ablation of the clitoris for
+sexual hyperæsthesia has for this reason been abandoned, except under
+special circumstances. The members of the Russian Skoptzy sect habitually
+amputate the clitoris, nymphæ, and breasts, yet many young Skoptzy women
+told the Russian physician, Guttceit, that they were perfectly well able
+to enjoy coitus.
+
+    Freud believes that in very young girls the clitoris is the
+    exclusive seat of sexual sensation, masturbation at this age
+    being directed to the clitoris alone, and spontaneous sexual
+    excitement being confined to twitchings and erection of this
+    organ, so that young girls are able, from their own experience,
+    to recognize without instruction the signs of sexual excitement
+    in boys. At a later age sexual excitability spreads from the
+    clitoris to other regions--just as the easy inflammability of
+    wood sets light to coal--though in the male the penis remains
+    from first to last normally the almost exclusive seat of specific
+    excitability. (S. Freud, _Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie_,
+    p. 62.)
+
+    The anus would, however, seem to be sometimes an erogenous zone
+    even at an early age. Titillation of the anus appears to be
+    frequently pleasurable in women; and this is not surprising
+    considering the high degree of erotic sensitivity which is easily
+    developed at the body orifices where skin meets mucous membrane.
+    (Thus the meatus of the urethra is a highly erogenous zone, as is
+    sufficiently shown by the frequency with which hair-pins and
+    other articles used in masturbation find their way into the
+    bladder.) It is in this germinal sensitivity, undoubtedly, that
+    we find a chief key to the practice of _pedicatio_. Freud
+    attaches great importance to the anus as a sexually erogenous
+    zone at a very early age, and considers that it very frequently
+    makes its influence felt in this respect. He believes that
+    intestinal catarrhs in very early life and hæmorrhoids later tend
+    to develop sensibility in the anus. He finds an indication that
+    the anus has become a sexually erogenous zone when children wish
+    to allow the contents of the rectum to accumulate so that
+    defecation may by its increased difficulty involve voluptuous
+    sensations, and adds that masturbatory excitation of the anus
+    with the fingers is by no means rare in older children. (S.
+    Freud, _Op. cit._, pp. 40-42.) A medical correspondent in India
+    tells me of a European lady who derived, she said, "quite as
+    much, indeed more," pleasure from digitally titillating her
+    rectum as from vulvo-vaginal titillation; she had several times
+    submitted to _pedicatio_ and enjoyed it, though it was painful
+    during penetration. The anus may retain this erogenous
+    irritability even in old age, and Routh mentions the case of a
+    lady of over 70, the reverse of lustful, who was so excited by
+    the act of defecation that she was invariably compelled to
+    masturbate, although this state of things was a source of great
+    mental misery to her. (C.H.F. Routh, _British Gynæcological
+    Journal_, February, 1887, p. 48.)
+
+    Bölsche has sought the explanation of the erogenous nature of the
+    anus, and the key to _pedicatio_, in an atavistic return to the
+    very remote amphibian days when the anus was combined with the
+    sexual parts in a common cloaca. But it is unnecessary to invoke
+    any vestigial inheritance from a vastly remote past when we bear
+    in mind that the innervation of these two adjoining regions is
+    inevitably very closely related. The presence of a body exit with
+    its marked and special sensitivity at a point where it can
+    scarcely fail to receive the nervous overflow from an immensely
+    active center of nervous energy quite adequately accounts for the
+    phenomenon in question.
+
+The inner lips, the nymphæ or labia minora, running parallel with the
+greater lips which enclose them, embrace the clitoris anteriorly and
+extend backward, enclosing the urethral exit between them as well as the
+vaginal entrance. They form little wings whence their old Latin name,
+_alæ_, and from their resemblance to the cock's comb were by Spigelius
+termed crista galli. The red and (especially in brunettes) dark appearance
+of the nymphæ suggests that they are mucous membrane and not
+integumentary; it is, however, now considered that even on the inner
+surface they are covered by skin and separated from the mucous membrane by
+a line.[90] In structure, as described by Waldeyer, they consist of fine
+connective tissue rich in elastic fibers as well as some muscular tissue,
+and full of large veins, so that they are capable of a considerable degree
+of turgescence resembling erection during sexual excitement, while
+Ballantyne finds that the nymphæ are supplied to a notable extent with
+nervous end-organs.
+
+More than any other part of the sexual apparatus in either sex, the lesser
+lips, on account of their shape, their position, and their structure, are
+capable of acquired modifications, more especially hypertrophy and
+elongation. By stretching, it is stated, a labium can be doubled in its
+dimensions. The "Hottentot apron," or elongated nymphæ, commonly found
+among some peoples in South Africa, has long been a familiar phenomenon.
+In such cases a length or transverse diameter of 3 to 5 centimeters is
+commonly found. But such elongated nymphæ are by no means confined to one
+part of the world or to one race; they are quite common among women of
+European race, and reach a size equal to most of the more reliably
+recorded Hottentot cases. Dickinson, who has very carefully studied this
+question in New York, finds that in 1000 consecutive gynæcological cases
+the labia showed some form of hypertrophy in 36 per cent., or more than 1
+in 3; while among 150 of these cases who were neurasthenic, the proportion
+reached 56 per cent., even when minor or doubtful enlargements were
+disregarded. Bergh, in about 16 per cent. cases, found very enlarged
+nymphæ, the height reached in about 5 per cent. of the cases of
+enlargement being nearly six centimeters. Ploss and Bartels, in a full
+discussion: of the "Hottentot apron," come to the conclusion that this
+condition is perhaps in most cases artificially produced. It is known that
+among the Basutos it is the custom for the elder girls to manipulate the
+nymphæ of younger children, when alone with them, almost from birth, and
+on account of the elastic nature of these structures such manipulation
+quite adequately accounts for the elongation. It is not necessary to
+suppose that the custom is practiced for the sake of producing sexual
+stimulation--though this may frequently occur--since there are numerous
+similar primitive customs involving deformation of the sexual organs
+without the production of sexual excitement. Dickinson has come to a
+similar conclusion as regards the corresponding elongation of the nymphæ
+in civilized European women. In 361 out of 1000 women of good social class
+he found elongation or thickening, often with a notable degree of
+wrinkling and pigmentation, and believes that this is always the result of
+frequently repeated masturbation practiced with the separation of the
+nymphæ; in 30 per cent. of the cases admission of masturbation was
+made.[91] While this conclusion is probably correct in the main, it
+requires some qualification. To assert that whenever in women who have
+not been pregnant the marked protrusion of the inner lips beyond the outer
+lips means that at some period manipulation has been practiced with or
+without the production of sexual excitement is to make too absolute a
+statement. It is highly probable that the nymphæ, like the clitoris, are
+congenitally more prominent in some of the lower human races, as they are
+also in the apes; among the Fuegians, for instance, according to Hyades
+and Deniker, the labia minora descend lower than in Europeans, although
+there is not the slightest reason to suppose that these women practice any
+manipulations. Among European women, again, the nymphæ sometimes protrude
+very prominently beyond the labia majora in women who are organically of
+somewhat infantile type; this occurs in cases in which we may be convinced
+that no manipulations have ever been practiced.[92]
+
+It is difficult to speak very decisively as to the function of the labia
+minora. They doubtless exert some amount of protective influence over the
+entrance to the vagina, and in this way correspond to the lips of the
+mouth after which they are called. They fulfill, however, one very
+definite though not obviously important function which is indicated by the
+mythologic name they have received. There is, indeed, some obscurity in
+the origin of this term, nymphæ, which has not, I believe, been
+satisfactorily cleared up. It has been stated that the Greek name nymphê
+has been transferred from the clitoris to the labia minora. Any such
+transfer could only have taken place when the meaning of the word had been
+forgotten, and nymphê had become the totally different word _nymphæ_, the
+goddesses who presided over streams. The old anatomists were much
+exercised in their minds as to the meaning of the name, but on the whole
+were inclined to believe that it referred to the action of the labia
+minora in directing the urinary stream. The term nymphæ was first applied
+in the modern sense, according to Bergh, in 1599, by Pinæus, mainly from
+the influence of these structures on the urinary stream, and he dilated in
+his _De Virginitate_ on the suitability of the term to designate so poetic
+a spot.[93] In more modern times Luschka and Sir Charles Bell considered
+that it is one of the uses of the nymphæ to direct the stream of urine,
+and Lamb from his own observation thinks the same conclusion probable. In
+reality there cannot be the slightest doubt about the function of the
+nymphæ, as, in Hyrtl's phrase, "the naiads of the urinary source," and it
+can be demonstrated by the simplest experiment.[94]
+
+The nymphæ form the intermediate portal of the vagina, as the canal which
+conducts to the womb was in anatomy first termed (according to Hyrtl) by
+De Graaf.[95] It is a secreting, erectile, more or less sensitive canal
+lined by what is usually considered mucous membrane, though some have
+regarded it as integument of the same character as that of the external
+genitals; it certainly resembles such integument more than, for instance,
+the mucous membrane of the rectum. In the woman who has never had sexual
+intercourse and has been subjected to no manipulations or accidents
+affecting this region, the vagina is closed by a last and final gate of
+delicate membrane--scarcely admitting more than a slender finger--called
+the hymen.
+
+    The poets called the hymen "fios virginitatis," the flower of
+    virginity, whence the medico-legal term _defloratio_.
+    Notwithstanding the great significance which has long been
+    attached to the phenomena connected with it, the hymen was not
+    accurately known until Vesalius, Fallopius, and Spigelius
+    described and named it. It was, however, recognized by the Arab
+    authors, Avicenna and Averroes. The early literature concerning
+    it is summarized by Schurig, _Muliebria_, 1729, Section II, cap.
+    V. The same author's _Parthenologia_ is devoted to the various
+    ancient problems connected with the question of virginity.
+
+To say that this delicate piece of membrane is from the non-physical point
+of view a more important structure than any other part of the body is to
+convey but a feeble idea of the immense importance of the hymen in the
+eyes of the men of many past ages and even of our own times and among our
+own people.[96] For the uses of the feminine body, or for its beauty,
+there is no part which is more absolutely insignificant. But in human
+estimation it has acquired a spiritual value which has made it far more
+than a part of the body. It has taken the place of the soul, that whose
+presence gives all her worth and dignity, even her name, to the unmarried
+woman, her purity, her sexual desirability, her market value. Without
+it--though in all physical and mental respects she might remain the same
+person--she has sometimes been a mark for contempt, a worthless
+outcast.[97]
+
+    So fragile a membrane scarcely possesses the reliability which
+    should be possessed by a structure whose presence or absence has
+    often meant so much. Its absence by no means necessarily
+    signifies that a woman has had intercourse with a man. Its
+    presence by no means signifies that she has never had such
+    intercourse.
+
+    There are many ways in which the hymen may be destroyed apart
+    from coitus. Among the Chinese (and also, it would appear, in
+    India and some other parts of the East) the female parts are from
+    infancy kept so scrupulously clean by daily washing, the finger
+    being introduced into the vagina, that the hymen rapidly
+    disappears, and its existence is unknown even to Chinese doctors.
+    Among some Brazilian Indians a similar practice exists among
+    mothers as regards their young children, less, however, for the
+    sake of cleanliness than in order to facilitate sexual
+    intercourse in future years. (Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol.
+    i, Chapter VI.) The manipulations of vaginal masturbation will,
+    of course, similarly destroy the hymen. It is also quite possible
+    for the hymen to be ruptured by falls and other accidents. (See,
+    e.g., a lengthy study by Nina-Rodrigues, "Des Ruptures de l'Hymen
+    dans les Chutes," _Annales d'Hygiène Publique_, September, 1903.)
+
+    On the other hand, integrity of the hymen is no proof of
+    virginity, apart from the obvious fact that there may be
+    intercourse without penetration. (The case has even been recorded
+    of a prostitute with syphilitic condylomata, a somewhat masculine
+    type of pubic arch, and vulva rather posteriorly placed, whose
+    hymen had never been penetrated.) The hymen may be of a yielding
+    or folding type, so that complete penetration may take place and
+    yet the hymen be afterwards found unruptured. It occasionally
+    happens that the hymen is found intact at the end of pregnancy.
+    In some, though not all, of these cases there has been conception
+    without intromission of the penis. This has occurred even when
+    the entrance was very minute. The possibility of such conception
+    has long been recognized, and Schurig (_Syllepsilogia_, 1731,
+    Section I, cap. VIII, p. 2) quotes ancient authors who have
+    recorded cases. For some typical modern cases see Guérard
+    (_Centralblatt für Gynäkologie_, No. 15, 1895), in one of whose
+    cases the hymen of the pregnant woman scarcely admitted a hair;
+    also Braun (ib., No. 23, 1895).
+
+The hymen has played a very definite and pronounced part in the social and
+moral life of humanity. Until recently it has been more difficult to
+decide what precise biological function it has exercised to ensure its
+development and preservation. Sexual selection, no doubt, has worked in
+its favor, but that influence has been very limited and comparatively very
+recent. Virginity is not usually of any value among peoples who are
+entirely primitive. Indeed, even in the classic civilization which we
+inherit, it is easy to show that the virgin and the admiration for
+virginity are of late growth; the virgin goddesses were not originally
+virgins in our modern sense. Diana was the many-breasted patroness of
+childbirth before she became the chaste and solitary huntress, for the
+earliest distinction would appear to have been simply between the woman
+who was attached to a man and the woman who followed an earlier rule of
+freedom and independence; it was a later notion to suppose that the latter
+woman was debarred from sexual intercourse. We certainly must not seek the
+origin of the hymen in sexual selection; we must find it in natural
+selection. And here it might seem at first sight that we come upon a
+contradiction in Nature, for Nature is always devising contrivances to
+secure the maximum amount of fertilization. "Increase and multiply" is so
+obviously the command of Nature that the Hebrews, with their usual
+insight, unhesitatingly dared to place it in the mouth of Jehovah. But the
+hymen is a barrier to fertilization. It has, however, always to be
+remembered that as we rise in the zoölogical scale, and as the period of
+gestation lengthens and the possible number of offspring is fewer, it
+becomes constantly more essential that fertilization shall be effective
+rather than easy; the fewer the progeny the more necessary it is that they
+shall be vigorous enough to survive. There can be little doubt that, as
+one or two writers have already suggested, the hymen owes its development
+to the fact that its influence is on the side of effective fertilization.
+It is an obstacle to the impregnation of the young female by immature,
+aged, or feeble males. The hymen is thus an anatomical expression of that
+admiration of force which marks the female in her choice of a mate. So
+regarded, it is an interesting example of the intimate manner in which
+sexual selection is really based on natural selection. Sexual selection is
+but the translation into psychic terms of a process which has already
+found expression in the physical texture of the body.
+
+    It may be added that this interpretation of the biological
+    function of the hymen is supported by the facts of its evolution.
+    It is unknown among the lower mammals, with whom fertilization is
+    easy, gestation short and offspring numerous. It only begins to
+    appear among the higher mammals in whom reproduction is already
+    beginning to take on the characters which become fully developed
+    in man. Various authors have found traces of a rudimentary hymen,
+    not only in apes, but in elephants, horses, donkeys, bitches,
+    bears, pigs, hyenas, and giraffes. (Hyrtl, _Op. cit._, vol. ii,
+    p. 189; G. Gellhoen, "Anatomy and Development of the Hymen,"
+    _American Journal Obstetrics_, August, 1904.) It is in the human
+    species that the tendency to limitation of offspring is most
+    marked, combined at the same time with a greater aptitude for
+    impregnation than exists among any lower mammals. It is here,
+    therefore, that a physical check is of most value, and
+    accordingly we find that in woman alone, of all animals, is the
+    hymen fully developed.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[72] "Analysis of the Sexual Impulse," in vol. iii of these _Studies_.
+
+[73] "The accomplishment of no other function," Hyrtl remarks, "is so
+intimately connected with the mind and yet so independent of it."
+
+[74] The process is still, however, but imperfectly understood; see Art.
+"Fécondation," by Ed. Retterer, in Richet's _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_,
+vol. vi, 1905.
+
+[75] Thus a male foetus showing reptilian characters in sexual ducts was
+exhibited by Shattock at the Pathological Society of London, February 19,
+1895.
+
+[76] J. Kohlbrugge, "Die Umgestaltung des Uterus der Affen nach den
+Geburt," _Zeitschrift für Morphologie_, bd. iv, p. 1, 1901.
+
+[77] There are, however, no special nerve endings (Krause corpuscles), as
+was formerly supposed. The nerve endings in the genital region are the
+same as elsewhere. The difference lies in the abundance of superposed
+arboreal ramifications. See, e.g., Ed. Retterer, Art. "Ejaculation,"
+Richet's _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_, vol. v.
+
+[78] Hyrtl, _Op. cit._, vol. ii, p. 39.
+
+[79] Sensations of pleasure without those of touch appear to be normal at
+the tip of the penis, as pointed out by Scripture, quoted in _Alienist and
+Neurologist_, January, 1898.
+
+[80] See the previous volume of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection in
+Man," p. 161.
+
+[81] See, e.g., Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i, beginning of
+chapter VI.
+
+[82] Hyrtl states that the name _labia_ was first used by Haller in the
+middle of the eighteenth century in his _Elements of Physiology_, being
+adopted by him from the Greek poet Erotion, who gave these structures the
+very obvious name cheilea, lips. But this seems to be a mistake, for the
+seventeenth century anatomists certainly used the name "labia" for these
+parts.
+
+[83] Bergh tentatively suggests, as regards the pubic hair, that its
+appearance may be due to the upright walk in man and the human position
+during coitus, the hair preventing irritation of the genitals from the
+sweat pouring down from the body and protecting the skin from direct
+friction in coitus. (In both these suggestions he was, however, long
+previously anticipated by Fabricius ab Aquapendente.) The fanciful
+suggestion of Louis Robinson that the pubic hair has developed in order to
+enable the human infant to cling securely to his mother is very poorly
+supported by facts, and has not met with acceptance. It may be mentioned
+that (as stated by Ploss and Bartels) the women of the Bismarck
+Archipelago, whose pubic hair is very abundant, use it as a kind of
+handkerchief on which to clean their hands.
+
+[84] Routh and Heywood Smith have noted that the pubic hair tends to lose
+its curliness and become straight in women who masturbate. (_British
+Gynæcological Journal_, February, 1887, p. 505.)
+
+[85] Schurig, _Muliebria_, p. 75. Plazzon in 1621 said that in Italian it
+had a popular name, _il besneegio_.
+
+[86] Schurig brought together in his _Gynæcologia_ (pp. 2-4) various early
+opinions concerning the clitoris as the seat of voluptuous feeling.
+
+[87] Hyrtl, _Op. cit._, vol. ii, p. 193.
+
+[88] Adler, _Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, 1904, pp.
+117-119.
+
+[89] The voluptuous sensations caused by sexual contacts producing
+movements of the womb are probably normal and usual. They may even occur
+under circumstances unconnected with sexual emotion, and Mundé
+(_International Journal of Surgery_, March, 1893) mentions incidentally
+that in one case while titillating the cervix with a sound the woman very
+plainly showed voluptuous manifestations.
+
+[90] Henle stated that fine hairs are frequently visible on the nymphæ;
+Stieda (_Zeitschrift für Morphologie_, 1902, p. 458) remarks that he has
+never been able to see them with the naked eye.
+
+[91] R.L. Dickinson, "Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their
+Significance," _American Gynæcologist_, September, 1902. It is perhaps
+noteworthy that Bergh found that in 302 cases in which the nymphæ were of
+unequal length, in all but 24 the left was longer.
+
+[92] It may be remarked that Bergh believes that the nymphæ, and indeed
+the external genitals generally, are congenitally more strongly developed
+in libidinous persons, and at the same time in brunettes, while in public
+prostitutes this is not usually the case, which confirms the belief that
+exalted sexual sensibility does not usually lead to prostitution. He adds
+that prostitution, unless carried on for many years, has little effect on
+the shape of the external genitals.
+
+[93] Schurig (_Muliebria_, 1729, Section II, cap. II) gives numerous
+quotations on this point; thus De Graaf wrote in his book on the sexual
+organs of women: "Tales protuberantiæ nymphæ appellantur ea propter quod
+aquis e vesica prosilientibus proxime adstare reperiantur, quandoquidem
+inter illas, tanquam duos parietes, urina magno impetu cum sibilo sæpe et
+absque labiorum irrigatione erumpit, vel quod sint castitatis præsides,
+aut sponsam primo intromittant."
+
+[94] Havelock Ellis, "The Bladder as a Dynamometer," _American Journal of
+Dermatology_, May, 1902. If a woman who has never been pregnant, standing
+in the erect position before commencing the act of urination presses apart
+the labia minora with index and middle fingers the stream will be
+projected forward so as to fall usually at a considerable distance in
+front of a vertical line from the meatus; if when the act is half
+completed the fingers are removed, the labia close together and the
+stream, though maintained at a constant pressure, at once changes its
+character and direction.
+
+[95] In poetry this term was employed by Plautus, _Pseudolus_, Act IV, Sc.
+7. The Greek aidoion sometimes meant vagina and sometimes the external
+sexual parts; kolpos was used for the vagina alone.
+
+[96] It is curious, however, that the European physicians of the
+seventeenth and even eighteenth centuries were doubtful of its value as a
+sign of virginity and considered it often absent.
+
+[97] For a summary of the beliefs and practices of various peoples with
+regard to the hymen and virginity see Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol.
+i, Chapter XVI.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+The Object of Detumescence--Erogenous Zones--The Lips--The Vascular
+Characters of Detumescence--Erectile Tissue--Erection in Woman--Mucous
+Emission in Women--Sexual Connection--The Human Mode of
+Intercourse--Normal Variations--The Motor Characters of
+Detumescence--Ejaculation--The Virile Reflex--The General Phenomena of
+Detumescence--The Circulatory and Respiratory Phenomena--Blood
+Pressure--Cardiac Disturbance--Glandular Activity--Distillatio--The
+Essentially Motor Character of Detumescence--Involuntary Muscular
+Irradiation to Bladder, etc.--Erotic Intoxication--Analogy of Sexual
+Detumescence and Vesical Tension--The Specifically Sexual Movements of
+Detumescence in Man--In Woman--The Spontaneous Movements of the Genital
+Canal in Woman--Their Function in Conception--Part Played by Active
+Movement of the Spermatozoa--The Artificial Injection of Semen--The Facial
+Expression During Detumescence--The Expression of Joy--The Occasional
+Serious Effects of Coitus.
+
+
+We have seen what the object of detumescence is, and we have briefly
+considered the organs and structures which are chiefly concerned in the
+process. We have now to inquire what are the actual phenomena which take
+place during the act of detumescence.
+
+Detumescence is normally linked closely to tumescence. Tumescence is the
+piling on of the fuel; detumescence is the leaping out of the devouring
+flame whence is lighted the torch of life to be handed on from generation
+to generation. The whole process is double and yet single; it is exactly
+analogous to that by which a pile is driven into the earth by the raising
+and then the letting go of a heavy weight which falls on to the head of
+the pile. In tumescence the organism is slowly wound up and force
+accumulated; in the act of detumescence the accumulated force is let go
+and by its liberation the sperm-bearing instrument is driven home.
+Courtship, as we commonly term the process of tumescence which takes place
+when a woman is first sexually approached by a man, is usually a highly
+prolonged process. But it is always necessary to remember that every
+repetition of the act of coitus, to be normally and effectively carried
+out on both sides, demands a similar double process; detumescence must be
+preceded by an abbreviated courtship.
+
+This abbreviated courtship by which tumescence is secured or heightened in
+the repetition of acts of coitus which have become familiar, is mainly
+tactile.[98] Since the part of the man in coitus is more active and that
+of the woman more passive, the sexual sensitivity of the skin seems to be
+more pronounced in women. There are, moreover, regions of the surface of a
+woman's body where contact, when sympathetic, seems specially liable to
+arouse erotic excitement. Such erogenous zones are often specially marked
+in the breasts, occasionally in the palm of the hand, the nape of the
+neck, the lobule of the ear, the little finger; there is, indeed, perhaps
+no part of the surface of the body which may not, in some individuals at
+some time, become normally an erogenous zone. In hysteria the erotic
+excitability of these zones is sometimes very intense. The lips are,
+however, without doubt, the most persistently and poignantly sensitive
+region of the whole body outside the sphere of the sexual organs
+themselves. Hence the significance of the kiss as a preliminary of
+detumescence.[99]
+
+    The importance of the lips as a normal erogenous zone is shown by
+    the experiments of Gualino. He applied a thread, folded on itself
+    several times, to the lips, thus stimulating them in a simple
+    mechanical manner. Of 20 women, between the ages of 18 and 35,
+    only 8 felt this as a merely mechanical operation, 4 felt a
+    vaguely erotic element in the proceeding, 3 experienced a desire
+    for coitus and in 5 there was actual sexual excitement with
+    emission of mucus. Of 25 men, between the ages of 20 and 30, in
+    15 all sexual feeling was absent, in 7 erotic ideas were
+    suggested with congestion of the sexual organs without erection,
+    and in 3 there was the beginning of erection. It should be added
+    that both the women and the men in whom this sexual reflex was
+    more especially marked were of somewhat nervous temperament; in
+    such persons erotic reactions of all kinds generally occur most
+    easily. (Gualino, "Il Rifflesso Sessuale nell' eccitamento alle
+    labbre," _Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1904, p. 341.)
+
+As tumescence, under the influence of sensory stimulation, proceeds toward
+the climax when it gives place to detumescence, the physical phenomena
+become more and more acutely localized in the sexual organs. The process
+which was at first predominantly nervous and psychic now becomes more
+prominently vascular. The ancient sexual relationship of the skin asserts
+itself; there is marked surface congestion showing itself in various ways.
+The face tends to become red, and exactly the same phenomenon is taking
+place in the genital organs; "an erection," it has been said, "is a
+blushing of the penis." The difference is that in the genital organs this
+heightened vascularity has a definite and specific function to
+accomplish--the erection of the male organ which fits it to enter the
+female parts--and that consequently there has been developed in the penis
+that special kind of vascular mechanism, consisting of veins in connective
+tissue with unstriped muscular fibers, termed erectile tissue.[100]
+
+It is not only the man who is supplied with erectile tissue which in the
+process of tumescence becomes congested and swollen. The woman also, in
+the corresponding external genital region, is likewise supplied with
+erectile tissue now also charged with blood, and exhibits the same changes
+as have taken place in her partner, though less conspicuously visible. In
+the anthropoid apes, as the gorilla, the large clitoris and the nymphæ
+become prominent in sexual excitement, but the less development of the
+clitoris in women, together with the specifically human evolution of the
+mons veneris and larger lips, renders this sexual turgescence practically
+invisible, though it is perceptible to touch in an increased degree of
+spongy and elastic tension. The whole feminine genital canal, including
+the uterus, indeed, is richly supplied with blood-vessels, and is capable
+during sexual excitement of a very high degree of turgescence, a kind of
+erection.
+
+The process of erection in woman is accompanied by the pouring out of
+fluid which copiously bathes all parts of the vulva around the entrance to
+the vagina. This is a bland, more or less odorless mucus which, under
+ordinary circumstances, slowly and imperceptibly suffuses the parts. When,
+however, the entrance to the vagina is exposed and extended, as during a
+gynæcological examination which occasionally produces sexual excitement,
+there may be seen a real ejaculation of the fluid which, as usually
+described, comes largely from the glands of Bartholin, situated at the
+mouth of the vagina. Under these circumstances it is sometimes described
+as being emitted in a jet which is thrown to a distance.[101] This mucous
+ejaculation was in former days regarded as analogous to the seminal
+ejaculation in man, and hence essential to conception. Although this
+belief was erroneous the fluid poured out in this manner whenever a high
+degree of tumescence is attained, and before the onset of detumescence,
+certainly performs an important function in lubricating the entrance to
+the genital canal and so facilitating the intromission of the male
+organ.[102] Menstruation has a similar influence in facilitating coitus,
+as Schurig long since pointed out.[103] A like process takes place during
+parturition when the same parts are being lubricated and stretched in
+preparation for the protrusion of the foetal head. The occurrence of the
+mucous flow in tumescence always indicates that that process is actively
+affecting the central sexual organs, and that voluptuous emotions are
+present.[104]
+
+    The secretions of the genital canal and outlet in women are
+    somewhat numerous. We have the odoriferous glands of sebaceous
+    origin, and with them the prepuce of the clitoris which has been
+    described as a kind of gigantic sebaceous follicle with the
+    clitoris occupying its interior. (Hyrtl.) There is the secretion
+    from the glands of Bartholin. There is again the vaginal
+    secretion, opaque and albuminous, which appears to be alkaline
+    when secreted, but becomes acid under the decomposing influence
+    of bacteria, which are, however, harmless and not pathogenic.
+    (Gow, _Obstetrical Society of London_, January 3, 1894.) There
+    is, finally, the mucous uterine secretion, which is alkaline,
+    and, being poured out during orgasm, is believed to protect the
+    spermatozoa from destruction by the acid vaginal secretion.
+
+    The belief that the mucus poured out in women during sexual
+    excitement is feminine semen and therefore essential to
+    conception had many remarkable consequences and was widespread
+    until the seventeenth century. Thus, in the chapter "De Modo
+    coeundi et de regimine eorum qui coeunt" of _De Secretis
+    Mulierum_, there is insistence on the importance of the proper
+    mixture of the male semen with the female semen and of arranging
+    that it shall not escape from the vagina. The woman must lie
+    quiet for several hours at least, not rising even to urinate, and
+    when she gets up, be very temperate in eating and drinking, and
+    not run or jump, pretending that she has a headache. It was the
+    belief in feminine semen which led some theologians to lay down
+    that a woman might masturbate if she had not experienced orgasm
+    in coitus. Schurig in his _Muliebria_ (1729, pp. 159, et seq.)
+    discusses the opinions of old authors regarding the nature,
+    source, and uses of the female genital secretions, and quotes
+    authorities against the old view that it was female semen. In a
+    subsequent work (_Syllepsilogia_, 1731, pp. 3, et seq.) he
+    returns to the same question, quotes authors who accept a
+    feminine semen, shows that Harvey denied it any significance, and
+    himself decides against it. It has not seriously been brought
+    forward since.
+
+When erection is completed in both the man and the woman the conditions
+necessary for conjugation have at last been fulfilled. In all animals,
+even those most nearly allied to man, coitus is effected by the male
+approaching the female posteriorly. In man the normal method of male
+approach is anteriorly, face to face. Leonardo da Vinci, in a well-known
+drawing representing a sagittal section of a man and a woman connected in
+this position of so-called Venus obversa; has shown how well adapted the
+position is to the normal position of the organs in the human
+species.[105]
+
+    Among monkeys, it is stated, congress is sometimes performed when
+    the female is on all fours; at other times the male brings the
+    female between his thighs when he is sitting, holding her with
+    his forepaws. Froriep informed Lawrence that the male sometimes
+    supported his feet on the female's calves. (Sir W. Lawrence,
+    _Lectures on Physiology_, 1823, p. 186.) A summary of the methods
+    of congress practiced by the various animals below mammals will
+    be found in the article "Copulation" by H. de Varigny in Richet's
+    _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_, vol. iv.
+
+    The anterior position in coitus, with the female partner lying
+    supine, is so widespread throughout the world that it may fairly
+    be termed the most typically human attitude in sexual congress.
+    It is found represented in Egyptian graves at Benihassan,
+    belonging to the Twelfth Dynasty; it is regarded by Mohammedans
+    as the normal position, although other positions are permitted by
+    the Prophet: "Your wives are your tillage: go in unto your
+    tillage in what manner soever you will;" it is that adopted in
+    Malacca; it appears, from Peruvian antiquities, to have been the
+    position generally, though not exclusively, adopted in ancient
+    Peru; it is found in many parts of Africa, and seems also to have
+    been the most usual position among the American aborigines.
+
+    Various modifications of this position are, however, found. Thus,
+    in some parts of the world, as among the Suahelis in Zanzibar,
+    the male partner adopts the supine position. In Loango, according
+    to Pechuel-Loesche, coitus is performed lying on the side.
+    Sometimes, as on the west coast of Africa, the woman is supine
+    and the man more or less erect; or, as among the Queenslanders
+    (as described by Roth) the woman is supine and the man squats on
+    his heels with her thighs clasping his flanks, while he raises
+    her buttocks with his hands.
+
+    The position of coitus in which the man is supine is without
+    doubt a natural and frequent variation of the specifically human
+    obverse method of coitus. It was evidently familiar to the
+    Romans. Ovid mentions it (_Ars Amatoria_, III, 777-8),
+    recommending it to little women, and saying that Andromache was
+    too tall to practice it with Hector. Aristophanes refers to it,
+    and there are Greek epigrams in which women boast of their skill
+    in riding their lovers. It has sometimes been viewed with a
+    certain disfavor because it seems to confer a superiority on the
+    woman. "Cursed be he," according to a Mohammedan saying, "who
+    maketh woman heaven and man earth."
+
+    Of special interest is the wide prevalence of an attitude in
+    coitus recalling that which prevails among quadrupeds. The
+    frequency with which on the walls of Pompeii coitus is
+    represented with the woman bending forward and her partner
+    approaching her posteriorly has led to the belief that this
+    attitude was formerly very common in Southern Italy. However that
+    may be, it is certainly normal at the present day among various
+    more or less primitive peoples in whom the vulva is often placed
+    somewhat posteriorly. It is thus among the Soudanese, as also, in
+    an altogether different part of the world, among the Eskimo
+    Innuit and Koniags. The New Caledonians, according to Foley,
+    cohabit in the quadrupedal manner, and so also the Papuans of New
+    Guinea (Bongu), according to Vahness. The same custom is also
+    found in Australia, where, however other postures are also
+    adopted. In Europe the quadrupedal posture would seem to prevail
+    among some of the South Slavs, notably the Dalmatians. (The
+    different methods of coitus practiced by the South Slavs are
+    described in Kryptadia vol. vi, pp. 220, et seq.)
+
+    This method of coitus was recommended by Lucretius (lib. iv) and
+    also advised by Paulus Æginetus as favorable to conception. (The
+    opinions of various early physicians are quoted by Schurig,
+    _Spermatologia_, 1720, pp. 232, et seq.). It seems to be a
+    position that is not infrequently agreeable to women, a fact
+    which may be brought into connection with the remarks of Adler
+    already quoted (p. 131) concerning the comparative lack of
+    adjustment of the feminine organs to the obverse position. It is
+    noteworthy that in the days of witchcraft hysterical women
+    constantly believed that they had had intercourse with the Devil
+    in this manner. This circumstance, indeed, probably aided in the
+    very marked disfavor in which coitus _a posteriori_ fell after
+    the decay of classic influences. The mediæval physicians
+    described it as _mos diabolicus_ and mistakenly supposed that it
+    produced abortion (Hyrtl, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 87). The
+    theologians, needless to say, were opposed to the _mos
+    diabolicus_, and already in the Anglo-Saxon Penitential of
+    Theodore, at the end of the seventh century, 40 days' penance is
+    prescribed for this method of coitus.
+
+    From the frequency with which they have been adopted by various
+    peoples as national customs, most of the postures in coitus here
+    referred to must be said to come within the normal range of
+    variation. It is a mistake to regard them as vicious perversions.
+
+Up to the point to which we have so far considered it, the process of
+detumescence has been mainly nervous and vascular in character; it has, in
+fact, been but the more acute stage of a process which has been going on
+throughout tumescence. But now we reach the point at which a new element
+comes in: muscular action. With the onset of muscular action, which is
+mainly involuntary, even when it affects the voluntary muscles,
+detumescence proper begins to take place. Henceforward purposeful psychic
+action, except by an effort, is virtually abolished. The individual, as a
+separate person, tends to disappear. He has become one with another
+person, as nearly one as the conditions of existence ever permit; he and
+she are now merely an instrument in the hands of a higher power--by
+whatever name we may choose to call that Power--which is using them for an
+end not themselves.
+
+The decisive moment in the production of the instinctive and involuntary
+orgasm occurs when, under the influence of the stimulus applied to the
+penis by friction with the vagina, the tension of the seminal fluid poured
+into the urethra arouses the ejaculatory center in the spinal cord and the
+bulbo-cavernosus muscle surrounding the urethra responsively contracts in
+rhythmic spasms. Then it is that ejaculation occurs.[106]
+
+"The circulation quickens, the arteries beat strongly," wrote Roubaud in a
+description of the physical state during coitus which may almost be termed
+classic; "the venous blood, arrested by muscular contraction, increases
+the general heat, and this stagnation, more pronounced in the brain by the
+contraction of the muscles of the neck and the throwing of the head
+backward, causes a momentary cerebral congestion, during which
+intelligence is lost and the faculties abolished. The eyes, violently
+injected, become haggard, and the look uncertain, or, in the majority of
+cases, the eyes are closed spasmodically to avoid the contact of the
+light. The respiration is hurried, sometimes interrupted, and may be
+suspended by the spasmodic contraction of the larynx, and the air, for a
+time compressed, is at last emitted in broken and meaningless words. The
+congested nervous centers only communicate confused sensations and
+volitions; mobility and sensation show extreme disorder; the limbs are
+seized by convulsions and sometimes by cramps, or are thrown wildly about
+or become stiff like iron bars. The jaws, tightly pressed, grind the
+teeth, and in some persons the delirium is carried so far that they bite
+to bleeding the shoulders their companions have imprudently abandoned to
+them. This frantic state of epilepsy lasts but a short time, but it
+suffices to exhaust the forces of the organism, especially in man. It is,
+I believe, Galen, who said: 'Omne animal post coitum triste præter
+mulierem gallumque.'"[107] Most of the elements that make up this typical
+picture of the state of coitus are not absolutely essential to that state,
+but they all come within the normal range of variation. There can be no
+doubt that this range is considerable. There would appear to be not only
+individual, but also racial, differences; there is a remarkable passage in
+Vatsyayana's _Kama Sutra_ describing the varying behavior of the women of
+different races in India under the stress of sexual excitement--Dravidian
+women with difficulty attaining erethism, women of the Punjaub fond of
+being caressed with the tongue, women of Oude with impetuous desire and
+profuse flow of mucus, etc.--and it is highly probable, Ploss and Bartels
+remark, that these characterizations are founded on exact
+observations.[108]
+
+The various phenomena included in Roubaud's description of the condition
+during coitus may all be directly or indirectly reduced to two groups: the
+first circulatory and respiratory, the second motor. It is necessary to
+consider both these aspects of the process of detumescence in somewhat
+greater detail, although while it is most convenient to discuss them
+separately, it must be borne in mind that they are not really separable;
+the circulatory phenomena are in large measure a by-product of the
+involuntary motor process.
+
+With the approach of detumescence the respiration becomes shallow, rapid,
+and to some extent arrested. This characteristic of the breathing during
+sexual excitement is well recognized; so that in, for instance, the
+_Arabian Nights_, it is commonly noted of women when gazing at beautiful
+youths whose love they desired, that they ceased breathing.[109] It may be
+added that exactly the same tendency to superficial and arrested
+respiration takes place whenever there is any intense mental
+concentration, as in severe intellectual work.[110]
+
+The arrest of respiration tends to render the blood venous, and thus aids
+in stimulating the vasomotor centers, raising the blood-pressure in the
+body generally, and especially in the erectile tissues. High
+blood-pressure is one of the most marked features of the state of
+detumescence. The heart beats are stronger and quicker, the surface
+arteries are more visible, the conjunctivæ become red. The precise degree
+of blood-pressure attained during coitus has been most accurately
+ascertained in the dog. In Bechterew's laboratory in St. Petersburg a
+manometer was introduced into the central end of the carotid artery of a
+bitch; a male dog was then introduced, and during coitus observations were
+made on the blood-pressure at the peripheral and central ends of the
+artery. It was found that there was a great general elevation of
+blood-pressure, intense hyperæmia of the brain, rapid alternations, during
+the act, of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation of the brain, with
+increase and diminution of the general arterial tension in relation with
+the various phases of the act, the greatest cerebral vasodilatation and
+hyperæmia coinciding with the moment following the intromission of the
+penis; the end of the act is followed by a considerable fall in the
+blood-pressure.[111] I am not acquainted with any precise observations on
+the blood-pressure in human subjects during detumescence, and there are
+obvious difficulties in the way of such observations. It is probable,
+however, that the conditions found would be substantially the same. This
+is indicated, so far as the very marked increase of blood-pressure is
+concerned, by some observations made by Vaschide and Vurpas with the
+sphygmanometer on a lady under the influence of sexual excitement. In this
+case there was a relationship of sympathy and friendly tenderness between
+the experimenter and the subject, Madame X, aged 25. Experimenter and
+subject talked sympathetically, and finally, we are told, while the latter
+still had her hands in the sphygmanometer, the former almost made a
+declaration of love. Madame X was greatly impressed, and afterward
+admitted that her emotions had been genuine and strong. The
+blood-pressure, which was in this subject habitually 65 millimeters, rose
+to 150 and even 160, indicating a very high pressure, which rarely occurs;
+at the same time Madame X looked very emotional and troubled.[112]
+
+    Some authorities are of opinion that irregularities in the
+    accomplishment of the sexual act are specially liable to cause
+    disturbances in the circulation. Thus Kisch, of Prague, refers to
+    the case of a couple practising coitus interruptus--the husband
+    withdrawing before ejaculation--in which the wife, a vigorous
+    woman, became liable after some years to attacks termed by Kisch
+    _neurasthenia cordis vasomotoria_, in which there was at daily or
+    longer intervals palpitation, with feelings of anxiety, headache,
+    dizziness, muscular weakness and tendency to faint. He regards
+    coitus as a cause of various heart troubles in women: (1) Attacks
+    of tachycardia in very excitable and sexually inclined women; (2)
+    attacks of tachycardia with dyspnoea in young women, with
+    vaginismus; (3) cardiac symptoms with lowered vascular tone in
+    women who for a long time have practised coitus interruptus
+    without complete sexual gratification (Kisch, "Herzbeschwerden
+    der Frauen verursacht durch den Cohabitationsact," _Münchener
+    Medizinisches Wochenschrift_, 1897, p. 617). In this connection,
+    also, reference may probably be made to those attacks of anxiety
+    which Freud associates with psychic sexual lesions of an
+    emotional character.
+
+Associated with this vascular activity in detumescence we find a general
+tendency to glandular activity. Various secretions are formed abundantly.
+Perspiration is copious, and the ancient relationship between the
+cutaneous and sexual systems seems to evoke a general activity of the skin
+and its odoriferous secretions. Salivation, which also occurs, is very
+conspicuous in many lower animals, as for instance in the donkey, notably
+the female, who just before coitus stands with mouth open, jaws moving,
+and saliva dribbling. In men, corresponding to the more copious secretion
+in women, there is, during the latter stages of tumescence, a slight
+secretion of mucus--Fürbringer's _urethrorrhoea ex libidine_--which
+appears in drops at the urethral orifice. It comes from the small glands
+of Littré and Cowper which open into the urethra. This phenomenon was well
+known to the old theologians, who called it _distillatio_, and realized
+its significance as at once distinct from semen and an indication that the
+mind was dwelling on voluptuous images; it was also known in classic
+times[113]; more recently it has often been confused with semen and has
+thus sometimes caused needless anxiety to nervous persons. There is also
+an increased secretion of urine, and it is probable that if the viscera
+were more accessible to observation we might be able to demonstrate that
+the glands throughout the body share in this increased activity.
+
+The phenomena of detumescence culminate, however, and have their most
+obvious manifestation in motor activity. The genital act, as Vaschide and
+Vurpas remark, consists essentially in "a more and more marked tension of
+the motor state which, reaching its maximum, presents a short tonic phase,
+followed by a clonic phase, and terminates in a period of adynamia and
+repose." This motor activity is of the essence of the impulse of
+detumescence, because without it the sperm cells could not be brought into
+the neighborhood of the germ cell and be propelled into the organic nest
+which is assigned for their conjunction and incubation.
+
+The motor activity is general as well as specifically sexual. There is a
+general tendency to more or less involuntary movement, without any
+increase of voluntary muscular power, which is, indeed, decreased, and
+Vaschide and Vurpas state that dynamometric results are somewhat lower
+than normal during sexual excitement, and the variations greater.[114] The
+tendency to diffused activity of involuntary muscle is well illustrated by
+the contraction of the bladder associated with detumescence. While this
+occurs in both sexes, in men erection produces a mechanical impediment to
+any evacuation of the bladder. In women there is not only a desire to
+urinate but, occasionally, actual urination. Many quite healthy and normal
+women have, as a rare accident supervening on the coincidence of an
+unusually full bladder with an unusual degree of sexual excitement,
+experienced a powerful and quite involuntary evacuation of the bladder at
+the moment of orgasm. In women with less normal nervous systems this has,
+more rarely, been almost habitual. Brantôme has perhaps recorded the
+earliest case of this kind in referring to a lady he knew who "quand on
+lui faisait cela elle se compissait à bon escient."[115] The tendency to
+trembling, constriction of throat, sneezing, emission of internal gas, and
+the other similar phenomena occasionally associated with detumescence, are
+likewise due to diffusion of the motor disturbance. Even in infancy the
+motor signs of sexual excitement are the most obvious indications of
+orgasm; thus West, describing masturbation in a child of six or nine
+months who practiced thigh-rubbing, states that when sitting in her high
+chair she would grasp the handles, stiffen herself, and stare, rubbing her
+thighs quickly together several times, and then come to herself with a
+sigh, tired, relaxed, and sweating, these seizures, which lasted one or
+two minutes, being mistaken by the relations for epileptic fits.[116]
+
+    The essentially motor character of detumescence is well shown by
+    the extreme forms of erotic intoxication which sometimes appear
+    as the result of sexual excitement. Féré, who has especially
+    called attention to the various manifestations of this condition,
+    presents an instructive case of a man of neurotic heredity and
+    antecedents, in whom it occasionally happened that sexual
+    excitement, instead of culminating in the normal orgasm, attained
+    its climax in a fit of uncontrollable muscular excitement. He
+    would then sing, dance, gesticulate, roughly treat his partner,
+    break the objects around him, and finally sink down exhausted and
+    stupefied. (Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, Chapter X.) In such a case
+    a diffused and general detumescence has taken the place of the
+    normal detumescence which has its main focus in the sexual
+    sphere.
+
+    The same relationship is shown in a case of impotence accompanied
+    by cramps in the calves and elsewhere, which has been recorded by
+    Brügelmann ("Zur Lehre vom Perversen Sexualismus," _Zeitschrift
+    für Hypnotismus_, 1900, Heft I). These muscular conditions ceased
+    for several days whenever coitus was effected.
+
+    An instructive analogy to the motor irradiations preceding the
+    moment of sexual detumescence may be found in the somewhat
+    similar motor irradiations which follow the delayed expulsion of
+    a highly distended bladder. These sometimes become very marked in
+    a child or young woman unable to control the motor system
+    absolutely. The legs are crossed, the foot swung, the thighs
+    tightly pressed together, the toes curled. The fingers are flexed
+    in rhythmic succession. The whole body slowly twists as though
+    the seat had become uncomfortable. It is difficult to concentrate
+    the mind; the same remark may be automatically repeated; the eyes
+    search restlessly, and there is a tendency to count surrounding
+    objects or patterns. When the extreme degree of tension is
+    reached it is only by executing a kind of dance that the
+    explosive contraction of the bladder is restrained.
+
+    The picture of muscular irradiation presented under these
+    circumstances differs but slightly from that of the onset of
+    detumescence. In one case the explosion is sought, in the other
+    case it is dreaded; but in both cases there is a retarded
+    muscular tension,--in the one case involuntary, in the other case
+    voluntary--maintained at a point of acute intensity, and in both
+    cases the muscular irradiations of this tension spread over the
+    whole body.
+
+    The increased motor irritability of the state of detumescence
+    somewhat resembles the conditions produced by a weak anæsthetic
+    and there is some interest in noting the sexual excitement liable
+    to occur in anæsthesia. I am indebted to Dr. J.F.W. Silk for some
+    remarks on this point:--
+
+    "I. Sexual emotions may apparently be aroused during the stage of
+    excitement preceding or following the administration of any
+    anæsthetic; these emotions may take the form of mere delirious
+    utterances, or may be associated with what is apparently a sexual
+    orgasm. Or reflex phenomena connected with the sexual organs may
+    occasionally be observed under special circumstances; or, to put
+    it in another way, such reflex possibilities are not always
+    abolished by the condition of narcosis or anæsthesia.
+
+    "II. Of the particular anæsthetics employed I am inclined to
+    think that the possibility of such conditions arising is
+    inversely proportionate to their strength, e.g., they are more
+    frequently observed with a weak anæsthetic like nitrous oxide
+    than with chloroform.
+
+    "III. Sexual emotions I believe to be rarely observable in men,
+    and this is remarkable, or, I should say, particularly
+    noticeable, for the presence of nurses, female students, etc.,
+    might almost have led one to expect that the contrary would have
+    been the case. On the other hand, it is among men that I have
+    frequently observed a reflex phenomenon which has usually taken
+    the shape of an erection of the penis when the structures in the
+    neighborhood of the spermatic cord have been handled.
+
+    "IV. Among females the emotional sexual phenomena most frequently
+    obtrude themselves, and I believe that if it were possible to
+    induce people to relate their dreams they would very often be
+    found to be of a sexual character."
+
+Much more important than the general motor phenomena, more purposive
+though involuntary, are the specifically sexual muscular movements. From
+the very beginning of detumescence, indeed, muscular activity makes itself
+felt, and the peripheral muscles of sex act, according to Kobelt's
+expression, as a peripheral sexual heart. In the male these movements are
+fairly obvious and fairly simple. It is required that the semen should be
+expressed from the vesiculæ seminales, propelled along the urethra, in
+combination with the prostatic fluid which is equally essential, and
+finally ejected with a certain amount of force from the urethral orifice.
+Under the influence of the stimulation furnished by the contact and
+friction of the vagina, this process is effectively carried out, mainly by
+the rhythmic contractions of the bulbo-cavernosus muscle, and the semen is
+emitted in a jet which may be ejaculated to a distance varying from a few
+centimeters to a meter or more.
+
+    With regard to the details of the psychic sides of this process a
+    correspondent, a psychologist, writes as follows:--
+
+    "I have never noticed in my reading any attempt to analyze the
+    sensations which accompany the orgasm, and, as I have made a good
+    many attempts to make such an analysis myself, I will append the
+    results on the chance that they may be of some value. I have
+    checked my results so far as possible by comparing them with the
+    experience of such of my friends as had coitus frequently and
+    were willing to tell me as much as they could of the psychology
+    of the process.
+
+    "The first fact that I hit upon was the importance of pressure.
+    As one of my informants picturesquely phrases it--'the tighter
+    the fit the greater the pleasure.' This agrees, too, with their
+    unanimous testimony that the pleasurable sensations were much
+    greater when the orgasm occurred simultaneously in the man and
+    woman. Their analysis seldom went further than this, but a few
+    remarked that the distinctive sensations accompanying the orgasm
+    seem to begin near the root of the penis or in the testes, and
+    that they are qualitatively different from the tickling
+    sensations which precede them.
+
+    "These tickling sensations are caused, I think, by the friction
+    of the glands against the vaginal walls, and are supplemented by
+    other sensations from the urethra, whose nerves are stimulated by
+    pressure of the vaginal walls and sphincter. The specific
+    sensation of the orgasm begins, I believe, with a strong
+    contraction of the muscles of the urethral walls along the entire
+    length of the canal, and is felt as a peculiar ache starting
+    from the base of the penis and quickly becoming diffused through
+    the whole organ. This sensation reaches its climax with the
+    expulsion of the semen into the urethra and the consequent
+    feeling of distention, which is instantly followed by the
+    rhythmic peristaltic contractions of the urethral muscles which
+    mark the climax of the orgasm.
+
+    "The most careful introspection possible under the circumstances
+    seems to show that these sensations arise almost wholly from the
+    urethra and in a far less degree from the corona. During periods
+    of great sexual excitement the nerves of the urethra and corona
+    seem to possess a peculiar sensitivity and are powerfully
+    stimulated by the violent peristaltic contractions of the muscles
+    in the urethral walls during ejaculation. It seems possible that
+    the intensity and volume of sensation felt at the glans may be
+    due in part to the greater area of sensitive surface presented in
+    the fossa as well as to the sensitivity of the corona, and in
+    part to the fact that during the orgasm the glans is more highly
+    congested than at any other time, and the nerve endings thus
+    subjected to additional pressure.
+
+    "If the foregoing statements are true, it is easy to see why the
+    pleasure of the man is much increased when the orgasm occurs at
+    the same time in his partner and himself, for the contractions of
+    the vagina upon the penis would increase the stimulation of all
+    the nerve endings in that organ for which a mechanical stimulus
+    is adequate, and the prominence of the corpus spongiosum and
+    corona would ensure them the greatest stimulation. It seems not
+    improbable that the specific sensation of orgasm rises from the
+    stimulation of the peculiar form of nerve end-bulbs which Krause
+    found in the corpus spongiosum and in the glans.
+
+    "The characteristic massiveness of the experience is probably due
+    largely to the great number of sensations of strain and pressure
+    caused by the powerful reflex contraction of so many of the
+    voluntary muscles.
+
+    "Of course, the foregoing analysis is purely tentative, and I
+    offer it only on the chance that it may suggest some line of
+    inquiry which may lead to results of value to the student of
+    sexual psychology."
+
+    In man the whole process of detumescence, when it has once really
+    begun, only occupies a few moments. It is so likewise in many
+    animals; in the genera Bos, Ovis, etc., it is very short, almost
+    instantaneous, and rather short also in the Equidæ (in a vigorous
+    stallion, according to Colin, ten to twelve seconds). As
+    Disselhorst has pointed out, this is dependent on the fact that
+    these animals, like man, possess a vas deferens which broadens
+    into an ampulla serving as a receptacle which holds the semen
+    ready for instant emission when required. On the other hand, in
+    the dog, cat, boar, and the Canidæ, Felidæ, and Suidæ generally,
+    there is no receptacle of this kind, and coitus is slow, since a
+    longer time is required for the peristaltic action of the vas to
+    bring the semen to the urogenital sinus. (R. Disselhorst, _Die
+    Accessorischen Geschlechtsdrusen der Wirbelthiere_, 1897, p.
+    212.)
+
+    In man there can be little doubt that detumescence is more
+    rapidly accomplished in the European than in the East, in India,
+    among the yellow races, or in Polynesia. This is probably in part
+    due to a deliberate attempt to prolong the act in the East, and
+    in part to a greater nervous erethism among Westerns.
+
+In the woman the specifically sexual muscular process is less visible,
+more obscure, more complex, and uncertain. Before detumescence actually
+begins there are at intervals involuntary rhythmic contractions of the
+walls of the vagina, seeming to have the object of at once stimulating and
+harmonizing with those that are about to begin in the male organ. It would
+appear that these rhythmic contractions are the exaggeration of a
+phenomenon which is normal, just as slight contraction is normal and
+constant in the bladder. Jastreboff has shown, in the rabbit, that the
+vagina is in constant spontaneous rhythmic contraction from above
+downward, not peristaltic, but in segments, the intensity of the
+contractions increasing with age and especially with sexual development.
+This vaginal contraction which in women only becomes well marked just
+before detumescence, and is due mainly to the action of the sphincter
+cunni (analogous to the bulbo-cavernosus in the male), is only a part of
+the localized muscular process. At first there would appear to be a reflex
+peristaltic movement of the Fallopian tubes and uterus. Dembo observed
+that in animals stimulation of the upper anterior wall of the vagina
+caused gradual contraction of the uterus, which is erected by powerful
+contraction of its muscular fiber and round ligaments while at the same
+time it descends toward the vagina, its cavity becoming more and more
+diminished and mucus being forced out. In relaxing, Aristotle long ago
+remarked, it aspirates the seminal fluid.
+
+Although the active participation of the sexual organs in woman, to the
+end of directing the semen into the womb at the moment of detumescence, is
+thus a very ancient belief, and harmonizes with the Greek view of the womb
+as an animal in the body endowed with a considerable amount of
+activity,[117] precise observation in modern times has offered but little
+confirmation of the reality of this participation. Such observations as
+have been made have usually been the accidental result of sexual
+excitement and orgasm occurring during a gynæcological examination. As,
+however, such a result is liable to occur in erotic subjects, a certain
+number of precise observations have accumulated during the past century.
+So far as the evidence goes, it would seem that in women, as in mares,
+bitches, and other animals, the uterus becomes shorter, broader, and
+softer during the orgasm, at the same time descending lower into the
+pelvis, with its mouth open intermittently, so that, as one writer
+remarks, spontaneously recurring to the simile which commended itself to
+the Greeks, "the uterus might be likened to an animal gasping for
+breath."[118] This sensitive, responsive mobility of the uterus is,
+indeed, not confined to the moment of detumescence, but may occur at other
+times under the influence of sexual emotion.
+
+It would seem probable that in this erection, contraction, and descent of
+the uterus, and its simultaneous expulsion of mucus, we have the decisive
+moment in the completion of detumescence in woman, and it is probable that
+the thick mucus, unlike the earlier more limpid secretion, which women are
+sometimes aware of after orgasm, is emitted from the womb at this time.
+This is, however, not absolutely certain. Some authorities regard
+detumescence in women as accomplished in the pouring out of secretions,
+others in the rhythmic genital contractions; the sexual parts may,
+however, be copiously bathed in mucus for an indefinitely long period
+before the final stage of detumescence is achieved, and the rhythmic
+contractions are also taking place at a somewhat early period; in neither
+respect is there any obvious increase at the final moment of orgasm. In
+women this would seem to be more conspicuously a nervous manifestation
+than in men. On the subjective side it is very pronounced, with its
+feeling of relieved tension and agreeable repose--a moment when, as one
+woman expresses it, together with intense pleasure, there is, as it were,
+a floating up into a higher sphere, like the beginning of chloroform
+narcosis--but on the objective side this culminating moment is less easy
+to define.
+
+    Various observations and remarks made during the past two or
+    three centuries by Bond, Valisneri, Dionis, Haller, Günther, and
+    Bischoff, tending to show a sucking action of the uterus in both
+    women and other female animals, have been brought together by
+    Litzmann in R. Wagner's _Handwörterbuch der Physiologie_ (1846,
+    vol. iii, p. 53). Litzmann added an experience of his own: "I had
+    an opportunity lately, while examining a young and very erethic
+    woman, to observe how suddenly the uterus assumed a more erect
+    position, and descended deeper in the pelvis; the lips of the
+    womb became equal in length, the cervix rounded, softer, and more
+    easily reached by the finger, and at the same time a high state
+    of sexual excitement was revealed by the respiration and voice."
+
+    The general belief still remained, however, that the woman's part
+    in conjugation is passive, and that it is entirely by the energy
+    of the male organ and of the male sexual elements, the
+    spermatozoa, that conjunction with the germ cell is attained.
+    According to this theory, it was believed that the spermatozoa
+    were, as Wilkinson expresses it, in a history of opinion on this
+    question, "endowed with some sort of intuition or instinct; that
+    they would turn in the direction of the os uteri, wading through
+    the acid mucus of the vagina; travel patiently upward and around
+    the vaginal portion of the uterus; enter the uterus and proceed
+    onward in search of the waiting ovum." (A.D. Wilkinson,
+    "Sterility in the Female," _Transactions of the Lincoln Medical
+    Society_, Nebraska, 1896.)
+
+    About the year 1859 Fichstedt seems to have done something to
+    overthrow this theory by declaring his belief that the uterus was
+    not, as commonly supposed, a passive organ in coitus, but was
+    capable of sucking in the semen during the brief period of
+    detumescence. Various authorities then began to bring forward
+    arguments and observations in the same sense. Wernich,
+    especially, directed attention to this point in 1872 in a paper
+    on the erectile properties of the lower segment of the uterus
+    ("Die Erectionsfahigkeit des untern Uterus-Abschnitts," _Beiträge
+    zur Geburtshülfe und Gynäkologie_, vol. i, p. 296). He made
+    precise observations and came to the conclusion that owing to
+    erectile properties in the neck of the uterus, this part of the
+    womb elongates during congress and reaches down into the pelvis
+    with an aspiratory movement, as if to meet the glans of the male.
+    A little later, in a case of partial prolapse, Beck, in ignorance
+    of Wernich's theory, was enabled to make a very precise
+    observation of the action of the uterus during excitement. In
+    this case the woman was sexually very excitable even under
+    ordinary examination, and Beck carefully noted the phenomena that
+    took place during the orgasm. "The os and cervix uteri," he
+    states, "had been about as firm as usual, moderately hard and,
+    generally speaking, in a natural and normal condition, with the
+    external os closed to such an extent as to admit of the uterine
+    probe with difficulty; but the instant that the height of
+    excitement was at hand, the os opened itself to the extent of
+    fully an inch, as nearly as my eye can judge, made five or six
+    successive gasps as if it were drawing the external os into the
+    cervix, each time powerfully, and, it seemed to me, with a
+    regular rhythmical action, at the same time losing its former
+    density and hardness and becoming quite soft to the touch. Upon
+    the cessation of the action, as related, the os suddenly closed,
+    the cervix again hardened itself, and the intense congestion was
+    dissipated." (J.R. Beck, "How do the Spermatozoa Enter the
+    Uterus?" _American Journal of Obstetrics_, 1874.) It would appear
+    that in the early part of this final process of detumescence the
+    action of the uterus is mainly one of contraction and ejaculation
+    of any mucus that may be contained; Dr. Paul Mundé has described
+    "the gushing, almost in jets," of this mucus which he has
+    observed in an erotic woman under a rather long digital and
+    specular examination. (_American Journal of Obstetrics_, 1893.)
+    It is during the latter part of detumescence, it would seem, and
+    perhaps for a short time after the orgasm is over, that the
+    action of the uterus is mainly aspiratory.
+
+While the active part played by the womb in detumescence can no longer be
+questioned, it need not too hastily be assumed that the belief in the
+active movements of the spermatozoa must therefore be denied. The vigorous
+motility of the tadpole-like organisms is obvious to anyone who has ever
+seen fresh semen under the microscope; and if it is correct, as Clifton
+Edgar states, that the spermatozoa may retain their full activity in the
+female organs for at least seventeen days, they have ample time to exert
+their energies. The fact that impregnation sometimes occurs without
+rupture of the hymen is not decisive evidence that there has been no
+penetration, as the hymen may dilate without rupturing; but there seems no
+reason to doubt that conception has sometimes taken place when ejaculation
+has occurred without penetration; this is indicated in a fairly objective
+manner when, as has been occasionally observed, conception has occurred in
+women whose vaginas were so narrow as scarcely to admit the entrance of a
+goose-quill; such was the condition in the case of a pregnant woman
+brought forward by Roubaud. The stories, repeated in various books, of
+women who have conceived after homosexual relations with partners who had
+just left their husbands' beds are not therefore inherently
+impossible.[119] Janke quotes numerous cases in which there has been
+impregnation in virgins who have merely allowed the penis to be placed in
+contact with the vulva, the hymen remaining unruptured until
+delivery.[120]
+
+It must be added, however, that even if the semen is effused merely at the
+mouth of the vagina, without actual penetration, the spermatozoa are still
+not entirely without any resource save their own motility in the task of
+reaching the ovum. As we have seen, it is not only the uterus which takes
+an active part in detumescence; the vagina also is in active movement, and
+it seems highly probable that, at all events in some women and under some
+circumstances, such movement favoring aspiration toward the womb may be
+communicated to the external mouth of the vagina.
+
+    Riolan (_Anthropographia_, 1626, p. 294) referred to the
+    constriction and dilation of the vulva under the influence of
+    sexual excitement. It is said that in Abyssinia women can, when
+    adopting the straddling posture of coitus, by the movements of
+    their own vaginal muscles alone, grasp the male organ and cause
+    ejaculation, although the man remains passive. According to
+    Lorion the Annamites, adopting the normal posture of coitus,
+    introduce the penis when flaccid or only half erect, the
+    contraction of the vaginal walls completing the process; the
+    penis is very small in this people. It is recognized by
+    gynæcologists that the condition of vaginismus, in which there is
+    spasmodic contraction of the vagina, making intercourse painful
+    or impossible, is but a morbid exaggeration of the normal
+    contraction which occurs in sexual excitement. Even in the
+    absence of sexual excitement there is a vague affection,
+    occurring in both married and unmarried women, and not, it would
+    seem, necessarily hysterical, characterized by quivering or
+    twitching of the vulva; I am told that this is popularly termed
+    "flackering of the shape" in Yorkshire and "taittering of the
+    lips" in Ireland. It may be added that quivering of the gluteal
+    muscles also takes place during detumescence, and that in Indian
+    medicine this is likewise regarded as a sign of sexual desire in
+    women, apart from coitus.
+
+    A non-medical correspondent in Australia, W.J. Chidley, from whom
+    I have received many communications on this subject, is strongly
+    of opinion from his own observations that not only does the
+    uterus take an active part in coitus, but that under natural
+    conditions the vagina also plays an active part in the process.
+    He was led to suspect such an action many years ago, as well by
+    an experience of his own, as also by hearing from a young woman
+    who met her lover after a long absence that by the excitement
+    thus aroused a tape attached to the underclothes had been drawn
+    into the vagina. Since then the confidences of various friends,
+    together with observations of animals, have confirmed him in the
+    view that the general belief that coitus must be effected by
+    forcible entry of the male organ into a passive vagina is
+    incorrect. He considers that under normal circumstances coitus
+    should take place but rarely, and then only under the most
+    favorable circumstances, perhaps exclusively in spring, and, most
+    especially, only when the woman is ready for it. Then, when in
+    the arms of the man she loves, the vagina, in sympathy with the
+    active movements of the womb, becomes distended at the touch of
+    the turgescent, but not fully erect, penis, "flashes open and
+    draws in the male organ." "All animals," he adds, "have sexual
+    intercourse by the male organ being _drawn_, not forced, into the
+    female. I have been borne out in this by friends who have seen
+    horses, camels, mules and other large animals in the coupling
+    season. What is more absurd, for instance, than to say that an
+    entire _penetrates_ the mare? His penis is a sensitive, beautiful
+    piece of mechanism, which brings its light head here and there
+    till it touches the right spot, when the mare, _if ready_, takes
+    it in. An entire's penis could not penetrate anything; it is a
+    curve, a beautiful curve which would easily bend. A bull's,
+    again, is turned down at the end and, more palpably still, would
+    fold on itself if pressed with force. The womb and vagina of a
+    beautiful and healthy woman constitute a living, vital, moving
+    organ, sensitive to a look, a word, a thought, a hand on the
+    waist."
+
+    A well-known American author thus writes in confirmation of the
+    foregoing view: "In nature the woman wooes. When impassioned her
+    vagina becomes erect and dilated, and so lubricated with abundant
+    mucus to the lips that entrance is easy. This dilatation and
+    erectile expansion of vagina withdraws the hymen so close to the
+    walls that penetration need not tear it or cause pain. The more
+    muscular, primitive and healthy the woman the tougher and less
+    sensitive the hymen, and the less likely to break or bleed. I
+    think one great function of the foreskin also is to moisten the
+    glans, so that it can be lubricated for entrance, and then to
+    retract, moist side out, to make entrance still easier. I think
+    that in nature the glans penetrates within the labia, is
+    withstood a moment, vibrating, and then all resistance is
+    withdrawn by a sudden 'flashing open' of the gates, permitting
+    easy entrance, and that the sudden giving up of resistance, and
+    substitution of welcome, with its instantaneous deep entrance,
+    causes an almost immediate male orgasm (the thrill being
+    irresistibly exciting). Certainly this is the process as observed
+    in horses, cattle, goats, etc., and it seems likely something
+    analogous is natural in man."
+
+    While it is easily possible to carry to excess a view which would
+    make the woman rather than the man the active agent in coitus
+    (and it may be recalled that in the Cebidæ the penis, as also the
+    clitoris, is furnished with a bone), there is probably an element
+    of truth in the belief that the vagina shares in the active part
+    which, there can now be little doubt, is played by the uterus in
+    detumescence. Such a view certainly enables us to understand how
+    it is that semen effused on the exterior sexual organs can be
+    conveyed to the uterus.
+
+    It was indeed the failure to understand the vital activity of the
+    semen and the feminine genital canal, co-operating together
+    towards the junction of sperm cell and germ cell, which for so
+    long stood in the way of the proper understanding of conception.
+    Even the genius of Harvey, which had grappled successfully with
+    the problem of the circulation, failed in the attempt to
+    comprehend the problem of generation. Mainly on account of this
+    difficulty, he was unable to see how the male element could
+    possibly enter the uterus, although he devoted much observation
+    and study to the question. Writing of the uterus of the doe after
+    copulation, he says: "I began to doubt, to ask myself whether the
+    semen of the male could by any possibility make its way by
+    attraction or injection to the seat of conception, and repeated
+    examination led me to the conclusion that none of the semen
+    reached this seat." (_De-Generatione Animalium_, Exercise lxvii.)
+    "The woman," he finally concluded, "after contact with the
+    spermatic fluid _in coitu_, seems to receive an influence and
+    become fecundated without the co-operation of any sensible
+    corporeal agent, in the same way as iron touched by the magnet is
+    endowed with its powers."
+
+Although the specifically sexual muscular process of detumescence in
+women--as distinguished from the general muscular phenomena of sexual
+excitement which may be fairly obvious--is thus seen to be somewhat
+complex and obscure, in women as well as in men detumescence is a
+convulsion which discharges a slowly accumulated store of nervous force.
+In women also, as in men, the motor discharge is directed to a specific
+end--the intromission of the semen in the one sex, its reception in the
+other. In both sexes the sexual orgasm and the pleasure and satisfaction
+associated with it, involve, as their most essential element, the motor
+activity of the sexual sphere.[121]
+
+    The active co-operation of the female organs in detumescence is
+    probably indicated by the difficulty which is experienced in
+    achieving conception by the artificial injection of semen. Marion
+    Sims stated in 1866, in _Clinical Notes on Uterine Surgery_, that
+    in 55 injections in six women he had only once been successful;
+    he believed that that was the only case at that time on record.
+    Jacobi had, however, practiced artificial fecundation in animals
+    (in 1700) and John Hunter in man. See Gould and Pyle, _Anomalies
+    and Curiosities of Medicine_, p. 43; also Janke (_Die
+    Willkürliche Hervorbringen des Geschlechts_, pp. 230 et seq.) who
+    discusses the question of artificial fecundation and brings
+    together a mass of data.
+
+The facial expression when tumescence is completed is marked by a high
+degree of energy in men and of loveliness in women. At this moment, when
+the culminating act of life is about to be accomplished, the individual
+thus reaches his supreme state of radiant beauty. The color is heightened,
+the eyes are larger and brighter, the facial muscles are more tense, so
+that in mature individuals any wrinkles disappear and youthfulness
+returns.
+
+At the beginning of detumescence the features are frequently more
+discomposed. There is a general expression of eager receptivity to sensory
+impressions. The dilatation of the pupils, the expansion of the nostrils,
+the tendency to salivation and to movements of the tongue, all go to make
+up a picture which indicates an approaching gratification of sensory
+desires; it is significant that in some animals there is at this moment
+erection of the ears.[122] There is sometimes a tendency to utter broken
+and meaningless words, and it is noted that sometimes women have called
+out on their mothers.[123] The dilatation of the pupils produces
+photophobia, and in the course of detumescence the eyes are frequently
+closed from this cause. At the beginning of sexual excitement, Vaschide
+and Vurpas have observed, tonicity of the eye-muscles seems to increase;
+the elevators of the upper lids contract, so that the eyes look larger and
+their mobility and brightness are heightened; with the increase of
+muscular tonicity strabismus occurs, owing to the greater strength of the
+muscles that carry the eyes inward.[124]
+
+    The facial expression which marks the culmination of tumescence,
+    and the approach of detumescence is that which is generally
+    expressive of joy. In an interesting psycho-physical study of the
+    emotion of joy, Dearborn thus summarizes its characteristics:
+    "The eyes are brighter and the upper eyelid elevated, as also are
+    the brows, the skin over the glabella, the upper lip and the
+    corners of the mouth, while the skin at the outer canthi of the
+    eye is puckered. The nostrils are moderately dilated, the tongue
+    slightly extended and the cheeks somewhat expanded, while in
+    persons with largely developed pinnal muscles the ears tend
+    somewhat to incline forwards. The whole arterial system is
+    dilated, with consequent blushing from this effect on the dermal
+    capillaries of the face, neck, scalp and hands, and sometimes
+    more extensively even; from the same cause the eyes slightly
+    bulge. The whole glandular system likewise is stimulated, causing
+    the secretions,--gastric, salivary, lachrymal, sudoral, mammary,
+    genital, etc.--to be increased, with the resulting rise of
+    temperature and increase in the katobolism generally. Volubility
+    is almost regularly increased, and is, indeed, one of the most
+    sensitive and constant of the correlations in emotional
+    delight.... Pleasantness is correlated in living organisms by
+    vascular, muscular and glandular extension or expansion, both
+    literal and figurative." (G. Dearborn, "The Emotion of Joy,"
+    _Psychological Review Monograph Supplements_, vol. ii, No. 5, p.
+    62.) All these signs of joy appear to occur at some stage of the
+    process of sexual excitement.
+
+    In some monkeys it would seem that the muscular movement which in
+    man has become the smile is the characteristic facial expression
+    of sexual tumescence or courtship. Discussing the facial
+    expression of pleasure in children, S.S. Buckman has the
+    following remarks: "There is one point in such expression which
+    has not received due consideration, namely, the raising of lumps
+    of flesh each side of the nose as an indication of pleasure.
+    Accompanying this may be seen small furrows, both in children and
+    adults, running from the eyes somewhat obliquely towards the
+    nose. What these characters indicate may be learned from the male
+    mandril, whose face, particularly in the breeding season, shows
+    colored fleshy prominences each side of the nose, with
+    conspicuous furrows and ridges. In the male mandril these
+    characters have been developed because, being an unmistakable
+    sign of sexual ardor, they gave the female particular evidence of
+    sexual feelings. Thus such characters would come to be recognized
+    as habitually symptomatic of pleasurable feelings. Finding
+    similar features in human beings, and particularly in children,
+    though not developed in the same degree, we may assume that in
+    our monkey-like ancestors facial characters similar to those of
+    the mandril were developed, though to a less extent, and that
+    they were symptomatic of pleasure, because connected with the
+    period of courtship. Then they became conventionalized as
+    pleasurable symptoms." (S.S. Buckmann, "Human Babies: What They
+    Teach," _Nature_, July 5, 1900.) If this view is accepted, it may
+    be said that the smile, having in man become a generalized sign
+    of amiability, has no longer any special sexual significance. It
+    is true that a faint and involuntary smile is often associated
+    with the later stages of tumescence, but this is usually lost
+    during detumescence, and may even give place to an expression of
+    ferocity.
+
+When we have realized how profound is the organic convulsion involved by
+the process of detumescence, and how great the general motor excitement
+involved, we can understand how it is that very serious effects may follow
+coitus. Even in animals this is sometimes the case. Young bulls and
+stallions have fallen in a faint after the first congress; boars may be
+seriously affected in a similar way; mares have been known even to fall
+dead.[125] In the human species, and especially in men--probably, as Bryan
+Robinson remarks, because women are protected by the greater slowness with
+which detumescence occurs in them--not only death itself, but innumerable
+disorders and accidents have been known to follow immediately after
+coitus, these results being mainly due to the vascular and muscular
+excitement involved by the processes of detumescence. Fainting, vomiting,
+urination, defæcation have been noted as occurring in young men after a
+first coitus. Epilepsy has been not infrequently recorded. Lesions of
+various organs, even rupture of the spleen, have sometimes taken place. In
+men of mature age the arteries have at times been unable to resist the
+high blood-pressure, and cerebral hæmorrhage with paralysis has occurred.
+In elderly men the excitement of intercourse with strange women has
+sometimes caused death, and various cases are known of eminent persons who
+have thus died in the arms of young wives or of prostitutes.[126]
+
+These morbid results, are, however, very exceptional. They usually occur
+in persons who are abnormally sensitive, or who have imprudently
+transgressed the obvious rules of sexual hygiene. Detumescence is so
+profoundly natural a process; it is so deeply and intimately a function of
+the organism, that it is frequently harmless even when the bodily
+condition is far from absolutely sound. Its usual results, under favorable
+circumstances, are entirely beneficial. In men there normally supervenes,
+together with the relief from the prolonged tension of tumescence, with
+the muscular repose and falling blood-pressure,[127] a sense of profound
+satisfaction, a glow of diffused well-being,[128] perhaps an agreeable
+lassitude, occasionally also a sense of mental liberation from an
+overmastering obsession. Under reasonably happy circumstances there is no
+pain, or exhaustion, or sadness, or emotional revulsion. The happy lover's
+attitude toward his partner is not expressed by the well-known Sonnet
+(CXXIX) of Shakespeare:--
+
+    "Past reason hunted, and no sooner had
+    Past reason hated."
+
+He feels rather with Boccaccio that the kissed mouth loses not its charm,
+
+    "Bocca baciata non perde ventura."
+
+In women the results of detumescence are the same, except that the
+tendency to lassitude is not marked unless the act has been several times
+repeated; there is a sensation of repose and self-assurance, and often an
+accession of free and joyous energy. After completely satisfactory
+detumescence she may experience a feeling as of intoxication, lasting for
+several hours, an intoxication that is followed by no evil reaction.
+
+Such, so far as our present vague and imperfect knowledge extends, are the
+main features in the process of detumescence. In the future, without
+doubt, we shall learn to know more precisely a process which has been so
+supremely important in the life of man and of his ancestors.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[98] The elements furnished by the sense of touch in sexual selection have
+been discussed in the first section of the previous volume of these
+_Studies_.
+
+[99] See Appendix A. "The Origins of the Kiss," in the previous volume.
+
+[100] See, e.g., Art. "Erection," by Retterer, in Richet's _Dictionnaire
+de Physiologie_, vol. v.
+
+[101] Guibaut, _Traité Clinique des Maladies des Femmes_, p. 242. Adler
+discusses the sexual secretions in women and their significance, _Die
+Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, pp. 19-26.
+
+[102] In some parts of the world this is further aided by artificial
+means. Thus it is stated by Riedel (as quoted by Ploss and Bartels) that
+in the Gorong Archipelago the bridegroom, before the first coitus, anoints
+the bride's pudenda with an ointment containing opium, musk, etc. I have
+been told of an English bride who was instructed by her mother to use a
+candle for the same purpose.
+
+[103] _Parthenologia_, pp. 302, et seq.
+
+[104] The connection of this mucous flow with sexual emotion was discussed
+early in the eighteenth century by Schurig in his _Gynæcologia_, pp. 8-11;
+it is frequently passed over by more modern writers.
+
+[105] The drawing is reproduced by Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i,
+Chapter XVII; many facts bearing on the ethnography of coitus are brought
+together in this chapter.
+
+[106] Onanoff (Paris Société de Biologie, May 3, 1890) proposed the name
+of bulbo-cavernous reflex for the smart contraction of the ischio-and
+bulbo-cavernosus muscles (erector penis and accelerator urinæ) produced by
+mechanical excitation of the glans. This reflex is clinically elicited by
+placing the index-finger of the left hand on the region of the bulb while
+the right hand rapidly rubs the dorsal surface of the glands with the edge
+of a piece of paper or lightly pinches the mucous membrane; a twitching of
+the region of the bulb is then perceived. This reflex is always present in
+healthy adult subjects and indicates the integrity of the physical
+mechanism of detumescence. It has been described by Hughes. (C.H. Hughes,
+"The Virile or Bulbo-cavernous Reflex," _Alienist and Neurologist_,
+January, 1898.)
+
+[107] Roubaud, _Traité de l'Impuissance_, 1855, p. 39.
+
+[108] _Das Weib_, seventh edition, vol. i, p. 510.
+
+[109] The influence of impeded respiration in exciting more or less
+perverted forms of sexual gratification has been discussed in a section of
+"Love and Pain" in the third volume of these _Studies_.
+
+[110] See, e.g., the experiments of Obici on this point, _Revista
+Sperimentale di Freniatria_, 1903, pp. 689, et seq.
+
+[111] Summarized in _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, March, 1903, p.
+188. The tendency to closure of the eyes noted by Roubaud, to avoid
+contact of the light, indicates dilatation of the pupils, for which we
+need not seek other explanation than the general tendency of all
+peripheral stimulation, according to Schiff's law, to produce such
+dilatation.
+
+[112] Vaschide and Vurpas, "Du Coefficient Sexuel de l'Impulsion
+Musicale," _Archives de Neurologie_, May, 1904.
+
+[113] In the _Priapeia_ is an inscription which has thus been
+translated:--
+
+    "You see this organ, after which I'm called
+    And which is my certificate, is humid;
+    This moisture is not dew nor drops of rain,
+    It is the outcome of sweet memory,
+    Recalling thoughts of a complacent maid."
+
+The translator supposes that semen is referred to, but without doubt the
+allusion is to the theologians' _distillatio_.
+
+[114] A woman of 30, normal and intelligent, after conversing on love and
+passion, and then listening to the music of Grieg and Schumann, felt real
+and strong sexual excitement, increased by memories recalled by the
+presence of a sympathetic person. When then tested by the dynamometer the
+average of ten efforts with the right hand was found to be 28.2 (her
+normal average being 31.1) and with the left hand 28.0 (the normal being
+30.0). There was, however, great variability in the individual pressures
+which sometimes equaled and even exceeded the subject's normal efforts.
+The voluntary muscles are thus in harmony with the approaching general
+sexual avalanche. (Vaschide and Vurpas, "Quelques Données Expérimentales
+sur l'Influence de l'Excitation Sexuelle," _Archivio di Psichiatria_,
+1903, fasc. v-vi.)
+
+[115] Cf. MacGillicuddy, _Functional Disorders of the Nervous System in
+Women_, p. 110; Féré, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 238; id.,
+"Note sur une Anomalie de l'instinct Sexuel," _Belgique Médicale_, 1905;
+also "Analysis of the Sexual Impulse," in an earlier volume of these
+_Studies_.
+
+[116] J.P. West, "Masturbation in Early Childhood," _Medical Standard_,
+November, 1895.
+
+[117] Cf. the discussion of hysteria in "Auto-Erotism," vol. i of these
+_Studies_.
+
+[118] Hirst, _Text-Book of Obstetrics_, 1899, p. 67.
+
+[119] The earliest story of the kind with which I am acquainted, that of a
+widow who was thus impregnated by a married friend, is quoted in Schurig's
+_Spermatologia_ (p. 224) from Amatus Lusitanus, _Curationum Centuriæ
+Septum_, 1629.
+
+[120] Janke, _Die Willkürliche Hervorbringen des Geschlechts_, p. 238.
+
+[121] Cf. Adler, _Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, pp.
+29-38.
+
+[122] Féré, _Pathologie des Emotions_, p. 51.
+
+[123] This is an instinctive impulse under all strong emotion in primitive
+persons. "The Australian Dieri," says A.W. Howitt (_Journal
+Anthropological Institute_, August, 1890), "when in pain or grief cry out
+for their father or mother."
+
+[124] Vaschide and Vurpas, _Archives de Neurologie_, May, 1904.
+
+[125] F.B. Robinson, _New York Medical Journal_, March 11, 1893.
+
+[126] Féré deals fully with the various morbid results which may follow
+coitus, _L' Instinct Sexuel_, Chapter X; id., _Pathologie des Emotions_,
+p. 99.
+
+[127] With regard to the relationship of detumescence to the
+blood-pressure Haig remarks: "I think that as the sexual act produces low
+and falling blood-pressure, it will of necessity relieve conditions which
+are due to high and rising blood-pressure, such, for instance, as mental
+depression and bad temper; and, unless my observation deceives me, we have
+here a connection between conditions of high blood-pressure, with mental
+and bodily depression, and the act of masturbation, for this act will
+relieve those conditions, and will tend to be practiced for this purpose."
+(A. Haig, _Uric Acid_, sixth edition, p. 154.)
+
+[128] A medical correspondent speaks of subjective feelings of temperature
+coming over the body from 20 to 24 hours after congress, and marked by
+sensations of cooling of body and glow of cheeks. In another case, though
+lassitude appears on the second day after congress, the first day after is
+marked by a notable increase in mental and physical activity.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+The Constituents of Semen--Function of the Prostate--The Properties of
+Semen--Aphrodisiacs--Alcohol, Opium, etc.--Anaphrodisiacs--The Stimulant
+Influence of Semen in Coitus--The Internal Effects of Testicular
+Secretions--The Influence of Ovarian Secretion.
+
+
+The germ cell never comes into the sphere of consciousness and cannot
+therefore concern us in the psychological study of the phenomena of the
+sexual instinct. But it is otherwise with the sperm cell, and the seminal
+fluid has a relationship, both direct and indirect, to psychic phenomena
+which it is now necessary to discuss.
+
+While the spermatozoa are formed in the glandular tissue of the testes,
+the seminal fluid as finally emitted in detumescence is not a purely
+testicular product, but is formed by mixture with the fluids poured out at
+or before detumescence by various glands which open into the urethra, and
+notably the prostate.[129] This is a purely sexual gland, which in animals
+only becomes large and active during the breeding season, and may even be
+hardly distinguishable at other times; moreover, if the testes are removed
+in infancy, the prostate remains rudimentary, so that during recent years
+removal of the testes has been widely advocated and practiced for that
+hypertrophy of the prostate which is sometimes a distressing ailment of
+old age. It is the prostatic fluid, according to Fürbringer, which imparts
+its characteristic odor to semen. It appears, however, to be the main
+function of the prostatic fluid to arouse and maintain the motility of the
+spermatozoa; before meeting the prostatic fluid the spermatozoa are
+motionless; that fluid seems to furnish a thinner medium in which they
+for the first time gain their full vitality.[130]
+
+When at length the semen is ejaculated, it contains various substances
+which may be separated from it,[131] and possesses various qualities, some
+of which have only lately been investigated, while others have evidently
+been known to mankind from a very early period. "When held for some time
+in the mouth," remarked John Hunter, "it produces a warmth similar to
+spices, which lasts some time."[132] Possibly this fact first suggested
+that semen might, when ingested, possess valuable stimulant qualities, a
+discovery which has been made by various savages, notably by the
+Australian aborigines, who, in many parts of Australia, administer a
+potion of semen to dying or feeble members of the tribe.[133] It is
+perhaps noteworthy that in Central Africa the testes of the goat are
+consumed as an aphrodisiac.[134] In eighteenth century Europe, Schurig, in
+his _Spermatologia_, still found it necessary to discuss at considerable
+length the possible medical properties of human semen, giving many
+prescriptions which contained it.[135] The stimulation produced by the
+ingestion of semen would appear to form in some cases a part of the
+attraction exerted by _fellatio_; De Sade emphasized this point; and in a
+case recorded by Howard semen appears to have acted as a stimulant for
+which the craving was as irresistible as is that for alcohol in
+dipsomania.[136]
+
+    It must be remembered that the early history of this subject is
+    more or less inextricably commingled with folk-lore practices of
+    magical origin, not necessarily founded on actual observation of
+    the physiological effects of consuming the semen or testes. Thus,
+    according to W.H. Pearse (_Scalpel_, December, 1897), it is the
+    custom in Cornwall for country maids to eat the testicles of the
+    young male lambs when they are castrated in the spring, the
+    survival, probably, of a very ancient religious cult. (I have not
+    myself been able to hear of this custom in Cornwall.) In
+    Burchard's Penitential (Cap. CLIV, Wasserschleben, op. cit., p.
+    660) seven years' penance is assigned to the woman who swallows
+    her husband's semen to make him love her more. In the seventeenth
+    century (as shown in William Salmon's _London Dispensatory_,
+    1678) semen was still considered to be good against witchcraft
+    and also valuable as a love-philter, in which latter capacity its
+    use still survives. (Bourke, _Scatalogic Rites_, pp. 343, 355.)
+    In an earlier age (Picart, quoted by Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_,
+    p. 109) the Manichæans, it is said, sprinkled their eucharistic
+    bread with human semen, a custom followed by the Albigenses.
+
+    The belief, perhaps founded in experience, that semen possesses
+    medical and stimulant virtues was doubtless fortified by the
+    ancient opinion that the spinal cord is the source of this fluid.
+    This was not only held by the highest medical authorities in
+    Greece, but also in India and Persia.
+
+    The semen is thus a natural stimulant, a physiological
+    aphrodisiac, the type of a class of drugs which have been known
+    and cultivated in all parts of the world from time immemorial.
+    (Dufour has discussed the aphrodisiacs used in ancient Rome,
+    _Histoire de la Prostitution_, vol. II, ch. 21.) It would be vain
+    to attempt to enumerate all the foods and medicaments to which
+    has been ascribed an influence in heightening the sexual impulse.
+    (Thus, in the sixteenth century, aphrodisiacal virtues were
+    attributed to an immense variety of foods by Liébault in his
+    _Thresor des Remèdes Secrets pour les Maladies des Femmes_, 1585,
+    pp. 104, et seq.) A large number of them certainly have no such
+    effect at all, but have obtained this credit either on some
+    magical ground or from a mistaken association. Thus the potato,
+    when first introduced from America, had the reputation of being a
+    powerful aphrodisiac, and the Elizabethan dramatists contain many
+    references to this supposed virtue. As we know, potatoes, even
+    when taken in the largest doses, have not the slightest
+    aphrodisiac effect, and the Irish peasantry, whose diet consists
+    very largely of potatoes, are even regarded as possessing an
+    unusually small measure of sexual feeling. It is probable that
+    the mistake arose from the fact that potatoes were originally a
+    luxury, and luxuries frequently tend to be regarded as
+    aphrodisiacs, since they are consumed under circumstances which
+    tend to arouse the sexual desires. It is possible also that, as
+    has been plausibly suggested, the misunderstanding may have been
+    due to sailors--the first to be familiar with the potato--who
+    attributed to this particular element of their diet ashore the
+    generally stimulating qualities of their life in port. The eryngo
+    (_Eryngium maritimum_), or sea holly, which also had an erotic
+    reputation in Elizabethan times, may well have acquired it in the
+    same way. Many other vegetables have a similar reputation, which
+    they still retain. Thus onions are regarded as aphrodisiacal, and
+    were so regarded by the Greeks, as we learn from Aristophanes. It
+    is noteworthy that Marro, a reliable observer, has found that in
+    Italy, both in prisons and asylums, lascivious people are fond of
+    onions (_La Pubertà_, p. 297), and it may perhaps be worth while
+    to recall the observation of Sérieux that in a woman in whom the
+    sexual instinct only awoke in middle age there was a horror of
+    leeks. In some countries, and especially in Belgium, celery is
+    popularly looked upon as a sexual stimulant. Various condiments,
+    again, have the same reputation, perhaps because they are hot and
+    because sexual desire is regarded, rightly enough, as a kind of
+    heat. Fish--skate, for instance, and notably oysters and other
+    shellfish--are very widely regarded as aphrodisiacs, and Kisch
+    attributes this property to caviar. It is probable that all these
+    and other foods which have obtained this reputation, in so far as
+    they have any action whatever on the sexual appetite, only
+    possess it by virtue of their generally nutritious and
+    stimulating qualities, and not by the presence of any special
+    principle having a selective action on the sexual sphere. A
+    beefsteak is probably as powerful a sexual stimulant as any food;
+    a nutritious food, however, which is at the same time easily
+    digestible, and thus requiring less expenditure of energy for its
+    absorption, may well exert a specially rapid and conspicuous
+    stimulant effect. But it is not possible to draw a line, and, as
+    Aquinas long since said, if we wish to maintain ourselves in a
+    state of purity we shall fear even an immoderate use of bread and
+    water.
+
+    More definitely aphrodisiacal effects are produced by drugs, and
+    especially by drugs which in large doses are poisons. The
+    aphrodisiac with the widest popular reputation is cantharides,
+    but its sexually exciting effects are merely an accidental result
+    of its action in causing inflammation of the genito-urinary
+    passage, and it is both an uncertain and a dangerous result,
+    except in skillful hands and when administered in small doses.
+    Nux vomica (with its alkaloid strychnia), by virtue of its
+    special action on the spinal cord, has a notably pronounced
+    effect in heightening the irritability of the spinal ejaculatory
+    center, though it by no means necessarily exerts any
+    strengthening influence. Alcohol exerts a sexually exciting
+    effect, but in a different manner; it produces little stimulation
+    of the cord and, indeed, even paralyzes the lumbar sexual center
+    in large doses, but it has an influence on the peripheral
+    nerve-endings and on the skin, and also on the cerebral centers,
+    tending to arouse desire and to diminish inhibition. In this
+    latter way, as Adler remarks, it may, in small doses, under some
+    circumstances, be beneficial in men with an excessive
+    nervousness or dread of coitus, and women, in whom orgasm has
+    been difficult to reach, have frequently found this facilitated
+    by some previous indulgence in alcohol. The aphrodisiac effect of
+    alcohol seems specially marked on women. But against the use of
+    alcohol as an aphrodisiac it must be remembered that it is far
+    from being a tonic to detumescence, at all events in men, and
+    that there is much evidence tending to show that not only chronic
+    alcoholism, but even procreation during intoxication is perilous
+    to the offspring (see, e.g., Andriezen, _Journal of Mental
+    Science_, January, 1905, and cf. W.C. Sullivan, "Alcoholism and
+    Suicidal Impulses," ib., April, 1898, p. 268); it may be added
+    that Bunge has found a very high proportion of cases of
+    immoderate use of alcohol in the fathers of women unable to
+    suckle their infants (G. von Bunge, _Die Zunehmende Unfähigkeit
+    der Frauen ihre Kinder zu Stillen_, 1903) while even an
+    approximation to the drunken state is far from being a desirable
+    prelude to the creation of a new human being. It is obvious that
+    those who wish, for any reason, to cultivate a strict chastity of
+    thought and feeling would do well to avoid alcohol altogether, or
+    only in its lightest forms and in moderation. The aphrodisiacal
+    effects of wine have long been known; Ovid refers to them (e.g.,
+    _Ars Am._, Bk. III, 765). Clement of Alexandria, who was
+    something of a man of science as well as a Christian moralist,
+    points out the influence of wine in producing lasciviousness and
+    sexual precocity. (_Pædagogus_, Bk. II, Chapter II). Chaucer
+    makes the Wife of Bath say in the Wife of Bath's  Prologue:--
+
+        "And, after wyn, on Venus moste [needs] I thinke:
+        For al so siken as cold engendreth hayl,
+        A likerous mouth moste have a likerous tayl,
+        In womman vinolent is no defense,
+        This knowen lechours by experience."
+
+    Alcohol, as Chaucer pointed out, comes to the aid of the man, who
+    is unscrupulous in his efforts to overcome a woman, and this not
+    merely by virtue of its aphrodisiacal effects, and the apparently
+    special influence which it seems to exert on women, but also
+    because it lulls the mental and emotional characteristics which
+    are the guardians of personality. A correspondent who has
+    questioned on this point a number of prostitutes he has known,
+    writes: "Their accounts of the first fall were nearly always the
+    same. They got to know a 'gentleman,' and on one occasion they
+    drank too much; before they quite realized what was happening
+    they were no longer virgins." "In the mental areas, under the
+    influence of alcohol," Schmiedeberg remarks (in his _Elements of
+    Pharmacology_), "the finer degrees of observation, judgment, and
+    reflection are the first to disappear, while the remaining mental
+    functions remain in a normal condition. The soldier acts more
+    boldly because he notices dangers less and reflects over them
+    less; the orator does not allow himself to be influenced by any
+    disturbing side-considerations as to his audience, hence he
+    speaks more freely and spiritedly; self-consciousness is lost to
+    a very great extent, and many are astounded at the ease with
+    which they can express their thoughts, and at the acuteness of
+    their judgment in matters which, when they are perfectly sober,
+    with difficulty reach their minds; and then afterwards they are
+    ashamed at their mistakes."
+
+    The action of opium in small doses is also to some extent
+    aphrodisiacal; it slightly stimulates both the brain and the
+    spinal cord, and has sensory effects on the skin like alcohol;
+    these effects are favored by the state of agreeable dreaminess it
+    produces. In the seventeenth century Venette (_La Génération de
+    l'Homme_, Part II, Chapter V) strongly recommended small doses of
+    opium, then little known, for this purpose; he had himself, he
+    says, in illness experienced its joys, "a shadow of those of
+    heaven." In India opium (as well as cannabis indica) has long
+    been a not uncommon aphrodisiac; it is specially used to diminish
+    local sensibility, delaying the orgasm and thus prolonging the
+    sexual act. (W.D. Sutherland, "De Impotentia," _Indian Medical
+    Gazette_, January, 1900). Its more direct and stimulating
+    influence on the sexual emotions seems indicated by the statement
+    that prostitutes are found standing outside the opium-smoking
+    dens of Bombay, but not outside the neighboring liquor shops.
+    (G.C. Lucas, _Lancet_, February 2, 1884.) Like alcohol, opium
+    seems to have a marked aphrodisiacal effect on women. The case is
+    recorded of a mentally deranged girl, with no nymphomania though
+    she masturbated, who on taking small doses of opium at once
+    showed signs of nymphomania, following men about, etc. (_American
+    Journal Obstetrics_, May, 1901, p. 74.) It may well be believed
+    that opium acts beneficially in men when the ejaculatory centers
+    are weak but irritable; but its actions are too widespread over
+    the organism to make it in any degree a valuable aphrodisiac.
+    Various other drugs have more or less reputation as aphrodisiacs;
+    thus bromide of gold, a nervous and glandular stimulant, is said
+    to have as one of its effects a heightening of sexual feeling.
+    Yohimbin, an alkaloid derived from the West African Yohimbehe
+    tree, has obtained considerable repute during recent years in the
+    treatment of impotence; in some cases (see, e.g., Toff's results,
+    summarized in _British Medical Journal_, February 18, 1905) it
+    has produced good results, apparently by increasing the blood
+    supply to the sexual organs, but has not been successful in all
+    cases or in all hands. It must always be remembered that in cases
+    of psychical impotence suggestion necessarily exerts a beneficial
+    influence, and this may work through any drug or merely with the
+    aid of bread pills. All exercise, often even walking, may be a
+    sexual stimulant, and it is scarcely necessary to add that
+    powerful stimulation of the skin in the sexual sphere, and more
+    especially of the nates, is often a more effective aphrodisiac
+    than any drug, whether the irritation is purely mechanical, as by
+    flogging, or mechanico-chemical, as by urtication or the
+    application of nettles. Among the Malays (with whom both men and
+    women often use a variety of plants as aphrodisiacs, according to
+    Vaughan Stevens) Breitenstein states (_21 Jahre in India_, Theil
+    I, p. 228) that both massage and gymnastics are used to increase
+    sexual powers. The local application of electricity is one of the
+    most powerful of aphrodisiacs, and McMordie found on applying one
+    pole to a uterine sound in the uterus and the other to the
+    abdominal wall that in the majority of healthy women the orgasm
+    occurred.
+
+    Among anaphrodisiacs, or sexual sedatives, bromide of potassium,
+    by virtue of its antidotal relationship to strychnia, is one of
+    the drugs whose action is most definite, though, while it dulls
+    sexual desire, it also dulls all the nervous and cerebral
+    activities. Camphor has an ancient reputation as an
+    anaphrodisiac, and its use in this respect was known to the Arabs
+    (as may be seen by a reference to it in the _Perfumed Garden_),
+    while, as Hyrtl mentions (loc. cit. ii, p. 94), rue (_Ruta
+    graveolens_) was considered a sexual sedative by the monks of
+    old, who on this account assiduously cultivated it in their
+    cloister gardens to make _vinum rutæ_. Recently heroin in large
+    doses (see, e.g., Becker, _Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift_,
+    November 23, 1903) has been found to have a useful effect in this
+    direction. It may be doubted, however, whether there is any
+    satisfactory and reliable anaphrodisiac. Charcot, indeed, it is
+    said, used to declare that the only anaphrodisiac in which he had
+    any confidence was that used by the uncle of Heloïse in the case
+    of Abelard. "_Cela_ (he would add with a grim smile) _tranche la
+    difficulte_."
+
+If semen is a stimulant when ingested, it is easy to suppose that it may
+exert a similar action on the woman who receives it into the vagina in
+normal sexual congress. It is by no means improbable that, as Mattei
+argued in 1878, this is actually the case. It is known that the vagina
+possesses considerable absorptive power. Thus Coen and Levi, among others,
+have shown that if a tampon soaked in a solution of iodine is introduced
+into the vagina, iodine will be found in the urine within an hour. And the
+same is true of various other substances.[137] If the vagina absorbs drugs
+it probably absorbs semen. Toff, of Braila (Roumania), who attaches much
+importance to such absorption, considers that it must be analogous to the
+ingestion of organic extractives. It is due to this influence, he
+believes, that weak and anæmic girls so often become full-blooded and
+robust after marriage, and lose their nervous tendencies and shyness.[138]
+
+It is, however, most certainly a mistake to suppose that the beneficial
+influence of coitus on women is exclusively, or even mainly, dependent
+upon the absorption of semen. This is conclusively demonstrated by the
+fact that such beneficial influence is exerted, and in full measure, even
+when all precautions have been taken to avoid any contact with the semen.
+In so far as _coitus reservatus_ or _interruptus_ may lead to haste or
+discomfort which prevents satisfactory orgasm on the part of the woman, it
+is without doubt a cause of defective detumescence and incomplete
+satisfaction. But if orgasm is complete the beneficial effects of coitus
+follow even if there has been no possibility of the absorption of semen.
+Even after _coitus interruptus_, if it can be prolonged for a period long
+enough for the woman to attain full and complete satisfaction, she is
+enabled to experience what she may describe as a feeling of intoxication,
+lasting for several hours. It is in the action of the orgasm itself, and
+the vascular, secretory, and metabolic activities set up by the psychic
+and nervous influence of coitus with a beloved person, that we must seek
+the chief key to the effects produced by coitus on women, however these
+effects may possibly be still further heightened by the actual absorption
+of semen.[139]
+
+The positive action of semen, or rather of the testicular products, has
+been much investigated during recent years, and appears on the whole to be
+demonstrated. The notable discovery by Brown-Séquard, a quarter of a
+century ago, that the ingestion of the testicular juices in states of
+debility and senility acted as a beneficial stimulant and tonic, opened
+the way to a new field of therapeutics. Many investigators in various
+countries have found that testicular extracts, and more especially the
+spermin as studied by Poehl,[140] and by him regarded as a positive
+katalysator or accelerator of metabolic processes, exert a real influence
+in giving tone to the heart and other muscles, and in improving the
+metabolism of the tissues even when all influences of mental suggestion
+have been excluded.[141]
+
+    As the ovaries are strictly analogous to the testes, it was
+    surmised that ovarian extract might prove a drug equally valuable
+    with testicular products. As a matter of fact, ovarian extract,
+    in the form of ovarin, etc., would seem to have proved beneficial
+    in various disorders, more especially in anæmia and in troubles
+    due to the artificial menopause. In most conditions, however, in
+    which it has been employed the results are doubtful or uncertain,
+    and some authorities believe that the influence of suggestion
+    plays a considerable part here.
+
+There is, however, another use which is subserved by the testicular
+products, a use which may indeed be said to be implied in those uses to
+which reference has already been made, but is yet historically the latest
+to be realized and studied. It was not until 1869 that Brown-Séquard first
+suggested that an important secretion was elaborated by the ductless
+glands and received into the circulation, but that suggestion proved to be
+epoch-making. If these glandular secretions are so valuable when
+administered as drugs to other persons, must they not be of far greater
+value when naturally secreted and poured out into the circulation in the
+living body? It is now generally believed, on the basis of a large and
+various body of evidence, that this is undoubtedly so. In a very crude
+form, indeed, this belief is by no means modern. In opposition to the old
+writers who were inclined to regard the semen as an excretion which it was
+beneficial to expel, there were other ancient authorities who argued that
+it was beneficial to retain it as being a vital fluid which, if
+reabsorbed, served to invigorate the body. The great physiologist, Haller,
+in the middle of the eighteenth century, came very near to the modern
+doctrine when he stated in his _Elements of Physiology_ that the sperm
+accumulated in the seminical vesicles is pumped back into the blood, and
+thus produces the beard and the hair together with the other surprising
+changes of puberty which are absent in the eunuch. The reabsorption of
+semen can scarcely be said to be a part of the modern physiological
+doctrine, but it is at least now generally held that the testes secrete
+substances which pass into the circulation and are of immense importance
+in the development of the organism.
+
+The experiments of Shattock and Seligmann indicate that the semen and its
+reabsorption in the seminal vesicles, or the nervous reactions produced by
+its presence, can have no part in the formation of secondary sexual
+characters. These investigators occluded the vas deferens in sheep by
+ligature, at an early age, rendering them later sterile though not
+impotent. The secondary sexual characters appeared as in ordinary sheep.
+Spermatogenesis, these inquirers conclude, may be the initial factor, but
+the results must be attributed to the elaboration by the testicles of an
+internal secretion and its absorption into the general circulation.[142]
+
+When animals are castrated there is enlargement of the ductless glands in
+the body, notably the thyroid and the suprarenal capsules.[143] It is
+evident, therefore, that the secretions of these ductless glands are in
+some degree compensatory to those of the testes. But this compensatory
+action is inadequate to produce any sexual development in the absence of
+the testes.
+
+We see, therefore, how extremely important is the function of the testis.
+Its significance is not alone for the race, it is not simply concerned
+with the formation of the spermatozoa which share equally with the ova the
+honor of making the mankind of the future. It also has a separate and
+distinct function which has reference to the individual. It elaborates
+those internal secretions which stimulate and maintain the physical and
+mental characters, constituting all that is most masculine in the male
+animal, all that makes the man in distinction from the eunuch. Among
+various primitive peoples, including those of the European race whence we
+ourselves spring, the most solemn form of oath was sworn by placing the
+hand on the testes, dimly recognized as the most sacred part of the body.
+A crude and passing phase of civilization has ignorantly cast ignominy
+upon the sexual organs; the more primitive belief is now justified by our
+advancing knowledge.
+
+    In these as in other respects the ovaries are precisely analogous
+    to the testes. They not only form the ova, but they elaborate for
+    internal use a secretion which develops and maintains the special
+    physical and mental qualities of womanhood, as the testicular
+    secretion those of manhood. Moreover, as Cecca and Zappi found,
+    removal of the ovaries has exactly the same effect on the
+    abnormal development of the other ductless glands as has removal
+    of the testes. It is of interest to point out that the internal
+    secretion of the ovaries and its important functions seem to have
+    been suggested before any other secretion than the sperm was
+    attributed to the testes. Early in the nineteenth century Cabanis
+    argued ("De l'Influence des Sexes sur le Caractère des Idées et
+    des Affections Morales," _Rapport du Physique et du Moral de
+    l'Homme_, 1824, vol. ii, p. 18) that the ovaries are secreting
+    glands, forming a "particular humor" which is reabsorbed into the
+    blood and imparts excitations which are felt by the whole system
+    and all its organs.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[129] The composite character of the semen was recognized by various old
+authors, some of whom said, (e.g., Wharton) that it had three
+constituents, which they usually considered to be: (1) The noblest and
+most essential part, from the testicles; (2) a watery element from the
+vesiculæ; (3) an oily element from the prostate. Schurig, _Spermatologia_,
+1720, p. 17.
+
+[130] See, e.g., C. Mansell Moulin, "A Contribution to the Morphology of
+the Prostate," _Journal of Anatomy and Physiology_, January, 1895; G.
+Walker, "A Contribution to the Anatomy and Physiology of the Prostate
+Gland, and a Few Observations on Ejaculation," _Johns Hopkins Hospital
+Bulletin_, October, 1900.
+
+[131] For a study of the semen and its constituents, see Florence, "Du
+Sperme," _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1895.
+
+[132] J. Hunter, _Essays and Observations_, vol. i, p. 189.
+
+[133] As regards one part of Australia, Walter Roth, _Ethnological Studies
+Among the Queensland Aborigines_, p. 174.
+
+[134] Sir H.H. Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 438.
+
+[135] Cap. VII, pp. 327-357, "De Spermaticis virilis usu Medico,"
+
+[136] W.L. Howard, "Sexual Perversion," _Alienist and Neurologist_,
+January, 1896.
+
+[137] _Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie_, 1894, No. 49.
+
+[138] E. Toff, "Uber Imprägnierung," _Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie_,
+April, 1903. In a similar but somewhat more precise manner Dufougère has
+argued ("La Chlorose, ses rapports avec le marriage, son traitement par le
+liquide orchitique," Thèse de Bordeaux, 1902) that semen when absorbed by
+the vagina stimulates the secretion of the ovaries and thus exerts an
+influence over the blood in anæmia; in this way he seeks to explain why it
+is that coitus is the best treatment for chlorosis.
+
+[139] In this connection I may refer to an interesting and suggestive
+paper by Harry Campbell on "The Craving for Stimulants" (_Lancet_, October
+21, 1899). No reference is made to coitus, but the author discusses
+stimulants as normal and beneficial products of the organism, and deals
+with the nature of the "physiological intoxication" they produce.
+
+[140] Spermin was first discovered in the sperm by Schreiner in 1878; it
+has also been found in the thyroid, ovaries and various other glands. "The
+spermin secreting and elaborating organs," Howard Kelly remarks (_British
+Medical Journal_, January 29, 1898), "may be called the apothecaries' of
+the body, secreting many important medicaments, much more active and more
+accurately representing its true wants than artificially administered
+drugs."
+
+[141] See, e.g., a summary of Buschan's comprehensive discussion of the
+subject of organotherapy (Eulenburg's _Real-Encyclopædie der Gesammten
+Heilkunde_) in _Journal of Mental Science_, April, 1899, p. 355.
+
+[142] "Observations Upon the Acquirement of Secondary Sexual Characters,
+Indicating the Formation of an Internal Secretion by the Testicles,"
+_Proceedings Royal Society_, vol. lxxiii, p. 49.
+
+[143] See, e.g., the experiments of Cecca and Zappi, summarized in
+_British Medical Journal_, July 2, 1904.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Aptitude for Detumescence--Is There an Erotic Temperament?--The
+Available Standards of Comparison--Characteristics of the
+Castrated--Characteristics of Puberty--Characteristics of the State of
+Detumescence--Shortness of Stature--Development of the Secondary Sexual
+Characters--Deep Voice--Bright Eyes--Glandular Activity--Everted
+Lips--Pigmentation--Profuse Hair--Dubious Significance of Many of These
+Characters.
+
+
+What, if any, are the indications which the body generally may furnish as
+to the individual's aptitude and vigor for the orgasm of detumescence? Is
+there an erotic temperament outwardly and visibly displayed? That is a
+question which has often occupied those who have sought to penetrate the
+more intimate mysteries of human nature, and since we are here concerned
+with human beings in their relationship to the process of detumescence, we
+cannot altogether pass over this question, difficult as it is to discuss
+it with precision.
+
+    The old physiognomists showed much confidence in dealing with the
+    matter. Possibly they had more opportunities for observation than
+    we have, since they often wrote in days when life was lived more
+    nakedly than among ourselves, but their descriptions, while
+    sometimes showing much insight, are inextricably mixed up with
+    false science and superstition.
+
+    In the _De Secretis Mulierum_, wrongly attributed to Albertus
+    Magnus, we find a chapter entitled "Signa mulieris calidæ naturæ
+    et quæ coit libenter," which may be summarized here. "The signs,"
+    we are told, "of a woman of warm temperament, and one who
+    willingly cohabits are these: youth, an age of over 12, or
+    younger, if she has been seduced, small, high breasts, full and
+    hard, hair in the usual positions; she is bold of speech, with a
+    delicate and high voice, haughty and even cruel of disposition,
+    of good complexion, lean rather than stout, inclined to like
+    drinking. Such a woman always desires coitus, and receives
+    satisfaction in the act. The menstrual flow is not abundant nor
+    always regular. If she becomes pregnant the milk is not abundant.
+    Her perspiration is less odorous than that of the woman of
+    opposite temperament; she is fond of singing, and of moving
+    about, and delights in adornments if she has any."
+
+    Polemon, in his _Sulla Physionomia_, has given among the signs of
+    libidinous impulse: knees turned inwards, abundance of hairs on
+    the legs, squint, bright eyes, a high and strident voice, and in
+    women length of leg below the knee. Aristotle had mentioned among
+    the signs of wantonness: paleness, abundance of hair on the body,
+    thick and black hair, hairs covering the temples, and thick
+    eyelids.
+
+    In the seventeenth century Bouchet, in his _Serées_ (Troisième
+    Serée), gave as the signs of virility which indicated that a man
+    could have children: a great voice, a thick rough black beard, a
+    large thick nose.
+
+    G. Tourdes (Art. "Aphrodisie," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des
+    Sciences Médicales_) thus summarized the ancient beliefs on this
+    subject: "The erotic temperament has been described as marked by
+    a lean figure, white and well-ranged teeth, a developed hairy
+    system, a characteristic voice, air, and expression, and even a
+    special odor."
+
+In approaching the question of the general physical indications of a
+special aptitude to the manifestation of vigorous detumescence, the most
+obvious preliminary would seem to be a study of the castrated. If we know
+the special peculiarities of those who by removal of the sexual glands at
+a very early age have been deprived of all ability to present the
+manifestations of detumescence, we shall probably be in possession of a
+type which is the reverse of that which we may expect in persons of a
+vigorously erotic temperament.
+
+The most general characteristics of eunuchs would appear to be an unusual
+tendency to put on fat, a notably greater length of the legs, absence of
+hair in the sexual and secondary sexual regions, a less degree of
+pigmentation, as noted both in the castrated negro and the white man, a
+puerile larynx and puerile voice. In character they are usually described
+as gentle, conciliatory, and charitable.
+
+    There can be little doubt that castration in man tends to lead to
+    lengthening of the legs (tibia and fibula) at puberty, from
+    delayed ossification of the epiphyses. The hands and feet are
+    also frequently longer and sometimes the forearms. At the same
+    time the bones are more slender. The pelvis also is narrower. The
+    eunuchs of Cairo are said to be easily seen in a crowd from their
+    tall stature. (Collineau, quoting Lortet, _Revue Mensuelle de
+    l'Ecole d'Anthropologie_, May, 1896.) The castrated Skoptzy show
+    increased stature, and, it seems, large ears, with decreased
+    chest and head (L. Pittard, _Revue Scientifique_, June 20, 1903.)
+    Féré shows that in most of these respects the eunuch resembles
+    beardless and infantile subjects. ("Les Proportions des Membres
+    et les Caractères Sexuels," _Journal de l'Anatomie et de la
+    Physiologie_, November-December, 1897.) Similar phenomena are
+    found in animals generally. Sellheim, carefully investigating
+    castrated horses, swine, oxen and fowls, found retardation of
+    ossification, long and slender extremities, long, broad, but low
+    skull, relatively smaller pelvis and small thorax. ("Zur Lehre
+    von den Sekundären Geschlechtscharakteren," _Beiträge zur
+    Geburtshülfe und Gynäkologie_, 1898, summarized in _Centralblatt
+    für Anthropologie_, 1900, Heft IV.)
+
+    As regards the mental qualities and moral character of the
+    castrated, Griffiths considers that there is an undue prejudice
+    against eunuchs, and refers to Narses, who was not only one of
+    the first generals of the Roman Empire, but a man of highly
+    estimable character. (_Lancet_, March 30, 1895.) Matignon, who
+    has carefully studied Chinese eunuchs, points out that they
+    occupy positions of much responsibility, and, though regarded in
+    many respects as social outcasts, possess very excellent and
+    amiable moral qualities (_Archives Cliniques de Bordeaux_, May,
+    1896.) In America Everett Flood finds that epileptics and
+    feeble-minded boys are mentally and morally benefited by
+    castration. ("Notes on the Castration of Idiot Children,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, January, 1899.) It is often
+    forgotten that the physical and psychic qualities associated with
+    and largely dependent on the ability to experience the impulse of
+    detumescence, while essential to the perfect man, involve many
+    egoistic, aggressive and acquisitive characteristics which are of
+    little intellectual value, and at the same time inimical to many
+    moral virtues.
+
+We have a further standard--positive this time rather than negative--to
+aid us in determining the erotic temperament: the phenomena of puberty.
+The efflorescence of puberty is essentially the manifestation of the
+ability to experience detumescence. It is therefore reasonable to suppose
+that the individuals in whom the special phenomena of puberty develop most
+markedly are those in whom detumescence is likely to be most vigorous. If
+such is the case we should expect to find the erotic temperament marked by
+developed larynx and deep voice, a considerable degree of pigmentary
+development in hair and skin, and a marked tendency to hairiness; while
+in women there should be a pronounced growth of the breasts and
+pelvis.[144]
+
+There is yet another standard by which we may measure the individual's
+aptitude for detumescence: the presence of those activities which are most
+prominently brought into play during the process of detumescence. The
+individual, that is to say, who is organically most apt to manifest the
+physiological activities which mainly make up the process of detumescence,
+is most likely to be of pronounced erotic temperament.
+
+"Erotic persons are of motor type," remark Vaschide and Vurpas, "and we
+may say generally that nearly all persons of motor type are erotic." The
+state of detumescence is one of motor and muscular energy and of great
+vascular activity, so that habitual energy of motor response and an active
+circulation may reasonably be taken to indicate an aptitude for the
+manifestation of detumescence.
+
+These three types may be said, therefore, to furnish us valuable though
+somewhat general indications. The individual who is farthest removed from
+the castrated type, who presents in fullest degree the characters which
+begin to emerge at the period of puberty, and who reveals a physiological
+aptitude for the vigorous manifestation of those activities which are
+called into action during detumescence, is most likely to be of erotic
+temperament. The most cautious description of the characteristics of this
+temperament given by modern scientific writers, unlike the more detailed
+and hazardous descriptions of the early physiognomists, will be found to
+be fairly true to the standards thus presented to us.
+
+    The man of sexual type, according to Biérent (_La Puberté_, p.
+    148), is hairy, dark and deep-voiced.
+
+    "The men most liable to satyriasis," Bouchereau states (art.
+    "Satyriasis," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des Sciences
+    Médicales_), "are those with vigorous nervous system, developed
+    muscles, abundant hair on body, dark complexion, and white
+    teeth."
+
+    Mantegazza, in his _Fisiologia del Piacere_, thus describes the
+    sexual temperament: "Individuals of nervous temperament, those
+    with fine and brown skins, rounded forms, large lips and very
+    prominent larynx enjoy in general much more than those with
+    opposite characteristics. A universal tradition," he adds,
+    "describes as lascivious humpbacks, dwarfs, and in general
+    persons of short stature and with long noses."
+
+    In a case of nymphomania in a young woman, described by Alibert
+    (and quoted by Laycock, _Nervous Diseases of Women_, p. 28) the
+    hips, thighs and legs were remarkably plump, while the chest and
+    arms were completely emaciated. In a somewhat similar case
+    described by Marc in his _De la Folie_ a peasant woman, who from
+    an early age had experienced sexual hyperæsthesia, so that she
+    felt spasmodic voluptuous feelings at the sight of a man, and was
+    thus the victim of solitary excesses and of spasmodic movements
+    which she could not repress, the upper part of the body was very
+    thin, the hips, legs and thighs highly developed.
+
+    In his work on _Uterine and Ovarian Inflammation_ (1862, p. 37)
+    Tilt observes: "The restless, bashful eye, and changing
+    complexion, in presence of a person of the opposite sex, and a
+    nervous restlessness of body, ever on the move, turning and
+    twisting on sofa or chair, are the best indications of sexual
+    temperament."
+
+    An extremely sensual little girl of 8, who was constantly
+    masturbating when not watched, although brought up by nuns, was
+    described by Busdraghi (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, fas. i, 1888,
+    p. 53) as having chestnut hair, bright black eyes, an elevated
+    nose, small mouth, pleasant round face, full colored cheeks, and
+    plump and healthy aspect.
+
+    A highly intelligent young Italian woman with strong and somewhat
+    perverted sexual impulses is described as of attractive
+    appearance, with olive complexion, small black almond-shaped
+    eyes, dilated pupils, oblique thin eyebrows, very thick black
+    hair, rather prominent cheek-bones, largely developed jaw, and
+    with abundant down on lower part of cheeks and on upper lip.
+    (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1899, fasc. v-vi.)
+
+    As the type of the sensual woman in word and act, led by her
+    passions to commit various sexual offenses, Ottolenghi describes
+    (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, vol. xii, fasc. v-vi, p. 496) a woman
+    of 32 who attempted to kill her lover. The daughter of parents
+    who were neurotic and themselves very erotic, she was a highly
+    intelligent and vivacious woman, with a pleasing and open face,
+    very thick dark chestnut hair, large cheek-bones, adipose
+    buttocks almost resembling those of a Hottentot, and very thick
+    pubic hair. She was very fond of salt things. Sexual inclination
+    began at the age of 7.
+
+Adler and Moll remark, very truly, that, so far at least as women are
+concerned, sexual anæsthesia or sexual proclivity cannot be unfailingly
+read on the features. Every woman desires to please, and coquetry is the
+sign of a cold, rather than of an erotic temperament.[145] It may be added
+that a considerable degree of congenital sexual anæsthesia by no means
+prevents a woman from being beautiful and attractive, though it must
+probably still always be said that, as Roubaud points out,[146] the woman
+of cold and intellectual temperament, the "femme de tête," however
+beautiful and skillful she may be, cannot compete in the struggle for love
+with the woman whose qualities are of the heart and of the emotions. But
+it seems sufficiently clear that the practical observations of skilled and
+experienced observers agree in attributing to persons of erotic type
+certain general characteristics which accord with those negative and
+positive standards we may frame on the basis of castration, of puberty,
+and of detumescence. It may be worth while to note a few of these
+characteristics briefly.
+
+The abnormal lengthening of the long bones at the age of puberty in the
+castrated is, as we have seen, very pronounced. There is little tendency
+to associate length of limb with an erotic temperament, and a certain
+amount of data as well as of more vague opinion points in the opposite
+direction. The Arabs would appear to believe that it is short rather than
+tall people in whom the sexual instinct is strongly developed, and we read
+in the _Perfumed Garden_: "Under all circumstances little women love
+coitus more and evince a stronger affection for the virile member than
+women of a large size." In his elaborate investigation of criminals Marro
+found that prostitutes and women guilty of sexual offenses, as also male
+sexual offenders, tend to be short and thick set.[147] In European
+folk-lore the thick, bull neck is regarded as a sign of strong
+sexuality.[148] Mantegazza refers to a strong sexual temperament as being
+associated with arrest or disorder of bony development, and Marro suggests
+that the proverbial salacity of rachitic individuals may be due to an
+increased activity of the sexual organs.[149] It may be added that
+acromegaly, with its excessive bony growths, tends to be associated with
+premature sexual involution.
+
+A further point which is frequently mentioned in the case of women is the
+development of the chief secondary sexual regions: the pelvis and the
+breasts. It is, indeed, almost inevitable that there should be some degree
+of correlation between the aptitude for bearing children and the aptitude
+for experiencing detumescence. The reality of such a connection is not
+only evidenced by medical observations, but receives further testimony in
+popular beliefs. In Italy women with large buttocks are considered wanton,
+and among the South Slavs they are regarded as especially fruitful.[150]
+Blumenbach asserted that precocious venery will enlarge the breasts, and
+believed that he had found evidence of this among young London
+prostitutes.[151]
+
+The association of the aptitude for detumescence with a tendency to a deep
+rather than to a high voice, both in men and women, has frequently been
+noted and has seldom been denied. The onset of puberty always affects the
+voice; in general, Biérent states, the more bass the voice is the more
+marked is the development of the sexual apparatus; "a very robust man,
+with very developed sexual organs, and very dark and abundant hairy
+system, a man of strong puberty in a word, is nearly always a bass."[152]
+The influence of sexual excitement in deepening the voice is shown by the
+rules of sexual hygiene prescribed to tenors, while a bass has less need
+to observe similar precautions. In women every phase of sexual
+life--puberty, menstruation, coitus, pregnancy--tends to affect the voice
+and always by giving it a deeper character. The deepening of the voice by
+sexual intercourse was an ancient Greek observation, and Martial refers to
+a woman's good or bad singing as an index to her recent sexual habits.
+Prostitutes tend to have a deep voice. Venturi points out that married
+women preserve a fresh voice to a more advanced age than spinsters, this
+being due to the precocious senility in the latter of an unused function.
+Such a phenomenon indicates that the relationship of detumescence to the
+deepening of the voice is not quite simple. This is further indicated by
+the fact that in robust men abstinence still further deepens the voice
+(the monk of melodrama always has a bass voice), while excessive or
+precocious sexual indulgence tends to be associated with the same kind of
+puerile voice as is found in those persons in whom pubertal development
+has not been carried very far, or who are of what Griffiths terms
+eunuchoid type. Idiot boys, who are often sexually undeveloped, tend to
+have a high voice, while idiot girls (who often manifest marked sexual
+proclivities) not infrequently have a deep voice.[153]
+
+Bright dilated eyes are among the phenomena of detumescence, and are very
+frequently noted in persons of a pronounced erotic temperament. This is,
+indeed, an ancient observation, and Burton says of people with a black,
+lively, and sparkling eye, "without question they are most amorous,"
+drawing his illustrations mostly from classic literature.[154] Tardieu
+described the erotic woman as having bright eyes, and Heywood Smith states
+that the eyes of lascivious women resemble, though in a less degree, those
+of the insane.[155] Sexual excitement is one among many
+causes--intellectual excitement, pain, a loud noise, even any sensory
+irritation--which produce dilatation of the pupils and enlargement of the
+palpebral fissure, with some protrusion of the eyeball. The influence of
+the sexual system upon the eye appears to be far less potent in men than
+in women.[156] Sexual desire is, however, by no means the only irritant
+within the sexual sphere which may thus influence the eye; morbid
+irritations may produce the same effect. Milner Fothergill, in his book on
+_Indigestion_, vividly describes the appearance of the eyes sometimes
+seen in ovarian disorder: "The glittering flash which glances out from
+some female irides is the external indication of ovarian irritation, and
+'the ovarian gleam' has features quite its own. The most marked instance
+which ever came under my notice was due to irritation in the ovaries,
+which had been forced down in front of the uterus and been fixed there by
+adhesions. Here there was little sexual proclivity, but the eyes were very
+remarkable. They flashed and glittered unceasingly, and at times perfect
+lightning bolts shot from them. Usually there is a bright glittering sheen
+in them which contrasts with the dead look in the irides of sexual excess
+or profuse uterine discharges."
+
+The activity of the glandular secretions, and especially those of the
+skin, during detumescence, would lead us to expect that such secretory
+activity is an index to an aptitude for detumescence. As a matter of fact
+it is occasionally, though not frequently, noted by medical observers. It
+is stated that the erotic temperament is characterized by a special
+odor.[157] The activity of the sweat-glands is seldom referred to by
+medical observers in describing persons of erotic temperament, although
+the descriptions of novelists not infrequently contain allusions to this
+point, and the literature of an earlier age shows that the tendency to
+perspiration, especially the moist hand, was regarded as a sure sign of a
+sensual temperament. "The moist-handed Madonna Imperia, a most rare and
+divine creature," remarks Lazarillo in Middleton's comedy _Blurt,
+Master-Constable_, to quote one of many allusions to this point in the
+Elizabethan drama.
+
+The lips are sometimes noted as red and everted, perhaps thick[158];
+Tardieu remarked that the typically erotic woman has thick red lips. This
+corresponds with the characteristic type of the satyr in classic statues
+as in later paintings; his lips are always thick and everted. Fullness,
+redness, and eversion of the lips are correlated with good breathing, the
+absence of anæmia, laughter, a well-fleshed face.
+
+    This kind of mouth indicates, perhaps, not so much a congenitally
+    erotic temperament, as an abandonment to impulse. The opposite
+    type of mouth--with inverted, thin, and retracted lips--would
+    appear to be found with especial frequency in persons who
+    habitually repress their impulses on moral grounds. Any kind of
+    effort to restrain involuntary muscular action may lead to
+    retraction of the lips: the effort to overcome anger or fear, or
+    even the resistance to a strong desire to urinate or defecate. In
+    religious young men, however, it becomes habitual and fixed. I
+    recall a small band of medical students, gathered together from a
+    large medical school, who were accustomed to meet together for
+    prayer and Bible-reading; the majority showed this type of mouth
+    to a very marked degree: pale faces, with drawn, retracted lips.
+    It may be termed the Christian or pious _facies_. It is much less
+    frequently seen in religious women (unless of masculine type),
+    doubtless because religion for women is in a much less degree
+    than for men a moral discipline.
+
+    It may be added that an interesting form of this contraction of
+    the lips, and one that is not purely repressive, is that which
+    indicates the state of muscular tension associated with the
+    impulse to guard and protect. In this form the contracted mouth
+    is the index of tenderness, and is characteristic of the mother
+    who is watching over the infant she is suckling at her breast. I
+    have observed precisely the same expression in the face of a boy
+    of 14 with a large congenital scrotal hernia; when the tumor was
+    being examined his lower lip became retracted, well marked lines
+    appearing from the angles downwards, though the upper lip
+    retained its normal expression It was precisely the tender look
+    we may see in the faces of mothers who are watching anxiously
+    over their offspring, and the emotion is evidently the same in
+    both cases: solicitude for a sensitive and tenderly guarded
+    object.
+
+The degree of pigmentation is clearly correlated with sexual vigor. "In
+general," Heusinger laid down, in 1823, "the quantity of pigment is
+proportional to the functional effectiveness of the genital organs." This
+connection is so profound that it may be traced very widely throughout the
+organic world.
+
+The connection between pigmentation and sexual activity is very ancient.
+Even leaving out of account the wedding apparel of animals, nearly always
+gorgeous in scales and plumage and hair, the sexual orifice shows a more
+or less marked tendency to pigmentation during the breeding season from
+fishes upward, while in mammals the darker pigmentation of this region is
+a constant phenomenon in sexually mature individuals.[159]
+
+In the human species both the negative standard of castration and the
+positive standard of puberty alike indicate a correlation of this kind.
+Those individuals in whom puberty never fully develops and who are
+consequently said to be affected by infantilism, reveal a relative absence
+of pigment in the sexual centers which are normally pigmented to a high
+degree.[160] Among those Asiatic races who extirpate the ovaries in young
+girls the skin remains white in the perineum, round the anus, and in the
+armpits.[161] Even in mature women who undergo ovariotomy, as Kepler
+found, the pigmentation of the nipples and areola disappears, as well as
+of the perineum and anus, the skin taking on a remarkable whiteness.
+
+Normally the sexual centers, and in a high degree the genital orifice,
+represent the maximum of pigmentation, and under some circumstances this
+is clearly visible even in infancy. Thus babies of mixed black and white
+blood may show no traces of negro ancestry at birth, but there will always
+be increased pigmentation about the external genitalia.[162] The linea
+fusca, which reaches from the pubes to the navel and occasionally to the
+ensiform cartilage, is a line of sexual pigmentation sometimes regarded as
+characteristic of pregnancy, but as Andersen, of Copenhagen, has found by
+the examination of several hundred children of both sexes, it exists in a
+slight form in about 75 per cent. of young girls, and in almost as large a
+proportion of boys. But there is no doubt that it tends to increase with
+age as well as to become marked at pregnancy. At puberty there is a
+general tendency to changes in pigmentation; thus Godin found that in 28
+per cent, adolescent changes occurred in the eyes and hair at this period,
+the hair becoming darker, though the eyes sometimes become lighter. Ammon,
+in his investigation of conscripts at the age of 20 (_post_, p. 196),
+discovered the significant fact that the eyes and hair darken _pari passu_
+with sexual development. In women, during menstruation, there is a general
+tendency to pigmentation; this is especially obvious around the eyes, and
+in some cases black rings of true pigment form in this position. Even the
+skin of the negro women of Loango sometimes becomes a few shades darker
+during menstruation.[163] During pregnancy this tendency to pigmentation
+reaches its climax. Pregnancy constantly gives rise to pigmentation of the
+face, the neck, the nipples, the abdomen, and this is especially marked in
+brunettes.
+
+This association of pigmentation and sexual aptitudes has been recognized
+in the popular lore of some peoples. Thus the Sicilians, who admire brown
+skin and have no liking either for a fair skin or light hair, believe that
+a white woman is incapable of responding to love. It is the brown woman
+who feels love; as it is said in Sicilian dialect: "Fimmina scura, fimmina
+amurusa."[164]
+
+    The dependence of pigmentation upon the sexual system is shown by
+    the fact that irritation of the genital organs by disease will
+    frequently suffice to produce a high degree of pigmentation. This
+    may the neck, the trunk, the hands. Simpson long since noted that
+    uterine irritation apart from pregnancy may produce pigmentation
+    of the areolæ of the nipples (_Obstetric Works_, vol. i, p. 345).
+    Engelmann discussed the subject and gave cases, "The
+    Hystero-Neuroses," pp. 124-139, in _Gynæcological Transactions_,
+    vol. xii, 1887; and a summary of a memoir by Fouquet on this
+    subject in _La Gynécologie_, February, 1903, will be found in
+    _British Medical Journal_, March 28, 1903,
+
+Of all physical traits vigor of the hairy system has most frequently
+perhaps been regarded as the index of vigorous sexuality. In this matter
+modern medical observations are at one with popular belief and ancient
+physiognomical assertions.[165] The negative test of castration and the
+positive test of puberty point in the same direction.
+
+It is at puberty that all the hair on the body, except that on the head,
+begins to develop; indeed, the very word "puberty" has reference to this
+growth as the most obvious sign of the whole process. When castration
+takes place at an early age all this development of pubescent hair is
+arrested. When the primary sexual organs are undeveloped the sexual hair
+is also undeveloped, as in a case, recorded by Plant,[166] of a girl with
+rudimentary uterus and ovaries who had little or no axillary and pubic
+hair, although the hair of the head was long and strong.[167]
+
+    The pseudo-Michael Scot among the _Signa mulieris calidæ naturæ
+    et quæ coit libenter_ stated that her hair, both on the head and
+    body, is thick and coarse and crisp, and Della Porta, the
+    greatest of the physiognomists, said that thickness of hair in
+    women meant wantonness. Venette, in his _Generation de l'Homme_,
+    remarked that men who have much hair on the body are most
+    amorous. At a more recent period Roubaud has said that pubic hair
+    in its quantity, color and curliness is an index of genital
+    energy. A poor pilous system, on the other hand, Roubaud regarded
+    as a probable though not an irrefragable proof of sexual
+    frigidity in women. "In the cold woman the pilous system is
+    remarkable for the languor of its vitality; the hairs are fair,
+    delicate, scarce and smooth, while in ardent natures there are
+    little curly tufts about the temples." (_Traité de
+    l'Impuissance_, pp. 124, 523.) Martineau declared (_Leçons sur
+    les Déformations Vulvaires_, p. 40) that "the more developed the
+    genital organs the more abundant the hair covering them;
+    abundance of hair appears to be in relation to the perfect
+    development of the organs." Tardieu described the typically
+    erotic woman as very hairy.
+
+    Bergh found that among 2200 young Danish prostitutes those who
+    showed an unusual extension and amount of pubic hair included
+    several women who were believed to be libidinous in a very high
+    degree. (Bergh, "Symbolæ," etc., _Hospitalstidende_, August,
+    1894.) Moraglia, again, in Italy, in describing various women,
+    mostly prostitutes, of unusually strong sexual proclivities,
+    repeatedly notes very thick hair, with down on the face.
+    (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, vol. xvi, fasc. iv-v.)
+
+    Marro, also, in Italy found that abundance of hair and down is
+    especially marked in women who are guilty of infanticide (as also
+    Pasini has found), though criminal women generally, in his
+    experience, tend to have abnormally abundant hair. (_Caratteri
+    del Delinquenti_, cap. XXII.) Lombroso finds that prostitutes
+    generally tend to be hairy (_Donna Delinquente_, p. 320.)
+
+    A lad of 14, guilty of numerous crimes of violence having a
+    sexual source, is described by Arthur Macdonald in America as
+    having hair on the chest as well as all over the pubes. (A.
+    Macdonald, _Archives de L'Anthropologie Criminelle_, January,
+    1893, p. 55.) The association of hairiness with abnormal
+    sexuality in the weak-minded has been noted at Bicêtre
+    (_Recherches Cliniques sur l'Epilepsie_, vol. xix, pp. 69, 77.)
+
+    Hypertrichosis universalis, a general hairiness of body, has been
+    described by Cascella in a woman with very strong sexual desires,
+    who eventually became insane. (_Revista Mensile di Psichiatria_,
+    1903, p. 408.) Bucknill and Tuke give the case of a religiously
+    minded girl, with very strong and repressed sexual desires, who
+    became insane; the only abnormal feature in her physical
+    development was the marked growth of hair over the body.
+
+    Brantôme refers to a great lady known to him whose body was very
+    hairy, and quotes a saying to the effect that hairy people are
+    either rich or wanton; the lady in question, he adds, was both.
+    (Brantôme, _Vie des Dames Galantes_, Discours II.)
+
+    De Sade, whose writings are now regarded as a treasure house of
+    true observations in the domain of sexual psychology, makes the
+    Rodin of _Justine_ dark, with much hair and thick eyebrows, while
+    his very sexual sister is described as dark, thin and very hairy.
+    (Dühren, _Der Marquis de Sade_, third edition, p. 440.)
+
+    A correspondent who has always taken a special interest in the
+    condition as regards hairiness of the women to whom he has been
+    attracted, has sent me notes concerning a series of 12 women. It
+    may be gathered from these notes that 5 women were neither
+    markedly sexual nor markedly hairy (either as regards head or
+    pubes), 6 cases both hairy and sexual, 1 was sexual and not
+    hairy, none were hairy and not sexual. My correspondent remarks:
+    "There may be women with scanty pubic hair possessing very strong
+    sexual emotions. My own experience is quite the opposite." He has
+    also independently reached the conclusion, arrived at by many
+    medical observers and clearly suggested by some of the facts here
+    brought together, that profuse hair frequently denotes a neurotic
+    temperament.
+
+    It may be added that Mirabeau, as we learn from an anecdote told
+    by an eyewitness and recorded by Legouvé, had a very hairy chest,
+    while the same is recorded of Restif de la Bretonne.
+
+It is a very ancient and popular belief that if a hairy man is not sensual
+he is strong: _vir pilosus aut libidinosus aut fortis_. The Greeks
+insisted on the hairy nates of Hercules, and Ninon de l'Enclos, when the
+great Condé shared her bed without touching her, remarked, on seeing his
+hairy body: "Ah, Monseigneur, que vous devez être fort!" It may be doubted
+whether there is any exact parallelism between muscular strength and
+hairiness, for strength is largely a matter of training, but there can be
+no doubt that hairiness really tends to be associated with a generally
+vigorous development of the body.
+
+Although the observations concerning hairiness of body as an index of
+vigor, whether sexual or only generally physical, are so ancient, until
+recent years no attempts have been made to demonstrate on a large scale
+whether there is actually a correlation between hairiness and sexual or
+general development of the body. Some importance, therefore, attaches to
+Ammon's careful observations of many thousand conscripts in Baden. These
+observations fully justify this ancient belief, since they show that on
+the one hand the size of the testicles, and on the other hand girth of
+chest and stature, are correlated with hairiness of body.
+
+    Ammon's observations were made on nearly 4000 conscripts of the
+    age of 20. From the point of view of the hairy system he divided
+    them, into four classes:--
+
+    I. To which 6.1 per cent, of the men belonged, with smooth
+    bodies.
+
+    II. Including 25.3 per cent., only slight hairiness.
+
+    III. 53.8 per cent., more developed hairy system, but belly,
+    breast and back smooth.
+
+    IV. 14.7 per cent., hair all over body.
+
+    V. 0.1 per cent., extreme cases of hairiness.
+
+    The beardless were 12.1 per cent., those with no axillary hair 9
+    per cent., those with no hair on pubis 0.4 per cent. This
+    corresponds with the fact that hair appears first on the pubis
+    and last on the chin.
+
+    In the first class 69 per cent, were beardless, 54 per cent,
+    without any axillary hair and 6 per cent, without pubic hair. In
+    the second class 24 per cent, were beardless, 17 per cent,
+    without axillary hair. In the third class 3 per cent, were
+    beardless and 3 per cent without axillary hair.
+
+    Below puberty the diameter of testicles is below 14 millimeters.
+    There were 13 conscripts having a testicular diameter of less
+    than 14 millimeters. These infantile individuals all belonged to
+    the first three classes and mostly to the first. The average
+    testicular diameter in the first class was nearly 24 millimeters,
+    and progressively rose in the succeeding classes to over 26
+    millimeters in the fourth.
+
+    While there was not much difference in height, the first class
+    was the shortest, the fourth the tallest. The fourth class also
+    showed the greatest chest perimeter. The cephalic index of all
+    classes was 84. (O. Ammon, "L'Infantilisme et le Feminisme au
+    Conseil de Révision," _L'Anthropologie_, May-June, 1896.)
+
+We thus see that it is quite justifiable to admit a type of person who
+possesses a more than average aptitude for detumescence. Such persons are
+more likely to be short than tall; they will show a full development of
+the secondary sexual characters; the voice will tend to be deep and the
+eyes bright; the glandular activity of the skin will probably be marked,
+the lips everted; there is a tendency to a more than average degree of
+pigmentation, and there is frequently an abnormal prevalence of hair on
+some parts of the body. While none of these signs, taken separately, can
+be said to have any necessary connection with the sexual impulse, taken
+altogether they indicate an organism that responds to the instinct of
+detumescence with special aptitude or with marked energy. In these
+respects observation, both scientific and popular, concords with the
+probabilities suggested by the three standards in this matter which have
+already been set forth.
+
+No generalization, however, can here be set down in an absolute and
+unqualified manner. There are definite reasons why this should be so.
+There is, for instance, the highly important consideration that the sexual
+impulse of the individual may be conspicuous in two quite distinct ways.
+It may assume prominence because the individual possesses a highly
+vigorous and well-nourished organism, or its prominence may be due to
+mental irritation in a very morbid individual. In the latter
+case--although occasionally the two sets of conditions are combined--most
+of the signs we might expect in the former case may be absent. Indeed, the
+sexual impulses which proceed from a morbid psychic irritability do not in
+most cases indicate any special aptitude for detumescence at all; in that
+largely lies their morbid character.
+
+Again, just in the same way that the exaggerated impulse itself may either
+be healthy or morbid, so the various characters which we have found to
+possess some value as signs of the impulse may themselves either be
+healthy or morbid. This is notably the case as regards an abnormal growth
+of hair on the body, more especially when it appears on regions where
+normally there is little or no hair. Such hypertrichosis is frequently
+degenerative in character, though still often associated with the sexual
+system. When, however, it is thus a degenerative character of sexual
+nature, having its origin in some abnormal foetal condition or later
+atrophy of the ovaries, it is no necessary indication of any aptitude for
+detumescence.
+
+    Idiots, more especially it would seem idiot girls, tend to show a
+    highly developed hairy system. Thus Voisin, when investigating
+    150 idiot and imbecile girls, found the hair long and thick and
+    tending to occupy a large surface; one girl had hair on the
+    areolæ of the mamma. (J. Voisin, "Conformation des organes
+    génitaux chez les Idiots," _Annales d'Hygiène Publique_, June,
+    1894.) It should be said that in idiot boys puberty is late, and
+    the sexual organs as well as the sexual instinct frequently
+    undeveloped, while in idiot girls there is no delay in puberty,
+    and the sexual organs and instinct are frequently fully and even
+    abnormally developed.
+
+    Hegar has described an interesting case showing an association,
+    of foetal origin, between sexual anomaly and abnormal hairness.
+    In this case a girl of 16 had a uterus duplex, an infantile
+    pelvis, very slight menstruation and undeveloped breasts. She was
+    very hairy on the face, the anterior aspects of the chest and
+    abdomen, the sexual regions, and the thighs, but not specially so
+    on the rest of the body. The hairs were of lanugo-like character,
+    but dark in color. (A. Hegar, _Beiträge zur Geburtshülfe und
+    Gynäkologie_, vol. i, p. III, 1898.) Sometimes hiruties of the
+    face and abdomen begin to appear during pregnancy, apparently
+    from disease or degeneration of the ovaries. (A case is noted in
+    _British Medical Journal_, August 2 and 16, pp. 375 and 436,
+    1902.) Laycock many years ago referred to the popular belief that
+    women who have hair on the upper lip seldom bear children, and
+    regarded this opinion as "questionless founded on fact."
+    (Laycock, _Nervous Diseases of Women_, p. 22.) When this is so,
+    we may suppose that the abnormal hairy growth is associated with
+    degeneration of the ovaries.
+
+There is another factor which enters into this question and renders the
+definition of a physical sexual type less precise than it would otherwise
+be. The sexual instinct is common to all persons, and while it seems
+probable that there is a type of person in whom sexual energies are
+predominant, it would also appear that the people who otherwise show a
+very high level of energy in life usually exhibit a more than average
+degree of energy in matters of love. The predominantly sexual type, as we
+have seen, tends to be associated with a high degree of pigmentation; the
+person specially apt for detumescence inclines to belong to the dark
+rather than to the purely fair group of the population. On the other hand,
+the active, energetic, practical man, the man who is most apt for the
+achievement of success in life, tends to belong to the fair rather than to
+the dark type.[168] Thus we have a certain conflict of tendencies, and it
+becomes possible to assert that while persons with pronounced aptitude for
+sexual detumescence tend to be dark, persons whose pronounced energy in
+sexual matters tends to ensure success are most likely to be fair.
+
+    The tendency of the fair energetic type, the type of the northern
+    European man, to sexuality may be connected with the fact that
+    the violent and criminal man who commits sexual crimes tends to
+    be fair even amid a dark population. Criminals on the whole would
+    appear to tend to be dark rather than fair; but Marro found in
+    Italy that the group of sexual offenders differed from all other
+    groups of criminals in that their hair was predominantly fair.
+    (_Caratteri del Delinquenti_, p. 374.) Ottolenghi, in the same
+    way, in examining 100 sexual offenders, found that they showed 17
+    per cent., of fair hair, though criminals generally (on a basis
+    of nearly 2000) showed only 6 per cent., and normal persons
+    (nearly 1000) 9 per cent. Similarly while the normal persons
+    showed only 20 per cent. of blue eyes and criminals generally 36
+    per cent., the sexual offenders showed 50 per cent. of blue eyes.
+    (Ottolenghi, _Archivio di Psichiatria_, fasc. vi, 1888, p. 573.)
+    Burton remarked (_Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II,
+    Mem. II, Subs. II) that in all ages most amorous young men have
+    been yellow-haired, adding, "Synesius holds every effeminate
+    fellow or adulterer is fair-haired." In folk-lore, it has been
+    noted (Kryptadia, vol. ii, p. 258), red or yellow hair is
+    sometimes regarded as a mark of sexuality.
+
+    In harmony with this fairness, sexual offenders would appear to
+    be more dolichocephalic than other criminals. In Italy Marro
+    found the foreheads of sexual offenders to be narrow, and in
+    California Drähms found that while murderers had an average
+    cephalic index of 83.5, and thieves of 80.5, that of sexual
+    offenders was 79.
+
+    On the other hand, high cheek-bones and broad faces--a condition
+    most usually found associated with brachycephaly--have sometimes
+    been noted as associated with undue or violent sexuality. Marro
+    noted the excess of prominent cheek-bones in sexual offenders,
+    and in America it has been found that unchaste girls tend to have
+    broad faces. (_Pedagogical Seminary_, December, 1896, pp. 231,
+    235.)
+
+It will be seen that, when we take a comprehensive view of the facts and
+considerations involved, it is possible to obtain a more definite and
+coherent picture of the physical signs of a marked aptitude for
+detumescence than has hitherto been usually supposed possible. But we also
+see that while the _ensemble_ of these signs is probably fairly reliable
+as an index of marked sexuality, the separate signs have no such definite
+significance, and under some circumstances their significance may even be
+reversed.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[144] See Biérent, _La Puberté_; Marro, _La Pubertà_ (and enlarged French
+translation, _La Puberté_), and portions of G.S. Hall's _Adolescence_;
+also Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_ (fourth edition, revised and
+enlarged).
+
+[145] Adler, _Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, p. 174;
+Moll, "Perverse Sexualempfindung, Psychische Impotenz und Ehe" (Section
+II), in Senator and Kaminer, _Krankheiten und Ehe_.
+
+[146] Roubaud, _Traité de l'Impuissance_, p. 524.
+
+[147] Marro, _Caratteri del Delinquenti_, p. 374.
+
+[148] Kryptadia, vol. ii, p. 258.
+
+[149] Marro, _La Pubertà_, p. 196. In Italy, the sensuality of the lame is
+the subject of proverbs.
+
+[150] _Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1896, p. 515; Kryptadia, vol. vi, p. 212.
+
+[151] Blumenbach, _Anthropological Treatises_, p. 248.
+
+[152] Biérent, _La Puberté_, p. 148.
+
+[153] Venturi, _Degenerazioni Psico-sessuali_, pp. 408-410.
+
+[154] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. II, Sub. II.
+
+[155] _British Gynæcological Journal_, February, 1887, p. 505.
+
+[156] Power, _Lancet_, November 26, 1887.
+
+[157] With regard to the sexual relationships of personal odor, see the
+previous volume of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection in Man," section on
+Smell.
+
+[158] In European folk-lore thick lips in a woman are sometimes regarded
+as a sign of sensuality, Kryptadia, vol. ii, p, 258.
+
+[159] The direct dependence of sexual pigmentation on the primary sexual
+glands is well illustrated by a true hermaphroditic adult finch exhibited
+at the Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam (May 31, 1890); this bird had a
+testis on the right side and an ovary on the left, and on the right side
+its plumage was of the male's colors, on the left of the female's color.
+
+[160] See. e.g., Papillault, _Bulletin Société d'Anthropologie_, 1899, p.
+446.
+
+[161] Guinard, Art. "Castration," Richet's _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_.
+
+[162] J. Whitridge Williams, _Obstetrics_, 1903, p. 132.
+
+[163] _Zeitschrift für Ethnologie_, 1878, p. 19.
+
+[164] C. Pitre, _Medicina Populare Siciliana_, p. 47. In England, from
+notes sent to me by one correspondent, it would appear that the proportion
+of dark and sexually apt women to fair and sexually apt women is as 3 to
+1. The experience of others would doubtless give varying results, and in
+any case the fallacies are numerous. See, in the previous volume of these
+_Studies_, "Sexual Selection in Man," Section IV.
+
+[165] In Japan the same belief would appear to be held. In a nude figure
+representing the typical voluptuous woman by the Japanese painter Marugama
+Okio (reproduced in Ploss's _Das Weib_) the pubic and axillary hair is
+profuse, though usually sparse in Japan.
+
+[166] _Centralblatt für Gynäkologie_, No. 9, 1896.
+
+[167] It is important to remember that there is little correlation in this
+matter between the hair of the head and the sexual hair, if not a certain
+opposition. (See _ante_, p. 127.) According to one of the aphorisms of
+Hippocrates, repeated by Buffon, eunuchs do not become bald, and Aristotle
+seems to have believed that sexual intercourse is a cause of baldness in
+men. (Laycock, _Nervous Diseases of Women_, p. 23.)
+
+[168] For some of the evidence on this point, see Havelock Ellis, "The
+Comparative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark," _Monthly Review_, August,
+1901; cf. id., _A Study of British Genius_, Chapter X.
+
+
+
+
+THE PSYCHIC STATE IN PREGNANCY.
+
+The Relationship of Maternal and Sexual Emotion--Conception and Loss of
+Virginity--The Anciently Accepted Signs of This Condition--The Pervading
+Effects of Pregnancy on the Organism--Pigmentation--The Blood and
+Circulation--The Thyroid--Changes in the Nervous System--The Vomiting of
+Pregnancy--The Longings of Pregnant Women--Maternal Impressions--Evidence
+for and Against Their Validity--The Question Still Open--Imperfection of
+Our Knowledge--The Significance of Pregnancy.
+
+
+In analyzing the sexual impulse I have so far deliberately kept out of
+view the maternal instinct. This is necessary, for the maternal instinct
+is specific and distinct; it is directed to an aim which, however
+intimately associated it may be with that of the sexual impulse proper,
+can by no means be confounded with it. Yet the emotion of love, as it has
+finally developed in the world, is not purely of sexual origin; it is
+partly sexual, but it is also partly parental.[169]
+
+In so far as it is parental it is certainly mainly maternal. There is a
+drawing by Bronzino in the Louvre of a woman's head gazing tenderly down
+at some invisible object; is it her child or her lover? Doubtless her
+child, yet the expression is equally adequate to the emotion evoked by a
+lover. If we were here specifically dealing with the emotion of love as a
+complex whole, and not with the psychology of the sexual impulse, it would
+certainly be necessary to discuss the maternal instinct and its associated
+emotions. In any case it seems desirable to touch on the psychic state of
+pregnancy, for we are here concerned not only with emotions very closely
+connected with the sexual emotions in the narrower sense, but we here at
+last approach that state which it is the object of the whole sexual
+process to achieve.
+
+In civilized life a period of weeks, months, even years, may elapse
+between the establishment of sexual relations and the occurrence of
+conception. Under primitive conditions the loss of the virginal condition
+practically involves the pregnant condition, so that under primitive
+conditions very little allowance is made for the state, so common among
+civilized peoples, of the woman who is no longer a virgin, yet not about
+to become a mother.
+
+    There is some interest in noting the signs of loss of virginity
+    chiefly relied upon by ancient authors. In doing this it is
+    convenient to follow mainly the full summary of authorities given
+    by Schurig in his _Barthenologia_ early in the eighteenth
+    century. The ancient custom, known in classic times, of measuring
+    the neck the day after marriage was frequently practiced to
+    ascertain if a girl was or was not a virgin. There were various
+    ways of doing this. One was to measure with a thread the
+    circumference of the bride's neck before she went to bed on the
+    bridal night. If in the morning the same thread would not go
+    around her neck it was a sure sign that she had lost her
+    virginity during the night; if not, she was still a virgin or had
+    been deflowered at an earlier period. Catullus alluded to this
+    custom, which still exists, or existed until lately, in the south
+    of France. It is perfectly sound, for it rests on the intimate
+    response by congestion of the thyroid gland to sexual excitement.
+    (_Parthenologia_, p. 283; Biérent, _La Puberté_, p. 150; Havelock
+    Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition, p. 267.)
+
+    Some say, Schurig tells us, that the voice, which in the virgin
+    is shrill, becomes rougher and deeper after the first coitus. He
+    quotes Riolan's statement that it is certain that the voice of
+    those who indulge in venery is changed. On that account the
+    ancients bound down the penis of their singers, and Martial said
+    that those who wish to preserve their voices should avoid coitus.
+    Democritus who one day had greeted a girl as "maiden" on the
+    following day addressed her as "woman," while in the same way it
+    is said that Albertus Magnus, observing from his study a girl
+    going for wine for her master, knew that she had had sexual
+    intercourse by the way because on her return her voice had become
+    deeper. Here, again, the ancient belief has a solid basis, for
+    the voice and the larynx are really affected by sexual
+    conditions. (_Parthenologia_, p. 286; Marro, _La Puberté_, p.
+    303; Havelock Ellis, op. cit., pp. 271, 289.)
+
+    Others, again, Schurig proceeds, have judged that the goaty smell
+    given out in the armpits during the venereal act is also no
+    uncertain sign of defloration, such odor being perceptible in
+    those who use much venery, and not seldom in harlots and the
+    newly married, while, as Hippocrates said, it is not perceived in
+    boys and girls. (_Parthenologia_, p. 286; cf. the previous volume
+    of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection in Man," p. 64.)
+
+    In virgins, Schurig remarks, the pubic hair is said to be long
+    and not twisted, while in women accustomed to coitus it is
+    crisper. But it is only after long and repeated coitus, some
+    authors add, that the pubic hairs become crisp. Some recent
+    observers, it may be remarked, have noted a connection between
+    sexual excitation and the condition of the pubic hair in women.
+    (Cf. the present volume, _ante_ p. 127.)
+
+    A sign to which the old authors often attached much importance
+    was furnished by the urinary stream. In the _De Secretis
+    Mulierum_, wrongly attributed to Albertus Magnus, it is laid down
+    that "the virgin urinates higher than the woman." Riolan, in his
+    _Anthropographia_, discussing the ability of virgins to ejaculate
+    urine to a height, states that Scaliger had observed women who
+    were virgins emit urine in a high jet against a wall, but that
+    married women could seldom do this. Bouaciolus also stated that
+    the urine of virgins is emitted in a small stream to a distance
+    with an acute hissing sound. (_Parthenologia_, p. 281.) A
+    folk-lore belief in the reality of this influence is evidenced by
+    the Picardy _conte_ referred to already (_ante_, p. 53), "La
+    Princesse qui pisse au dessus les Meules." There is no doubt a
+    tendency for the various stresses of sexual life to produce an
+    influence in this direction, though they act far too slowly and
+    uncertainly to be a reliable index to the presence or the absence
+    of virginity.
+
+    Another common ancient test of virginity by urination rests on a
+    psychic basis, and appears in a variety of forms which are really
+    all reducible to the same principle. Thus we are told in _De
+    Secretis Mulierum_ that to ascertain if a girl is seduced she
+    should be given to eat of powdered crocus flowers, and if she has
+    been seduced she immediately urinates. We are here concerned with
+    auto-suggestion, and it may well be believed that with nervous
+    and credulous girls this test often revealed the truth.
+
+    A further test of virginity discussed by Schurig is the presence
+    of modesty of countenance. If a woman blushes her virtue is safe.
+    In this way girls who have themselves had experience of the
+    marriage bed are said to detect the virgin. The virgin's eyes are
+    cast down and almost motionless, while she who has known a man
+    has eyes that are bright and quick. But this sign is equivocal,
+    says Schurig, for girls are different, and can simulate the
+    modesty they do not feel. Yet this indication also rests on a
+    fundamentally sound psychological basis. (See "The Evolution of
+    Modesty," in the first volume of these _Studies_.)
+
+    In his _Syllepsilogia_ (Section V, cap. I-II), published in 1731,
+    Schurig discusses further the anciently recognized signs of
+    pregnancy. The real or imaginary signs of pregnancy sought by
+    various primitive peoples of the past and present are brought
+    together by Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. i, Chapter XXVII.
+
+Both physically and psychically the occurrence of pregnancy is, however, a
+distinct event. It marks the beginning of a continuous physical process,
+which cannot fail to manifest psychic reactions. A great center of vital
+activity--practically a new center, for only the germinal form of it in
+menstruation had previously existed--has appeared and affects the whole
+organism. "From the moment that the embryo takes possession of the woman,"
+Robert Barnes puts it, "every drop of blood, every fiber, every organ, is
+affected."[170]
+
+A woman artist once observed to Dr. Stratz, that as the final aim of a
+woman is to become a mother and pregnancy is thus her blossoming time, a
+beautiful woman ought to be most beautiful when she is pregnant. That is
+so, Stratz replied, if her moment of greatest physical perfection
+corresponds with the early months of pregnancy, for with the beginning of
+pregnancy metabolism is increased, the color of the skin becomes more
+lively and delicate, the breasts firmer.[171] Pregnancy may, indeed, often
+become visible soon after conception by the brighter eye, the livelier
+glance, resulting from greater vascular activity, though later, with the
+increase of strain, the face may tend to become somewhat thin and
+distorted. The hair, Barnes states, assumes a new vigor, even though it
+may have been falling out before. The temperature rises; the weight
+increases, even apart from the growth of the foetus. The efflorescence of
+pregnancy shows itself, as in the blossoming and fecundated flower, by
+increased pigmentation.[172] The nipples with their areolæ, and the
+mid-line of the belly, become darker; brown flecks (lentigo) tend to
+appear on the forehead, neck, arms, and body; while striæ--at first
+blue-red, then a brilliant white--appear on the belly and thighs, though
+these are scarcely normal, for they are not seen in women with very
+elastic skins and are rare among peasants and savages.[173] The whole
+carriage of the woman tends to become changed with the development of the
+mighty seed of man planted within her; it simulates the carriage of pride
+with the arched back and protruded abdomen.[174] The pregnant woman has
+been lifted above the level of ordinary humanity to become the casket of
+an inestimable jewel.
+
+It is in the blood and the circulation that the earliest of the most
+prominent symptoms of pregnancy are to be found. The ever increasing
+development of this new focus of vascular activity involves an increased
+vascular activity in the whole organism. This activity is present almost
+from the first--a few days after the impregnation of the ovum--in the
+breasts, and quickly becomes obvious to inspection and palpation. Before a
+quite passive organ, the breast now rapidly increases in activity of
+circulation and in size, while certain characteristic changes begin to
+take place around the nipples.[175] As a result of the additional work
+imposed upon it the heart tends to become slightly hypertrophied in order
+to meet the additional strain; there may be some dilatation also.[176]
+
+    The recent investigations of Stengel and Stanton tend to show
+    that the increase of the heart's work during pregnancy is less
+    considerable than has generally been supposed, and that beyond
+    some enlargement and dilatation of the right ventricle there is
+    not usually any hypertrophy of the heart.
+
+The total quantity of blood is raised. While increased in quantity, the
+blood appears on the whole to be somewhat depreciated in quality, though
+on this point there are considerable differences of opinion. Thus, as
+regards hæmoglobin, some investigators have found that the old idea as to
+the poverty of hæmoglobin in pregnancy is quite unfounded; a few have even
+found that the hæmoglobin is increased. Most authorities have found the
+red cells diminished, though some only slightly, while the white cells,
+and also the fibrin, are increased. But toward the end of pregnancy there
+is a tendency, perhaps due to the establishment of compensation, for the
+blood to revert to the normal condition.[177]
+
+It would appear probable, however, that the vascular phenomena of
+pregnancy are not altogether so simple as the above statement would imply.
+The activity of various glands at this time--well illustrated by the
+marked salivation which sometimes occurs--indicates that other modifying
+forces are at work, and it has been suggested that the changes in the
+maternal circulation during pregnancy may best be explained by the theory
+that there are two opposing kinds of secretion poured into the blood in
+unusual degree during pregnancy: one contracting the vessels, the other
+dilating them, one or the other sometimes gaining the upper hand.
+Suprarenal extract, when administered, has a vaso-constricting influence,
+and thyroid extract a vasodilating influence; it may be surmised that
+within the body these glands perform similar functions.[178]
+
+The important part played by the thyroid gland is indicated by its marked
+activity at the very beginning of pregnancy. We may probably associate the
+general tendency to vasodilatation during early pregnancy with the
+tendency to goitre; Freund found an increase of the thyroid in 45 per
+cent. of 50 cases. The thyroid belongs to the same class of ductless
+glands as the ovary, and, as Bland Sutton and others have insisted, the
+analogies between the thyroid and the ovary are very numerous and
+significant. It may be added that in recent years Armand Gautier has noted
+the importance of the thyroid in elaborating nucleo-proteids containing
+arsenic and iodine, which are poured into the circulation during
+menstruation and pregnancy. The whole metabolism of the body is indeed
+affected, and during the latter part of pregnancy study of the ingesta and
+egesta has shown that a storage of nitrogen and even of water is taking
+place.[179] The woman, as Pinard puts it, forms the child out of her own
+flesh, not merely out of her food; the individual is being sacrificed to
+the species.
+
+The changes in the nervous system of the pregnant woman correspond to
+those in the vascular system. There is the same increase of activity, a
+heightening of tension. Bruno Wolff, from experiments on bitches,
+concluded that the central nervous system in women is probably more easily
+excited in the pregnant than in the non-pregnant state, though he was not
+prepared to call this cerebral excitability "specific."[180] Direct
+observations on pregnant women have shown, without doubt, a heightened
+nervous irritability. Reflex action generally is increased. Neumann
+investigated the knee-jerk in 500 women during pregnancy, labor, and the
+puerperium, and in a large number found that there was a progressive
+exaggeration with the advance of pregnancy, little or no change being
+observed in the early months; sometimes when no change was observed during
+pregnancy the knee-jerk still increased during labor, reaching its maximum
+at the moment of the expulsion of the foetus; the return to the normal
+condition took place gradually during the puerperium. Tridandani found in
+pregnant women that though the superficial reflexes, with the exception of
+the abdominal, were diminished, the deep and tendon reflexes were markedly
+increased, especially that of the knee, these changes being more marked in
+primiparæ than in multiparæ, and more pronounced as pregnancy advanced,
+the normal condition returning with ten days after labor. Electrical
+excitability was sensibly diminished.[181]
+
+One of the first signs of high nervous tension is vomiting. As is well
+known, this phenomenon commonly appears early in pregnancy, and it is by
+many considered entirely physiological. Barnes regards it as a kind of
+safety valve, a regulating function, letting off excessive tension and
+maintaining equilibrium.[182] Vomiting is, however, a convulsion, and is
+thus the simplest form of a kind of manifestation--to which the heightened
+nervous tension of pregnancy easily lends itself--that finds its extreme
+pathological form in eclampsia. In this connection it is of interest to
+point out that the pregnant woman here manifests in the highest degree a
+tendency which is marked in women generally, for the female sex, apart
+altogether from pregnancy, is specially liable to convulsive
+phenomena.[183]
+
+    There is some slight difference of opinion among authorities as
+    to the precise nature and causation of the sickness of pregnancy.
+    Barnes, Horrocks and others regard it as physiological; but many
+    consider it pathological; this is, for instance, the opinion of
+    Giles. Graily Hewitt attributed it to flexion of the gravid
+    uterus, Kaltenbach to hysteria, and Zaborsky terms it a neurosis.
+    Whitridge Williams considers that it may be (1) reflex, or (2)
+    neurotic (when it is allied to hysteria and amenable to
+    suggestion), or (3) toxæmic. It really appears to lie on the
+    borderland between healthy and diseased manifestations. It is
+    said to be unknown to farmers and veterinary surgeons. It appears
+    to be little known among savages; it is comparatively infrequent
+    among women of the lower social classes, and, as Giles has found,
+    women who habitually menstruate in a painless and normal manner
+    suffer comparatively little from the sickness of pregnancy.
+
+    We owe a valuable study of the sickness of pregnancy to Giles,
+    who analyzed the records of 300 cases. He concluded that about
+    one-third of the pregnant women were free from sickness
+    throughout pregnancy, 45 per cent. were free during the first
+    three months. When sickness occurred it began in 70 per cent. of
+    cases in the first month, and was most frequent during the second
+    month. The duration varied from a few days to all through.
+    Between the ages of 20 and 25 sickness was least frequent, and
+    there was less sickness in the third than in any other pregnancy.
+    (This corresponds with the conclusion of Matthews Duncan that 25
+    is the most favorable age for pregnancy.) To some extent in
+    agreement with Guéniot, Giles believes that the vomiting of
+    pregnancy is "one form of manifestation of the high nervous
+    irritability of pregnancy." This high nervous tension may
+    overflow into other channels, into the vascular and excretory
+    system, causing eclampsia; into the muscular system, causing
+    chorea, or, expending itself in the brain, give rise to hysteria
+    when mild or insanity when severe. But the vagi form a very ready
+    channel for such overflow, and hence the frequency of sickness in
+    pregnancy. There are thus three main factors in the causation of
+    this phenomenon: (1) An increased nervous irritability; (2) a
+    local source of irritation; (3) a ready efferent channel for
+    nervous energy. (Arthur Giles, "Observations on the Etiology of
+    the Sickness of Pregnancy," _Transactions Obstetrical Society of
+    London_, vol. xxv, 1894.)
+
+    Martin, who regards the phenomenon as normal, points out that
+    when nausea and vomiting are absent or suddenly cease there is
+    often reason to suspect something wrong, especially the death of
+    the embryo. He also remarks that women who suffer from large
+    varicose veins are seldom troubled by the nausea of pregnancy.
+    (J.M.H. Martin, "The Vomiting of Pregnancy," _British Medical
+    Journal_, December 10, 1904.) These observations may be connected
+    with those of Evans (_American Gynæcological and Obstetrical
+    Journal_, January, 1900), who attributes primary importance to
+    the undoubtedly active factor of the irritation set up by the
+    uterus, more especially the rhythmic uterine contractions;
+    stimulation of the breasts produces active uterine contractions,
+    and Evans found that examination of the breasts sufficed to bring
+    on a severe attack of vomiting, while on another occasion this
+    was produced by a vaginal examination. Evans believes that the
+    purpose of these contractions is to facilitate the circulation of
+    the blood through the large venous sinuses, the surcharging of
+    the relatively stagnant pools with effete blood producing the
+    irritation which leads to rhythmic contractions.
+
+It is on the basis of the increased vascular and glandular activity and
+the heightened nervous tension that the special psychic phenomena of
+pregnancy develop. The best known, and perhaps the most characteristic of
+these manifestations, is that known as "longings." By this term is meant
+more or less irresistible desires for some special food or drink, which
+may be digestible or indigestible, sometimes a substance which the woman
+ordinarily likes, such as fruit, and occasionally one which, under
+ordinary circumstances, she dislikes, as in one case known to me of a
+young country woman who, when bearing her child, was always longing for
+tobacco and never happy except when she could get a pipe to smoke,
+although under ordinary circumstances, like other young women of her
+class, she was without any desire to smoke. Occasionally the longings lead
+to actions which are more unscrupulous than is common in the case of the
+same person at other times; thus in one case known to me a young woman,
+pregnant with her first child, insisted to her sister's horror on entering
+a strawberry field and eating a quantity of fruit. These "longings" in
+their extreme form may properly be considered as neurasthenic obsessions,
+but in their simple and less pronounced forms they may well be normal and
+healthy.
+
+    The old medical authors abound in narratives describing the
+    longings of pregnant women for natural and unnatural foods. This
+    affection was commonly called _pica_, sometimes _citra_ or
+    _malatia_. Schurig, whose works are a comprehensive treasure
+    house of ancient medical lore, devotes a long chapter (cap. II)
+    of his _Chylologia_, published in 1725, to pica as manifested
+    mainly, though not exclusively, in pregnant women. Some women, he
+    tells us, have been compelled to eat all sorts of earthy
+    substances, of which sand seems the most common, and one Italian
+    woman when pregnant ate several pounds of sand with much
+    satisfaction, following it up with a draught of her own urine.
+    Lime, mud, chalk, charcoal, cinders, pitch are also the desired
+    substances in other cases detailed. One pregnant woman must eat
+    bread fresh from the oven in very large quantities, and a certain
+    noble matron ate 140 sweet cakes in one day and night. Wheat and
+    various kinds of corn as well as of vegetables were the foods
+    desired by many longing women. One woman was responsible for 20
+    pounds of pepper, another ate ginger in large quantities, a third
+    kept mace under her pillow; cinnamon, salt, emulsion of almonds,
+    treacle, mushrooms were desired by others. Cherries were longed
+    for by one, and another ate 30 or 40 lemons in one night. Various
+    kinds of fish--mullet, oysters, crabs, live eels, etc.--are
+    mentioned, while other women have found delectation in lizards,
+    frogs, spiders and flies, even scorpions, lice and fleas. A
+    pregnant woman, aged 33, of sanguine temperament, ate a live fowl
+    completely with intense satisfaction. Skin, wool, cotton, thread,
+    linen, blotting paper have been desired, as well as more
+    repulsive substances, such as nasal mucus and feces (eaten with
+    bread). Vinegar, ice, and snow occur in other cases. One woman
+    stilled a desire for human flesh by biting the nates of children
+    or the arms of men. Metals are also swallowed, such as iron,
+    silver, etc. One pregnant woman wished to throw eggs in her
+    husband's face, and another to have her husband throw eggs in her
+    face.
+
+    In the next chapter of the same work Schurig describes cases of
+    acute antipathy which may arise under the same circumstances
+    (cap. III, "De Nausea seu Antipathia certorum ciborum"). The list
+    includes bread, meat, fowls, fish, eels (a very common
+    repulsion), crabs, milk, butter (very often), cheese (often),
+    honey, sugar, salt, eggs, caviar, sulphur, apples (especially
+    their odor), strawberries, mulberries, cinnamon, mace, capers,
+    pepper, onions, mustard, beetroot, rice, mint, absinthe, roses
+    (many pages are devoted to this antipathy), lilies, elder
+    flowers, musk (which sometimes caused vomiting), amber, coffee,
+    opiates, olive oil, vinegar, cats, frogs, spiders, wasps, swords.
+
+    More recently Gould and Pyle (_Anomalies and Curiosities of
+    Medicine_, p. 80) have briefly summarized some of the ancient and
+    modern records concerning the longings of pregnant women.
+
+Various theories are put forward concerning the causation of the longings
+of pregnant women, but none of these seems to furnish by itself a complete
+and adequate explanation of all cases. Thus it is said that the craving is
+the expression of a natural instinct, the system of the pregnant woman
+really requiring the food she longs for. It is quite probable that this is
+so in many cases, but it is obviously not so in the majority of cases,
+even when we confine ourselves to the longings for fairly natural foods,
+while we know so little of the special needs of the organism during
+pregnancy that the theory in any case is insusceptible of clear
+demonstration.
+
+Allied to this theory is the explanation that the longings are for things
+that counteract the tendency to nausea and sickness. Giles, however, in
+his valuable statistical study of the longings of a series of 300 pregnant
+women, has shown that the percentage of women with longings is exactly the
+same (33 per cent.) among women who had suffered at some time during
+pregnancy from sickness as among the women who had not so suffered.
+Moreover, Giles found that the period of sickness frequently bore no
+relation to the time when there were cravings, and the patient often had
+cravings after the sickness had ceased.
+
+According to another theory these longings are mainly a matter of
+auto-suggestion. The pregnant woman has received the tradition of such
+longings, persuades herself that she has such a longing, and then becomes
+convinced that, according to a popular belief, it will be bad for the
+child if the longing is not gratified. Giles considers that this process
+of auto-suggestion takes place "in a certain number, perhaps even in the
+majority of cases."[184]
+
+    The Duchess d'Abrantès, the wife of Marshal Junot, in her
+    _Mémoires_ gives an amusing account of how in her first pregnancy
+    a longing was apparently imposed upon her by the anxious
+    solicitude of her own and her husband's relations. Though
+    suffering from constant nausea and sickness, she had no longings.
+    One day at dinner after the pregnancy had gone on for some months
+    her mother suddenly put down her fork, exclaiming: "I have never
+    asked you what longing you have!" She replied with truth that she
+    had none, her days and her nights being occupied with suffering.
+    "No _envie!_" said the mother, "such a thing was never heard of.
+    I must speak to your mother-in-law." The two old ladies consulted
+    anxiously and explained to the young mother how an unsatisfied
+    longing might produce a monstrous child, and the husband also now
+    began to ask her every day what she longed for. Her
+    sister-in-law, moreover, brought her all sorts of stories of
+    children born with appalling mother's marks due to this cause.
+    She became frightened and began to wonder what she most wanted,
+    but could think of nothing. At last, when eating a pastille
+    flavored with pineapple, it occurred to her that pineapple is an
+    excellent fruit, and one, moreover, which she had never seen, for
+    at that time it was extremely rare. Thereupon she began to long
+    for pineapple, and all the more when she was told that at that
+    season they could not be obtained. She now began to feel that she
+    must have pineapple or die, and her husband ran all over Paris,
+    vainly offering twenty louis for a pineapple. At last he
+    succeeded in obtaining one through the kindness of Mme.
+    Bonaparte, and drove home furiously just as his wife, always
+    talking of pineapples, had gone to bed. He entered the room with
+    the pineapple, to the great satisfaction of the Duchess's mother.
+    (In one of her own pregnancies, it appears, she longed in vain
+    for cherries in January, and the child was born with a mark on
+    her body resembling a cherry--in scientific terminology, a
+    _nævus_.) The Duchess effusively thanked her husband and wished
+    to eat of the fruit immediately, but her husband stopped her and
+    said that Corvisart, the famous physician, had told him that she
+    must on no account touch it at night, as it was extremely
+    indigestible. She promised not to do so, and spent the night in
+    caressing the pineapple. In the morning the husband came and cut
+    up the fruit, presenting it to her in a porcelain bowl. Suddenly,
+    however, there was a revulsion of feeling; she felt that she
+    could not possibly eat pineapple; persuasion was useless; the
+    fruit had to be taken away and the windows opened, for the very
+    smell of it had become odious. The Duchess adds that henceforth,
+    throughout her life, though still liking the flavor, she was only
+    able to eat pineapple by doing a sort of violence to herself.
+    (_Mémories de la Duchesse d'Abrantès_, vol. iii, Chapter VIII.)
+    It should be added that, in old age, the Duchess d'Abrantès
+    appears to have become insane.
+
+The influence of suggestion must certainly be accepted as, at all events,
+increasing and emphasizing the tendency to longings. It can scarcely,
+however, be regarded as a radical and adequate explanation of the
+phenomenon generally. If it is a matter of auto-suggestion due to a
+tradition, then we should expect to find longings most frequent and most
+pronounced in multiparous women, who are best acquainted with the
+tradition and best able to experience all that is expected of a pregnant
+woman. But, as a matter of fact, the women who have borne most children
+are precisely those who are least likely to be affected by the longings
+which tradition demands they should manifest. Giles has shown that
+longings occur much more frequently in the first than in any subsequent
+pregnancy; there is a regular decrease with the increase in number of
+pregnancies until in women with ten or more children the longings scarcely
+occur at all.
+
+We must probably regard longings as based on a physiological and psychic
+tendency which is of universal extension and almost or quite normal. They
+are known throughout Europe and were known to the medical writers of
+antiquity. Old Indian as well as old Jewish physicians recognized them.
+They have been noted among many savage races to-day: among the Indians of
+North and South America, among the peoples of the Nile and the Soudan, in
+the Malay archipelago.[185] In Europe they are most common among the
+women of the people, living simple and natural lives.[186]
+
+The true normal relationship of the longings of pregnancy is with the
+impulsive and often irresistible longings for food delicacies which are
+apt to overcome children, and in girls often persist or revive through
+adolescence and even beyond. Such sudden fits of greediness belong to
+those kind of normal psychic manifestations which are on the verge of the
+abnormal into which they occasionally pass. They may occur, however, in
+healthy, well-bred, and well-behaved children who, under the stress of the
+sudden craving, will, without compunction and apparently without
+reflection, steal the food they long for or even steal from their parents
+the money to buy it. The food thus seized by a well-nigh irresistible
+craving is nearly always a fruit. Fruit is usually doled out to children
+in small quantities as a luxury, but we are descended from primitive human
+peoples and still more remote ape-like ancestors, by whom fruit was in its
+season eaten copiously, and it is not surprising that when that season
+comes round the child, more sensitive than the adult to primitive
+influences, should sometimes experience the impulse of its ancestors with
+overwhelming intensity, all the more so if, as is probable, the craving is
+to some extent the expression of a physiological need.
+
+    Sanford Bell, who has investigated the food impulses of children
+    in America, finds that girls have a greater number of likes and
+    dislikes in foods than boys of the same age, though at the same
+    time they have less dislikes to some foods than boys. The
+    proclivity for sweets and fruits shows itself as soon as a child
+    begins to eat solids. The chief fruits liked are oranges,
+    bananas, apples, peaches, and pears. This strong preference for
+    fruits lasts till the age of 13 or 14, though relatively weaker
+    from 10 to 13. In girls, however, Bell notes the significant fact
+    from our present point of view that at mid-adolescence there is a
+    revived taste for sweets and fruits. He believes that the growth
+    of children in taste in foods recapitulates the experience of the
+    race. (S. Bell, "An Introductory Study of the Psychology of
+    Foods." _Pedagogical Seminary_, March, 1904.)
+
+The heightened nervous impressionability of pregnancy would appear to
+arouse into activity those primitive impulses which are liable to occur in
+childhood and in the unmarried girl continue to the nubile age. It is a
+significant fact that the longings of pregnant women are mainly for fruit,
+and notably for so wholesome a fruit as the apple, which may very well
+have a beneficial effect on the system of the pregnant woman. Giles, in
+his tabulation of the foods longed for by 300 pregnant women, found that
+the fruit group was by far the largest, furnishing 79 cases; apples were
+far away at the head, occurring in 34 cases out of the 99 who had
+longings, while oranges followed at a distance (with 13 cases), and in the
+vegetable group tomatoes came first (with 6 cases). Several women declared
+"I could have lived on apples," "I was eating apples all day," "I used to
+sit up in bed eating apples."[187] Pregnant women appear seldom to long
+for the possession of objects outside the edible class, and it seems
+doubtful whether they have any special tendency to kleptomania. Pinard has
+pointed out that neither Lasègue nor Lunier, in their studies of
+kleptomania, have mentioned a single shop robbery committed by a pregnant
+woman.[188] Brouardel has indeed found such cases, but the object stolen
+was usually a food.
+
+A further significant fact connecting the longings of pregnant women with
+the longings of children is to be found in the fact that they occur mainly
+in young women. We have, indeed, no tabulation of the ages of pregnant
+women who have manifested longings, but Giles has clearly shown that these
+chiefly occur in primiparæ, and steadily and rapidly decrease in each
+successive pregnancy. This fact, otherwise somewhat difficult of
+explanation, is natural if we look upon the longings of pregnancy as a
+revival of those of childhood. It certainly indicates also that we can by
+no means regard these longings as exclusively the expression of a
+physiological craving, for in that case they would be liable to occur in
+any pregnancy unless, indeed, it is argued that with each successive
+pregnancy the woman becomes less sensitive to her own physiological state.
+
+    There has been a frequent tendency, more especially among
+    primitive peoples, to regard a pregnant woman's longings as
+    something sacred and to be indulged, all the more, no doubt, as
+    they are usually of a simple and harmless character. In the Black
+    Forest, according to Ploss and Bartels, a pregnant woman may go
+    freely into other people's gardens and take fruit, provided she
+    eats it on the spot, and very similar privileges are accorded to
+    her elsewhere. Old English opinion, as reflected, for instance,
+    in Ben Jonson's plays (as Dr. Harriet C.B. Alexander has pointed
+    out), regards the pregnant woman as not responsible for her
+    longings, and Kiernan remarks ("Kleptomania and Collectivism,"
+    _Alienist and Neurologist_, November, 1902) that this is in "a
+    most natural and just view." In France at the Revolution a law of
+    the 28th Germinal, in the year III, to some extent admitted the
+    irresponsibility of the pregnant woman generally,--following the
+    classic precedent, by which a woman could not be brought before a
+    court of justice so long as she was pregnant,--but the Napoleonic
+    code, never tender to women, abrogated this. Pinard does not
+    consider that the longings of pregnant women are irresistible,
+    and, consequently, regards the pregnant woman as responsible.
+    This is probably the view most widely held. In any case these
+    longings seldom come up for medico-legal consideration.
+
+The phenomena of the longings of pregnancy are linked to the much more
+obscure and dubious phenomena of the influence of maternal impressions on
+the child within the womb. It is true, indeed, that there is no real
+connection whatever between these two groups of manifestations, but they
+have been so widely and for so long closely associated in the popular mind
+that it is convenient to pass directly from one to the other. The same
+name is sometimes given to the two manifestations; thus in France a
+pregnant longing is an _envie_, while a mother's mark on the child is also
+called an _envie_, because it is supposed to be due to the mother's
+unsatisfied longing.
+
+The conception of a "maternal impression" (the German _Versehen_) rests on
+the belief that a powerful mental influence working on the mother's mind
+may produce an impression, either general or definite, on the child she is
+carrying. It makes a great deal of difference whether the effect of the
+impression on the child is general, or definite and circumscribed. It is
+not difficult to believe that a general effect--even, as Sir Arthur
+Mitchell first gave good reason for believing, idiocy--may be produced on
+the child by strong and prolonged emotional influence working on the
+mother, because such general influence may be transmitted through a
+deteriorated blood-stream. But it is impossible at present to understand
+how a definite and limited influence working on the mother could produce a
+definite and limited effect on the child, for there are no channels of
+nervous communications for the passage of such influences. Our difficulty
+in conceiving of the process must, however, be put aside if the fact
+itself can be demonstrated by convincing evidence.
+
+    In order to illustrate the nature of maternal impressions, I will
+    summarize a few cases which I have collected from the best
+    medical periodical literature during the past fifteen years. I
+    have exercised no selection and in no way guarantee the
+    authenticity of the alleged facts or the alleged explanation.
+    They are merely examples to illustrate a class of cases published
+    from time to time by medical observers in medical journals of
+    high repute.
+
+    Early in pregnancy a woman found her pet rabbit killed by a cat
+    which had gnawed off the two forepaws, leaving ragged stumps; she
+    was for a long time constantly thinking of this. Her child was
+    born with deformed feet, one foot with only two toes, the other
+    three, the os calcis in both feet being either absent or little
+    developed. (G.B. Beale, Tottenham, _Lancet_, May 4, 1889).
+
+    Three months and a half before birth of the child the father, a
+    glazier, fell through the roof of a hothouse, severely cutting
+    his right arm, so that he was lying in the infirmary for a long
+    time, and it was doubtful whether the hand could be saved. The
+    child was healthy, but on the flexor surface of the radial side
+    of the right forearm just above the wrist--the same spot as the
+    father's injury--there was a nævus the size of a sixpence. (W.
+    Russell, Paisley, _Lancet_, May 11, 1889.)
+
+    At the beginning of pregnancy a woman was greatly scared by being
+    kicked over by a frightened cow she was milking; she hung on to
+    the animal's teats, but thought she would be trampled to death,
+    and was ill and nervous for weeks afterwards. The child was a
+    monster, with a fleshy substance--seeming to be prolonged from
+    the spinal cord and to represent the brain--projecting from the
+    floor of the skull. Both doctor and nurse were struck by the
+    resemblance to a cow's teats before they knew the woman's story,
+    and this was told by the woman immediately after delivery and
+    before she knew to what she had given birth. (A. Ross Paterson,
+    Reversby, Lincolnshire, _Lancet_, September 29, 1889.)
+
+    During the second month of pregnancy the mother was terrified by
+    a bullock as she was returning from market. The child reached
+    full term and was a well-developed male, stillborn. Its head
+    "exactly resembled a miniature cow's head;" the occipital bone
+    was absent, the parietals only slightly developed, the eyes were
+    placed at the top of the frontal bone, which was quite flat, with
+    each of its superior angles twisted into a rudimentary horn.
+    (J.T. Hislop, Tavistock, Devon, _Lancet_, November 1, 1890.)
+
+    When four months pregnant the mother, a multipara of 30, was
+    startled by a black and white collie dog suddenly pushing against
+    her and rushing out when she opened the door. This preyed on her
+    mind, and she felt sure her child would be marked. The whole of
+    the child's right thigh was encircled by a shining black mole,
+    studded with white hairs; there was another mole on the spine of
+    the left scapula. (C.F. Williamson, Horley, Surrey, _Lancet_,
+    October 11, 1890.)
+
+    A lady in comfortable circumstances, aged 24, not markedly
+    emotional, with one child, in all respects healthy, early in her
+    pregnancy saw a man begging whose arms and legs were "all doubled
+    up." This gave her a shock, but she hoped no ill effects would
+    follow. The child was an encephalous monster, with the
+    extremities rigidly flexed and the fingers clenched, the feet
+    almost sole to sole. In the next pregnancy she frequently passed
+    a man who was a partial cripple, but she was not unduly
+    depressed; the child was a counterpart of the last, except that
+    the head was normal. The next child was strong and well formed.
+    (C.W. Chapman, London, _Lancet_, October 18, 1890.)
+
+    When the pregnant mother was working in a hayfield her husband
+    threw at her a young hare he had found in the hay; it struck her
+    on the cheek and neck. Her daughter has on the left cheek an
+    oblong patch of soft dark hair, in color and character clearly
+    resembling the fur of a very young hare. (A. Mackay, Port Appin,
+    N.B., _Lancet_, December 19, 1891. The writer records also four
+    other cases which have happened in his experience.)
+
+    When the mother was pregnant her husband had to attend to a sow
+    who could not give birth to her pigs; he bled her freely, cutting
+    a notch out of both ears. His wife insisted on seeing the sow.
+    The helix of each ear of her child at birth was gone, for nearly
+    or quite half an inch, as if cut purposely. (R.P. Roons, _Medical
+    World_, 1894.)
+
+    A lady when pregnant was much interested in a story in which one
+    of the characters had a supernumerary digit, and this often
+    recurred to her mind. Her baby had a supernumerary digit on one
+    hand. (J. Jenkyns, Aberdeen, _British Medical Journal_, March 2,
+    1895. The writer also records another case.)
+
+    When pregnant the mother saw in the forest a new-born fawn which
+    was a double monstrosity. Her child was a similar double
+    monstrosity (_cephalothora copagus_). (Hartmann, _Münchener
+    Medicinisches Wochenschrift_, No. 9, 1895.)
+
+    A well developed woman of 30, who had ten children in twelve
+    years, in the third month of her tenth pregnancy saw a child run
+    over by a street car, which crushed the upper and back part of
+    its head. Her own child was anencephalic and acranial, with
+    entire absence of vault of skull. (F.A. Stahl, _American Journal
+    of Obstetrics_, April, 1896.)
+
+    A healthy woman with no skin blemish had during her third
+    pregnancy a violent appetite for sunfish. During or after the
+    fourth month her husband, as a surprise, brought her some sunfish
+    alive, placing them in a pail of water in the porch. She stumbled
+    against the pail and the shock caused the fish to flap over the
+    pail and come in violent contact with her leg. The cold wriggling
+    fish produced a nervous shock, but she attached no importance to
+    this. The child (a girl) had at birth a mark of bronze pigment
+    resembling a fish with the head uppermost (photograph given) on
+    the corresponding part of the same leg. Daughter's health good;
+    throughout life she has had a strong craving for sunfish, which
+    she has sometimes eaten till she has vomited from repletion.
+    (C.F. Gardiner, Colorado Springs, _American Journal Obstetrics_,
+    February, 1898.)
+
+    The next case occurred in a bitch. A thoroughbred fox terrier
+    bitch strayed and was discovered a day or two later with her
+    right foreleg broken. The limb was set under chloroform with the
+    help of Röntgen rays, and the dog made a good recovery. Several
+    weeks later she gave birth to a puppy with a right foreleg that
+    was ill-developed and minus the paw. (J. Booth, Cork, _British
+    Medical Journal_, September 16, 1899.)
+
+    Four months before the birth of her child a woman with four
+    healthy children and no history of deformity in the family fell
+    and cut her left wrist severely against a broken bowl; she had a
+    great fright and shock. Her child, otherwise perfect, was born
+    without left hand and wrist, the stump of arm terminating at
+    lower end of radius and ulna. (G. Ainslie Johnston, Ambleside,
+    _British Medical Journal_, April 18, 1903.)
+
+The belief in the reality of the transference of strong mental or physical
+impressions on the mother into physical changes in the child she is
+bearing is very ancient and widespread. Most writers on the subject begin
+with the book of Genesis and the astute device of Jacob in influencing the
+color of his lambs by mental impressions on his ewes. But the belief
+exists among even more primitive people than the early Hebrews, and in all
+parts of the world.[189] Among the Greeks there is a trace of the belief
+in Hippocrates, the first of the world's great physicians, while Soranus,
+the most famous of ancient gynæcologists, states the matter in the most
+precise manner, with instances in proof. The belief continued to persist
+unquestioned throughout the Middle Ages. The first author who denied the
+influence of maternal impressions altogether appears to have been the
+famous anatomist, Realdus Columbus, who was a professor at Padua, Pisa,
+and Rome at the beginning of the sixteenth century. In the same century,
+however, another and not less famous Neapolitan, Della Porta, for the
+first time formulated a definite theory of maternal impressions. A little
+later, early in the seventeenth century, a philosophic physician at Padua,
+Fortunatus Licetus, took up an intermediate position which still finds,
+perhaps reasonably, a great many adherents. He recognized that a very
+frequent cause of malformation in the child is to be found in morbid
+antenatal conditions, but at the same time was not prepared to deny
+absolutely and in every case the influence of maternal impression on such
+conditions. Malebranche, the Platonic philosopher, allowed the greatest
+extension to the power of the maternal imagination. In the eighteenth
+century, however, the new spirit of free inquiry, of radical criticism,
+and unfettered logic, led to a sceptical attitude toward this ancient
+belief then flourishing vigorously.[190] In 1727, a few years after
+Malebranche's death, James Blondel, a physician of extreme acuteness, who
+had been born in Paris, was educated at Leyden, and practiced in London,
+published the first methodical and thorough attack on the doctrine of
+maternal impressions, _The Strength of Imagination of Pregnant Women
+Examined_, and exercised his great ability in ridiculing it. Haller,
+Roederer, and Sömmering followed in the steps of Blondel, and were either
+sceptical or hostile to the ancient belief. Blumenbach, however, admitted
+the influence of maternal impressions. Erasmus Darwin, as well as Goethe
+in his _Wahlverwandtschaften_, even accepted the influence of paternal
+impressions on the child. By the beginning of the nineteenth century the
+majority of physicians were inclined to relegate maternal impressions to
+the region of superstition. Yet the exceptions were of notable importance.
+Burdach, when all deductions were made, still found it necessary to retain
+the belief in maternal impressions, and Von Baer, the founder of
+embryology, also accepted it, supported by a case, occurring in his own
+sister, which he was able to investigate before the child's birth. L.W.T.
+Bischoff, also, while submitting the doctrine to acute criticism, found it
+impossible to reject maternal impressions absolutely, and he remarked that
+the number of adherents to the doctrine was showing a tendency to increase
+rather than diminish. Johannes Müller, the founder of modern physiology in
+Germany, declared himself against it, and his influence long prevailed;
+Valentin, Rudolf Wagner, and Emil du Bois-Reymond were on the same side.
+On the other hand various eminent gynæcologists--Litzmann, Roth, Hennig,
+etc.--have argued in favor of the reality of maternal impressions.[191]
+
+The long conflict of opinion which has taken place over this opinion has
+still left the matter unsettled. The acutest critics of the ancient
+belief constantly conclude the discussion with an expression of doubt and
+uncertainty. Even if the majority of authorities are inclined to reject
+maternal impressions, the scientific eminence of those who accept them
+makes a decisive opinion difficult. The arguments against such influence
+are perfectly sound: (1) it is a primitive belief of unscientific origin;
+(2) it is impossible to conceive how such influence can operate since
+there is no nervous connection between mother and child; (3) comparatively
+few cases have been submitted to severe critical investigation; (4) it is
+absurd to ascribe developmental defects to influences which arise long
+after the foetus had assumed its definite shape[192]; (5) in any case the
+phenomenon must be rare, for William Hunter could not find a coincidence
+between maternal impressions and foetal marks through a period of several
+years, and Bischoff found no case in 11,000 deliveries. These statements
+embody the whole of the argument against maternal impressions, yet it is
+clear that they do not settle the matter. Edgar, in a manual of obstetrics
+which is widely regarded as a standard work, states that this is "yet a
+mooted question."[193] Ballantyne, again, in a discussion of this
+influence at the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society, summarizing the result of
+a year's inquiry, concluded that it is still "_sub judice_."[194] In a
+subsequent discussion of the question he has somewhat modified his
+opinion, and is inclined to deny that definite impressions on the pregnant
+woman's mind can cause similar defects in the foetus; they are "accidental
+coincidences," but he adds that a few of the cases are difficult to
+explain away. At the same time he fully believes that prolonged and
+strongly marked mental states of the mother may affect the development of
+the foetus in her uterus, causing vascular and nutritive disturbances,
+irregularities of development, and idiocy.[195]
+
+    Whether and in how far mental impressions on the mother can
+    produce definite mental and emotional disposition in the child is
+    a special aspect of the question to which scarcely any inquiry
+    has been devoted. So distinguished a biologist as Mr. A.W.
+    Wallace has, however, called attention to this point, bringing
+    forward evidence on the question and emphasizing the need of
+    further investigation. "Such transmission of mental influence,"
+    he remarks, "will hardly be held to be impossible or even very
+    improbable," (A.W. Wallace, "Prenatal Influences on Character,"
+    _Nature_, August 24, 1893.)
+
+It has already been pointed out that a large number of cases of foetal
+deformities, supposed to be due to maternal impressions, cannot possibly
+be so caused because the impression took place at a period when the
+development of the foetus must already have been decided. In this
+connection, however, it must be noted that Dabney has observed a
+relationship between the time of supposed mental impressions and the
+nature of the actual defect which is of considerable significance as an
+argument in favor of the influence of mental impressions. He tabulated 90
+carefully reported cases from recent medical literature, and found that 21
+of them were concerned with defects of structure of the lips and palate.
+In all but 2 of these 21 the defect was referred to an impression
+occurring within the first three months of pregnancy. This is an important
+point as showing that the assigned cause really falls within a period when
+a defect of development actually could produce the observed result,
+although the person reporting the cases was in many instances manifestly
+ignorant of the details of embryology and teratology. There was no such
+preponderance of early impressions among the defects of skin and hair
+which might well, so far as development is concerned, have been caused at
+a later period; here, in 7 out of 15 cases, it was distinctly stated that
+the impression was made later than the fourth month.[196]
+
+It would seem, on the whole, that while the influence of maternal
+impressions in producing definite effects on the child within the womb has
+by no means been positively demonstrated, we are not entitled to reject it
+with any positive assurance. Even if we accept it, however, it must
+remain, for the present, an inexplicable fact; the _modus operandi_ we can
+scarcely even guess at. General influences from the mother on the child we
+can easily conceive of as conveyed by the mother's blood; we can even
+suppose that the modified blood might act specifically on one particular
+kind of tissue. We can, again, as suggested by Féré, very well believe
+that the maternal emotions act upon the womb and produce various kinds and
+degrees of pressure on the child within, so that the apparently active
+movements of the foetus may be really consecutive on unconscious maternal
+excitations.[197] We may also believe that, as suggested by John Thomson,
+there are slight incoördinations _in utero_, a kind of developmental
+neurosis, produced by some slight lack of harmony of whatever origin, and
+leading to the production of malformations.[198] We know, finally, that,
+as Féré and others have repeatedly demonstrated during recent years by
+experiments on chickens, etc., very subtle agents, even odors, may
+profoundly affect embryonic development and produce deformity. But how the
+mother's psychic disposition can, apart from heredity, affect specifically
+the physical conformation or even the psychic disposition of the child
+within her womb must remain for the present an insoluble mystery, even if
+we feel disposed to conclude that in some cases such action seems to be
+indicated.
+
+    In comprehending such a connection, however at present
+    undemonstrated, it may well be borne in mind that the
+    relationship of the mother to the child within her womb is of a
+    uniquely intimate character. It is of interest in this
+    connection to quote some remarks by an able psychologist, Dr.
+    Henry Rutgers Marshall; the remarks are not less interesting for
+    being brought forward without any connection with the question of
+    maternal impressions: "It is true that, so far as we know, the
+    nervous system of the embryo never has a direct connection with
+    the nervous system of the mother: nevertheless, as there is a
+    reciprocity of reaction between the physical body of the mother
+    and its embryonic parasite, the relation of the embryonic nervous
+    system to the nervous system of the mother is not very far
+    removed from the relation of the pre-eminent part of the nervous
+    system of a man to some minor nervous system within his body
+    which is to a marked extent dissociated from the whole neural
+    mass.
+
+    "Correspondingly, then, and within the consciousness of the
+    mother, there develops a new little minor consciousness which,
+    although but lightly integrated with the mass of her
+    consciousness, nevertheless has its part in her consciousness
+    taken as a whole, much as the psychic correspondents of the
+    action of the nerve which govern the secretions of the glands of
+    the body have their part in her consciousness taken as a whole.
+
+    "It is very much as if the optic ganglia developed fully in
+    themselves, without any closer connection with the rest of the
+    brain than existed at their first appearance. They would form a
+    little complex nervous system almost but not quite apart from the
+    brain system; and it would be difficult to deny them a
+    consciousness of their own; which would indeed form part of the
+    whole consciousness of the individual, but which would be in a
+    manner self-dependent." It must, if this is so, be said that
+    before birth, on the psychic side, the embryo's activities "form
+    part of a complex consciousness which is that of the mother and
+    embryo together." "Without subscribing to the strange stories of
+    telepathy, of the solemn apparition of a person somewhere at the
+    moment of his death a thousand miles away, of the unquiet ghost
+    haunting the scenes of its bygone hopes and endeavors, one may
+    ask" (with the author of the address in medicine at the Leicester
+    gathering of the British Medical Association, _British Medical
+    Journal_, July 29, 1905) "whether two brains cannot be so tuned
+    in sympathy as to transmit and receive a subtile transfusion of
+    mind without mediation of sense. Considering what is implied by
+    the human brain with its countless millions of cells, its
+    complexities of minute structure, its innumerable chemical
+    compositions, and the condensed forces in its microscopic and
+    ultramicroscopic elements--the whole a sort of microcosm of
+    cosmic forces to which no conceivable compound of electric
+    batteries is comparable; considering, again, that from an
+    electric station waves of energy radiate through the viewless air
+    to be caught up by a fit receiver a thousand miles distant, it is
+    not inconceivable that the human brain may send off still more
+    subtile waves to be accepted and interpreted by the fitly tuned
+    receiving brain. Is it, after all, mere fancy that a mental
+    atmosphere or effluence emanates from one person to affect
+    another, either soothing sympathetically or irritating
+    antipathically?" These remarks (like Dr. Marshall's) were made
+    without reference to maternal impressions, but it may be pointed
+    out that under no conceivable circumstance could we find a brain
+    in so virginal and receptive a state as is the child's in the
+    womb.
+
+On the whole we see that pregnancy induces a psychic state which is at
+once, in healthy persons, one of full development and vigor, and at the
+same time one which, especially in individuals who are slightly abnormal,
+is apt to involve a state of strained or overstrained nervous tension and
+to evoke various manifestations which are in many respects still
+imperfectly understood. Even the specifically sexual emotions tend to be
+heightened, more especially during the earlier period of pregnancy. In 24
+cases of pregnancy in which the point was investigated by Harry Campbell,
+sexual feeling was decidedly increased in 8, in one case (of a woman aged
+31 who had had four children) being indeed only present during pregnancy,
+when it was considerable; in only 7 cases was there diminution or
+disappearance of sexual feeling.[199] Pregnancy may produce mental
+depression;[200] but on the other hand it frequently leads to a change of
+the most favorable character in the mental and general well-being. Some
+women indeed are only well during pregnancy. It is remarkable that some
+women who habitually suffer from various nervous troubles--neuralgias,
+gastralgia, headache, insomnia--are only free from them at this moment.
+This "paradox of gestation," as Vinay has termed it, is specially marked
+in the hysterical and those suffering from slight nervous disorders, but
+it is by no means universal, so that although it is possible, Vinay
+states, to confirm the opinion of the ancients as to the beneficial
+action of marriage on hysteria, that is only true of slight cases and
+scarcely enables us to counsel marriage in hysteria.[201] Even a woman's
+intelligence is sometimes heightened by pregnancy, and Tarnier, as quoted
+by Vinay, knew many women whose intelligence, habitually somewhat obtuse,
+has only risen to the normal level during pregnancy.[202] The pregnant
+woman has reached the climax of womanhood; she has attained to that state
+toward which the periodically recurring menstrual wave has been drifting
+her at regular intervals throughout her sexual life[203]; she has achieved
+that function for which her body has been constructed, and her mental and
+emotional disposition adapted, through countless ages.
+
+And yet, as we have seen, our ignorance of the changes effected by the
+occurrence of this supremely important event--even on the physical
+side--still remains profound. Pregnancy, even for us, the critical and
+unprejudiced children of a civilized age, still remains, as for the
+children of more primitive ages, a mystery. Conception itself is a mystery
+for the primitive man, and may be produced by all sorts of subtle ways
+apart from sexual connection, even by smelling a flower.[204] The pregnant
+woman was surrounded by ceremonies, by reverence and fear, often shut up
+in a place apart.[205] Her presence, her exhalations, were of extreme
+potency; even in some parts of Europe to-day, as in the Walloon districts
+of Belgium, a pregnant woman must not kiss a child for her breath is
+dangerous, or urinate on plants for she will kill them.[206] The mystery
+has somewhat changed its form; it still remains. The future of the race is
+bound up with our efforts to fathom the mystery of pregnancy. "The early
+days of human life," it has been truly said, "are entirely one with the
+mother. On her manner of life--eating, drinking, sleeping, and
+thinking--what greatness may not hang?"[207] Schopenhauer observed, with
+misapplied horror, that there is nothing a woman is less modest about than
+the state of pregnancy, while Weininger exclaims: "Never yet has a
+pregnant woman given expression in any form--poem, memoirs, or
+gynæcological monograph--to her sensations or feelings."[208] Yet when we
+contemplate the mystery of pregnancy and all that it involves, how trivial
+all such considerations become! We are here lifted into a region where our
+highest intelligence can only lead us to adoration, for we are gazing at a
+process in which the operations of Nature become one with the divine task
+of Creation.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[169] See, e.g., Groos, _Æsthetische Genuss_, p. 249. "We have to admit,"
+Groos observes, "the entrance of another instinct, the impulse to tend and
+foster, so closely connected with the sexual life. It is seemingly due to
+the co-operation of this impulse that the little female bird during
+courtship is so often fed by the male like a young fledgling. In man
+'love' from the biological standpoint is also an amalgamation of two
+needs; when the tender need to protect and foster and serve is lacking the
+emotion is not quite perfect. Heine's expression, 'With my mantle I
+protect you from the storm,' has always seemed to me very characteristic."
+Sometimes the sexual impulse may undergo a complete transformation in this
+direction. "I believe there is really a tendency in women," a lady writes
+in a letter, "to allow maternal feeling to take the place of sexual
+feeling. Very often a woman's feeling for her husband becomes this (though
+he may be twenty years older than herself); sometimes it does not,
+remaining purely sex feeling. Sometimes it is for some other man she has
+this curious self-obliterating maternal feeling. It is not necessarily
+connected with sex intercourse. A prostitute, who has relations with
+dozens of men, may have it for some feeble drunken fool, who perhaps goes
+after other women. I once saw the change from sex feeling to mother
+feeling, as I call it, come almost suddenly over a woman after she had
+lived about four years with a man who was unfaithful to her. Then, when
+all real sex feeling, the hatred of the woman he followed, the desire he
+should give her love and tenderness, had all gone, came the other feeling,
+and she said to me, 'You don't understand at all; he's only my little
+baby; nothing he does can make any difference to me now.' As I grow older
+and understand women's natures better, I can see almost at once which
+relation it is a woman has to her husband, or any given man. It is this
+feeling, and not sex passion, that keeps woman from being free." Not only
+is there a sexual association in the impulse to foster and protect, there
+would appear to be a similar element also in the response to that impulse.
+Freud has especially insisted on the partly sexual character of the
+child's feelings for those who care for it and tend it and satisfy its
+needs. It is begun in earliest infancy; "whoever has seen the sated infant
+sink back from the breast, to fall asleep with flushed cheeks and happy
+smile, must say that the picture is adequate to the expression of the
+sexual satisfaction of later life." The lips, moreover, are the earliest
+erogenous zone. "There will, perhaps, be some opposition," Freud remarks
+(_Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie_, pp. 36, 64), "to the
+identification of the child's feelings of tenderness and appreciation for
+those who tend it with sexual love, but I believe that exact psychological
+analysis will place the identity beyond doubt. The relationship of the
+child with the person who tends it is for it a continual source of sexual
+excitement and satisfaction flowing from the erogenous zones, especially
+since the fostering person--as a rule the mother--regards the child with
+emotions which proceed from her sexual life; strokes it, kisses it, rocks
+it, and very plainly treats it as a compensation for a fully valid sexual
+object." Freud remarks that girls who retain the childish character of
+their love for their parents to adult age are apt to make cold wives and
+to be sexually anæsthetic.
+
+[170] Esbach (in his _Thèse de Paris_, published in 1876) showed that even
+the finger nails are affected in pregnancy and become measurably thinner.
+
+[171] C.H. Stratz, _Die Schönheit des Weiblichen Körpers_, Chapter VI.
+
+[172] Iron appears to be liberated in the maternal organism during
+pregnancy, and Wychgel has shown (_Zeitschrift für Geburtshülfe und
+Gynäkologie_, bd. xlvii, Heft II) that the pigment of pregnant women
+contains iron, and that the amount of iron in the urine is increased.
+
+[173] Vinay, _Maladies de la Grossesse_, Chapter VIII; K. Hennig,
+"Exploratio Externa," _Comptes-rendus du XIIe. Congrès International de
+Médècine_, vol. vi, Section XIII, pp. 144-166. A bibliography of the
+literature concerning the physiology of pregnancy, extending to ten pages,
+is appended by Pinard to his article "Grossesse," _Dictionnaire
+Encyclopédique des Sciences Médicales_.
+
+[174] Stratz, op. cit., Chapter XII.
+
+[175] W.S.A. Griffith, "The Diagnosis of Pregnancy," _British Medical
+Journal_, April 11, 1903.
+
+[176] J. Mackenzie and H.O. Nicholson, "The Heart in Pregnancy," _British
+Medical Journal_, October 8, 1904; Stengel and Stanton, "The Condition of
+the Heart in Pregnancy," _Medical Record_, May 10, 1902 and _University
+Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin_, Sept., 1904 (summarized in _British
+Medical Journal_, August 16, 1902, and Sept. 23, 1905.)
+
+[177] J. Henderson, "Maternal Blood at Term," _Journal of Obstetrics and
+Gynæcology_, February, 1902; C. Douglas, "The Blood in Pregnant Women,"
+_British Medical Journal_, March 26, 1904; W.L. Thompson, "The Blood in
+Pregnancy," _Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_, June, 1904.
+
+[178] H.O. Nicholson, "Some Remarks on the Maternal Circulation in
+Pregnancy," _British Medical Journal_, October 3, 1903.
+
+[179] J. Morris Slemans, "Metabolism During Pregnancy," _Johns Hopkins
+Hospital Reports_, vol. xii, 1904.
+
+[180] B. Wolff, _Zentralblatt für Gynäkologie_, 1904, No. 26.
+
+[181] Tridandani, _Annali di Ostetrica_, March, 1900.
+
+[182] R. Barnes, "The Induction of Labor," _British Medical Journal_,
+December 22, 1894.
+
+[183] See, e.g., Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition, pp. 344,
+et seq.
+
+[184] Arthur Giles, "The Longings of Pregnant Women," _Transactions
+Obstetrical Society of London_, vol. xxxv, 1893.
+
+[185] Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, Chapter XXX.
+
+[186] Thus, in Cornwall, "to be in the longing way" is a popular synonym
+for pregnancy.
+
+[187] The apple, wherever it is known, has nearly always been a sacred or
+magic fruit (as J.F. Campbell shows, _Popular Tales of West Highlands_,
+vol. I, p. lxxv. et seq.), and the fruit of the forbidden tree which
+tempted Eve is always popularly imagined to be an apple. One may perhaps
+refer in this connection to the fact that at Rome and elsewhere the
+testicles have been called apples. I may add that we find a curious proof
+of the recognition of the feminine love of apples in an old Portuguese
+ballad, "Donna Guimar," in which a damsel puts on armour and goes to the
+wars; her sex is suspected and as a test, she is taken into an orchard,
+but Donna Guimar is too wary to fall into the trap, and turning away from
+the apples plucks a citron.
+
+[188] A. Pinard, Art. "Grossesse," _Dictionnaire Encyclopédique des
+Sciences Médicales_, p. 138. On the subject of violent, criminal and
+abnormal impulses during pregnancy, see Cumston, "Pregnancy and Crime,"
+_American Journal Obstetrics_, December, 1903.
+
+[189] See especially Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i, Chapter XXXI.
+Ballantyne in his work on the pathology of the foetus adds Loango negroes,
+the Eskimo and the ancient Japanese.
+
+[190] In 1731 Schurig, in his _Syllepsilogia_, devoted more than a hundred
+pages (cap. IX) to summarizing a vast number of curious cases of maternal
+impressions leading to birth-marks of all kinds.
+
+[191] J.W. Ballantyne has written an excellent history of the doctrine of
+maternal impressions, reprinted in his _Manual of Antenatal Pathology: The
+Embryo_, 1904, Chapter IX; he gives a bibliography of 381 items. In
+Germany the history of the question has been written by Dr. Iwan Bloch
+(under the pseudonym of Gerhard von Welsenburg), _Das Versehen der
+Frauen_, 1899. Cf., in French, G. Variot, "Origine des Préjugés Populaires
+sur les Envies," _Bulletin Société d'Anthropologie_, Paris, June 18, 1891.
+Variot rejects the doctrine absolutely, Bloch accepts it, Ballantyne
+speaks cautiously.
+
+[192] J.G. Kiernan has shown how many of the alleged cases are negatived
+by the failure to take this fact into consideration. (_Journal of American
+Medical Association_, December 9, 1899.)
+
+[193] J. Clifton Edgar, _The Practice of Obstetrics_, second edition,
+1904, p. 296. In an important discussion of the question at the American
+Gynæcological Society in 1886, introduced by Fordyce Barker, various
+eminent gynæcologists declared in favor of the doctrine, more or less
+cautiously. (_Transactions of the American Gynæcological Society_, vol.
+xi, 1886, pp. 152-196.) Gould and Pyle, bringing forward some of the data
+on the question (_Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine_, pp. 81, _et
+seq._) state that the reality of the influence of maternal impressions
+seems fully established. On the other side, see G.W. Cook, _American
+Journal of Obstetrics_, September, 1889, and H.F. Lewis, ib., July, 1899.
+
+[194] _Transactions Edinburgh Obstetrical Society_, vol. xvii, 1892.
+
+[195] J.W. Ballantyne, _Manual of Antenatal Pathology: The Embryo_, p. 45.
+
+[196] W.C. Dabney, "Maternal Impressions," Keating's _Cyclopædia of
+Diseases of Children_, vol. i, 1889, pp. 191-216.
+
+[197] Féré, _Sensation et Mouvement_, Chapter XIV, "Sur la Psychologie du
+Foetus."
+
+[198] J. Thomson, "Defective Co-ordination in Utero," _British Medical
+Journal_, September 6, 1902.
+
+[199] H. Campbell, _Nervous Organization of Man and Woman_, p. 206; cf.
+Moll, _Untersuchungen über die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 264. Many
+authorities, from Soranus of Ephesus onward, consider, however, that
+sexual relations should cease during pregnancy, and certainly during the
+later months. Cf. Brénot, _De l'influence de la copulation pendant la
+grosseisse_, 1903.
+
+[200] Bianchi terms this fairly common condition the neurasthenia of
+pregnancy.
+
+[201] Vinay, _Traité des Maladies de la Grossesse_, 1894, pp. 51, 577;
+Mongeri, "Nervenkrankungen und Schwangerschaft." _Allegemeine Zeitschrift
+für Psychiatrie_, bd. LVIII, Heft 5. Haig remarks (_Uric Acid_, sixth
+edition, p. 151) that during normal pregnancy diseases with excess of uric
+acid in the blood (headaches, fits, mental depression, dyspepsia, asthma)
+are absent, and considers that the common idea that women do not easily
+take colds, fevers, etc., at this time is well founded.
+
+[202] Founding his remarks on certain anatomical changes and on a
+suggestion of Engel's, Donaldson observes: "It is impossible to escape the
+conclusion that in women natural education is complete only with
+maternity, which we know to effect some slight changes in the sympathetic
+system and possibly the spinal cord, and which may be fairly laid under
+suspicion of causing more structural modifications than are at present
+recognized." H.H. Donaldson, _The Growth of the Brain_, p. 352.
+
+[203] The state of menstruation is in many respects an approximation to
+that of pregnancy; see, e.g., Edgar's _Practice of Obstetrics_, plates 6 6
+and 7, showing the resemblance of the menstrual changes in the breasts and
+the external sexual parts to the changes of pregnancy; cf. Havelock Ellis,
+_Man and Woman_, fourth edition, Chapter XI, "The Functional Periodicity
+of Woman."
+
+[204] Thus the gypsies say of an unmarried woman who becomes pregnant,
+"She has smelt the moon-flower"--a flower believed to grow on the
+so-called moon-mountain and to possess the property of impregnating by its
+smell. Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. I, Chapter XXVII.
+
+[205] This was a sound instinct, for it is now recognized as an extremely
+important part of puericulture that a woman should rest at all events
+during the latter part of pregnancy; see, e.g., Pinard, _Gazette des
+Hôpitaux_, November 28, 1895, and _Annales de Gynécologie_, August, 1898.
+
+[206] Ploss and Bartels, op. cit., Chapter XXIX; Kryptadia, vol. viii, p.
+143.
+
+[207] Griffith Wilkin, _British Medical Journal_, April 8, 1905.
+
+[208] Weininger, _Geschlecht und Charakter_, p. 107. I may remark that a
+recent book, Ellis Meredith's _Heart of My Heart_, is devoted to a
+seemingly autobiographical account of a pregnant woman's emotions and
+ideas. The relations of maternity to intellectual work have been carefully
+and impartially investigated by Adele Gerhard and Helena Simon, who seem
+to conclude that the conflict between the inevitable claims of maternity
+and the scarcely less inevitable claims of the intellectual life cannot be
+avoided.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+HISTORIES OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT.
+
+    HISTORY I.--The following narrative has been written by a
+    university man trained in psychology:--
+
+    So far as I have been able to learn, none of my ancestors for at
+    least three generations have suffered from any nervous or mental
+    disease; and of those more remote I can learn nothing at all. It
+    appears probable, then, that any peculiarities of my own sexual
+    development must be explained by reference to the somewhat
+    peculiar environment.
+
+    I was the first child and was, naturally, somewhat spoiled--a
+    process which tended to increase my natural tendency to
+    sentimentality. On the other hand, I was shy and undemonstrative
+    with all except my nearest relatives, and with them as well after
+    my seventh or eighth year. And here it may be well to describe my
+    "mental type," as this is probably the most important factor in
+    determining the direction of one's mental development. Of mental
+    types the "visual" is, of course, by far the most common, but in
+    my own case visual imagery was never strong or vivid, and has
+    constantly grown weaker. The dominant part has been played by
+    tactual, muscular and organic sensations, placing me as one of
+    the "tactual motor" type, with strong "verbal motor" and
+    "organic" tendencies. In reading a novel I seldom have a mental
+    picture of the character or situation, but easily imagine the
+    sensations (except the visual) and feel something of the emotions
+    described. When telling of any event I have a strong impulse to
+    make the movements described and to gesticulate. I remember
+    events in terms of movements and the words to be used in giving
+    an account of them; and in thinking of any subject I can feel the
+    movements of the larynx and, in a less degree, of the lips and
+    tongue that would be involved in putting my thoughts into words.
+    I am easily moved to emotion, even to sentimentality, but am
+    seldom if ever deeply affected and am so averse to any display of
+    my feelings that I have the reputation among my acquaintances of
+    being cold, unfeeling and unemotional. I am naturally quiet and
+    bashful to a degree, which has rendered all forms of social
+    intercourse painful through much of my life, and this in spite of
+    a real longing to associate with people on terms of intimacy. As
+    a child I was sensitive and solitary; later I became morbid as
+    well. In a character so constituted the feelings and impulses of
+    the moment are likely to rule, and such has been my constant
+    experience, though a large element of obstinacy in my character
+    has kept me from appearing impulsive, and slight influences will
+    bring about reactions which seem out of all proportion to their
+    cause. For instance, I cannot, even now, read the more erotic of
+    Boccaccio's stories without a good deal of sexual excitement and
+    restlessness, which can be relieved only by vigorous exercise or
+    masturbation.
+
+    The first ten years of my life were passed on a farm, most of the
+    time without playmates or companions of my own age.
+
+    As far back as I can remember I indulged in elaborate day-dreams
+    in which I figured as the chief character along with a few others
+    who were chiefly creatures of my imagination, but at times
+    borrowed from reality. These others were always boys until I
+    learned the proper function of the sexual organs, when girls
+    usurped the whole stage in numbers beyond the limits of a Turkish
+    harem. Even at school my day-dreams were scarcely interrupted,
+    for my shyness and timidity made me very unpopular among my
+    schoolmates, who tormented me after the fashion of small boys or
+    neglected me, as the spirit moved them. To make matters worse, I
+    was brought up under the "sheltered life system," kept carefully
+    away from the "bad boys," which category included nearly all the
+    youngsters of the community, and deluged with moral homilies and
+    tirades on things religious until I was thoroughly convinced that
+    goodness and discomfort, the right and the unpleasant, were
+    strictly synonymous; and I was kept through much of the time
+    facing the prospect of an early death, to be followed by the good
+    old orthodox hell or the equal miseries of its gorgeous
+    alternative. I may say in all seriousness that this is a
+    conservative and unexaggerated account of one phase of my early
+    life--the one, I think, that tended most strongly to make me
+    introspective and morbid. Later on, when I was trying to abandon
+    the habit of masturbation, this early training greatly increased
+    the despair I felt at each successive failure.
+
+    The first traces of sexual excitement that I can now recall
+    occurred when I was about 4 years old. I had erections quite
+    frequently and found a mild pleasure in fondling my genitals when
+    these occurred, especially just after waking in the morning. I
+    had no notion of an orgasm, and never succeeded in producing one
+    until I was 13 years of age. In the summer of my sixth year I
+    experienced pleasurable sensations in daubing my genitals with
+    oil and then fondling or rubbing them, but I abandoned this
+    amusement after getting some irritating substance into the
+    meatus. A year later my mother warned me that playing with my
+    penis would "make me very sick," but since experience had taught
+    me that this was not true, my conviction that what was forbidden
+    must necessarily be pleasant, sent me directly to my favorite
+    retreat in the barn loft to experiment. Since, however, I failed,
+    in spite of persistent effort, to produce any such pleasant
+    results as I had expected, I soon gave up my attempts for other
+    kinds of amusement.
+
+    A few months after this, in midsummer, a very sensual servant
+    girl began a series of attempts to satisfy herself sexually with
+    my help. She came nearly every day into the loft where I was
+    playing and did her best to initiate me into the mysteries of
+    sexual relationships, but I proved a sorry pupil. She would rub
+    my penis until it became erect and then, placing me upon her,
+    would insert the penis in her vulva and make movements of her
+    thighs and hips calculated to cause friction. At times she varied
+    the program by lying upon me and embracing me passionately. I can
+    remember distinctly her quick, gasping breath and convulsive
+    movements. She generally ended the seance by persuading me to
+    perform cunnilingus upon her. None of these performances were
+    intelligible to me and I invariably protested against being
+    compelled to leave my play to amuse her. Even her fondling of my
+    genitals annoyed me; and, stranger still, I preferred satisfying
+    her by cunnilingus to the attempts at coitus.
+
+    It was nearly a year later that I experienced the first
+    unmistakable manifestations of the sexual impulse--erections
+    accompanied by lustful feeling and vague desires of whose proper
+    satisfaction I had no notion whatever. It never occurred to me to
+    associate my experiences with the servant girl with these new
+    sensations. The peculiar fact about them was that they were
+    generally occasioned by the infliction of pain upon animals. I do
+    not remember how I first discovered that they could be evoked in
+    this way, but I can clearly recollect many of my efforts to
+    arouse this pleasurable excitement by abusing the dog or the
+    cats, or by prodding the calves with a nail set in the end of a
+    broom handle. I seldom manipulated my genitals at this time, and
+    when I did it was for the purpose of causing sexual excitement
+    rather than allaying it.
+
+    During this same year I got my first idea of sexual intercourse
+    by watching animals copulate; but my powers of observation must
+    have been limited, for I supposed that the penis of the male
+    entered the anus of the female. In watching the coitus of animals
+    I experienced lively sexual excitement and lustful sensations,
+    located not only in the genitals, but apparently in the anus as
+    well. I often excited, myself by imagining myself playing the
+    part of the female animal--a peculiar combination of passive
+    pederasty and bestiality. A servant girl put me to right on the
+    error of observation just mentioned, but neglected to apply the
+    principle to human animals, and I remained for another year in
+    complete ignorance of the structure of woman's sexual organs and
+    of the intercourse between man and woman. In the meantime I
+    cultivated my fancies of intercourse with animals, often still
+    perversely imagining myself taking the part of the female; and
+    the notion of such relationships gradually became so familiar as
+    to seem possible and desirable. This is especially significant in
+    view of later developments.
+
+    Up to my eleventh or twelfth year the erotic element in my
+    daydreaming varied with the seasons. In the summer it played a
+    dominant part, while in the winter it was almost entirely absent,
+    owing, it may be, to the fact that most of my time was spent
+    indoors or on long, tiresome tramps to and from school, and the
+    further fact that during the winter I saw but little of the
+    animals which had acted as a stimulus to sexual excitement. So
+    little was I troubled in winter and so ignorant was I of normal
+    intercourse that sleeping with a cousin, a girl of about my own
+    age (7 or 8 years), resulted in no addition to my knowledge of
+    things sexual.
+
+    It was early in my ninth year that I first learned something of
+    the anatomical difference between man and woman and of the
+    functions of the sexual organs in coitus. These were explained to
+    me by a young male servant, who, however, told me nothing of
+    conception or pregnancy. At first I was very little interested,
+    as it did not immediately occur to me to associate my own erotic
+    experiences with the matter of these revelations; but under the
+    faithful tuition of my new instructor I soon began to desire
+    normal coitus, and my interest in the sexual affairs of animals
+    weakened accordingly. His teachings went still further, for he
+    masturbated before me, then persuaded me to masturbate him, and
+    finally practiced coitus inter femora upon me. He also tried to
+    masturbate me, but was unable to produce an orgasm, though I
+    found the experiment mildly pleasurable.
+
+    Early in my eleventh year we left the farm and lived in the city
+    for several months. In the meantime there had been no
+    developments in my sexual life beyond what has already been
+    indicated. In the city I found so much to interest and amuse me
+    that I almost entirely forgot my erotic day-dreams and desires.
+    Though my chief playmates were two girls of about my own age I
+    never thought of attempting sexual intercourse with them, as I
+    might easily have done, for they were much wiser and more
+    experienced in these things than myself. Shortly before the end
+    of our stay in town an older schoolmate explained to me as much
+    of the process of reproduction as is usually known by a
+    precocious youngster of 12 years, but I firmly refused to credit
+    his statements. He adduced the fact of lactation in proof of the
+    correctness of his views, but I had been too thoroughly steeped
+    in supernaturalism to be very amenable to naturalistic evidence
+    of this sort and remained obdurate. But the suggestion stayed
+    with me and perplexed me not a little; when we returned to the
+    farm I began to watch the reproductive process in animals.
+
+    The following two years were decidedly unpleasant. I was growing
+    rapidly and was sluggish, awkward and stupid. At school I was
+    more unpopular than ever and seemed to have a positive genius
+    for doing the wrong thing. On the rare occasions when my
+    companions admitted me to their counsels I was a willing dupe and
+    catspaw, with the result that I was much in trouble with my
+    teachers. Being morbidly sensitive I suffered keenly under these
+    circumstances and, as my health was not at all good, I often made
+    of my frequent headaches excuses to stay at home, where I would
+    lie abed brooding over my small troubles or, more often, dreaming
+    erotic day-dreams and making repeated attempts to produce an
+    orgasm. But though these efforts were accompanied by the most
+    lustful thoughts and my imagination created situations of
+    oriental extravagance, I was 13 years old when they first met
+    with success. I remember the occasion very distinctly, the more
+    so because I thought of it much and bitterly when shortly
+    afterwards I tried to abandon a habit which the family "doctor
+    book" assured me must result in every variety of damnation. At
+    the moment, however, I was greatly surprised and gratified and
+    tried at once to repeat the delightful sensation, but was unable
+    to do so until the following day. From that time to the present I
+    think I have masturbated an average of ten times per week, and
+    this is certainly a very conservative estimate; for though up to
+    my sixteenth year I could seldom produce an orgasm more than once
+    a day I have often, during the last four or five years, produced
+    it from four to seven times per day without difficulty and this
+    for days and even weeks in succession. During these periods of
+    excessive masturbation very little liquid was ejaculated and the
+    pleasurable sensations were slight or entirely lacking.
+
+    From the time when I began masturbating regularly practically my
+    whole interest centered in things pertaining to sex. I read the
+    chapters of the family "doctor book" which treated of sexual
+    matters; my day-dreams were almost exclusively erotic; I sought
+    opportunities to talk about sex-relationships with my
+    schoolmates, with whom I was now slowly getting on better terms;
+    I collected pictures of nude women, learned a great number of
+    obscene stories, read such obscene books as I could obtain and
+    even searched the dictionary for words having a sexual
+    connotation. Up to my fifteenth year, when ejaculation of semen
+    began, there was a strong sadistic coloring to my day-dreams.
+    Through this period, too, my bashfulness in the presence of the
+    opposite sex increased until it reached the point of absurdity.
+
+    When fifteen years old I began to practice coitus inter femora on
+    my brother and continued it intermittently for about two years.
+    The experience was disappointing, for I had confidently expected
+    a great increase of pleasure over masturbation in this act; and
+    in casting about for some stronger stimulus I recurred to the
+    forgotten idea of intercourse with animals. I promptly tried to
+    put the idea to a test, but failed several times, and finally
+    succeeded, only to find that the result fell far short of my
+    expectations. Nevertheless I continued the practice irregularly
+    for about three years--or rather through that part of the three
+    years that I spent at home, for while I was at school opportunity
+    for such indulgence was lacking. Long familiarity with the idea
+    of intercourse with animals had made it impossible for me to feel
+    the disgust with the practice which it inspires in most people;
+    and even the perusal of Exodus xxii: 19 failed to make me abandon
+    it. Firmly as I believed in the Mosaic law the supremacy of the
+    sexual impulse was complete.
+
+    As early as my sixteenth year I tried to abandon "self-abuse" in
+    all its forms and have repeatedly made the same effort since that
+    time but never with more than very partial success. On two or
+    three occasions I have stopped for periods of several weeks, but
+    only to begin again and indulge more recklessly than before. The
+    deep depression which followed each failure, and often each act
+    of masturbation, I attributed solely to the loss of semen,
+    leaving out of account the fact that I expected to feel depressed
+    and the utter discouragement and self-contempt which accompanied
+    the sense of failure and weakness when, in the face of my
+    resolution, I repeatedly gave way and yielded to the temptation
+    to an act whose consequences I firmly believed must be ruinous. I
+    am now convinced that by far the greater part of this depression
+    was due to suggestion and the humiliating sense of defeat. And
+    this feeling of moral impotence, this seeming helplessness
+    against an overpowering impulse which, on the other hand, seemed
+    so trivial when viewed without passion, eventually weakened my
+    self-control to a degree guessed by no one but myself and sapped
+    the foundations of my moral life in a way which I have constant
+    occasion to deplore.
+
+    The foregoing paragraphs give, I think, a fair idea of my
+    condition when I left home for a boarding school at the beginning
+    of my seventeenth year. From this time my experiences may be said
+    to have run on in two distinct cycles--that of the summer months
+    when I was at home, and that of the remainder of the year when I
+    was at school. This fact will make some confusion and apparent
+    inconsistency in the rest of this "history" unavoidable. When I
+    left home I was shy, retiring, totally ignorant of social usage,
+    without self-confidence, unambitious, dreamy, and subject to fits
+    of melancholy. I masturbated at least once a day, though I was in
+    almost constant rebellion against the habit. In my more idle
+    moments I elaborated erotic day dreams in which there was a
+    peculiar mixture of the purely sensual and the purely ideal
+    element; which never fused in my experience, but held the field
+    alternately or mingled somewhat in the manner of air and water.
+    One person usually served as the object of my ideal attachment,
+    another as the center round which I grouped my sensual dreams and
+    desires.
+
+    At school I found more congenial companions than I had fallen in
+    with elsewhere, and the necessary contact with people of both
+    sexes gradually wore off some of the rougher corners and brought
+    a measure of self-confidence. I had two or three incipient love
+    affairs which my backwardness kept from growing serious. Out of
+    this change of environment came a sense of expansion, of escape
+    from self, which was distinctly pleasant. I still masturbated
+    regularly, but no longer experienced the former depression except
+    when at home during vacation. Relatively to the past, life was
+    now so varied and interesting that I had less and less time for
+    melancholy; and the discovery that I could lead my classes and
+    hold my own in athletic sports seemed to indicate that my past
+    fears had been exaggerated. Nevertheless I was never reconciled
+    to the habit and often rebelled at the weakness that kept me its
+    slave.
+
+    When I entered the university the effects of my useless struggle
+    with the practice of masturbation were pretty well developed. I
+    could no longer fix my attention steadily upon my work and found
+    that only by "cribbing" and "bluffing" could I keep my place at
+    the head of my classes. I was troubled not a little by the
+    shoddiness of my work, and tried again and again during the
+    course of the two years spent at this college to shake off the
+    habit. At the university I was introduced gradually to a wider
+    social circle and so far outgrew my bashfulness that I began to
+    seek the society of the opposite sex assiduously. As I gained
+    self-confidence I became reckless, getting at one time into
+    serious trouble with the authorities which came near resulting in
+    my expulsion. I became one of the more popular members of the
+    clique to which I belonged--much to my surprise and even more to
+    that of my acquaintances. The physical culture craze attacked me
+    at this time and my pet ambition was the attainment of strength
+    and agility. My bump of vanity also grew apace, but an unmeasured
+    hatred of all kinds of foppishness kept me on the safe side of
+    moderation in my dress and behavior.
+
+    During my second year of university life I had two love affairs
+    in the course of which I found that my interest in any particular
+    member of the fair sex disappeared as soon as it was returned.
+    The pursuit was fascinating enough, but I cared nothing at all
+    for the prize when once it was within reach. I may add that the
+    interest I had in the girls was purely ideal. While at this
+    school I do not think I masturbated half as often as while at the
+    preparatory school.
+
+    When I left this college for ---- University I took with me a
+    formidable catalogue of good resolutions, first among which was
+    the determination to abandon all kinds of "self-abuse." I think I
+    kept this one about a month. As I had gone from a comparatively
+    small school to one of the largest of American universities the
+    change was great and the revelations it brought me frequently
+    humiliating. I was lonesome, home-sick, and my bump of
+    self-esteem was woefully bruised; and not unnaturally I soon
+    began to seek a partial solace in day-dreams and masturbation.
+    After I had become somewhat adapted to my new environment I
+    indulged less frequently in either, and from that time to the
+    present I have masturbated very irregularly, sometimes but little
+    and again to excess.
+
+    Not long after I came to this place I met a young lady with whom
+    I soon became quite intimate. For over a year our friendship was
+    strictly platonic and then swung suddenly around to a sexual
+    basis. We were ardent lovers for a few weeks, after which I tired
+    of the game as I had before in other cases, and broke off all
+    relations with her as abruptly as was possible. Since then I have
+    almost wholly withdrawn from the society and companionship of
+    women and have almost entirely lost whatever tact and assurance I
+    once possessed in their company. Things pertaining to sexual life
+    have interested me rather more than less, but have occupied my
+    attention much less exclusively than before this episode. Though
+    I have never intended to marry, my breaking off relations with
+    this girl affected me much. At any rate it marked an abrupt
+    change in the character of my sexual experiences. The sexual
+    impulse seems to have lost its power to rouse me to action.
+    Hitherto I had practiced masturbation always under protest, as it
+    were--as the only available form of sexual satisfaction; while
+    now I resigned myself to it as all that there was to hope for in
+    that field. Of course I knew that a little effort or a little
+    money would procure natural satisfaction of my sexual needs, but
+    I also knew that I would never, under any ordinary circumstances,
+    put forth the necessary effort, and fear of venereal disease has
+    been more than enough to keep me away from houses of
+    prostitution.
+
+    Some months ago I refrained from masturbation for a period of
+    about six weeks and watched carefully for any change in my health
+    or spirits, but noticed none at all. The only impulse to
+    masturbate was occasioned by fits of restlessness accompanied by
+    erections and a mildly pleasurable feeling of fullness in the
+    penis and scrotum. I think that over 75 per cent, of my acts of
+    masturbation are provoked by these fits of restlessness and are
+    unaccompanied by fancy images, erotic thoughts, lustful desires,
+    or marked pleasure. At other times the act is occasioned by
+    erotic thoughts and images, and is accompanied by a considerable
+    degree of lustful pleasure which, however, is never so intense as
+    in my earlier experiences and has steadily decreased from the
+    first. Usually the orgasm is accompanied by a strong contraction
+    of all the voluntary muscles, particularly the extensors,
+    followed by a slight giddiness and slight feeling of exhaustion.
+    If repeated several times in the course of a single day the acts
+    are followed by dullness and lassitude; otherwise the feeling of
+    exhaustion passes away quickly and a sense of relief and quiet
+    takes its place. So natural or rather habitual has this resort
+    to masturbation as a means of relief from nervousness and
+    restlessness become that the act is almost instinctive in its
+    unconsciousness.
+
+    I am extremely sensitive to all kinds of sexual influences, and
+    have an insatiable curiosity regarding everything that pertains
+    to the sexual life of men or women. I am not, however, excited
+    sexually by conversation about sexual facts and relationships, no
+    matter what its nature, though in reading erotic literature my
+    excitement is often intense.
+
+    The tendency to day dream has never left me, but there are no
+    longer any elaborate scenes or long-continued "stories," these
+    having been replaced by vaguely imagined incidents which are
+    usually broken off before they reach a satisfactory climax. They
+    are always interrupted by the intrusion of other matters, usually
+    of more practical interest; and the long-continued habit of
+    satisfying myself by masturbation has made erotic dreams rather
+    tantalizing than pleasurable. I dream very seldom at night--at
+    least I can scarcely ever remember any dreams upon waking--and
+    practically never of sexual relations. I have not had a nocturnal
+    emission for over three years, and probably not more than
+    twenty-five in my life.
+
+    In my "love passages" with girls there has been no serious
+    thought of coitus on my part, and I have never had intercourse
+    with a woman--unless my early experiences with the servant girl
+    be called such. Like all masturbators I always idealized "love"
+    to the utter exclusion of all sensual cravings; and the notion
+    that the physical act of coitus was something degrading and
+    destructive of real love rather than its consummation was, of all
+    prejudices I have ever formed, the most difficult to escape--a
+    circumstance due, I suppose, to the fact that all I had ever been
+    taught on the subject tended to the complete divorce of what was
+    called "love" from what was stigmatized as a "base sensual
+    desire." Judging from my own experience and observation I should
+    say that "ideal love" is a mere surface feeling, bound to
+    disappear as soon as it has gained its object by arousing a
+    reciprocal interest on the part of the one to whom it is
+    directed. So little did I "materialize" the objects of my "love"
+    that I have never cared for kissing or the warm embraces in which
+    lovers usually indulge. I have never kissed but one girl, and her
+    with far too little enthusiasm to satisfy her. My last sweetheart
+    was a very passionate girl, the warmth of whose embraces was
+    somewhat torrid and, to me, both puzzling and annoying. The
+    intensity of feeling which demanded such strenuous expression was
+    beyond my knowledge of human nature. A somewhat peculiar
+    circumstance in connection with these experiences is the fact
+    that I often found myself trying to analyze my emotions with a
+    purely psychological interest while playing the part of the
+    intoxicated lover in his mistress's arms.
+
+    There is but little left to say on the subject of my sexual
+    development. During the last two or three years my knowledge of
+    the facts of the sexual life has been very greatly increased,
+    and I have become acquainted with phases of human nature which
+    were wholly unknown to me before. The part played by things
+    sexual in my life is still, I suppose, abnormally large; it is
+    undoubtedly the largest single interest, though my outer life is
+    determined almost wholly by other considerations.
+
+    Of course I know nothing of the effect which long-continued
+    masturbation may have had on my ability to perform normal coitus.
+    I do not think I am subject to any kind of sexual perversion, for
+    all my indulgence has been _faute de mieux_ and, at least since I
+    began masturbation, all my desires and erotic day-dreams have had
+    to do only with normal coitus. The mystery which surrounds the
+    sexual act seems at times to be regaining its former influence
+    and power of fascination. I have no doubt, however, but that I
+    should be greatly disillusioned should I ever perform coitus; and
+    I greatly regret that I have not been able to test this
+    conviction and so round out and complete this "history."
+
+    It may be worth while to say a word about my religious
+    experiences, as, in many cases, they are closely bound up with
+    the sexual impulse. I was never "converted," but on a dozen or
+    more occasions approached the crisis more or less closely. The
+    dominant emotion in these experiences was always fear, sometimes
+    with anger and despair intermixed in varying proportions. A
+    complete analysis of these experiences is, of course, impossible,
+    but the various pleasurable feelings of which converts spoke in
+    the revivals which I attended were a closed book to me. Following
+    my revival-meeting experiences came a few days spent in a sort of
+    moral exaltation during which I eschewed all my habits of which
+    conventional morality disapproved, save masturbation, and felt no
+    small satisfaction with my moral conditions. I became a
+    first-rate Pharisee. Toward the women who had figured in my day
+    dreams I suddenly conceived the chastest affection, resolutely
+    smothering every sensual thought and fancy when thinking of them,
+    and putting in place of these elements ideal love,
+    self-sacrifice, knightly devotion--Sunday-school Garden-of-Eden
+    pictures with a mediæval, romantic coloring. These day-dreams
+    were always sexual, involving situations of extreme complexity
+    and monumental silliness. Masturbation was always continued and
+    usually with increased frequency. The end of these periods was
+    always abrupt and much like awaking from a dream in which the
+    dreamer has been behaving in a manner to arouse his own disgust.
+    They were followed by feelings of sheepishness and self-contempt
+    mingled with anger and a dislike of all things having to do with
+    religion. My inability to pass the conversion crisis and a
+    growing contempt for empty enthusiasm finally led me to a saner
+    attitude toward religion, from which I passed easily into
+    religious scepticism; and later the study of philosophy and
+    science, and particularly of psychology, banished the last
+    lingering remnant of faith in a supernatural agency and led me
+    to the passion for facts and indifference to values which have
+    caused me to be often called "dead to all morality."
+
+
+    HISTORY II.--C.A., aged 25, unmarried; tutor, preparing to take
+    Holy Orders:--
+
+    My paternal ancestry (which is largely Huguenot) is noteworthy
+    for its patriotism and its large families. My father, who died
+    when I was a year old, is remembered for the singular uprightness
+    and purity of his life from his earliest childhood. The
+    photograph which I have shows him as possessed of a rare classic
+    beauty of features. He was an ideal husband and father. At the
+    time of his death he was a Master of Arts and a school principal.
+    My mother is an extraordinarily neurotic woman, yet famed among
+    her friends for her great domesticity, attachment to her
+    husbands, and an almost abnormal love of babies. She has nobly
+    borne the ill-treatment of her second husband, who for several
+    years has been in a state of melancholia. My mother has been
+    "highly-wrought" all her life, and has suffered intensely from
+    fears of all kinds. As a young girl she was somnambulistic, and
+    once fell down a stairhead during sleep. In spite of her bodily
+    sufferings with indigestion, eye-strain, and depression she
+    retains her youthfulness. She has slight powers of reasoning. She
+    has had times of unconsciousness and rigidity, I have never heard
+    any mention of epilepsy. She has a horror of showing prudishness
+    in regard to the healthful manifestations of sex life, and is
+    always praising examples of what she terms "a natural woman."
+
+    I have heard that during my first year my mother detected my
+    nurse in the act of putting a morphine powder on my tongue for
+    the purpose of keeping me quiet. I was subject to convulsions at
+    this period, and narrowly escaped a permanent hernia. My family
+    tell me that from the beginning I was a well-developed and boyish
+    boy, full of mischief, impulsive, good to look upon, unusually
+    affectionate, beloved by all.
+
+    In my third year I took pleasure in crawling under the bed with
+    my boy-cousin who was nine months my senior, and after we had
+    taken down our drawers, in kissing each other's nates. I do not
+    remember which of us first thought of this pastime.
+
+    At the age of 4 I gave myself a treat by gazing upward through a
+    cellar window at the nates of a woman who was defecating from
+    several feet above into a cesspool that lay beneath. It was
+    during this summer also that I frightened myself by pulling back
+    my prepuce far enough to disclose the purple glans, which I had
+    never seen before. But this act gave me no desire to masturbate.
+
+    When 5 years old, and living in a great city, I drew indecent
+    pictures in company with a little girl and her younger brother.
+    These pictures represented men in the act of urinating. The
+    penes were drawn large, and the streams of urine plainly
+    indicated. One afternoon I induced the boy to go to the
+    bath-room, lie on his back, and allow me to perform _fellatio_ on
+    him. I did not ask him to return the favor. I remember the
+    curious tar-like smell of his clothing and the region about his
+    genitals. It is possible that I gained my knowledge of _fellatio_
+    from an unknown boy of 10, who had induced me, during the
+    preceding summer to enter a sandy lot with him, watch him
+    urinate, and then, kneeling before him, commit _fellatio_. A year
+    later, as I was walking home in the rain to our summer cottage,
+    with an open umbrella over my shoulder, a boy of 15, who was
+    leaning against our fence, exhibited a large, erect penis, and
+    when I had passed him urinated upon me and my umbrella. I never
+    saw the boy again. I felt peculiarly insulted by his act. Back of
+    the house there lived a 12-year-old boy who invited me to watch
+    him defecate in the outdoor privy, and during the act told me a
+    number of indecent stories and words which I cannot remember.
+
+    About this time I fell in love with a little Jewish boy next
+    door. Often I cried myself to sleep over the thought that perhaps
+    he was lying on a sofa alone and crying with a stomach-ache. I
+    longed to embrace him; and yet I saw little of him, and made
+    little of him when I was with him.
+
+    Living in a Western city a few months later, some girls of 12 and
+    14 led me to their barn, where they dressed themselves in boys'
+    clothing and made believe that they were cowboys. One of them
+    told me to "shut my eyes, open my mouth, and get a surprise."
+    When I opened my eyes once more a piece of hen-dung lay in my
+    mouth. I have a vague remembrance of one of the girls asking me
+    to enter a water-closet with her. She uttered some indelicate
+    phrase, but I performed no act with her. In the house where I
+    lived I once entered the bedroom of a half-grown girl while she
+    was dressing. She knelt to kiss me innocently enough, and I, by a
+    sudden impulse, ran my hand between her bare neck and her corset
+    as far as I could reach. Apparently she took no notice of my
+    movement. Although I did not masturbate, yet during this winter I
+    experienced a tickling sensation about my genitals when I placed
+    my hand beneath them as I lay on my stomach in bed. One evening I
+    pulled up my night-dress and, holding my penis in my hand, I
+    danced to and fro on the carpet. I imagined that I was one of a
+    line of naked men and women who were advancing toward another
+    similar line that faced them. I imagined myself as pleasurably
+    coming in contact with my female partner who possessed male
+    genitals.
+
+    The following summer I lived in the woods. My next-door playmate
+    was a little girl of my own age--6 years. She sat down before me
+    in the barn and exposed her genitals. This was the first time I
+    had seen female organs, or had thought for a moment that they
+    differed from my own. In great perplexity I asked the little
+    girl: "Has it been cut off?" She and I defecated in peach baskets
+    that we found in the upper part of the barn.
+
+    When I was 7 years old and back in the Eastern city I lived in
+    the house of a physician. Alone with his 3-year-old daughter one
+    day, I showed her my erect organ, and felt a delicious
+    gratification when she stroked it with the words: "Nice! Nice!" I
+    confessed my fault to my guardian that night after I had said my
+    prayers. I had complained to my mother a year before of the
+    inconvenience I found in my penis being "so long sometimes." She
+    said that she would "see about having the end taken off." But I
+    was never circumcised. Her words gave me the doubly unpleasant
+    impression that my _glans_ was to be cut off.
+
+    There came occasionally to the kitchen of Dr. W.'s house a
+    foul-mouthed Irish laundress who used coarse language to me
+    concerning urination. I loathed the woman, and yet one night I
+    dreamed that I was embracing her naked form and rolling over and
+    over with her on the bed; and in spite of my sight of female
+    genitals a few months before, I thought of her as having organs
+    of my own kind and size. At my first school I watched a
+    red-haired boy of 12 expose the penis of a 7-year-old boy as he
+    lay on his back in the bath-room. I do not remember that the
+    sight gave me sexual pleasure.
+
+    I spent the summer before I was 8 in a double house. The adopted
+    daughter of our neighbor (a neurotic, retired physician) was a
+    girl of 13 who had been taken from a poor laboring family. She
+    got me to show her my parts, touched them, and asked whether I
+    urinated from my scrotum. She also induced me to play with her
+    genitals as we sat on a sofa in the twilight, and to spank her
+    naked nates with the back of a hair-brush as she lay on a bed;
+    but from none of these performances did I derive physical
+    satisfaction. The girl E. and I took delight in "talking dirty
+    secrets," as she expressed it. Her young cousin H. (nephew of her
+    adopted mother) never heard me use the word "thing" without
+    suggestively smiling. E. recalled the pleasant hours that she had
+    spent with her cousin when they were in their night-gowns. She
+    did not particularize these sexual relations. Under the
+    board-walk the boy H. and I once defecated in bottles. Some
+    little girls who lived opposite us pulled up their dresses one
+    night and "dared" each other to dance out beyond the end of the
+    house, in full view of the road. We boys merely looked on.
+
+    I now fell passionately in love with a remarkably handsome little
+    boy of my own age. I longed to kiss and hug him, but I did not
+    dare to do so, for he was haughty and intolerant of my
+    attentions. I even allowed him to stand with one foot on me and
+    remark in a loud tone: "I am Conqueror!" I endured no end of
+    petty insults and much ill-treatment from this boy. I reached the
+    height of my passion on the night that he appeared at our
+    cottage in a tight-fitting suit of pepper-and-salt. I gloried in
+    his perfect legs and besought my guardian that she would buy me a
+    similar suit of clothes.
+
+    For the summer after I was 8 years old I lived in a cottage in a
+    country town. The servant maid M. was a young girl of 16 who
+    listened eagerly to my accounts of the "secrets" and actions in
+    which the girl E. and I had taken delight a year before. I think
+    that M. arranged a meeting between a little black-haired girl and
+    me in order that we might take a walk and play sexually with each
+    other. Just as we were starting on our walk one of my relatives
+    said that I must not leave the yard.
+
+    The little girl and I had see-sawed together and I had been
+    interested in her legs as she rose in the air. (When I was 13
+    years old and see-sawing at a picnic with a stout girl, the
+    motion of the board and the sight of her straddled form filled me
+    with longing to embrace her sexually.) One afternoon M. took me
+    to the house of an acquaintance of hers. M's brother was in the
+    room and made a number of unremembered remarks which struck me as
+    being rather "free," and M. told me later that she and the girl
+    once dressed as ballet dancers and danced before M.'s brother. I
+    felt that he was lascivious. I was always remarkably intuitive.
+
+    I fell in love with a handsome, stout, black-haired boy who lived
+    on a farm; but he was not a "farmer's son" in the common sense of
+    the word. I visited him for two or three days, and we slept with
+    each other, to my boundless joy. For his freckled girl cousin I
+    did not care the turn of my wrist, although she was a nice enough
+    little thing. One night when we three lay on a bed in the dark,
+    and neither of us boys had eyes or words for her, she silently
+    left us. He and I never committed the slightest sexual fault. I
+    left him with tears at the summer-end, and I often kissed his
+    photograph during the following winter.
+
+    In the flat-house where I began to live when I was 8 years old, I
+    once practiced mutual tickling of a very slight character with a
+    boy of my own age. We sat on chairs placed opposite to each other
+    and we inserted our fingers through the openings in our trousers.
+    Just as we were beginning to enjoy the titillation we were
+    interrupted by the approach of one of my family who, however, was
+    not quick enough to discover us. Down cellar I often saw the
+    genitals of the janitor's little girls--they were fond of lifting
+    their skirts and they did not wear drawers--but I had no desire
+    to attempt conjunction. I once caught an older friend of mine (he
+    was 13) in the act of leaving one of the girls. The pair had been
+    in a coal-compartment. The boy was buttoning his trousers and I
+    guessed what he had been doing. When I began to sleep alone in my
+    tenth year I had no desire to masturbate, and was loath to do so
+    by reason of ample warnings given me by my guardian and by the
+    family physician. One afternoon a stunted friend of mine sat down
+    in the back yard and astonished me by tying a piece of string to
+    his penis. At a large private school which I now attended I made
+    the acquaintance of the principal's son, and wondered why he had
+    such a fancy for dressing his 5-year-old sister in boy's clothes.
+    He closed the door on me while he was thus engaged. At my house
+    we went to the bath-room together, and he showed me his
+    circumcised and much-ridged penis. Neither of us made any mention
+    of masturbating.
+
+    At this period I fell slightly in love with a 5-year-old boy with
+    intensely black eyes. I would kiss him whenever we were alone,
+    but I had no wish to seduce him. I was always interested in
+    watching the urination of younger children. When I was 5 years
+    old I went on my knees to a strange little boy in order to
+    whisper in his ear an inquiry as to whether he wanted to urinate.
+    I experienced a pleasurable thrill when I was 10 years old in
+    leading a small girl cousin to the outdoor privy, in helping her
+    on and off the open seat, in buttoning and unbuttoning her
+    drawers, and in gazing at her vulva.
+
+    The summer before I was 10 I lived a wild life in the mountains.
+    My companions were a negro girl, the two daughters of a
+    clergyman, the two sons of a questionable woman hotel-keeper, and
+    the daughter of the Irish scavenger. All of these children were
+    extraordinarily sensual. Their leading pastime, from morning
+    until night, was varying forms of indecency, with the supreme
+    caress--which they termed "raising dickie"--as the most frequent
+    enjoyment. The 5-year-old daughter of the scavenger explained to
+    us how she had seen her father approaching her stout mother with
+    an erect penis, the pair standing up before the lamplight during
+    the act. This curly-headed, rosy-cheeked child handled her
+    genitals so much that they were inflamed. I once saw her sitting
+    in the road and rubbing dust against her vulva. I saw little of
+    the elder daughter of the minister (she was 12 years old). She
+    persuaded me to expose myself before her in the cellar of a
+    partially-built house. In return for my favor she allowed me to
+    look at her genitals. She did not ask for _conjunctio_. The two
+    younger daughters were my intimates. With the middle one I was
+    forever performing a weak conjunction that consisted in the
+    laying of my member against her vulva. Notwithstanding all the
+    entreaties of my little friend, I could not be persuaded to
+    protrude my penis against her vagina; and not on one occasion can
+    I remember obtaining an erection or extreme pleasure. Up in the
+    garret she straddled slanting beams with her genitals exposed,
+    and I followed her example. The negro girl and my little friend
+    both urinated on a tent floor at my request. I did not fancy the
+    odor of a girl's genitals, nor the appearance of the vulva when
+    the labia were held apart.
+
+    The following summer, when I was almost 11, I took a long walk
+    one day with my old friend, the girl E. We entered a patch of
+    woods and ate our lunch, but no sense of sexual drawing toward
+    the girl came over me and she did not offer to entice me. I
+    slept with her boy-cousin one night, and her neuropathic aunt, a
+    retired lady physician, bothered us by repeatedly creeping into
+    our room. I felt intuitively that she was watching to see whether
+    we would commit mutual masturbation--which we had no thought of
+    doing. Three years before I had opened the door of her bedroom
+    suddenly and saw E.'s naked form. The physician had been
+    examining her, E. told me later. My guardian also annoyed me by
+    repeated warnings not to play with myself.
+
+    Just before I turned 11 I was sent to a small and so-called
+    "home" boarding-school. Eight of us lived in the smaller
+    dormitory. The matron roomed downstairs. There was no resident
+    master--a serious error. We small boys were told to strip one
+    evening. We were then tied neck-to-neck and made to dance a
+    "slave-dance," which was marked by no sexuality. A boy of 15, R.,
+    one afternoon gave me the astonishing information that my father
+    had taken a part in my procreation. Up to this moment I had known
+    only of the maternal offices, information of which had been
+    beautifully supplied to me by my guardian when I was 7 years old.
+    At that time I talked freely about the coming of a baby brother
+    in a distant city; I watched the construction of baby clothes; I
+    named the newcomer, and I was momentarily disappointed when he
+    proved to be a girl. This same R., a strong boy with a large
+    penis, got into the custom of lying in bed with me just before
+    lights were put out. He would read to himself and occasionally
+    pause to pump his penis and make with his lips the sound of a
+    laboring locomotive. I felt impelled to handle his organ, for I
+    was fascinated by its size, and stiffness, and warmth. Rarely he
+    would titillate my then small and unerect penis. R. never
+    ejaculated when he was with me; hence not until my third year was
+    I acquainted with the appearance of a flow of semen. Sometimes R.
+    would stop during his dressing to manipulate his penis, but was
+    such a picture of rosy health that I doubt whether he brought
+    himself often to ejaculation. R. told me that he had been to a
+    brothel where his genitals were examined to determine whether
+    they were large enough and not diseased. He also related how he
+    "played cow" with a girl of his own age, she consenting to
+    perform _fellatio_ upon him. A dark-skinned, unwashed, pimpled
+    but fairly vigorous boy of 16, with an irritable domineering
+    manner, told me the delights of coitus with a girl in a
+    bath-house, and I overheard his conversation with another "old"
+    boy concerning the purchase of a girl in a big city for the sum
+    of five dollars. No details were given.
+
+    I will now pass to my third year, when I was 13 years old. A
+    large, well-set-up boy of 16, A., became my idol. His toleration
+    of my presence in his room filled me with endless love. When I
+    lied about a matter in which he was concerned, his denunciation
+    of me brought me to a state of shuddering and weeping
+    unspeakable. When our relations were established again A.
+    allowed me to creep into his bed after the lights were out, and
+    there I passionately embraced him, but without performing any
+    definite act. When I turned over on my side with my back to him
+    he drew my prepuce back and forth until I experienced orgasm, but
+    not ejaculation. I would return his favor by pumping his erect
+    penis, but with no ejaculation on his part. He did not propose
+    _fellatio_, and I did not think of it. One night when he was in
+    my bed I began to masturbate very slightly, whereupon he laughed,
+    saying: "So that is the way you amuse yourself!" As a matter of
+    fact the habit was not fastened upon me. He always laughed when
+    the rubbing of his finger on my exposed glans caused me to
+    shrink. Another boy, H., now began to show me his erect penis and
+    we practiced mutual manipulations. A. laughingly told me how me
+    had caught H. in the act of masturbating as he stood in the
+    bath-tub. A. told me a number of sexual stories--how he enjoyed
+    coitus in the bushes with a girl on the way home from
+    entertainments; how half a dozen boys and girls stripped in the
+    basement of a church and performed coitus on the velvet chairs
+    which stood behind the pulpit; and how he and a younger boy, who
+    camped out together, played with each other's genitals. F., a boy
+    of 11, was highly nervous, subject to timidity and tears on the
+    slightest provocation, often morose, and under treatment for
+    kidney trouble. His penis was erect whenever I saw him undress.
+    He told me that a partially idiotic man taught F. and his
+    companion how to masturbate. The man invited the boys to his tent
+    and there pumped his organ until "some white stuff came out of
+    it." F. also told me that an Indian princess in his part of the
+    country would permit coitus for fifty cents. A. sometimes slept
+    with F., and I could imagine their embraces. S., a secretive,
+    handsome boy of 13, wetted his bed with urine every night. The
+    only sign that he gave of an interest in sexuality was his
+    laughing remark concerning the coupling of rose-bugs. Of his
+    chum, my beloved C., I will speak later. My small room-mate
+    handled himself only slightly. I never had a desire to lie with
+    him, since I disliked him, nor with my first room-mate, a
+    "chunky," fiery boy of 10, whose penis interested me merely
+    because it was circumcised and almost always erect. His
+    masturbation was also so slight as not to attract any particular
+    attention. A lusty German boy, B., showed no signs of sexuality
+    until his third year, when he laughed about his newly-appearing
+    pubic hair, and told several of us openly of how he enjoyed to
+    play "a drum-beat" on his penis before going to sleep. "I don't
+    do it too much, though," he explained. He showed a mild curiosity
+    when I gave him the resumé of a book on cohabitation which
+    contained illustrations of the erect penis and the female organs.
+    I had found this book in the woods and I read it eagerly during
+    my third year.
+
+    I came to the point of agreeing with A., who said: "Everyone is
+    smutty." Indeed I lived in a lustful world, and yet my mind was
+    bent also on books, and writing, and the outdoor world. I was
+    overgrown and splendidly developed, with a medium-sized penis and
+    a scant growth of pubic hair. My face wore a somewhat infantile
+    expression. My mouth was a perfect "Cupid's bow," my hair thin
+    and light. I was troubled about my snub-nose, which gave the boys
+    a great deal of amusement. As a matter of fact I exaggerated its
+    upward tendency out of my morbid self-consciousness and
+    cowardice. My imagination was extraordinarily intense, as it had
+    always been. I was sensitive to smells and sounds and colors and
+    personalities, and to the subtle influence of the night. I was
+    timid and easily moved to tears, but not from any physical
+    weakness until after. At the lower house there was the boy Z.,
+    famed for his large penis; and the older G., a boy of 15, who was
+    the leader in sexuality at his dormitory. Z. showed me his penis
+    and exposed his glans often enough, but we did not manipulate
+    each other. G. told us to notice how large a space his penis
+    occupied in his trousers, and laughed over Z.'s custom of
+    masturbating by means of a narrow vase. G.'s special lover was a
+    nervous boy of ten. It is remarkable that none of us mentioned
+    _fellatio_ or _pædicatio_. These acts may have occurred at
+    school, but not to my knowledge. We did not have much to say
+    sexually about the girls. We heard rumors of a 16-year-old, V.,
+    who had been sent away from school for coitus; and my first
+    room-mate was said to have obtained _conjunctio_ with a girl
+    under cover of the chapel shed. Once A. and I pointed a telescope
+    at the open windows of the girls' dormitory, but we saw nothing
+    to interest us. A day-scholar, J., a pale, nervous, bright boy of
+    13, took me into the study of his uncle-physician and together we
+    gloated over pictures of the sexual organs. A. was with us on one
+    occasion. J. told me how he liked to roll over and over in bed
+    with his hand placed under his scrotum. This act, he said, made
+    him imagine that he was obtaining coitus. He advised me to slide
+    my penis back and forth in the vagina whenever I should actually
+    obtain coitus. In my room at school J. once drew an imaginary map
+    of a bagnio, in which the water-closet was carefully displayed
+    _en suite_ with the bedrooms. J. and I never masturbated
+    together. Indeed, I cannot remember seeing his organ. A hulking
+    boy of 16, who lived opposite the school-grounds, became intimate
+    with J., and we three went on a walk up the railroad track. The
+    big boy, W., tried to inflame my passions by telling me how he
+    and J. had had coitus with a handsome black-haired widow in town,
+    but I remained cold.
+
+    During this year I fell in love with C., a popular, talkative,
+    witty boy of my own age, or perhaps a year younger. He fancied me
+    and we slept together one night under the most innocent
+    circumstances. I never dreamed of having sexual relations with
+    him, and yet I fairly burned with love for him. My stay at his
+    beautiful home over Sunday while his parents were away was one
+    long delight. We slept in each other's arms, but there was no
+    sexuality. En route to C.'s home he pointed with a glove to a
+    little working-girl, saying he would like to have intercourse
+    with her, but this was the only remark of the kind that ever
+    passed his lips in my presence. When undressed save for his
+    undershirt, he laughingly held his unerect organ in his hand and
+    made the motions of obtaining conjunction with an imaginary
+    partner. Once we spoke of masturbation (I could recite the
+    information of my good physician with a marvelous show of
+    virtue), and C. remarked: "Yes, doing that makes boys crazy." C.
+    finally grew tired of my deceptive, babyish nature and
+    ultra-interest in books and puzzles, but I cherished an
+    undiminished affection for him, and when he was detained at home
+    for a fortnight with a broken arm, I wrote him a passionate
+    letter, which I sobbed over and actually wetted with my tears.
+    But the fervor of my passion died at the close of the year. I
+    consider this unsullied friendship to be the only redeeming
+    feature of my sensual days at school.
+
+    Versed as I was in the warnings against masturbation, I found
+    pleasure one afternoon when I was alone in slipping my penis
+    through the open handle of a pair of scissors and in violently
+    flapping my partially erect organ until a strange, sweet thrill
+    crept over me from top to toe and a drop of clear liquid oozed
+    from my member. But I gave up the manipulation with scissors,
+    finding a greater satisfaction in masturbating while I was
+    defecating or just after it. I either pumped my organ by slipping
+    the prepuce back and forth, or I grasped the organ at its root
+    and violently jerked it back and forth. I soon began to
+    masturbate not only every time that I defecated, but also at
+    night just before I went to sleep, and sometimes early in the
+    morning. On the whole I preferred the jerking just described. I
+    always brought about ejaculation after perhaps five minutes of
+    violent exertion.
+
+    My penis became chafed at the root, but I did not especially
+    care. I remember the afternoon that I masturbated for the first
+    time while I was defecating in the school water-closet. I cannot
+    recall that at first I thought of coitus while I masturbated. On
+    one occasion I masturbated over the _vase de nuit_ after a
+    delightful afternoon of tobogganing exploration up and down the
+    mountain.
+
+    During this first year of abuse, I felt no ill effects
+    whatsoever, although I realized, in an unthinking way, that I was
+    doing wrong. But sexuality had assumed the proportion of a
+    regular feature of our school life. It was difficult for me to
+    place a "universal" view in its true perspective. I used to smile
+    at the glazed, dull morning eye of poor H., who was a stunted boy
+    of 15, and thus could not endure his losses so well as I could
+    endure them. The qualms of conscience which I suffered were lost
+    in my delight in my dawning sexual life. Sometimes I lay on my
+    stomach in bed, and by placing my hand under my scrotum,
+    according to the directions of J., brought up a pretty girl to
+    mind. Just before Sunday school G., our chief reprobate, and the
+    rest of us would hunt out what we considered to be nasty texts of
+    Scripture. The chapter concerning the whoredoms of Aholah and
+    Aholibah gave me an especial pleasure. T. mentioned the giggling
+    that occurred at prayers in the lower dormitory when the details
+    of Esau's birth were read out. A few days before G. was
+    expelled--for exactly what cause I do not know--he told me of how
+    greatly he enjoyed coitus on his grandmother's sofa with a girl
+    of fifteen. When I went home on the boat for holidays I noted the
+    large, black-haired penis of the strong boy of our school. He
+    occupied a state-room with me, but made no sexual overtures.
+
+    Since my twelfth year I had been wrapped up all summer long in a
+    boy who was six months my senior. We slept together constantly,
+    but not once did we think of obtaining mutual gratification. On
+    the contrary, we held up high ideals to each other and frowned on
+    masturbation. I took delight in saying that I never had handled
+    myself, and never would do so. Even at the height of my
+    "auto-erotic" period, I skillfully concealed my habits from all
+    my boy friends. A neurotic solo choir boy friend once spoke of
+    obtaining ejaculation, whereupon I expressed utter ignorance of
+    such an act, little hypocrite that I was. This boy told how the
+    house servants joked with him about coitus and made laughing
+    lunges at his organs.
+
+    But much as I loved my chum, my most passionate regard went out
+    in my thirteenth year to N., a chubby, blue-eyed, choir-boy of
+    12. He was a pretty boy to any eye. He was not gifted, except in
+    water-sports, and anything but popular either with girls or with
+    boys; yet I grew warm at the mention of his name. He did not care
+    a fig for me. From first to last I had no consciousness of the
+    sexual nature of my passion, and the thought of doing more than
+    embrace and kiss him in an innocent manner never crossed my mind.
+    For two summers I had nights of tossing on my bed (although I
+    almost never was sleepless for any cause) when I would see his
+    dear face and form, in and out of the swimming pool, or engaged
+    perhaps in singing or in showing his beautiful teeth. I seldom
+    was smitten with little girls, and I found myself embarrassed in
+    their company after my ninth year; yet I thought well enough of
+    their looks and ways to enjoy their company at dances. The girls
+    liked me in a platonic way, for I was accounted a good, big,
+    kind, blundering boy with a helping hand for the smallest fry.
+
+    During the summer after I was 13, I imagined myself in the early
+    morning, when I was half awake, as persuading my wife to have
+    coitus with me. In the course of my spoken words I kept my hand
+    under my scrotum.
+
+    A plump girl-cousin of my own age was visiting at my uncle's
+    during the summer after I was 13. With her I greatly desired to
+    satisfy myself, but I could not be sure that my boy cousin (5
+    years old) might not find us out, even though she should consent.
+    Once when we three were in the hay-loft a wave of lust rolled
+    over me, but I made no proposal. Night and gaslight greatly
+    increased my _libido_. On one occasion my aunt had gone to the
+    village for ice-cream, and L. and I were left alone in the
+    dining-room. I took her on my lap and had a powerful erection. I
+    almost asked her to play sexually with me in the barn, but
+    instead I spoke of an imaginary girl, the first letters of whose
+    successive names spelled an indecent word for coitus--a word
+    known to almost every Anglo-Saxon child, I fear. L. laughed, but
+    gave no sign of assent. For a neighboring girl of 15 I felt such
+    a drawing that early in the morning I would roll on the floor
+    with my erect organ in my hand in riotous imagining of coitus
+    with her. I walked with her in the woods and sat at her feet, but
+    although I felt instinctively that she would satisfy me without
+    much persuasion, yet I _could not_ ask her. One night I started
+    to church in order to walk home with her, and lead her (if
+    possible) to a field where we might gratify ourselves (I picked
+    out the exact grassy spot where we might lie); but when I was
+    almost at the church door my "moral sense" (if that is what it
+    was) rose and dragged me home again.
+
+    During the swimming hour I watched the genitals of the boys,
+    comparing them carefully in the most minute details. Circumcised
+    organs affected me as being disagreeable, and men's hairy, coarse
+    genitals I abhorred.
+
+    When 13 I became acquainted with the new mail-boy at the inn. He
+    was a city "street-boy," and got me into smoking cigarettes
+    occasionally. I did not definitely take up smoking until I was
+    16. He told me that a mason once offered him ten cents if he
+    would masturbate the man in a cellar. The boy said that he
+    refused. I slept a few times with an ill-favored boy of fine
+    parentage. He was of my own age, and I had played with him in a
+    natural way for several years, but my increasing sexual desires
+    led me to mutually masturbate with him, and even unsuccessfully
+    to attempt with him mutual pædicatio. On the morning after our
+    nights of sensuality I felt "gone" and miserable, but not
+    repentant. By afternoon I was myself again. My relations with G.
+    were purely animal, for I disliked his jealous disposition, his
+    horse-laugh, his features, his form, his withdrawn scrotum and
+    his undersized penis. At home in the evening I often found myself
+    inflamed with a mental picture of active _fellatio_ with him, but
+    I never performed this act, so far as I remember.
+
+    One of my great sexual desires was to walk along a fence on which
+    a girl was seated. In order that I might feast my eyes on her
+    pudenda she must not wear drawers.
+
+    When I turned 14 I had been, from my unusual size, in long
+    trousers for several months. I entered a private day-school and
+    progressed brilliantly in my studies. I kept up masturbation
+    almost daily, sometimes twice a day, both in the water closet and
+    in bed. I can remember ejaculating before urination in the school
+    _cabinet_. At night I often found myself longing for the return
+    of my sister, seven years my junior, in order that I might
+    embrace her in bed and fondle her genitals. I had done these
+    things during my Christmas vacation of the year before. I mildly
+    reproached myself for such incestuous desires, but they recurred
+    continually. I dreamed little. And I cannot remember the
+    character of my dreams. My waking _libido_ spent itself mostly in
+    longings to embrace (without lustful acts) the forms of little
+    boys of exquisite blonde beauty and thick hair. Narcissism may
+    have been present, for in my twelfth year I had been told that at
+    the age of 5 and 6 I was an extraordinarily beautiful little
+    creature with long, lint-white hair. The preferable age was from
+    6 to 9. My eye was alert on the streets for boys answering to
+    this description, and a street boy with long, white hair so won
+    my passion that I followed him to his home and asked his mother
+    if he might call on me and "play some games." As I did not even
+    know the boy's name and had never seen him before, I was
+    wonderingly refused. I sought in vain to find the whereabouts of
+    another long-haired street boy whom I burned to embrace and load
+    with benefits. I had a boundless desire for such a boy as this to
+    idolize me--to look into my face out of big eyes and lose himself
+    in love for me--to call me by endearing pet names--of his own
+    accord to throw his arms around my neck. This second actual boy
+    disappeared from my horizon by presumably moving away from the
+    vast city neighborhood. I took a fancy to a small boy at school,
+    who possessed the requisite delicacy, timidity, and sweetness, if
+    not the physical requisites, of my beau ideal. I walked with him
+    in the park and planned to have him at the house; but the matter
+    was not arranged. At boarding-school I had associated much with
+    younger and weaker boys, and had been ridiculed much for my
+    cowardice in sports, but at the city school I moved with my
+    equals and won their recognition. Our gymnasium director was
+    middle-aged and of an indolent disposition. He liked to recall
+    his youthful erections and to answer my sexual queries too fully,
+    and cheerfully volunteered information on brothels. Yet I doubt
+    whether he had an evil purpose in conversing with me. I thought I
+    should never dare or want to enter one. I always conjured up the
+    picture of a row of naked women from whom I could take my pick,
+    and the smell of the women I imagined to be identical with the
+    smell of my big friend A. at boarding-school. When I was
+    traveling down town on an elevated train one afternoon the
+    brakeman asked me whether I had ever been in a brothel, and told
+    me that disorderly houses abounded in my neighborhood. "I have
+    had connection with women," said this red-haired young man,
+    waving his hand in greeting to a woman who nodded at him from a
+    window, "since I was 15 years old. Not long ago a fine-looking,
+    young woman in black offered to pay all my expenses if I would
+    live with her and connect with her."
+
+    When a girl of perhaps 7, a distant cousin of mine, visited us
+    for a few days, I gratified my lust by placing my hand under her
+    genitals and swinging her to and fro. She giggled with pleasure.
+    That summer I began to experience the evil effects of the
+    masturbation which I had practiced daily for a year and a half.
+    Pimples began to break out on my chin (my complexion up to this
+    time had been white and delicate). The family ascribed my
+    condition to digestive difficulties. In playing with the boys and
+    girls I found myself seized with a terrible shyness and a
+    tendency to look down and weep. I had lost all the courage I
+    had--it had never been great--in the presence of a crowd of
+    children. I was fairly at ease with a single companion. My
+    self-consciousness was something more painful to me than I can
+    convey in words. At home I wept in my room and cursed myself for
+    a baby. I little realized the cause of my nervous collapse. Yet I
+    had too robust a frame not to be able to sleep and to play hard.
+    The sympathetic pleasure which I had found in swinging my
+    girl-cousin to and fro I now doubled by letting a 7-year-old boy
+    ride cock-horse on my feet. I experienced an erection during the
+    process, and I almost induced ejaculation when I tickled the boy
+    with my feet in the region of his genitals. To see his shrinking,
+    giggling joy gave me an exquisite sexual thrill. I longed to
+    sleep with the boy, but I was afraid of causing comment. At the
+    new and large boarding school which I entered in the fall my most
+    lustful dreams and ejaculations were concerned with standing this
+    little boy on the footboard of a bed, taking down his
+    knickerbockers, and performing _fellatio_ on him. But I dreamed
+    also of natural coitus. I fell in love with the handsome,
+    12-year-old son of the aged headmaster. The boy, O., sat next me
+    at the table, and I never tired of gazing at him. It gave me a
+    special sense of pleasure to look at him when he wore a certain
+    flowing, scarlet, four-in-hand necktie. But O. was not attracted
+    to me--for one thing I was in a disagreeably pimpled
+    condition--and I could not induce him to linger in my room nor to
+    sleep with me. My passion for O. did not diminish, and it rose to
+    its supremacy on the evening when he appeared in our hallway (he
+    roomed on the girls' side of the house and hinted at the sexual
+    sights that he saw) in a costume of white satin, lace, and wings.
+    He was ready for a costume party.
+
+    I now masturbated less frequently, for I was beginning to
+    appreciate the horrible consequences of my indulgence. I had
+    frequent pollutions, with dreams. My day was one long agony of
+    fear. How I dreaded to go to sleep in the same bed with my older
+    chum, who never made any advances beyond embracing me passively
+    _cum erectione_ while he was asleep. My day was one long agony of
+    fear. At meal time my feet constantly writhed in agony for fear
+    that the headmaster's grown up young ladies should make fun of
+    me, or that my lack of facial composure and my inability to look
+    people in the eye might be commented upon. I tingled with
+    apprehension, especially in the region of my stomach. Every nerve
+    was taut in the effort I made to appear composed. I masturbated
+    with erections over nothing. Greek recitations were for me an
+    _auto da fe_. My heart beat like a trip-hammer at the thought of
+    getting up to recite, and once on my feet my voice shook and my
+    mind wandered. I hated the thought of people behind me looking at
+    me. I rarely summoned the courage to turn my head either one way
+    or the other. I vastly admired the "bravery" of the small,
+    15-year-old boy who recited so calmly and so well. I was too
+    cowardly to play foot-ball and base-ball, and I dreaded even my
+    favorite tennis because the spectators put me in a state of
+    scared self-consciousness. Knowing my own condition, I was yet so
+    blind to it most of the time, and such a Jekyll-and-Hyde, that I
+    actually pitied a boy of 19 who was an eccentric and a scared
+    victim of masturbation. But in spite of my neuropathic condition
+    I developed intellectually. I do not touch upon this aspect of my
+    life, however, because I am trying to limit myself strictly to
+    sexual manifestations. At the present time I have not the courage
+    to continue the narrative.
+
+
+    HISTORY III.--The following narrative is written by a clergyman,
+    age 40, unmarried:--
+
+    My childhood and early boyhood were unmarked by sexual phenomena,
+    beyond occasional erections, which commenced when about 5 years
+    of age, without any exciting causes. These were accompanied by
+    some degree of excitement, of the same nature as that which I
+    experienced in later years. I was absolutely ignorant of sexual
+    matters, but always had an idea that the essential difference
+    between man and woman was to be found in the genital organs. This
+    was sometimes a matter for thought and curiosity.
+
+    Being for many years an only child I saw little of other
+    children, and formed the habit of amusing myself with making
+    things--boats, houses, etc.--and acquired a taste for science.
+    When I could read I preferred biography, history, and poetry to
+    anything else.
+
+    When I was 13 years old and at a large school I heard for the
+    first time of coitus, but very imperfectly. For a few days it
+    filled my thoughts and mind, but feeling it was too engrossing a
+    subject and one which took me off better things, I put it out of
+    my mind. Later, another boy gave me a fuller description of the
+    matter, and I began to have a great desire to know more and to be
+    old enough to practice it. I also discovered that boys
+    masturbated, and about a year after tried the experiment for
+    myself. This vice was largely indulged in by my school-fellows.
+    It never occurred to me that it was sinful, until I was nearly
+    16, when I came across a passage in Kenns's _Manual of
+    Schoolboys_, in which it was hinted such things were wrong
+    morally and spiritually. Previously I had felt it was an
+    indelicate and shameful thing, and bad for health. This last idea
+    was held as a solemn fact by all my boy friends. Gradually
+    religion began to exert an influence over my sexual nature,
+    obtaining as years passed a greater and greater restraining
+    power. It is simply impossible for me to write a history of my
+    sexual development without also describing the action which
+    Christianity has had in determining its growth. The two have been
+    so intimately bound together that my life history would not be a
+    faithful record of facts if I left religion out of it.
+
+    At school I took part, with great keenness, in cricket and
+    foot-ball, and was very ambitious to excel in everything in which
+    I took an interest, but I always had other tastes as well, which
+    were more precious to me, for example, the love for science,
+    history, and poetry. Until I was past 16 years my desire was
+    simply for coitus, girls and women attracted me only as affording
+    the means of gratifying this desire; but when I was nearly 17 I
+    began to regard girls as beautiful objects, apart from this, and
+    to desire their love and companionship. At the same time it
+    dawned upon me that life held much of joy in the love of women
+    and in domestic life--so henceforth I regarded them in a higher
+    and purer light, and apart from sexual gratification. In fact,
+    from this period till I was over 20, this idea so dominated my
+    whole being that the lower side of my nature was entirely held in
+    subjection and abeyance by it. It was rather repulsive to think
+    of girls as objects of lust. This state of mind was not brought
+    about by any romantic attachment or through any acquaintance or
+    through circumstances. I was living in great seclusion and had no
+    girl friends. After this period the lower side of my nature woke
+    up as a giant refreshed with wine, and I underwent for many years
+    a constant struggle with my nature, in which religion always
+    triumphed in the end. I never fell into fornication, though
+    sometimes into the vice of masturbation. These outbursts of
+    desire were periodic, about ten or fourteen days apart, and would
+    last several days. I must record also the fact that from the time
+    this awakening took place my ideal views of woman no longer
+    seemed incompatible with sexual relations. I noticed that at
+    about 27 there was a lessening of the desire, but that may have
+    been due to overwork and consequent nervous exhaustion. I had a
+    good deal of worry and studied daily for about eight hours. In
+    any case the impulse was strongest during the years above
+    mentioned. A little later in life, for a time, I became attached
+    to a girl, and eventually engaged. I then observed, greatly to my
+    sorrow and annoyance, that whenever I met this lady, or even
+    thought of her, erections took place. This was particularly
+    painful to me, as my thoughts were not of a lustful or impure
+    character. Sometimes sitting by her at a religious service this
+    would occur, when certainly my mind was far away from anything of
+    the kind. That was the first woman ever kissed by me, except of
+    course members of my immediate family circle. Later on my
+    thoughts turned to marriage, and there was a great longing at
+    times for this event to take place. However, as this attachment
+    afterward became the great sorrow of my life for years, it needs
+    no more comment. This closes one chapter of my history, and at
+    present I do not propose to add another, as in a great measure it
+    is only partly written. It may be well here to state that there
+    has never been in me the slightest homosexual desire; in fact it
+    has always appeared as a thing utterly inconceivable and
+    disgustingly loathsome. I am fond of the society of both men and
+    women, but on the whole prefer the latter. I have had several
+    warm and intimate though platonic friendships, and get on
+    exceedingly well with the other sex, although not a good-looking
+    man. I have always been attracted to women by their spiritual or
+    mental qualities, rather than by physical beauty, and feel
+    strongly that the latter alone would never cause me to desire
+    coitus. Unless there was an attraction other than that of the
+    flesh, I should feel that I was following simply a brute
+    instinct, and it would jar with my higher nature and cause
+    revulsion. This was not the case in my earlier years to the same
+    extent. I have often wondered whether the sexual impulse was
+    strong in me or not, but if not, there is nothing in my physical
+    state or family history to account for it. I am fairly cognizant
+    with the lives of my ancestors, being descended from two old
+    families. The sexual instinct was certainly not weak or abnormal
+    in them. Personally, I am tall and healthy, well built, but
+    sensitive and highly strung. Smell has never played any part in
+    my life as a stimulant of sexual desire, and the mere thought of
+    body odors would have a very decided effect in the opposite
+    direction. Touch and sight appeal to me strongly, and of the two
+    the former most.
+
+    I am convinced, after many years careful thought, that sexual
+    vice and perversion could be greatly reduced if the young were
+    instructed in the elements of physiology as they bear on this
+    question. Personally, had I been thus enlightened much sin would
+    have been avoided in my schoolboy days, and a perverted view of
+    sexual matters would never have arisen in my mind. It took years
+    to overcome the feeling that all such things were unclean and
+    defiling. Eventually light came to me through reading a passage
+    in a tractate on the Creed by Rufinus. He was defending the
+    doctrine, of the Incarnation against the pagan objection that it
+    was an unclean and disgusting idea that God should enter the
+    world through the womb of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and he meets
+    it by showing that God created the sexual organs, therefore the
+    objection is invalid--otherwise God would not be clean or pure,
+    having Himself designed them and their functions. This passage is
+    slight in itself, but gave birth to a line of thought which has
+    influenced me profoundly. I no longer regard sexual matters as
+    disgusting and unholy, but as intensely sacred, being the outcome
+    of the Divine Mind. Further, the Incarnation of the Saviour has
+    not only sanctioned motherhood and all that is implied by it, but
+    has eternally sanctified it as the means chosen for the
+    manifestation of God to the world. I should not obtrude my
+    theological conceptions, but for the fact that they have
+    determined my life-history in that aspect.
+
+
+    HISTORY IV.--When I was 9 years old a boy at the preparatory
+    school, which I attended, showed me the act of masturbation,
+    which he said he had practiced for a long time, and which he
+    urged me to imitate, if I wished to become a father when I grew
+    up, and married! Boy-like I believed him and tried, but the
+    sensation obtained was not a pleasant one (I suppose that I was
+    too rough with myself) and I desisted.
+
+    When I was about 12 years old, a schoolfellow told me that he had
+    seen his nurse copulating with the groom, and he and I used to
+    haunt the woods in the hope that we might see an amorous couple
+    so engaged, but without success. We often talked of the act, as
+    to how it was done. Neither he nor I had any clear ideas on the
+    subject, save as to the organs involved. I was about 15 when a
+    maidservant of the house in which I was a boarder, came to my
+    bedroom one night and taught me how to masturbate her. She said
+    that this was a good thing for me to do, and warned me never to
+    "play with myself" as it would kill me, or drive me mad. I told
+    her that I had tried it, but could not bring on a pleasurable
+    feeling, so she did it to me, and although I did not have an
+    emission, I derived great pleasure from the act. She told me that
+    it never did a boy any harm to let a girl play with his parts,
+    and promised that if I would keep the secret, she would often do
+    this for me. Naturally I promised to say nothing, and she often
+    came up to my room. Later on she used to insert my penis into her
+    vulva, while she was rubbing it, at the same time giving me a
+    pigeon kiss. This _modus operandi_ was much appreciated by me.
+    One night, after we had been together thus, I dreamt of her and
+    her maneuvers and had my first emission. I was very proud of
+    this, as I considered that I had at last attained to man's
+    estate, and told her of it. She never allowed me to insert my
+    penis into her vulva after that, alleging that she did not want
+    to have a baby.
+
+    I was about 16½ years old when I had my first real coitus, my
+    partner in the act being a girl some two years older than I, who
+    lived near us. I enjoyed the act very much, as she permitted, nay
+    insisted on, emission _intra vaginam_, and told her that this was
+    much nicer than my amours with the maidservant which of course I
+    had confided to her. She laughed, and said: "Of course." We often
+    copulated, as long as I was at home, and then I lost sight of
+    her. Of all the women with whom I have had to do, save one, she
+    had the most copious secretion of mucus, which in those days I
+    believed was the woman's semen. Her thighs used to be wet with
+    it.
+
+    At the University I had regular relations with women of all
+    sorts, rarely missing a week. Two of them were married women, one
+    the wife of a solicitor, the other of a doctor. How proud I felt
+    of my first intrigue with a married woman! I felt that I was
+    really a man of the world now!
+
+    But though my friends used to tell me all about their love
+    affairs, and I longed to confide in them, I did not do so. This
+    was because when I went up to the University, my uncle said that
+    he would give me a word of advice and hoped that I would follow
+    it--never to give away a woman, and never to refuse to respond to
+    a woman's advances, whoever she were. To neglect this advice
+    would, he said, be foolish, and to break the rules "damned
+    ungentlemanly." I wish I had always followed advice proffered, as
+    closely as I have followed this. One night, when I was somewhat
+    disguised in liquor, as our grandfathers would have put it, I
+    picked up a girl, who was a private prostitute, if the phrase be
+    permissible. She declined copulation, and proposed other means of
+    satisfaction. I insisted, being stubborn in my cups. Had I been
+    sober I should have done as she suggested, for I have always made
+    it a point to allow the woman to choose the method of
+    gratification, and not to demand, or even suggest, anything
+    myself. I like to please women, and I have always been curious as
+    to their wants and desires, as revealed, without outside
+    influence, by themselves. The result of my refusing all methods
+    of gratification save the most ordinary was that the girl, who
+    must have known that she was not all right, but shrank from
+    saying so in so many words, gave me a gonorrhoea, which lasted
+    nine weeks and much interfered with my amours, as I naturally
+    declined to run the risk of infecting my partner, a risk which to
+    my certain knowledge many a young fellow has run, with disastrous
+    consequence to the confiding woman. As it was due to my tipsy
+    obstinacy, I could not blame the girl, but resolved never to
+    drink too much again, a resolve which I have kept, save once,
+    unbroken. In those days we youngsters thought that it was manly
+    to be able to carry one's liquor well, and did all in our power
+    to attain to the seasoned head; but I considered that the risks
+    entailed were too serious to be neglected.
+
+    I was well on in my 26th year when I met a widow with whom I fell
+    in love, with the result that I married her. She is a most
+    sensible woman, and it was her intellectual gifts which were the
+    attraction to me. In my amours intellect has never played a part.
+    She has all along been cognizant of, and lenient to, my
+    polygamous tendencies; for she recognizes the fact that whatever
+    _fredaine_ I may have on hand makes not the slightest difference
+    in my love and respect for her. Were she a more sensual woman,
+    perhaps things would be different.
+
+    In all I have had to do with 81 other women, of whose special
+    characteristics I kept a careful note at the time. Twenty-six
+    were normal women with whom my _liasons_ have lasted long, so I
+    know more about them than I do about the other fifty-five, who
+    were prostitutes, and with some of whom my dealings were but for
+    an afternoon.
+
+    The races represented have been these, for I have seen a bit of
+    the world: English, Scotch, Irish, Welsh, French, German,
+    Italian, Greek, Danish, Hungarian, Roumanian, Indian, and
+    Japanese. Taking them all round, the only difference that I found
+    between old and young women is that the older ones are less
+    selfish, and more complaisant, and less inclined to resent one's
+    being unable to attain to the height of their desire, for from
+    time to time I have been unable to "come up to the scratch" after
+    a heavy night's labor, or when I was afraid of being caught in
+    the act of coition, a fear which, in my experience, acts as a
+    stimulus to desire in women, unlike its action in men. Of all the
+    women with whom I have had to do the nicest in every way have
+    been the French women. The English women of the town drink too
+    much, and are far too keen on getting as much money as they can
+    for as little as they can, to please me. Were the London girls to
+    recognize that men do not like a tipsy woman, and that where
+    there is so much competition the person who is most skillful and
+    most polite gets the most custom, the alien invasion in Regent
+    street would soon come to an end.
+
+    Of the fifty-five prostitutes: eighteen informed me that they
+    were in the habit of masturbating; eight of their own free will,
+    without asking for reward, did _fellatio_; six asked me to do
+    _cunnilingus_, which I naturally declined to do; three proposed
+    anal coitus. Of those who did _fellatio_, two (one French and one
+    German) told me that they had taken to it because they had heard
+    that human semen was an excellent remedy against consumption,
+    which disease had carried off some of their relatives, and that
+    they had gradually come to like doing it. All who told me that
+    they masturbated, asked me whether I did so too, and two desired
+    me to show them the act, one alleging that she liked to see a man
+    do it; she had been married late in life, after a "stormy youth"
+    and had had, she said, a large experience of the male sex. They
+    all seemed to think that however much the practice of
+    self-excitement might hurt a man, and all thought that it would
+    hurt him, a woman might masturbate as often as she liked, failing
+    better means of satisfaction, as she had no such loss of
+    substance as a man.
+
+    Of the twenty-six normal women, whom I knew more intimately than
+    I did the fifty-five prostitutes, thirteen, without being
+    questioned by me, blurted out the fact that they were habitual
+    masturbators, apparently all required to think of the loved
+    person to obtain full satisfaction. _Fellatio_ was proposed, and
+    fully performed, by nine, of whom three experienced the orgasm as
+    soon as they perceived that I had attained to it. All were more
+    or less excited while doing it. One proposed anal coitus, "just
+    to see what it was like;" and three proposed _cunnilingus_, one
+    having been initiated by a girl friend, and one by her husband.
+    The third had, I believe, evolved the act out of her own inner
+    consciousness in her desire to experience pleasure with me. My
+    relations with one of the twenty-six were confined to my
+    masturbation of her, the while she did _fellatio_, as she said
+    that she "had no feeling inside down there."
+
+    With two exceptions my partings from these normal women have not
+    been tragic and all whom I have met in after life (seven) have
+    been very ready to resume relations with me, four of them having
+    made the proposal themselves.
+
+    One thing has struck me, and that is the, often great, difference
+    that exists between what a woman's looks lead one to think she
+    is, and what she is when one becomes her lover; the most sensual
+    woman that I have met might have sat for her portrait as the
+    Madonna, and she was the only one who took pleasure in hearing
+    and relating "smoking-room stories," a form of amusement which,
+    perhaps from their want of appreciation of humor and wit, women
+    do not indulge in--at least in my experience.
+
+
+    HISTORY V.--(A continuation of History III in Appendix B to the
+    previous volume.)
+
+    As I became better I commenced to dream of true love. I wondered,
+    too, if my horrible past really could be lived down and a young
+    woman come to love _me_. I took pleasure in reading love poems,
+    especially Browning's, and illustrated some with little
+    water-colors....
+
+    I was sitting in the stalls one night seeing a performance by a
+    company of English actors when one of them played so badly that I
+    thought to myself: "Why, hang it, I could play it better myself!"
+    The next minute another thought followed: "Why not try?" I came
+    out of the stalls the proverbial stage-struck youth. I was
+    sitting in the same place another night when the young man next
+    to me entered into conversation. By a strange coincidence he knew
+    a few young men, amateurs, who were going to form a company, give
+    up their situations and travel, if they could induce a few more
+    to join them and put a little money in. I made an appointment for
+    the following evening....
+
+    There were lots of meetings in bedrooms and rehearsals between
+    the beds, but ultimately I was told a school-room had been
+    engaged and a professional actress, A.F. I went to the
+    school-room and found all the boys there, and a young woman with
+    a pale, rice-powder complexion. On introduction she gazed at me
+    as if struck dumb. If she had been better-looking (I thought her
+    vulgar and puffy) I would have been flattered. I was
+    disappointed, but rather frightened (she had a stage presence) of
+    her professional ability, especially when we commenced to
+    rehearse. I had to make love to her, too, which embarrassed me.
+    She had a good profile, I noticed, and would have been better
+    looking, I thought, if she were in better condition, for she was
+    young, about my own age, twenty-three or four. We were all
+    young--enjoyed our rehearsals, and had lots of fun--but I did not
+    respond to the advances A. was evidently making to me. Finally we
+    started on our tour. As the weeks went on A.F., like the others,
+    improved wonderfully in health and appearance. If we had had
+    anything like houses it would have been a pleasant trip. My
+    strangeness did not escape the notice of the boys altogether, for
+    I was still a bit strange in mind and nerves--and deeply
+    religious, bowing my head before each meal and reading my little
+    Bible and prayer-book at odd times. I drank no alcohol. I spent a
+    good deal of time by myself of with my faithful companion A., who
+    was nearly always at my side, she and her appealing eyes. I was
+    surprised to see how quickly she had improved; she looked quite
+    attractive and ladylike some evenings at meals, but I only
+    tolerated her. I was selfish and conceited.
+
+    Things had been going on like this for a week--always playing to
+    empty houses and our money lower and lower--when A. said to our
+    other lady, Mrs. T., on a train in my presence: "I shall have to
+    give him up, I suppose; he will have nothing to do with me." Mrs.
+    T. said: "You give him up, do you?" and looked at me as if she
+    were going to try her hand. A. said "Yes," and looked at me,
+    smiling sadly. I don't know what motive prompted me--whether my
+    vanity was alarmed at her threatened desertion or that she had
+    really made some impression on me by her love, probably a little
+    of both--but I said: "No, don't; come and sit down here," making
+    way for her, and she joyfully came and nestled against me. From
+    that time I ceased to treat her with ridicule, and kissed her at
+    other times than when on the stage. I was subject still to black
+    moods, and would not speak to her for hours sometimes, but she
+    seemed content to walk with me and was infinitely patient. I had
+    heard she was living with--if not married to--an actor. I asked
+    her about him once, and she said she did not love him; she loved
+    me and had never loved before. Her face had a touching sadness;
+    her life had been unhappy and stormy, with no love and little
+    rest in it. Her face, when she had lost her dissipated look and
+    unhealthy pallor, was exquisite, delicate as a cameo. Love had
+    improved her manners, too; she was more gentle and refined. I let
+    things drift without thinking of the future, when one night
+    after the performance--I was lying on the sofa and A. was sitting
+    at my side, as usual--I suddenly thought, with the brutality that
+    characterized me in these matters--"I will ask her to let me
+    sleep with her." I still fought against any premonitory thought
+    of self-abuse, but here, I thought to myself, is a chance of
+    something better that will do me no harm and perhaps good. When
+    she understood me she turned very red and walked away, shaking
+    her head. But I let her understand that was the only way of
+    retaining me, and finally, when they had all gone to bed, she
+    gave herself to me, reluctantly and sadly; for she, too, had been
+    drifting on without thinking of anything of this sort (she hated
+    it at this time), but just living for her love of me, her first
+    true love.
+
+    Before this occurred, I must tell you, I had been so much better
+    that I sometimes felt capable of doing anything, a sense of power
+    and grasp of intellect which was combined with delicacy of
+    feeling and sensitiveness to beauty, to skies and clouds and
+    flowers. I seemed to be awakening to true manhood, to my true
+    self. And at meals, it is worth recording, I commenced to have a
+    distaste for meat.
+
+    These glimpses of a better state of things left me on cohabiting
+    with A., and for a time my gloom and black religious mania came
+    on me once more. I now thought of my promise at confirmation, and
+    it seemed to me I had offended beyond pardon. When we came to the
+    next town, however, I openly slept with A. all night, leaving my
+    own bed untouched. When we returned to Adelaide one of our party
+    remarked: "The only man who had any success with the women on the
+    tour was a Bible-reading, praying, and good, pious, confirmed
+    Christian."
+
+    A.'s nascent beauty and delicacy and improvement were gradually
+    impaired, too. My own conduct became so morose at times that,
+    besides increasing her misery, I offended the others, and
+    bickerings ensued. I heard the other actress say "He's mad; that
+    what's the matter." And I was so wrapped up in myself and my
+    religious mania that I did not mind their thinking so.
+
+    After the tour was over A. asked me to come and see her at her
+    home, and as I missed her very much I went one night to tea. She
+    had a room in her father's house to herself. A. was dressed in
+    her best and we had an affectionate meeting. After tea I asked
+    her if she were married to E. She said "No." Then I said: "Who
+    are you married to?" She commenced to cry then, and told me
+    something of her life, the saddest I ever heard. When only 17 she
+    had been courted by a young man she did not care for, but who
+    prevailed on her parents by pretending he had seduced her, but
+    wished to marry her. Strange as it may seem, A. did not know what
+    marriage meant, her mother being one of those silly women who
+    don't like talking of these things and let their daughters grow
+    up in ignorance, expecting they will learn from some one. In nine
+    cases out of ten this happens, but A. was an exception. It was
+    this, and the fact that she had not a particle of love for her
+    husband, that gave her such a hatred of coition. When her mother
+    saw the sheets the morning after the marriage she burst out
+    crying; she did not like the young man and saw she had been
+    deceived.
+
+    A.'s husband soon showed his true character; he was in reality a
+    gaol-bird. He beat her, drank, and even wanted her to go on the
+    streets to earn money for him. She left him and went home; it was
+    then she began her theatrical career by entering the ballet. At
+    intervals her husband, drunk and desperate, would waylay and
+    threaten her in the street. One day after a rehearsal he
+    attempted to stab her. She got on in spite of all, being a born
+    actress, and played small parts in traveling companies. Then E.,
+    who had also gone on the stage, courted her and she listened to
+    him, not because she cared for him, but he protected her and
+    offered her a home. She joined him; but his drunkenness and
+    sensuality were so gross that he ruined his health and he
+    attempted to maltreat A. in a nameless way. And whenever she was
+    in the family way he would leave her alone and half-conscious in
+    the cellar for days. To add to her misery she had epileptic fits.
+    Then sometimes they would be out of an engagement and starving.
+    They had been so hungry as to steal raw potatoes out of a sack
+    and eat them thus, having no fire. She would often have had
+    engagements, but E. was jealous and would not let her act without
+    him. And he beat her as her husband had done, and her health
+    became undermined. It was just after one of the forced
+    miscarriages that she joined our traveling company, and that
+    accounted for her yellow and puffy appearance. E. was now away
+    up-country with a circus, but was expected down any time. A. told
+    me a good deal of all this, between her tears, while sitting at
+    my feet, and her tone carried conviction. When I ought to have
+    gone home I persuaded her to let me stay all night. We had been
+    in bed some time when her mother knocked at the door and wanted
+    to come in for something in a chest of drawers there. "Why don't
+    you open the door, A.? Who have you got there? Hasn't that fellow
+    gone?" A. was confused and told me to get under the bed, but I
+    refused, and she covered me up with the bed clothes as well as
+    she could and opened the door. She had hid my clothes, but missed
+    one of my shoes, and her mother saw it. "Oh, A.," was all she
+    said; "you've got that fellow in bed," and went out crying.
+    "Well, Fred" (my stage name), "you've got me into a nice row," A.
+    said. She gave me my breakfast in the morning and I walked out of
+    the front door without being molested. Another night I entered
+    her window by a ladder and stayed all night. In the middle of the
+    night E. came home drunk. She would not let him in and told him
+    she would have nothing more to do with him. He attempted to break
+    in the door, when A. called to me, and hearing a man in the room
+    he went away, saying, as he went downstairs: "Oh, A.! Oh, A.!"
+    as if he thought she would not have done such a thing. He never
+    molested us after that night.
+
+    I think it was my intention, at first, to break off with A.
+    gradually. I found, however, I could not keep away from her, and
+    it commenced to be evident to me that a bachelor's life in
+    lodgings again would be dreary and lonely. And all this time the
+    fear that I had offended God troubled me more than I have said,
+    and it occurred to me (there may have been a touch of sophistry
+    in this, or not) that if I were a true husband to her for the
+    future--stuck to her and worked for her for the rest of my
+    days--perhaps it would find favor in God's sight and be an
+    atonement for my sin. Had she been free I would have married her,
+    I believe. But she began to be harassed by her mother and
+    bothered about my incessantly coming there and staying all night.
+    It ended in my telling her I would be a husband to her, and she
+    came and lived with me at my lodgings. We had one room and our
+    meals cost us sixpence each. Cheap as it was, it was a struggle
+    for me to earn money at all. I remember feeling ill and anxious
+    once, and sustaining myself by the thought of my father wheeling
+    the heavy truck up the street when he married my mother. And I
+    decided to wheel my truck, too.
+
+    A. seemed happy and her love increased, if possible; at first,
+    though, she must have found me a trying lover, for I made her
+    kneel and pray with me two or three times a day, which she did
+    with such a queer expression of face. Sometimes her feelings got
+    the better of her, and she would say: "Oh, damn it, Fred, you are
+    always praying." And then I would be shocked and she would be
+    sorry.... Coitus was frequent; she commenced to like it now....
+
+    A. was not looking well one evening when she came in, and lay
+    down on the bed. Presently she commenced to make a strange noise,
+    and I saw her eyes were closed and her hands clenched. "Ah," said
+    the landlady, who came in to help me; "she has epileptic fits."
+    When her convulsions were over she looked blankly at us, knitting
+    her brows and evidently puzzling her poor brain to remember who
+    we were. For many years it was my fate to see her looking at me
+    thus, at first stony and estranged, like a dweller in another
+    star, then half-recalling with extended hand, then forgetting
+    again with hand to mouth, then the gradual dawn of memory and
+    love, and final full recognition. "It's Fred, my Fred!" I never
+    got used to it; it always moved me to tears.... It was not to be
+    thought that we had no quarrels. I still had fits of bad temper,
+    and sometimes they came into collision with A.'s temper. It hurt
+    my vanity considerably to see how soon she relinquished the
+    respectful, patient, spaniel-bearing she had when we were
+    traveling. I said some cruel things to her and she retorted. One
+    would have thought, to hear us, that all affection was over. But
+    when the mood of rage wore itself out we would both be sorry and
+    make it up with tears, and be very happy in spite of our poverty.
+
+    I think it was lust that prevented me from striving to fulfill my
+    ambitions. A. let me do anything I liked, at all times of day or
+    night, although she seemed surprised at my proceedings sometimes,
+    for it was becoming a fever of lubricity with me. She still
+    thought only of her love. I remember her coming in one day,
+    tired, pale, perspiring, and worried--we had hardly anything in
+    the house and she had been to the theater ineffectually--and when
+    her eyes lighted on me the whole expression of her face changed,
+    softened and brightened at once, and she came and kissed me and
+    said: "It is so strange, I was thinking all sorts of nasty things
+    coming along, but as soon as I see my pet's face I feel happy--I
+    don't care for anything--I would sooner share a crust with him
+    than have all the money in the world!"
+
+    I commenced to feel libidinous curiosity to examine her--this was
+    mostly on Sundays--and she let me, blushing at first, but
+    laughing. Then I would try new positions in coitus I had heard
+    of. Still she did not enter into my mood.
+
+    She was engaged at this time to play in a pantomime and I
+    commenced to lead a miserable, jealous existence. I heard scandal
+    about her, baseless enough, but in the diseased, nervous, anxious
+    state I had brought myself to it nearly drove me mad. I would go
+    with her sometimes to visit her mother, whom I began to like. Her
+    brother I still saluted coldly. It caused me horror and jealousy
+    to see A. kissing him and letting him tickle her. In my rage,
+    when we came home, I even said that perhaps she would let him do
+    something else, naming it brutally and coarsely. I remember her
+    shame, astonishment, indignation and tears. If ever a man tried a
+    woman's love I did. But she forgave me, even that.
+
+    We went to live in a little cottage. It was in this cottage that
+    A. first showed signs of lust, and in the diseased state of my
+    mind, instead of regretting it, I encouraged her. She told me one
+    day that the orgasm very often did not occur at the same time
+    with her as with me, and that it would not unless I put my little
+    finger into the anus. This her husband taught her, and she would
+    rather have died than confess it to me when we first met. We
+    would often devote our Sundays to having a picnic as we termed
+    our lustful bouts, stimulating ourselves with wine. Her temper
+    was not improved thereby (though her fits entirely stopped for a
+    twelvemonth)--we had wordy warfares, but we made it up again
+    always with tears. Nor did I allow myself to deteriorate without
+    reactions and excursions into better things. I was always reading
+    Emerson; it was he who rescued me from orthodox Christianity and
+    taught me to trust in myself and in Nature. I have never ceased
+    this struggle towards better things to this day. There, in a
+    nutshell, is my life; I have always been defeated when
+    temptation came, but I have never ceased to struggle. I
+    determined to be more abstemious in sexual indulgence and asked
+    her to help me. She agreed willingly, for she was easily led.
+    Whenever we fell back again into excess it was my fault.
+
+    At a theatrical performance we first met a Miss T., a young
+    German who sang. She was about 25, with modest, quiet and
+    engaging manners. A. and she became very friendly. I liked her;
+    she was tall, dark and lithe, but had bad teeth.
+
+    I had been ill and at this time A. and I had a quarrel, my temper
+    suddenly breaking out in murderous frenzy. I called her names and
+    finally put her outside the house, telling her to go to her
+    mother. I suffered a very hell of remorse and misery. Everything
+    in the quiet, lonely house reminded me of her, seemed fragrant of
+    her; my anguish became so keen I could not stop in the house,
+    though I was just as wretched walking about. I kept this up for
+    two days, when I met her coming to look for me. One look was
+    enough--"A.!" "Pet!" in broken sobs--and in tears we kissed and
+    made it up. Miss T. was with her, and I greeted her, too, with
+    happy tears in my eyes. Another time, when A. was giving way to
+    _her_ temper, and one would have thought all love was dead, I
+    said "Don't you love me then?" and the word alone was a talisman,
+    her face changed, she held out her arms and began to sob
+    quietly.... She accepted an offer to travel with a small
+    theatrical company who were going up-country. She was not looking
+    well when I left and after a time I received a telegram telling
+    me to come to her at once as she was ill. Dreading all sorts of
+    things I borrowed my fare and went to her. I knew nothing of
+    women, of their point of view and different code of honor, and
+    was very far from the attitude of Guy de Maupassant who said he
+    liked women all the better for their charmingly deceitful ways.
+    A. wanted to see me and had taken the surest means to ensure my
+    coming. I was angry at first, but she looked so well and was so
+    loving that I could not be angry long.
+
+    One day when I was working the landlady came in and began talking
+    about A. and her conduct before I came. She had gone into the
+    actors' rooms at all hours, the woman said, and drank and been as
+    bad as the rest in her conversation. It was the second time a
+    married woman had run her down to me, and I commenced to think
+    there might be something in it, and suffered all my mad jealousy
+    over again. Not knowing the freedom actors and actresses allow
+    themselves on tour, without there being necessarily anything in
+    it, I worried till I thought I had nothing to do but die. And
+    then one of the great struggles of my life occurred. Walking the
+    country roads, I asked myself: "If it _is_ true, if she has been
+    unfaithful, will you forgive her and help her to arrive at her
+    best?" For a long time the answer was "No!" But perhaps my
+    striving for unity with myself had done some good, and the final
+    resolution was for forgiveness. I felt more peace of mind then,
+    and when I told a dying consumptive lodger in the house what the
+    landlady had said, he replied, "Don't you believe a word of it. I
+    know she loves you!"....
+
+    After an absence I found myself one evening in a town where A.
+    was performing. I went round to the back and they told me she had
+    gone to a room in the hotel to change for another part. I
+    followed and entered the room, with a glass of spirits I found
+    that an effeminate young actor was bringing to her. She was half
+    undressed, her beautiful arms and shoulders bare. My arrival was
+    unexpected and she looked at me surprised, I thought coldly, as I
+    reproached her for not keeping a promise she had made to me to
+    touch no alcohol during the tour, but soon her arms were round my
+    neck. She cried like a child. She was bigger and handsomer and
+    healthier. There was not only an increased strength and size, but
+    an increased delicacy and sweetness; her eyes and brows were
+    lovely; there was an indescribable bloom and fragrance on her,
+    such as the sun leaves on a peach; the traveling, country air,
+    and freedom from coitus (had I known it) had enabled her to
+    arrive at her true self, not only a beautiful woman, but a woman
+    of fascination, of wit, vivacity and universal _camaraderie_. Her
+    face was like the dawn; all my fears and jealousy left me like a
+    cloud that melts before the sun. I remember the look on her face
+    as she embraced me in bed that night. It had just the very
+    smallest touch of sensuality, but was more like some beautiful
+    child's who is being caressed by one she loves; this divine,
+    drowsy-eyed, adorable look I had never seen on her face
+    before--nor have I since.
+
+    We fell back into our old lustful ways. Later on A. became ill
+    and the black devil of epilepsy returned. I became gloomy.... A
+    restlessness and selfish brutality came over me; our love and
+    peace were gone. I persuaded A. to go to Melbourne and look out
+    for an engagement. The day before she was to sail we went to
+    Glenelg for a trip. The sea air, as often happened, precipitated
+    A.'s fits. We had gone down to the pier and A. said she felt bad.
+    I just managed to support her to the hotel before she became
+    stiff, and I made some impatient remark (for she nearly dragged
+    me down) which she heard, not being quite unconscious and said
+    half incoherently and very pitiably: "Be kind, oh, be kind!"
+    repeating it after consciousness left her. Her heart had been
+    breaking all day at the prospect of parting, and also, I expect,
+    because I was so ready to part with her. That moment was a crisis
+    in my life. I was in a murderous humor, but she looked so
+    unutterably wretched that it seemed impossible to be anything but
+    kind. I made myself speak lovingly to her, in moments of partial
+    consciousness, hired a room, carried her up, and nursed her and
+    petted her all night. The act of self-control, and forcing
+    myself to be kind whatever I felt, became a habit in time, a sort
+    of second nature.
+
+    In a few days she sailed. When she had gone I was remorseful and
+    mad with myself. How could I let her go by herself? I resolved to
+    follow her as speedily as possible, and did so.
+
+    If I remember rightly I came to the conclusion about this time
+    that we ought not to have coition unless we felt great love for
+    each other. It seemed to corroborate this to a certain extent
+    that A. always seemed more electric and pleasant to the touch
+    when we had connection for love and not for lust. Leave it to
+    Nature, I would say to myself. I began to feel how much my
+    struggles, efforts and temperate living had improved me. I had
+    more self-respect, though something of the old self-consciousness
+    was still left. I did not get better continuously, but in an
+    up-and-down zigzag. I still had moods of rage approaching madness
+    and periods of neurotic depression. Long walks decidedly helped
+    to cure me, and the sea, sun, wind, clouds and trees colored my
+    dreams at night very sweetly. I frequently dreamed I was walking
+    in orchards or forests, and a deeper, slightly melancholy but
+    potent savor, as of a diviner destiny, was on my soul.
+
+    After a long absence, during which she had frequently been ill,
+    A. joined me. I could see she was recovering from fits, which I
+    began to realize that she had more frequently in absence from me,
+    and also from drinking, perhaps. She was small and thin, but
+    fresh and sweet as honey, and all signs of fits and tempers
+    passed away from her face, so wonderful in its changes. I had
+    become so healthy through my abstinence, temperance and long
+    walks that our meeting was a new revelation to me of how
+    delicate, fragrant and divine a convalescent woman may be. She
+    was glad and surprised to see me looking so well, and if she put
+    her hand on my arm I felt a joyous thrill. I was certainly a
+    better man for abstaining and she a better woman and I determined
+    not to have connection unless we were carried away by our love.
+    As a matter of fact we did not give way to excess, though we were
+    very loving. I tried to persuade myself that we had not gone back
+    to our old ways, but I could not do so long.
+
+    Miss T. put in an appearance every day. She did not look so
+    innocent, but as it was no business of mine I did not trouble.
+    She seemed more attached to A. than ever.... A. was still very
+    loving with me, but it was an effort to me to keep up to her
+    pitch, and when A. proposed to go to Melbourne with Miss T, to
+    sell off the furniture before settling in Adelaide, I was rather
+    glad of the opportunity of abstaining from coitus and of watching
+    myself to see if I again improved. When A. and Miss T. came to
+    see me before going down to the steamer, A. was nearly crying and
+    Miss T., changed from the old welcome friend, was not only pale
+    and anxious, but looked guilty as if she had some treachery in
+    her mind; she could not meet my eye. I thought less of it then
+    than afterwards. And once more I took long walks at night and
+    rose early to catch the freshness of the mornings.
+
+    Some time before this I had read a book advocating a vegetarian
+    diet, and at this time I chanced to read Pater's beautiful "Denys
+    L'Auxerrois," the imaginary portrait of a young vine-dresser, who
+    was attractive beyond ordinary mortals and lived, until his fall
+    and deterioration, on fruit and water. The words, "a natural
+    simplicity in living" remained in my memory. I resolved to read
+    more carefully the book on scientific diet. Who can say, I
+    thought, what changes for the better may come to me if I live on
+    a strictly scientific and natural diet?
+
+    I fasted one whole day, and then had a breakfast of cherries, in
+    the middle of the day a meal of fruit, and walking in the
+    afternoon--a gray, rainy day--I felt so light, so different, and
+    the gray sky looked so sweet and familiar, that I was reminded of
+    the luminous visions of my boyhood. It was a distinct revelation.
+    This Pan-like, almost Bacchic feeling, did not last, however, nor
+    was I always able to maintain my new method of diet, though I
+    tried to do so. I made the attempt, however, but I imagine I was
+    more than usually run down. I would walk miles in the hope of
+    feeling less restless. One holiday I walked down to Glenelg,
+    having only had grapes for my dinner, and lying on the beach I
+    looked through a strong binocular glass I had borrowed at the
+    girls bathing. And the beauty of their faces in their frames of
+    hair, of their arms, of their figures, seen through their wet
+    clinging dresses, satisfied me and filled me with joy, gave me
+    for a short time that peace and content--in harmony with the
+    strong sunlight on the waves and the rhythmic surf on the
+    shore--I was seeking. The summer evenings on the pier or along
+    the beach had a peculiar savor; one felt the youth and beauty
+    there even on dark nights, the air was fragrant with them, white
+    dresses and summer hats disappearing down the beach or over the
+    sand hills. It was easy--doubtless justifiable sometimes--to put
+    a lewd construction on these disappearances; but I felt it need
+    not have been so; that it was not necessary that youth and
+    beauty, even the sexual act itself if led up to by love, should
+    be a subject of giggling and sniggering. I always left the beach
+    and its flitting summer dresses with a sigh.
+
+    A., after writing once, ceased writing at all and once more her
+    mother and I were left in a state of anxiety and suspense. At
+    last I determined to go to Melbourne to look for her, the only
+    clue I had being a remark in her letter that a certain actor was
+    giving her an engagement. In Melbourne I could not find any
+    traces of her for some days and what traces I did find of her
+    were not calculated to allay my anxious fears. One hotel-keeper
+    told me that some one of A's name had stayed there with another
+    hussy (giving Miss T's stage name): "There were nice carryings on
+    with the pair of them." I thought of Miss T's strange looks, but
+    could not imagine what hold she had on A., for A. loved me, I
+    knew. I seemed to be in an inextricable maze. I could settle to
+    nothing and was thinking of applying to the police when I heard
+    that the actor A. had mentioned had taken his company to the
+    Gippsland lakes. I followed to Sale, found the actor and was told
+    that A. was not there. "She slipped me at the last moment," he
+    said, "and remained in Melbourne." I returned to my lodgings,
+    with my anxiety and nervous restlessness increased tenfold. But
+    suddenly my fear and restlessness left me like a cloud. I felt
+    quiet, young, peaceful, able to enjoy the country, A. was
+    doubtless all right and would be able to explain her silence. I
+    undressed leisurely and happily, thinking of the stars.
+
+    The next day, Sunday, I awoke refreshed and still at peace. After
+    breakfast, hearing children's voices, I went out into the garden
+    and there was a collision of souls who somehow were affinities. A
+    young girl about twelve or younger with a fine presence and
+    handsome face fixed her eyes on me for half a minute and then
+    came and sat on my knee. She was one of those children I am
+    accustomed to call "love-children," because they are so much
+    brighter, healthier, larger and more loving than others. I always
+    imagine more love went to their making. We fell in love and she
+    said, stroking my beard, "Oh, you are pretty!" and I said, "And
+    so are you!" We were so affectionate that the servant called the
+    child away and I went for a walk, finding my little sweetheart
+    waiting for me on my return. The touch of her hand was electric
+    and her voice fresh and musical. I kissed her, but had become
+    more self-conscious since the morning and wondered if her mother
+    or the servant were looking, or even of they would appear. I was
+    not so frank and natural as my little chum. I have often thought
+    of her since. She had the breadth of forehead, the strength and
+    yet lightness of limb, together with the hands and feet, not too
+    small, that I always imagine the dwellers in Paradise will have.
+
+    I returned to Melbourne and continued trying to find A. At the
+    same time I commenced in earnest to live on fruit and brown bread
+    only, and enjoyed better tone and health every day, so that it
+    was a joy to walk down the street in the sun and exchange glances
+    with passengers à la old Walt. One day in the Botanical Gardens
+    veils seemed to be lifted off my eyes. I could look straight at
+    the sun and taking my note of color from that golden light I
+    turned my eyes on the flowers, the mown grass, the trees, and for
+    the first time perceived what a heavenly color green is, what
+    divine companions flowers are, and what a blue sky really means.
+    For half an hour I was in Paradise, and to complete my joy Nature
+    revealed to me a new and unexpected secret.
+
+    I was lying on a bench, basking, and my silk shirt coming open
+    the strong sun made its way to my breast and presently I felt a
+    totally new sensation there. I had discovered the last joy of the
+    skin. My skin, fed by healthy fruit-made blood, must have
+    functioned normally under the excitation of the sun just then
+    (for a brief space only, alas!). I cannot describe the joy, any
+    more than I could describe the taste of a peach to one who has
+    only eaten apples: it was satisfying, divine. I opened my shirt
+    wider, but the feeling only spread faintly, and indeed this
+    halcyon sunny hour terminated in a restlessness that sent me
+    walking into town to look for A.
+
+    At last I heard, not of A., but of Miss T. She was in a ballet. I
+    went round during rehearsal and while waiting entered into
+    conversation with a little chorus girl with a good face, who was
+    sewing. On my telling her whom I was seeking she stopped sewing
+    and looked at me quickly: "Oh, are you her husband? I know her.
+    _I have seen them together_." She looked as if she were going to
+    tell me something, but merely shook her old-fashioned head in a
+    mournful, indescribable way, saying "Why don't you keep your wife
+    with you?" I went to the door and presently saw Miss T. She tried
+    to avoid me, I thought, and looked more vicious than ever, but
+    after a minute's thought reluctantly told me where she and A.
+    were staying. To hide my fears and suspicions I had assumed a
+    careless demeanor, but I think I should have strangled her had
+    she refused to tell me. I hastily went to the place indicated and
+    going up the stairs (to the astonishment of the people) opened
+    the door and found myself face to face with A.--but how changed!
+    She had the hard, harlot, loveless look I detested. I felt for a
+    few minutes that I did not love her, and she regarded me coldly
+    too, but presently old habits reinstated themselves. She put out
+    her hands, very pitiably, and then was sobbing in my arms. I
+    could get nothing out of her but sobs, and to this day do not
+    know where she spent all these weeks nor why she did not write.
+    Miss T. came in after rehearsal, pale and hard-faced. I greeted
+    her politely, but was watching her, trying to puzzle out why A.
+    did not look as she usually did after long absence from coition.
+    Miss T. took another room in the same house and was soon joined
+    by another ballet girl, young and very pretty, who soon began to
+    have fits. A. was always crying until Miss T. went away with her
+    pretty friend. I knew nothing, could hardly be said to suspect
+    anything definite, and yet I pitied that pretty girl whose eyes
+    looked so helpless and appealing.
+
+    I set to work again. But I continued to live on fruit and bread,
+    and taking off my clothes I would stand up at the window in the
+    sun. A lot of prostitutes, however, who lived at the back saw me
+    and were scandalized or shocked or thought me mad. The landlady
+    heard of it and spoke to A. So I had to desist from my glorious
+    sun-baths.
+
+    We slept on a single bed, and though I did my best to avoid
+    coitus (I wanted to wait and think out some theory of it), A.,
+    who knew nothing of this, wanted to resume our old habits, and
+    finally I surrendered. But my sufferings next day were intense,
+    and I had the sense of having fallen from some high estate. My
+    thoughts were divided between two theories: one that our misery
+    was caused by our diet, more or less; the other that we had
+    fallen into some error as regards coitus, and this was becoming
+    almost a certainty with me.
+
+    There is one incident I think worthy of note which happened
+    before the "fall" just mentioned and when I was living on fruit
+    and in splendid health. At a performance I saw a girl on the
+    stage with handsome legs in tights, and once as she straightened
+    her leg the knee-cap going into position gave me such a strange
+    and keen joy--of that quality I call divine or musical--that I
+    was like one suddenly awakened to the divinity and beauty of the
+    female form. The joy was so keen and yet peaceful, familiar, and
+    subjective that I could not help comparing it to a happy chemical
+    change in the tissues of my own brain. Like the unexpected
+    functioning of my skin in the sun it was a sign of a partial
+    return to a normal condition, another glimpse of Paradise.
+
+    I stuck to my new diet and gained a fresh elation and joy in
+    life. Gradually clothes became insupportable, and I went down to
+    the beach as often as possible to take them off, and at nights,
+    beside the patient and astonished A., I would lie naked. One
+    evening, passing some grass, I looked over the fence like a gipsy
+    and felt a longing to take off my clothes and sleep in the grass
+    all night. It was of course impossible. And A. looked unhappily
+    in my face; she began to think her mother, who now thought I was
+    mad, must be right.
+
+    That night I woke up and found myself having coition. I was angry
+    and felt I had been put back in my progress, but a fever of lust
+    now came over me. I would sit under the tap and let the cold
+    water run over me to conquer the fever, but at the end of a week
+    my hopes were frustrated and I even turned against my natural
+    diet, on which I had made flesh. A., as I expected, went through
+    her usual fits, and slowly recovered. (If we had connection only
+    once she in about three weeks had a mild attack of fits; if we
+    had coition more than once the fits were more severe.) I relapsed
+    more than once and as a means of impressing my resolution for
+    future abstinence I would walk for miles in the middle of
+    pitch-black nights....
+
+    Miss T. came over to Adelaide and as I knew nothing definite
+    against her and heard that she was engaged, I thought perhaps my
+    suspicions were unfounded and was friendly. But one day in town I
+    saw her and A. on a tram going out to our cottage. Even then my
+    suspicions might not have been awakened, but I saw Miss T. say
+    something rapidly to A., and A. called out to me, "Will you be
+    coming home soon?" And I answered "No." When the tram had gone on
+    I found myself vaguely wondering what Miss T. wanted to know that
+    for, for my perceptions were becoming acute enough to understand
+    women's ways. In another minute I was walking rapidly home. When
+    I came to the door it was locked. I knocked and knocked and no
+    one came. I called out and threatened to kick in the door. Still
+    no one came. Mad with rage I commenced to put my threat into
+    execution, when the door was opened by Miss T., half-naked, in
+    her petticoats, and pale as death, but no longer defiant. "So
+    I've caught you, have I?" I _looked_, but could not trust myself
+    to speak. Wondering why A. did not appear I went into the
+    bedroom. She was lying on the bed, just as Miss T. had left her,
+    on the verge of a fit, and on seeing me she held out her hands
+    piteously, and when I stooped over her she whispered, "Send her
+    away, send her away." Then she became unconscious and going into
+    the next room I ordered Miss T. (who had managed to scramble on
+    her dress) out of the house. I spoke scornfully as if addressing
+    a dog, and she slinked out with a malignant but cowed look I hope
+    never to see on a woman's face again. What they had been doing
+    with their clothes off I do not know; women will rather die than
+    confess. When A. had recovered from her fit she denied that there
+    had been anything between them, and stuck to it doggedly, but
+    with such a forlorn look I had not the heart to prosecute my
+    inquiries.
+
+    For my part, all the efforts I had been making for so long seemed
+    for a time to be in vain; for some weeks I sank into a sort of
+    satyriasis, and even my anger against Miss T. turned to a
+    prurient curiosity. At the same time I was not always able to
+    adhere to my diet. But both as regards coition and diet I was
+    still fighting, and on the whole successfully. My fits of temper,
+    however, were excessive and my ennui became gloomy despair. One
+    day I blasphemed on crossing the Park and spoke contemptuously of
+    "God and his twopenny ha'penny revolving balls," referring to the
+    planetary system. But for long walks I should have gone mad. A.
+    was drinking in the intervals of her fits. I found half-empty
+    bottles of wine hidden away. This did not improve my temper, and
+    one day--this was when she was well and up--I struck her a heavy
+    blow on the face, and she aimed a glass decanter at me. She went
+    home to her mother and I lived alone in the cottage. I heard soon
+    afterwards that her husband had come back and that they had made
+    it up. Our parting was not, however, destined to be final.
+
+    Even out of that month's sufferings I made capital. I was better
+    after my tendency to lubricity, my gloom, rage, restlessness and
+    degradation. They had been but the irritations of convalescence.
+
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+Abrantès, duchesse d'
+Adler
+Albucasis
+Alexander, H.C.B.
+Amatus Lusitanus
+Ammon
+Andersen
+Andriezen
+Aquinas
+Aristophanes
+Aristotle
+Averroes
+Avicenna
+Aubrey
+Aulnoy, Madame d'
+
+Baer
+Ball
+Ballantyne, J.W.
+Bancroft, H.H.
+Barker, Fordyce
+Barnes, R.
+Bartholin
+Bayle
+Beale, G.B.
+Bechterew
+Beck, J.R.
+Becker
+Bell, Sir C.
+Bell, Sanford
+Belletrud
+Beneden
+Bergh
+Bianchi
+Biérent
+Binet
+Bischoff, T.L.W.
+Bloch, J.
+Blondel
+Blumenbach
+Blunt, J.J.
+Boas
+Boccaccio
+Boeteau
+Bois, J.
+Bois-Reymond, E. du
+Bölsche
+Booth, D.S.
+Booth, J.
+Bouchereau
+Bouchet
+Bourke, J.G.
+Boveri
+Brand
+Braun
+Brantôme
+Brehm
+Breitenstein
+Brénier de Montmorand
+Brénot
+Brouardel
+Brown-Séquard
+Brügelmann
+Buckman, S.S.
+Bucknill
+Bunge
+Burchard
+Burdach
+Burton, Robert
+Buschan
+Busdraghi
+
+Cabanis
+Campbell, J.F.
+Campbell, H.
+Carpenter, E.
+Casanova
+Cascella
+Castelnau
+Catullus
+Cecca
+Celsus
+Chapman, C.W.
+Charcot
+Chaucer
+Chaulant
+Chevalier
+Chidley, W.
+Cladel, J.
+Clement, of Alexandria
+Coe
+Coen
+Collineau
+Colman, W.S.
+Columbus, R.
+Cook, G.W.
+Crawley
+Cumston
+Cuvier
+Cyples
+
+Dabney
+Darwin, C.
+Darwin, E.
+Daumas
+Dearborn, G.
+Dembo
+Deniker
+Dessoir, Max
+Dickinson, R.L.
+Diderot
+Disselhorst
+Donaldson, H.H.
+Douglas, C.
+Drähms
+Dühren, E.
+Dufougère
+Dufour
+Dulaure
+Duncan, Matthews
+
+East, A.
+Edgar, Clifton
+Ellis, Havelock
+Engelmann
+Erotion
+Esbach
+Eschricht
+Espinas
+Eulenburg
+Evans
+Ezekiel
+
+Fabricius
+Fallopius
+Féré
+Fichstedt
+Flood, E.
+Florence
+Fothergill, Milner
+Frazer, J.G.
+Freud
+Freyer
+Froriep
+Fuchs
+Fürbringer
+
+Galen
+Gardiner, C.F.
+Garnier
+Gautier, A.
+Gautier, T.
+Gellhoen
+Gerhard, A.
+Giles, A.
+Godin
+Goethe
+Goncourt, E. de
+Gopcevic
+Goron
+Gould
+Gow
+Graaf, de
+Griffiths
+Groos, K.
+Gualino
+Guéniot
+Guibaut
+Guillereau
+Guinard
+Guttceit
+
+Hack
+Haddon
+Haig
+Hall, G. Stanley
+Haller
+Hamilton, A.
+Hammond
+Hardy, Thomas
+Hartland, E.S.
+Harvey
+Hegar
+Henderson, J.
+Henle
+Hennig
+Herman
+Herodotus
+Herrick
+Heusinger
+Hewitt, Graily
+Hippocrates
+Hirst
+Hislop, J.T.
+Hoche
+Horrocks
+Howard, W.L.
+Howell
+Howitt, A.W.
+Hrdlicka
+Hughes, C.H.
+Hunter, John
+Hunter, William
+Huysmans
+Hyades
+Hyrtl
+
+Jacobi
+Jacoby, P.
+Jahn
+Janet
+Janke
+Jastreboff
+Jenkyns, J.
+Johnston, G.A.
+Johnston, Sir H.H.
+Jonson, Ben
+Juvenal
+
+Kaltenbach
+Kelly, H.
+Kepler
+Kiernan, J.G.
+Kisch
+Kleinpaul
+Kobelt
+Kocher
+Kohlbrugge
+Kolbein
+Krafft-Ebing
+Krauss
+
+Lamb, D.S.
+Landes, L. de
+Lane
+Lasègue
+Laurent, E.
+Lawrence, Sir W.
+Laycock
+Levi
+Licetus
+Liébault
+Liétaud
+Lipps
+Litzmann
+Lombroso
+Lorion
+Lortet
+Lucas, J.C.
+Lucretius
+Lunier
+Luschka
+Lusini
+Lydston
+
+Macdonald, A.
+MacGillicuddy
+McKay, A.
+Mackay, W.J.S.
+Mackenzie, J.
+Magnan
+Malebranche
+Mantegazza
+Marandon de Montyel
+Marc
+Marro
+Marshall, H.R.
+Martial
+Martin, J.M.H.
+Martineau
+Maschka
+Masterman
+Matignon
+Mattel
+McMordie
+Mercier
+Meredith, Ellis
+Middleton, T.
+Mirabeau
+Mitchell, Sir A.
+Moll
+Mongeri
+Morache
+Moraglia
+Morris, R.T.
+Morselli
+Motet
+Moulin, J. Mansell
+Müller, J.
+Mundé, P.
+
+Näcke
+Neale, R.
+Neri
+Nicholson, H.O.
+Nina Rodrigues
+
+Obici
+Onanoff
+Ottolenghi
+Ovid
+
+Pacheco
+Palfyn
+Park, Mungo
+Papillault
+Pasini
+Paterson, A.R.
+Paulini
+Paulus Æginetus
+Pearse, W.H.
+Pearson, Karl
+Pechuel-Loesche
+Pelanda
+Pennant
+Penta
+Pfaff
+Pierer
+Pillon
+Pinæus
+Pinard
+Pitre, C.
+Pitres
+Pittard
+Plant
+Plautus
+Pliny
+Ploss
+Poehl
+Polemon
+Pollux
+Porta, Della
+Power
+Pyle
+
+Raymond
+Régis
+Régnier, H. de
+Reinach, S.
+Renooz, Céline
+Restif de la Bretonne
+Retterer, E.
+Reynolds, A.R.
+Rhys, J.
+Ribot
+Riedel
+Rimbaud
+Riolan
+Robinson, Bryan
+Robinson, Louis
+Rodin
+Roederer
+Roons, R.P.
+Rosse, Irving
+Roth, W.
+Rothe
+Roubaud
+Rousseau
+Routh, C.H.F.
+Rufus
+Russell, W.
+
+Sade, de
+Salmon, W.
+Scherzer
+Schinz
+Schmiedeberg
+Schreiner
+Schrenck-Notzing
+Schurig
+Scott, Colin
+Scripture, E.W.
+Seerley
+Seligmann
+Sellheim
+Shakespeare
+Shattock
+Shufeldt
+Silk, J.F.W.
+Simon, H.
+Simpson, Sir J.
+Sims, Marion
+Smith, Sir A.
+Smith, Haywood
+Sömmering
+Soranus
+Spigelius
+Stahl, F.A.
+Stanton
+Stendhal
+Stengel
+Stern, B.
+Stevens, Vaughan
+Stieda
+Stratz
+Stubbs
+Suidas
+Sukhanoff
+Sullivan, W.C.
+Sutherland, W.D.
+Sutton, Bland
+Swift
+
+Tarde
+Tardieu
+Tarnier
+Taxil
+Theocritus
+Thoinot
+Thompson, W.L.
+Thomson, J.
+Tilt
+Toff
+Tourdes, G.
+Tridandani
+Trochon
+
+Vahness
+Valentin
+Varigny, H de
+Variot, G.
+Varro
+Vaschide
+Vatsyayana
+Venette
+Venturi
+Vesalius
+Vinay
+Vinci, L. da
+Voigt
+Voisin, J.
+Vurpas
+
+Wagner, R.
+Waldeyer
+Walker, G.
+Wallace, A.W.
+Warton
+Wasserschleben
+Weininger, O.
+Wellhausen
+Werner
+Wernich
+West, J.P.
+Wharton
+Wilhelm, Eugen
+Wilkin, G.
+Wilkinson, A.D.
+Williams, J.W. Whitridge
+Williamson, C.F.
+Wolff, B.
+Wollstonecraft, Mary
+Wordsworth
+Wychgel
+
+Youatt
+
+Zaborsky
+Zoppi
+Zimmer
+Zola
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+Abyssinians,
+  coitus among
+Acquired element in erotic symbolism
+Acromegaly and sexual development
+Alcohol,
+  aphrodisiac effects of
+Algolagnia,
+  in relation to scatologic symbolism
+  as a form of erotic symbolism
+Anæsthesia,
+  sexual
+Anæsthetics in relation to sexual excitement
+Anaphrodisiacs
+Animal copulation,
+  attraction of
+Animals,
+  detumescence in
+Annamites,
+  coitus among
+Antipathies of pregnant women
+Anus in relation to pubic hair
+  as an erogenous zone
+Apes,
+  sexual organs of
+  sexual congress in
+Aphrodisiacs
+Apples,
+  longings of women for
+Arabs,
+  penis in
+Artist,
+  compared to lover
+Associations of contiguity and resemblance in erotic symbolism
+Australian method of sexual congress
+Auto-suggestions,
+  longings of pregnancy as
+
+Bartholin,
+  glands of
+Beard in relation to sexual development
+Beauty,
+  the objective element in
+Bestiality
+Bladder in relation to sexual excitement
+Blood during pregnancy
+Blood-pressure during detumescence
+Breasts,
+  and erotic temperament
+  during pregnancy
+Bromide as an anaphrodisiac
+Bulbo-cavernous reflex
+
+Camphor as an anaphrodisiac
+Cantharides,
+  effects of
+Castration,
+  results of
+Celery as an aphrodisiac
+Children,
+  attracted to foot
+  to scatology
+  to copulation of animals
+  to hair
+  food impulses of
+Chinese,
+  foot-fetichism of
+Circulatory conditions during coitus
+  during pregnancy
+Clitoris
+Clothes,
+  erotic fascination of
+Coitus,
+  the phenomena of
+  the methods of
+  ethnic variations in methods of
+  respiratory and circulatory conditions during
+  interruptus as a cause of vasomotor disturbance
+  glandular activity during
+  motor activity during
+  psychic state during
+  serious effects of
+Congenital element in erotic symbolism
+Contiguity in erotic symbolism,
+  associations of
+Coprolagnia
+Coprophagia,
+  religious and sexual
+Courtship
+Crystallization,
+  Stendhal's
+
+Defile,
+  the impulse to
+Distillatio
+Dog,
+  human sexual intercourse with
+Dynamometric experiments during sexual excitement
+
+Ejaculation, the mechanism of
+Embryo
+Epilepsy and exhibitionism
+  compared to coitus
+  as a result of coitus
+Erectility during coitus
+Erogenous zone,
+  anus as
+  lips as
+Erotic intoxication
+Erotic temperament
+Eryngo as an aphrodisiac
+Ethnic variations in coitus
+Etruscans,
+  sexual significance of foot among
+Eunuchs,
+  characteristics of
+Exercise on sexual organs,
+  influence of
+Exhibitionism
+Eyes during detumescence
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+  darker at puberty
+
+Face during detumescence,
+  expression of
+Fæces as a drug
+Fecundation,
+  the phenomena of
+  artificial
+Feet as a sexual symbol,
+  uncovering
+Fellatio
+Fetichism,
+  erotic
+Flagellation
+Foot-fetichism,
+  _see_ Shoe-fetichism.
+Fuegians,
+  penis in
+Fur as a fetich
+
+Garments as fetiches
+Genital organs as fetiches
+Goat as a human sexual fetich
+Greeks,
+  sexual significance of foot among
+
+Hair as a fetich
+  despoilers of
+  pubic
+  darkens at puberty
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+  in pregnancy
+Hand as fetich
+Heart during pregnancy
+Homosexuality as a form of erotic symbolism
+Hottentot apron
+Hymen
+Hyperæsthesia, sexual
+Hypertrichosis universalis
+Hysteria
+
+Ideal coprolagnia
+Idiocy as result of maternal impressions
+Idiots,
+  sexual development of
+Impregnation without rupture of hymen
+  without conjunctions
+  artificial
+Impressions,
+  maternal
+Intellectual work,
+  relation of pregnancy to
+Intoxication,
+  erotic
+
+Japanese,
+  labia majora in
+Joy,
+  the expression of
+
+Kiss, the
+Kleptomania and pregnancy
+Knee-jerk in pregnancy
+
+Labia majora
+Labia minora
+Larynx in relation to sexual state
+Linea fusca
+Lips,
+  as an erogenous zone
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+Longings of pregnancy
+  theories of
+  as auto-suggestions
+  physiological basis of
+  relation to the longings of childhood
+
+Masochism,
+  in relation to shoe-fetichism
+  in relation to scatalogic symbolism
+  in relation to exhibitionism of nates
+  as a form of erotic symbolism
+Masturbation and pubic hair
+  hypertrophy of clitoris ascribed to
+  part played by clitoris in
+  why some theologians permitted
+  phenomena during
+Maternal element in sexual love
+Maternal impressions
+Menstruation in relation to coitus
+  metabolism during
+  in relation to sickness of pregnancy
+  compared to pregnancy
+Mental state during pregnancy
+Metabolism during pregnancy
+Mixoscopic zoophilia
+Modesty a supposed sign of virginity
+Mohammedan method of sexual congress
+Mole as a fetich
+Mongol peoples,
+  foot fetichism among various
+Mons veneris
+Mordvins,
+  foot-fetichism among
+Motor activity during coitus
+Mouth in relation to erotic temperament
+Muscular movements during coitus
+
+Nates in relation to coprolagnia
+  in relation to exhibitionism
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+Necrophilia
+Negative fetich
+Negro,
+  penis in
+  labia majora in
+  clitoris in
+  labia minora in
+  method of sexual congress among
+Nervous system during pregnancy
+Neurasthenia cordis vasomotoria
+Nipples,
+  pigmentation of
+Nudity,
+  religious
+Nutrition,
+  symbolism of
+Nymphæ
+Nymphomania
+
+Obsessions of scruple
+  longings of pregnancy as
+Obsessional exhibitionism
+Odor an alleged sign of defloration
+Onion as an aphrodisiac
+Opium as an aphrodisiac
+Organs,
+  sexual
+Ova and spermatozoa,
+  union of
+Ovarian extract, effects of
+Ovaries,
+  function of
+  analogy of with thyroid
+
+Paidophilia
+Pain and erotic symbolism
+Pedicatio
+Pelvic development and erotic temperament
+Pelvic floor, variability of
+Pelvic inclination
+Penis
+Penis-fetichism
+Phallic worship
+Physiognomists and the erotic temperament
+Pica
+Pigmentation in relation to erotic temperament
+  in pregnancy
+Potatoes,
+  the supposed aphrodisiac effects of
+Precocity,
+  influence of
+Pregnancy and pigmentation
+  psychic state in
+  sexual desire during
+  relation of to intellectual work
+Presbyophilia
+Prostate
+Prostitutes,
+  external genitals of
+  stature of
+Psychic exhibitionism
+Psychic condition during coitus
+Puberty,
+  the phenomena of
+  pigmentary changes at
+Pubic hair
+Puericulture
+Pygmalionism
+
+Quadrupedal method of coitus in man
+
+Rachitic,
+  sexual tendencies of the
+Reflex, bulbo-cavernous
+Reflexes during pregnancy
+Religious scatalogic symbolism
+Resemblance in erotic symbolism,
+  associations of
+Respiration during coitus
+Responsibility of pregnant women
+Restif de la Bretonne's shoe-fetichism
+Romans,
+  sexual significance of foot among
+  methods of coitus among
+Rousseau
+Rue as an anaphrodisiac
+
+Sadism
+Saint compared to lover
+Salivation during coitus
+Satyriasis
+Scatalogic symbolism
+Scrotum
+Scruple, obsessions of
+Secretions of genital canal
+Semen,
+  alleged female
+  in coitus
+  in female genital canal
+  vital activity of
+  artificial injection of
+  constituents of
+  as a stimulant
+Sexual anæsthesia
+Sexual conjugation
+Sexual desire during pregnancy
+Sexual organs
+Sexual selection in relation to erotic symbolism
+  in relation to external sexual organs
+  the probable cause of the hymen
+Shadow as a fetich
+Shoe,
+  sexual significance of
+Shoe-fetichism frequency of
+  normal basis of
+  illustrated by Restif de la Bretonne
+  prevalence of among Chinese, etc.
+  former prevalence in Europe
+  congenital basis of
+  acquired element in
+  favored by precocity
+  relation to masochism
+  illustrative cases of
+  dynamic element in
+Sickness of pregnancy
+Skin,
+  sexual significance of
+  condition of during coitus
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+  sexual pigmentation of
+Slipper as a sexual symbol
+Smile,
+  origin of the
+Sodomy,
+  the term
+Spain,
+  sexual attractiveness of foot in
+Spermatozoa reach ova,
+  how the
+Spermin
+Sphygmanometer experiments during sexual excitement
+Stature and erotic temperament
+Stimulants
+Stuff-fetichisms
+Strychnine,
+  aphrodisiac effects of
+Suggestion in relation to longings of pregnancy
+Symbols,
+  nature of
+  of sex in language
+
+Temperament,
+  alleged erotic
+Testicular juices,
+  effects of
+Testes
+Thyroid,
+  condition during sexual excitement
+  during pregnancy
+Ticklishness in relation to stuff-fetichisms
+Tumescence in relation to detumescence
+
+Unnatural offence,
+  the term
+Urethra,
+  variability of female
+  an erogenous zone
+Urethrorrhoea ex libidine
+Urinary stream,
+  in relation to nymphæ
+  an alleged index to virginity
+Urine in religious rites
+  possesses magical virtues
+  in legends
+  in medicine
+  during coitus
+Urolagnia
+Uterus
+
+Vagina
+Vaginismus
+Vasomotor conditions during coitus
+Vaudonism
+Virginity,
+  ancient diagnosis of
+Virile reflex
+Voice,
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+  in relation to virginity
+Vomiting of pregnancy
+Vulva
+Vulva-fetichism
+
+Waist,
+  origin of admiration for small
+
+Yohimbin as an aphrodisiac
+
+Zooerastia
+Zoophilia erotica
+Zoophilia non-erotic
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX,
+VOLUME 5 (OF 6)***
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+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 5 (of 6), by Havelock Ellis</title>
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+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 5
+(of 6), by Havelock Ellis</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 5 (of 6)</p>
+<p>Author: Havelock Ellis</p>
+<p>Release Date: October 8, 2004  [eBook #13614]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME 5 (OF 6)***</p>
+<br><br><h3>E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland<br>
+            and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br>
+            (https://www.pgdp.net)</h3><br><br>
+<hr class="pg" noshade>
+<br>
+<br>
+<br>
+<a name='5_Page_iii'></a>
+
+<h1>STUDIES<br />
+<br />
+IN THE<br />
+<br />
+PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX</h1>
+<br />
+<h2>VOLUME V</h2>
+<br />
+<h3>EROTIC SYMBOLISM<br />
+THE MECHANISM OF DETUMESCENCE<br />
+THE PSYCHIC STATE IN PREGNANCY</h3><br />
+<br />
+<h3>BY</h3>
+<br />
+<h2>HAVELOCK ELLIS</h2>
+<br />
+<h5>1927</h5><br />
+<hr class="full" />
+<br>
+<a name='5_PREFACE'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_v'></a>PREFACE.</h2>
+<br />
+
+<p>In this volume the terminal phenomena of the sexual process are discussed,
+before an attempt is finally made, in the concluding volume, to consider
+the bearings of the psychology of sex on that part of morals which may be
+called &quot;social hygiene.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Under &quot;Erotic Symbolism&quot; I include practically all the aberrations of the
+sexual instinct, although some of these have seemed of sufficient
+importance for separate discussion in previous volumes. It is highly
+probable that many readers will consider that the name scarcely suffices
+to cover manifestations so numerous and so varied. The term &quot;sexual
+equivalents&quot; will seem preferable to some. While, however, it may be fully
+admitted that these perversions are &quot;sexual equivalents&quot;&mdash;or at all events
+equivalents of the normal sexual impulse&mdash;that term is merely a
+descriptive label which tells us nothing of the phenomena. &quot;Sexual
+Symbolism&quot; gives us the key to the process, the key that makes all these
+perversions intelligible. In all of them&mdash;very clearly in some, as in
+shoe-fetichism; more obscurely in others, as in exhibitionism&mdash;it has come
+about by causes congenital, acquired, or both, that some object or class
+of objects, some act or group of acts, has acquired a dynamic power over
+the psycho-physical mechanism of the sexual process, deflecting it from
+its normal adjustment to the whole of a beloved person of the opposite
+sex. There has been a transmutation of values, and certain objects,
+certain acts, have acquired an emotional value which for the normal person
+they do not possess. Such objects and acts are properly, it seems to me,
+termed symbols, and that term embodies the only justification that in most
+cases these manifestations can legitimately claim.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The Mechanism of Detumescence&quot; brings us at last to the final climax for
+which the earlier and more prolonged stage <a name='5_Page_vi'></a>of tumescence, which has
+occupied us so often in these <i>Studies</i>, is the elaborate preliminary.
+&quot;The art of love,&quot; a clever woman novelist has written, &quot;is the art of
+preparation.&quot; That &quot;preparation&quot; is, on the physiological side, the
+production of tumescence, and all courtship is concerned in building up
+tumescence. But the final conjugation of two individuals in an explosion
+of detumescence, thus slowly brought about, though it is largely an
+involuntary act, is still not without its psychological implications and
+consequences; and it is therefore a matter for regret that so little is
+yet known about it. The one physiological act in which two individuals are
+lifted out of all ends that center in self and become the instrument of
+those higher forces which fashion the species, can never be an act to be
+slurred over as trivial or unworthy of study.</p>
+
+<p>In the brief study of &quot;The Psychic State in Pregnancy&quot; we at last touch
+the point at which the whole complex process of sex reaches its goal. A
+woman with a child in her womb is the everlasting miracle which all the
+romance of love, all the cunning devices of tumescence and detumescence,
+have been invented to make manifest. The psychic state of the woman who
+thus occupies the supreme position which life has to offer cannot fail to
+be of exceeding interest from many points of view, and not least because
+the maternal instinct is one of the elements even of love between the
+sexes. But the psychology of pregnancy is full of involved problems, and
+here again, as so often in the wide field we have traversed, we stand at
+the threshold of a door it is not yet given us to pass.</p>
+
+<p>HAVELOCK ELLIS.</p>
+
+<p>Carbis Water, Lelant, Cornwall.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_CONTENTS'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_vii'></a>CONTENTS.</h2>
+<h4><a href='#5_PREFACE'>PREFACE.</a></h4>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#5_EROTIC_SYMBOLISM'>EROTIC SYMBOLISM.</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#5_E_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Definition of Erotic Symbolism. Symbolism of Act and Symbolism of
+Object. Erotic Fetichism. Wide Extension of the Symbols of Sex. The
+Immense Variety of Possible Erotic Fetiches. The Normal Foundations of
+Erotic Symbolism. Classification of the Phenomena. The Tendency to
+Idealize the Defects of a Beloved Person. Stendhal's &quot;Crystallization&quot;</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_E_II'>II.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Foot-fetichism and Shoe-fetichism. Wide Prevalence and Normal Basis.
+Restif de la Bretonne. The Foot a Normal Focus of Sexual Attraction Among
+Some Peoples. The Chinese, Greeks, Romans, Spaniards, etc. The Congenital
+Predisposition in Erotic Symbolism. The Influence of Early Association and
+Emotional Shock. Shoe-fetichism in Relation to Masochism. The Two
+Phenomena Independent Though Allied. The Desire to be Trodden On. The
+Fascination of Physical Constraint. The Symbolism of Self-inflicted Pain.
+The Dynamic Element in Erotic Symbolism. The Symbolism of Garments.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_E_III'>III.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Scatalogic Symbolism. Urolagnia. Coprolagnia. The Ascetic Attitude Towards
+the Flesh. Normal Basis of Scatalogic Symbolism. Scatalogic Conceptions
+Among Primitive Peoples. Urine as a Primitive Holy Water. Sacredness of
+Animal Excreta. Scatalogy in Folk-lore. The Obscene as Derived from the
+Mythological. The Immature Sexual Impulse Tends to Manifest Itself in
+Scatalogic Forms. The Basis of Physiological Connection Between the
+Urinary and Genital Spheres. Urinary Fetichism Sometimes Normal in
+Animals. The Urolagnia of Masochists. The Scatalogy of Saints. Urolagnia
+More Often a Symbolism of Act Than a Symbolism of Object. Only
+Occasionally an Olfactory Fetichism. Comparative Rarity of Coprolagnia.
+Influence of Nates Fetichism as a Transition to Coprolagnia, Ideal
+Coprolagnia.<a name='5_Page_viii'></a> Olfactory Coprolagnia. Urolagnia and Coprolagnia as Symbols
+of Coitus.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_E_IV'>IV.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Animals as Sources of Erotic Symbolism. Mixoscopic Zoophilia. The
+Stuff-fetichisms. Hair-fetichism. The Stuff-fetichisms Mainly on a Tactile
+Base. Erotic Zoophilia. Zooerastia. Bestiality. The Conditions that Favor
+Bestiality. Its Wide Prevalence Among Primitive Peoples and Among
+Peasants. The Primitive Conception of Animals. The Goat. The Influence of
+Familiarity With Animals. Congress Between Women and Animals. The Social
+Reaction Against Bestiality.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_E_V'>V.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Exhibitionism. Illustrative Cases. A Symbolic Perversion of Courtship. The
+Impulse to Defile. The Exhibitionist's Psychic Attitude. The Sexual Organs
+as Fetiches. Phallus Worship. Adolescent Pride in Sexual Development.
+Exhibitionism of the Nates. The Classification of the Forms of
+Exhibitionism. Nature of the Relationship of Exhibitionism to Epilepsy.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_E_VI'>VI.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Forms of Erotic Symbolism are Simulacra of Coitus. Wide Extension of
+Erotic Symbolism. Fetichism Not Covering the Whole Ground of Sexual
+Selection. It is Based on the Individual Factor in Selection.
+Crystallization. The Lover and the Artist. The Key to Erotic Symbolism is
+to be Found in the Emotional Sphere. The Passage to Pathological Extremes.</p></div>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#5_THE_MECHANISM_OF_DETUMESCENCE'>THE MECHANISM OF DETUMESCENCE.</a></h4>
+<h5><a href='#5_M_I'>I.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Psychological Significance of Detumescence. The Testis and the Ovary.
+Sperm Cell and Germ Cell. Development of the Embryo. The External Sexual
+Organs. Their Wide Range of Variation. Their Nervous Supply. The Penis.
+Its Racial Variations. The Influence of Exercise. The Scrotum and
+Testicles. The Mons Veneris. The Vulva. The Labia Majora and their
+Varieties. The Public Hair and Its Characters. The Clitoris and Its
+Functions. The Anus as an Erogenous Zone. The Nymph&aelig; and their Function.
+The Vagina. The Hymen. Virginity. The Biological Significance of the
+Hymen.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_M_II'>II</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Object of Detumescence. Erogenous Zones. The Lips. The Vascular
+Characters of Detumescence. Erectile Tissue. Erection in Woman. Mucous
+Emission in Women. Sexual Connection. The Human Mode of Intercourse.
+Normal Variations. The Motor Characters of Detumescence. Ejaculation. The
+Virile Reflex. The General Phenomena of Detumescence. The Circulatory and
+Respiratory Phenomena. Blood Pressure. Cardiac Disturbance. Glandular
+Activity. Distillatio. The Essentially Motor Character of Detumescence.
+Involuntary Muscular Irradiation to Bladder, etc. Erotic Intoxication.
+Analogy of Sexual Detumescence and Vesical Tension. The Specifically
+Sexual Movements of Detumescence in Man. In Woman. The Spontaneous
+Movements of the Genital Canal in Woman. Their Function in Conception.
+Part Played by Active Movement of the Spermatozoa. The Artificial
+Injection of Semen. The Facial Expression During Detumescence. The
+Expression of Joy. The Occasional Serious Effects of Coitus.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_M_III'>III.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Constituents of Semen. Function of the Prostate. The Properties of
+Semen. Aphrodisiacs. Alcohol, Opium, etc. Anaphrodisiacs. The Stimulant
+Influence of Semen in Coitus. The Internal Effects of Testicular
+Secretions. The Influence of Ovarian Secretion.</p></div>
+<h5><a href='#5_M_IV'>IV.</a></h5>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Aptitude for Detumescence. Is There an Erotic Temperament? The
+Available Standards of Comparison. Characteristics of the Castrated.
+Characteristics of Puberty. Characteristics of the State of Detumescence.
+Shortness of Stature. Development of the Secondary Sexual Characters. Deep
+Voice. Bright Eyes. Glandular Activity. Everted Lips. Pigmentation.
+Profuse Hair. Dubious Significance of Many of These Characters.</p></div>
+
+<br />
+
+<h4><a href='#5_THE_PSYCHIC_STATE_IN_PREGNANCY'>THE PSYCHIC STATE IN PREGNANCY.</a></h4>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Relationship of Maternal and Sexual Emotion. Conception and Loss of
+Virginity. The Anciently Accepted Signs of This Condition. The Pervading
+Effects of Pregnancy on the Organism. Pigmentation. The Blood and
+Circulation. The Thyroid. Changes in the Nervous System. The Vomiting of
+Pregnancy.<a name='5_Page_x'></a> The Longings of Pregnant Women. Mental Impressions. Evidence
+for and Against Their Validity. The Question Still Open. Imperfection of
+Our Knowledge. The Significance of Pregnancy.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<h4><a href='#5_APPENDIX'>APPENDIX.</a></h4>
+<center>Histories of Sexual Development.</center>
+<br />
+<h4><a href='#5_INDEX_OF_AUTHORS'>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</a></h4>
+<h4><a href='#5_INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS'>INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</a></h4>
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_EROTIC_SYMBOLISM'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_1'></a>EROTIC SYMBOLISM.</h2>
+
+<a name='5_E_I'></a><h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Definition of Erotic Symbolism&mdash;Symbolism of Act and Symbolism of
+Object&mdash;Erotic Fetichism&mdash;Wide extension of the symbols of Sex&mdash;The
+Immense Variety of Possible Erotic Fetiches&mdash;The Normal Foundations of
+Erotic Symbolism&mdash;Classification of the Phenomena&mdash;The Tendency to
+Idealize the Defects of a Beloved Person&mdash;Stendhal's &quot;Crystallization.&quot;</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>By &quot;erotic symbolism&quot; I mean that tendency whereby the lover's attention
+is diverted from the central focus of sexual attraction to some object or
+process which is on the periphery of that focus, or is even outside of it
+altogether, though recalling it by association of contiguity or of
+similarity. It thus happens that tumescence, or even in extreme cases
+detumescence, may be provoked by the contemplation of acts or objects
+which are away from the end of sexual conjugation.<a name='5_FNanchor_1'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_1'><sup>[1]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In considering the phenomena of sexual selection in a previous volume,<a name='5_FNanchor_2'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_2'><sup>[2]</sup></a>
+it was found that there are four or five main factors in the constitution
+of beauty in so far as beauty determines sexual selection. Erotic
+symbolism is founded on the factor of individual taste in beauty; it
+arises as a specialized development of that factor, but it is,
+nevertheless, incorrect to merge it in sexual selection. The attractive
+characteristics of a beloved woman or man, from the point of view of
+sexual selection, are a complex but harmonious whole leading up to a
+desire for the complete possession of the person who displays them.<a name='5_Page_2'></a> There
+is no tendency to isolate and dissociate any single character from the
+individual and to concentrate attention upon that character at the expense
+of the attention bestowed upon the individual generally. As soon as such a
+tendency begins to show itself, even though only in a slight or temporary
+form, we may say that there is erotic symbolism.</p>
+
+<p>Erotic symbolism is, however, by no means confined to the individualizing
+tendency to concentrate amorous attention upon some single characteristic
+of the adult woman or man who is normally the object of sexual love. The
+adult human being may not be concerned at all, the attractive object or
+act may not even be human, not even animal, and we may still be concerned
+with a symbol which has parasitically rooted itself on the fruitful site
+of sexual emotion and absorbed to itself the energy which normally goes
+into the channels of healthy human love having for its final end the
+procreation of the species. Thus understood in its widest sense, it may be
+said that every sexual perversion, even homosexuality, is a form of erotic
+symbolism, for we shall find that in every case some object or act that
+for the normal human being has little or no erotic value, has assumed such
+value in a supreme degree; that is to say, it has become a symbol of the
+normal object of love. Certain perversions are, however, of such great
+importance on account of their wide relationships, that they cannot be
+adequately discussed merely as forms of erotic symbolism. This is notably
+the case as regards homosexuality, auto-erotism, and algolagnia, all of
+which phenomena have therefore been separately discussed in previous
+studies. We are now mainly concerned with manifestations which are more
+narrowly and exclusively symbolical.</p>
+
+<p>A portion of the field of erotic symbolism is covered by what Binet
+(followed by Lombroso, Krafft-Ebing, and others) has termed &quot;erotic
+fetichism,&quot; or the tendency whereby sexual attraction is unduly exerted by
+some special part or peculiarity of the body, or by some inanimate object
+which has become associated with it. Such erotic symbolism of object
+cannot, however, be dissociated from the even more important erotic
+symbolism <a name='5_Page_3'></a>of process, and the two are so closely bound together that we
+cannot attain a truly scientific view of them until we regard them broadly
+as related parts of a common psychic tendency. If, as Groos asserts,<a name='5_FNanchor_3'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_3'><sup>[3]</sup></a> a
+symbol has two chief meanings, one in which it indicates a physical
+process which stands for a psychic process, and another in which it
+indicates a part which represents the whole, erotic symbolism of act
+corresponds to the first of these chief meanings, and erotic symbolism of
+object to the other.</p>
+
+<p>Although it is not impossible to find some germs of erotic symbolism in
+animals, in its more pronounced manifestations it is only found in the
+human species. It could not be otherwise, for such symbolism involves not
+only the play of fancy and imagination, the idealizing aptitude, but also
+a certain amount of power of concentrating the attention on a point
+outside the natural path of instinct and the ability to form new mental
+constructions around that point. There are, indeed, as we shall see,
+elementary forms of erotic symbolism which are not uncommonly associated
+with feeble-mindedness, but even these are still peculiarly human, and in
+its less crude manifestations erotic symbolism easily lends itself to
+every degree of human refinement and intelligence.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;It depends primarily upon an increase of the psychological
+    process of representation,&quot; Colin Scott remarks of sexual
+    symbolism generally, &quot;involving greater powers of comparison and
+    analysis as compared with the lower animals. The outer
+    impressions come to be clearly distinguished as such, but at the
+    same time are often treated as symbols of inner experiences, and
+    a meaning read into them which they would not otherwise possess.
+    Symbolism or fetichism is, indeed, just the capacity to see
+    meaning, to emphasize something for the sake of other things
+    which do not appear. In brain terms it indicates an activity of
+    the higher centers, a sort of side-tracking or long-circuiting of
+    the primitive energy; ... Rosetti's poem, 'The Woodspurge,'<a name='5_Page_4'></a>
+    gives a concrete example of the formation of such a symbol. Here
+    the otherwise insignificant presentation of the three-cupped
+    woodspurge, representing originally a mere side-current of the
+    stream of consciousness, becomes the intellectual symbol or
+    fetich of the whole psychosis forever after. It seems, indeed, as
+    if the stronger the emotion the more likely will become the
+    formation of an overlying symbolism, which serves to focus and
+    stand in the place of something greater than itself; nowhere at
+    least is symbolism a more characteristic feature than as an
+    expression of the sexual instinct. The passion of sex, with its
+    immense hereditary background, in early man became centered often
+    upon the most trivial and unimportant features.... This
+    symbolism, now become fetichistic, or symbolic in a bad sense, is
+    at least an exercise of the increasing representative power of
+    man, upon which so much of his advancement has depended, while it
+    also served to express and help to purify his most perennial
+    emotion.&quot; (Colin Scott, &quot;Sex and Art,&quot; <i>American Journal of
+    Psychology</i>, vol. vii, No. 2, p. 189.)</p></div>
+
+<p>In the study of &quot;Love and Pain&quot; in a previous volume, the analysis of the
+large and complex mass of sexual phenomena which are associated with pain,
+gradually resolved them to a considerable extent into a special case of
+erotic symbolism; pain or restraint, whether inflicted on or by the loved
+person, becomes, by a psychic process that is usually unconscious, the
+symbol of the sexual mechanism, and hence arouses the same emotions as
+that mechanism normally arouses. We may now attempt to deal more broadly
+and comprehensively with the normal and abnormal aspects of erotic
+symbolism in some of their most typical and least mixed forms.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;When our human imagination seeks to animate artificial things,&quot; Huysmans
+writes in <i>L&agrave;-bas</i>, &quot;it is compelled to reproduce the movements of animals
+in the act of propagation. Look at machines, at the play of pistons in the
+cylinders; they are Romeos of steel in Juliets of cast-iron.&quot; And not only
+in the work of man's hands but throughout Nature we find sexual symbols
+which are the less deniable since, for the most part, they make not the
+slightest appeal to even the most morbid human imagination. Language is
+full of metaphorical symbols of sex which constantly tend to lose their
+poetic symbolism and to become commonplace. Semen is but seed, and for the
+Latins especially the whole process of human sex, as well as the male <a name='5_Page_5'></a>and
+female organs, constantly presented itself in symbols derived from
+agricultural and horticultural life. The testicles were beans (<i>fab&aelig;</i>) and
+fruit or apples (<i>poma</i> and <i>mala</i>); the penis was a tree (<i>arbor</i>), or a
+stalk (<i>thyrsus</i>), or a root (<i>radix</i>), or a sickle (<i>falx</i>), or a
+ploughshare (<i>vomer</i>). The semen, again, was dew (<i>ros</i>). The labia majora
+or minora were wings (<i>al&aelig;</i>); the vulva and vagina were a field (<i>ager</i>
+and <i>campus</i>), or a ploughed furrow (<i>sulcus</i>), or a vineyard (<i>vinea</i>),
+or a fountain (<i>fons</i>), while the pudendal hair was herbage
+(<i>plantaria</i>).<a name='5_FNanchor_4'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_4'><sup>[4]</sup></a> In other languages it is not difficult to trace similar
+and even identical imagery applied to sexual organs and sexual acts. Thus
+it is noteworthy that Shakespeare more than once applies the term
+&quot;ploughed&quot; to a woman who has had sexual intercourse. The Talmud calls the
+labia minora the doors, the labia majora hinges, and the clitoris the key.
+The Greeks appear not only to have found in the myrtle-berry, the fruit of
+a plant sacred to Venus, the image of the clitoris, but also in the rose
+an image of the feminine labia; in the poetic literature of many
+countries, indeed, this imagery of the rose may be traced in a more or
+less veiled manner.<a name='5_FNanchor_5'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_5'><sup>[5]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The widespread symbolism of sex arose in the theories and conceptions of
+primitive peoples concerning the function of generation and its nearest
+analogies in Nature; it was continued for the sake of the vigorous and
+expressive terminology which it furnished both for daily life and for
+literature; its final survivals were cultivated because they furnished a
+delicately &aelig;sthetic method of approaching matters which a growing
+refinement of sentiment made it difficult for lovers and poets to approach
+in a more crude and direct manner. Its existence is of interest to us now
+because it shows the objective validity of the basis on <a name='5_Page_6'></a>which erotic
+symbolism, as we have here to understand it, develops. But from first to
+last it is a distinct phenomenon, having a more or less reasoned and
+intellectual basis, and it scarcely serves in any degree to feed the
+sexual impulse. Erotic symbolism is not intellectual but emotional in its
+origin; it starts into being, obscurely, with but a dim consciousness or
+for the most part none at all, either suddenly from the shock of some
+usually youthful experience, or more gradually through an instinctive
+brooding on those things which are most intimately associated with a
+sexually desirable person.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The kind of soil on which the germs of erotic symbolism may
+    develop is well seen in cases of sexual hyper&aelig;sthesia. In such
+    cases all the emotionally sexual analogies and resemblances,
+    which in erotic symbolism are fixed and organized, may be traced
+    in vague and passing forms, a single hyper&aelig;sthetic individual
+    perhaps presenting a great variety of germinal symbolisms.</p>
+
+<p>    Thus it has been recorded of an Italian nun (whose sister became
+    a prostitute) that from the age of 8 she had desire for coitus,
+    from the age of 10 masturbated, and later had homosexual
+    feelings, that the same feelings and practices continued after
+    she had taken the veil, though from time to time they assumed
+    religious equivalents. The mere contact, indeed, of a priest's
+    hand, the news of the presentation of an ecclesiastic she had
+    known to a bishopric, the sight of an ape, the contemplation of
+    the crucified Christ, the figure of a toy, the picture of a
+    demon, the act of defecation in the children entrusted to her
+    care (whom, on this account, and against the regulations, she
+    would accompany to the closets), especially the sight and the
+    mere recollection of flies in sexual connection&mdash;all these things
+    sufficed to produce in her a powerful orgasm. (<i>Archivio di
+    Psichiatria</i>, 1902, fasc. II-III, p. 338.)</p>
+
+<p>    A boy of 15 (given to masturbation), studied by Macdonald in
+    America, was similarly hyper&aelig;sthetic to the symbols of sexual
+    emotion. &quot;I like amusing myself with my comrades,&quot; he told
+    Macdonald, &quot;rolling ourselves into a ball, which gives one a
+    funny kind of warmth. I have a special pleasure in talking about
+    some things. It is the same when the governess kisses me on
+    saying good night or when I lean against her breast. I have that
+    sensation, too, when I see some of the pictures in the comic
+    papers, but only in those representing a woman, as when a young
+    man skating trips up a girl so that her clothes are raised a
+    little. When I read how a man saved a young girl from drowning,
+    so that they swam together, I had the same sensation. Looking at
+    the statues of women in the museum produces the same effect, or
+    when I <a name='5_Page_7'></a>see naked babies, or when a mother suckles a child. I
+    have often had that sensation when reading novels I ought not to
+    read, or when looking at a new-born calf, or seeing dogs and cows
+    and horses mounting on each other. When I see a girl flirting
+    with a boy, or leaning on his shoulder or with his arm round her
+    waist, I have an erection. It is the same when I see women and
+    little girls in bathing costume, or when boys talk of what their
+    fathers and mothers do together. In the Natural History Museum I
+    often see things which give me that sensation. One day when I
+    read how a man killed a young girl and carried her into a wood
+    and undressed her I had a feeling of enjoyment. When I read of
+    men who were bastards the idea of a woman having a child in that
+    way gives me this sensation. Some dances, and seeing young girls
+    astride a horse, excited me, too, and so in a circus when a woman
+    was shot out of a cannon and her skirts flew in the air. It has
+    no effect on me when I see men naked. Sometimes I enjoy seeing
+    women's underclothes in a shop, or when I see a lady or a girl
+    buying them, especially if they are drawers. When I saw a lady in
+    a dress which buttoned from top to bottom it had more effect on
+    me than seeing underclothes. Seeing dogs coupling gives me more
+    pleasure than looking at pretty women, but less than looking at
+    pretty little girls.&quot; In order of increasing intensity he placed
+    the phenomena that affected him thus: The coupling of flies, then
+    of horses, then the sight of women's undergarments, then a boy
+    and a girl flirting, then cows mounting on each other, the
+    statues of women with naked breasts, then contact with the
+    governess's body and breasts, finally coitus. (Arthur Macdonald,
+    <i>Le Criminel-Type</i>, pp. 126 <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    It is worthy of remark that the instinct of nutrition, when
+    restrained, may exhibit something of an analogous symbolism,
+    though in a minor degree, to that of sex. The ways in which a
+    hyper&aelig;sthetic hunger may seek its symbols are illustrated in the
+    case of a young woman called Nadia, who during several years was
+    carefully studied by Janet. It is a case of obsession (&quot;maladie
+    du scrupule&quot;), simulating hysterical anorexia, in which the
+    patient, for fear of getting fat, reduced her nourishment to the
+    smallest possible amount. &quot;Nadia is generally hungry, even very
+    hungry. One can tell this by her actions; from time to time she
+    forgets herself to such an extent as to devour greedily anything
+    she can put her hands on. At other times, when she cannot resist
+    the desire to eat, she secretly takes a biscuit. She feels
+    horrible remorse for the action, but, all the same, she does it
+    again. Her confidences are very curious. She recognizes that a
+    great effort is needed to avoid eating, and considers she is a
+    heroine to resist so long. 'Sometimes I spent whole hours in
+    thinking about food, I was so hungry; I swallowed my saliva, I
+    bit my handkerchief, I rolled on the floor, I wanted to eat so
+    badly. I would look in books for descriptions of meals <a name='5_Page_8'></a>and
+    feasts, and tried to deceive my hunger by imagining that I was
+    sharing all these good things,'&quot; (P. Janet, &quot;La Maladie du
+    Scrupule,&quot; <i>Revue Philosophique</i>, May, 1901, p. 502.) The
+    deviations of the instinct of nutrition are, however, confined
+    within narrow limits, and, in the nature of things, hunger,
+    unlike sexual desire, cannot easily accept a fetich.</p></div>
+
+<p>&quot;There is almost no feature, article of dress, attitude, act,&quot; Stanley
+Hall declares, &quot;or even animal or perhaps object in nature, that may not
+have to some morbid soul specialized erogenic and erethic power.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_6'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_6'><sup>[6]</sup></a> Even
+a mere shadow may become a fetich. Goron tells of a merchant in Paris&mdash;a
+man with a reputation for ability, happily married and the father of a
+family, altogether irreproachable in his private life&mdash;who was returning
+home one evening after a game of billiards with a friend, when, on
+chancing to raise his eyes, he saw against a lighted window the shadow of
+a woman changing her chemise. He fell in love with that shadow and
+returned to the spot every evening for many months to gaze at the window.
+Yet&mdash;and herein lies the fetichism&mdash;he made no attempt to see the woman or
+to find out who she was; the shadow sufficed; he had no need of the
+realty.<a name='5_FNanchor_7'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_7'><sup>[7]</sup></a> It is even possible to have a negative fetich, the absence of
+some character being alone demanded, and the case has been recorded in
+Chicago of an American gentleman of average intelligence, education, and
+good habits who, having as a boy cherished a pure affection for a girl
+whose leg had been amputated, throughout life was relatively impotent with
+normal women, but experienced passion and affection for women who had lost
+a leg; he was found by his wife to be in extensive correspondence with
+one-legged women all over the country, expending no little money on the
+purchase of artificial legs for his various proteg&eacute;es.<a name='5_FNanchor_8'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_8'><sup>[8]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is important to remember, however, that while erotic symbolism becomes
+fantastic and abnormal in its extreme manifestations, <a name='5_Page_9'></a>it is in its
+essence absolutely normal. It is only in the very grossest forms of sexual
+desire that it is altogether absent. Stendhal described the mental side of
+the process of tumescence as a crystallization, a process whereby certain
+features of the beloved person present points around which the emotions
+held in solution in the lover's mind may concentrate and deposit
+themselves in dazzling brilliance. This process inevitably tends to take
+place around all those features and objects associated with the beloved
+person which have most deeply impressed the lover's mind, and the more
+sensitive and imaginative and emotional he is the more certainly will such
+features and objects crystallize into erotic symbols. &quot;Devotion and love,&quot;
+wrote Mary Wollstonecraft, &quot;may be allowed to hallow the garments as well
+as the person, for the lover must want fancy who has not a sort of sacred
+respect for the glove or slipper of his mistress. He would not confound
+them with vulgar things of the same kind.&quot; And nearly two centuries
+earlier Burton, who had gathered together so much of the ancient lore of
+love, clearly asserted the entirely normal character of erotic symbolism.
+&quot;Not one of a thousand falls in love,&quot; he declares, &quot;but there is some
+peculiar part or other which pleaseth most, and inflames him above the
+rest.... If he gets any remnant of hers, a busk-point, a feather of her
+fan, a shoe-tie, a lace, a ring, a bracelet of hair, he wears it for a
+favor on his arm, in his hat, finger, or next his heart; as Laodamia did
+by Protesilaus, when he went to war, sit at home with his picture before
+her: a garter or a bracelet of hers is more precious than any Saint's
+Relique, he lays it up in his casket (O blessed Relique) and every day
+will kiss it: if in her presence his eye is never off her, and drink he
+will where she drank, if it be possible, in that very place,&quot; etc.<a name='5_FNanchor_9'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_9'><sup>[9]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Burton's accuracy in describing the ways of lovers in his century
+    is shown by a passage in Hamilton's <i>M&eacute;moires de Gramont</i>. Miss
+    Price, one of the beauties of Charles II's court, and Dongan were
+    tenderly <a name='5_Page_10'></a>attached to each other; when the latter died he left
+    behind a casket full of all possible sorts of love-tokens
+    pertaining to his mistress, including, among other things, &quot;all
+    kinds of hair.&quot; And as regards France, Burton's contemporary,
+    Howell, wrote in 1627 in his <i>Familiar Letters</i> concerning the
+    repulse of the English at Rh&eacute;: &quot;A captain told me that when they
+    were rifling the dead bodies of the French gentlemen after the
+    first invasion they found that many of them had their mistresses'
+    favors tied about their genitories.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Schurig (<i>Spermatologia</i>, p. 357) at the beginning of the
+    eighteenth century knew a Belgian lady who, when her dearly loved
+    husband died, secretly cut off his penis and treasured it as a
+    sacred relic in a silver casket. She eventually powdered it, he
+    adds, and found it an efficacious medicine for herself and
+    others. An earlier example, of a lady at the French court who
+    embalmed and perfumed the genital organs of her dead husband,
+    always preserving them in a gold casket, is mentioned by
+    Brant&ocirc;me. Mantegazza knew a man who kept for many years on his
+    desk the skull of his dead mistress, making it his dearest
+    companion. &quot;Some,&quot; he remarks, &quot;have slept for months and years
+    with a book, a garment, a trifle. I once had a friend who would
+    spend long hours of joy and emotion kissing a thread of silk
+    which <i>she</i> had held between her fingers, now the only relic of
+    love.&quot; (Mantegazza, <i>Fisiologia dell' Amore</i>, cap. X.) In the
+    same way I knew a lady who in old age still treasured in her
+    desk, as the one relic of the only man she had ever been
+    attracted to, a fragment of paper he had casually twisted up in a
+    conversation with her half a century before.</p></div>
+
+<p>The tendency to treasure the relics of a beloved person, more especially
+the garments, is the simplest and commonest foundation of erotic
+symbolism. It is without doubt absolutely normal. It is inevitable that
+those objects which have been in close contact with the beloved person's
+body, and are intimately associated with that person in the lover's mind,
+should possess a little of the same virtue, the same emotional potency. It
+is a phenomenon closely analogous to that by which the relics of saints
+are held to possess a singular virtue. But it becomes somewhat less normal
+when the garment is regarded as essential even in the presence of the
+beloved person.<a name='5_FNanchor_10'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_10'><sup>[10]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>While an extremely large number of objects and acts may be found to
+possess occasionally the value of erotic symbols, such <a name='5_Page_11'></a>symbols most
+frequently fall into certain well-defined groups. A vast number of
+isolated objects or acts may be exceptionally the focus of erotic
+contemplation, but the objects and acts which frequently become thus
+symbolic are comparatively few.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me that the phenomena of erotic symbolism may be most
+conveniently grouped in three great classes, on the basis of the objects
+or acts which arouse them.</p>
+<br />
+<p><b>I. PARTS OF THE BODY.&mdash;</b></p>
+
+<p><i>A. Normal:</i> Hand, foot, breasts, nates, hair,
+secretions and excretions, etc.</p>
+
+<p><i>B. Abnormal:</i> Lameness, squinting, pitting of smallpox, etc. Paidophilia
+or the love of children, presbyophilia or the love of the aged, and
+necrophilia or the attraction for corpses, may be included under this
+head, as well as the excitement caused by various animals.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p><b>II. INANIMATE OBJECTS.<a name='5_FNanchor_11'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_11'><sup>[11]</sup></a>&mdash;</b></p>
+
+<p><i>A. Garments:</i> Gloves, shoes and stockings and
+garters, caps, aprons, handkerchiefs, underlinen.</p>
+
+<p><i>B. Impersonal Objects:</i> Here may be included all the various objects that
+may accidentally acquire the power of exciting sexual feeling in
+auto-erotism. Pygmalionism may also be included.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p><b>III. ACTS AND ATTITUDES.&mdash;</b></p>
+
+<p><i>A. Active:</i> Whipping, cruelty, exhibitionism.</p>
+
+<p><i>B. Passive:</i> Being whipped, experiencing cruelty. Personal odors and the
+sound of the voice may be included under this head. </p>
+
+<p><i>C. Mixoscopic:</i> The
+vision of climbing, swinging, etc. The acts of urination and defecation.
+The coitus of animals.</p>
+
+<p>Although the three main groups into which the phenomena of erotic
+symbolism are here divided may seem fairly distinct, they are yet very
+closely allied, and indeed overlap, so that it <a name='5_Page_12'></a>is possible, as we shall
+see, for a single complex symbol to fall into all three groups.</p>
+
+<p>A very complete kind of erotic symbolism is furnished by Pygmalionism or
+the love of statues.<a name='5_FNanchor_12'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_12'><sup>[12]</sup></a> It is exactly analogous to the child's love of a
+doll, which is also a form of sexual (though not erotic) symbolism. In a
+somewhat less abnormal form, erotic symbolism probably shows itself in its
+simplest shape in the tendency to idealize unbeautiful peculiarities in a
+beloved person, so that such peculiarities are ever afterward almost or
+quite essential in order to arouse sexual attraction. In this way men have
+become attracted to limping women. Even the most normal man may idealize a
+trifling defect in a beloved woman. The attention is inevitably
+concentrated on any such slight deviation from regular beauty, and the
+natural result of such concentration is that a complexus of associated
+thoughts and emotions becomes attached to something that in itself is
+unbeautiful. A defect becomes an admired focus of attention, the embodied
+symbol of the lover's emotion.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Thus a mole is not in itself beautiful, but by the tendency to
+    erotic symbolism it becomes so. Persian poets especially have
+    lavished the richest imagery on moles (<i>Anis El-Ochch&acirc;q</i> in
+    <i>Biblioth&egrave;que des Hautes Etudes</i>, fasc, 25, 1875); the Arabs, as
+    Lane remarks (<i>Arabian Society in the Middle Ages</i>, p. 214), are
+    equally extravagant in their admiration of a mole.</p>
+
+<p>    Stendhal long since well described the process by which a defect
+    becomes a sexual symbol. &quot;Even little defects in a woman's face,&quot;
+    he remarked, &quot;such as a smallpox pit, may arouse the tenderness
+    of a man who loves her, and throw him into deep reverie when he
+    sees them in another woman. It is because he has experienced a
+    thousand feelings in the presence of that smallpox mark, that
+    these feelings have been for the most part delicious, all of the
+    highest interest, and that, whatever they may have been, they are
+    renewed with incredible vivacity on the sight of this sign, even
+    when perceived on the face of another woman. If in such a case we
+    come to prefer and love <i>ugliness</i>, it is only because in such a
+    case ugliness is beauty. A man loved a woman who <a name='5_Page_13'></a>was very thin
+    and marked by smallpox; he lost her by death. Three years later,
+    in Rome, he became acquainted with two women, one very beautiful,
+    the other thin and marked by smallpox, on that account, if you
+    will, rather ugly. I saw him in love with this plain one at the
+    end of a week, which he had employed in effacing her plainness by
+    his memories.&quot; (<i>De l'Amour</i>, Chapter XVII.)</p></div>
+
+<p>In the tendency to idealize the unbeautiful features of a beloved person
+erotic symbolism shows itself in a simple and normal form. In a less
+simple and more morbid form it appears in persons in whom the normal paths
+of sexual gratification are for some reasons inhibited, and who are thus
+led to find the symbols of natural love in unnatural perversions. It is
+for this reason that so many erotic symbolisms take root in childhood and
+puberty, before the sexual instincts have reached full development. It is
+for the same reason also, that, at the other end of life, when the sexual
+energies are failing, erotic symbols sometimes tend to be substituted for
+the normal pleasures of sex. It is for this reason, again, that both men
+and women whose normal energies are inhibited sometimes find the symbols
+of sexual gratification in the caresses of children.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The case of a schoolmistress recorded by Penta instructively
+    shows how an erotic symbolism of this last kind may develop by no
+    means as a refinement of vice, but as the one form in which
+    sexual gratification becomes possible when normal gratification
+    has been pathologically inhibited. F. R., aged 48, schoolmistress;
+    she was some years ago in an asylum with religious mania, but
+    came out well in a few months. At the age of 12 she had first
+    experienced sexual excitement in a railway train from the jolting
+    of the carriage. Soon after she fell in love with a youth who
+    represented her ideal and who returned her affection. When,
+    however, she gave herself to him, great was her disillusion and
+    surprise to find that the sexual act which she had looked forward
+    to could not be accomplished, for at the first contact there was
+    great pain and spasmodic resistance of the vagina. There was a
+    condition of vaginismus. After repeated attempts on subsequent
+    occasions her lover desisted. Her desire for intercourse
+    increased, however, rather than diminished, and at last she was
+    able to tolerate coitus, but the pain was so great that she
+    acquired a horror of the sexual embrace and no longer sought it.
+    Having much will power, she restrained all erotic impulses during
+    many years. It was not until the period of the menopause that the
+    long repressed desires broke out, and at last found a <a name='5_Page_14'></a>symbolical
+    outlet that was no longer normal, but was felt to supply a
+    complete gratification. She sought the close physical contact of
+    the young children in her care. She would lie on her bed naked,
+    with two or three naked children, make them suck her breasts and
+    press them to every part of her body. Her conduct was discovered
+    by means of other children who peeped through the keyhole, and
+    she was placed under Penta for treatment. In this case the loss
+    of moral and mental inhibition, due probably to troubles of the
+    climacteric, led to indulgence, under abnormal conditions, in
+    those primitive contacts which are normally the beginning of
+    love, and these, supported by the ideal image of the early lover,
+    constituted a complete and adequate symbol of natural love in a
+    morbidly perverted individual. (P. Penta, <i>Archivio delle
+    Psicopatie Sessuali</i>, January, 1896.)</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_1'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_1'>[1]</a><div class='note'><p> The term &quot;erotic symbolism&quot; has already been employed by
+Eulenburg (<i>Sexuale Neuropathie</i>, 1895, p. 101). It must be borne in mind
+that this term, implying the specific emotion, is much narrower than the
+term &quot;sexual symbolism,&quot; which may be used to designate a great variety of
+ritual and social practices which have played a part in the evolution of
+civilization.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_2'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_2'>[2]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Sexual Selection in Man</i>, iv, &quot;Vision.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_3'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_3'>[3]</a><div class='note'><p> K. Groos, <i>Der &AElig;sthetische Genuss</i>, p. 122. The psychology of
+the associations of contiguity and resemblance through which erotic
+symbolism operates its transference is briefly discussed by Ribot in the
+<i>Psychology of the Emotions</i>, Part 1, Chapter XII; the early chapters of
+the same author's <i>Logique des Sentiments</i> may also be said to deal with
+the emotional basis on which erotic symbolism arises.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_4'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_4'>[4]</a><div class='note'><p> A number of synonyms for the female pudenda are brought
+together by Schurig&mdash;cunnus, hortus, concha, navis, fovea, larva, canis,
+annulus, focus, cymba, antrum, delta, myrtus, etc.&mdash;and he discusses many
+of them. (<i>Muliebria</i>, Section I, cap. I.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_5'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_5'>[5]</a><div class='note'><p> Kleinpaul, <i>Sprache Ohne Worte</i>, pp. 24-29; <i>cf.</i> K. Pearson,
+on the general and special words for sex, <i>Chances of Death</i>, vol. ii, pp.
+112-245; a selection of the literature of the rose will be found in a
+volume of translations entitled <i>Ros Rosarum</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_6'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_6'>[6]</a><div class='note'><p> G. S. Hall, <i>Adolescence</i>, vol. i, p. 470.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_7'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_7'>[7]</a><div class='note'><p> Goron, <i>Les Parias de l'Amour</i>, p. 45.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_8'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_8'>[8]</a><div class='note'><p> A. R. Reynolds, <i>Medical Standard</i>, vol. x, cited by Kiernan,
+&quot;Responsibility in Sexual Perversion,&quot; <i>American Journal of Neurology and
+Psychiatry</i>, 1882.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_9'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_9'>[9]</a><div class='note'><p> R. Burton, <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Section II,
+Mem. II, Subs. II, and Mem. III, Subs. I.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_10'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_10'>[10]</a><div class='note'><p> Numerous examples are given by Moll, <i>Kontr&auml;re
+Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, pp. 265-268.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_11'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_11'>[11]</a><div class='note'><p> Chevalier (<i>De l'Inversion</i>, 1885; <i>id.</i>, <i>L'Inversion
+Sexuelle</i>, 1892, p. 52), followed by E. Laurent (<i>L'Amour Morbide</i>, 1891,
+Chapter X), separates this group from other fetichistic perversions, under
+the head of &quot;azo&ouml;philie.&quot; I see no adequate ground for this step. The
+various forms of fetichism are too intimately associated to permit of any
+group of them being violently separated from the others.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_12'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_12'>[12]</a><div class='note'><p> This has already been considered as a perversion founded on
+vision, in discussing <i>Sexual Selection in Man</i>. IV.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_E_II'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_15'></a>II.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Foot-fetichism and Shoe-fetichism&mdash;Wide Prevalence and Normal
+Basis&mdash;Restif de la Bretonne&mdash;The Foot a Normal Focus of Sexual Attraction
+Among Some Peoples&mdash;The Chinese, Greeks, Romans, Spaniards, etc.&mdash;The
+Congenital Predisposition in Erotic Symbolism&mdash;The Influence of Early
+Association and Emotional Shock&mdash;Shoe-fetichism in Relation to
+Masochism&mdash;The Two Phenomena Independent Though Allied&mdash;The Desire to be
+Trodden On&mdash;The Fascination of Physical Constraint&mdash;The Symbolism of
+Self-inflicted Pain&mdash;The Dynamic Element in Erotic Symbolism&mdash;The
+Symbolism of Garments.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>Of all forms of erotic symbolism the most frequent is that which idealizes
+the foot and the shoe. The phenomena we here encounter are sometimes so
+complex and raise so many interesting questions that it is necessary to
+discuss them somewhat fully.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem that even for the normal lover the foot is one of the most
+attractive parts of the body. Stanley Hall found that among the parts
+specified as most admired in the other sex by young men and women who
+answered a <i>questionnaire</i> the feet came fourth (after the eyes, hair,
+stature and size).<a name='5_FNanchor_13'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_13'><sup>[13]</sup></a> Casanova, an acute student and lover of women who
+was in no degree a foot fetichist, remarks that all men who share his
+interest in women are attracted by their feet; they offer <a name='5_Page_16'></a>the same
+interest, he considers, as the question of the particular edition offers
+to the book-lover.<a name='5_FNanchor_14'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_14'><sup>[14]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In a report of the results of a <i>questionnaire</i> concerning
+    children's sense of self, to which over 500 replies were
+    received, Stanley Hall thus summarizes the main facts ascertained
+    with reference to the feet: &quot;A special period of noticing the
+    feet comes somewhat later than that in which the hands are
+    discovered to consciousness. Our records afford nearly twice as
+    many cases for feet as for hands. The former are more remote from
+    the primary psychic focus or position, and are also more often
+    covered, so that the sight of them is a more marked and
+    exceptional event. Some children become greatly excited whenever
+    their feet are exposed. Some infants show signs of fear at the
+    movement of their own knees and feet covered, and still more
+    often fright is the first sensation which signalizes the child's
+    discovery of its feet.... Many are described as playing with them
+    as if fascinated by strange, newly-discovered toys. They pick
+    them up and try to throw them away, or out of the cradle, or
+    bring them to the mouth, where all things tend to go.... Children
+    often handle their feet, pat and stroke them, offer them toys and
+    the bottle, as if they, too, had an independent hunger to
+    gratify, an <i>ego</i> of their own.... Children often develop [later]
+    a special interest in the feet of others, and examine, feel them,
+    etc., sometimes expressing surprise that the pinch of the
+    mother's toe hurts her and not the child, or comparing their own
+    and the feet of others point by point. Curious, too, are the
+    intensifications of foot-consciousness throughout the early years
+    of childhood, whenever children have the exceptional privilege of
+    going barefoot, or have new shoes. The feet are often
+    apostrophized, punished, beaten sometimes to the point of pain
+    for breaking things, throwing the child down, etc. Several
+    children have habits, which reach great intensity, and then
+    vanish, of touching or tickling the feet, with gales of laughter,
+    and a few are described as showing an almost morbid reluctance to
+    wear anything upon the feet, or even to having them touched by
+    others.... Several almost fall in love with the great toe or the
+    little one, especially admiring some crease or dimple in it,
+    dressing it in some rag of silk or bit of ribbon, or cut-off
+    glove fingers, winding it with string, prolonging it by tying on
+    bits of wood. Stroking the feet of others, especially if they are
+    shapely, often becomes almost a passion with young children, and
+    several adults confess a survival of the same impulse which it is
+    an exquisite pleasure to gratify. The interest of some mothers in
+    babies' toes, the expressions of which are ecstatic and almost
+    incredible, is a factor of great importance.&quot; (G. Stanley Hall,
+    &quot;Some Aspects of the<a name='5_Page_17'></a> Early Sense of Self,&quot; <i>American Journal of
+    Psychology</i>, April, 1898.) In childhood, Stanley Hall remarks
+    elsewhere (<i>Adolescence</i>, vol. ii, p. 104), &quot;a form of courtship
+    may consist solely in touching feet under the desk.&quot; It would
+    seem that even animals have a certain amount of sexual
+    consciousness in the feet; I have noticed a male donkey, just
+    before coitus, bite the feet of his partner.</p></div>
+
+<p>At the same time it is scarcely usual for the normal lover, in most
+civilized countries to-day, to attach primary importance to the foot, such
+as he very frequently attaches to the eyes, though the feet play a very
+conspicuous part in the work of certain novelists.<a name='5_FNanchor_15'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_15'><sup>[15]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In a small but not inconsiderable minority of persons, however, the foot
+or the boot becomes the most attractive part of a woman, and in some
+morbid cases the woman herself is regarded as a comparatively unimportant
+appendage to her feet or her boots. The boots under civilized conditions
+much more frequently constitute the sexual symbol than do the feet
+themselves; this is not surprising since in ordinary life the feet are not
+often seen.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It is usually only under exceptionally favoring conditions that
+    foot-fetichism occurs, as in the case recorded by Marandon de
+    Montyel of a doctor who had been brought up in the West Indies.
+    His mother had been insane and he himself was subject to
+    obsessions, especially of being incapable of urinating; he had
+    had nocturnal incontinence of urine in childhood. All the women
+    of the people in the West Indies go about with naked feet, which
+    are often beautiful. His puberty evolved under this influence,
+    and foot-fetichism developed. He especially admired large, fat,
+    arched feet, with delicate skin and large, regular toes. He
+    masturbated with images of feet. At 15 he had relations with a
+    colored chambermaid, but feared to mention his fetichism, though
+    it was the touch of her feet that chiefly excited him. He now
+    gave up masturbation, and had a succession of mistresses, but was
+    always ashamed to confess his fancies until, at the age of 33, in
+    Paris, a very intelligent woman who had become his mistress
+    discovered his <a name='5_Page_18'></a>mania and skillfully enabled him to yield to it
+    without shock to his modesty. He was devoted to this mistress,
+    who had very beautiful feet (he had been horrified by the feet of
+    Europeans generally), until she finally left him. (<i>Archives de
+    Neurologie</i>, October, 1904.)</p>
+
+<p>    Probably the first case of shoe-fetichism ever recorded in any
+    detail is that of Restif de la Bretonne (1734-1806), publicist
+    and novelist, one of the most remarkable literary figures of the
+    later eighteenth century in France. Restif was a neurotic
+    subject, though not to an extreme degree, and his shoe-fetichism,
+    though distinctly pronounced, was not pathological; that is to
+    say, that the shoe was not itself an adequate gratification of
+    the sexual impulse, but simply a highly important aid to
+    tumescence, a prelude to the natural climax of detumescence; only
+    occasionally, and <i>faute de mieux</i>, in the absence of the beloved
+    person, was the shoe used as an adjunct to masturbation. In
+    Restif's stories and elsewhere the attraction of the shoe is
+    frequently discussed or used as a motive. His first decided
+    literary success, <i>Le Pied de Fanchette</i>, was suggested by a
+    vision of a girl with a charming foot, casually seen in the
+    street. While all such passages in his books are really founded
+    on his own personal feelings and experiences, in his elaborate
+    autobiography, <i>Monsieur Nicolas</i>, he has frankly set forth the
+    gradual evolution and cause of his idiosyncrasy. The first
+    remembered trace dated from the age of 4, when he was able to
+    recall having remarked the feet of a young girl in his native
+    place. Restif was a sexually precocious youth, and at the age of
+    9, though both delicate in health and shy in manners, his
+    thoughts were already absorbed in the girls around him. &quot;While
+    little Monsieur Nicolas,&quot; he tells us, &quot;passed for a Narcissus,
+    his thoughts, as soon as he was alone, by night or by day, had no
+    other object than that sex he seemed to flee from. The girls most
+    careful of their persons were naturally those who pleased him
+    most, and as the part least easy to keep clean is that which
+    touches the earth it was to the foot-gear that he mechanically
+    gave his chief attention. Agathe, Reine, and especially
+    Madeleine, were the most elegant of the girls at that time; their
+    carefully selected and kept shoes, instead of laces or buckles,
+    which were not yet worn at Sacy, had blue or rose ribbon,
+    according to the color of the skirt. I thought of these girls
+    with emotion; I desired&mdash;I knew not what; but I desired
+    something, if it were only to subdue them.&quot; The origin Restif
+    here assigns to his shoe-fetichism may seem paradoxical; he
+    admired the girls who were most clean and neat in their dress, he
+    tells us, and, therefore, paid most attention to that part of
+    their clothing which was least clean and neat. But, however
+    paradoxical the remark may seem, it is psychologically sound. All
+    fetichism is a kind of not necessarily morbid obsession, and as
+    the careful work of Janet and others in that field has shown, an
+    obsession is a fascinated attraction to some object or idea
+    <a name='5_Page_19'></a>which gives the subject a kind of emotional shock by its
+    contrast to his habitual moods or ideas. The ordinary morbid
+    obsession cannot usually be harmoniously co-ordinated with the
+    other experiences of the subject's daily life, and shows,
+    therefore, no tendency to become pleasurable. Sexual fetichisms,
+    on the other hand, have a reservoir of agreeable emotion to draw
+    on, and are thus able to acquire both stability and harmony. It
+    will also be seen that no element of masochism is involved in
+    Restif's fetichism, though the mistake has been frequently made
+    of supposing that these two manifestations are usually or even
+    necessarily allied. Restif wishes to subject the girl who
+    attracts him, he has no wish to be subjected by her. He was
+    especially dazzled by a young girl from another town, whose shoes
+    were of a fashionable cut, with buckles, &quot;and who was a charming
+    person besides.&quot; She was delicate as a fairy, and rendered his
+    thoughts unfaithful to the robust beauties of his native Sacy.
+    &quot;No doubt,&quot; he remarks, &quot;because, being frail and weak myself, it
+    seemed to me that it would be easier to subdue her.&quot; &quot;This taste
+    for the beauty of the feet,&quot; he continues, &quot;was so powerful in me
+    that it unfailingly aroused desire and would have made me
+    overlook ugliness. It is excessive in all those who have it.&quot; He
+    admired the foot as well as the shoe: &quot;The factitious taste for
+    the shoe is only a reflection of that for pretty feet. When I
+    entered a house and saw the boots arranged in a row, as is the
+    custom, I would tremble with pleasure; I blushed and lowered my
+    eyes as if in the presence of the girls themselves. With this
+    vivacity of feeling and a voluptuousness of ideas inconceivable
+    at the age of 10 I still fled, with an involuntary impulse of
+    modesty, from the girls I adored.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    We may clearly see how this combination of sensitive and
+    precocious sexual ardor with extreme shyness, furnished the soil
+    on which the germ of shoe-fetichism was able to gain a firm root
+    and persist in some degree throughout a long life very largely
+    given up to a pursuit of women, abnormal rather by its
+    excessiveness than its perversity. A few years later, he tells
+    us, he happened to see a pretty pair of shoes in a bootmaker's
+    shop, and on hearing that they belonged to a girl whom at that
+    time he reverently adored at a distance he blushed and nearly
+    fainted.</p>
+
+<p>    In 1749 he was for a time attracted to a young woman very much
+    older than himself; he secretly carried away one of her slippers
+    and kept it for a day; a little later he again took away a shoe
+    of the same woman which had fascinated him when on her foot, and,
+    he seems to imply, he used it to masturbate with.</p>
+
+<p>    Perhaps the chief passion of Restif's life was his love for
+    Colette Parangon. He was still a boy (1752), she was the young
+    and virtuous wife of the printer whose apprentice Restif was and
+    in whose house he lived. Madame Parangon, a charming woman, as
+    she is described, <a name='5_Page_20'></a>was not happily married, and she evidently
+    felt a tender affection for the boy whose excessive love and
+    reverence for her were not always successfully concealed.
+    &quot;Madonna Parangon,&quot; he tells us, &quot;possessed a charm which I could
+    never resist, a pretty little foot; it is a charm which arouses
+    more than tenderness. Her shoes, made in Paris, had that
+    voluptuous elegance which seems to communicate soul and life.
+    Sometimes Colette wore shoes of simple white drugget or with
+    silver flowers; sometimes rose-colored slippers with green heels,
+    or green with rose heels; her supple feet, far from deforming her
+    shoes, increased their grace and rendered the form more
+    exciting.&quot; One day, on entering the house, he saw Madame Parangon
+    elegantly dressed and wearing rose-colored shoes with tongues,
+    and with green heels and a pretty rosette. They were new and she
+    took them off to put on green slippers with rose heels and
+    borders which he thought equally exciting. As soon as she had
+    left the room, he continues, &quot;carried away by the most impetuous
+    passion and idolizing Colette, I seemed to see her and touch her
+    in handling what she had just worn; my lips pressed one of these
+    jewels, while the other, deceiving the sacred end of nature, from
+    excess of exaltation replaced the object of sex (I cannot express
+    myself more clearly). The warmth which she had communicated to
+    the insensible object which had touched her still remained and
+    gave a soul to it; a voluptuous cloud covered my eyes.&quot; He adds
+    that he would kiss with rage and transport whatever had come in
+    close contact with the woman he adored, and on one occasion
+    eagerly pressed his lips to her cast-off underlinen, <i>vela
+    secretiora penetralium</i>.</p>
+
+<p>    At this period Restif's foot-fetichism reached its highest point
+    of development. It was the aberration of a highly sensitive and
+    very precocious boy. While the preoccupation with feet and shoes
+    persisted throughout life, it never became a complete perversion
+    and never replaced the normal end of sexual desire. His love for
+    Madam Parangon, one of the deepest emotions in his whole life,
+    was also the climax of his shoe-fetichism. She represented his
+    ideal woman, an ethereal sylph with wasp-waist and a child's
+    feet; it was always his highest praise for a woman that she
+    resembled Madame Parangon, and he desired that her slipper should
+    be buried with him. (Restif de la Bretonne, <i>Monsieur Nicolas</i>,
+    vols. i-iv, vol. xiii, p. 5; <i>id.</i>, <i>Mes Inscriptions</i>, pp.
+    ci-cv.)</p>
+
+<p>    Shoe-fetichism, more especially if we include under this term all
+    the cases of real or pseudo-masochism in which an attraction to
+    the boots or slippers is the chief feature, is a not infrequent
+    phenomenon, and is certainly the most frequently occurring form
+    of fetichism. Many cases are brought together by Krafft-Ebing in
+    his <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>. Every prostitute of any experience
+    has known men who merely desire to gaze at her shoes, or possibly
+    to lick them, and who are quite willing to pay for this
+    privilege. In London such a person is known as a &quot;bootman,&quot; in
+    Germany as a &quot;Stiefelfrier.&quot;</p></div><a name='5_Page_21'></a>
+
+<p>The predominance of the foot as a focus of sexual attraction, while among
+us to-day it is a not uncommon phenomenon, is still not sufficiently
+common to be called normal; the majority of even ardent lovers do not
+experience this attraction in any marked degree. But these manifestations
+of foot-fetichism which with us to-day are abnormal, even when they are
+not so extreme as to be morbid, may perhaps become more intelligible to us
+when we realize that in earlier periods of civilization, and even to-day
+in some parts of the world, the foot is generally recognized as a focus of
+sexual attraction, so that some degree of foot-fetichism becomes a normal
+phenomenon.</p>
+
+<p>The most pronounced and the best known example of such normal
+foot-fetichism at the present day is certainly to be found among the
+Southern Chinese. For a Chinese husband his wife's foot is more
+interesting than her face. A Chinese woman is as shy of showing her feet
+to a man as a European woman her breasts; they are reserved for her
+husband's eyes alone, and to look at a woman's feet in the street is
+highly improper and indelicate. Chinese foot-fetichism is connected with
+the custom of compressing the feet. This custom appears to rest on the
+fact that Chinese women naturally possess a very small foot and is thus an
+example of the universal tendency in the search for beauty to accentuate,
+even by deformation, the racial characteristics. But there is more than
+this. Beauty is largely a name for sexual attractiveness, and the energy
+expended in the effort to make the Chinese woman's small foot still
+smaller is a measure of the sexual fascination which it exerts. The
+practice arose on the basis of the sexual attractiveness of the foot,
+though it has doubtless served to heighten that attractiveness, just as
+the small waist, which (if we may follow Stratz) is a characteristic
+beauty of the European woman, becomes to the average European man still
+more attractive when accentuated, even to the extent of deformity, by the
+compression of the corset.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Referring to the sexual fascination exerted by the foot in China,
+    Matignon writes: &quot;My attention has been drawn to this point by a
+    large number of pornographic engravings, of which the Chinese are
+    very fond. In all these lascivious scenes we see the male
+    voluptuously fondling <a name='5_Page_22'></a>the woman's foot. When a Celestial takes
+    into his hand a woman's foot, especially if it is very small, the
+    effect upon him is precisely the same as is provoked in a
+    European by the palpation of a young and firm bosom. All the
+    Celestials whom I have interrogated on this point have replied
+    unanimously: 'Oh, a little foot! You Europeans cannot understand
+    how exquisite, how sweet, how exciting it is!' The contact of the
+    genital organ with the little foot produces in the male an
+    indescribable degree of voluptuous feeling, and women skilled in
+    love know that to arouse the ardor of their lovers a better
+    method than all Chinese aphrodisiacs&mdash;including 'giusen' and
+    swallows' nests&mdash;is to take the penis between their feet. It is
+    not rare to find Chinese Christians accusing themselves at
+    confession of having had 'evil thoughts on looking at a woman's
+    foot.'&quot; (Dr. J. Matignon, &quot;A propos d'un Pied de Chinoise,&quot;
+    <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, 1898.)</p>
+
+<p>    It is said that a Chinese Empress, noted for her vice and having
+    a congenital club foot, about the year 1100 B.C., desired all
+    women to resemble her, and that the practice of compressing the
+    foot thus arose. But this is only tradition, since, in 300 B.C.,
+    Chinese books were destroyed (Morache, Art. &quot;Chine,&quot;
+    <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>, p. 191). It
+    is also said that the practice owes its origin to the wish to
+    keep women indoors. But women are not secluded in China, nor does
+    foot compression usually render a woman unable to walk. Many
+    intelligent Chinese are of opinion that its object is to promote
+    the development of the sexual parts and of the thighs, and so to
+    aid both intercourse and parturition. There is no ground for
+    believing that it has any such influence, though Morache found
+    that the mons veneris and labia are largely developed in Chinese
+    women, and not in Tartar women living in Pekin (who do not
+    compress the foot). If there is any correlation between the feet
+    and the pelvic regions, it is more probably congenital than due
+    to the artificial compression of the feet. The ancients seem to
+    have believed that a small foot indicated a small vagina. Restif
+    de la Bretonne, who had ample opportunities for forming an
+    opinion on a matter in which he took so great an interest,
+    believed that a small foot, round and short, indicated a large
+    vagina (<i>Monsieur Nicolas</i>, vol. i, reprint of 1883, p. 92).
+    Even, however, if we admit that there is a real correlation
+    between the foot and the vagina, that would by no means suffice
+    to render the foot a focus of sexual attraction.</p>
+
+<p>    It remains the most reasonable view that the foot bandage must be
+    regarded as strictly analogous to the waist bandage or corset
+    which also tends to produce deformity of the constricted region.
+    Stratz has ingeniously remarked (<i>Frauenkleidung</i>, third edition,
+    p. 101) that the success of the Chinese in dwarfing trees may
+    have suggested a similar attempt in regard to women's feet, and
+    adds that in any case both dwarfed trees and bound feet bear
+    witness in the Mongolian to the same <a name='5_Page_23'></a>love for small and elegant,
+    not to say deformed, things. For a Chinaman the deformed foot is
+    a &quot;golden water-lily.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Many facts (together with illustrations) bearing on Chinese
+    deformation of the foot will be found in Ploss, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol.
+    i, Section IV.</p></div>
+
+<p>The significance of the sexual emotion aroused by the female foot in China
+and the origin of its compression begin to become clear when we realize
+that this foot-fetichism is merely an extreme development of a tendency
+which is fairly well marked among nearly all the peoples of yellow race.
+Jacoby, who has brought together a number of interesting facts bearing on
+the sexual significance of the foot, states that a similar tendency is to
+be found among the Mongol and Turk peoples of Siberia, and in the east and
+central parts of European Russia, among the Permiaks, the Wotiaks, etc.
+Here the woman, at all events when young, has always her feet, as well as
+head, covered, however little clothing she may otherwise wear.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;On hot nights or on baking days,&quot; Jacoby states, &quot;you may see
+    these women with uncovered breasts, or even entirely naked
+    without embarrassment, but you will never see them with bare
+    feet, and no male relations, except the husband, will ever see
+    the feet and lower part of the legs of the women in the house.
+    These women have their modesty in their feet, and also their
+    coquetry; to unbind the feet of a woman is for a man a voluptuous
+    act, and the touch of the bands produces the same effect as a
+    corset still warm from a woman's body on a European man. A
+    woman's beauty, that which attracts and excites a man, lies in
+    her foot; in Mordvin love poems celebrating the beauty of women
+    there is much about her attire, especially her embroidered
+    chemise, but as regards the charms of her person the poet is
+    content to state that 'her feet are beautiful;' with that
+    everything is said. The young peasant woman of the central
+    provinces as part of her holiday raiment puts on great woolen
+    stockings which come up to the groin and are then folded over to
+    below the knee. To uncover the feet of a person of the opposite
+    sex is a sexual act, and has thus become the symbol of sexual
+    possession, so that the stocking or foot-gear became the emblem
+    of marriage, as later the ring. (It was so among the Jews, as we
+    see in the book of <i>Ruth</i>, Chapter III, v. 4, and Chapter IV, vv.
+    7 and 8). St. Vladimir the Great asked in marriage the daughter
+    of Prince Rogvold; as Vladimir's mother had been a serf, the
+    princess proudly replied that she 'would not uncover the feet of
+    a slave.' At the present time in the <a name='5_Page_24'></a>east of Russia when a young
+    girl tries to find out by divination whom she will have as a
+    husband the traditional formula is 'Come and take my stockings
+    off.' Among the populations of the north and east, it is
+    sometimes the bride who must do this for her husband on the
+    wedding night, and sometimes the bridegroom for his wife, not as
+    a token of love, but as a nuptial ceremony. Among the
+    professional classes and small nobility in Russia parents place
+    money in the stocking of their child at marriage as a present for
+    the other partner, it being supposed that the couple mutually
+    remove each other's foot raiment, as an act of sexual possession,
+    the emblem of coitus.&quot; (Paul Jacoby, <i>Archives d'Anthropologie
+    Criminelle</i>, December, 1903, p. 793.) The practice among
+    ourselves of children hanging up their stockings at night for
+    presents would seem to be a relic of the last-mentioned custom.</p></div>
+
+<p>While we may witness the sexual symbolism of the foot, with or without an
+associated foot-fetichism, most highly developed in Asia and Eastern
+Europe, it has by no means been altogether unknown in some stages of
+western civilization, and traces of it may be found here and there even
+yet. Schinz refers to the connection between the feet and sexual pleasure
+as existing not only among the Egyptians and the Arabs, but among the
+ancient Germans and the modern Spaniards,<a name='5_FNanchor_16'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_16'><sup>[16]</sup></a> while Jacoby points out that
+among the Greeks, the Romans, and especially the Etruscans, it was usual
+to represent chaste and virgin goddesses with their feet covered, even
+though they might be otherwise nude. Ovid, again, is never weary of
+dwelling on the sexual charm of the feminine foot. He represents the
+chaste matron as wearing a weighted <i>stola</i> which always fell so as to
+cover her feet; it was only the courtesan, or the nymph who is taking part
+in an erotic festival, who appears with raised robes, revealing her
+feet.<a name='5_FNanchor_17'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_17'><sup>[17]</sup></a> So grave a historian as Strabo, as well as &AElig;lian, <a name='5_Page_25'></a>refers to the
+story of the courtesan Rhodope whose sandal was carried off by an eagle
+and dropped in the King of Egypt's lap as he was administering justice, so
+that he could not rest until he had discovered to whom this delicately
+small sandal belonged, and finally made her his queen. Kleinpaul, who
+repeats this story, has collected many European sayings and customs
+(including Turkish), indicating that the slipper is a very ancient symbol
+of a woman's sexual parts.<a name='5_FNanchor_18'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_18'><sup>[18]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In Rome, Dufour remarks, &quot;Matrons having appropriated the use of
+    the shoe (<i>soccus</i>) prostitutes were not allowed to use it, and
+    were obliged to have their feet always naked in sandals or
+    slippers (<i>crepida</i> and <i>solea</i>), which they fastened over the
+    instep with gilt bands. Tibullus delights to describe his
+    mistress's little foot, compressed by the band that imprisoned
+    it: <i>Ansaque compressos colligat arcta pedes</i>. Nudity of the foot
+    in woman was a sign of prostitution, and their brilliant
+    whiteness acted afar as a pimp to attract looks and desires.&quot;
+    (Dufour, <i>Histoire de la Prostitution</i>, vol. II., ch. xviii.)</p>
+
+<p>    This feeling seems to have survived in a more or less vague and
+    unconscious form in medi&aelig;val Europe. &quot;In the tenth century,&quot;
+    according to Dufour (<i>Histoire de la Prostitution</i>, vol. VI., p.
+    11), &quot;shoes <i>a la poulaine</i>, with a claw or beak, pursued for
+    more than four centuries by the anathemas of popes and the
+    invectives of preachers, were always regarded by medi&aelig;val
+    casuists as the most abominable emblems of immodesty. At a first
+    glance it is not easy to see why these shoes&mdash;terminating in a
+    lion's claw, an eagle's beak, the prow of a ship, or other metal
+    appendage&mdash;should be so scandalous. The excommunication inflicted
+    on this kind of foot-gear preceded the impudent invention of some
+    libertine, who wore <i>poulaines</i> in the shape of the phallus, a
+    custom adopted also by women. This kind of <i>poulaine</i> was
+    denounced as <i>mandite de Dicu</i> (Ducange's Glossary, at the word
+    Poulainia) and prohibited by royal ordinances (see letter of
+    Charles V., 17 October, 1367, regarding the garments of the women
+    of Montpellier). Great lords and ladies continued, however, to
+    wear <i>poulaines</i>.&quot; In Louis XL's court they were still worn of a
+    quarter of an ell in length.</p>
+
+<p>    Spain, ever tenacious of ancient ideas, appears to have preserved
+    <a name='5_Page_26'></a>longer than other countries the ancient classic traditions in
+    regard to the foot as a focus of modesty and an object of sexual
+    attraction. In Spanish religious pictures it was always necessary
+    that the Virgin's feet should be concealed, the clergy ordaining
+    that her robe should be long and flowing, so that the feet might
+    be covered with decent folds. Pacheco, the master and
+    father-in-law of Velasquez, writes in 1649 in his <i>Arte de la
+    Pintura</i>: &quot;What can be more foreign from the respect which we owe
+    to the purity of Our Lady the Virgin than to paint her sitting
+    down with one of her knees placed over the other, and often with
+    her sacred feet uncovered and naked. Let thanks be given to the
+    Holy Inquisition which commands that this liberty should be
+    corrected!&quot; It was Pacheco's duty in Seville to see that these
+    commands were obeyed. At the court of Philip IV. at this time the
+    princesses never showed their feet, as we may see in the pictures
+    of Velasquez. When a local manufacturer desired to present that
+    monarch's second bride, Mariana of Austria, with some silk
+    stockings the offer was indignantly rejected by the Court
+    Chamberlain: &quot;The Queen of Spain has no legs!&quot; Philip V.'s, queen
+    was thrown from her horse and dragged by the feet; no one
+    ventured to interfere until two gentlemen bravely rescued her and
+    then fled, dreading punishment by the king: they were, however,
+    graciously pardoned. Reinach (&quot;Pieds Pudiques,&quot; <i>Cultes, Mythes
+    et Religions</i>, pp. 105-110) brings together several passages from
+    the Countess D'Aulnoy's account of the Madrid Court in the
+    seventeenth century and from other sources, showing how careful
+    Spanish ladies were as regards their feet, and how jealous
+    Spanish husbands were in this matter. At this time, when Spanish
+    influence was considerable, the fashion of Spain seems to have
+    spread to other countries. One may note that in Vandyck's
+    pictures of English beauties the feet are not visible, though in
+    the more characteristically English painters of a somewhat later
+    age it became usual to display them conspicuously, while the
+    French custom in this matter is the farthest removed from the
+    Spanish. At the present day a well-bred Spanish woman shows as
+    little as possible of her feet in walking, and even in some of
+    the most characteristic Spanish dances there is little or no
+    kicking, and the feet may even be invisible throughout. It is
+    noteworthy that in numerous figures of Spanish women (probably
+    artists' models) reproduced in Ploss's <i>Das Weib</i> the stockings
+    are worn, although the women are otherwise, in most cases, quite
+    naked. Max Dessoir mentions (&quot;Psychologie der Vita Sexualis,&quot;
+    <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Psychiatrie</i>, 1894, p. 954) that in Spanish
+    pornographic photographs women always have their shoes on, and he
+    considers this an indication of perversity. I have seen the
+    statement (attributed to Gautier's <i>Voyage en Espagne</i>, where,
+    however, it does not occur) that Spanish prostitutes uncover
+    their feet in sign of assent, and Madame d'Aulnoy stated that in
+    her time to show her lover her feet was a Spanish woman's final
+    favor.</p></div><a name='5_Page_27'></a>
+
+<p>The tendency, which we thus find to be normal at some earlier periods of
+civilization, to insist on the sexual symbolism of the feminine foot or
+its coverings, and to regard them as a special sexual fascination, is not
+without significance for the interpretation of the sporadic manifestations
+of foot-fetichism among ourselves. Eccentric as foot-fetichism may appear
+to us, it is simply the re-emergence, by a pseudo-atavism or arrest of
+development, of a mental or emotional impulse which was probably
+experienced by our forefathers, and is often traceable among young
+children to-day.<a name='5_FNanchor_19'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_19'><sup>[19]</sup></a> The occasional reappearance of this bygone impulse
+and the stability which it may acquire are thus conditioned by the
+sensitive reaction of an abnormally nervous and usually precocious
+organism to influences which, among the average and ordinary population of
+Europe to-day, are either never felt, or quickly outgrown, or very
+strictly subordinated in the highly complex crystallizations which the
+course of love and the process of tumescence create within us.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It may be added that this is by no means true of foot-fetichism
+    only. In some other fetichisms a seemingly congenital
+    predisposition is even more marked. This is not only the case as
+    regards hair-fetichism and fur-fetichism (see, <i>e.g.</i>,
+    Krafft-Ebing, <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, English translation of
+    tenth edition, pp. 233, 255, 262). In many cases of fetichisms of
+    all kinds not only is there no record of any commencement in a
+    definite episode (an absence which may be accounted for by the
+    supposition that the original incident has been forgotten), but
+    it would seem in some cases that the fetichism developed very
+    slowly.</p></div>
+
+<p>In this sense, it will be seen, although it is hazardous to speak of
+foot-fetichism as strictly an atavism, it may certainly be said to arise
+on a congenital basis. It represents the rare development of an inborn
+germ, usually latent among ourselves, which in earlier stages of
+civilization frequently reached a normal and general fruition.</p>
+<a name='5_Page_28'></a>
+<p>It is of interest to emphasize this congenital element of foot symbolism,
+because more than any other forms of sexual perversion the fetichisms are
+those which are most vaguely conditioned by inborn states of the organism
+and most definitely aroused by seemingly accidental associations or shocks
+in early life. Inversion is sometimes so fundamentally ingrained in the
+individual's constitution that it arises and develops in spite of the very
+strongest influence in a contrary direction. But a fetichism, while it
+tends to occur in sensitive, nervous, timid, precocious individuals&mdash;that
+is to say, individuals of more or less neuropathic heredity&mdash;can usually,
+though not always, be traced to a definite starting point in the shock of
+some sexually emotional episode in early life.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A few examples of the influences of such association may here be
+    given, referring miscellaneously to various forms of erotic
+    symbolism. Magnan has recorded the case of a hair-fetichist,
+    living in a district where the women wore their hair done up, who
+    at the age of 15 experienced pleasurable feelings with erection
+    at the sight of a village beauty combing her hair; from that time
+    flowing hair became his fetich, and he could not resist the
+    temptation to touch it and if possible sever it, thus becoming a
+    hair-despoiler, for which he was arrested but not sentenced.
+    (<i>Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, vol. v, No. 28.)</p>
+
+<p>    I have elsewhere recorded the history of a boy of 14, having
+    already had imperfect connection with a grown-up woman, who
+    associated much with a young married lady; he had no sexual
+    relations with her, but one day she urinated in his presence, and
+    he saw that her mons veneris was covered by very thick hair; from
+    that time he worshiped this woman in secret and acquired a
+    life-long fetichistic attraction to women whose pubic hair was
+    similarly abundant (<i>Studies in the Psychology of Sex</i>, vol. iii,
+    Appendix B, History V).</p>
+
+<p>    Roubaud reported the case of a general's son, sexually initiated
+    at the age of 14 by a blonde young lady of 21 who, in order to
+    avoid detection, always retained her clothing: gaiters, a corset
+    and a silk dress; when the boy's studies were completed and he
+    was sent to a garrison where he could enjoy freedom he found that
+    his sexual desires could only be aroused by blonde women dressed
+    like the lady who had first aroused his sexual desires;
+    consequently he gave up all thoughts of matrimony, as a woman in
+    nightclothes produced impotence (<i>Trait&eacute; de l'Impuissance</i>, p.
+    439). Krafft-Ebing records the somewhat similar case of a nervous
+    Polish boy of old family seduced at the age of 17 by a French
+    governess, who during several months practiced mutual
+    masturbation <a name='5_Page_29'></a>with him; in this way his attention became
+    attracted by her very elegant boots, and in the end he became a
+    confirmed boot-fetichist (<i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, English
+    translation, p. 249).</p>
+
+<p>    A boy of 7, of bad heredity, was taught to masturbate by a
+    servant girl; on one occasion she practiced this on him with her
+    foot without taking off her shoe; it was the first time the
+    man&oelig;uvre gave him any pleasure, and an association was
+    thus established which led to shoe-fetichism (Hammond, <i>Sexual
+    Impotence</i>, p. 44). A government official whose first coitus in
+    youth took place on a staircase; the sound of his partner's
+    creaking shoes against the stairs, produced by her efforts to
+    accelerate orgasm, formed an association which developed into an
+    auditory shoe-fetichism; in the streets he was compelled to
+    follow ladies whose shoes creaked, ejaculation being thus
+    produced, while to obtain complete satisfaction he would make a
+    prostitute, otherwise naked, sit in front of him in her shoes,
+    moving her feet so that the shoes creaked. (Moraglia, <i>Archivio
+    di Psichiatria</i>, vol. xiii, p. 568.)</p>
+
+<p>    Bechterew, in St. Petersburg, has recorded the case of a man who
+    when a child used to fall asleep at the knees of his nurse with
+    his head buried in the folds of her apron; in this position he
+    first experienced erection and voluptuous sensations; when a
+    youth he had no attraction to naked women, and in real life and
+    in dreams was only excited sexually under conditions recalling
+    his early experience; in his relations with women he preferred
+    them dressed, and was excited by the rustling sound of their
+    skirts; in this case there was no traceable neuropathic taint nor
+    any other personal peculiarity. (Summarized in <i>Journal de
+    Psychologie Normale et Pathologique</i>, January-February, 1904, p.
+    72.)</p>
+
+<p>    In a curious case recorded in detail by Moll, a philologist of
+    sensitive temperament but sound heredity, who had always been
+    fond of flowers, at the age of 21 became engaged to a young lady
+    who wore large roses fastened in her jacket; from this time roses
+    became to him a sexual fetich, to kiss them caused erection, and
+    his erotic dreams were accompanied by visions of roses and the
+    hallucination of their odor; the engagement was finally broken
+    off and the rose-fetichism disappeared (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber
+    Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p. 540).</p></div>
+
+<p>Such associations may naturally occur in the early experiences of even the
+most normal persons. The degree to which they will influence the
+subsequent life and thought and feeling depends on the degree of the
+individual's morbid emotional receptivity, on the extent to which he is
+hereditarily susceptible of abnormal deviation. Precocity is undoubtedly a
+condition which favors such deviation; a child who is precociously and
+<a name='5_Page_30'></a>abnormally sensitive to persons of the opposite sex before puberty has
+established the normal channels of sexual desire, is peculiarly liable to
+become the prey of a chance symbolism. All degrees of such symbolism are
+possible. While the average insensitive person may fail to perceive them
+at all, for the more alert and imaginative lover they are a fascinating
+part of the highly charged crystallization of passion. A more nervously
+exceptional person, when once such a symbolism has become firmly
+implanted, may find it an absolutely essential element in the charm of a
+beloved and charming person. Finally, for the individual who is thoroughly
+unsound the symbol becomes generalized; a person is no longer desired at
+all, being merely regarded as an appendage of the symbol, or being
+dispensed with altogether; the symbol is alone desired, and is fully
+adequate to impart by itself complete sexual gratification. While it must
+be considered a morbid state to demand a symbol as an almost essential
+part of the charm of a desired person, it is only in the final condition,
+in which the symbol becomes all-sufficing, that we have a true and
+complete perversion. In the less complete forms of symbolism it is still
+the woman who is desired, and the ends of procreation may be served; when
+the woman is ignored and the mere symbol is an adequate and even preferred
+stimulus to detumescence the pathological condition becomes complete.</p>
+
+<p>Krafft-Ebing regarded shoe-fetichism as, in large measure, a more or less
+latent form of masochism, the foot or the shoe being the symbol of the
+subjection and humiliation which the masochist feels in the presence of
+the beloved object. Moll is also inclined to accept such a connection.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;The very numerous class of boot-and-shoe-fetichists,&quot;
+    Krafft-Ebing wrote, &quot;forms the transition to the manifestations
+    of another independent perversion, <i>i.e.</i>, fetichism itself; but
+    it stands in closer relationship to the former.... It is highly
+    probable, and shown by a correct classification of the observed
+    cases, that the majority, and perhaps all of the cases of
+    shoe-fetichism, rest upon a basis of more or less conscious
+    masochistic desire for self-humiliation.... The majority <a name='5_Page_31'></a>or all
+    may be looked upon as instances of latent masochism (the motive
+    remaining unconscious) in which the <i>female foot or shoe, as the
+    masochist's fetich</i>, has acquired an independent significance.&quot;
+    (<i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, English translation of tenth edition,
+    pp. 159, <i>et seq.</i>) &quot;Though Krafft-Ebing may not have cleared up
+    the whole matter,&quot; Moll remarks, &quot;I regard his deductions
+    concerning the connection of foot-and-shoe fetichism to masochism
+    as the most important progress that has been made in the
+    theoretic study of sexual perversions.... In any case, the
+    connection is very frequent.&quot; (<i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third
+    edition, p. 306.)</p></div>
+
+<p>It is quite easy to see that this supposed identity of masochism and
+foot-fetichism forms a seductive theory. It is also undoubtedly true that
+a masochist may very easily be inclined to find in his mistress's foot an
+aid to the ecstatic self-abnegation which he desires to attain.<a name='5_FNanchor_20'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_20'><sup>[20]</sup></a> But
+only confusion is attained by any general attempt to amalgamate masochism
+and foot-fetichism. In the broad sense in which erotic symbolism is here
+understood, both masochism and foot-fetichism may be co&ouml;rdinated as
+symbolisms; for the masochist his self-humiliating impulses are the symbol
+of ecstatic adoration; for the foot-fetichist his mistress's foot or shoe
+is the concentrated symbol of all that is most beautiful and elegant and
+feminine in her personality. But if in this sense they are co&ouml;rdinated,
+they remain entirely distinct and have not even any necessary tendency to
+become merged. Masochism merely simulates foot-fetichism; for the
+masochist the boot is not strictly a symbol, it is only an instrument
+which enables him to carry out his impulse; the true sexual symbol for him
+is not the boot, but the emotion of self-subjection. For the
+foot-fetichist, on the other hand, the foot or the shoe is not a mere
+instrument, but a true symbol; the focus of his worship, an idealized
+object which he is content to contemplate or reverently touch. He has no
+necessary impulse to any self-degrading action, nor any constant emotion
+of subjection.<a name='5_Page_32'></a> It may be noted that in the very typical case of
+foot-fetichism which is presented to us in the person of Restif de la
+Bretonne (<i>ante</i>, p. 18), he repeatedly speaks of &quot;subjecting&quot; the woman
+for whom he feels this fetichistic adoration, and mentions that even when
+still a child he especially admired a delicate and fairy-like girl in this
+respect because she seemed to him easier to subjugate. Throughout life
+Restif's attitude toward women was active and masculine, without the
+slightest trace of masochism.<a name='5_FNanchor_21'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_21'><sup>[21]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>To suppose that a fetichistic admiration of his mistress's foot is due to
+a lover's latent desire to be kicked, is as unreasonable as it would be to
+suppose that a fetichistic admiration for her hand indicated a latent
+desire to have his ears boxed. In determining whether we are concerned
+with a case of foot-fetichism or of masochism we must take into
+consideration the whole of the subject's mental and emotional attitude. An
+act, however definite, will not suffice as a criterion, for the same act
+in different persons may have altogether different implications. To
+amalgamate the two is the result of inadequate psychological analysis and
+only leads to confusion.</p>
+
+<p>It is, however, often very difficult to decide whether we are dealing with
+a case which is predominantly one of masochism or of foot-fetichism. The
+nature of the action desired, as we have seen, will not suffice to
+determine the psychological character of the perversion. Krafft-Ebing
+believed that the desire to be trodden on, very frequently experienced by
+masochists, is absolutely symptomatic of masochism.<a name='5_FNanchor_22'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_22'><sup>[22]</sup></a> This is scarcely
+the case. The desire to be trodden on may be fundamentally an <a name='5_Page_33'></a>erotic
+symbolism, closely approaching foot-fetichism, and such slight indications
+of masochism as appear may be merely a parasitic growth on the symbolism,
+a growth perhaps more suggested by the circumstances involved in the
+gratification of the abnormal desire than inherent in the innate impulse
+of the subject. This may be illustrated by the interesting case of a very
+intelligent man with whom I am well acquainted.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>C. P., aged 38. Heredity good. Parents both healthy and normal.
+    Several children of the marriage, all sexually normal so far as
+    is known. C. P. is the youngest of the family and separated from
+    the others by an interval of many years. He was a seven-months'
+    child. He has always enjoyed good health and is active and
+    vigorous, both mentally and physically.</p>
+
+<p>    From the age of 9 or 10 to 14 he masturbated occasionally for the
+    sake of physical relief, having discovered the act for himself.
+    He was, however, quite innocent and knew nothing of sexual
+    matters, never having been initiated either by servants or by
+    other boys.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I encounter a woman who very strongly attracts me and whom
+    I very greatly admire,&quot; he writes, &quot;my desire is never that I may
+    have sexual connection with her in the ordinary sense, but that I
+    may lie down upon the floor on my back and be trampled upon by
+    her. This curious desire is seldom present unless the object of
+    my admiration is really a lady, and of fine proportions. She must
+    be richly dressed&mdash;preferably in an evening gown, and wear dainty
+    high-heeled slippers, either quite open so as to show the curve
+    of the instep, or with only one strap or 'bar' across. The skirts
+    should be raised sufficiently to afford me the pleasure of seeing
+    her feet and a liberal amount of ankle, but in no case above the
+    knee, or the effect is greatly reduced. Although I often greatly
+    admire a woman's intellect and even person, sexually no other
+    part of her has any serious attraction for me except the leg,
+    from the knee downwards, and the foot, and these must be
+    exquisitely clothed. Given this condition, my desire amounts to a
+    wish to gratify my sexual sense by contact with the (to me)
+    attractive part of the woman. Comparatively few women have a leg
+    or foot sufficiently beautiful to my mind to excite any serious
+    or compelling desire, but when this is so, or I suspect it, I am
+    willing to spend any time or trouble to get her to tread upon me
+    and am anxious to be trampled on with the greatest severity.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The treading should be inflicted for a few minutes all over the
+    chest, abdomen and groin, and lastly on the penis, which is, of
+    course, lying along the belly in a violent state of erection, and
+    consequently too hard for the treading to damage it. I also enjoy
+    being nearly strangled by a woman's foot.</p><a name='5_Page_34'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;If the lady finally stands facing my head and places her slipper
+    upon my penis so that the high heel falls about where the penis
+    leaves the scrotum, the sole covering most of the rest of it and
+    with the other foot upon the abdomen, into which I can <i>see</i> as
+    well as feel it sink as she shifts her weight from one foot to
+    the other, orgasm takes place almost at once. Emission under
+    these conditions is to me an agony of delight, during which
+    practically the lady's whole weight should rest upon the penis.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;One reason for my special pleasure in this method seems to be
+    that first the heel and afterwards the sole of the slipper as it
+    treads upon the penis greatly check the passage of the semen and
+    consequently the pleasure is considerably prolonged. There is
+    also a curious mental side to the affair. I love to imagine that
+    the lady who is treading upon me is my mistress and I her slave,
+    and that she is doing it to punish me for some fault, or to give
+    <i>herself</i> (not me) pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It follows that the greater the contempt and severity with which
+    I am 'punished,' the greater becomes my pleasure. The idea of
+    'punishment' or 'slavery' is seldom aroused except when I have
+    great difficulty in accomplishing my desire and the treader is
+    more than usually handsome and heavy and the trampling
+    mercilessly inflicted. I have been trampled so long and so
+    mercilessly several times, that I have flinched each time the
+    slipper pressed its way into my aching body and have been black
+    and blue for days afterwards. I take the greatest interest in
+    leading ladies on to do this for me where I think I will not
+    offend, and have been surprisingly successful. I must have lain
+    beneath the feet of quite a hundred women, many of them of good
+    social position, who would never dream of permitting any ordinary
+    sexual intercourse, but who have been so interested or amused by
+    the idea as to do it for me&mdash;many of them over and over again. It
+    is perhaps needless to say that none of my own or the ladies'
+    clothing is ever removed, or disarranged, for the accomplishment
+    of orgasm in this manner. After a long and varied experience, I
+    may say that my favorite weight is 10 to 11 stone, and that
+    black, very high-heeled slippers, in combination with tan silk
+    stockings, seem to give me the greatest pleasure and create in me
+    the strongest desires.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Boots, or outdoor shoes, do not attract me to anything like the
+    same degree, although I have, upon several occasions, enjoyed
+    myself fairly well by their use. Nude women repel me, and I find
+    no pleasure in seeing a woman in tights. I am not averse to
+    normal sexual connection and occasionally employ it. To me,
+    however, the pleasure is far inferior to that of being trampled
+    upon. I also derive keen pleasure&mdash;and usually have a strong
+    erection&mdash;from seeing a woman, dressed as I have described, tread
+    upon anything which yields under her foot&mdash;such as the seat of a
+    carriage, the cushions of a punt, a footstool, etc., and I enjoy
+    seeing her crush flowers by treading upon them. I have often
+    <a name='5_Page_35'></a>strolled along in the wake of some handsome lady at a picnic or
+    garden party, for the pleasure of seeing the grass upon which she
+    has trodden rise slowly again after her foot has pressed it. I
+    delight also to see a carriage sway as a woman leaves or enters
+    it&mdash;anything which needs the pressure of the foot.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;To pass now to the origin of this direction of my feelings.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Even in early childhood I admired pretty feminine foot-gear, and
+    in the contemplation of it experienced vague sensations which I
+    now recognize as sexual. When a lad of 14 or so, I stayed a good
+    deal at the house of some intimate friends of my parents, the
+    daughter of the house&mdash;an only child&mdash;a beautiful and powerful
+    girl, about six years my senior, being my special chum. This girl
+    was always daintily dressed, and having most lovely feet and
+    ankles not unnaturally knew it. Whenever possible she dressed so
+    as to show off their beauty to the best advantage&mdash;rather short
+    skirts and usually little high-heeled slippers&mdash;and was not
+    averse to showing them in a most distractingly coquettish manner.
+    She seemed to have a passion for treading upon things which would
+    scrunch or yield under her foot, such as flowers, little
+    windfallen apples and pears, acorns, etc., or heaps of hay, straw
+    or cut grass. As we wandered about the gardens&mdash;for we were left
+    to do exactly as we liked&mdash;I got quite accustomed to seeing her
+    hunt out and tread upon such things, and used to chaff her about
+    it. At that time I was&mdash;as I am still&mdash;fond of lying at full
+    length on a thick hearthrug before a good fire. One evening as I
+    was lying in this way and we were alone, A. crossed the room to
+    reach a bangle from the mantelpiece. Instead of reaching over me,
+    she playfully stepped upon my body, saying that she would show me
+    how the hay and straw felt. Naturally I fell in with the joke and
+    laughed. After standing upon me a few moments she raised her
+    skirt slightly and, holding on to the mantelpiece for support,
+    stretched out one dainty foot in its brown silk stocking and
+    high-heeled slipper to the blaze to warm, while looking down and
+    laughing at my scarlet, excited face. She was a perfectly frank
+    and charming girl, and I feel pretty certain that, although she
+    evidently enjoyed my excitement and the feeling of my body
+    yielding under her feet, she did not on this first occasion
+    clearly understand my condition; nor can I remember that, though
+    the desire for sexual gratification drove me nearly mad, it
+    appeared to awaken in her any reciprocal feeling. I took hold of
+    her raised foot and, after kissing it, guided it by an absolutely
+    irresistible impulse on to my penis, which was as hard as wood
+    and seemed almost bursting. Almost at the moment that her weight
+    was thrown upon it, orgasm took place for the first time in my
+    life thoroughly and effectively. No description can give any idea
+    of what I felt&mdash;I only know that from that moment my distorted
+    sexual focus was fixed forever. Numberless times, after that
+    evening, I felt the weight of her dainty slippers, and nothing
+    will ever <a name='5_Page_36'></a>cause the memory of the pleasure she thus gave me to
+    fade. I know that A. came to enjoy treading upon me, as much as I
+    enjoyed having her do it. She had a liberal dress allowance and,
+    seeing the pleasure they gave me, she was always buying pretty
+    stockings and ravishing slippers with the highest and most
+    slender Louis heels she could find and would show them to me with
+    the greatest glee, urging me to lie down that she might try them
+    on me. She confessed that she loved to see and feel them sink
+    into my body as she trod upon me and enjoyed the crunch of the
+    muscles under her heel as she moved about. After some minutes of
+    this, I always guided her slipper on to my penis, and she would
+    tread carefully, but with her whole weight&mdash;probably about 9
+    stone&mdash;and watch me with flashing eyes, flushed cheeks, and
+    quivering lips, as she felt&mdash;as she must have done plainly&mdash;the
+    throbbing and swelling of my penis under her foot as emission
+    took place. I have not the smallest doubt that orgasm took place
+    simultaneously with her, though we never at any time spoke openly
+    of it. This went on for several years on almost every favorable
+    opportunity we had, and after a month or two of separation
+    sometimes four or five times during a single day. Several times
+    during A.'s absence I masturbated by getting her slipper and
+    pressing it with all my strength against the penis while
+    imagining that she was treading upon me. The pleasure was, of
+    course, very inferior to her attentions. There was never at any
+    time between us any question of normal sexual intercourse, and we
+    were both well content to let things drift as they were.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;A little after 20 I went abroad, and on my return about three
+    years later I found her married. Although we met often, the
+    subject was never alluded to, though we remained firm friends. I
+    confess I often, when I could do so without being seen, looked
+    longingly at her feet and would have gladly accepted the pleasure
+    she could have given me by an occasional resumption of our
+    strange practice&mdash;but it never came.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I went abroad again, and now neither she nor her husband are
+    alive and leave no issue. From time to time I have had occasional
+    relations with prostitutes, but always in this manner, though I
+    much prefer to find some lady of or above my own social position
+    who will do the treading for me. This is, however, interestingly
+    difficult.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Out of say a hundred women (which at home and abroad is what I
+    should estimate must have stood upon my body) I should say quite
+    80 or 85 were <i>not</i> prostitutes. Certainly not more than 10 to 12
+    shared any <i>sexual</i> excitement, but while they were evidently
+    excited they were not gratified. A. alone, so far as I know, had
+    complete sexual satisfaction of it. I have never asked a woman in
+    so many words to tread upon me for the purpose of gratifying my
+    sexual desires (prostitutes excepted), but have always tempted
+    them to do it in a jocular or teasing manner, and it is very
+    doubtful if more than a few (married) women <a name='5_Page_37'></a>really understood,
+    even after they had given me the extreme pleasure, that they had
+    done so, because any flushing and movement on my part under their
+    feet was not unnaturally put down to the trampling to which they
+    were subjecting me, and it was easy for me to guide the foot as
+    often as was necessary on to the penis till orgasm took place,
+    and even to keep it there by laying hold of the other one to kiss
+    it or on some other pretext during emission. Of course many
+    understood after once doing it (most have done it only once) what
+    I was at, and, although they did not ever discuss it nor did I,
+    they were not unwilling to give me as many treadings as I cared
+    to playfully suggest. I don't think they got any pleasure
+    sexually out of it themselves, though they could see plainly that
+    I did, and they did not object to give it me. I have spent as
+    long as twelve months with some women working gradually nearer
+    and nearer to my desire&mdash;often getting what I want in the end,
+    but more often failing. I <i>never</i> risk it till I am certain it
+    would be safe to ask it, and have never had a serious rebuff. In
+    very many cases I should say the doing of what I want has simply
+    been regarded by the woman as gratifying a silly and perhaps
+    amusing whim, in which, beyond the novelty of treading on a man's
+    body, she has taken but little interest.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;As in normal seduction, the endeavor to win the woman over to do
+    what I want without arousing her antagonism is a great part of
+    the charm to me, and naturally the better her social position the
+    more difficult this becomes&mdash;and the more attractive. I have
+    found that in three instances prostitutes have performed the same
+    office for other men and knew all about it. It is not
+    uninteresting to note that these three women were all of fine,
+    massive build&mdash;one standing about 5 feet 10 inches and weighing
+    nearly 14 stone&mdash;but with comparatively uninteresting faces. The
+    weight, build and clothing count for a good deal in exciting me.
+    I find that a sudden check to a man at the supreme moment of
+    sexual pleasure tends to heighten and prolong the pleasure. My
+    physical satisfaction is due to the fact that by getting the lady
+    to stand with all her weight upon my penis (as it lies between
+    her foot and the soft bed of my own body into which it is deeply
+    pressed) the act of emission is enormously prolonged, with
+    corresponding enjoyment. For this reason also I prefer a very
+    high-heeled slipper. The seminal fluid has to be forced past two
+    separate obstacles&mdash;the pressure of the heel close at the root of
+    the penis and afterwards the ball of the foot which compresses
+    the outer half, leaving a free portion between them under the
+    arched sole of the slipper. I may add that the pleasure is
+    greatly increased by the retention of the urine, and I always try
+    to retain as much water as I dare. I have an unconquerable
+    aversion to red in slippers or stockings; it will even cause
+    impotence. Why, I know not. Strange as it may seem, although pain
+    and bruising are often inflicted <a name='5_Page_38'></a>by a severe treading, I have
+    never been in any way injured by the practice, and my pleasure in
+    it seems not to diminish by constant repetition. The comparative
+    difficulty of obtaining the pleasure from just the woman I want
+    has a never-ending, if inexplicable, charm for me.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It will be observed that in this case special importance is
+    attached to shoes with high heels, and the subject considers that
+    the pressure of such shoes is for mechanical reasons most
+    favorable for procuring ejaculation. Nearly all heterosexual
+    shoe-fetichists seem, however, to be equally attracted by high
+    heels. Restif de la Bretonne frequently referred to this point,
+    and he gave a number of reasons for the attractiveness of high
+    heels: (1) They are unlike men's boots and, therefore, have a
+    sexual fascination; (2) they make the leg and foot look more
+    charming; (3) they give a less bold and more sylph-like character
+    to the walk; (4) they keep the feet clean. (Restif de la
+    Bretonne, <i>Nuits de Paris</i>, vol. v, quoted in Preface to his <i>Mes
+    Inscriptions</i>, p. ciii.) It is doubtless the first reason&mdash;the
+    fact that high heels are a kind of secondary sexual
+    character&mdash;which is most generally potent in this attraction.</p></div>
+
+<p>The foregoing history, while it very distinctly brings before us a case of
+erotic symbolism, is not strictly an example of shoe-fetichism. The
+symbolism is more complex. The focus of beauty in a desirable woman is
+transferred and concentrated in the region below the knee; in that sense
+we have foot-fetichism. But the act of coitus itself is also symbolically
+transferred. Not only has the foot become the symbol of the vulva, but
+trampling has become the symbol of coitus; intercourse takes place
+symbolically <i>per pedem</i>. It is a result of this symbolization of the foot
+and of trampling that all acts of treading take on a new and symbolical
+sexual charm. The element of masochism&mdash;of pleasure in being a woman's
+slave&mdash;is a parasitic growth; that is to say, it is not founded in the
+subject's constitution, but chances to have found a favorable soil in the
+special circumstances under which his sexual life developed. It is not
+primary, but secondary, and remains an unimportant and merely occasional
+element.</p>
+
+<p>It may be instructive to bring forward for comparison a case in which also
+we have a symbolism involving boot-fetichism, but extending beyond it. In
+this case there is a basis of inversion (as is not infrequent in erotic
+symbolisms), but from the present point of view the psychological
+significance of the case remains the same.</p><a name='5_Page_39'></a>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A. N., aged 29, unmarried, healthy, though not robust, and without
+    any known hereditary taint. Has followed various avocations
+    without taking great interest in them, but has shown some
+    literary ability.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I am an Englishman,&quot; his own narrative runs, &quot;the third of three
+    children. At my birth my father was 41 and my mother 34. My
+    mother died of cancer when I was 15. My father is still alive, a
+    reserved man, who still nurses his sorrow for his wife's death. I
+    have no reason to believe my parents anything but normal and
+    useful members of society. My sister is normal and happily
+    married. My brother I have reason to believe to be an invert.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;A horoscope cast for me describes me in a way I think correct,
+    and so do my friends: 'A mild, obliging, gentle, amiable person,
+    with many fine traits of character; timid in nature, fond of
+    society, loving peace and quietude, delighting in warm and close
+    friendships. There is much that is firm, steadfast and
+    industrious, some self-love, a good deal of diplomacy, a little
+    that is subtle, or what is called finesse. You are reserved with
+    those you dislike. There is a serious and sad side to your
+    character; you are very thoughtful and contemplative when in
+    these moods. But you are not pessimistic. You have superior
+    abilities, for they are intuitively intellectual. There is a cold
+    reticence which restrains generous impulses and which inclines to
+    acquisitiveness; it will make you deliberate, inventive, adding
+    self-esteem, some vanity.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;At an early age I was left much alone in the nursery and there
+    contracted the habit of masturbation long before the age of
+    puberty. I use the word 'masturbation' for want of a better,
+    though it may not quite describe my case. I have never used my
+    hand to the penis. As far back as I can remember I have had what
+    a Frenchman has described as 'le fetichisme de la chaussure,' and
+    in those early days, before I was 6 years old, I would put on my
+    father's boots, taken from a cupboard at hand, and then tying or
+    strapping my legs together would produce an erection, and all the
+    pleasurable feelings experienced, I suppose, by means of
+    masturbation. I always did this secretly, but couldn't tell why.
+    I continued this practice on and off all my boyhood and youth.
+    When I discovered the first emission I was much surprised. I
+    always did this thing without loosening my trousers. As to how
+    these feelings arose I am totally unable to say. I can't remember
+    being without such feelings, and they seem to me perfectly
+    normal. The sight, or even thought, of high boots, or leggings,
+    especially if well polished or in patent leather, would set all
+    my sexual passions aflame, and does yet. As a boy my great desire
+    was to wear these things. A soldier in boots and spurs, a groom
+    in tops, or even an errand-boy in patent leather leggings,
+    fascinated me, and to this day, despite reason and everything
+    else. The sight of such things produced an erection. An emission
+    I could always produce by tightly tying my legs together, but
+    only when wearing boots, and preferably leggings, which when I
+    had pocket money<a name='5_Page_40'></a> I bought for this purpose. (At the present
+    moment I have five pairs in the house and two pairs of high
+    boots, quite unjustified by ordinary use.) This habit I lapse
+    into yet at times. The smell of leather affects me, but I never
+    know how far this may be due to association with boots; the smell
+    suggests the image. Restraint by a leather strap is more exciting
+    than by cords. Erotic dreams always take the form of restraint on
+    the limbs when booted.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Uniforms and liveries have a great temptation for me, but only
+    when of a tight-fitting nature and smart, as soldiers', grooms',
+    etc., but not sailors'; most powerfully when the person is in
+    boots or leggings and breeches.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I was a quiet, sensitive boy, taking no part in games or sports.
+    Have always been indifferent to them. I made few friends, but
+    didn't want them. The craving for friendship came much later,
+    after I was 21. I was a day boy at a private school, and never
+    had any conversation with any boy on sexual matters, though I was
+    dimly aware of much 'nastiness' about the school. I knew nothing
+    of sodomy. But all these things were repulsive to me,
+    notwithstanding my secret practices. I was a 'good boy.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Up to the age of 21 I was perfectly satisfied with my own
+    society, something of a prig, fond of books and reading, etc. I
+    was and ever have been absolutely insensible to the influence of
+    the other sex. I am not a woman hater, and take intellectual
+    pleasure in the society of certain ladies, but they are nearly
+    all much older than myself. I have a strong repulsion from sexual
+    relations with women. I should not mind being married for the
+    sake of companionship and for the sake of having boys of my own.
+    But the sexual act would frighten me. I could not in my present
+    frame of mind go to bed with a woman. Yet I feel an immense envy
+    of my married friends in that they are able to give out, and find
+    satisfaction for, their affection in a way that is quite
+    impossible for me. I picture certain boys in the place of the
+    wife.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I am now only happy in the society of men younger than myself,
+    age 17 to (say) 23 or 24, youths with smooth faces, or first sign
+    of hair on lip, well groomed, slightly effeminate in feature, of
+    sympathetic, perhaps weak nature. I feel I want to help them, do
+    something for them, devote myself entirely to their welfare.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;With such there is no fixed line between friendship and love. I
+    yearn for intimacy with particular friends, but never dare
+    express it. I find so many people object to any strong expression
+    of feeling that I dare not run the risk of appearing ridiculous
+    in the eyes of these desired intimates.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have no desire for <i>p&aelig;dicatio</i>, but the idea itself does not
+    repulse me or seem unnatural, though personally it repels me a
+    little. But I think this to be mere prejudice on my part, which
+    might be broken <a name='5_Page_41'></a>down if the loved person showed a willingness to
+    act a passive part. I should never dare to make an advance,
+    however.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I am restrained by moral and religious considerations from
+    making my real feelings known, and I feel I should sink in my own
+    estimation if I gave way, though my natural desire is to do so.
+    In the face of opportunities (not I mean of <i>p&aelig;dicatio</i>, but of
+    expression of excessive affection, etc.), or what might be such,
+    I always fail to speak lest I should forfeit the esteem of the
+    other person. I have a feeling of surprise when any one I like
+    evinces a liking for me. I feel that those I love are
+    immeasurably my superiors, though my reason may tell me it is not
+    so. I would grovel at their feet, do anything to win a smile from
+    them, or to make them give me their company.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Ordinary bodily contact with the boy I love gives me most
+    exquisite pleasure, and I never lose an opportunity of bringing
+    such contact about when it can be done naturally. I feel an
+    immense desire to embrace, kiss, squeeze, etc., the person, to
+    generally maul him, and say nice things&mdash;the kind of things a man
+    usually says to a woman. A handshake, the mere presence of the
+    person, makes me happy and content.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I can say with the Albanian: 'If I find myself in the presence
+    of the beloved, I rest absorbed in gazing on him. Absent, I think
+    of nought but him. If the beloved unexpectedly appears I fall
+    into confusion. My heart beats faster. I have eyes and ears only
+    for the beloved.'</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I feel that my capacity of affection is finer and more spiritual
+    than that which commonly subsists between persons of different
+    sexes. And so, while trying to fight my instincts by religion, I
+    find my natural feeling to be part of my religion, and its
+    highest expression. In this sense I can speak from experience in
+    my own case, and more especially in that of my brother, that what
+    you have said about philanthropic activity resulting from
+    repressed homosexuality is very true indeed. I can say with one
+    of your female cases: 'Love is to me a religion. The very nature
+    of my affection for my friends precludes the possibility of any
+    element entering into it which is not absolutely pure and
+    sacred.' I am, however, madly jealous. I want entire possession,
+    and I can't bear for a moment that any one I do not care for
+    should know the person I love.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I am never attracted by men older than myself. The youths who
+    attract me may be of any class, though preferably, I think, of a
+    class a little lower than myself. I am not quite sure of this,
+    however, as circumstances may have contributed more than
+    deliberate choice to bring certain youths under my notice. Those
+    who have exercised the most powerful influence on me have been an
+    Oxford undergraduate, a barber's assistant, and a plumber's
+    apprentice. Though naturally fond of intellectual society, I do
+    not ask for intellect in those I love. It goes for nothing. I
+    always prefer their company to that of the most educated persons.
+    This preference has alienated me to some extent from more refined
+    and educated circles that formerly I was intimate with.</p><a name='5_Page_42'></a>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have been led entirely out of my old habits by association
+    with younger friends, and now do things which before I should
+    never have dreamed of doing. My thoughts now are always with
+    certain youths, and if they speak of leaving the town, or in any
+    way talk of a future that I cannot share, I suffer horrid
+    sinkings of the heart and depression of spirits.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>This case, while it concerns a person of quite different temperament, with
+a more innate predisposition to specific perversions, is yet in many
+respects analogous to the previous case. There is boot-fetichism; nothing
+is felt to be so attractive as the foot-gear, and there is also at the
+same time more than this; there is the attraction of repression and
+constraint developed into a sexual symbol. In C. P.'s case that symbolism
+arises from the experience of an abnormal heterosexual relationship; in
+A. N.'s case it is founded on auto-erotic experiences associated with
+inversion; in both alike the entire symbolism has become diffused and
+generalized.</p>
+
+<p>In the two cases just brought forward we have an erotic symbolism of act
+founded on, and closely associated with, an erotic symbolism of object. It
+may be instructive to bring forward another case in which no fetichistic
+feeling toward an object can be traced, but an erotic symbolism still
+clearly exists. In this case pain, even when self-inflicted, has acquired
+a symbolic value as a stimulus to tumescence, without any element of
+masochism. Such a case serves to indicate how the sexual attraction of
+pain is really a special case of the erotic symbolism with which we are
+here concerned.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A. W., aged 50, a writer and lecturer, physically and mentally
+    energetic and enjoying good health. He is, however, very
+    emotional and of nervous temperament, but self-controlled. Though
+    physically well developed, the sexual organs are small. He is
+    married to an attractive woman, to whom he is much attached, and
+    has two healthy children.</p>
+
+<p>    At 10 or 12 years of age he had a frequent desire to be whipped,
+    his parents never having struck him, and on one occasion he asked
+    a brother to go with him to the closet to get him to whip him on
+    the posterior; but on arrival he was too shy to make the request.
+    He did not recognize the cause of these desires, knowing nothing
+    of such things <a name='5_Page_43'></a>except from the misinformation of his
+    school-fellows' talk. As far as he can remember, he was an
+    entirely normal, healthy boy up to the age of about 15, when his
+    attention was arrested by an advertisement of a quack medicine
+    for the results of &quot;youthful excesses.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Being a city boy, he was unfamiliar with the coupling even of
+    animals, had never had a conscious erection and did not know of
+    frictional excitement. Experiment, however, resulted in an
+    orgasm, and, though believing that it was wicked or at least weak
+    and degrading, he indulged in masturbation at intervals, usually
+    about six times a month, and has continued even up to the
+    present.</p>
+
+<p>    He had an abnormally small opening in the prepuce, making the
+    uncovering of the glans almost impossible. (At the age of about
+    37, he himself slit the prepuce by three or four cuts of a
+    scissors at intervals of about ten days. This was followed by a
+    marked decrease in desire, especially as he shortly afterwards
+    learned the importance of local cleanliness.) While in college at
+    about the age of 19 he began to have nocturnal emissions
+    occasionally and once or twice a week when at stool. Alarmed by
+    these, he consulted a physician, who warned him of the danger,
+    gave him bromide and prescribed cold bathing of the parts, with a
+    hard, cool bed. These stopped the emissions.</p>
+
+<p>    He never had connection with women until the age of about 25, and
+    then only three times until his marriage at 30 years of age,
+    being deterred partly by conscientious scruples, but more by
+    shyness and convention, and deriving very little pleasure from
+    these instances. Even since marriage he has derived more pleasure
+    from sexual excitement than from coitus, and can maintain
+    erection for as long as two hours.</p>
+
+<p>    He has always been accustomed to torture himself in various
+    ingenious ways, nearly always connected with sex. He would burn
+    his skin deeply with red hot wire in inconspicuous places. These
+    and similar acts were generally followed by manual excitation
+    nearly always brought to a climax.</p>
+
+<p>    He considers that he is attracted to refined and intellectual
+    women. But he is without very ardent desires, having several
+    times gone to bed with attractive women who stripped themselves
+    naked, but without attempting any sexual intercourse with them.
+    He became interested in the &quot;Karezza&quot; theory and has tried to
+    practice it with his wife, but could never entirely control the
+    emission.</p>
+
+<p>    He has hired a masseur to whip him, as children are whipped, with
+    a heavy dog whip, which caused pleasurable excitement. During
+    this time he had relations with his wife generally about once a
+    week without any great ecstasy. She was cold and sexually slow,
+    owing to conventional sex repression and to an idea that the
+    whole thing was &quot;like animals&quot; and to fear of child-bearing,
+    usually necessitating the use of a cover or withdrawal. It was
+    only eight years after their marriage that she desired and
+    obtained a child. During these years he would often stick <a name='5_Page_44'></a>pins
+    through his mamm&aelig; and tie them together by a string round the
+    pins drawn so short as to cause great pain and then indulge
+    himself in the sexual act. He used strong wooden clips with a
+    tack fixed in them, so as to pierce and pinch the mamm&aelig;, and once
+    he drove a pin entirely through the penis itself, then obtaining
+    orgasm by friction. He was never able to get an automatic
+    emission in this way, though he often tried, not even by walking
+    briskly during an erection.</p></div>
+
+<p>In another class of cases a purely ideal symbolism may be present by means
+of a fetich which acts as a powerful stimulus without itself being felt to
+possess any attraction. A good illustration of this condition is furnished
+by a case which has been communicated to me by a medical correspondent in
+New Zealand.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;The patient went out to South Africa as a trooper with the
+    contingent from New Zealand, throwing up a good position in an
+    office to do so. He had never had any trouble as regards
+    connection with women before going out to South Africa. While in
+    active service at the front he sustained a nasty fall from his
+    horse, breaking his leg. He was unconscious for four days, and
+    was then invalided down to Cape Town. Here he rapidly got well,
+    and his accustomed health returning to him he started having what
+    he terms 'a good time.' He repeatedly went to brothels, but was
+    unable to have more than a temporary erection, and no ejaculation
+    would take place. In one of these places he was in company with a
+    drunken trooper, who suggested that they should perform the
+    sexual act with their boots and spurs (only) on. My patient, who
+    was also drunk, readily assented, and to his surprise was enabled
+    to perform the act of copulation without any difficulty at all.
+    He has repeatedly tried since to perform the act without any
+    spurs, but is quite unable to do so; with the spurs he has no
+    difficulty at all in obtaining all the gratification he desires.
+    His general health is good. His mother was an extremely nervous
+    woman, and so is his sister. His father died when he was quite
+    young. His only other relation in the colony is a married sister,
+    who seems to enjoy vigorous health.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>The consideration of the cases here brought forward may suffice to show
+that beyond those fetichisms which find their satisfaction in the
+contemplation of a part of the body or a garment, there is a more subtle
+symbolism. The foot is a center of force, an agent for exerting pressure,
+and thus it furnishes a point of departure not alone for the merely static
+sexual fetich, but for a dynamic erotic symbolization. The energy of its
+movements <a name='5_Page_45'></a>becomes a substitute for the energy of the sexual organs
+themselves in coitus, and exerts the same kind of fascination. The young
+girl (page 35) &quot;who seemed to have a passion for treading upon things
+which would scrunch or yield under her foot,&quot; already possessed the germs
+of an erotic symbolism which, under the influence of circumstances in
+which she herself took an active part, developed into an adequate method
+of sexual gratification.<a name='5_FNanchor_23'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_23'><sup>[23]</sup></a> The youth who was her partner learned, in the
+same way, to find an erotic symbolism in all the pressure reactions of
+attractive feminine feet, the swaying of a carriage beneath their weight,
+the crushing of the flowers on which they tread, the slow rising of the
+grass which they have pressed. Here we have a symbolism which is
+altogether different from that fetichism which adores a definite object;
+it is a dynamic symbolism finding its gratification in the spectacle of
+movements which ideally recall the fundamental rhythm and pressure
+reactions of the sexual process.</p>
+
+<p>We may trace a very similar erotic symbolism in an absolutely normal form.
+The fascination of clothes in the lover's eyes is no doubt a complex
+phenomenon, but in part it rests on the aptitudes of a woman's garments to
+express vaguely a dynamic symbolism which must always remain indefinite
+and elusive, and on that account always possess fascination. No one has so
+acutely described this symbolism as Herrick, often an admirable
+psychologist in matters of sexual attractiveness. Especially instructive
+in this respect are his poems, &quot;Delight in Disorder,&quot; &quot;Upon Julia's
+Clothes,&quot; and notably &quot;Julia's Petticoat.&quot; &quot;A sweet disorder in the
+dress,&quot; he tells us, &quot;kindles in clothes a wantonness;&quot; it is not on the
+garment itself, but on the <a name='5_Page_46'></a>character of its movement that he insists; on
+the &quot;erring lace,&quot; the &quot;winning wave&quot; of the &quot;tempestuous petticoat;&quot; he
+speaks of the &quot;liquefaction&quot; of clothes, their &quot;brave vibration each way
+free,&quot; and of Julia's petticoat he remarks with a more specific symbolism
+still,</p>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span>&quot;Sometimes 'twould pant and sigh and heave,<br /></span>
+<span class='i1'>As if to stir it scarce had leave;<br /></span>
+<span class='i1'>But having got it, thereupon,<br /></span>
+<span class='i1'>'Twould make a brave expansion.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In the play of the beloved woman's garment, he sees the whole process of
+the central act of sex, with its repressions and expansions, and at the
+sight is himself ready to &quot;fall into a swoon.&quot;</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_13'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_13'>[13]</a><div class='note'><p> G. Stanley Hall, <i>Adolescence</i>, vol. ii, p. 113. It will be
+noted that the hand does not appear among the parts of the body which are
+normally of supreme interest. An interest in the hand is by no means
+uncommon (it may be noted, for instance, in the course of History XII in
+Appendix B to vol. iii of these <i>Studies</i>), but the hand does not possess
+the mystery which envelops the foot, and hand-fetichism is very much less
+frequent than foot-fetichism, while glove-fetichism is remarkably rare. An
+interesting case of hand-fetichism, scarcely reaching morbid intensity, is
+recorded by Binet, <i>Etudes de Psychologie Exp&eacute;rimentale</i>, pp. 13-19; and
+see Krafft-Ebing, <i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 214 <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_14'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_14'>[14]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>M&eacute;moires</i>, vol. i, Chapter VII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_15'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_15'>[15]</a><div class='note'><p> Among leading English novelists Hardy shows an unusual but
+by no means predominant interest in the feet and shoes of his heroines;
+see, <i>e.g.</i>, the observations of the cobbler in <i>Under the Greenwood
+Tree</i>, Chapter III. A chapter in Goethe's <i>Wahlverwandtschaften</i> (Part I,
+Chapter II) contains an episode involving the charm of the foot and the
+kissing of the beloved's shoe.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_16'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_16'>[16]</a><div class='note'><p> Schinz, &quot;Philosophie des Conventions Sociales,&quot; <i>Revue
+Philosophique</i>, June, 1903, p. 626. Mirabeau mentions in his <i>Erotika
+Biblion</i> that modern Greek women sometimes use their feet to provoke
+orgasm in their lovers. I may add that simultaneous mutual masturbation by
+means of the feet is not unknown to-day, and I have been told by an
+English shoe-fetichist that he at one time was accustomed to practice this
+with a married lady (Brazilian)&mdash;she with slippers on and he without&mdash;who
+derived gratification equal to his own.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_17'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_17'>[17]</a><div class='note'><p> Jacoby (<i>loc. cit.</i> pp. 796-7) gives a large number of
+references to Ovid's works bearing on this point. &quot;In reading him,&quot; he
+remarks, &quot;one is inclined to say that the psychology of the Romans was
+closely allied to that of the Chinese.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_18'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_18'>[18]</a><div class='note'><p> R. Kleinpaul, <i>Sprache ohne Worte</i>, p. 308. See also Moll,
+<i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, pp. 306-308. Bloch brings
+together many interesting references bearing on the ancient sexual and
+religious symbolism of the shoe, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia
+Sexualis</i>, Teil II, p. 324.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_19'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_19'>[19]</a><div class='note'><p> Jacoby (<i>loc. cit.</i> p. 797) appears to regard shoe-fetichism
+as a true atavism: &quot;The sexual adoration of feminine foot-gear,&quot; he
+concludes, &quot;perhaps the most enigmatic and certainly the most singular of
+degenerative insanities, is thus merely a form of atavism, the return of
+the degenerate to the very ancient and primitive psychology which we no
+longer understand and are no longer capable of feeling.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_20'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_20'>[20]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll has reported in detail (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido
+Sexualis</i>, bd. i, Teil II, pp. 320-324) a case which both he and
+Krafft-Ebing regard as illustrative of the connection between
+boot-fetichism and masochism. It is essentially a case of masochism,
+though manifesting itself almost exclusively in the desire to perform
+humiliating acts in connection with the attractive person's boots.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_21'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_21'>[21]</a><div class='note'><p> Krafft-Ebing goes so far as to assert (<i>Psychopathia
+Sexualis</i>, English translation of tenth edition, p. 174) that &quot;when in
+cases of shoe-fetichism the female shoe appears alone as the excitant of
+sexual desire one is justified in presuming that masochistic motives have
+remained latent.... Latent masochism may always be assumed as the
+unconscious motive.&quot; In this way he hopelessly misinterprets some of his
+own cases.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_22'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_22'>[22]</a><div class='note'><p> Krafft-Ebing goes so far as to assert (<i>Psychopathia
+Sexualis</i>, English translation, pp. 159 and 174). Yet some of the cases he
+brings forward (<i>e.g.</i>, Coxe's as quoted by Hammond) show no sign of
+masochism, since, according to Krafft-Ebing's own definition (p. 116), the
+idea of subjugation by the opposite sex is of the essence of masochism.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_23'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_23'>[23]</a><div class='note'><p> Her actions suggest that there is often a latent sexual
+consciousness in regard to the feet in women, atavistic or
+pseudo-atavistic, and corresponding to the sexual attraction which the
+feet formerly aroused, almost normally, in men. This is also suggested by
+the case, referred to by Shufeldt, of an unmarried woman, belonging to a
+family exhibiting in a high degree both erotic and neurotic traits, who
+had &quot;a certain uncontrollable fascination for shoes. She delights in new
+shoes, and changes her shoes all day long at regular intervals of three
+hours each. She keeps this row of shoes out in plain sight in her
+apartment.&quot; (R. W. Shufeldt, &quot;On a Case of Female Impotency,&quot; 1896, p.
+10.)</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_E_III'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_47'></a>III.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Scatalogic Symbolism&mdash;Urolagnia&mdash;Coprolagnia&mdash;The Ascetic Attitude Towards
+the Flesh&mdash;Normal basis of Scatalogic Symbolism&mdash;Scatalogic Conceptions
+Among Primitive Peoples&mdash;Urine as a Primitive Holy Water&mdash;Sacredness of
+Animal Excreta&mdash;Scatalogy in Folk-lore&mdash;The Obscene as Derived from the
+Mythological&mdash;The Immature Sexual Impulse Tends to Manifest Itself in
+Scatalogic Forms&mdash;The basis of Physiological Connection Between the
+Urinary and Genital Spheres&mdash;Urinary Fetichism Sometimes Normal in
+Animals&mdash;The Urolagnia of Masochists&mdash;The Scatalogy of Saints&mdash;Urolagnia
+More Often a Symbolism of Act Than a Symbolism of Object&mdash;Only
+Occasionally an Olfactory Fetichism&mdash;Comparative Rarity of
+Coprolagnia&mdash;Influence of Nates Fetichism as a Transition to
+Coprolagnia&mdash;Ideal Coprolagnia&mdash;Olfactory Coprolagnia&mdash;Urolagnia and
+Coprolagnia as Symbols of Coitus.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We meet with another group of erotic symbolisms&mdash;alike symbolisms of
+object and of act&mdash;in connection with the two functions adjoining the
+anatomical sexual focus: the urinary and alvine excretory functions. These
+are sometimes termed the scatalogical group, with the two subdivisions of
+urolagnia and Coprolagnia.<a name='5_FNanchor_24'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_24'><sup>[24]</sup></a> <i>Inter f&aelig;ces et urinam nascimur</i> is an
+ancient text which has served the ascetic preachers of old for many
+discourses on the littleness of man and the meanness of that reproductive
+power which plays so large a part in man's life. &quot;The stupid bungle of
+Nature,&quot; a correspondent writes, &quot;whereby the generative organs serve as a
+means of relieving the bladder, is doubtless responsible for much of the
+disgust which those organs excite in some minds.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>At the same time, it is necessary to point out, such reflex influence may
+act not in one direction only, but also in the reverse <a name='5_Page_48'></a>direction. From
+the standpoint of ascetic contemplation eager to belittle humanity, the
+excretory centers may cast dishonor upon the genital center which they
+adjoin. From the more ecstatic standpoint of the impassioned lover, eager
+to magnify the charm of the woman he worships, it is not impossible for
+the excretory centers to take on some charm from the irradiating center of
+sex which they enclose.</p>
+
+<p>Even normally such a process is traceable. The normal lover may not
+idealize the excretory functions of his mistress, but the fact that he
+finds no repulsion in the most intimate contacts and feels no disgust at
+the proximity of the excretory orifices or the existence of their
+functions, indicates that the idealization of love has exerted at all
+events a neutralizing influence; indeed, the presence of an acute
+sensibility to the disturbing influence of this proximity of the excretory
+orifices and their functions must be considered abnormal; Swift's
+&quot;Strephon and Chloe&quot;&mdash;with the conviction underlying it that it is an easy
+matter for the excretory functions to drown the possibilities of
+love&mdash;could only have proceeded from a morbidly sensitive brain.<a name='5_FNanchor_25'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_25'><sup>[25]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A more than mere neutralizing influence, a positively idealizing influence
+of the sexual focus on the excretory processes adjoining it, may take
+place in the lover's mind without the normal variations of sexual
+attraction being over-passed, and even without the creation of an
+excretory fetichism.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Reflections of this attitude may be found in the poets. In the
+    <i>Song of Songs</i> the lover says of his mistress, &quot;Thy navel is
+    like a round goblet, wherein no mingled wine is wanting;&quot; in his
+    lyric &quot;To Dianeme,&quot; Herrick says with clear reference to the mons veneris:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;Show me that hill where smiling love doth sit,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Having a living fountain under it;&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>and in the very numerous poems in various languages which have
+    more <a name='5_Page_49'></a>or less obscurely dealt with the rose as the emblem of the
+    feminine pudenda there are occasional references to the stream
+    which guards or presides over the rose. It may, indeed, be
+    recalled that even in the name <i>nymph&aelig;</i> anatomists commonly apply
+    to the <i>labia minora</i> there is generally believed to be a poetic
+    allusion to the Nymphs who presided over streams, since the
+    <i>labia minora</i> exert an influence on the direction of the urinary
+    stream.</p>
+
+<p>    In <i>Wilhelm Meister</i> (Part I, Chapter XV), Goethe, on the basis
+    of his own personal experiences, describes his hero's emotions in
+    the humble surroundings of Marianne's little room as compared
+    with the stateliness and order of his own home. &quot;It seemed to him
+    when he had here to remove her stays in order to reach the
+    harpsichord, there to lay her skirt on the bed before he could
+    seat himself, when she herself with unembarrassed frankness would
+    make no attempt to conceal from him many natural acts which
+    people are accustomed to hide from others out of decency&mdash;it
+    seemed to him, I say, that he became bound to her by invisible
+    bands.&quot; We are told of Wordsworth (Findlay's <i>Recollections of De
+    Quincey</i>, p. 36) that he read <i>Wilhelm Meister</i> till &quot;he came to
+    the scene where the hero, in his mistress's bedroom, becomes
+    sentimental over her dirty towels, etc., which struck him with
+    such disgust that he flung the book out of his hand, would never
+    look at it again, and declared that surely no English lady would
+    ever read such a work.&quot; I have, however, heard a woman of high
+    intellectual distinction refer to the peculiar truth and beauty
+    of this very passage.</p>
+
+<p>    In one of his latest novels, <i>Les Rencontres de M. de Br&eacute;ot</i>,
+    Henri de R&eacute;gnier, one of the most notable of recent French
+    novelists, narrates an episode bearing on the matter before us. A
+    personage of the story is sitting for a moment in a dark grotto
+    during a night f&ecirc;te in a nobleman's park, when two ladies enter
+    and laughingly proceed to raise their garments and accomplish a
+    natural necessity. The man in the background, suddenly overcome
+    by a sexual impulse, starts forward; one lady runs away, the
+    other, whom he detains, offers little resistance to his advances.
+    To M. de Br&eacute;ot, whom he shortly after encounters, he exclaims,
+    abashed at his own actions: &quot;Why did I not flee? But could I
+    imagine that the spectacle of so disgusting a function would have
+    any other effect than to give me a humble opinion of human
+    nature?&quot; M. de Br&eacute;ot, however, in proceeding to reproach his
+    interlocutor for his inconsiderate temerity, observes: &quot;What you
+    tell me, sir, does not entirely surprise me. Nature has placed
+    very various instincts within us, and the impulse that led you to
+    what you have just now done is not so peculiar as you think. One
+    may be a very estimable man and yet love women even in what is
+    lowliest in their bodies.&quot; In harmony with this passage from
+    R&eacute;gnier's novel are the remarks of a correspondent who writes to
+    me of the function of urination that it &quot;appeals sexually to most
+    normal individuals. My own observations and inquiries prove this.
+    Women <a name='5_Page_50'></a>themselves instinctively feel it. The secrecy surrounding
+    the matter lends, too, I think, a sexual interest.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The fact that scatalogic processes may in some degree exert an
+    attraction even in normal love has been especially emphasized by
+    Bloch (<i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil
+    II, pp. 222, <i>et seq.</i>): &quot;The man whose intellect and &aelig;sthetic
+    sense has been 'clouded by the sexual impulse' sees these things
+    in an entirely different light from him who has not been overcome
+    by the intoxication of love. For him they are idealized (sit
+    venia verbo) since they are a part of the beloved person, and in
+    consequence associated with love.&quot; Bloch quotes the <i>Memoiren
+    einer S&auml;ngerin</i> (a book which is said to be, though this seems
+    doubtful, genuinely autobiographical) in the same sense: &quot;A man
+    who falls in love with a girl is not dragged out of his poetic
+    sphere by the thought that his beloved must relieve certain
+    natural necessities every day. It seems, indeed, to him to be
+    just the opposite. If one loves a person one finds nothing
+    obscene or disgusting in the object that pleases me.&quot; The
+    opposite attitude is probably in extreme cases due to the
+    influence of a neurotic or morbidly sensitive temperament. Swift
+    possessed such a temperament. The possession of a similar
+    temperament is doubtless responsible for the little prose poem,
+    &quot;L'Extase,&quot; in which Huysmans in his first book, <i>Le Drageloir &aacute;
+    Epices</i>, has written an attenuated version of &quot;Strephon and
+    Chloe&quot; to express the disillusionment of love; the lover lies in
+    a wood clasping the hand of the beloved with rapturous emotion;
+    &quot;suddenly she rose, disengaged her hand, disappeared in the
+    bushes, and I heard as it were the rustling of rain on the
+    leaves.&quot; His dream has fled.</p></div>
+
+<p>In estimating the significance of the lover's attitude in this matter, it
+is important to realize the position which scatologic conceptions took in
+primitive belief. At certain stages of early culture, when all the
+emanations of the body are liable to possess mysterious magic properties
+and become apt for sacred uses, the excretions, and especially the urine,
+are found to form part of religious ritual and ceremonial function. Even
+among savages the excreta are frequently regarded as disgusting, but under
+the influence of these conceptions such disgust is inhibited, and those
+emanations of the body which are usually least honored become religious
+symbols.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Urine has been regarded as the original holy water, and many
+    customs which still survive in Italy and various parts of Europe,
+    involving the use of a fluid which must often be yellow and
+    sometimes salt, possibly indicate the earlier use of urine. (The
+    Greek water of aspersion, <a name='5_Page_51'></a>according to Theocritus, was mixed
+    with salt, as is sometimes the modern Italian holy water. J. J.
+    Blunt, <i>Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Customs</i>, p. 173.) Among
+    the Hottentots, as Kolbein and others have recorded, the medicine
+    man urinated alternately on bride and bridegroom, and a
+    successful young warrior was sprinkled in the same way. Mungo
+    Park mentions that in Africa on one occasion a bride sent a bowl
+    of her urine which was thrown over him as a special mark of honor
+    to a distinguished guest. Pennant remarked that the Highlanders
+    sprinkled their cattle with urine, as a kind of holy water, on
+    the first Monday in every quarter. (Bourke, <i>Scatalogic Rites</i>,
+    pp. 228, 239; Brand, <i>Popular Antiquities</i>, &quot;Bride-Ales.&quot;)</p>
+
+<p>    Even the excreta of animals have sometimes been counted sacred.
+    This is notably so in the case of the cow, of all animals the
+    most venerated by primitive peoples, and especially in India.
+    Jules Bois (<i>Visions de l'Inde</i>, p. 86) describes the spectacle
+    presented in the temple of the cows at Benares: &quot;I put my head
+    into the opening of the holy stables. It was the largest of
+    temples, a splendor of precious stones and marble, where the
+    venerated heifers passed backwards and forwards. A whole people
+    adored them. They take no notice, plunged in their divine and
+    obscure unconsciousness. And they fulfil with serenity their
+    animal functions; they chew the offerings, drink water from
+    copper vessels, and when they are filled they relieve themselves.
+    Then a stercoraceous and religious insanity overcomes these
+    starry-faced women and venerable men; they fall on their knees,
+    prostrate themselves, eat the droppings, greedily drink the
+    liquid, which for them is miraculous and sacred.&quot; (<i>Cf.</i> Bourke,
+    <i>Scatalogic Rites</i>, Chapter XVII.)</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Chevsurs of the Caucasus, perhaps an Iranian people, a
+    woman after her confinement, for which she lives apart, purifies
+    herself by washing in the urine of a cow and then returns home.
+    This mode of purification is recommended in the Avesta, and is
+    said to be used by the few remaining followers of this creed.</p></div>
+
+<p>We have not only to take into account the frequency with which among
+primitive peoples the excretions possess a religious significance. It is
+further to be noted that in the folk-lore of modern Europe we everywhere
+find plentiful evidence of the earlier prevalence of legends and practices
+of a scatalogical character. It is significant that in the majority of
+cases it is easy to see a sexual reference in these stories and customs.
+The legends have lost their earlier and often mythical significance, and
+frequently take on a suggestion of obscenity, while the scatalogical
+practices have become the magical devices of lovelorn maidens or forsaken
+wives practiced in secrecy. It has happened <a name='5_Page_52'></a>to scatalogical rites to be
+regarded as we may gather from the <i>Clouds</i> of Aristophanes, that the
+sacred leathern phallus borne by the women in the Bacchanalia was becoming
+in his time, an object to arouse the amusement of little boys.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Among many primitive peoples throughout the world, and among the
+    lower social classes of civilized peoples, urine possesses magic
+    properties, more especially, it would seem, the urine of women
+    and that of people who stand, or wish to stand, in sexual
+    relationship to each other. In a legend of the Indians of the
+    northwest coast of America, recorded by Boas, a woman gives her
+    lover some of her urine and says: &quot;You can wake the dead if you
+    drop some of my urine in their ears and nose.&quot; (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r
+    Ethnologie</i>, 1894, Heft IV, p. 293.) Among the same Indians there
+    is a legend of a woman with a beautiful white skin who found on
+    bathing every morning in the river that the fish were attracted
+    to her skin and could not be driven off even by magical
+    solutions. At last she said to herself: &quot;I will make water on
+    them and then they will leave me alone.&quot; She did so, and
+    henceforth the fish left her. But shortly after fire came from
+    Heaven and killed her. (<i>Ib.</i>, 1891, Heft V, p. 640.) Among both
+    Christians and Mohammedans a wife can attach an unfaithful
+    husband by privately putting some of her urine in his drink. (B.
+    Stern, <i>Medizin in der T&uuml;rkei</i>, vol. ii, p. 11.) This practice is
+    world-wide; thus among the aborigines of Brazil, according to
+    Martius, the urine and other excretions and secretions are potent
+    for aphrodisiacal objects. (Bourke's <i>Scatalogic Rites of All
+    Nations</i> contains many references to the folk-lore practices in
+    this matter; a study of popular beliefs in the magic power of
+    urine, published in Bombay by Professor Eugen Wilhelm in 1889, I
+    have not seen.)</p>
+
+<p>    The legends which narrate scatalogic exploits are numerous in the
+    literature of all countries. Among primitive peoples they often
+    have a purely theological character, for in the popular
+    mythologies of all countries (even, as we learn from
+    Aristophanes, among the Greeks) natural phenomena such as the
+    rain, are apt to be regarded as divine excretions, but in course
+    of time the legends take on a more erotic or a more obscene
+    character. In the Irish <i>Book of Leinster</i> (written down
+    somewhere about the twelfth century, but containing material of
+    very much older date) we are told how a number of princesses in
+    Emain Macha, the seat of the Ulster Kings, resolved to find out
+    which of them could by urinating on it melt a snow pillar which
+    the men had made, the woman who succeeded to be regarded as the
+    best among them. None of them succeeded, and they sent for
+    Derbforgaill, who was in love with Cuchullain, and she was able
+    to melt the pillar; whereupon the other women, jealous of the
+    superiority she had thus shown, tore out her eyes. (Zimmer,
+    &quot;Keltische Beitr&auml;ge,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Deutsche Alterthum</i>, vol.<a name='5_Page_53'></a>
+    xxxii, Heft II, pp. 216-219.) Rhys considers that Derbforgaill
+    was really a goddess of dawn and dusk, &quot;the drop glistening in
+    the sun's rays,&quot; as indicated by her name, which means a drop or
+    tear. (J. Rhys, <i>Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as
+    Illustrated by Celtic Heathendom</i>, p. 466.) It is interesting to
+    compare the legend of Derbforgaill with a somewhat more modern
+    Picardy folk-lore <i>conte</i> which is clearly analogous but no
+    longer seems to show any mythologic element, &quot;La Princesse qui
+    pisse par dessus les Meules.&quot; This princess had a habit of
+    urinating over hay-cocks; the king, her father, in order to break
+    her of the habit, offered her in marriage to anyone who could
+    make a hay-cock so high that she could not urinate over it. The
+    young men came, but the princess would merely laugh and at once
+    achieve the task. At last there came a young man who argued with
+    himself that she would not be able to perform this feat after she
+    had lost her virginity. He therefore seduced her first and she
+    then failed ignobly, merely wetting her stockings. Accordingly,
+    she became his bride. (&#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. i. p. 333.) Such
+    legends, which have lost any mythologic elements they may
+    originally have possessed and have become merely <i>contes</i>, are
+    not uncommon in the folk-lore of many countries. But in their
+    earlier more religious forms and in their later more obscene
+    forms, they alike bear witness to the large place which
+    scatalogic conceptions play in the primitive mind.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is a notable fact in evidence of the close and seemingly normal
+association with the sexual impulse of the scatalogic processes, that an
+interest in them, arising naturally and spontaneously, is one of the most
+frequent channels by which the sexual impulse first manifests itself in
+young boys and girls.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Stanley Hall, who has made special inquiries into the matter,
+    remarks that in childhood the products of excretion by bladder
+    and bowels are often objects of interest hardly less intense for
+    a time than eating and drinking. (&quot;Early Sense of Self,&quot;
+    <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, April, 1898, p. 361.)
+    &quot;Micturitional obscenities,&quot; the same writer observes again,
+    &quot;which our returns show to be so common before adolescence,
+    culminate at 10 or 12, and seem to retreat into the background as
+    sex phenomena appear.&quot; They are, he remarks, of two classes:
+    &quot;Fouling persons or things, secretly from adults, but openly with
+    each other,&quot; and less often &quot;ceremonial acts connected with the
+    act or the product that almost suggest the scatalogical rites of
+    savages, unfit for description here, but of great interest and
+    importance.&quot; (G. Stanley Hall, <i>Adolescence</i>, vol. i, p. 116.)
+    The nature of such scatalogical phenomena in childhood&mdash;which are
+    often clearly the instinctive <a name='5_Page_54'></a>manifestations of an erotic
+    symbolism&mdash;and their wide prevalence among both boys and girls,
+    are very well illustrated in a narrative which I include in
+    Appendix B, History II.</p></div>
+
+<p>In boys as they approach the age of puberty, this attraction to the
+scatalogic, when it exists, tends to die out, giving place to more normal
+sexual conceptions, or at all events it takes a subordinate and less
+serious place in the mind. In girls, on the other hand, it often tends to
+persist. Edmond de Goncourt, a minute observer of the feminine mind,
+refers in <i>Ch&eacute;rie</i> to &quot;those innocent and triumphant gaieties which
+scatalogic stories have the privilege of arousing in women who have
+remained still children, even the most distinguished women.&quot; The extent to
+which innocent young women, who would frequently be uninterested or
+repelled in presence of the sexually obscene are sometimes attracted by
+the scatalogically obscene, becomes intelligible, however, if we realize
+that a symbolism comes here into play. In women the more specifically
+sexual knowledge and experience of life frequently develop much later than
+in men or even remains in abeyance, and the specifically sexual phenomena
+cannot therefore easily lend themselves to wit, or humor, or imagination.
+But the scatalogic sphere, by the very fact that in women it is a
+specially intimate and secret region which is yet always liable to be
+unexpectedly protruded into consciousness, furnishes an inexhaustible
+field for situations which have the same character as those furnished by
+the sexually obscene. It thus happens that the sexually obscene which in
+men tends to overshadow the scatalogically obscene, in women&mdash;partly from
+inexperience and partly, it is probable, from their almost physiological
+modesty&mdash;plays a part subordinate to the scatalogical. In a somewhat
+analogous way scatalogical wit and humor play a considerable part in the
+work of various eminent authors who were clergymen or priests.</p>
+
+<p>In addition to the anatomical and psychological associations which
+contribute to furnish a basis on which erotic symbolisms may spring up,
+there are also physiological connections between the genital and urinary
+spheres which directly favor such symbolisms. In discussing the analysis
+of the sexual impulse <a name='5_Page_55'></a>in a previous volume of these <i>Studies</i>, I have
+pointed out the remarkable relationship&mdash;sometimes of transference,
+sometimes of compensation&mdash;which exists between genital tension and
+vesical tension, both in men and women. In the histories of normal sexual
+development brought together at the end of that and subsequent volumes the
+relationship may frequently be traced, as also in the case of C. P. in the
+present study (p. 37). Vesical power is also commonly believed to be in
+relation with sexual potency, and the inability to project the urinary
+stream in a normal manner is one of the accepted signs of sexual
+impotency.<a name='5_FNanchor_26'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_26'><sup>[26]</sup></a> F&eacute;r&eacute;, again, has recorded the history of a man with
+periodic crises of sexual desire, and subsequently sexual obsession
+without desire, which were always accompanied by the impulse to urinate
+and by increased urination.<a name='5_FNanchor_27'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_27'><sup>[27]</sup></a> In the case, recorded by Pitres and R&eacute;gis,
+of a young girl who, having once at the sight of a young man she liked in
+a theater been overcome by sexual feeling accompanied by a strong desire
+to urinate, was afterward tormented by a groundless fear of experiencing
+an irresistible desire to urinate at inconvenient times,<a name='5_FNanchor_28'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_28'><sup>[28]</sup></a> we have an
+example of what may be called a physiological scatalogic symbolism of sex,
+an emotion which was primarily erotic becoming transferred to the bladder
+and then remaining persistent. From such a physiological symbolism it is
+but a step to the psychological symbolisms of scatalogic fetichism.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It is worthy of note, as an indication that such phenomena are
+    scarcely abnormal, that a urinary symbolism, and even a strictly
+    sexual fetichism, are normal among many animals.</p><a name='5_Page_56'></a>
+
+<p>    The most familiar example of this kind is furnished by the dog,
+    who is sexually excited in this manner by traces of the bitch and
+    himself takes every opportunity of making his own path
+    recognizable. &quot;This custom,&quot; Espinas remarks (<i>Des Soci&eacute;t&eacute;s
+    Animales</i>, p. 228), &quot;has no other aim than to spread along the
+    road recognizable traces of their presence for the benefit of
+    individuals of the other sex, the odor of these traces doubtless
+    causing excitement.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It is noteworthy, also, that in animals as well as in man, sexual
+    excitement may manifest itself in the bladder. Thus Daumas states
+    (<i>Chevaux de Sahara</i>, p. 49) that if the mare urinates when she
+    hears the stallion neigh it is a sign that she is ready for
+    connection.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is in masochism, or passive algolagnia, that we may most frequently
+find scatalogic symbolism in its fully developed form. The man whose
+predominant impulse is to subjugate himself to his mistress and to receive
+at her hands the utmost humiliation, frequently finds the climax of his
+gratification in being urinated on by her, whether in actual fact or only
+in imagination.</p>
+
+<p>In many such cases, however, it is evident that we have a mixed
+phenomenon; the symbolism is double. The act becomes desirable because it
+is the outward and visible sign of an inwardly experienced abject slavery
+to an adored person. But it is also desirable because of intimately sexual
+associations in the act itself, as a symbolical detumescence, a simulacrum
+of the sexual act, and one which proceeds from the sexual focus itself.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Krafft-Ebing records various cases of masochism in which the
+    emission of urine on to the body or into the mouth formed the
+    climax of sexual gratification, as, for instance (<i>Psychopathia
+    Sexualis</i>, English translation, p. 183) in the case of a Russian
+    official who as a boy had fancies of being bound between the
+    thighs of a woman, compelled to sleep beneath her nates and to
+    drink her urine, and in later life experienced the greatest
+    excitement when practicing the last part of this early
+    imagination.</p>
+
+<p>    In another case, recorded by Krafft-Ebing and by him termed
+    &quot;ideal masochism&quot; (<i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 127-130), the subject from
+    childhood indulged in voluptuous day-dreams in which he was the
+    slave of a beautiful mistress who would compel him to obey all
+    her caprices, stand over him with one foot on his breast, sit on
+    his face and body, make him <a name='5_Page_57'></a>wait on her in her bath, or when she
+    urinated, and sometimes insist on doing this on his face; though
+    a highly intellectual man, he was always too timid to attempt to
+    carry any of his ideas into execution; he had been troubled by
+    nocturnal enuresis up to the age of 20.</p>
+
+<p>    Neri, again (<i>Archivio delle Psicopatie Sessuali</i>, vol. i, fasc.
+    7 and 8, 1896), records the case of an Italian masochist who
+    experienced the greatest pleasure when both urination and
+    defecation were practiced in this manner by the woman he was
+    attached to.</p>
+
+<p>    In a previous volume of these <i>Studies</i> (&quot;Sexual Inversion,&quot;
+    History XXVI) I have recorded the masochistic day-dreams of a boy
+    whose impulses were at the same time inverted; in his reveries
+    &quot;the central fact,&quot; he states, &quot;became the discharge of urine
+    from my lover over my body and limbs, or, if I were very fond of
+    him, I let it be in my face.&quot; In actual life the act of urination
+    casually witnessed in childhood became the symbol, even the
+    reality, of the central secret of sex: &quot;I stood rooted and
+    flushing with downcast eyes till the act was over, and was
+    conscious for a considerable time of stammering speech and
+    bewildered faculties.... I was overwhelmed with emotion and could
+    barely drag my feet from the spot or my eyes from the damp
+    herbage where he had deposited the waters of secrecy. Even to-day
+    I cannot dissociate myself from the shuddering charm that moment
+    had for me.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>It is not only the urine and the f&aelig;ces which may thus acquire a symbolic
+fascination and attractiveness under the influence of masochistic
+deviations of sexual idealization. In some cases extreme rapture has been
+experienced in licking sweating feet. There is, indeed, no excretion or
+product of the body which has not been a source of ecstasy: the sweat from
+every part of the body, the saliva and menstrual fluid, even the wax from
+the ears.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Krafft-Ebing very truly points out (<i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>,
+    English translation, p. 178) that this sexual scatalogic
+    symbolism is precisely paralleled by a religious scatalogic
+    symbolism. In the excesses of devout enthusiasm the ascetic
+    performs exactly the same acts as are performed in these excesses
+    of erotic enthusiasm. To mix excreta with the food, to lick up
+    excrement, to suck festering sores&mdash;all these and the like are
+    acts which holy and venerated women have performed.</p>
+
+<p>    Not only the saint, but also the prophet and medicine-man have
+    been frequently eaters of human excrement; it is only necessary
+    to refer to the instance of the prophet Ezekiel, who declared
+    that he was commanded to bake his bread with human dung, and to
+    the practices of medicine-men at Torres Straits, in whose
+    training the eating of human excrement takes a recognized part.
+    (Deities, notably Baal-Phegor, were <a name='5_Page_58'></a>sometimes supposed to eat
+    excrement, so that it was natural that their messengers and
+    representatives among men should do so. As regards Baal-Phegor,
+    see Dulaure, <i>Des Divinit&eacute;s G&eacute;n&eacute;ratrices</i>, Chapter IV, and J. G.
+    Bourke, <i>Scatalogic Rites of All Nations</i>, p. 241. See also
+    Ezekiel, Chapter IV, v. 12, and <i>Reports Anthropological
+    Expedition to Torres Straits</i>, vol. v, p. 321.)</p>
+
+<p>    It must be added, however, that while the masochist is overcome
+    by sexual rapture, so that he sees nothing disgusting in his act,
+    the medicine-man and the ascetic are not so invariably overcome
+    by religious rapture, and several ascetic writers have referred
+    to the horror and disgust they experienced, at all events at
+    first, in accomplishing such acts, while the medicine-men when
+    novices sometimes find the ordeal too severe and have to abandon
+    their career. Br&eacute;nier de Montmorand, while remarking, not without
+    some exaggeration, that &quot;the Christian ascetics are almost all
+    eaters of excrement&quot; (&quot;Asc&eacute;tisme et Mysticisme,&quot; <i>Revue
+    Philosophique</i>, March, 1904, p. 245), quotes the testimonies of
+    Marguerite-Marie and Madame Guyon as to the extreme repugnance
+    which they had to overcome. They were impelled by a merely
+    intellectual symbolism of self-mortification rather than by the
+    profoundly felt emotional symbolism which moves the masochist.</p>
+
+<p>    Coprophagic acts, whether under the influences of religious
+    exaltation or of sexual rapture, inevitably excite our disgust.
+    We regard them as almost insane, fortified in that belief by the
+    undoubted fact that coprophagia is not uncommon among the insane.
+    It may, therefore, be proper to point out that it is not so very
+    long since the ingestion of human excrement was carried out by
+    our own forefathers in the most sane and deliberate manner. It
+    was administered by medical practitioners for a great number of
+    ailments, apparently with entirely satisfactory results. Less
+    than two centuries ago, Schurig, who so admirably gathered
+    together and arranged the medical lore of his own and the
+    immediately preceding ages, wrote a very long and detailed
+    chapter, &quot;De Stercoris Humani Usu Medico&quot; (<i>Chylologia</i>, 1725,
+    cap. XIII; in the Paris <i>Journal de M&eacute;decine</i> for February 19,
+    1905, there appeared an article, which I have not seen, entitled
+    &quot;M&eacute;dicaments oubli&eacute;es: l'urine et la fiente humaine.&quot;) The
+    classes of cases in which the drug was found beneficial would
+    seem to have been extremely various. It must not be supposed that
+    it was usually ingested in the crude form. A common method was to
+    take the f&aelig;ces of boys, dry them, mix them with the best honey,
+    and administer an electuary. (At an earlier period such drugs
+    appear to have met with some opposition from the Church, which
+    seems to have seen in them only an application of magic; thus I
+    note that in Burchard's remarkable Penitential of the fourteenth
+    century, as reproduced by Wasserschleben, 40 days' penance is
+    prescribed for the use of human urine or excrement as a medicine.
+    Wasserschleben <i>Die Bussordnungen der Abendl&auml;ndlichen Kirche</i>, p.
+    651.)</p></div><a name='5_Page_59'></a>
+
+<p>The urolagnia of masochism is not a simple phenomenon; it embodies a
+double symbolism: on the one hand a symbolism of self-abnegation, such as
+the ascetic feels, on the other hand a symbolism of transferred sexual
+emotion. Krafft-Ebing was disposed to regard all cases in which a
+scatalogical sexual attraction existed as due to &quot;latent masochism.&quot; Such
+a point of view is quite untenable. Certainly the connection is common,
+but in the majority of cases of slightly marked scatalogical fetichism no
+masochism is evident. And when we bear in mind the various considerations,
+already brought forward, which show how widespread and clearly realized is
+the natural and normal basis furnished for such symbolism, it becomes
+quite unnecessary to invoke any aid from masochism. There is ample
+evidence to show that, either as a habitual or more usually an occasional
+act, the impulse to bestow a symbolic value on the act of urination in a
+beloved person, is not extremely uncommon; it has been noted of men of
+high intellectual distinction; it occurs in women as well as men; when
+existing in only a slight degree, it must be regarded as within the normal
+limits of variation of sexual emotion.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The occasional cases in which the urine is drunk may possibly
+    suggest that the motive lies in the properties of the fluid
+    acting on the system. Support for this supposition might be found
+    in the fact that urine actually does possess, apart altogether
+    from its magic virtues embodied in folk-lore, the properties of a
+    general stimulant. In composition (as Masterman first pointed
+    out) &quot;beef-tea differs little from healthy urine,&quot; containing
+    exactly the same constituents, except that in beef-tea there is
+    less urea and uric acid. Fresh urine&mdash;more especially that of
+    children and young women&mdash;is taken as a medicine in nearly all
+    parts of the world for various disorders, such as epistaxis,
+    malaria and hysteria, with benefit, this benefit being almost
+    certainly due to its qualities as a general stimulant and
+    restorative. William Salmon's <i>Dispensatory</i>, 1678 (quoted in
+    <i>British Medical Journal</i>, April 21, 1900, p. 974), shows that in
+    the seventeenth century urine still occupied an important place
+    as a medicine, and it frequently entered largely into the
+    composition of Aqua Divina.</p>
+
+<p>    Its use has been known even in England in the nineteenth century.
+    (Masterman, <i>Lancet</i>, October 2, 1880; R. Neale, &quot;Urine as a
+    Medicine,&quot; <i>Practitioner</i>, November, 1881; Bourke brings together
+    a great deal of evidence as to the therapeutic uses of urine in
+    his <i>Scatalogic Rites</i>, <a name='5_Page_60'></a>especially pp. 331-335; Lusini has shown
+    that normal urine invariably increases the frequency of the heart
+    beats, <i>Archivio di Farmacologia</i>, fascs. 19-21, 1893.)</p>
+
+<p>    But it is an error to suppose that these facts account for the
+    urolagnic drinking of urine. As in the gratification of a normal
+    sexual impulse, the intense excitement of gratifying a scatalogic
+    sexual impulse itself produces a degree of emotional stimulation
+    far greater than the ingestion of a small amount of animal
+    extractives would be adequate to effect. In such cases, as much
+    as in normal sexuality, the stimulation is clearly psychic.</p></div>
+
+<p>When, as is most commonly the case, it is the process of urination and not
+the urine itself which is attractive, we are clearly concerned with a
+symbolism of act and not with the fetichistic attraction of an excretion.
+When the excretion, apart from the act, provides the attraction, we seem
+usually to be in the presence of an olfactory fetichism. These fetichisms
+connected with the excreta appear to be experienced chiefly by individuals
+who are somewhat weak-minded, which is not necessarily the case in regard
+to those persons for whom the act, rather than its product apart from the
+beloved person, is the attractive symbol.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The sexually symbolic nature of the act of urination for many
+    people is indicated by the existence, according to Bloch, who
+    enumerates various kinds of indecent photographs, of a group
+    which he terms &quot;the notorious <i>pisseuses</i>.&quot; It is further
+    indicated by several of the reproductions in Fuch's <i>Erotsiche
+    Element in der Karikatur</i>, such as Delorme's &quot;La Necessit&ecirc; n'a
+    point de Loi.&quot; (It should be added that such a scene by no means
+    necessarily possesses any erotic symbolism, as we may see in
+    Rembrandt's etching commonly called &quot;Le Femme qui Pisse,&quot; in
+    which the reflected lights on the partly shadowed stream furnish
+    an artistic motive which is obviously free from any trace of
+    obscenity.) In the case which Krafft-Ebing quotes from Maschka of
+    a young man who would induce young girls to dance naked in his
+    room, to leap, and to urinate in his presence, whereupon seminal
+    ejaculation would take place, we have a typical example of
+    urolagnic symbolism in a form adequate to produce complete
+    gratification. A case in which the urolagnic form of scatalogic
+    symbolism reached its fullest development as a sexual perversion
+    has been described in Russia by Sukhanoff (summarized in
+    <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, November, 1900, and
+    <i>Annales Medico-psychologiques</i>, February, 1901), that of a young
+    man of 27, of neuropathic temperament, who when he once chanced
+    to witness a <a name='5_Page_61'></a>woman urinating experienced voluptuous sensations.
+    From that moment he sought close contact with women urinating,
+    the maximum of gratification being reached when he could place
+    himself in such a position that a woman, in all innocence, would
+    urinate into his mouth. All his amorous adventures were concerned
+    with the search for opportunities for procuring this difficult
+    gratification. Closets in which he was able to hide, winter
+    weather and dull days he found most favorable to success. (A
+    somewhat similar case is recorded in the <i>Archives de
+    Neurologie</i>, 1902, p. 462.)</p>
+
+<p>    In the case of a robust man of neuropathic heredity recorded by
+    Pelanda some light is shed on the psychic attitude in these
+    manifestations; there was masturbation up to the age of 16, when
+    he abandoned the practice, and up to the age of 30 found complete
+    satisfaction in drinking the still hot urine of women. When a
+    lady or girl in the house went to her room to satisfy a need of
+    this kind, she had hardly left it but he hastened in, overcome by
+    extreme excitement, culminating in spontaneous ejaculation. The
+    younger the woman the greater the transport he experienced. It is
+    noteworthy that in this, as possibly in all similar cases, there
+    was no sensory perversion and no morbid attraction of taste or
+    smell; he stated that the action of his senses was suspended by
+    his excitement, and that he was quite unable to perceive the odor
+    or taste of the fluid. (Pelanda, &quot;Pornopatice,&quot; <i>Archivio di
+    Psichiatria</i>, facs. iii-iv, 1889, p. 356.) It is in the emotional
+    symbolism that the fascination lies and not in any sensory
+    perversion.</p>
+
+<p>    Magnan records the spontaneous development of this sexual
+    symbolism in a girl of 11, of good intellectual development but
+    alcoholic heredity, who seduced a boy younger than herself to
+    mutual masturbation, and on one occasion, lying on the ground and
+    raising her clothes, asked him to urinate on her. (<i>International
+    Congress of Criminal Anthropology</i>, 1889.) This case (except for
+    the early age of the subject) illustrates sporadically occurring
+    urolagnic symbolism in a woman, to whom such symbolism is fairly
+    obvious on account of the close resemblance between the emission
+    of urine and the ejaculation of semen in the man, and the fact
+    that the same conduit serves for both fluids. (A urolagnic
+    day-dream of this kind is recorded in the history of a lady
+    contained in the third volume of these <i>Studies</i>, Appendix B,
+    History VIII.) The natural and inevitable character of this
+    symbolism is shown by the fact that among primitive peoples urine
+    is sometimes supposed to possess the fertilizing virtues of
+    semen. J. G. Frazer in his edition of Pausanias (vol. iv, p. 139)
+    brings together various stories of women impregnated by urine.
+    Hartland also (<i>Legend of Perseus</i>, vol. i, pp. 76, 92) records
+    legends of women who were impregnated by accidentally or
+    intentionally drinking urine.</p>
+
+<p>    The symbolic sexual significance of urolagnia has hitherto
+    usually been confused with the fetichistic and mainly olfactory
+    perversion by <a name='5_Page_62'></a>which the excretion itself becomes a source of
+    sexual excitement. Long since Tardieu referred, under the name of
+    &quot;renifleurs,&quot; to persons who were said to haunt the neighborhood
+    of quiet passages, more especially in the neighborhood of
+    theatres, and who when they perceived a woman emerge after
+    urination, would hasten to excite themselves by the odor of the
+    excretion. Possibly a fetichism of this kind existed in a case
+    recorded by Belletrud and Mercier (<i>Annales d'Hygi&egrave;ne Publique</i>,
+    June, 1904, p. 48). A weak-minded, timid youth, who was very
+    sexual but not attractive to women, would watch for women who
+    were about to urinate and immediately they had passed on would go
+    and lick the spot they had moistened, at the same time
+    masturbating. Such a fetichistic perversion is strictly analogous
+    to the fetichism by which women's handkerchiefs, aprons or
+    underlinen become capable of affording sexual gratification. A
+    very complete case of such urolagnic fetichism&mdash;complete because
+    separated from association with the person accomplishing the act
+    of urination&mdash;has been recorded by Moraglia in a woman. It is the
+    case of a beautiful and attractive young woman of 18, with thick
+    black hair, and expressive vivacious eyes, but sallow complexion.
+    Married a year previously, but childless, she experienced a
+    certain amount of pleasure in coitus, but she preferred
+    masturbation, and frankly acknowledged that she was highly
+    excited by the odor of fermented urine. So strong was this
+    fetichism that when, for instance, she passed a street urinal she
+    was often obliged to go aside and masturbate; once she went for
+    this purpose into the urinal itself and was almost discovered in
+    the act, and on another occasion into a church. Her perversion
+    caused her much worry because of the fear of detection. She
+    preferred, when she could, to obtain a bottle of urine&mdash;which
+    must be stale and a man's (this, she said, she could detect by
+    the smell)&mdash;and to shut herself up in her own room, holding the
+    bottle in one hand and repeatedly masturbating with the other.
+    (Moraglia, &quot;Psicopatie Sessuali,&quot; <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, vol.
+    xiii, fasc. 6, p. 267, 1892.) This case is of especial interest
+    because of the great rarity of fully developed fetichism in
+    women. In a slight and germinal degree I believe that cases of
+    fetichism are not uncommon in women, but they are certainly rare
+    in a well-marked form, and Krafft-Ebing declared, even in the
+    late editions of his <i>Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, that he knew of no
+    cases in women.</p></div>
+
+<p>So far we have been concerned with the urolagnic rather than the
+coprolagnic variety of scatalogical symbolism. Although the two are
+sometimes associated there is no necessary connection, and most usually
+there is no tendency for the one to involve the other. Urolagnia is
+certainly much the more frequently found; the act of urination is far more
+apt to suggest <a name='5_Page_63'></a>erotically symbolical ideas than the idea of defecation.
+It is not difficult to understand why this should be so. The act of
+urination lends itself more easily to sexual symbolism; it is more
+intimately associated with the genital function; its repetition is
+necessary at more frequent intervals so that it is more in evidence;
+moreover, its product, unlike that of the act of defecation, is not
+offensive to the senses. Still coprolagnia occurs and not so very
+infrequently. Burton remarked that even the normal lover is affected by
+this feeling: &quot;immo nec ipsum amic&aelig; stercus foctet.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_29'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_29'><sup>[29]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Of Caligula who, however, was scarcely sane, it was said &quot;et quidem
+stercus uxoris degustavit.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_30'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_30'><sup>[30]</sup></a> In Parisian brothels (according to Taxil
+and others) provision is made for those who are sexually excited by the
+spectacle of the act of defecation (without reference to contact or odor)
+by means of a &quot;tabouret de verre,&quot; from under the glass floor of which the
+spectacle of the defecating women may be closely observed. It may be added
+that the erotic nature of such a spectacle is referred to in the Marquis
+de Sade's novels.</p>
+
+<p>There is one motive for the existence of coprolagnia which must not be
+passed over, because it has doubtless frequently served as a mode of
+transition to what, taken by itself, may well seem the least &aelig;sthetically
+attractive of erotic symbols. I refer to the tendency of the nates to
+become a sexual fetich. The nates have in all ages and in all parts of the
+world been frequently regarded as one of the most &aelig;sthetically beautiful
+parts of the feminine body.<a name='5_FNanchor_31'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_31'><sup>[31]</sup></a> It is probable that on the basis of this
+entirely normal attraction more than one form of erotic symbolism <a name='5_Page_64'></a>is at
+all events in part supported. D&uuml;hren and others have considered that the
+&aelig;sthetic charm of the nates is one of the motives which prompt the desire
+to inflict flagellation on women. In the same way&mdash;certainly in some and
+probably in many cases&mdash;the sexual charm of the nates progressively
+extends to the anal region, to the act of defecation, and finally to the
+feces.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In a case of Krafft-Ebing's (<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 183) the subject,
+    when a child of 6, accidentally placed his hand in contact with
+    the nates of the little girl who sat next to him in school, and
+    experienced so great a pleasure in this contact that he
+    frequently repeated it; when he was 10 a nursery governess, to
+    gratify her own desires, placed his finger in her vagina; in
+    adult life he developed urolagnic tendencies.</p>
+
+<p>    In a case of Moll's the development of a youthful admiration for
+    the nates in a coprolagnic direction may be clearly traced. In
+    this case a young man, a merchant, in a good position, sought to
+    come in contact with women defecating; and with this object would
+    seek to conceal himself in closets; the excretal odor was
+    pleasurable to him, but was not essential to gratification, and
+    the sight of the nates was also exciting and at the same time not
+    essential to gratification; the act of defecation appears,
+    however, to have been regarded as essential. He never sought to
+    witness prostitutes in this situation; he was only attracted to
+    young, pretty and innocent women. The coprolagnia here, however,
+    had its source in a childish impression of admiration for the
+    nates. When 5 or 6 years old he crawled under the clothes of a
+    servant girl, his face coming in contact with her nates, an
+    impression that remained associated in his mind with pleasure.
+    Three or four years later he used to experience much pleasure
+    when a young girl cousin sat on his face; thus was strengthened
+    an association which developed naturally into coprolagnia. (Moll,
+    <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p. 837.)</p>
+
+<p>    It is scarcely necessary to remark that an admiration for the
+    nates, even when reaching a fetichistic degree, by no means
+    necessarily involves, even after many years, any attraction to
+    the excreta. A correspondent for whom the nates have constituted
+    a fetich for many years writes: &quot;I find my craving for women with
+    profuse pelvic or posterior development is growing and I wish to
+    copulate from behind; but I would feel a sickening feeling if any
+    part of my person came in contact with the female anus. It is
+    more pleasing to me to see the nates than the mons, yet I loathe
+    everything associated with the anal region.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>Moll has recorded in detail a case of what may be described as &quot;ideal
+coprolagnia&quot;&mdash;that is to say, where the symbolism, <a name='5_Page_65'></a>though fully developed
+in imagination, was not carried into real life&mdash;which is of great interest
+because it shows how, in a very intelligent subject, the deviated
+symbolism may become highly developed and irradiate all the views of life
+in the same way as the normal impulse. (The subject's desires were also
+inverted, but from the present point of view the psychological interest of
+the case is not thereby impaired.) Moll's case was one of symbolism of
+act, the excreta offering no attraction apart from the process of
+defecation. In a case which has been communicated to me there was, on the
+other hand, an olfactory fetichistic attraction to the excreta even in the
+absence of the person.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In Moll's case, the patient, X., 23 years of age, belongs to a
+    family which he himself describes as nervous. His mother, who is
+    an&aelig;mic, has long suffered from almost periodical attacks of
+    excitement, weakness, syncope and palpitation. A brother of the
+    mother died in a lunatic asylum, and several other brothers
+    complain much of their nerves. The mother's sisters are very
+    good-natured, but liable to break out in furious passions; this
+    they inherit from their father. There appears to be no nervous
+    disease on the patient's father's side. X.'s sisters are also
+    healthy.</p>
+
+<p>    X. himself is of powerful undersized build and enjoys good
+    health, injured by no excesses. He considers himself nervous. He
+    worked hard at school and was always the first in his class; he
+    adds, however, that this is due less to his own abilities than
+    the laziness of his school-fellows. He is, as he remarks, very
+    religious and prays frequently, but seldom goes to church.</p>
+
+<p>    In regard to his psychic characters he says that he has no
+    specially prominent talent, but is much interested in languages,
+    mathematics, physics and philosophy, in fact, in abstract
+    subjects generally. &quot;While I take a lively interest in every kind
+    of intellectual work,&quot; he says, &quot;it is only recently that I have
+    been attracted to real life and its requirements. I have never
+    had much skill in physical exercises. For external things until
+    recently I have only had contempt. I have a delicately
+    constituted nature, loving solitude, and only associating with a
+    few select persons. I have a decided taste for fiction, poetry
+    and music; my temperament is idealistic and religious, with
+    strict conceptions of duty and morality, and aspirations towards
+    the good and beautiful. I detest all that is common and coarse,
+    and yet I can think and act in the way you will learn from the
+    following pages.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Regarding his sexual life, X. made the following communication:
+    &quot;During the last two years I have become convinced of the
+    perversion of my sexual instinct. I had often previously thought
+    that in <a name='5_Page_66'></a>me the impulse was not quite normal, but it is only
+    lately that I have become convinced of my complete perversion. I
+    have never read or heard of any case in which the sexual feelings
+    were of the same kind. Although I can feel a lively inclination
+    towards superior representatives of the female sex, and have
+    twice felt something like love, the sight or the recollection
+    even of a beautiful woman have never caused sexual excitement.&quot;
+    In the two exceptional instances mentioned it appears that X. had
+    an inclination to kiss the women in question, but that the
+    thought of coitus had no attraction. &quot;In my voluptuous dreams,
+    connected with the emission of semen, women in seductive
+    situations have never appeared. I have never had any desire to
+    visit a <i>puella publica</i>. The love-stories of my fellow-students
+    seemed very silly, dances and balls were a horror to me, and only
+    on very rare occasions could I be persuaded to go into society.
+    It will be easy to guess the diagnosis in my case: I suffer from
+    the sexual attraction of my own sex, I am a lover of boys.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;You cannot imagine what a world of thoughts, wishes, feelings
+    and impulses the words 'knabe,' '&#960;&#945;&#953;&#962;,' 'garcon,' 'boy,'
+    'ragazzo' have for me; one of these words, even in an unmeaning
+    clause of a translation-book, calls before me the whole sum of
+    associations which in course of time have become bound up with
+    this idea, and it is only with an effort that I can scare away
+    the wild band. This group of thoughts shows a wonderful mixture
+    of warm sensuality and ideal love, it unites my lowest and
+    highest impulses, the strength and the weakness of my nature, my
+    curse and my blessing. My inclination is especially towards boys
+    of the age of 12 to 15; though they may be rather younger or
+    older. That I should prefer beautiful and intelligent boys is
+    comprehensible. I do not want a prostitute, but a friend or a
+    son, whose soul I love, whom I can help to become a more perfect
+    man, such as I myself would willingly be.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;When I myself belonged to that happy age (<i>i.e.</i>, below 15) I
+    had no dearer wish than to possess a friend of similar tastes. I
+    have sought, hoped, waited, grieved, and been at last
+    disillusioned, overcome by desire and despair, and have not found
+    that friend. Even later the hope often reappeared, but always in
+    vain, and I cannot boast of that sure recognition which one reads
+    of in the autobiographies of Urnings. I do not know personally a
+    single fellow-sufferer. It is also doubtful whether such an
+    acquaintanceship would greatly help me, for I have a very
+    peculiar conception of homosexuality. As you will see, I have
+    little more in common with what are called p&aelig;derasts than sexual
+    indifference to the female sex, and I often ask myself: 'Does any
+    other man in the whole world feel like you? Are you alone in the
+    earth with your morbid desires? Are you a pariah of pariahs, or
+    is there, perhaps, another soul with similar longings living near
+    you? How often in summer have I gone to the lakes and streams
+    outside cities to seek boys bathing; but I always came back
+    unsatisfied, whether I found any or not. And <a name='5_Page_67'></a>in winter I have
+    been irresistibly impelled to return to the same spots, as if it
+    were sanctified by the boys, but my darlings had vanished and
+    cold winds blew over the icy floods, so that I would return
+    feeling as though I had buried all my happiness.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It must be borne in mind, therefore, that what I have to say
+    regarding my sexual impulses only refers to fancies and never to
+    their practical realization. My sensual impulses are not
+    connected with the sexual organs; all my voluptuous ideas are not
+    in the least connected with these parts. For this reason I have
+    never practiced onanism and <i>immissio membri in anum</i> is as
+    repulsive to me as to a normal man. Even every imitation of
+    coitus is, for me, without attraction. In a boy's body two things
+    specially excite me: <i>his belly and his nates</i>, the first as
+    containing the digestive tract, the second as holding the opening
+    of the bowels. Of the vegetable processes of life in the boy none
+    interest me nearly so much as the progress of his digestion and
+    the process of defecation. It is incredible to what an extent
+    this part of physiology has occupied me from youth. If as a boy I
+    wanted to read something of a piquantly exciting character I
+    sought in my father's encyclop&aelig;dia for articles like:
+    Obstruction, Constipation, H&aelig;morrhoids, F&aelig;ces, etc. No function
+    of the body seemed to be so significant as this, and I regarded
+    its disturbances as the most important in the whole mechanism of
+    life. The description of other disorders I could read in cold
+    blood, but intussusception of the bowels makes me ill even
+    to-day. I am always extremely pleased to hear that the digestion
+    of the people around me is in good condition. A man who did not
+    sufficiently watch over his digestion aroused distrust in me, and
+    I imagined that wicked men must be horribly indifferent regarding
+    this weighty matter. Even more than in ordinary persons was I
+    interested in the digestion of more mysterious beings, like
+    magicians in legends, or men of other nations. I would willingly
+    have made an anthropological study of my favorite subject, only
+    to my annoyance books nearly always pass over the matter in
+    silence. In history and fiction I regretted the absence of
+    information concerning the state of my heroes' digestion when
+    they languished in prison or in some unaccustomed or unhealthy
+    spot. For this reason I held no book more precious than one which
+    describes how a young man after being shipwrecked lived for a
+    long time in a narrow snow-hut, and it was conscientiously stated
+    that he became aware of digestive disturbances. No immorality
+    angers me more than the foolish practice of ladies who in society
+    neglect the satisfaction of their natural needs from misplaced
+    motives of modesty. On a railway journey I suffer horribly from
+    the thought that one of my fellow-travelers may be prevented from
+    fulfilling some imperative natural necessity.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I naturally devote the greatest attention to my own digestion.
+    With painful conscientiousness I go to stool every day at the
+    same <a name='5_Page_68'></a>hour; if the operation does not come off to my satisfaction
+    I feel not so much physical as mental discomfort. To this quite
+    useful hygienic interest became associated at puberty a sensual
+    interest. Since my fourteenth year I have had no greater
+    enjoyment than to defecate undressed (I do not do so now) after
+    having first carefully examined the distension of my abdomen. In
+    summer I would go into the woods, undress myself in a secluded
+    spot and indulge in the voluptuous pleasures of defecation. I
+    would sometimes combine with this a bath in a stream. I would
+    exhaust my imagination in the effort to invent specially
+    enjoyable variations, longed for a desert island where I could go
+    about naked, fill my body with much nourishing food, hold in the
+    excrement as long as possible and then discharge it in some
+    subtly-thought-out spot. These practices and ideas often caused
+    erections and later on emissions, but the genitals played no part
+    in my conceptions; their movements were uncomfortable and gave no
+    pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I soon longed to be associated in these orgies with some boy of
+    the same age, but I wanted not only a companion in my passion,
+    but also a real friend. Since there could be no question of
+    masturbation or p&aelig;derasty, our love would have been limited to
+    kisses, embraces, and&mdash;as a compensation for coitus&mdash;defecation
+    together. That would have been perfect bliss to me. I will spare
+    you the un&aelig;sthetic contents of my voluptuous dreams. But I
+    remained without a companion, and, therefore, without real
+    enjoyment. [He has, however, on various occasions experienced
+    erections, and even emissions, on seeing, by chance, men or boys
+    defecate.] Hinc ill&aelig; lacrim&aelig;; the excitement over my own
+    defecation only took place <i>faute de mieux</i>.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I knew very well that my thoughts and practices were impure and
+    contemptible. Ah! how often, when the intoxication was over, have
+    I thrown myself remorsefully on my knees, praying to God for
+    pardon! For some weeks I repressed my longing; but at last it was
+    too strong for me, I tried to justify myself and fell into my
+    vice anew. That I was guilty of licentiousness and loved boys
+    sexually first became clear to me later on, when I knew the
+    significance of erection as a sign of sexual excitement.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;No one can imagine with what demoniacal joy I am possessed at
+    the thought of a beautiful naked boy whose abdomen is filled as
+    the result of long abstinence from stool. The thought powerfully
+    excites me, a flood of passion goes through my blood and my limbs
+    tremble. I would never grow tired of feeling that belly and
+    looking at it. My passion would express itself in tempestuous
+    caresses, and the boy would have to assume various positions in
+    order to show off the beauty of his form, <i>i.e.</i>, to bring the
+    parts in question into better view. To observe defecation would
+    still further increase this peculiar enjoyment. If the boy's
+    bowels were not sufficiently filled I would feed him with all
+    sorts <a name='5_Page_69'></a>of food which produces much excrement, such as potatoes,
+    coarse bread, etc. If possible I would seek to delay defecation
+    for two or three days, so that it might be as copious as
+    possible. When at last it occurred it would be an unspeakable joy
+    for me to watch the f&aelig;ces&mdash;which would have to be fairly
+    firm&mdash;emerging from the anus.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    X. would like to be a teacher and thinks he could exert a
+    beneficial influence on boys. In spite of the pain he has
+    suffered he does not think he would like to be cured of his
+    perverse inclinations, for they have given him joy as well as
+    pain, and the pain has chiefly been owing to the fact that he
+    could not gratify his inclinations. X. smokes and drinks in
+    moderation, and has no feminine habits. (The foregoing is a
+    condensed summary of the case which is fully reported by Moll,
+    <i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, pp. 295-305.)</p>
+
+<p>    The case of coprolagnia communicated to me is that of a married
+    man, normal in all other respects, intellectually brilliant and
+    filling successfully a very responsible position. When a child
+    the women of his household were always indifferent as to his
+    presence in their bedrooms, and would satisfy all natural calls
+    without reserve before him. He would dream of this with
+    erections. His sexual interests became slowly centered in the act
+    of defecation, and this fetich throughout life never appealed to
+    him so powerfully as when associated with the particular type of
+    household furniture which was used for this purpose in his own
+    house. The act of defecation in the opposite sex or anything
+    pertaining to or suggesting the same caused uncontrollable sexual
+    excitement; the nates also exerted a great attraction. The alvine
+    excreta exerted this influence even in the absence of the woman;
+    it was, however, necessary that she should be a sexually
+    desirable person. The perversion in this case was not complete;
+    that is to say, that the excitement produced by the act of
+    defecation or the excretion itself was not actually preferred to
+    coitus; the sexual idea was normal coitus in the normal manner,
+    but preceded by the visual and olfactory enjoyment of the
+    exciting fetich. When coitus was not possible the enjoyment of
+    the fetich was accompanied by masturbation (as in the analogous
+    case of urolagnia in a woman summarized on p. 62.) On one
+    occasion he was discovered by a friend in a bedroom belonging to
+    a woman, engaged in the act of masturbation over a vessel
+    containing the desired fetich. In an agony of shame he begged the
+    mercy of silence concerning this episode, at the same time
+    revealing his life-history. He has constantly been haunted by the
+    dread of detection, as well as by remorse and the consciousness
+    of degradation, also by the fear that his unconquerable obsession
+    may lead him to the asylum.</p></div>
+
+<p>The scatalogic groups of sexual perversions, urolagnia and coprolagnia, as
+may be sufficiently seen in this brief summary, <a name='5_Page_70'></a>are not merely olfactory
+fetiches. They are, in a larger proportion of cases, dynamic symbols, a
+preoccupation with physiological acts which, by associations of contiguity
+and still more of resemblance, have gained the virtue of stimulating in
+slight cases, and replacing in more extreme cases, the normal
+preoccupation with the central physiological act itself. We have seen that
+there are various considerations which amply suffice to furnish a basis
+for such associations. And when we reflect that in the popular mind, and
+to some extent in actual fact, the sexual act itself is, like urination
+and defecation, an excretory act, we can understand that the true
+excretory acts may easily become symbols of the pseudo-excretory act. It
+is, indeed, in the muscular release of accumulated pressures and tensions,
+involved by the act of liberating the stored-up excretion, that we have
+the closest simulacrum of the tumescence and detumescence of the sexual
+process.<a name='5_FNanchor_32'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_32'><sup>[32]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In this way the erotic symbolism of urolagnia and coprolagnia is
+completely analogous with that dynamic symbolism of the clinging and
+swinging garments which Herrick has so accurately described, with the
+complex symbolism of flagellation and its play of the rod against the
+blushing and trembling nates, with the symbols of sexual strain and stress
+which are embodied in the foot and the act of treading.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_24'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_24'>[24]</a><div class='note'><p> Fuchs (<i>Das Erotische Element In der Karikatur</i>, p. 26),
+distinguishing sharply between the &quot;erotic&quot; and the &quot;obscene,&quot; reserves
+the latter term exclusively for the representation of excretory organs and
+acts. He considers that this is etymologically the most exact usage.
+However that may be, it seems to me that, in any case, &quot;obscene&quot; has
+become so vague a term that it is now impracticable to give it a
+restricted and precise sense.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_25'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_25'>[25]</a><div class='note'><p> In this connection we may profitably contemplate the hand
+and recall the vast gamut of functions, sacred and profane, which that
+organ exercises. Many savages strictly reserve the left hand to the
+lowlier purposes of life; but in civilization that is not considered
+necessary, and it may be wholesome for some of us to meditate on the more
+humble uses of the same hand which is raised in the supreme gesture of
+benediction and which men have often counted it a privilege to kiss.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_26'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_26'>[26]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Morselli, <i>Una Causa di Nullit&agrave; del
+Matrimonio</i>, 1902, p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_27'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_27'>[27]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Comptes-Rendus Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie</i>, July 23, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_28'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_28'>[28]</a><div class='note'><p> Transactions of the International Medical Congress, Moscow,
+vol. iv, p. 19. A similar symbolism may be traced in many of the cases in
+which the focus of modesty becomes in modest women centered in the
+excretory sphere and sometimes exaggerated to the extent of obsession. It
+must not be supposed, however, that every obsession in this sphere has a
+symbolical value of an erotic kind. In the case, for instance, which has
+been recorded by Raymond and Janet (<i>Les Obsessions</i>, vol. ii, p. 306) of
+a woman who spent much of her time in the endeavor to urinate perfectly,
+always feeling that she failed in some respect, the obsession seems to
+have risen fortuitously on a somewhat neurotic basis without reference to
+the sexual life.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_29'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_29'>[29]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Section II, Mem. III,
+Subs. I.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_30'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_30'>[30]</a><div class='note'><p> It may be remarked here that while the eating of excrement
+(apart from its former use as a magic charm and as a therapeutic agent) is
+in civilization now confined to sexual perverts and the insane, among some
+animals it is normal as a measure of hygiene in relation to their young.
+Thus, as, <i>e.g.</i>, the Rev. Arthur East writes, the mistle thrush swallows
+the droppings of its young. (<i>Knowledge</i>, June 1, 1899, p. 133.) In the
+dog I have observed that the bitch licks her puppies shortly after birth
+as they urinate, absorbing the fluid.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_31'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_31'>[31]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, the previous volume of these <i>Studies</i>, &quot;Sexual
+Selection in Man,&quot; pp. 165 <i>et seq.</i>, and D&uuml;hren, <i>Geschlechtsleben in
+England</i>, bd. ii, pp. 258, <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_32'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_32'>[32]</a><div class='note'><p> In the study of <i>Love and Pain</i> in a previous volume (p.
+130) I have quoted the remarks of a lady who refers to the analogy between
+sexual tension and vesical tension&mdash;&quot;Cette volupt&eacute; que ressentent les
+bords de la mer, d'&ecirc;tre toujours pleins sans jamais d&eacute;border&quot;&mdash;and its
+erotic significance.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_E_IV'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_71'></a>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Animals as Sources of Erotic Symbolism&mdash;Mixoscopic Zoophilia&mdash;The
+Stuff-fetichisms&mdash;Hair-fetichism&mdash;The Stuff-fetichisms Mainly on a Tactile
+Base&mdash;Erotic Zoophilia&mdash;Zooerastia&mdash;Bestiality&mdash;The Conditions that Favor
+Bestiality&mdash;Its Wide Prevalence Among Primitive Peoples and Among
+Peasants&mdash;The Primitive Conception of Animals&mdash;The Goat&mdash;The Influence of
+Familiarity with Animals&mdash;Congress Between Women and Animals&mdash;The Social
+Reaction Against Bestiality.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The erotic symbols with which we have so far been concerned have in every
+case been portions of the body, or its physiological processes, or at
+least the garments which it has endowed with life. The association on
+which the symbol has arisen has in every case been in large measure,
+although not entirely, an association of contiguity. It is now necessary
+to touch on a group of sexual symbols in which the association of
+contiguity with the human body is absent: the various methods by which
+animals or animal products or the sight of animal copulation may arouse
+sexual desire in human persons. Here we encounter a symbolism mainly
+founded on association by resemblance; the animal sexual act recalls the
+human sexual act; the animal becomes the symbol of the human being.</p>
+
+<p>The group of phenomena we are here concerned with includes several
+subdivisions. There is first the more or less sexual pleasure sometimes
+experienced, especially by young persons, in the sight of copulating
+animals. This I would propose to call Mixoscopic Zoophilia; it falls
+within the range of normal variation. Then we have the cases in which the
+contact of animals, stroking, etc., produces sexual excitement or
+gratification; this is a sexual fetichism in the narrow sense, and is by
+Krafft-Ebing termed <i>Zoophilia Erotica</i>. We have, further, the class of
+cases in which a real or simulated sexual intercourse with animals is
+desired. Such cases are not regarded as fetichism by<a name='5_Page_72'></a> Krafft-Ebing,<a name='5_FNanchor_33'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_33'><sup>[33]</sup></a>
+but they come within the phenomena of erotic symbolism as here understood.
+This class falls into two divisions: one in which the individual is fairly
+normal, but belongs to a low grade of culture; the other in which he may
+belong to a more refined social class, but is affected by a deep degree of
+degeneration. In the first case we may properly apply the term bestiality;
+in the second case it may perhaps be better to use the term <i>zooerastia</i>,
+proposed by Krafft-Ebing.<a name='5_FNanchor_34'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_34'><sup>[34]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Among children, both boys and girls, it is common to find that the
+copulation of animals is a mysteriously fascinating spectacle. It is
+inevitable that this should be so, for the spectacle is more or less
+clearly felt to be the revelation of a secret which has been concealed
+from them. It is, moreover, a secret of which they feel intimate
+reverberations within themselves, and even in perfectly innocent and
+ignorant children the sight may produce an obscure sexual excitement.<a name='5_FNanchor_35'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_35'><sup>[35]</sup></a>
+It would seem that this occurs more frequently in girls than in boys. Even
+in adult age, it may be added, women are liable to experience the same
+kind of emotion in the presence of such spectacles. One lady recalls, as a
+girl, that on several occasions an element of physical excitement entered
+into the feelings with which she watched the coquetry of cats. Another
+lady mentions that at the age of about 25, and when still quite ignorant
+of sexual matters, she saw from a window some boys tickling a dog and
+inducing sexual excitement in the animal; she vaguely divined what they
+were doing, and though feeling disgust at their conduct she at the same
+time experienced in a strong degree what she now knows was sexual
+excitement. The coupling of the larger animals is <a name='5_Page_73'></a>often an impressive and
+splendid spectacle which is far, indeed, from being obscene, and has
+commended itself to persons of intellectual distinction;<a name='5_FNanchor_36'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_36'><sup>[36]</sup></a> but in young
+or ill-balanced minds such sights tend to become both prurient and morbid.
+I have already referred to the curious case of a sexually hyper&aelig;sthetic
+nun who was always powerfully excited by the sight or even the
+recollection of flies in sexual connection, so that she was compelled to
+masturbate; this dated from childhood. After becoming a nun she recorded
+having had this experience, followed by masturbation, more than four
+hundred times.<a name='5_FNanchor_37'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_37'><sup>[37]</sup></a> Animal spectacles sometimes produce a sexual effect on
+children even when not specifically sexual; thus a correspondent, a
+clergyman, informs me that when a young and impressionable boy, he was
+much affected by seeing a veterinary surgeon insert his hand and arm into
+a horse's rectum, and dreamed of this several times afterward with
+emissions.</p>
+
+<p>While the contemplation of animal coitus is an easily intelligible and in
+early life, perhaps, an almost normal symbol of sexual emotion, there is
+another subdivision of this group of animal fetichisms which forms a more
+natural transition from the fetichisms which have their center in the
+human body: the stuff-fetichisms, or the sexual attraction exerted by
+various tissues, perhaps always of animal origin. Here we are in the
+presence of a somewhat complicated phenomenon. In part we have, <a name='5_Page_74'></a>in a
+considerable number of such cases, the sexual attraction of feminine
+garments, for all such tissues are liable to enter into the dress. In
+part, also, we have a sexual perversion of tactile sensibility, for in a
+considerable proportion of these cases it is the touch sensations which
+are potent in arousing the erotic sensations. But in part, also, it would
+seem, we have here the conscious or subconscious presence of an animal
+fetich, and it is notable that perhaps all these stuffs, and especially
+fur, which is by far the commonest of the groups, are distinctively animal
+products. We may perhaps regard the fetich of feminine hair&mdash;a much more
+important and common fetich, indeed, than any of the stuff fetichisms&mdash;as
+a link of transition. Hair is at once an animal and a human product, while
+it may be separated from the body and possesses the qualities of a stuff.
+Krafft-Ebing remarks that the senses of touch, smell, and hearing, as well
+as sight, seem to enter into the attraction exerted by hair.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The natural fascination of hair, on which hair-fetichism is
+    founded, begins at a very early age. &quot;The hair is a special
+    object of interest with infants,&quot; Stanley Hall concludes, &quot;which
+    begins often in the latter part of the first year.... The hair,
+    no doubt, gives quite unique tactile sensations, both in its own
+    roots and to hands, and is plastic and yielding to the motor
+    sense, so that the earliest interest may be akin to that in fur,
+    which is a marked object in infant experience. Some children
+    develop an almost fetichistic propensity to pull or later to
+    stroke the hair or beard of every one with whom they come in
+    contact.&quot; (G. Stanley Hall, &quot;The Early Sense of Self,&quot; <i>American
+    Journal of Psychology</i>, April, 1898, p. 359.)</p>
+
+<p>    It should be added that the fascination of hair for the infantile
+    and childish mind is not necessarily one of attraction, but may
+    be of repulsion. It happens here, as in the case of so many
+    characteristics which are of sexual significance, that we are in
+    the presence of an object which may exert a dynamic emotional
+    force, a force which is capable of repelling with the same energy
+    that it attracts. F&eacute;r&eacute; records the instructive case of a child of
+    3, of psychopathic heredity, who when he could not sleep was
+    sometimes taken by his mother into her bed. One night his hand
+    came in contact with a hairy portion of his mother's body, and
+    this, arousing the idea of an animal, caused him to leap out of
+    the bed in terror. He became curious as to the cause of his
+    terror and in time was able to observe &quot;the animal,&quot; but the
+    train of feelings which had been set up led to a life-long
+    indifference to women and a tendency to homosexuality. It is
+    noteworthy that he was attracted to <a name='5_Page_75'></a>men in whom the hair and
+    other secondary sexual characters were well developed. (F&eacute;r&eacute;,
+    <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, pp. 262-267.)</p>
+
+<p>    As a sexual fetich hair strictly belongs to the group of parts of
+    the body; but since it can be removed from the body and is
+    sexually effective as a fetich in the absence of the person to
+    whom it belongs, it is on a level with the garments which may
+    serve in a similar way, with shoes or handkerchiefs or gloves.
+    Psychologically, hair-fetichism presents no special problem, but
+    the wide attraction of hair&mdash;it is sexually the most generally
+    noted part of the feminine body after the eyes&mdash;and the peculiar
+    facility with which when plaited it may be removed, render
+    hair-fetichism a sexual perversion of specially great
+    medico-legal interest.</p>
+
+<p>    The frequency of hair-fetichism, as well as of the natural
+    admiration on which it rests, is indicated by a case recorded by
+    Laurent. &quot;A few years ago,&quot; he states, &quot;one constantly saw at the
+    Bal Bullier, in Paris, a tall girl whose face was lean and bony,
+    but whose black hair was of truly remarkable length. She wore it
+    flowing down her shoulders and loins. Men often followed her in
+    the street to touch or kiss the hair. Others would accompany her
+    home and pay her for the mere pleasure of touching and kissing
+    the long black tresses. One, in consideration of a relatively
+    considerable sum, desired to pollute the silky hair. She was
+    obliged to be always on her guard, and to take all sorts of
+    precautions to prevent any one cutting off this ornament, which
+    constituted her only beauty as well as her livelihood.&quot; (E.
+    Laurent, <i>L'Amour Morbide</i>, 1891, p. 164; also the same author's
+    <i>F&eacute;tichistes et Erotomanes</i>, p. 23.)</p>
+
+<p>    The hair despoiler (<i>Coupeur des Nattes</i> or <i>Zopfabschneider</i>)
+    may be found in any civilized country, though the most carefully
+    studied cases have occurred in Paris. (Several medico-legal
+    histories of hair-despoilers are summarized by Krafft-Ebing, <i>Op.
+    cit.</i>, pp. 329-334). Such persons are usually of nervous
+    temperament and bad heredity; the attraction to hair occasionally
+    develops in early life; sometimes the morbid impulse only appears
+    in later life after fever. The fetich may be either flowing hair
+    or braided hair, but is usually one or the other, and not both.
+    Sexual excitement and ejaculation may be produced in the act of
+    touching or cutting off the hair, which is subsequently, in many
+    cases, used for masturbation. As a rule the hair-despoiler is a
+    pure fetichist, no element of sadistic pleasure entering into his
+    feelings. In the case of a &quot;capillary kleptomaniac&quot; in Chicago&mdash;a
+    highly intelligent and athletic married young man of good
+    family&mdash;the impulse to cut off girls' braids appeared after
+    recovery from a severe fever. He would gaze admiringly at the
+    long tresses and then clip them off with great rapidity; he did
+    this in some fifty cases before he was caught and imprisoned. He
+    usually threw the braids away before he reached home. (<i>Alienist
+    and Neurologist</i>, April, 1889, p. 325.) In this case there <a name='5_Page_76'></a>is no
+    history of sexual excitement, probably because no proper
+    medico-legal examination was made. (It may be added that
+    hair-despoilers have been specially studied by Motet, &quot;Les
+    Coupeurs de Nattes,&quot; <i>Annales d'Hygi&egrave;ne</i>, 1890.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The stuff-fetiches are most usually fur and velvet; feathers, silk, and
+leathers also sometimes exert this influence; they are all, it will be
+noted, animal substances.<a name='5_FNanchor_38'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_38'><sup>[38]</sup></a> The most interesting is probably fur, the
+attraction of which is not uncommon in association with passive
+algolagnia. As Stanley Hall has shown, the fear of fur, as well as the
+love of it, is by no means uncommon in childhood; it may appear even in
+infancy and in children who have never come in contact with animals.<a name='5_FNanchor_39'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_39'><sup>[39]</sup></a>
+It is noteworthy that in most cases of uncomplicated stuff-fetichism the
+attraction apparently arises on a congenital basis, as it appears in
+persons of nervous or sensitive temperament at an early age and without
+being attached to any definite causative incident. The sexual excitation
+is nearly always produced by the touch rather than by the sight. As we
+found, when dealing with the sense of touch in the previous volume, the
+specific sexual sensations may be regarded as a special modification of
+ticklishness. The erotic symbolism in the case of these stuff-fetichisms
+would seem to be a more or less congenital perversion of ticklishness in
+relation to specific animal contacts.</p>
+
+<p>A further degree of perversion in this direction is reached in a case of
+erotic <i>zoophilia</i>, recorded by Krafft-Ebing.<a name='5_FNanchor_40'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_40'><sup>[40]</sup></a> In this case a
+congenital neuropath, of good intelligence but delicate and an&aelig;mic, with
+feeble sexual powers, had a great love of domestic animals, especially
+dogs and cats, from an early age; when petting them he experienced sexual
+emotions, although he was innocent in sexual matters. At puberty he
+realized the nature of his feelings and tried to break himself of his
+habits. He succeeded, but then began erotic dreams accompanied by images
+of <a name='5_Page_77'></a>animals, and these led to masturbation associated with ideas of a
+similar kind. At the same time he had no wish for any sort of sexual
+intercourse with animals, and was indifferent as to the sex of the animals
+which attracted him; his sexual ideals were normal. Such a case seems to
+be fundamentally one of fetichism on a tactile basis, and thus forms a
+transition between the stuff-fetichisms and the complete perversions of
+sexual attraction toward animals.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In some cases sexually hyper&aelig;sthetic women have informed me that
+    sexual feeling has been produced by casual contact with pet dogs
+    and cats. In such cases there is usually no real perversion, but
+    it seems probable that we may here have an occasional foundation
+    for the somewhat morbid but scarcely vicious excesses of
+    affection which women are apt to display towards their pet dogs
+    or cats. In most cases of this affection there is certainly no
+    sexual element; in the case of childless women, it may rather be
+    regarded as a maternal than as an erotic symbolism. (The excesses
+    of this non-erotic zoophilia have been discussed by F&eacute;r&eacute;,
+    <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, pp. 166-171.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Krafft-Ebing considers that complete perversion of sexual attraction
+toward animals is radically distinct from erotic <i>zoophilia</i>. This view
+cannot be accepted. Bestiality and <i>zooerastia</i> merely present in a more
+marked and profoundly perverted form a further degree of the same
+phenomenon which we meet with in erotic <i>zoophilia</i>; the difference is
+that they occur either in more insensitive or in more markedly degenerate
+persons.</p>
+
+<p>A fairly typical case of <i>zooerastia</i> has been recorded in America by
+Howard, of Baltimore. This was the case of a boy of 16, precociously
+mature and fairly bright. He was, however, indifferent to the opposite
+sex, though he had ample opportunity for gratifying normal passions. His
+parents lived in the city, but the youth had an inordinate desire for the
+country and was therefore sent to school in a village. On the second day
+after his arrival at school a farmer missed a sow which was found secreted
+in an outhouse on the school grounds. This was the first of many similar
+incidents in which a sow always took part. So strong was his passion that
+on one occasion force had to be used to take him away from the sow he was
+caressing. He did <a name='5_Page_78'></a>not masturbate, and even when restrained from
+approaching sows he had no sexual inclination for other animals. His
+nocturnal pollutions, which were frequent, were always accompanied by
+images of wallowing swine. Notwithstanding careful treatment no cure was
+effected; mental and physical vigor failed, and he died at the age of
+23.<a name='5_FNanchor_41'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_41'><sup>[41]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is, however, somewhat doubtful whether we can always or even usually
+distinguish between zooerastia and bestiality. Dr. G. F. Lydston, of
+Chicago, has communicated to me a case (in which he was consulted) which
+seems fairly typical and is instructive in this respect. The subject was a
+young man of 21, a farmer's son, not very bright intellectually, but very
+healthy and strong, of great assistance on the farm, very capable and
+industrious, such a good farm hand that his father was unwilling to send
+him away and to lose his services. There was no history of insanity or
+neurosis in the family, and no injury or illness in his own history. He
+had spells of moroseness and irritability, however, and had also been a
+masturbator. Women had no attraction for him, but he would copulate with
+the mares upon his father's farm, and this without regard to time, place,
+or spectators. Such a case would seem to stand midway between ordinary
+bestiality and pathological zooerastia as defined by Krafft-Ebing, yet it
+seems probable that in most cases of ordinary bestiality some slight
+traces of mental anomaly might be found, if such cases always were, as
+they should be, properly investigated.<a name='5_FNanchor_42'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_42'><sup>[42]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='5_Page_79'></a>
+<p>We have here reached the grossest and most frequent perversion in this
+group; bestiality, or the impulse to attain sexual gratification by
+intercourse, or other close contact, with animals. In seeking to
+comprehend this perversion it is necessary to divest ourselves of the
+attitude toward animals which is the inevitable outcome of refined
+civilization and urban life. Most sexual perversions, if not in large
+measure the actual outcome of civilized life, easily adjust themselves to
+it. Bestiality (except in one form to be noted later) is, on the other
+hand, the sexual perversion of dull, insensitive and unfastidious persons.
+It flourishes among primitive peoples and among peasants. It is the vice
+of the clodhopper, unattractive to women or inapt to court them.</p>
+
+<p>Three conditions have favored the extreme prevalence of bestiality: (1)
+primitive conceptions of life which built up no great barrier between man
+and the other animals; (2) the extreme familiarity which necessarily
+exists between the peasant and his beasts, often combined with separation
+from women; (3) various folk-lore beliefs such as the efficacy of
+intercourse with animals as a cure for venereal disease, etc.<a name='5_FNanchor_43'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_43'><sup>[43]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The beliefs and customs of primitive peoples, as well as their mythology
+and legends, bring before us a community of man and animals altogether
+unlike anything we know in civilization. Men may become animals and
+animals may become men; animals and men may communicate with each other
+and live on terms of equality; animals may be the ancestors of human
+tribes; the sacred totems of savages are most usually animals. There is no
+shame or degradation in the notion of a sexual relationship between men
+and animals, because in primitive conceptions animals are not inferior
+beings separated from man by a great gulf. They are much more like men in
+disguise, and in some respects possess powers which make them superior to
+men.<a name='5_Page_80'></a> This is recognized in those plays, festivals, and religious dances,
+so common among primitive peoples, in which animal disguises are worn.<a name='5_FNanchor_44'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_44'><sup>[44]</sup></a>
+When men admire and emulate the qualities of animals and are proud to
+believe that they descend from them, it is not surprising that they should
+sometimes see nothing derogatory in sexual intercourse with them.<a name='5_FNanchor_45'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_45'><sup>[45]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A significant relic of primitive conceptions in this matter may perhaps be
+found in the religious rites connected with the sacred goat of Mendes
+described by Herodotus. After telling how the Mendesians reverence the
+goat, especially the he-goat, out of their veneration for Pan, whom they
+represent as a goat (&quot;the real motive which they assign for this custom I
+do not choose to relate&quot;), he adds: &quot;It happened in this country, and
+within my remembrance, and was indeed universally notorious, that a goat
+had indecent and public communication with a woman.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_46'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_46'><sup>[46]</sup></a> The meaning of
+the passage evidently is that in the ordinary intercourse of women with
+the sacred goat, connection was only simulated or incomplete on account of
+the natural indifference of the goat to the human female, but that in rare
+cases the goat proved sexually excitable with the woman and capable of
+connection.<a name='5_FNanchor_47'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_47'><sup>[47]</sup></a> The goat has always been a kind of sacred emblem of lust.
+In the middle ages it became associated with the Devil as one of the
+favorite forms he assumed. It is significant of a primitively religious
+sexual association between men and animals, that witches constantly
+confessed, or were made to confess, that they had had intercourse with the
+Devil in the shape of an animal, very frequently a dog. The figures <a name='5_Page_81'></a>of
+human beings and animals in conjunction carved on temples in India, also
+seem to indicate the religious significance which this phenomenon
+sometimes presents. There is, indeed, no need to go beyond Europe even in
+her moments of highest culture to find a religious sanction for sexual
+union between human beings, or gods in human shape, and animals. The
+legends of Io and the bull, of Leda and the swan, are among the most
+familiar in Greek mythology, and in a later pictorial form they constitute
+some of the most cherished works of the painters of the Renaissance.</p>
+
+<p>As regards the prevalence of occasional sexual intercourse between men or
+women and animals among primitive peoples at the present time, it is
+possible to find many scattered references by travelers in all parts of
+the world. Such references by no means indicate that such practices are,
+as a rule, common, but they usually show that they are accepted with a
+good-humored indifference.<a name='5_FNanchor_48'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_48'><sup>[48]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Bestiality is very rarely found in towns. In the country this vice of the
+clodhopper is far from infrequent. For the peasant, whose sensibilities
+are uncultivated and who makes but the most elementary demands from a
+woman, the difference between an animal and a human being in this respect
+scarcely seems to be very great. &quot;My wife was away too long,&quot; a German
+peasant explained to the magistrate, &quot;and so I went with my sow.&quot; It is
+certainly an explanation that to the uncultivated peasant, ignorant of
+theological and juridical conceptions, must often seem natural and
+sufficient.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Bestiality thus resembles masturbation and other abnormal
+    manifestations of the sexual impulse which may be practiced
+    merely <i>faute de mieux</i> and not as, in the strict sense,
+    perversions of the impulse. Even necrophily may be thus
+    practiced. A young man who when assisting the grave-digger
+    conceived and carried out the idea of digging up the bodies of
+    young girls to satisfy his passions with, and whose case <a name='5_Page_82'></a>has
+    been recorded by Belletrud and Mercier, said: &quot;I could find no
+    young girl who would agree to yield to my desires; that is why I
+    have done this. I should have preferred to have relations with
+    living persons. I found it quite natural to do what I did: I saw
+    no harm in it, and I did not think that any one else could. As
+    living women felt nothing but repulsion for me, it was quite
+    natural I should turn to the dead, who have never repulsed me. I
+    used to say tender things to them like 'my beautiful, my love, I
+    love you.'&quot; (Belletrud and Mercier &quot;Perversion de l'Instinct
+    Gen&eacute;sique,&quot; <i>Annales d'Hygi&egrave;ne Publique</i>, June, 1903.) But when
+    so highly abnormal an act is felt as natural we are dealing with
+    a person who is congenitally defective so far as the finer
+    developments of intelligence are concerned. It was so in this
+    case of necrophily; he was the son of a weak-minded woman of
+    unrestrainable sexual inclinations, and was himself somewhat
+    feeble-minded; he was also, it is instructive to observe,
+    anosmic.</p></div>
+
+<p>But it is by no means only their dulled sensibility or the absence of
+women, which accounts for the frequency of bestiality among peasants. A
+highly important factor is their constant familiarity with animals. The
+peasant lives with animals, tends them, learns to know all their
+individual characters; he understands them far better than he understands
+men and women; they are his constant companions, his friends. He knows,
+moreover, the details of their sexual lives, he witnesses the often highly
+impressive spectacle of their coupling. It is scarcely surprising that
+peasants should sometimes regard animals as being not only as near to them
+as their fellow human beings, but even nearer.</p>
+
+<p>The significance of the factor of familiarity is indicated by the great
+frequency of bestiality among shepherds, goatherds, and others whose
+occupation is exclusively the care of animals. Mirabeau, in the eighteenth
+century, stated, on the evidence of Basque priests, that all the shepherds
+in the Pyrenees practice bestiality. It is apparently much the same in
+Italy.<a name='5_FNanchor_49'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_49'><sup>[49]</sup></a> In South<a name='5_Page_83'></a> Italy and Sicily, especially, bestiality among
+goatherds and peasants is said to be almost a national custom.<a name='5_FNanchor_50'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_50'><sup>[50]</sup></a> In the
+extreme north of Europe, it is reported, the reindeer, in this respect,
+takes the place of the goat.</p>
+
+<p>The importance of the same factor is also shown by the fact that when
+among women in civilization animal perversions appear, the animal is
+nearly always a pet dog. Usually in these cases the animal is taught to
+give gratification by <i>cunnilinctus</i>. In some cases, however, there is
+really sexual intercourse between the animal and the woman.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Moll mentions that in a case of <i>cunnilinctus</i> by a dog in
+    Germany there was a difficulty as to whether the matter should be
+    considered an unnatural offence or simply an offence against
+    decency; the lower court considered it in the former light, while
+    the higher court took the more merciful view. (Moll,
+    <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p. 697.) In a
+    case reported by Pfaff and mentioned by Moll, a country girl was
+    accused of having sexual intercourse with a large dog. On
+    examination Pfaff found in the girl's thick pubic hair a loose
+    hair which under the microscope proved to belong to the dog.
+    (<i>Loc. cit.</i>, p. 698.) In such a case it must be noted that while
+    this evidence may be held to show sexual contact with the dog, it
+    scarcely suffices to show sexual intercourse. This has, however,
+    undoubtedly occurred from time to time, even more or less openly.
+    Bloch (<i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 277 and 282) remarks that this is not an
+    infrequent exhibition given by prostitutes in certain brothels.
+    Maschka has referred to such an exhibition between a woman and a
+    bull-dog, which was given to select circles in Paris. Rosse
+    refers to a case in which a young unmarried woman in Washington
+    was surprised during intercourse with a large English mastiff,
+    who in his efforts to get loose caused such severe injuries that
+    the woman died from h&aelig;morrhage in about an hour. Rosse also
+    mentions that some years ago a performance of this kind between a
+    prostitute and a Newfoundland dog could be witnessed in San
+    Francisco by paying a small sum; the woman declared that a woman
+    who had once copulated with a dog would ever afterwards prefer
+    this animal to a man. Rosse adds that he was acquainted with a
+    similar performance between a woman <a name='5_Page_84'></a>and a donkey, which used to
+    take place in Europe (Irving Rosse, &quot;Sexual Hypochondriasis and
+    Perversion of the Genesic Instinct,&quot; <i>Virginia Medical Monthly</i>,
+    October, 1892, p. 379). Juvenal mentions such relations between
+    the donkey and woman (vi, 332). Krauss (quoted by Bloch,
+    <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil II, p.
+    276) states that in Bosnia women sometimes carry on these
+    practices with dogs and also&mdash;as he would not have believed had
+    he not on one occasion observed it&mdash;with cats. &quot;It seems to me,&quot;
+    writes Dr. Kiernan, of Chicago, (private letter) &quot;that what Rosse
+    says of the animal exhibitions in San Francisco is true of all
+    great cities. The animal employed in such exhibitions here has
+    usually been a donkey, and in one instance death occurred from
+    the animal trampling the girl partner. The practice described
+    occurs in country regions quite frequently. Thus in a case
+    reported in the suburbs of Omaha, Nebraska, a sixteen-year-old
+    boy engaged in rectal coitus with a large dog. In attempting to
+    extricate his swollen penis from the boy's rectum the dog tore
+    through the <i>sphincter ani</i> an inch into the gluteus muscles.
+    (<i>Omaha Clinic</i>, March, 1893.) In a Missouri case, which I
+    verified, a smart, pretty, well-educated country girl was found
+    with a profuse offensive vaginal discharge which had been present
+    for about a week, coming on suddenly. After washing the external
+    genitals and opening the labia three rents were discovered, one
+    through the fourchette and two through the left nymph&aelig;. The
+    vagina was excessively congested and covered with points bleeding
+    on the slightest irritation. The patient confessed that one day
+    while playing with the genitals of a large dog she became excited
+    and thought she would have slight coitus. After the dog had made
+    an entrance she was unable to free herself from him, as he
+    clasped her so firmly with his fore legs. The penis became so
+    swollen that the dog could not free himself, although for more
+    than an hour she made persistent efforts to do so. (<i>Medical
+    Standard</i>, June, 1903, p. 184). In an Indiana case, concerning
+    which I was consulted, the girl was a hebephreniac who had
+    resorted to this procedure with a Newfoundland dog at the
+    instance of another girl, seemingly normal as regards mentality,
+    and had been badly injured; a discharge resulted which resembled
+    gonorrh&oelig;a, but contained no gonococci. These cases are
+    probably more frequent than is usually assumed.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Women are known to have had intercourse with various other
+    animals, occasionally or habitually, in various parts of the
+    world. Monkeys have been mentioned in this connection. Moll
+    remarks that it seems to be an indication of an abnormal interest
+    in monkeys that some women are observed by the attendants in the
+    monkey-house of zo&ouml;logical gardens to be very frequent visitors.
+    Near the Amazon the traveler Castelnau saw an enormous Coati
+    monkey belonging to an Indian woman and tried to purchase it;
+    though he offered a large sum, the woman only laughed. &quot;Your
+    efforts are useless,&quot; remarked an<a name='5_Page_85'></a> Indian in the same cabin, &quot;he
+    is her husband.&quot; (So far as the early literature of this subject
+    is concerned, a number of facts and fables regarding the congress
+    of women with dogs, goats and other animals was brought together
+    at the beginning of the eighteenth century by Schurig in his
+    <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i>, Section II, cap. VII; I have not drawn on this
+    collection.)</p>
+
+<p>    In some cases women, and also men, find gratification in the
+    sexual manipulation of animals without any kind of congress. This
+    may be illustrated by an observation communicated to me by a
+    correspondent, a clergyman. &quot;In Ireland, my father's house
+    adjoined the residence of an archdeacon of the established
+    church. I was then about 20 and was still kept in religious awe
+    of evil ways. The archdeacon had two daughters, both of whom he
+    brought up in great strictness, resolved that they should grow up
+    examples of virtue and piety. Our stables adjoined, and were
+    separated only by a thin wall in which was a doorway closed up by
+    some boards, as the two stables had formerly been one. One night
+    I had occasion to go to our stable to search for a garden tool I
+    had missed, and I heard a door open on the other side, and saw a
+    light glimmer through the cracks of the boards. I looked through
+    to ascertain who could be there at that late hour, and soon
+    recognized the stately figure of one of the daughters, F. F. was
+    tall, dark and handsome, but had never made any advances to me,
+    nor had I to her. She was making love to her father's mare after
+    a singular fashion. Stripping her right arm, she formed her
+    fingers into a cone, and pressed on the mare's vulva. I was
+    astonished to see the beast stretching her hind legs as if to
+    accommodate the hand of her mistress, which she pushed in
+    gradually and with seeming ease to the elbow. At the same time
+    she seemed to experience the most voluptuous sensation, crisis
+    after crisis arriving.&quot; My correspondent adds that, being
+    exceedingly curious in the matter, he tried a somewhat similar
+    experiment himself with one of his father's mares and experienced
+    what he describes as &quot;a most powerful sexual battery&quot; which
+    produced very exciting and exhausting effects. N&auml;cke
+    (<i>Psychiatrische en Neurologische Bladen</i>, 1899, No. 2) refers to
+    an idiot who thus manipulated the vulva of mares in his charge.
+    The case has been recorded by Guillereau (<i>Journal de M&eacute;dicine
+    V&eacute;terinaire et de Zootechnie</i>, January, 1899) of a youth who was
+    accustomed to introduce his hand into the vulva of cows in order
+    to obtain sexual excitement.</p>
+
+<p>    The possibility of sexual excitement between women and animals
+    involves a certain degree of sexual excitability in animals from
+    contact with women. Darwin stated that there could be no doubt
+    that various quadrumanous animals could distinguish women from
+    men&mdash;in the first place probably by smell and secondarily by
+    sight&mdash;and be thus liable to sexual excitement. He quotes the
+    opinions on this point of Youatt,<a name='5_Page_86'></a> Brehm, Sir Andrew Smith and
+    Cuvier (<i>Descent of Man</i>, second edition, p. 8). Moll quotes the
+    opinion of an experienced observer to the same effect
+    (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, Bd. i, p. 429).
+    Hufeland reported the case of a little girl of three who was
+    playing, seated on a stool, with a dog placed between her thighs
+    and locked against her. Seemingly excited by this contact the
+    animal attempted a sort of copulation, causing the genital parts
+    of the child to become inflamed. Bloch (<i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 280, <i>et
+    seq.</i>) discusses the same point; he does not consider that
+    animals will of their own motion sexually cohabit with women, but
+    that they may be easily trained to it. There can be no doubt that
+    dogs at all events are sometimes sexually excited by the presence
+    of women, perhaps especially during menstruation, and many women
+    are able to bear testimony to the embarrassing attentions they
+    have sometimes received from strange dogs. There can be no
+    difficulty in believing that, so far as <i>cunnilinctus</i> is
+    concerned dogs would require no training. In a case recorded by
+    Moll (<i>Kontr&auml;re Sexualempfindung</i>, third edition, p. 560) a lady
+    states that this was done to her when a child, as also to other
+    children, by dogs who, she said, showed signs of sexual
+    excitement. In this case there was also sexual excitement thus
+    produced in the child, and after puberty mutual <i>cunnilinctus</i>
+    was practiced with girl friends. Guttceit (<i>Dreissig Jahre
+    Praxis</i>, Theil I, p. 310) remarks that some Russian officers who
+    were in the Turkish campaign of 1828 told him that from fear of
+    veneral infection in Wallachia they refrained from women and
+    often used female asses which appeared to show signs of sexual
+    pleasure.</p></div>
+
+<p>A very large number of animals have been recorded as having been employed
+in the gratification of sexual desire at some period or in some country,
+by men and sometimes by women. Domestic animals are naturally those which
+most frequently come into question, and there are few if any of these
+which can altogether be excepted. The sow is one of the animals most
+frequently abused in this manner.<a name='5_FNanchor_51'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_51'><sup>[51]</sup></a> Cases in which mares, cows, and
+donkeys figure constantly occur, as well as goats and sheep. Dogs, cats,
+and rabbits are heard of from time to time. Hens, ducks, and, especially
+in China, geese, are not uncommonly employed. The Roman ladies were said
+to have had an abnormal <a name='5_Page_87'></a>affection for snakes. The bear and even the
+crocodile are also mentioned.<a name='5_FNanchor_52'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_52'><sup>[52]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The social and legal attitude toward bestiality has reflected in part the
+frequency with which it has been practiced, and in part the disgust mixed
+with mystical and sacrilegious horror which it has aroused. It has
+sometimes been met merely by a fine, and sometimes the offender and his
+innocent partner have been burnt together. In the middle ages and later
+its frequency is attested by the fact that it formed a favorite topic with
+preachers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is significant that
+in the Penitentials,&mdash;which were criminal codes, half secular and half
+spiritual, in use before the thirteenth century, when penance was
+relegated to the judgment of the confessor,&mdash;it was thought necessary to
+fix the periods of penance which should be undergone respectively by
+bishops, priests and deacons who should be guilty of bestiality.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In Egbert's Penitential, a document of the ninth and tenth
+    centuries, we read (V. 22): &quot;Item Episcopus cum quadrupede
+    fornicans VII annos, consuetudinem X, presbyter V, diaconus III,
+    clerus II.&quot; There was a great range in the penances for
+    bestiality, from ten years to (in the case of boys) one hundred
+    days. The mare is specially mentioned (Haddon and Stubbs,
+    <i>Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents</i>, vol. iii, p. 422). In
+    Theodore's Penitential, another Anglo-Saxon document of about the
+    same age, those who habitually fornicate with animals are
+    adjudged ten years of penance. It would appear from the
+    <i>Penitentiale Pseudo-Romanum</i> (which is earlier than the eleventh
+    century) that one year's penance was adequate for fornication
+    with a mare when committed by a layman (exactly the same as for
+    simple fornication with a widow or virgin), and this was
+    mercifully reduced to half a year if he had no wife.
+    (Wasserschleben, <i>Die Bussordnungen der Abendl&auml;ndlichen Kirche</i>,
+    p. 366). The <i>Penitentiale Hubertense</i> (emanating from the
+    monastery of St. Hubert in the Ardennes) fixes ten years' penance
+    for sodomy, while Fulbert's Penitential (about the eleventh
+    century) fixes seven years for either sodomy or bestiality.
+    Burchard's Penitential, <a name='5_Page_88'></a>which is always detailed and precise,
+    specially mentions the mare, the cow and the ass, and assigns
+    forty days bread and water and seven years penance, raised to ten
+    years in the case of married men. A woman having intercourse with
+    a horse is assigned seven years penance in Burchard's
+    Penitential. (Wasserschleben, <i>ib.</i> pp. 651, 659.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The extreme severity which was frequently exercised toward those guilty of
+this offense, was doubtless in large measure due to the fact that
+bestiality was regarded as a kind of sodomy, an offense which was
+frequently viewed with a mystical horror apart altogether from any actual
+social or personal injury it caused. The Jews seem to have felt this
+horror; it was ordered that the sinner and his victim should both be put
+to death (Exodus, Ch. 22, v. 19; Leviticus, Ch. 20, v. 15). In the middle
+ages, especially in France, the same rule often prevailed. Men and sows,
+men and cows, men and donkeys were burnt together. At Toulouse a woman was
+burnt for having intercourse with a dog. Even in the seventeenth century a
+learned French lawyer, Claude Lebrun de la Rochette, justified such
+sentences.<a name='5_FNanchor_53'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_53'><sup>[53]</sup></a> It seems probable that even to-day, in the social and legal
+attitude toward bestiality, sufficient regard is not paid to the fact that
+this offense is usually committed either by persons who are morbidly
+abnormal or who are of so low a degree of intelligence that they border on
+feeble-mindedness. To what extent, and on what grounds, it ought to be
+punished is a question calling for serious reconsideration.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_33'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_33'>[33]</a><div class='note'><p> For Krafft-Ebing's discussion of the subject see <i>Op. cit.</i>,
+pp. 530-539.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_34'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_34'>[34]</a><div class='note'><p> In England it is not uncommon to use the term &quot;unnatural
+offence;&quot; this is an awkward and possibly misleading practice which should
+not be followed. In Germany a similar confusion is caused by applying the
+term &quot;sodomy&quot; to these cases as well as to pederasty. Krafft-Ebing
+considers that this error is due to the jurists, while the theologians
+have always distinguished correctly. In this matter, he adds, science must
+be <i>ancilla theologi&aelig;</i> and return to the correct usage of words.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_35'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_35'>[35]</a><div class='note'><p> This childish interest, with later abnormal developments,
+may be seen in History I of the Appendix to this volume.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_36'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_36'>[36]</a><div class='note'><p> The Countess of Pembroke, Sir Philip Sidney's sister,
+appears to have found sexual enjoyment in the contemplation of the sexual
+prowess of stallions. Aubrey writes that she &quot;was very salacious and she
+had a contrivance that in the spring of the year ... the stallions ...
+were to be brought before such a part of the house where she had a vidette
+to look on them.&quot; (<i>Short Lives</i>, 1898, vol. i, p. 311.) Although the
+modern editor's modesty has caused the disappearance of several lines from
+this passage, the general sense is clear. In the same century Burchard,
+the faithful secretary of Pope Alexander VI, describes in his invaluable
+diary how four race horses were brought to two mares in a court of the
+Vatican, the horses clamorously fighting for the possession of the mares
+and eventually mounting them, while the Pope and his daughter Lucrezia
+looked on from a window &quot;cum magno risu et delectatione.&quot; (<i>Diarium</i>, ed
+Thuasne, vol. III, p. 169.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_37'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_37'>[37]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1902, fasc. ii-iii, p. 338. In
+the case of pathological sexuality in a boy of 15, reported by A.
+MacDonald, and already summarized, the sight of copulating flies is also
+mentioned among many other causes of sexual excitation.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_38'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_38'>[38]</a><div class='note'><p> Krafft-Ebing presents or quotes typical cases of all these
+fetiches, <i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 255-266.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_39'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_39'>[39]</a><div class='note'><p> G. Stanley Hall, &quot;A study of Fears,&quot; <i>American Journal of
+Psychology</i>, 1897, pp. 213-215.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_40'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_40'>[40]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 268.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_41'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_41'>[41]</a><div class='note'><p> W. Howard, &quot;Sexual Perversion,&quot; <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>,
+January, 1896. Krafft-Ebing (<i>op. cit.</i>, p. 532) quotes from Boeteau the
+somewhat similar case of a gardener's boy of 16&mdash;an illegitimate child of
+neuropathic heredity and markedly degenerate&mdash;who had a passion, of
+irresistible and impulsive character, for rabbits. He was declared
+irresponsible. Moll (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, pp.
+431-433) presents the case of a neurotic man who from the age of 15 had
+been sexually excited by the sight of animals or by contact with them. He
+had repeatedly had connection with cows and mares; he was also sexually
+excited by sheep, donkeys, and dogs, whether female or male; the normal
+sexual instinct was weak and he experienced very slight attraction to
+women.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_42'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_42'>[42]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll also remarks (&quot;Perverse Sexualempfindung,&quot; in Senator's
+and Kaminer's <i>Krankheiten und Ehe</i>) that in this matter it is often
+hardly possible to draw a sharp line between vice and disease.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_43'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_43'>[43]</a><div class='note'><p> Instances of this widespread belief&mdash;found among the Tamils
+of Ceylon as well as in Europe&mdash;are quoted from various authors by Bloch,
+<i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil II, p. 278, and
+Moll, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p. 700. On the
+frequency of bestiality, from one cause or another, in the East, see,
+<i>e.g.</i>, Stern, <i>Medizin und Geschlechtsleben in der T&uuml;rkei</i>, bd. ii, p.
+219.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_44'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_44'>[44]</a><div class='note'><p> Sometimes (as among the Aleuts) the animal pantomime dances
+of savages may represent the transformation of a captive bird into a
+lovely woman who falls exhausted into the arms of the hunter. (H. H.
+Bancroft, <i>Native Races of the Pacific</i>, vol. i, p. 93.) A system of
+beliefs which accepts the possibility that a human being may be latent in
+an animal obviously favors the practice of bestiality.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_45'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_45'>[45]</a><div class='note'><p> For an example of the primitive confusion between the
+intercourse of women with animals and with men see, <i>e.g.</i>, Boas, &quot;Sagen
+aus British-Columbia,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, heft V, p. 558.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_46'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_46'>[46]</a><div class='note'><p> Herodotus, Book II, Chapter 46.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_47'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_47'>[47]</a><div class='note'><p> Dulare (<i>Des Divinit&eacute;s G&eacute;n&eacute;ratrices</i>, Chapter II) brings
+together the evidence showing that in Egypt women had connection with the
+sacred goat, apparently in order to secure fertility.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_48'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_48'>[48]</a><div class='note'><p> Various facts and references bearing on this subject are
+brought together by Blumenbach, <i>Anthropological Memoirs</i>, translated by
+Bendyshe, p. 80; Block, <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur &AElig;tiologie der Psychopathia
+Sexualis</i>, Teil II, pp. 276-283; also Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>,
+seventh edition, p. 520.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_49'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_49'>[49]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza mentions (<i>Gli Amori degli Uomini</i>, cap V) that
+at Rimini a young goatherd of the Apennines, troubled with dyspepsia and
+nervous symptoms, told him this was due to excesses with the goats in his
+care. A finely executed marble group of a satyr having connection with a
+goat, found at Herculaneum and now in the Naples Museum (reproduced in
+Fuchs's <i>Erotische Element in der Karikatur</i>), perhaps symbolizes a
+traditional and primitive practice of the goatherd.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_50'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_50'>[50]</a><div class='note'><p> Bayle (<i>Dictionary</i>, Art, Bathyllus) quotes various
+authorities concerning the Italian auxiliaries in the south of France in
+the sixteenth century and their custom of bringing and using goats for
+this purpose. Warton in the eighteenth century was informed that in Sicily
+priests in confession habitually inquired of herdsmen if they had anything
+to do with their sows. In Normandy priests are advised to ask similar
+questions.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_51'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_51'>[51]</a><div class='note'><p> It is worth noting that in Greek the work &#967;&#959;&#953;&#961;&#959;&#962;
+means both a sow and a woman's pudenda; in the <i>Acharnians</i> Aristophanes
+plays on this association at some length. The Romans also (as may be
+gathered from Varro's <i>De Re Rustica</i>) called the feminine pudenda
+<i>porcus</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_52'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_52'>[52]</a><div class='note'><p> Schurig, <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i>, pp. 280-387; Bloch, <i>op. cit.</i>,
+270-277. The Arabs, according to Kocher, chiefly practice bestiality with
+goats, sheep and mares. The Annamites, according to Mondi&egrave;re, commonly
+employ sows and (more especially the young women) dogs. Among the Tamils
+of Ceylon bestiality with goats and cows is said to be very prevalent.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_53'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_53'>[53]</a><div class='note'><p> Mantegazza (<i>Gli Amori degli Uomini</i>, cap. V) brings
+together some facts bearing on this matter.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_E_V'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_89'></a>V.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Exhibitionism&mdash;Illustrative Cases&mdash;A Symbolic Perversion of Courtship&mdash;The
+Impulse to Defile&mdash;The Exhibitionist's Psychic Attitude&mdash;The Sexual Organs
+as Fetichs&mdash;Phallus Worship&mdash;Adolescent Pride in Sexual
+Development&mdash;Exhibitionism of the Nates&mdash;The Classification of the Forms
+of Exhibitionism&mdash;Nature of the Relationship of Exhibitionism to Epilepsy.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>There is a remarkable form of erotic symbolism&mdash;very definite and standing
+clearly apart from all other forms&mdash;in which sexual gratification is
+experienced in the simple act of exhibiting the sexual organ to persons of
+the opposite sex, usually by preference to young and presumably innocent
+persons, very often children. This is termed exhibitionism.<a name='5_FNanchor_54'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_54'><sup>[54]</sup></a> It would
+appear to be a not very infrequent phenomenon, and most women, once or
+more in their lives, especially when young, have encountered a man who has
+thus deliberately exposed himself before them.</p>
+
+<p>The exhibitionist, though often a young and apparently vigorous man, is
+always satisfied with the mere act of self-exhibition and the emotional
+reaction which that act produces; he makes no demands on the woman to whom
+he exposes himself; he seldom speaks, he makes no effort to approach her;
+as a rule, he fails even to display the signs of sexual excitation. His
+desires are completely gratified by the act of exhibition and by the
+emotional reaction it arouses in the woman. He departs satisfied and
+relieved.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>A case recorded by Schrenck-Notzing very well represents both the
+    nature of the impulse felt by the exhibitionist and the way in
+    which it may originate. It is the case of a business man of 49,
+    of neurotic <a name='5_Page_90'></a>heredity, an affectionate husband and father of a
+    family, who, to his own grief and shame, is compelled from time
+    to time to exhibit his sexual organs to women in the street. As a
+    boy of 10 a girl of 12 tried to induce him to coitus; both had
+    their sexual parts exposed. From that time sexual contacts, as of
+    his own naked nates against those of a girl, became attractive,
+    as well as games in which the boys and girls in turn marched
+    before each other with their sexual parts exposed, and also
+    imitation of the copulation of animals. Coitus was first
+    practiced about the age of 20, but sight and touch of the woman's
+    sexual parts were always necessary to produce sexual excitement.
+    It was also necessary&mdash;and this consideration is highly important
+    as regards the development of the tendency to exhibition&mdash;that
+    the woman should be excited by the sight of his organs. Even when
+    he saw or touched a woman's parts orgasm often occurred. It was
+    the naked sexual organs in an otherwise clothed body which
+    chiefly excited him. He was not possessed of a high degree of
+    potency. Girls between the ages of 10 and 17 chiefly excited him,
+    and especially if he felt that they were quite ignorant of sexual
+    matters. His self-exhibition was a sort of psychic defloration,
+    and it was accompanied by the idea that other people felt as he
+    did about the sexual effects of the naked organs, that he was
+    shocking but at the same time sexually exciting a young girl. He
+    was thus gratifying himself through the belief that he was
+    causing sexual gratification to an innocent girl. This man was
+    convicted several times, and was finally declared to be suffering
+    from impulsive insanity. (Schrenck-Notzing,
+    <i>Kriminal-psychologische und Psycho-pathologische Studien</i>, 1902,
+    pp. 50-57.) In another case of Schrenck-Notzing's, an actor and
+    portrait painter, aged 31, in youth masturbated and was fond of
+    contemplating the images of the sexual organs of both sexes,
+    finding little pleasure in coitus. At the age of 24, at a bathing
+    establishment, he happened to occupy a compartment next to that
+    occupied by a lady, and when naked he became aware that his
+    neighbor was watching him through a chink in the partition. This
+    caused him powerful excitement and he was obliged to masturbate.
+    Ever since he has had an impulse to exhibit his organs and to
+    masturbate in the presence of women. He believes that the sight
+    of his organs excites the woman (<i>Ib.</i>, pp. 57-68). The presence
+    of masturbation in this case renders it untypical as a case of
+    exhibitionism. Moll at one time went so far as to assert that
+    when masturbation takes place we are not entitled to admit
+    exhibitionism, (<i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i,
+    p. 661), but now accepts exhibitionism with masturbation
+    (&quot;Perverse Sexualempfindung,&quot; <i>Krankheiten und Ehe</i>). The act of
+    exhibition itself gratifies the sexual impulse, and usually it
+    suffices to replace both tumescence and detumescence.</p>
+
+<p>    A fairly typical case, recorded by Krafft-Ebing, is that of a
+    German factory worker of 37, a good, sober and intelligent
+    workman. His <a name='5_Page_91'></a>parents were healthy, but one of his mother's and
+    also one of his father's sisters were insane; some of his
+    relatives are eccentric in religion. He has a languishing
+    expression and a smile of self-complacency. He never had any
+    severe illness, but has always been eccentric and imaginative,
+    much absorbed in romances (such as Dumas's novels) and fond of
+    identifying himself with their heroes. No signs of epilepsy. In
+    youth moderate masturbation, later moderate coitus. He lives a
+    retired life, but is fond of elegant dress and of ornament.
+    Though not a drinker, he sometimes makes himself a kind of punch
+    which has a sexually exciting effect on him. The impulse to
+    exhibitionism has only developed in recent years. When the
+    impulse is upon him he becomes hot, his heart beats violently,
+    the blood rushes to his head, and he is oblivious of everything
+    around him that is not connected with his own act. Afterwards he
+    regards himself as a fool and makes vain resolutions never to
+    repeat the act. In exhibition the penis is only half erect and
+    ejaculation never occurs. (He is only capable of coitus with a
+    woman who shows great attraction to him.) He is satisfied with
+    self-exhibition, and believes that he thus gives pleasure to the
+    woman, since he himself receives pleasure in contemplating a
+    woman's sexual parts. His erotic dreams are of self-exhibition to
+    young and voluptuous women. He had been previously punished for
+    an offense of this kind; medico-legal opinion now recognized the
+    incriminated man's psychopathic condition. (Krafft-Ebing, <i>Op.
+    cit.</i>, pp. 492-494.)</p>
+
+<p>    Trochon has reported the case of a married man of 33, a worker in
+    a factory, who for several years had exhibited himself at
+    intervals to shop-girls, etc., in a state of erection, but
+    without speaking or making other advances. He was a hard-working,
+    honest, sober man of quiet habits, a good father to his family
+    and happy at home. He showed not the slightest sign of insanity.
+    But he was taciturn, melancholic and nervous; a sister was an
+    idiot. He was arrested, but on the report of the experts that he
+    committed these acts from a morbid impulse he could not control
+    he was released. (Trochon, <i>Archives de l'Anthropologie
+    Criminelle</i>, 1888, p. 256.)</p>
+
+<p>    In a case of Freyer's (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Medizinalbeamte</i>, third
+    year, No. 8) the occasional connection of exhibitionism with
+    epilepsy is well illustrated by a barber's assistant, aged 35,
+    whose father suffered from chronic alcoholism and was also said
+    to have committed the same kind of offense as his son. The mother
+    and a sister suffered nervously. From ages of 7 to 18 the subject
+    had epileptic convulsions. From 16 to 21 he indulged in normal
+    sexual intercourse. At about that time he had often to pass a
+    playground and at times would urinate there; it happened that the
+    children watched him with curiosity. He noticed that when thus
+    watched sexual excitement was caused, inducing erection and even
+    ejaculation. He gradually found pleasure in this kind of <a name='5_Page_92'></a>sexual
+    gratification; finally he became indifferent to coitus. His
+    erotic dreams, though still usually about normal coitus, were now
+    sometimes concerned with exhibition before little girls. When
+    overcome by the impulse he could see and hear nothing around him,
+    though he did not lose consciousness. After the act was over he
+    was troubled by his deed. In all other respects he was entirely
+    reasonable. He was imprisoned many times for exhibiting himself
+    to young schoolgirls, sometimes vaunting the beauty of his organs
+    and inviting inspection. On one occasion he underwent mental
+    examination, but was considered to be mentally sound. He was
+    finally held to be a hereditarily tainted individual with
+    neuropathic constitution. The head was abnormally broad, penis
+    small, patellar reflex absent, and there were many signs of
+    neurasthenia. (Krafft-Ebing, <i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 490-492.)</p>
+
+<p>    The prevalence of epilepsy among exhibitionists is shown by the
+    observations of Pelanda in Verona. He has recorded six cases of
+    this perversion, all of which eventually reached the asylum and
+    were either epileptics or with epileptic relations. One had a
+    brother who was also an exhibitionist. In some cases the penis
+    was abnormally large, in others abnormally small. Several had
+    very weak sexual impulse; one, at the age of 62, had never
+    effected coitus, and was proud of the fact that he was still a
+    virgin, considering, he would say, the epoch of demoralization in
+    which we live. (Pelanda, &quot;Pornopatici,&quot; <i>Archivio di
+    Psichiatria</i>, fasc. ii-iv, 1889.)</p>
+
+<p>    In a very typical case of exhibitionism which Garnier has
+    recorded, a certain X., a gentleman engaged in business in Paris,
+    had a predilection for exhibiting himself in churches, more
+    especially in Saint-Roch. He was arrested several times for
+    exposing his sexual organs here before ladies in prayer. In this
+    way he finally ruined his commercial position in Paris and was
+    obliged to establish himself in a small provincial town. Here
+    again he soon exposed himself in a church and was again sent to
+    prison, but on his liberation immediately performed the same act
+    in the same church in what was described as a most imperturbable
+    manner. Compelled to leave the town, he returned to Paris, and in
+    a few weeks' time was again arrested for repeating his old
+    offense in Saint Roch. When examined by Garnier, the information
+    he supplied was vague and incomplete, and he was very embarrassed
+    in the attempt to explain himself. He was unable to say why he
+    chose a church, but he felt that it was to a church that he must
+    go. He had, however, no thought of profanation and no wish to
+    give offense. &quot;Quite the contrary!&quot; he declared. He had the sad
+    and tired air of a man who is dominated by a force stronger than
+    his will. &quot;I know,&quot; he added, &quot;what repulsion my conduct must
+    inspire. Why am I made thus? Who will cure me?&quot; (P. Garnier,
+    &quot;Perversions Sexuelles,&quot; <i>Comptes Rendus</i>, International Congress
+    of Medicine at Paris in 1900, <i>Section de Psychiatrie</i>, pp.
+    433-435.)</p><a name='5_Page_93'></a>
+
+<p>    In some cases, it would appear, the impulse to exhibitionism may
+    be overcome or may pass away. This result is the more likely to
+    come about in those cases in which exhibitionism has been largely
+    conditioned by chronic alcoholism or other influences tending to
+    destroy the inhibiting and restraining action of the higher
+    centers, which may be overcome by hygiene and treatment. In this
+    connection I may bring forward a case which has been communicated
+    to me by a medical correspondent in London. It is that of an
+    actor, of high standing in his profession and extremely
+    intelligent, 49 years of age, married and father of a large
+    family. He is sexually vigorous and of erotic temperament. His
+    general health has always been good, but he is a high-strung,
+    neurotic man, with quick mental reactions. His habits had for a
+    long time been decidedly alcoholic, but two years ago, a small
+    quantity of albumen being found in the urine, he was persuaded to
+    leave off alcohol, and has since been a teetotaller. Though
+    ordinarily very reticent about sexual matters, he began four or
+    five years ago to commit acts of exhibitionism, exposing himself
+    to servants in the house and occasionally to women in the
+    country. This continued after the alcohol had been abandoned and
+    lasted for several years, though the attention of the police was
+    never attracted to the matter, and so far as possible he was
+    quietly supervised by his friends. Nine months after, the acts of
+    exhibitionism ceased, apparently in a spontaneous manner, and
+    there has so far been no relapse.</p></div>
+
+<p>Exhibitionism is an act which, on the face of it, seems nonsensical and
+meaningless, and as such, as an inexplicable act of madness, it has
+frequently been treated both by writers on insanity and on sexual
+perversion. &quot;These acts are so lacking in common sense and intelligent
+reflection that no other reason than insanity can be offered for the
+patient,&quot; Ball concluded.<a name='5_FNanchor_55'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_55'><sup>[55]</sup></a> Moll, also, who defines exhibitionism
+somewhat too narrowly as a condition in which &quot;the charm of the exhibition
+lies for the subject in the display itself,&quot; not sufficiently taking into
+consideration the imagined effect on the spectator, concludes that &quot;the
+psychological basis of exhibitionism is at present by no means cleared
+up.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_56'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_56'><sup>[56]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>We may probably best approach exhibitionism by regarding it as
+fundamentally a symbolic act based on a perversion of courtship. The
+exhibitionist displays the organ of sex to a <a name='5_Page_94'></a>feminine witness, and in the
+shock of modest sexual shame by which she reacts to that spectacle, he
+finds a gratifying similitude of the normal emotions of coitus.<a name='5_FNanchor_57'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_57'><sup>[57]</sup></a> He
+feels that he has effected a psychic defloration.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Exhibitionism is thus analogous, and, indeed, related, to the
+    impulse felt by many persons to perform indecorous acts or tell
+    indecent stories before young and innocent persons of the
+    opposite sex. This is a kind of psychic exhibitionism, the
+    gratification it causes lying exactly, as in physical
+    exhibitionism, in the emotional confusion which it is felt to
+    arouse. The two kinds of exhibitionism may be combined in the
+    same person: Thus, in a case reported by Hoche (p. 97), the
+    exhibitionist an intellectual and highly educated man, with a
+    doctor's degree, also found pleasure in sending indecent poems
+    and pictures to women, whom, however, he made no attempt to
+    seduce; he was content with the thought of the emotions he
+    aroused or believed that he aroused.</p>
+
+<p>    It is possible that within this group should come the agent in
+    the following incident which was lately observed by a lady, a
+    friend of my own. An elderly man in an overcoat was seen standing
+    outside a large and well-known draper's shop in the outskirts of
+    London; when able to attract the attention of any of the
+    shop-girls or of any girl in the street he would fling back his
+    coat and reveal that he was wearing over his own clothes a
+    woman's chemise (or possibly bodice) and a woman's drawers; there
+    was no exposure. The only intelligible explanation of this action
+    would seem to be that pleasure was experienced in the mild shock
+    of interested surprise and injured modesty which this vision was
+    imagined to cause to a young girl. It would thus be a
+    comparatively innocent form of psychic defloration.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is of interest to point out that the sexual symbolism of active
+flagellation is very closely analogous to this symbolism of exhibitionism.
+The flagellant approaches a woman with the rod (itself a symbol of the
+penis and in some countries bearing names which are also applied to that
+organ) and inflicts on an <a name='5_Page_95'></a>intimate part of her body the signs of blushing
+and the spasmodic movements which are associated with sexual excitement,
+while at the same time she feels, or the flagellant imagines that she
+feels, the corresponding emotions of delicious shame.<a name='5_FNanchor_58'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_58'><sup>[58]</sup></a> This is an even
+closer mimicry of the sexual act than the exhibitionist attains, for the
+latter fails to secure the consent of the woman nor does he enjoy any
+intimate contact with her naked body. The difference is connected with the
+fact that the active flagellant is usually a more virile and normal person
+than the exhibitionist. In the majority of cases the exhibitionist's
+sexual impulse is very feeble, and as a rule he is either to some degree a
+degenerate, or else a person who is suffering from an early stage of
+general paralysis, dementia, or some other highly enfeebling cause of
+mental disorganization, such as chronic alcoholism. Sexual feebleness is
+further indicated by the fact that the individuals selected as witnesses
+are frequently mere children.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It seems probable that a form of erotic symbolism somewhat
+    similar to exhibitionism is to be found in the rare cases in
+    which sexual gratification is derived from throwing ink, acid or
+    other defiling liquids on women's dresses. Thoinot has recorded a
+    case of this kind (<i>Attentats aux Moeurs</i>, 1898, pp. 484, <i>et
+    seq.</i>). An instructive case has been presented by Moll. In this
+    case a young man of somewhat neuropathic heredity had as a youth
+    of 16 or 17, when romping with his young sister's playfellows,
+    experienced sexual sensations on chancing to see their white
+    underlinen. From that time white underlinen and white dresses
+    became to him a fetich and he was only attracted to women so
+    attired. One day, at the age of 25, when crossing the street in
+    wet weather with a young lady in a white dress, a passing vehicle
+    splashed the dress with mud. This incident caused him strong
+    sexual excitement, and from that time he had the impulse to throw
+    ink, perchloride of iron, etc., on to ladies' white dresses, and
+    sometimes to cut and tear them, sexual excitement and ejaculation
+    taking place every time he effected this. (Moll, &quot;Gutachten &uuml;ber
+    einem Sexual Perversen [Besudelungstrieb],&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r
+    Medizinalbeamte</i>, Heft XIII, 1900). Such a case is of
+    considerable psychological interest. Thoinot considers that in
+    these cases the fleck is a fetich. That is an incorrect account
+    of the matter. In this case the <a name='5_Page_96'></a>white garments constituted the
+    primary fetich, but that fetich becomes more acutely realized,
+    and at the same time both parties are thrown into an emotional
+    state which to the fetichist becomes a mimicry of coitus, by the
+    act of defilement. We may perhaps connect with this phenomenon
+    the attraction which muddy shoes often exert over the
+    shoe-fetichist, and the curious way in which, as we have seen (p.
+    18), Restif de la Bretonne associates his love of neatness in
+    women with his attraction to the feet, the part, he remarks,
+    least easy to keep clean.</p>
+
+<p>    Garnier applied the term <i>sadi-fetichism</i> to active flagellation
+    and many similar manifestations such as we are here concerned
+    with, on the grounds that they are hybrids which combine the
+    morbid adoration for a definite object with the impulse to
+    exercise a more or less degree of violence. From the standpoint
+    of the conception of erotic symbolism I have adopted there is no
+    need for this term. There is here no hybrid combination of two
+    unlike mental states. We are simply concerned with states of
+    erotic symbolism, more or less complete, more or less complex.</p></div>
+
+<p>The conception of exhibitionism as a process of erotic symbolism, involves
+a conscious or unconscious attitude of attention in the exhibitionist's
+mind to the psychic reaction of the woman toward whom his display is
+directed. He seeks to cause an emotion which, probably in most cases, he
+desires should be pleasurable. But from one cause or another his finer
+sensibilities are always inhibited or in abeyance, and he is unable to
+estimate accurately either the impression he is likely to produce or the
+general results of his action, or else he is moved by a strong impulsive
+obsession which overpowers his judgment. In many cases he has good reason
+for believing that his act will be pleasurable, and frequently he finds
+complacent witnesses among the low-class servant girls, etc.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It may be pointed out here that we are quite justified in
+    speaking of a penis-fetichism and also of a vulva-fetichism. This
+    might be questioned. We are obviously justified in recognizing a
+    fetichism which attaches itself to the pubic hair, or, as in a
+    case with which I am acquainted, to the clitoris, but it may seem
+    that we cannot regard the central sexual organs as symbols of
+    sex, symbols, as it were, of themselves. Properly regarded,
+    however, it is the sexual act rather than the sexual organ which
+    is craved in normal sexual desire; the organ is regarded merely
+    as the means and not as the end. Regarded as a means the organ is
+    indeed an object of desire, but it only becomes a fetich when it
+    arrests and fixes the attention. An attention thus pleasurably
+    fixed, a vulva-fetichism or a penis-fetichism, is within the
+    normal range <a name='5_Page_97'></a>of sexual emotion (this point has been mentioned in
+    the previous volume when discussing the part played by the
+    primary sexual organs in sexual selection), and in coarse-grained
+    natures of either sex it is a normal allurement in its
+    generalized shape, apart from any attraction to the person to
+    whom the organs belong. In some morbid cases, however, this
+    penis-fetichism may become a fully developed sexual perversion. A
+    typical case of this kind has been recorded by Howard in the
+    United States. Mrs. W., aged 39, was married at 20 to a strong,
+    healthy man, but derived no pleasure from coitus, though she
+    received great pleasure from masturbation practiced immediately
+    after coitus, and nine years after marriage she ceased actual
+    coitus, compelling her husband to adopt mutual masturbation. She
+    would introduce men into the house at all times of the day or
+    night, and after persuading them to expose their persons would
+    retire to her room to masturbate. The same man never aroused
+    desire more than once. This desire became so violent and
+    persistent that she would seek out men in all sorts of public
+    places and, having induced them to expose themselves, rapidly
+    retreat to the nearest convenient spot for self-gratification.
+    She once abstracted a pair of trousers she had seen a man wear
+    and after fondling them experienced the orgasm. Her husband
+    finally left her, after vainly attempting to have her confined in
+    an asylum. She was often arrested for her actions, but through
+    the intervention of friends set free again. She was a highly
+    intelligent woman, and apart from this perversion entirely
+    normal. (W. L. Howard, &quot;Sexual Perversion,&quot; <i>Alienist and
+    Neurologist</i>, January, 1896.) It is on the existence of a more or
+    less developed penis-fetichism of this kind that the
+    exhibitionist, mostly by an ignorant instinct, relies for the
+    effects he desires to produce.</p></div>
+
+<p>The exhibitionist is not usually content to produce a mere titillated
+amusement; he seeks to produce a more powerful effect which must be
+emotional whether or not it is pleasurable. A professional man in
+Strassburg (in a case reported by Hoche<a name='5_FNanchor_59'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_59'><sup>[59]</sup></a>) would walk about in the
+evening in a long cloak, and when he met ladies would suddenly throw his
+cloak back under a street lamp, or igniting a red-fire match, and thus
+exhibit his organs. There was an evident effort&mdash;on the part of a weak,
+vain, and effeminate man&mdash;to produce a maximum of emotional effect. The
+attempt to heighten the emotional shock is also seen in the fact that the
+exhibitionist frequently chooses a church as the scene of his exploits,
+not during service, for he <a name='5_Page_98'></a>always avoids a concourse of people, but
+perhaps toward evening when there are only a few kneeling women scattered
+through the edifice. The church is chosen, often instinctively rather than
+deliberately, from no impulse to commit a sacrilegious outrage&mdash;which, as
+a rule, the exhibitionist does not feel his act to be&mdash;but because it
+really presents the conditions most favorable to the act and the effects
+desired. The exhibitionist's attitude of mind is well illustrated by one
+of Garnier's patients who declared that he never wished to be seen by more
+than two women at once, &quot;just what is necessary,&quot; he added, &quot;for an
+exchange of impressions.&quot; After each exhibition he would ask himself
+anxiously: &quot;Did they see me? What are they thinking? What do they say to
+each other about me? Oh! how I should like to know!&quot; Another patient of
+Garnier's, who haunted churches for this purpose, made this very
+significant statement: &quot;Why do I like going to churches? I can scarcely
+say. <i>But I know that it is only there that my act has its full
+importance</i>. The woman is in a devout frame of mind, and she must see that
+such an act in such a place is not a joke in bad taste or a disgusting
+obscenity; <i>that if I go there it is not to amuse myself; it is more
+serious than that!</i> I watch the effect produced on the faces of the ladies
+to whom I show my organs. I wish to see them express a profound joy. I
+wish, in fact, that they may be forced to say to themselves: <i>How
+impressive Nature is when thus seen!</i>&quot;</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Here we trace the presence of a feeling which recalls the
+    phenomena of the ancient and world-wide phallic worship, still
+    liable to reappear sporadically. Women sometimes took part in
+    these rites, and the osculation of the male sexual organ or its
+    emblematic representation by women is easily traceable in the
+    phallic rites of India and many other lands, not excluding Europe
+    even in comparatively recent times. (Dulaure in his <i>Divinit&eacute;s
+    G&eacute;n&eacute;ratices</i> brings together much bearing on these points; <i>cf.</i>:
+    Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol. i, Chapter XVII, and Bloch,
+    <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur Psychopathia Sexualis</i>, Teil I, pp. 115-117. Colin
+    Scott has some interesting remarks on phallic worship and the
+    part it has played in aiding human evolution, &quot;Sex and Art,&quot;
+    <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, vol. vii, No. 2, pp. 191-197.
+    Irving Rosse describes some modern phallic rites in which both
+    men and women took part, similar to those practiced in vaudouism,
+    &quot;Sexual Hypochondriasis,&quot; <i>Virginia Medical Monthly</i>, October,
+    1892.)</p><a name='5_Page_99'></a>
+
+<p>    Putting aside any question of phallic worship, a certain pride
+    and more or less private feeling of ostentation in the new
+    expansion and development of the organs of virility seems to be
+    almost normal at adolescence. &quot;We have much reason to assume,&quot;
+    Stanley Hall remarks, &quot;that in a state of nature there is a
+    certain instinctive pride and ostentation that accompanies the
+    new local development. I think it will be found that
+    exhibitionists are usually those who have excessive growth here,
+    and that much that modern society stigmatizes as obscene is at
+    bottom more or less spontaneous and perhaps in some cases not
+    abnormal. Dr. Seerley tells me he has never examined a young man
+    largely developed who had the usual strong instinctive tendency
+    of modesty to cover himself with his hands, but he finds this
+    instinct general with those whose development is less than the
+    average.&quot; (G. Stanley Hall, <i>Adolescence</i>, vol. ii, p. 97.) This
+    instinct of ostentation, however, so far as it is normal, is held
+    in check by other considerations, and is not, in the strict
+    sense, exhibitionism. I have observed a full-grown telegraph boy
+    walking across Hampstead Heath with his sexual organs exposed,
+    but immediately he realized that he was seen he concealed them.
+    The solemnity of exhibitionism at this age finds expression in
+    the climax of the sonnet, &quot;Oraison du Soir,&quot; written at 16 by
+    Rimbaud, whose verse generally is a splendid and insolent
+    manifestation of rank adolescence:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;Doux comme le Seigneur du c&egrave;dre et des hysopes,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Je pisse vers les cieux bruns tr&egrave;s haut et tr&egrave;s loin,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>Avec l'assentiment des grands h&eacute;liotropes.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>(J. A. Rimbaud, <i>&OElig;uvres</i>, p. 68.)<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In women, also, there would appear to be traceable a somewhat
+    similar ostentation, though in them it is complicated and largely
+    inhibited by modesty, and at the same time diffused over the body
+    owing to the absence of external sexual organs. &quot;Primitive
+    woman,&quot; remarks Madame Renooz, &quot;proud of her womanhood, for a
+    long time defended her nakedness which ancient art has always
+    represented. And in the actual life of the young girl to-day
+    there is a moment when by a secret atavism she feels the pride of
+    her sex, the intuition of her moral superiority, and cannot
+    understand why she must hide its cause. At this moment, wavering
+    between the laws of Nature and social conventions, she scarcely
+    knows if nakedness should or should not affright her. A sort of
+    confused atavistic memory recalls to her a period before clothing
+    was known, and reveals to her as a paradisaical ideal the customs
+    of that human epoch.&quot; (C&eacute;line Renooz, <i>Psychologie Compar&eacute;e de
+    l'Homme et de la Femme</i>, p. 85.) It may be added that among
+    primitive peoples, and even among some remote European
+    populations to-day, the exhibition of feminine nudity has
+    sometimes been regarded as a spectacle with religious or magic
+    operation. (Ploss, <i>Das Weib</i>, seventh edition, vol. ii, <a name='5_Page_100'></a>pp.
+    663-680; Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition, p.
+    304.) It is stated by Gopcevic that in the long struggle between
+    the Albanians and the Montenegrians the women of the former
+    people would stand in the front rank and expose themselves by
+    raising their skirts, believing that they would thus insure
+    victory. As, however, they were shot down, and as, moreover,
+    victory usually fell to the Montenegrians, this custom became
+    discredited. (Quoted by Bloch, <i>Op. cit.</i>, Teil II, p. 307.)</p>
+
+<p>    With regard to the association, suggested by Stanley Hall,
+    between exhibitionism and an unusual degree of development of the
+    sexual organs, it must be remarked that both extremes&mdash;a very
+    large and a very small penis&mdash;are specially common in
+    exhibitionists. The prevalence of the small organ is due to an
+    association of exhibitionism with sexual feebleness. The
+    prevalence of the large organ may be due to the cause suggested
+    by Hall. Among Mahommedans the sexual organs are sometimes
+    habitually exposed by religious penitents, and I note that
+    Bernhard Stern, in his book on the medical and sexual aspects of
+    life in Turkey, referring to a penitent of this sort whom he saw
+    on the Stamboul bridge at Constantinople, remarks that the organ
+    was very largely developed. It may well be in such a case that
+    the penitent's religious attitude is reinforced by some lingering
+    relic of a more fleshly ostentation.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is by a pseudo-atavism that this phallicism is evoked in the
+exhibitionist. There is no true emergence of an ancestrally inherited
+instinct, but by the paralysis or inhibition of the finer and higher
+feelings current in civilization, the exhibitionist is placed on the same
+mental level as the man of a more primitive age, and he thus presents the
+basis on which the impulses belonging to a higher culture may naturally
+take root and develop.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Reference may here be made to a form of primitive exhibitionism,
+    almost confined to women, which, although certainly symbolic, is
+    absolutely non-sexual, and must not, therefore, be confused with
+    the phenomena we are here occupied with. I refer to the
+    exhibition of the buttocks as a mark of contempt. In its most
+    primitive form, no doubt, this exhibitionism is a kind of
+    exorcism, a method of putting evil spirits, primarily, and
+    secondarily evil-disposed persons, to flight. It is the most
+    effective way for a woman to display sexual centers, and it
+    shares in the magical virtues which all unveiling of the sexual
+    centers is believed by primitive peoples to possess. It is
+    recorded that the women of some peoples in the Balkan peninsula
+    formerly used this gesture against enemies in battle. In the
+    sixteenth century so distinguished a theologian as Luther when
+    assailed by the Evil One at night was able to put the adversary
+    to flight by protruding his uncovered buttocks <a name='5_Page_101'></a>from the bed. But
+    the spiritual significance of this attitude is lost with the
+    decay of primitive beliefs. It survives, but merely as a gesture
+    of insult. The symbolism comes to have reference to the nates as
+    the excretory focus, the seat of the anus. In any case it ignores
+    any sexual attractiveness in this part of the body. Exhibitionism
+    of this kind, therefore, can scarcely arise in persons of any
+    sensitiveness or &aelig;sthetic perception, even putting aside the
+    question of modesty, and there seems to be little trace of it in
+    classic antiquity when the nates were regarded as objects of
+    beauty. Among the Egyptians, however, we gather from Herodotus
+    (Bk. II, Chapter LX) that at a certain popular religious festival
+    men and women would go in boats on the Nile, singing and playing,
+    and when they approached a town the women on the boats would
+    insult the women of the town by injurious language and by
+    exposing themselves. Among the Arabs, however, the specific
+    gesture we are concerned with is noted, and a man to whom
+    vengeance is forbidden would express his feelings by exposing his
+    posterior and strewing earth on his head (Wellhausen, <i>Rests
+    Arabischen Heidentums</i>, 1897, p. 195). It is in Europe and in
+    medi&aelig;val and later times that this emphatic gesture seems to have
+    flourished as a violent method of expressing contempt. It was by
+    no means confined to the lower classes, and Kleinpaul, in
+    discussing this form of &quot;speech without words,&quot; quotes examples
+    of various noble persons, even princesses, who are recorded thus
+    to have expressed their feelings. (Kleinpaul, <i>Sprache ohne
+    Worte</i>, pp. 271-273.) In more recent times the gesture has become
+    merely a rare and extreme expression of unrestrained feeling in
+    coarse-grained peasants. Zola, in the figure of Mouquette in
+    <i>Germinal</i>, may be said to have given a kind of classic
+    expression to the gesture. In the more remote parts of Europe it
+    appears to be still not altogether uncommon. This seems to be
+    notably the case among the South Slavs, and Krauss states that
+    &quot;when a South Slav woman wishes to express her deepest contempt
+    for anyone she bends forward, with left hand raising her skirts,
+    and with the right slapping her posterior, at the same time
+    exclaiming: 'This for you!'&quot; (&#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. vi, p.
+    200.)</p>
+
+<p>    A verbal survival of this gesture, consisting in the contemptuous
+    invitation to kiss this region, still exists among us in remote
+    parts of the country, especially as an insult offered by an angry
+    woman who forgets herself. It is said to be commonly used in
+    Wales. (&quot;Welsh &AElig;d&oelig;logy,&quot; &#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. ii,
+    pp. 358, <i>et seq.</i>) In Cornwall, when addressed by a woman to a
+    man it is sometimes regarded as a deadly insult, even if the
+    woman is young and attractive, and may cause a life-long enmity
+    between related families. From this point of view the nates are a
+    symbol of contempt, and any sexual significance is excluded. (The
+    distinction is brought out by Diderot in <i>Le Neveu de Rameau:</i>
+    &quot;<i>Lui:</i>&mdash;Il y a d'autres jours ou il ne m'en co&ucirc;terait rien pour
+    &ecirc;tre vil tant <a name='5_Page_102'></a>qu'on voudrait; ces jours-l&agrave;, pour un liard, je
+    baiserais le cul &agrave; la petite Hus. <i>Moi:</i>&mdash;Eh! mais, l'ami, elle
+    est blanche, jolie, douce, potel&eacute;e, et c'est un acte d'humilit&eacute;
+    auquel un plus delicat que vous pourrait quelquefois s'abaisser.
+    <i>Lui:</i>&mdash;Entendons-nous; c'est qu'il y a baiser le cul au simple,
+    et baiser le cul au figur&eacute;.&quot;)</p>
+
+<p>    It must be added that a sexual form of exhibitionism of the nates
+    must still be recognized. It occurs in masochism and expresses
+    the desire for passive flagellation. Rousseau, whose emotional
+    life was profoundly affected by the castigations which as a child
+    he received from Mlle Lambercier, has in his <i>Confessions</i> told
+    us how, when a youth, he would sometimes expose himself in this
+    way in the presence of young women. Such masochistic
+    exhibitionism seems, however, to be rare.</p></div>
+
+<p>While the manifestations of exhibitionism are substantially the same in
+all cases, there are many degrees and varieties of the condition. We may
+find among exhibitionists, as Garnier remarks, dementia, states of
+unconsciousness, epilepsy, general paralysis, alcoholism, but the most
+typical cases, he adds, if not indeed the cases to which the term properly
+belongs, are those in which it is an impulsive obsession. Krafft-Ebing<a name='5_FNanchor_60'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_60'><sup>[60]</sup></a>
+divides exhibitionists into four clinical groups: (1) acquired states of
+mental weakness, with cerebral or spinal disease clouding consciousness
+and at the same time causing impotence; (2) epileptics, in whom the act is
+an abnormal organic impulse performed in a state of imperfect
+consciousness; (3) a somewhat allied group of neurasthenic cases; (4)
+periodical impulsive cases with deep hereditary taint. This classification
+is not altogether satisfactory. Garnier's classification, placing the
+group of obsessional cases in the foreground and leaving the other more
+vaguely defined groups in the background, is probably better. I am
+inclined to consider that most of the cases fall into one or other of two
+mixed groups. The first class includes cases in which there is more or
+less congenital abnormality, but otherwise a fair or even complete degree
+of mental integrity; they are usually young adults, they are more or less
+precisely conscious of the end they wish to attain, and it is often only
+with a severe struggle that they yield to their impulses. In the second
+class the <a name='5_Page_103'></a>beginnings of mental or nervous disease have diminished the
+sensibility of the higher centers; the subjects are usually old men whose
+lives have been absolutely correct; they are often only vaguely aware of
+the nature of the satisfaction they are seeking, and frequently no
+struggle precedes the manifestation; such was the case of the overworked
+clergyman described by Hughes,<a name='5_FNanchor_61'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_61'><sup>[61]</sup></a> who, after much study, became morose
+and absent-minded, and committed acts of exhibitionism which he could not
+explain but made no attempt to deny; with rest and restorative treatment
+his health improved and the acts ceased. It is in the first class of cases
+alone that there is a developed sexual perversion. In the cases of the
+second class there is a more or less definite sexual intention, but it is
+only just conscious, and the emergence of the impulse is due not to its
+strength but to the weakness, temporary or permanent, of the higher
+inhibiting centers.</p>
+
+<p>Epileptic cases, with loss of consciousness during the act, can only be
+regarded as presenting a pseudo-exhibitionism. They should be excluded
+altogether. It is undoubtedly true that many cases of real or apparent
+exhibitionism occur in epileptics.<a name='5_FNanchor_62'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_62'><sup>[62]</sup></a> We must not, however, too hastily
+conclude that because these acts occur in epileptics they are necessarily
+unconscious acts. Epilepsy frequently occurs on a basis of hereditary
+degeneration, and the exhibitionism may be, and not infrequently is, a
+stigma of the degeneracy and not an indication of the occurrence of a
+minor epileptic fit. When the act of pseudo-exhibitionism is truly
+epileptic, it will usually have no psychic sexual content, and it will
+certainly be liable to occur under all sorts of circumstances, when the
+patient is alone or in a miscellaneous concourse of people. It will be on
+a level with the acts of the highly respectable young woman who, at the
+conclusion of an attack of <i>petit mal</i>, consisting chiefly of a sudden
+desire to pass urine, on <a name='5_Page_104'></a>one occasion lifted up her clothes and urinated
+at a public entertainment, so that it was with difficulty her friends
+prevented her from being handed over to the police.<a name='5_FNanchor_63'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_63'><sup>[63]</sup></a> Such an act is
+automatic, unconscious, and involuntary; the spectators are not even
+perceived; it cannot be an act of exhibitionism. Whenever, on the other
+hand, the place and the time are evidently chosen deliberately,&mdash;a quiet
+spot, the presence of only one or two young women or children,&mdash;it is
+difficult to admit that we are in the presence of a fit of epileptic
+unconsciousness, even when the subject is known to be epileptic.</p>
+
+<p>Even, however, when we exclude those epileptic pseudo-exhibitionists who,
+from the legal point of view, are clearly irresponsible, it must still be
+remembered that in every case of exhibitionism there is a high degree of
+either mental abnormality on a neuropathic basis, or else of actual
+disease. This is true to a greater extent in exhibitionism than in almost
+any other form of sexual perversion. No subject of exhibitionism should be
+sent to prison without expert medical examination.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_54'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_54'>[54]</a><div class='note'><p> Las&egrave;ge first drew attention to this sexual perversion and
+gave it its generally accepted name, &quot;Les Exhibitionistes,&quot; <i>L'Union
+M&eacute;dicale</i>, May, 1877. Magnan, on various occasions (for example, &quot;Les
+Exhibitionistes,&quot; <i>Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, vol. v, 1890,
+p. 456), has given further development and precision to the clinical
+picture of the exhibitionist.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_55'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_55'>[55]</a><div class='note'><p> B. Ball. <i>La Folie Erotique</i>, p. 86.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_56'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_56'>[56]</a><div class='note'><p> Moll, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p.
+661.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_57'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_57'>[57]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Exhibitionism in its most typical form is,&quot; Garnier truly
+says, &quot;a <i>systematic act</i>, manifesting itself as the <i>strange equivalent
+of a sexual connection</i>, or its <i>substitution</i>.&quot; The brief account of
+exhibitionism (pp. 433-437) in Garnier's discussion of &quot;Perversions
+Sexuelles&quot; at the International Medical Congress at Paris in 1900
+(<i>Section de Psychiatrie: Comptes-Rendus</i>) is the most satisfactory
+statement of the psychological aspects of this perversion with which I am
+acquainted. Garnier's unrivalled clinical knowledge of these
+manifestations, due to his position during many years as physician at the
+Dep&ocirc;t of the Prefecture of Police in Paris, adds great weight to his
+conclusions.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_58'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_58'>[58]</a><div class='note'><p> The symbolism of coitus involved in flagellation has been
+touched on by Eulenburg (<i>Sexuale Neuropathie</i>, p. 121), and is more fully
+developed by D&uuml;hren (<i>Geschlechtsleben in England</i>, bd. ii, pp. 366, <i>et
+seq.</i>).</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_59'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_59'>[59]</a><div class='note'><p> A. Hoche, <i>Neurologische Centralblatt</i>, 1896, No. 2.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_60'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_60'>[60]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 478, <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_61'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_61'>[61]</a><div class='note'><p> C. H. Hughes, &quot;Morbid Exhibitionism,&quot; <i>Alienist and
+Neurologist</i>, August, 1904. Another somewhat similar American case, also
+preceded by overwork, and eventually adjudged insane by the courts, is
+recorded by D. S. Booth, <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, February, 1905.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_62'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_62'>[62]</a><div class='note'><p> Exhibitionism in epilepsy is briefly discussed by F&eacute;r&eacute;,
+<i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, pp. 194-195.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_63'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_63'>[63]</a><div class='note'><p> W. S. Colman, &quot;Post-Epileptic Unconscious Automatic Actions,&quot;
+<i>Lancet</i>, July 5, 1890.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_E_VI'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_105'></a>VI.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Forms of Erotic Symbolism are Simulacra of Coitus&mdash;Wide Extension of
+Erotic Symbolism&mdash;Fetichism Not Covering the Whole Ground of Sexual
+Selection&mdash;It is Based on the Individual Factor in
+Selection&mdash;Crystallization&mdash;The Lover and the Artist&mdash;The Key to Erotic
+Symbolism to be Found in the Emotional Sphere&mdash;The Passage to Pathological
+Extremes.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We have now examined several very various and yet very typical
+manifestations in all of which it is not difficult to see how, in some
+strange and eccentric form&mdash;on a basis of association through resemblance
+or contiguity or both combined&mdash;there arises a definite mimicry of the
+normal sexual act together with the normal emotions which accompany that
+act. It has become clear in what sense we are justified in recognizing
+erotic symbolism.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The symbolic and, as it were, abstracted nature of these
+    manifestations is shown by the remarkable way in which they are
+    sometimes capable of transference from the object to the subject.
+    That is to say that the fetichist may show a tendency to
+    cultivate his fetich in his own person. A foot-fetichist may like
+    to go barefoot himself; a man who admired lame women liked to
+    halt himself; a man who was attracted by small waists in women
+    found sexual gratification in tight-lacing himself; a man who was
+    fascinated by fine white skin and wished to cut it found
+    satisfaction in cutting his own skin; Moll's coprolagnic
+    fetichist found a voluptuous pleasure in his own acts of
+    defecation. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, Krafft-Ebing, <i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 221, 224,
+    226; Hammond, <i>Sexual Impotence</i>, p. 74; <i>cf.</i> <i>ante</i>, p. 68.)
+    Such symbolic transference seems to have a profoundly natural
+    basis, for we may see a somewhat similar phenomenon in the
+    well-known tendency of cows to mount a cow in heat. This would
+    appear to be, not so much a homosexual impulse, as the dynamic
+    psychic action of an olfactory sexual symbol in a transformed
+    form.</p>
+
+<p>    We seem to have here a psychic process which is a curious
+    reversal of that process of <i>Einf&uuml;hlung</i>&mdash;the projection of one's
+    own activities into the object contemplated&mdash;which Lipps has so
+    fruitfully developed as the essence of every &aelig;sthetic condition.
+    (T. Lipps, <i>&AElig;sthetik</i>, Teil I, 1903.) By <i>Einf&uuml;hlung</i> our own
+    interior activity becomes the activity <a name='5_Page_106'></a>of the object perceived,
+    a thing being beautiful in proportion as it lends itself to our
+    <i>Einf&uuml;hlung</i>. But by this action of erotic symbolism, on the
+    other hand, we transfer the activity of the object into
+    ourselves.</p></div>
+
+<p>When the idea of erotic symbolism as manifested in such definite and
+typical forms becomes realized, it further becomes clear that the vaguer
+manifestations of such symbolism are exceedingly widespread. When in a
+previous volume we were discussing and drawing together the various
+threads which unite &quot;Love and Pain,&quot; it will now be understood that we
+were standing throughout on the threshold of erotic symbolism. Pain
+itself, in the sense in which we slowly learned to define it in this
+relationship&mdash;as a state of intense emotional excitement&mdash;may, under a
+great variety of special circumstances, become an erotic symbol and afford
+the same relief as the emotions normally accompanying the sexual act.
+Active algolagnia or sadism is thus a form of erotic symbolism; passive
+algolagnia or masochism is (in a man) an inverted form of erotic
+symbolism. Active flagellation or passive flagellation are, in exactly the
+same way, manifestations of erotic symbolism, the imaginative mimicry of
+coitus.</p>
+
+<p>Binet and also Krafft-Ebing<a name='5_FNanchor_64'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_64'><sup>[64]</sup></a> have argued in effect that the whole of
+sexual selection is a matter of fetichism, that is to say, of erotic
+symbolism of object. &quot;Normal love,&quot; Binet states, &quot;appears as the result
+of a complicated fetichism.&quot; Tarde also seems to have regarded love as
+normally a kind of fetichism. &quot;We are a long time before we fall in love
+with a woman,&quot; he remarks; &quot;we must wait to see the detail which strikes
+and delights us, and causes us to overlook what displeases us. Only in
+normal love the details are many and always changing. Constancy in love is
+rarely anything else but a voyage around the beloved person, a voyage of
+exploration and ever new discoveries. The most faithful lover does not
+love the same woman in the same way for two days in succession.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_65'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_65'><sup>[65]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='5_Page_107'></a>
+<p>From that point of view normal sexual love is the sway of a fetich&mdash;more
+or less arbitrary, more or less (as Binet terms it) polytheistic&mdash;and it
+can have little objective basis. But, as we saw when considering &quot;Sexual
+Selection in Man&quot; in the previous volume, more especially when analyzing
+the notion of beauty, we are justified in believing that beauty has to a
+large extent an objective basis, and that love by no means depends simply
+on the capricious selection of some individual fetich. The individual
+factor, as we saw, is but one of many factors which constitute beauty. In
+the study of sexual selection that individual factor was passed over very
+lightly. We now see that it is often a factor of great importance, for in
+it are rooted all these outgrowths&mdash;normal in their germs, highly abnormal
+in their more extreme developments&mdash;which make up erotic symbolism.</p>
+
+<p>Erotic symbolism is therefore concerned with all that is least generic,
+least specific, all that is most intimately personal and individual, in
+sexual selection. It is the final point in which the decreasing circle of
+sexual attractiveness is fixed. In the widest and most abstract form
+sexual selection in man is merely human, and we are attracted to that
+which bears most fully the marks of humanity; in a less abstract form it
+is sexual, and we are attracted to that which most vigorously presents the
+secondary sexual characteristics; still narrowing, it is the type of our
+own nation and people that appeals most strongly to us in matters of love;
+and still further concentrating we are affected by the ideal&mdash;in
+civilization most often the somewhat exotic ideal&mdash;of our own day, the
+fashion of our own city. But the individual factor still remains, and amid
+the infinite possibilities of erotic symbolism the individual may evolve
+an ideal which is often, as far as he knows and perhaps in actuality, an
+absolutely unique event in the history of the human soul.</p>
+
+<p>Erotic symbolism works in its finer manifestations by means of the
+idealizing aptitudes; it is the field of sexual psychology in which that
+faculty of crystallization, on which Stendhal loved to dwell, achieves its
+most brilliant results. In the solitary passage in which we seem to see a
+smile on the face of the austere <a name='5_Page_108'></a>poet of the <i>De Rerum Natur&acirc;</i>, Lucretius
+tells us how every lover, however he may be amused by the amorous
+extravagances of other men, is himself blinded by passion: if his mistress
+is black she is a fascinating brunette, if she squints she is the rival of
+Pallas, if too tall she is majestic, if too short she is one of the
+Graces, <i>tota merum sal</i>; if too lean it is her delicate refinement, if
+too fat then a Ceres, dirty and she disdains adornment, a chatterer and
+brilliantly vivacious, silent and it is her exquisite modesty.<a name='5_FNanchor_66'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_66'><sup>[66]</sup></a> Sixteen
+hundred years later Robert Burton, when describing the symptoms of love,
+made out a long and appalling list of the physical defects which the lover
+is prepared to admire.<a name='5_FNanchor_67'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_67'><sup>[67]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Yet we must not be too certain that the lover is wrong in this matter. We
+too hastily assume that the casual and hasty judgment of the world is
+necessarily more reliable, more conformed to what we call &quot;truth,&quot; than
+the judgment of the lover which is founded on absorbed and patient study.
+In some cases where there is lack of intelligence in the lover and
+dissimulation in the object of his love, it may be so. But even a poem or
+a picture will often not reveal its beauty except by the expenditure of
+time and study. It is foolish to expect that the secret beauty of a human
+person will reveal itself more easily. The lover is an artist, an artist
+who constructs an image, it is true, but only by patient and concentrated
+attention to nature; he knows the defects of his image, probably better
+than anyone, but he knows also that art lies, not in the avoidance of
+defects, but in the realization of those traits which swallow up defects
+and so render them non-existent. A great artist, Rodin, after a life spent
+in the study of Nature, has declared that for art there is no ugliness in
+Nature. &quot;I have arrived at this belief by the study of Nature,&quot; he said;
+&quot;I can only grasp the beauty of the soul by the beauty of the body, but
+some day one will come who will explain what I only catch a glimpse of and
+will declare how the whole earth is beautiful, and all human beings
+beautiful. I have never been able to say this in sculpture so well as I
+wish <a name='5_Page_109'></a>and as I feel it affirmed within me. For poets Beauty has always
+been some particular landscape, some particular woman; but it should be
+all women, all landscapes. A negro or a Mongol has his beauty, however
+remote from ours, and it must be the same with their characters. There is
+no ugliness. When I was young I made that mistake, as others do; I could
+not undertake a woman's bust unless I thought her pretty, according to my
+particular idea of beauty; to-day I should do the bust of any woman, and
+it would be just as beautiful. And however ugly a woman may look, when she
+is with her lover she becomes beautiful; there is beauty in her character,
+in her passions, and beauty exists as soon as character or passion becomes
+visible, for the body is a casting on which passions are imprinted. And
+even without that, there is always the blood that flows in the veins and
+the air that fills the lungs.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_68'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_68'><sup>[68]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The saint, also, is here at one with the lover and the artist. The man who
+has so profoundly realized the worth of his fellow men that he is ready
+even to die in order to save them, feels that he has discovered a great
+secret. Cyples traces the &quot;secret delights&quot; that have thus risen in the
+hearts of holy men to the same source as the feelings generated between
+lovers, friends, parents, and children. &quot;A few have at intervals walked in
+the world,&quot; he remarks, &quot;who have, each in his own original way, found out
+this marvel.... Straightway man in general has become to them so sweet a
+thing that the infatuation has seemed to the rest of their fellows to be a
+celestial madness. Beggars' rags to their unhesitating lips grew fit for
+kissing, because humanity had touched the garb; there were no longer any
+menial acts, but only welcome services.... Remember by how much man is the
+subtlest circumstance in the world; at how many points he can attach
+relationships; how manifold and perennial he is in his results. All other
+things are dull, meager, tame beside him.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_69'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_69'><sup>[69]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='5_Page_110'></a>
+<p>It may be added that even if we still believe that lover and artist and
+saint are drawing the main elements of their conceptions from the depths
+of their own consciousness, there is a sense in which they are coming
+nearer to the truth of things than those for whom their conceptions are
+mere illusions. The aptitude for realizing beauty has involved an
+adjustment of the nerves and the associated brain centers through
+countless ages that began before man was. When the vision of supreme
+beauty is slowly or suddenly realized by anyone, with a reverberation that
+extends throughout his organism, he has attained to something which for
+his species, and for far more than his species, is truth, and can only be
+illusion to one who has artificially placed himself outside the stream of
+life.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In an essay on &quot;The Gods as Apparitions of the Race-Life,&quot; Edward
+    Carpenter, though in somewhat Platonic phraseology, thus well
+    states the matter: &quot;The youth sees the girl; it may be a chance
+    face, a chance outline, amid the most banal surroundings. But it
+    gives the cue. There is a memory, a confused reminiscence. The
+    mortal figure without penetrates to the immortal figure within,
+    and there rises into consciousness a shining form, glorious, not
+    belonging to this world, but vibrating with the agelong life of
+    humanity, and the memory of a thousand love-dreams. The waking of
+    this vision intoxicates the man; it glows and burns within him; a
+    goddess (it may be Venus herself) stands in the sacred place of
+    his temple; a sense of awe-struck splendor fills him, and the
+    world is changed.&quot; &quot;He sees something&quot; (the same writer continues
+    in a subsequent essay, &quot;Beauty and Duty&quot;) &quot;which, in a sense, is
+    more real than the figures in the street, for he sees something
+    that has lived and moved for hundreds of years in the heart of
+    the race; something which has been one of the great formative
+    influences of his own life, and which has done as much to create
+    those very figures in the street as qualities in the circulation
+    of the blood may do to form a finger or other limb. He comes into
+    touch with a very real Presence or Power&mdash;one of those organic
+    centers of growth in the life of humanity&mdash;and feels this larger
+    life within himself, subjective, if you like, and yet intensely
+    objective. And more. For is it not also evident that the woman,
+    the mortal woman who excites his Vision, <i>has</i> some closest
+    relation to it, and is, indeed, far more than a mere mask or
+    empty formula which reminds him of it? For she indeed has within
+    her, just as much as the <a name='5_Page_111'></a>man has, deep subconscious Powers
+    working; and the ideal which has dawned so entrancingly on the
+    man is in all probability closely related to that which has been
+    working most powerfully in the heredity of the woman, and which
+    has most contributed to mold <i>her</i> form and outline. No wonder,
+    then, that her form should remind him of it. Indeed, when he
+    looks into her eyes he sees <i>through</i> to a far deeper life even
+    than she herself may be aware of, and yet which is truly hers&mdash;a
+    life perennial and wonderful. The more than mortal in him beholds
+    the more than mortal in her; and the gods descend to meet.&quot;
+    (Edward Carpenter, <i>The Art of Creation</i>, pp. 137, 186.)</p></div>
+
+<p>It is this mighty force which lies behind and beneath the aberrations we
+have been concerned with, a great reservoir from which they draw the
+life-blood that vivifies even their most fantastic shapes. Fetichism and
+the other forms of erotic symbolism are but the development and the
+isolation of the crystallizations which normally arise on the basis of
+sexual selection. Normal in their basis, in their extreme forms they
+present the utmost pathological aberrations of the sexual instinct which
+can be attained or conceived. In the intermediate space all degrees are
+possible. In the slightest degree the symbol is merely a specially
+fascinating and beloved feature in a person who is, in all other respects,
+felt to be lovable; as such its recognition is a legitimate part of
+courtship, an effective aid to tumescence. In a further degree the symbol
+is the one arresting and attracting character of a person who must,
+however, still be felt as a sexually attractive individual. In a still
+further degree of perversion the symbol is effective, even though the
+person with whom it is associated is altogether unattractive. In the final
+stage the person and even all association with a person disappear
+altogether from the field of sexual consciousness; the abstract symbol
+rules supreme.</p>
+
+<p>Long, however, before the symbol has reached that final climax of morbid
+intensity we may be said to have passed beyond the sphere of sexual love.
+A person, not an abstracted quality, must be the goal of love. So long as
+the fetich is subordinated to the person it serves to heighten love. But
+love must be based on a complexus of attractive qualities, or it has no
+<a name='5_Page_112'></a>stability.<a name='5_FNanchor_70'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_70'><sup>[70]</sup></a> As soon as the fetich becomes isolated and omnipotent, so
+that the person sinks into the background as an unimportant appendage of
+the fetich, all stability is lost. The fetichist now follows an impersonal
+and abstract symbol withersoever it may lead him.</p>
+
+<p>It has been seen that there are an extraordinary number of forms in which
+erotic symbolism may be felt. It must be remembered, and it cannot be too
+distinctly emphasized, that the links that bind together the forms of
+erotic symbolism are not to be found in objects or even in acts, but in
+the underlying emotion. A feeling is the first condition of the symbol, a
+feeling which recalls, by a subtle and unconscious automatic association
+of resemblance or of contiguity, some former feeling. It is the similarity
+of emotion, instinctively apprehended, which links on a symbol only
+partially sexual, or even apparently not sexual at all, to the great
+central focus of sexual emotion, the great dominating force which brings
+the symbol its life-blood.<a name='5_FNanchor_71'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_71'><sup>[71]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The cases of sexual hyper&aelig;sthesia, quoted at the beginning of this study,
+do but present in a morbidly comprehensive and sensitive form those
+possibilities of erotic symbolism which, in some degree, or at some
+period, are latent in most persons. They are genuinely instinctive and
+automatic, and have nothing in common with that fanciful and deliberate
+play of the intelligence around sexual imagery&mdash;not infrequently seen in
+abnormal and insane persons&mdash;which has no significance for sexual
+psychology.</p>
+
+<p>It is to the extreme individualization involved by the developments of
+erotic symbolism that the fetichist owes his morbid and perilous
+isolation. The lover who is influenced by all the elements of sexual
+selection is always supported by the fellow-feeling of a larger body of
+other human beings; he has behind him his species, his sex, his nation, or
+at the very least a fashion. Even the inverted lover in most cases is soon
+able to create <a name='5_Page_113'></a>around him an atmosphere constituted by persons whose
+ideals resemble his own. But it is not so with the erotic symbolist. He is
+nearly always alone. He is predisposed to isolation from the outset, for
+it would seem to be on a basis of excessive shyness and timidity that the
+manifestations of erotic symbolism are most likely to develop. When at
+length the symbolist realizes his own aspirations&mdash;which seem to him for
+the most part an altogether new phenomenon in the world&mdash;and at the same
+time realizes the wide degree in which they deviate from those of the rest
+of mankind, his natural secretiveness is still further reinforced. He
+stands alone. His most sacred ideals are for all those around him a
+childish absurdity, or a disgusting obscenity, possibly a matter calling
+for the intervention of the policeman. We have forgotten that all these
+impulses which to us seem so unnatural&mdash;this adoration of the foot and
+other despised parts of the body, this reverence for the excretory acts
+and products, the acceptance of congress with animals, the solemnity of
+self-exhibition&mdash;were all beliefs and practices which, to our remote
+forefathers, were bound up with the highest conceptions of life and the
+deepest ardors of religion.</p>
+
+<p>A man cannot, however, deviate at once so widely and so spontaneously in
+his impulses from the rest of the world in which he himself lives without
+possessing an aboriginally abnormal temperament. At the very least he
+exhibits a neuropathic sensitiveness to abnormal impressions. Not
+infrequently there is more than this, the distinct stigmata of
+degeneration, sometimes a certain degree of congenital feeble-mindedness
+or a tendency to insanity.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, regarded as a whole, and notwithstanding the frequency with which
+they witness to congenital morbidity, the phenomena of erotic symbolism
+can scarcely fail to be profoundly impressive to the patient and impartial
+student of the human soul. They often seem absurd, sometimes disgusting,
+occasionally criminal; they are always, when carried to an extreme degree,
+abnormal. But of all the manifestations of sexual psychology, normal and
+abnormal, they are the most specifically human. More than any others they
+involve the <a name='5_Page_114'></a>potently plastic force of the imagination. They bring before
+us the individual man, not only apart from his fellows, but in opposition,
+himself creating his own paradise. They constitute the supreme triumph of
+human idealism.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_64'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_64'>[64]</a><div class='note'><p> Binet, <i>Etudes de Psychologie Exp&eacute;rimentale</i>, esp., p. 84;
+Krafft-Ebing, <i>Op. cit.</i>, p. 18.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_65'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_65'>[65]</a><div class='note'><p> G. Tarde, &quot;L'Amour Morbide,&quot; <i>Archives de l'Anthropologie
+Criminelle</i>, 1890, p. 585.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_66'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_66'>[66]</a><div class='note'><p> Lucretius, Lib. IV, vv. 1150-1163.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_67'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_67'>[67]</a><div class='note'><p> Burton, <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Section II, Mem.
+III, Subs. I.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_68'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_68'>[68]</a><div class='note'><p> Judith Cladel, <i>Auguste Rodin Pris sur la Vie</i>, 1903, pp.
+103-104. Some slight modifications have been made in the translation of
+this passage on account of the conversational form of the original.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_69'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_69'>[69]</a><div class='note'><p> W. Cyples, <i>The Process of Human Experience</i>, p. 462. Even
+if (as we have already seen, <i>ante</i>, p. 58) the saint cannot always feel
+actual physical pleasure in the intimate contact of humanity, the ardor of
+devoted service which his vision of humanity arouses remains unaffected.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_70'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_70'>[70]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;To love,&quot; as Stendhal defined it (<i>De l'Amour</i>, Chapter
+II), &quot;is to have pleasure in seeing, touching, and feeling by all the
+senses, and as near as possible, a beloved object by whom one is oneself
+loved.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_71'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_71'>[71]</a><div class='note'><p> Pillon's study of &quot;La M&eacute;moire Affective&quot; (<i>Revue
+Philosophique</i>, February, 1901) helps to explain the psychic mechanism of
+the process.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_THE_MECHANISM_OF_DETUMESCENCE'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_115'></a>THE MECHANISM OF DETUMESCENCE.</h2>
+
+<a name='5_M_I'></a><h3>I.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Psychological Significance of Detumescence&mdash;The Testis and the
+Ovary&mdash;Sperm Cell and Germ Cell&mdash;Development of the Embryo&mdash;The External
+Sexual Organs&mdash;Their Wide Range of Variation&mdash;Their Nervous Supply&mdash;The
+Penis&mdash;Its Racial Variations&mdash;The Influence of Exercise&mdash;The Scrotum and
+Testicles&mdash;The Mons Veneris&mdash;The Vulva&mdash;The Labia Majora and their
+Varieties&mdash;The Pubic Hair and Its Characters&mdash;The Clitoris and Its
+Functions&mdash;The Anus as an Erogenous Zone&mdash;The Nymph&aelig; and their
+Function&mdash;The Vagina&mdash;The Hymen&mdash;Virginity&mdash;The Biological Significance of
+the Hymen.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In analyzing the sexual impulse we have seen that the process whereby the
+conjunction of the sexes is achieved falls naturally into two phases: the
+first phase, of tumescence, during which force is generated in the
+organism, and the second phase, of detumescence, in which that force is
+discharged during conjugation.<a name='5_FNanchor_72'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_72'><sup>[72]</sup></a> Hitherto we have been occupied mainly
+with the first phase, that of tumescence, and with its associated psychic
+phenomena. It was inevitable that this should be so, for it is during the
+slow process of tumescence that sexual selection is decided, the
+crystallizations of love elaborated, and, to a large extent, the
+individual erotic symbols determined. But we can by no means altogether
+pass over the final phase of detumescence. Its consideration, it is true,
+brings us directly into the field of anatomy and physiology; while
+tumescence is largely under control of the will, when the moment of
+detumescence arrives the reins slip from the control of the will; the more
+fundamental and uncontrollable impulses of the organism <a name='5_Page_116'></a>gallop on
+unchecked; the chariot of Pha&euml;thon dashes blindly down into a sea of
+emotion.</p>
+
+<p>Yet detumescence is the end and climax of the whole drama; it is an
+anatomico-physiological process, certainly, but one that inevitably
+touches psychology at every point.<a name='5_FNanchor_73'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_73'><sup>[73]</sup></a> It is, indeed, the very key to the
+process of tumescence, and unless we understand and realize very precisely
+what it is that happens during detumescence, our psychological analysis of
+the sexual impulse must remain vague and inadequate.</p>
+
+<p>From the point of view we now occupy, a man and a woman are no longer two
+highly sensitive organisms vibrating, voluptuously it may indeed be, but
+vaguely and indefinitely, to all kinds of influences and with fluctuating
+impulses capable of being directed into any channel, even in the highest
+degree divergent from the proper ends of procreation. They are now two
+genital organisms who exist to propagate the race, and whatever else they
+may be, they must be adequately constituted to effect the act by which the
+future of the race is ensured. We have to consider what are the material
+conditions which ensure the most satisfactory and complete fulfillment of
+this act, and how those conditions may be correlated with other
+circumstances in the organism. In thus approaching the subject we shall
+find that we have not really abandoned the study of the psychic aspects of
+sex.</p>
+
+<p>The two most primary sexual organs are the testis and the ovary; it is the
+object of conjugation to bring into contact the sperm from the testis with
+the germ from the ovary. There is no reason to suppose that the germ-cell
+and the sperm-cell are essentially different from each other. Sexual
+conjugation thus remains a process which is radically the same as the
+non-sexual mode of propagation which preceded it. The fusion of the nuclei
+of the two cells was regarded by Van Beneden, who in 1875 first accurately
+described it, as a process of conjugation comparable to that of the
+protozoa and the protophyta. Boveri, <a name='5_Page_117'></a>who has further extended our
+knowledge of the process, considers that the spermatozoon removes an
+inhibitory influence preventing the commencement of development in the
+ovum; the spermatozoon replaces a portion of the ovum which has already
+undergone degeneration, so that the object of conjugation is chiefly to
+effect the union of the properties of two cells in one, sexual
+fertilization achieving a division of labor with reciprocal inhibition;
+the two cells have renounced their original faculty of separate
+development in order to attain a fusion of qualities and thus render
+possible that production of new forms and qualities which has involved the
+progress of the organized world.<a name='5_FNanchor_74'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_74'><sup>[74]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>While in fishes this conjugation of the male and female elements is
+usually ensured by the female casting her spawn into an artificial nest
+outside the body, on to which the male sheds his milt, in all animals
+(and, to some extent, birds, who occupy an intermediate position) there is
+an organic nest, or incubation chamber as Bland Sutton terms it, the womb,
+in the female body, wherein the fertilized egg may develop to a high
+degree of maturity sheltered from those manifold risks of the external
+world which make it necessary for the spawn of fishes to be so enormous in
+amount. Since, however, men and women have descended from remote ancestors
+who, in the manner of aquatic creatures, exercised functions of
+sperm-extrusion and germ-extrusion that were exactly analogous in the two
+sexes, without any specialized female uterine organization, the early
+stages of human male and female f&oelig;tal development still display
+the comparatively undifferentiated sexual organization of those remote
+ancestors, and during the first months of f&oelig;tal life it is
+practically impossible to tell by the inspection of the genital regions
+whether the embryo would have developed into a man or into a woman. If we
+examine the embryo at an early stage of development we see that the hind
+end is the body stalk, this stalk in later stages becoming part of the
+umbilical cord.<a name='5_Page_118'></a> The urogenital region, formed by the rapid extension of
+the hind end beyond its original limit, which corresponds to what is later
+the umbilicus, develops mainly by the gradual differentiation of
+structures (the Wolffian and M&uuml;llerian bodies) which originally exist
+identically in both sexes. This process of sexual differentiation is
+highly complex, so that it cannot yet be said that there is complete
+agreement among investigators as to its details. When some irregularity or
+arrest of development occurs in the process we have one or other of the
+numerous malformations which may affect this region. If the arrest occurs
+at a very early stage we may even find a condition of things which seems
+to approximate to that which normally exists in the adult reptilia.<a name='5_FNanchor_75'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_75'><sup>[75]</sup></a>
+Owing to the fact that both male and female organs develop from more
+primitive structures which were sexually undifferentiated, a fundamental
+analogy in the sexual organs of the sexes always remains; the developed
+organs of one sex exist as rudiments in the other sex; the testicles
+correspond to the ovaries; the female clitoris is the homologue of the
+male penis; the scrotum of one sex is the labia majora in the other sex,
+and so throughout, although it is not always possible at present to be
+quite certain in regard to these homologics.</p>
+
+<p>Since the object to be attained by the sexual organs in the human species
+is identical with that which they subserve in their pre-human ancestors,
+it is not surprising to find that these structures have a clear
+resemblance to the corresponding structures in the apes, although on the
+whole there would appear to be in man a higher degree of sexual
+differentiation. Thus the uterus of various species of <i>semnopithecus</i>
+seems to show a noteworthy correspondence with the same organ in
+woman.<a name='5_FNanchor_76'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_76'><sup>[76]</sup></a> The somewhat less degree of sexual differentiation is well
+shown in the gorilla; in the male the external organs are in the passive
+state covered by the wrinkled skin of the abdomen, while in the <a name='5_Page_119'></a>female,
+on the contrary, they are very apparent, and in sexual excitement the
+large clitoris and nymph&aelig; become markedly prominent. The penis of the
+gorilla, however, more nearly resembles that of man, according to
+Hartmann, than does that of the other anthropoid apes, which diverge from
+the human type in this respect more than do the cynocephalic apes and some
+species of baboon.</p>
+
+<p>From the psychological point of view we are less interested in the
+internal sexual organs, which are most fundamentally concerned with the
+production and reception of the sexual elements, than with the more
+external parts of the genital apparatus which serve as the instruments of
+sexual excitation, and the channels for the intromission and passage of
+the seminal fluid. It is these only which can play any part at all in
+sexual selection; they are the only part of the sexual apparatus which can
+enter into the formation of either normal or abnormal erotic conceptions;
+they are the organs most prominently concerned with detumescence; they
+alone enter normally into the conscious process of sex at any time. It
+seems desirable, therefore, to discuss them briefly at this point.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Our knowledge of the individual and racial variations of the
+    external sexual organs is still extremely imperfect. A few
+    monographs and collections of data on isolated points may be
+    found in more or less inaccessible publications. As regards
+    women, Ploss and Bartels have devoted a chapter to the sexual
+    organs of women which extends to a hundred pages, but remains
+    scanty and fragmentary. (<i>Das Weib</i>, vol. i, Chapter VI.) The
+    most systematic series of observations have been made in the case
+    of the various kinds of degenerates&mdash;idiots, the insane,
+    criminals, etc.&mdash;but it would be obviously unsafe to rely too
+    absolutely on such investigations for our knowledge of the sexual
+    organs of the ordinary population.</p>
+
+<p>    There can be no doubt, however, that the external sexual organs
+    in normal men and women exhibit a peculiarly wide range of
+    variation. This is indicated not only by the unsystematic results
+    attained by experienced observers, but also by more systematic
+    studies. Thus Herman has shown by detailed measurements that
+    there are great normal variations in the conformation of the
+    parts that form the floor of the female pelvis. He found that the
+    projection of the pelvic floor varied from nothing to as much as
+    two inches, and that in healthy women who had borne no children
+    the distance between the coccyx and anus, the length <a name='5_Page_120'></a>of the
+    perineum, the distance between the fourchette and the symphysis
+    pubis, and the length of the vagina are subject to wide
+    variations. (<i>Lancet</i>, October 12, 1889.) Even the female
+    urethral opening varies very greatly, as has been shown by Bergh,
+    who investigated it in nearly 700 women and reproduces the
+    various shapes found; while most usually (in about a third of the
+    cases observed), a longitudinal slit, it may be cross-shaped,
+    star-shaped, crescentic, etc.; and while sometimes very small, in
+    about 6 per cent. of the cases it admitted the tip of the little
+    finger. (Bergh, <i>Monatsheft f&uuml;r Praktische Dermatologie</i>, 15
+    Sept., 1897.)</p>
+
+<p>    As regards both sexes, Stanley Hall states that &quot;Dr. F. N.
+    Seerley, who has examined over 2000 normal young men as well as
+    many young women, tells me that in his opinion individual
+    variations in these parts are much greater even than those of
+    face and form, and that the range of adult and apparently normal
+    size and proportion, as well as function, and of both the age and
+    order of development, not only of each of the several parts
+    themselves, but of all their immediate annexes, and in females as
+    well as males, is far greater than has been recognized by any
+    writer. This fact is the basis of the anxieties and fears of
+    morphological abnormality so frequent during adolescence.&quot; (G. S.
+    Hall, <i>Adolescence</i>, vol. i, p. 414).</p></div>
+
+<p>In accordance with the supreme importance of the part they play, and the
+intimately psychic nature of that part, the sexual organs, both internal
+and external, are very richly supplied with nerves. While the internal
+organs are very abundantly furnished with sympathetic nerves and ganglia,
+the external organs show the highest possible degree of specialization of
+the various peripheral nervous devices which the organism has developed
+for receiving, accumulating, and transmitting stimuli to the brain.<a name='5_FNanchor_77'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_77'><sup>[77]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>&quot;The number of conducting cords which attach the genitals to the
+    nervous centers is simply enormous,&quot; writes Bryan Robinson; &quot;the
+    pudic nerve is composed of nearly all the third sacral and
+    branches from the second and fourth sacral. As one examines this
+    nerve he is forced to the conclusion that it is an enormous
+    supply for a small organ. The periphery of the pudic nerve
+    spreads itself like a fan over the genitals.&quot; The lesser sciatic
+    nerve supplies only one muscle&mdash;the gluteus maximus&mdash;and <a name='5_Page_121'></a>then
+    sends the large pudendal branch to the side of the penis, and
+    hence the friction of coitus induces active contraction of the
+    gluteus maximus, &quot;the main muscle of coition.&quot; The large pudic
+    and the pudendal constitute the main supply of the external
+    genitals. In women the pudic nerve is equally large, but the
+    pudendal much smaller, possibly, Bryan Robinson suggests, because
+    women take a less active part in coitus. The nerve supply of the
+    clitoris, however, is three or four times as large as that of the
+    penis in proportion to size. (F. B. Robinson, &quot;The Intimate
+    Nervous Connection of the Genito-Urinary Organs With the
+    Cerebro-Spinal and Sympathetic Systems,&quot; <i>New York Medical
+    Journal</i>, March 11, 1893; <i>id.</i>, <i>The Abdominal Brain</i>, 1899.)</p></div>
+
+<p>Of all the sexual organs the penis is without doubt that which has most
+powerfully impressed the human imagination. It is the very emblem of
+generation, and everywhere men have contemplated it with a mixture of
+reverence and shuddering awe that has sometimes, even among civilized
+peoples, amounted to horror and disgust. Its image is worn as an amulet to
+ward off evil and invoked as a charm to call forth blessing. The sexual
+organs were once the most sacred object on which a man could place his
+hands to swear an inviolate oath, just as now he takes up the Testament.
+Even in the traditions of the great classic civilization which we inherit
+the penis is <i>fascinus</i>, the symbol of all fascination. In the history of
+human culture it has had far more than a merely human significance; it has
+been the symbol of all the generative force of Nature, the embodiment of
+creative energy in the animal and vegetable worlds alike, an image to be
+held aloft for worship, the sign of all unconscious ecstasy. As a symbol,
+the sacred phallus, it has been woven in and out of all the highest and
+deepest human conceptions, so intimately that it is possible to see it
+everywhere, that it is possible to fail to see it anywhere.</p>
+
+<p>In correspondence with the importance of the penis is the large number of
+names which men have everywhere bestowed upon it. In French literature
+many hundred synonyms may be found. They were also numerous in Latin. In
+English the literary terms for the penis seem to be comparatively few, but
+a large number of non-literary synonyms exist in colloquial and perhaps
+merely local usage. The Latin term penis, which has <a name='5_Page_122'></a>established itself
+among us as the most correct designation, is generally considered to be
+associated with <i>pendere</i> and to be connected therefore with the usually
+pendent position of the organ. In the middle ages the general literary
+term throughout Europe was <i>coles</i> (or <i>colis</i>) from <i>caulis</i>, a stalk,
+and <i>virga</i>, a rod. The only serious English literary term, yard (exactly
+equivalent to <i>virga</i>), as used by Chaucer&mdash;almost the last great English
+writer whose vocabulary was adequate to the central facts of life&mdash;has now
+fallen out of literary and even colloquial usage.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Pierer and Chaulant, in their anatomical and physiological
+    <i>Real-Lexicon</i> (vol. vi, p. 134), give nearly a hundred synonyms
+    for the penis. Hyrtl (<i>Topographisches Anatomie</i>, seventh
+    edition, vol. ii, pp. 67-69), adds others. Schurig, in his
+    <i>Spermatologia</i> (1720, pp. 89-91), also presents a number of
+    names for the penis; in Chapter III (pp. 189-192) of the same
+    book he discusses the penis generally with more fullness than
+    most authors. Louis de Landes, in his <i>Glossaire Erotique</i> of the
+    French language (pp. 239-242), enumerates several hundred
+    literary synonyms for the penis, though many of them probably
+    only occur once.</p>
+
+<p>    There is no thorough and comprehensive modern study of the penis
+    on an anthropological basis (though I should mention a valuable
+    and fully illustrated study of anthropological and pathological
+    variations of the penis in a series of articles by Marandon de
+    Montyel, &quot;Des Anomalies des Organs G&eacute;nitaux Externes Chez les
+    Ali&eacute;n&eacute;es,&quot; etc., <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, 1895),
+    and it would be out of place here to attempt to collect the
+    scattered notices regarding racial and other variations. It may
+    suffice to note some of the evidence showing that such variations
+    seem to be numerous and important. The Arab penis (according to
+    Kocher) is slender and long (a third longer than the average
+    European penis) and with a club-shaped glans. It undergoes little
+    change when it enters the erect state. The clothes leaves it
+    quite free, and the Arab practices manual excitement at an early
+    age to favor its development.</p>
+
+<p>    Among the Fuegians, also, according to Hyades and Deniker (<i>Cap
+    Horn</i>, vol. vii, p. 153), the average length of the penis is 77
+    millimeters, which is longer than in Europeans.</p>
+
+<p>    In men of black race, also, the penis is decidedly large. Thus
+    Sir H. H. Johnston (<i>British Central Africa</i>, p. 399) states this
+    to be a universal rule. Among the Wankenda of Northern Nyassa,
+    for instance, he remarks that, while the body is of medium size,
+    the penis is generally large. He gives the usual length as about
+    six inches, reaching nine or ten in erection. The prepuce, it is
+    added, is often very long, and circumcision is practiced by many
+    tribes.</p><a name='5_Page_123'></a>
+
+<p>    Among the American negroes Hrdlicka has found, also (<i>Proceedings
+    American Association for the Advancement of Science</i>, vol. xlvii,
+    p. 475), that the penis in black boys is larger than in white
+    boys.</p>
+
+<p>    The passages cited above suggest the question whether the penis
+    becomes larger by exercise of its generative functions. Most old
+    authors assert that frequent erection makes the penis large and
+    long (Schurig, <i>Spermatologia</i>, p. 107). Galen noted that in
+    singers and athletes, who were chaste in order to preserve their
+    strength, the sexual parts were small and rugrose, like those of
+    old men, and that exercise of the organs from youth develops
+    them; Roubaud, quoting this observation (<i>Trait&eacute; de
+    l'Impuissance</i>, p. 373), agrees with the statement. It seems
+    probable that there is an element of truth in this ancient
+    belief. At the same time it must be remembered that the penis is
+    only to small extent a muscular organ, and that the increase of
+    size produced by frequent congestion of erectile tissues cannot
+    be either rapid or pronounced. Variations in the size of the
+    sexual organs are probably on the whole mainly inherited, though
+    it is impossible to speak decisively on this point until more
+    systematic observations become customary.</p></div>
+
+<p>The scrotum has usually, in the human imagination, been regarded merely as
+an appendage of the penis, of secondary importance, although it is the
+garment of the primary and essential organs of sex, and the fact that it
+is not the seat of any voluptuous sensation has doubtless helped to
+confirm this position. Even the name is merely a medi&aelig;val perversion of
+<i>scortum</i>, skin or hide. In classic times it was usually called the pouch
+or purse. The importance of the testicles has not, however, been
+altogether ignored, as the very word <i>testis</i> itself shows, for the
+<i>testis</i> is simply the <i>witness</i> of virility.<a name='5_FNanchor_78'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_78'><sup>[78]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is easy to understand why the penis should occupy this special place in
+man's thoughts as the supreme sexual organ. It is the one conspicuous and
+prominent portion of the sexual apparatus, while its aptitude for swelling
+and erecting itself involuntarily, under the influence of sexual emotion,
+gives it a peculiar and almost unique position in the body. At the same
+time it is the point at which, in the male body, all voluptuous sensation
+is concentrated, the only normal masculine center of sex.<a name='5_FNanchor_79'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_79'><sup>[79]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='5_Page_124'></a>
+<p>It is not easy to find any correspondingly conspicuous symbol of sex in
+the sexual region of women. In the normal position nothing is visible but
+the peculiarly human cushion of fat picturesquely termed the Mons Veneris
+(because, as Palfyn said, all those who enroll themselves under the banner
+of Venus must necessarily scale it), and even that is veiled from view in
+the adult by the more or less bushy plantation of hair which grows upon
+it. A triangle of varyingly precise definition is thus formed at the lower
+apex of the trunk, and this would sometimes appear to have been regarded
+as a feminine symbol.<a name='5_FNanchor_80'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_80'><sup>[80]</sup></a> But the more usual and typical symbol of
+femininity is the idealized ring (by some savages drawn as a lozenge) of
+the vulvar opening&mdash;the <i>yoni</i> corresponding to the masculine
+<i>lingam</i>&mdash;which is normally closed from view by the larger lips arising
+from beneath the shadow of the <i>mons</i>. It is a symbol that, like the
+masculine phallus, has a double meaning among primitive peoples and is
+sometimes used to call down a blessing and sometimes to invoke a
+curse.<a name='5_FNanchor_81'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_81'><sup>[81]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>This external opening of the feminine genital passage with its two
+enclosing lips is now generally called the vulva. It would appear that
+originally (as by Celsus and Pliny) this term included the womb, also, but
+when the term &quot;uterus&quot; came into use &quot;vulva&quot; was confined (as its sense of
+folding doors suggests that it should be) to the external entrance. The
+classic term <i>cunnus</i> for the external genitals was chiefly used by the
+poets; it has been the etymological source of various European names for
+this region, such as the old French <i>con</i>, which has now, however,
+disappeared from literature while even in popular usage it has given place
+to <i>lapin</i> and similar terms. But there is always a tendency, marked in
+most parts of the world, for the names of the external female parts to
+become indecorous. Even in classic antiquity this part was the <i>pudendum</i>,
+the part <a name='5_Page_125'></a>to be ashamed of, and among ourselves the mass of the
+population, still preserving the traditions of primitive times, continue
+to cherish the same notion.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The anatomy, anthropology, folk-lore, and terminology of the
+    external and to some extent the internal feminine sexual region
+    may be studied in the following publications, among others:
+    Ploss, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol. i, Chapter VI; Hyrtl, <i>Topographisches
+    Anatomie</i>, vol. ii, and other publications by the same scholarly
+    anatomist; W. J. Stewart Mackay, <i>History of Ancient Gyn&aelig;cology</i>,
+    especially pp. 244-250; R. Bergh, &quot;Symbol&aelig; ad Cognitionem
+    Genitalium Externorum F&oelig;minearum&quot; (in Danish),
+    <i>Hospitalstidende</i>, August, 1894; and also in <i>Monatshefte f&uuml;r
+    Praktische Dermatologie</i>, 1897. D. S. Lamb, &quot;The Female External
+    Genital Organs,&quot; <i>New York Journal of Gyn&aelig;cology</i>, August, 1894;
+    R. L. Dickinson, &quot;Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their
+    Significance,&quot; <i>American Gynecology</i>, September, 1902; &#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;
+    (in various languages), vol. viii, pp. 3-11, 11-13,
+    and many other passages. Several of Schurig's works (especially
+    <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i>, <i>Muliebria</i>, and <i>Parthenologia</i>) contain full
+    summaries of the statements of the early writers.</p></div>
+
+<p>The external or larger lips, like the mons veneris, are specifically human
+in their full development, for in the anthropoid apes they are small as is
+the mons, and in the lower apes absent altogether; they are, moreover,
+larger in the white than in the other human races. Thus in the negro, and
+to a less degree in the Japanese (Wernich) and the Javanese (Scherzer)
+they are less developed than in women of white race. The greater lips
+develop in the f&oelig;tus later than the lesser lips, which are thus
+at first uncovered; this condition thus constitutes an infantile state
+which occasionally (in less than 2 per cent. of cases, according to Bergh)
+persists in the adult. Their generally accepted name, labia majora, is
+comparatively modern.<a name='5_FNanchor_82'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_82'><sup>[82]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The outer sides of the labia majora are covered with hair, and on
+    the inner sides, which are smooth and moist, but are not true
+    mucous membrane, there are a few sweat glands and numerous large
+    sebaceous glands. Bergh considers that there is little or no hair
+    on the inner sides of the labia majora, but Lamb states that
+    careful examination shows that from one- to two-thirds of the
+    inner surface in adult women <a name='5_Page_126'></a>show hairs like those of the
+    external surface. In brunettes and women of dark races this
+    surface is pigmented; in dark races it is usually a slate gray.
+    From an examination of 2200 young Danish prostitutes Bergh has
+    found that there are two main varieties in the shape of the labia
+    majora, with transitional forms. In the first and most frequent
+    form the labia tend to be less marked and more effaced and
+    separated at the upper and anterior part, often being lost in the
+    sides of the mons and presenting a fissure which is broader in
+    its upper part and showing the inner lips more or less bare. In
+    the second form the labia are thicker and more outstanding and
+    the inner edges lie in contact throughout their whole length,
+    showing the <i>rima pudendi</i> as a long narrow fissure. Whatever the
+    form, the labia close more tightly together in virgins and in
+    young individuals generally than in the deflowered and the
+    elderly. In children, as Martineau pointed out, the vulva appears
+    to look directly forward and the clitoris and urinary meatus
+    easily appear, while in adult women, and especially after
+    attempts at coitus have been made, the vulva appears directed
+    more below and behind, and the clitoris and meatus more covered
+    by the labia majora; so that the child urinates forward, while
+    the adult woman is usually able to urinate almost directly
+    downwards in the erect position, though in some cases (as may
+    occasionally be observed in the street) she can only do so when
+    bending slightly forwards. This difference in the direction of
+    the stream formerly furnished one of the methods of diagnosing
+    virginity, an uncertain one, since the difference is largely due
+    to age and individual variation. The main factor in the position
+    and aspect of the vulva is pelvic inclination. (See Havelock
+    Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition, p. 64; Stratz, <i>Die
+    Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>, Chapter XII.) In the European
+    woman, according to Stratz, a considerable degree of pelvic
+    inclination is essential to beauty, concealing all but the
+    anterior third of the vulva. In negresses and other women of
+    lower race the vulva, however, usually lies further back, being
+    more conspicuous from behind than in European women; in this
+    respect lower races resemble the apes. Those women of dark race,
+    therefore, whose modesty is focused behind rather than in front
+    thus have sound anatomical considerations on their side.</p>
+
+<p>    As Ploss and Bartels remark, a very common variation among
+    European women consists in an unusually posterior position of the
+    vulva and vaginal entrance, so that unless a cushion is placed
+    under the buttocks it is difficult for the man to effect coitus
+    in the usual position without giving much pain to the woman. They
+    add that another anomaly, less easy to remedy, consists in an
+    abnormally anterior position of the vaginal entrance close
+    beneath the pelvic bone, so that, although intromission is easy,
+    the spasmodic contraction of the vagina at the culmination of
+    orgasm presses the penis against the bone and causes intolerable
+    pain to the man.</p></div><a name='5_Page_127'></a>
+
+<p>The mons veneris and the labia majora are, after the age of puberty,
+always normally covered by a more or less profuse growth of hair. It is
+notable that the apes, notwithstanding their general tendency to
+hairiness, show no such special development of hair in this region. We
+thus see that all the external and more conspicuous portions of the sexual
+sphere in woman&mdash;the mons veneris, the labia majora, and the
+hair&mdash;represent not so much an animal inheritance, such as we commonly
+misrepresent them to be, but a higher and genuinely human development. As
+none of these structures subserve any clear practical use, it would appear
+that they must have developed by sexual selection to satisfy the &aelig;sthetic
+demands of the eye.<a name='5_FNanchor_83'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_83'><sup>[83]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The character and arrangement of the pubic hair, investigated by
+    Eschricht and Voigt more than half a century ago, have been more
+    recently studied by Bergh. As these observers have pointed out,
+    there are various converging hair streams from above and below,
+    the clitoris seeming to be the center towards which they are
+    directed. The hair-covering thus formed is usually ample and, as
+    a rule, is more so in brunettes than in blondes. It is nearly
+    always bent, curly and more or less spirally twisted.<a name='5_FNanchor_84'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_84'><sup>[84]</sup></a> There
+    are frequently one or two curls at the commencement of the
+    fissure, rolled outwards, and occasionally a well marked tuft in
+    the middle line. In abundance the pubic hair corresponds with the
+    axillary hair; when one region is defective in hair the other is
+    usually so also. Strong eyebrows also usually indicate a strong
+    development of pubic hair. But the hair of the head usually
+    varies independently, and Bergh found that of 154 women with
+    spare pubic hair 72 had good and often profuse hair on the head.
+    Complete or almost <a name='5_Page_128'></a>complete absence of pubic hair is in Bergh's
+    experience only found in about 3 per cent. of women; these were
+    all young and blonde.</p></div>
+
+<p>Rothe, in his investigation of the pubic hair of 1000 Berlin women, found
+that no two women were really alike in this respect, but there was a
+tendency to two main types of arrangement, with minor subdivisions,
+according as the hair tended to grow chiefly in the middle line extending
+laterally from that line, or to grow equally over the whole extent of the
+pubic region; these two groups included half the cases investigated.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In men the pubic hair normally ascends anteriorly in a faint line
+    up to the navel, with tendency to form a triangle with the apex
+    above, and posteriorly extends backwards to the anus. In women
+    these anterior and posterior extensions are comparatively rare,
+    or at all events are only represented by a few stray hairs. Rothe
+    found this variation in 4 per cent. of North German women, though
+    a triangle of hair was only found in 2 per cent.; Lombroso found
+    it in 5 per cent, of Italian women; Bergh found it in only 1.6
+    per cent. among 1000 Danish prostitutes, all sixteen of whom with
+    three exceptions were brunettes. In Vienna, among 600 women, Coe
+    found only 1 per cent, with this distribution of hair, and states
+    that they were women of decidedly masculine type, though Ploss
+    and Bartels, as well as Rothe, find, however, that heterogeny, as
+    they term the masculine distribution, is more common in blondes.
+    The anterior extension of hair is usually accompanied by the
+    posterior extension around the anus, usually very slight, but
+    occasionally as pronounce as in men. (According to Rothe,
+    however, anterior heterogeny comparatively rare.) These masculine
+    variations in the extension of the pubic hair appear to be not
+    uncommonly associated with other physical and psychic anomalies;
+    it is on this account that they have sometimes been regarded as
+    indications of a vicious or a criminal temperament; they are,
+    however, found in quite normal women.</p>
+
+<p>    The pubic hair of women is usually shorter than that of men, but
+    thick, and the individual hairs stronger and larger in diameter
+    than those of men, as Pfaff first showed; dark hair is usually
+    stronger than light. In both length and size the individual
+    variations are considerable. The usual length is about 2 inches,
+    or 3-5 centimeters, occasionally reaching about 4 inches, or 9-10
+    centimeters, in the larger curls. In a series of 100 women
+    attended during confinement in London and the north of England I
+    have only once (in a rather blonde Lancashire woman) found the
+    hair on labia reaching a conspicuous length of several inches and
+    forming an obstruction to the manipulations involved in delivery.
+    But Jahn delivered a woman whose pubic hair was longer than that
+    of her head, reaching below her knee; Paulini also knew a woman
+    whose <a name='5_Page_129'></a>pubic hair nearly reached her knees and was sold to make
+    wigs; Bartholin mentions a soldier's wife who plaited her pubic
+    hair behind her back; while Brant&ocirc;me has several references to
+    abnormally long hair in ladies of the French court during the
+    sixteenth century. In 8 cases out of 2200 Bergh found the pubic
+    hair forming a large curly wig extending to the iliac spines. The
+    individual hairs have occasionally been found so stiff and
+    brush-like as to render coitus difficult.</p>
+
+<p>    In color the pubic hair, while generally approximating to that of
+    the head, is sometimes (according to Rothe, in Germany, in
+    one-third cases) lighter, and sometimes somewhat darker, as is
+    found to be the case by Coe, especially in brunettes, and also by
+    Bergh, in Denmark. Bergh remarks that it is generally
+    intermediate in color between the eyebrows and the axillary hair,
+    the latter being more or less decolorized by sweat, and that,
+    owing to the influence of the urine and vaginal discharges, the
+    labial hair is paler than that on the mons; blondes with dark
+    eyebrows usually have dark hair on the mons. The hair on this
+    spot, as Aristotle observed, is usually the last to turn gray.</p></div>
+
+<p>The key to the genital apparatus in women from the psychic point of view,
+and, indeed, to some extent, its anatomical center, is to be found in the
+clitoris. Anatomically and developmentally the clitoris is the rudimentary
+analogue of the masculine penis. Functionally, however, its scope is very
+much smaller. While the penis both receives and imparts specific
+voluptuous sensations, and is at the same time both the intromittent organ
+for the semen and the conduit for the urine, the sole function of the
+clitoris is to enter into erection under the stress of sexual emotion and
+receive and transmit the stimulatory voluptuous sensations imparted to it
+by friction with the masculine genital apparatus. It is so insignificant
+an organ that it is only within recent times that its homology with the
+penis has been realized. In 1844 Kobelt wrote in his important book, <i>Die
+Mannlichen und Weiblichen Wollust-Organe</i>, that in his attempt to show
+that the female organs are exactly analogous to the male the reader will
+probably be unable to follow him, while even Johannes M&uuml;ller, the father
+of scientific physiology, declared at about the same period that the
+clitoris is essentially different from the penis. It is indeed but three
+centuries since the clitoris was so little known that (in 1593) Realdus
+Columbus actually claimed the honor of discovering it.<a name='5_Page_130'></a> Columbus was not
+its discoverer, for Fallopius speedily showed that Avicenna and Albucasis
+had referred to it.<a name='5_FNanchor_85'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_85'><sup>[85]</sup></a> The Arabs appear to have been very familiar with
+it, and, from the various names they gave it, clearly understood the
+important part it plays in generating voluptuous emotion.<a name='5_FNanchor_86'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_86'><sup>[86]</sup></a> But it was
+known in classic antiquity; the Greeks called it &#956;&#8059;&#961;&#964;&#959;&#957;, the
+myrtle-berry; Galen and Soranus called it &#957;&#8059;&#956;&#966;&#951; because it is
+covered as a bride is veiled, while the old Latin name was <i>tentigo</i>, from
+its power of entering into erection, and <i>columella</i>, the little pillar,
+from its shape. The modern term, which is Greek and refers to the
+sensitiveness of the part to voluptuous titillation, is said to have
+originated with Suidas and Pollux.<a name='5_FNanchor_87'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_87'><sup>[87]</sup></a> It was mentioned, though not
+adopted, by Rufus.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;The clitoris,&quot; declared Haller, &quot;is a part extremely sensible and
+wonderfully prurient.&quot; It is certainly the chief though by no means the
+only point through which the immediate call to detumescence is conveyed to
+the female organism. It is, indeed, as Bryan Robinson remarks, &quot;a
+veritable electrical bell button which, being pressed or irritated, rings
+up the whole nervous system.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The nervous supply of this little organ is very large, and the
+    dorsal nerve of the clitoris is relatively three or four times
+    larger than that of the penis. Yet the sensitive point of this
+    organ is only 5 to 7 millimeters in extent. The length of the
+    clitoris is usually rather over 2 centimeters (or about an inch)
+    and 3 centimeters when erect; a length of 4 centimeters or more
+    was regarded by Martineau as within the normal range of
+    variation. It is not usual to find the clitoris longer than this
+    in Europe (for among some races like the negro the clitoris is
+    generally large), but all degrees of magnitude may be found as
+    rare exceptions. (See, <i>e.g.</i>, Sir J. Y. Simpson,
+    &quot;Hermaphrodites,&quot; <i>Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions</i>, vol. ii,
+    pp. 217-226; also Dickinson, <i>loc. cit.</i>) It was formerly thought
+    that the clitoris is easily enlarged by masturbation, and
+    Martineau believed that in this way it might be doubled in
+    length. It is probable that slight enlargement of the clitoris
+    may be <a name='5_Page_131'></a>caused by very frequent masturbation, but only to an
+    insignificant extent, and it is impossible to diagnose
+    masturbation from the size of the clitoris. Among the women of
+    Lake Nyassa, as well as in the Caroline Islands, special methods
+    are practiced for elongating the clitoris, but in Europe, at all
+    events, it is probable that the variations in the size of the
+    organ are mainly congenital. It may well be that a congenitally
+    large clitoris is associated with an abnormally developed
+    excitability of the sexual apparatus. Tilt stated (<i>On Uterine
+    and Ovarian Inflammation</i>, p. 37) that in his experience there
+    was a frequent though not invariable connection between a large
+    clitoris and sexual proclivity. (Schurig referred to a case of
+    intense and life-long sexual obsession associated with an
+    extremely large clitoris, <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i>, pp. 16-17.) Of recent
+    years considerable importance has been attached by some
+    gynecologists (<i>e.g.</i>, R. T. Morris, &quot;Is Evolution Trying to Do
+    Away With the Clitoris?&quot; <i>Transactions American Association of
+    Obstetricians and Gynecologists</i>, vol. v, 1893) to preputial
+    adhesions around the clitoris as a source of nervous disturbance
+    and invalidism in young women.</p></div>
+
+<p>While the clitoris is anatomically analogous to the penis, its actual
+mechanism under the stress of sexual excitement is somewhat different. As
+Li&eacute;taud long since pointed out, it cannot rise freely in erection as the
+penis can; it is apparently bound down by its prepuce and its frenulum.
+Waldeyer, in his book on the pelvis, states more precisely that, unlike
+the penis, when erect it retains its angle, only this becomes somewhat
+rounded so that the organ is to some slight extent lifted and protruded.
+Waldeyer considered that the clitoris was thus perfectly fitted to fulfill
+its part as the recipient of erotic stimulation from friction by the
+penis. Adler, however, has pointed out with considerable justice, that
+this is not altogether the case. The clitoris was developed in mammals who
+practiced the posterior mode of coitus; in this position the clitoris was
+beneath the penis, which was thus easily able in coitus to press it
+against the pubic bone close beneath which it is situated, and thus impart
+the compression and friction which the feminine organ craves. But in the
+human anterior mode of coitus it is not necessarily brought into close
+contact with the penis during the act of coitus, and thus fails to receive
+powerful stimulation. Its restricted position, <a name='5_Page_132'></a>which is an advantage in
+posterior coitus, is a disadvantage in anterior coitus. Adler observes
+that it thus comes about that the human method of coitus, while by
+bringing breast to breast and face to face it has added a new dignity and
+refinement, a fresh source of enjoyment, to the embrace of the sexes, has
+not been an unmixed advantage to woman, for while man has lost nothing by
+the change, woman has now to contend with an increased difficulty in
+attaining an adequate amount of pressure on that &quot;electric button&quot; which
+normally sets the whole mechanism in operation.<a name='5_FNanchor_88'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_88'><sup>[88]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>We may well bring into connection with the changed conditions brought
+about by anterior coitus the interesting fact that while the clitoris
+remains the most exquisitely sensitive of the sexual centers in woman,
+voluptuous sensitivity is much more widely diffused in woman than in man.
+Over the whole body, indeed, it is apt to be more distinctly marked than
+is usually the case in man. But even if we confine ourselves to the
+genital region, while in man that portion of the penis which enters the
+vagina, and especially the glans, is normally the only portion which, even
+during turgescence, is sensitive to voluptuous contacts, in woman the
+whole of the region comprised within the larger lips, including even the
+anus and internally the vagina and the vaginal portion of the womb,<a name='5_FNanchor_89'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_89'><sup>[89]</sup></a>
+become sensitive to voluptuous contacts. Deprived of the penis the ability
+of a man to experience specifically sexual sensations becomes very limited
+indeed. But the loss of the clitoris or of any other structure involves no
+correspondingly serious disability on women. Ablation of the clitoris for
+sexual hyper&aelig;sthesia has for this reason been abandoned, except under
+special circumstances. The members of the Russian Skoptzy sect habitually
+amputate <a name='5_Page_133'></a>the clitoris, nymph&aelig;, and breasts, yet many young Skoptzy women
+told the Russian physician, Guttceit, that they were perfectly well able
+to enjoy coitus.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Freud believes that in very young girls the clitoris is the
+    exclusive seat of sexual sensation, masturbation at this age
+    being directed to the clitoris alone, and spontaneous sexual
+    excitement being confined to twitchings and erection of this
+    organ, so that young girls are able, from their own experience,
+    to recognize without instruction the signs of sexual excitement
+    in boys. At a later age sexual excitability spreads from the
+    clitoris to other regions&mdash;just as the easy inflammability of
+    wood sets light to coal&mdash;though in the male the penis remains
+    from first to last normally the almost exclusive seat of specific
+    excitability. (S. Freud, <i>Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie</i>,
+    p. 62.)</p>
+
+<p>    The anus would, however, seem to be sometimes an erogenous zone
+    even at an early age. Titillation of the anus appears to be
+    frequently pleasurable in women; and this is not surprising
+    considering the high degree of erotic sensitivity which is easily
+    developed at the body orifices where skin meets mucous membrane.
+    (Thus the meatus of the urethra is a highly erogenous zone, as is
+    sufficiently shown by the frequency with which hair-pins and
+    other articles used in masturbation find their way into the
+    bladder.) It is in this germinal sensitivity, undoubtedly, that
+    we find a chief key to the practice of <i>pedicatio</i>. Freud
+    attaches great importance to the anus as a sexually erogenous
+    zone at a very early age, and considers that it very frequently
+    makes its influence felt in this respect. He believes that
+    intestinal catarrhs in very early life and h&aelig;morrhoids later tend
+    to develop sensibility in the anus. He finds an indication that
+    the anus has become a sexually erogenous zone when children wish
+    to allow the contents of the rectum to accumulate so that
+    defecation may by its increased difficulty involve voluptuous
+    sensations, and adds that masturbatory excitation of the anus
+    with the fingers is by no means rare in older children. (S.
+    Freud, <i>Op. cit.</i>, pp. 40-42.) A medical correspondent in India
+    tells me of a European lady who derived, she said, &quot;quite as
+    much, indeed more,&quot; pleasure from digitally titillating her
+    rectum as from vulvo-vaginal titillation; she had several times
+    submitted to <i>pedicatio</i> and enjoyed it, though it was painful
+    during penetration. The anus may retain this erogenous
+    irritability even in old age, and Routh mentions the case of a
+    lady of over 70, the reverse of lustful, who was so excited by
+    the act of defecation that she was invariably compelled to
+    masturbate, although this state of things was a source of great
+    mental misery to her. (C. H. F. Routh, <i>British Gyn&aelig;cological
+    Journal</i>, February, 1887, p. 48.)</p>
+
+<p>    B&ouml;lsche has sought the explanation of the erogenous nature of the
+    anus, and the key to <i>pedicatio</i>, in an atavistic return to the
+    very <a name='5_Page_134'></a>remote amphibian days when the anus was combined with the
+    sexual parts in a common cloaca. But it is unnecessary to invoke
+    any vestigial inheritance from a vastly remote past when we bear
+    in mind that the innervation of these two adjoining regions is
+    inevitably very closely related. The presence of a body exit with
+    its marked and special sensitivity at a point where it can
+    scarcely fail to receive the nervous overflow from an immensely
+    active center of nervous energy quite adequately accounts for the
+    phenomenon in question.</p></div>
+
+<p>The inner lips, the nymph&aelig; or labia minora, running parallel with the
+greater lips which enclose them, embrace the clitoris anteriorly and
+extend backward, enclosing the urethral exit between them as well as the
+vaginal entrance. They form little wings whence their old Latin name,
+<i>al&aelig;</i>, and from their resemblance to the cock's comb were by Spigelius
+termed crista galli. The red and (especially in brunettes) dark appearance
+of the nymph&aelig; suggests that they are mucous membrane and not
+integumentary; it is, however, now considered that even on the inner
+surface they are covered by skin and separated from the mucous membrane by
+a line.<a name='5_FNanchor_90'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_90'><sup>[90]</sup></a> In structure, as described by Waldeyer, they consist of fine
+connective tissue rich in elastic fibers as well as some muscular tissue,
+and full of large veins, so that they are capable of a considerable degree
+of turgescence resembling erection during sexual excitement, while
+Ballantyne finds that the nymph&aelig; are supplied to a notable extent with
+nervous end-organs.</p>
+
+<p>More than any other part of the sexual apparatus in either sex, the lesser
+lips, on account of their shape, their position, and their structure, are
+capable of acquired modifications, more especially hypertrophy and
+elongation. By stretching, it is stated, a labium can be doubled in its
+dimensions. The &quot;Hottentot apron,&quot; or elongated nymph&aelig;, commonly found
+among some peoples in South Africa, has long been a familiar phenomenon.
+In such cases a length or transverse diameter of 3 to 5 centimeters is
+commonly found. But such elongated <a name='5_Page_135'></a>nymph&aelig; are by no means confined to one
+part of the world or to one race; they are quite common among women of
+European race, and reach a size equal to most of the more reliably
+recorded Hottentot cases. Dickinson, who has very carefully studied this
+question in New York, finds that in 1000 consecutive gyn&aelig;cological cases
+the labia showed some form of hypertrophy in 36 per cent., or more than 1
+in 3; while among 150 of these cases who were neurasthenic, the proportion
+reached 56 per cent., even when minor or doubtful enlargements were
+disregarded. Bergh, in about 16 per cent. cases, found very enlarged
+nymph&aelig;, the height reached in about 5 per cent. of the cases of
+enlargement being nearly six centimeters. Ploss and Bartels, in a full
+discussion: of the &quot;Hottentot apron,&quot; come to the conclusion that this
+condition is perhaps in most cases artificially produced. It is known that
+among the Basutos it is the custom for the elder girls to manipulate the
+nymph&aelig; of younger children, when alone with them, almost from birth, and
+on account of the elastic nature of these structures such manipulation
+quite adequately accounts for the elongation. It is not necessary to
+suppose that the custom is practiced for the sake of producing sexual
+stimulation&mdash;though this may frequently occur&mdash;since there are numerous
+similar primitive customs involving deformation of the sexual organs
+without the production of sexual excitement. Dickinson has come to a
+similar conclusion as regards the corresponding elongation of the nymph&aelig;
+in civilized European women. In 361 out of 1000 women of good social class
+he found elongation or thickening, often with a notable degree of
+wrinkling and pigmentation, and believes that this is always the result of
+frequently repeated masturbation practiced with the separation of the
+nymph&aelig;; in 30 per cent. of the cases admission of masturbation was
+made.<a name='5_FNanchor_91'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_91'><sup>[91]</sup></a> While this conclusion is probably correct in the main, it
+requires some qualification. To assert <a name='5_Page_136'></a>that whenever in women who have
+not been pregnant the marked protrusion of the inner lips beyond the outer
+lips means that at some period manipulation has been practiced with or
+without the production of sexual excitement is to make too absolute a
+statement. It is highly probable that the nymph&aelig;, like the clitoris, are
+congenitally more prominent in some of the lower human races, as they are
+also in the apes; among the Fuegians, for instance, according to Hyades
+and Deniker, the labia minora descend lower than in Europeans, although
+there is not the slightest reason to suppose that these women practice any
+manipulations. Among European women, again, the nymph&aelig; sometimes protrude
+very prominently beyond the labia majora in women who are organically of
+somewhat infantile type; this occurs in cases in which we may be convinced
+that no manipulations have ever been practiced.<a name='5_FNanchor_92'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_92'><sup>[92]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is difficult to speak very decisively as to the function of the labia
+minora. They doubtless exert some amount of protective influence over the
+entrance to the vagina, and in this way correspond to the lips of the
+mouth after which they are called. They fulfill, however, one very
+definite though not obviously important function which is indicated by the
+mythologic name they have received. There is, indeed, some obscurity in
+the origin of this term, nymph&aelig;, which has not, I believe, been
+satisfactorily cleared up. It has been stated that the Greek name &#957;&#8059;&#956;&#966;&#951; has been transferred from the clitoris to the labia minora. Any
+such transfer could only have taken place when the meaning of the word had
+been forgotten, and &#957;&#8059;&#956;&#966;&#951; had become the totally different
+word <i>nymph&aelig;</i>, the goddesses who presided over streams. The old anatomists
+were much exercised in their minds as to the meaning of the name, but on
+the whole were inclined to believe that it referred to the <a name='5_Page_137'></a>action of the
+labia minora in directing the urinary stream. The term nymph&aelig; was first
+applied in the modern sense, according to Bergh, in 1599, by Pin&aelig;us,
+mainly from the influence of these structures on the urinary stream, and
+he dilated in his <i>De Virginitate</i> on the suitability of the term to
+designate so poetic a spot.<a name='5_FNanchor_93'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_93'><sup>[93]</sup></a> In more modern times Luschka and Sir
+Charles Bell considered that it is one of the uses of the nymph&aelig; to direct
+the stream of urine, and Lamb from his own observation thinks the same
+conclusion probable. In reality there cannot be the slightest doubt about
+the function of the nymph&aelig;, as, in Hyrtl's phrase, &quot;the naiads of the
+urinary source,&quot; and it can be demonstrated by the simplest
+experiment.<a name='5_FNanchor_94'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_94'><sup>[94]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The nymph&aelig; form the intermediate portal of the vagina, as the canal which
+conducts to the womb was in anatomy first termed (according to Hyrtl) by
+De Graaf.<a name='5_FNanchor_95'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_95'><sup>[95]</sup></a> It is a secreting, erectile, more or less sensitive canal
+lined by what is usually considered mucous membrane, though some have
+regarded it as integument of the same character as that of the external
+genitals; it certainly resembles such integument more than, for instance,
+the mucous membrane of the rectum. In the woman who has never had sexual
+intercourse and has been subjected to no manipulations or accidents
+affecting this region, the vagina <a name='5_Page_138'></a>is closed by a last and final gate of
+delicate membrane&mdash;scarcely admitting more than a slender finger&mdash;called
+the hymen.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The poets called the hymen &quot;fios virginitatis,&quot; the flower of
+    virginity, whence the medico-legal term <i>defloratio</i>.
+    Notwithstanding the great significance which has long been
+    attached to the phenomena connected with it, the hymen was not
+    accurately known until Vesalius, Fallopius, and Spigelius
+    described and named it. It was, however, recognized by the Arab
+    authors, Avicenna and Averroes. The early literature concerning
+    it is summarized by Schurig, <i>Muliebria</i>, 1729, Section II, cap.
+    V. The same author's <i>Parthenologia</i> is devoted to the various
+    ancient problems connected with the question of virginity.</p></div>
+
+<p>To say that this delicate piece of membrane is from the non-physical point
+of view a more important structure than any other part of the body is to
+convey but a feeble idea of the immense importance of the hymen in the
+eyes of the men of many past ages and even of our own times and among our
+own people.<a name='5_FNanchor_96'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_96'><sup>[96]</sup></a> For the uses of the feminine body, or for its beauty,
+there is no part which is more absolutely insignificant. But in human
+estimation it has acquired a spiritual value which has made it far more
+than a part of the body. It has taken the place of the soul, that whose
+presence gives all her worth and dignity, even her name, to the unmarried
+woman, her purity, her sexual desirability, her market value. Without
+it&mdash;though in all physical and mental respects she might remain the same
+person&mdash;she has sometimes been a mark for contempt, a worthless
+outcast.<a name='5_FNanchor_97'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_97'><sup>[97]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>So fragile a membrane scarcely possesses the reliability which
+    should be possessed by a structure whose presence or absence has
+    often meant so much. Its absence by no means necessarily
+    signifies that a woman has had intercourse with a man. Its
+    presence by no means signifies that she has never had such
+    intercourse.</p>
+
+<p>    There are many ways in which the hymen may be destroyed apart
+    from coitus. Among the Chinese (and also, it would appear, in
+    India and some other parts of the East) the female parts are from
+    infancy <a name='5_Page_139'></a>kept so scrupulously clean by daily washing, the finger
+    being introduced into the vagina, that the hymen rapidly
+    disappears, and its existence is unknown even to Chinese doctors.
+    Among some Brazilian Indians a similar practice exists among
+    mothers as regards their young children, less, however, for the
+    sake of cleanliness than in order to facilitate sexual
+    intercourse in future years. (Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol.
+    i, Chapter VI.) The manipulations of vaginal masturbation will,
+    of course, similarly destroy the hymen. It is also quite possible
+    for the hymen to be ruptured by falls and other accidents. (See,
+    <i>e.g.</i>, a lengthy study by Nina-Rodrigues, &quot;Des Ruptures de
+    l'Hymen dans les Chutes,&quot; <i>Annales d'Hygi&egrave;ne Publique</i>,
+    September, 1903.)</p>
+
+<p>    On the other hand, integrity of the hymen is no proof of
+    virginity, apart from the obvious fact that there may be
+    intercourse without penetration. (The case has even been recorded
+    of a prostitute with syphilitic condylomata, a somewhat masculine
+    type of pubic arch, and vulva rather posteriorly placed, whose
+    hymen had never been penetrated.) The hymen may be of a yielding
+    or folding type, so that complete penetration may take place and
+    yet the hymen be afterwards found unruptured. It occasionally
+    happens that the hymen is found intact at the end of pregnancy.
+    In some, though not all, of these cases there has been conception
+    without intromission of the penis. This has occurred even when
+    the entrance was very minute. The possibility of such conception
+    has long been recognized, and Schurig (<i>Syllepsilogia</i>, 1731,
+    Section I, cap. VIII, p. 2) quotes ancient authors who have
+    recorded cases. For some typical modern cases see Gu&eacute;rard
+    (<i>Centralblatt f&uuml;r Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, No. 15, 1895), in one of whose
+    cases the hymen of the pregnant woman scarcely admitted a hair;
+    also Braun (<i>ib.</i>, No. 23, 1895).</p></div>
+
+<p>The hymen has played a very definite and pronounced part in the social and
+moral life of humanity. Until recently it has been more difficult to
+decide what precise biological function it has exercised to ensure its
+development and preservation. Sexual selection, no doubt, has worked in
+its favor, but that influence has been very limited and comparatively very
+recent. Virginity is not usually of any value among peoples who are
+entirely primitive. Indeed, even in the classic civilization which we
+inherit, it is easy to show that the virgin and the admiration for
+virginity are of late growth; the virgin goddesses were not originally
+virgins in our modern sense. Diana was the many-breasted patroness of
+childbirth before she became the chaste and solitary huntress, for the
+earliest distinction would appear <a name='5_Page_140'></a>to have been simply between the woman
+who was attached to a man and the woman who followed an earlier rule of
+freedom and independence; it was a later notion to suppose that the latter
+woman was debarred from sexual intercourse. We certainly must not seek the
+origin of the hymen in sexual selection; we must find it in natural
+selection. And here it might seem at first sight that we come upon a
+contradiction in Nature, for Nature is always devising contrivances to
+secure the maximum amount of fertilization. &quot;Increase and multiply&quot; is so
+obviously the command of Nature that the Hebrews, with their usual
+insight, unhesitatingly dared to place it in the mouth of Jehovah. But the
+hymen is a barrier to fertilization. It has, however, always to be
+remembered that as we rise in the zo&ouml;logical scale, and as the period of
+gestation lengthens and the possible number of offspring is fewer, it
+becomes constantly more essential that fertilization shall be effective
+rather than easy; the fewer the progeny the more necessary it is that they
+shall be vigorous enough to survive. There can be little doubt that, as
+one or two writers have already suggested, the hymen owes its development
+to the fact that its influence is on the side of effective fertilization.
+It is an obstacle to the impregnation of the young female by immature,
+aged, or feeble males. The hymen is thus an anatomical expression of that
+admiration of force which marks the female in her choice of a mate. So
+regarded, it is an interesting example of the intimate manner in which
+sexual selection is really based on natural selection. Sexual selection is
+but the translation into psychic terms of a process which has already
+found expression in the physical texture of the body.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It may be added that this interpretation of the biological
+    function of the hymen is supported by the facts of its evolution.
+    It is unknown among the lower mammals, with whom fertilization is
+    easy, gestation short and offspring numerous. It only begins to
+    appear among the higher mammals in whom reproduction is already
+    beginning to take on the characters which become fully developed
+    in man. Various authors have found traces of a rudimentary hymen,
+    not only in apes, but in elephants, horses, donkeys, bitches,
+    bears, pigs, hyenas, and giraffes. (Hyrtl, <i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. ii,
+    p. 189; G. Gellhoen, &quot;Anatomy and Development<a name='5_Page_141'></a> of the Hymen,&quot;
+    <i>American Journal Obstetrics</i>, August, 1904.) It is in the human
+    species that the tendency to limitation of offspring is most
+    marked, combined at the same time with a greater aptitude for
+    impregnation than exists among any lower mammals. It is here,
+    therefore, that a physical check is of most value, and
+    accordingly we find that in woman alone, of all animals, is the
+    hymen fully developed.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_72'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_72'>[72]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Analysis of the Sexual Impulse,&quot; in vol. iii of these
+<i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_73'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_73'>[73]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;The accomplishment of no other function,&quot; Hyrtl remarks,
+&quot;is so intimately connected with the mind and yet so independent of it.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_74'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_74'>[74]</a><div class='note'><p> The process is still, however, but imperfectly understood;
+see Art. &quot;F&eacute;condation,&quot; by Ed. Retterer, in Richet's <i>Dictionnaire de
+Physiologie</i>, vol. vi, 1905.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_75'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_75'>[75]</a><div class='note'><p> Thus a male f&oelig;tus showing reptilian characters in
+sexual ducts was exhibited by Shattock at the Pathological Society of
+London, February 19, 1895.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_76'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_76'>[76]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Kohlbrugge, &quot;Die Umgestaltung des Uterus der Affen nach
+den Geburt,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Morphologie</i>, bd. iv, p. 1, 1901.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_77'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_77'>[77]</a><div class='note'><p> There are, however, no special nerve endings (Krause
+corpuscles), as was formerly supposed. The nerve endings in the genital
+region are the same as elsewhere. The difference lies in the abundance of
+superposed arboreal ramifications. See, <i>e.g.</i>, Ed. Retterer, Art.
+&quot;Ejaculation,&quot; Richet's <i>Dictionnaire de Physiologie</i>, vol. v.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_78'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_78'>[78]</a><div class='note'><p> Hyrtl, <i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_79'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_79'>[79]</a><div class='note'><p> Sensations of pleasure without those of touch appear to be
+normal at the tip of the penis, as pointed out by Scripture, quoted in
+<i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, January, 1898.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_80'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_80'>[80]</a><div class='note'><p> See the previous volume of these <i>Studies</i>, &quot;Sexual
+Selection in Man,&quot; p. 161.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_81'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_81'>[81]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol. i,
+beginning of chapter VI.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_82'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_82'>[82]</a><div class='note'><p> Hyrtl states that the name <i>labia</i> was first used by Haller
+in the middle of the eighteenth century in his <i>Elements of Physiology</i>,
+being adopted by him from the Greek poet Erotion, who gave these
+structures the very obvious name &#967;&#949;&#953;&#955;&#949;&#945;, lips. But this seems to
+be a mistake, for the seventeenth century anatomists certainly used the
+name &quot;labia&quot; for these parts.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_83'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_83'>[83]</a><div class='note'><p> Bergh tentatively suggests, as regards the pubic hair, that
+its appearance may be due to the upright walk in man and the human
+position during coitus, the hair preventing irritation of the genitals
+from the sweat pouring down from the body and protecting the skin from
+direct friction in coitus. (In both these suggestions he was, however,
+long previously anticipated by Fabricius ab Aquapendente.) The fanciful
+suggestion of Louis Robinson that the pubic hair has developed in order to
+enable the human infant to cling securely to his mother is very poorly
+supported by facts, and has not met with acceptance. It may be mentioned
+that (as stated by Ploss and Bartels) the women of the Bismarck
+Archipelago, whose pubic hair is very abundant, use it as a kind of
+handkerchief on which to clean their hands.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_84'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_84'>[84]</a><div class='note'><p> Routh and Heywood Smith have noted that the pubic hair tends
+to lose its curliness and become straight in women who masturbate.
+(<i>British Gyn&aelig;cological Journal</i>, February, 1887, p. 505.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_85'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_85'>[85]</a><div class='note'><p> Schurig, <i>Muliebria</i>, p. 75. Plazzon in 1621 said that in
+Italian it had a popular name, <i>il besneegio</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_86'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_86'>[86]</a><div class='note'><p> Schurig brought together in his <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i> (pp. 2-4)
+various early opinions concerning the clitoris as the seat of voluptuous
+feeling.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_87'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_87'>[87]</a><div class='note'><p> Hyrtl, <i>Op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, p. 193.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_88'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_88'>[88]</a><div class='note'><p> Adler, <i>Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes</i>,
+1904, pp. 117-119.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_89'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_89'>[89]</a><div class='note'><p> The voluptuous sensations caused by sexual contacts
+producing movements of the womb are probably normal and usual. They may
+even occur under circumstances unconnected with sexual emotion, and Mund&eacute;
+(<i>International Journal of Surgery</i>, March, 1893) mentions incidentally
+that in one case while titillating the cervix with a sound the woman very
+plainly showed voluptuous manifestations.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_90'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_90'>[90]</a><div class='note'><p> Henle stated that fine hairs are frequently visible on the
+nymph&aelig;; Stieda (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Morphologie</i>, 1902, p. 458) remarks that
+he has never been able to see them with the naked eye.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_91'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_91'>[91]</a><div class='note'><p> R. L. Dickinson, &quot;Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their
+Significance,&quot; <i>American Gyn&aelig;cologist</i>, September, 1902. It is perhaps
+noteworthy that Bergh found that in 302 cases in which the nymph&aelig; were of
+unequal length, in all but 24 the left was longer.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_92'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_92'>[92]</a><div class='note'><p> It may be remarked that Bergh believes that the nymph&aelig;, and
+indeed the external genitals generally, are congenitally more strongly
+developed in libidinous persons, and at the same time in brunettes, while
+in public prostitutes this is not usually the case, which confirms the
+belief that exalted sexual sensibility does not usually lead to
+prostitution. He adds that prostitution, unless carried on for many years,
+has little effect on the shape of the external genitals.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_93'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_93'>[93]</a><div class='note'><p> Schurig (<i>Muliebria</i>, 1729, Section II, cap. II) gives
+numerous quotations on this point; thus De Graaf wrote in his book on the
+sexual organs of women: &quot;Tales protuberanti&aelig; nymph&aelig; appellantur ea propter
+quod aquis e vesica prosilientibus proxime adstare reperiantur,
+quandoquidem inter illas, tanquam duos parietes, urina magno impetu cum
+sibilo s&aelig;pe et absque labiorum irrigatione erumpit, vel quod sint
+castitatis pr&aelig;sides, aut sponsam primo intromittant.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_94'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_94'>[94]</a><div class='note'><p> Havelock Ellis, &quot;The Bladder as a Dynamometer,&quot; <i>American
+Journal of Dermatology</i>, May, 1902. If a woman who has never been
+pregnant, standing in the erect position before commencing the act of
+urination presses apart the labia minora with index and middle fingers the
+stream will be projected forward so as to fall usually at a considerable
+distance in front of a vertical line from the meatus; if when the act is
+half completed the fingers are removed, the labia close together and the
+stream, though maintained at a constant pressure, at once changes its
+character and direction.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_95'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_95'>[95]</a><div class='note'><p> In poetry this term was employed by Plautus, <i>Pseudolus</i>,
+Act IV, Sc. 7. The Greek &#945;&#953;&#948;&#959;&#953;&#959;&#957; sometimes meant vagina and
+sometimes the external sexual parts; &#954;&#959;&#955;&#960;&#959;&#962; was used for the
+vagina alone.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_96'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_96'>[96]</a><div class='note'><p> It is curious, however, that the European physicians of the
+seventeenth and even eighteenth centuries were doubtful of its value as a
+sign of virginity and considered it often absent.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_97'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_97'>[97]</a><div class='note'><p> For a summary of the beliefs and practices of various
+peoples with regard to the hymen and virginity see Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das
+Weib</i>, vol. i, Chapter XVI.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_M_II'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_142'></a>II</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Object of Detumescence&mdash;Erogenous Zones&mdash;The Lips&mdash;The Vascular
+Characters of Detumescence&mdash;Erectile Tissue&mdash;Erection in Woman&mdash;Mucous
+Emission in Women&mdash;Sexual Connection&mdash;The Human Mode of
+Intercourse&mdash;Normal Variations&mdash;The Motor Characters of
+Detumescence&mdash;Ejaculation&mdash;The Virile Reflex&mdash;The General Phenomena of
+Detumescence&mdash;The Circulatory and Respiratory Phenomena&mdash;Blood
+Pressure&mdash;Cardiac Disturbance&mdash;Glandular Activity&mdash;Distillatio&mdash;The
+Essentially Motor Character of Detumescence&mdash;Involuntary Muscular
+Irradiation to Bladder, etc.&mdash;Erotic Intoxication&mdash;Analogy of Sexual
+Detumescence and Vesical Tension&mdash;The Specifically Sexual Movements of
+Detumescence in Man&mdash;In Woman&mdash;The Spontaneous Movements of the Genital
+Canal in Woman&mdash;Their Function in Conception&mdash;Part Played by Active
+Movement of the Spermatozoa&mdash;The Artificial Injection of Semen&mdash;The Facial
+Expression During Detumescence&mdash;The Expression of Joy&mdash;The Occasional
+Serious Effects of Coitus.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>We have seen what the object of detumescence is, and we have briefly
+considered the organs and structures which are chiefly concerned in the
+process. We have now to inquire what are the actual phenomena which take
+place during the act of detumescence.</p>
+
+<p>Detumescence is normally linked closely to tumescence. Tumescence is the
+piling on of the fuel; detumescence is the leaping out of the devouring
+flame whence is lighted the torch of life to be handed on from generation
+to generation. The whole process is double and yet single; it is exactly
+analogous to that by which a pile is driven into the earth by the raising
+and then the letting go of a heavy weight which falls on to the head of
+the pile. In tumescence the organism is slowly wound up and force
+accumulated; in the act of detumescence the accumulated force is let go
+and by its liberation the sperm-bearing instrument is driven home.
+Courtship, as we commonly term the process of tumescence which takes place
+when a woman is first sexually approached by a man, is usually a highly
+prolonged <a name='5_Page_143'></a>process. But it is always necessary to remember that every
+repetition of the act of coitus, to be normally and effectively carried
+out on both sides, demands a similar double process; detumescence must be
+preceded by an abbreviated courtship.</p>
+
+<p>This abbreviated courtship by which tumescence is secured or heightened in
+the repetition of acts of coitus which have become familiar, is mainly
+tactile.<a name='5_FNanchor_98'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_98'><sup>[98]</sup></a> Since the part of the man in coitus is more active and that
+of the woman more passive, the sexual sensitivity of the skin seems to be
+more pronounced in women. There are, moreover, regions of the surface of a
+woman's body where contact, when sympathetic, seems specially liable to
+arouse erotic excitement. Such erogenous zones are often specially marked
+in the breasts, occasionally in the palm of the hand, the nape of the
+neck, the lobule of the ear, the little finger; there is, indeed, perhaps
+no part of the surface of the body which may not, in some individuals at
+some time, become normally an erogenous zone. In hysteria the erotic
+excitability of these zones is sometimes very intense. The lips are,
+however, without doubt, the most persistently and poignantly sensitive
+region of the whole body outside the sphere of the sexual organs
+themselves. Hence the significance of the kiss as a preliminary of
+detumescence.<a name='5_FNanchor_99'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_99'><sup>[99]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The importance of the lips as a normal erogenous zone is shown by
+    the experiments of Gualino. He applied a thread, folded on itself
+    several times, to the lips, thus stimulating them in a simple
+    mechanical manner. Of 20 women, between the ages of 18 and 35,
+    only 8 felt this as a merely mechanical operation, 4 felt a
+    vaguely erotic element in the proceeding, 3 experienced a desire
+    for coitus and in 5 there was actual sexual excitement with
+    emission of mucus. Of 25 men, between the ages of 20 and 30, in
+    15 all sexual feeling was absent, in 7 erotic ideas were
+    suggested with congestion of the sexual organs without erection,
+    and in 3 there was the beginning of erection. It should be added
+    that both the women and the men in whom this sexual reflex was
+    more especially <a name='5_Page_144'></a>marked were of somewhat nervous temperament; in
+    such persons erotic reactions of all kinds generally occur most
+    easily. (Gualino, &quot;Il Rifflesso Sessuale nell' eccitamento alle
+    labbre,&quot; <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1904, p. 341.)</p></div>
+
+<p>As tumescence, under the influence of sensory stimulation, proceeds toward
+the climax when it gives place to detumescence, the physical phenomena
+become more and more acutely localized in the sexual organs. The process
+which was at first predominantly nervous and psychic now becomes more
+prominently vascular. The ancient sexual relationship of the skin asserts
+itself; there is marked surface congestion showing itself in various ways.
+The face tends to become red, and exactly the same phenomenon is taking
+place in the genital organs; &quot;an erection,&quot; it has been said, &quot;is a
+blushing of the penis.&quot; The difference is that in the genital organs this
+heightened vascularity has a definite and specific function to
+accomplish&mdash;the erection of the male organ which fits it to enter the
+female parts&mdash;and that consequently there has been developed in the penis
+that special kind of vascular mechanism, consisting of veins in connective
+tissue with unstriped muscular fibers, termed erectile tissue.<a name='5_FNanchor_100'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_100'><sup>[100]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is not only the man who is supplied with erectile tissue which in the
+process of tumescence becomes congested and swollen. The woman also, in
+the corresponding external genital region, is likewise supplied with
+erectile tissue now also charged with blood, and exhibits the same changes
+as have taken place in her partner, though less conspicuously visible. In
+the anthropoid apes, as the gorilla, the large clitoris and the nymph&aelig;
+become prominent in sexual excitement, but the less development of the
+clitoris in women, together with the specifically human evolution of the
+mons veneris and larger lips, renders this sexual turgescence practically
+invisible, though it is perceptible to touch in an increased degree of
+spongy and elastic tension. The whole feminine genital canal, including
+the uterus, indeed, is richly supplied with blood-vessels, and is capable
+<a name='5_Page_145'></a>during sexual excitement of a very high degree of turgescence, a kind of
+erection.</p>
+
+<p>The process of erection in woman is accompanied by the pouring out of
+fluid which copiously bathes all parts of the vulva around the entrance to
+the vagina. This is a bland, more or less odorless mucus which, under
+ordinary circumstances, slowly and imperceptibly suffuses the parts. When,
+however, the entrance to the vagina is exposed and extended, as during a
+gyn&aelig;cological examination which occasionally produces sexual excitement,
+there may be seen a real ejaculation of the fluid which, as usually
+described, comes largely from the glands of Bartholin, situated at the
+mouth of the vagina. Under these circumstances it is sometimes described
+as being emitted in a jet which is thrown to a distance.<a name='5_FNanchor_101'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_101'><sup>[101]</sup></a> This mucous
+ejaculation was in former days regarded as analogous to the seminal
+ejaculation in man, and hence essential to conception. Although this
+belief was erroneous the fluid poured out in this manner whenever a high
+degree of tumescence is attained, and before the onset of detumescence,
+certainly performs an important function in lubricating the entrance to
+the genital canal and so facilitating the intromission of the male
+organ.<a name='5_FNanchor_102'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_102'><sup>[102]</sup></a> Menstruation has a similar influence in facilitating coitus,
+as Schurig long since pointed out.<a name='5_FNanchor_103'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_103'><sup>[103]</sup></a> A like process takes place during
+parturition when the same parts are being lubricated and stretched in
+preparation for the protrusion of the f&oelig;tal head. The occurrence
+of the mucous flow in tumescence always indicates that that process is
+actively affecting the central sexual organs, and that voluptuous emotions
+are present.<a name='5_FNanchor_104'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_104'><sup>[104]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='5_Page_146'></a>
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The secretions of the genital canal and outlet in women are
+    somewhat numerous. We have the odoriferous glands of sebaceous
+    origin, and with them the prepuce of the clitoris which has been
+    described as a kind of gigantic sebaceous follicle with the
+    clitoris occupying its interior. (Hyrtl.) There is the secretion
+    from the glands of Bartholin. There is again the vaginal
+    secretion, opaque and albuminous, which appears to be alkaline
+    when secreted, but becomes acid under the decomposing influence
+    of bacteria, which are, however, harmless and not pathogenic.
+    (Gow, <i>Obstetrical Society of London</i>, January 3, 1894.) There
+    is, finally, the mucous uterine secretion, which is alkaline,
+    and, being poured out during orgasm, is believed to protect the
+    spermatozoa from destruction by the acid vaginal secretion.</p>
+
+<p>    The belief that the mucus poured out in women during sexual
+    excitement is feminine semen and therefore essential to
+    conception had many remarkable consequences and was widespread
+    until the seventeenth century. Thus, in the chapter &quot;De Modo
+    coeundi et de regimine eorum qui coeunt&quot; of <i>De Secretis
+    Mulierum</i>, there is insistence on the importance of the proper
+    mixture of the male semen with the female semen and of arranging
+    that it shall not escape from the vagina. The woman must lie
+    quiet for several hours at least, not rising even to urinate, and
+    when she gets up, be very temperate in eating and drinking, and
+    not run or jump, pretending that she has a headache. It was the
+    belief in feminine semen which led some theologians to lay down
+    that a woman might masturbate if she had not experienced orgasm
+    in coitus. Schurig in his <i>Muliebria</i> (1729, pp. 159, <i>et seq.</i>)
+    discusses the opinions of old authors regarding the nature,
+    source, and uses of the female genital secretions, and quotes
+    authorities against the old view that it was female semen. In a
+    subsequent work (<i>Syllepsilogia</i>, 1731, pp. 3, <i>et seq.</i>) he
+    returns to the same question, quotes authors who accept a
+    feminine semen, shows that Harvey denied it any significance, and
+    himself decides against it. It has not seriously been brought
+    forward since.</p></div>
+
+<p>When erection is completed in both the man and the woman the conditions
+necessary for conjugation have at last been fulfilled. In all animals,
+even those most nearly allied to man, coitus is effected by the male
+approaching the female posteriorly. In man the normal method of male
+approach is anteriorly, face to face. Leonardo da Vinci, in a well-known
+drawing representing a sagittal section of a man and a woman connected in
+this position of so-called Venus obversa; has shown how well <a name='5_Page_147'></a>adapted the
+position is to the normal position of the organs in the human
+species.<a name='5_FNanchor_105'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_105'><sup>[105]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Among monkeys, it is stated, congress is sometimes performed when
+    the female is on all fours; at other times the male brings the
+    female between his thighs when he is sitting, holding her with
+    his forepaws. Froriep informed Lawrence that the male sometimes
+    supported his feet on the female's calves. (Sir W. Lawrence,
+    <i>Lectures on Physiology</i>, 1823, p. 186.) A summary of the methods
+    of congress practiced by the various animals below mammals will
+    be found in the article &quot;Copulation&quot; by H. de Varigny in Richet's
+    <i>Dictionnaire de Physiologie</i>, vol. iv.</p>
+
+<p>    The anterior position in coitus, with the female partner lying
+    supine, is so widespread throughout the world that it may fairly
+    be termed the most typically human attitude in sexual congress.
+    It is found represented in Egyptian graves at Benihassan,
+    belonging to the Twelfth Dynasty; it is regarded by Mohammedans
+    as the normal position, although other positions are permitted by
+    the Prophet: &quot;Your wives are your tillage: go in unto your
+    tillage in what manner soever you will;&quot; it is that adopted in
+    Malacca; it appears, from Peruvian antiquities, to have been the
+    position generally, though not exclusively, adopted in ancient
+    Peru; it is found in many parts of Africa, and seems also to have
+    been the most usual position among the American aborigines.</p>
+
+<p>    Various modifications of this position are, however, found. Thus,
+    in some parts of the world, as among the Suahelis in Zanzibar,
+    the male partner adopts the supine position. In Loango, according
+    to Pechuel-Loesche, coitus is performed lying on the side.
+    Sometimes, as on the west coast of Africa, the woman is supine
+    and the man more or less erect; or, as among the Queenslanders
+    (as described by Roth) the woman is supine and the man squats on
+    his heels with her thighs clasping his flanks, while he raises
+    her buttocks with his hands.</p>
+
+<p>    The position of coitus in which the man is supine is without
+    doubt a natural and frequent variation of the specifically human
+    obverse method of coitus. It was evidently familiar to the
+    Romans. Ovid mentions it (<i>Ars Amatoria</i>, III, 777-8),
+    recommending it to little women, and saying that Andromache was
+    too tall to practice it with Hector. Aristophanes refers to it,
+    and there are Greek epigrams in which women boast of their skill
+    in riding their lovers. It has sometimes been viewed with a
+    certain disfavor because it seems to confer a superiority on the
+    woman. &quot;Cursed be he,&quot; according to a Mohammedan saying, &quot;who
+    maketh woman heaven and man earth.&quot;</p><a name='5_Page_148'></a>
+
+<p>    Of special interest is the wide prevalence of an attitude in
+    coitus recalling that which prevails among quadrupeds. The
+    frequency with which on the walls of Pompeii coitus is
+    represented with the woman bending forward and her partner
+    approaching her posteriorly has led to the belief that this
+    attitude was formerly very common in Southern Italy. However that
+    may be, it is certainly normal at the present day among various
+    more or less primitive peoples in whom the vulva is often placed
+    somewhat posteriorly. It is thus among the Soudanese, as also, in
+    an altogether different part of the world, among the Eskimo
+    Innuit and Koniags. The New Caledonians, according to Foley,
+    cohabit in the quadrupedal manner, and so also the Papuans of New
+    Guinea (Bongu), according to Vahness. The same custom is also
+    found in Australia, where, however other postures are also
+    adopted. In Europe the quadrupedal posture would seem to prevail
+    among some of the South Slavs, notably the Dalmatians. (The
+    different methods of coitus practiced by the South Slavs are
+    described in &#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945; vol. vi, pp. 220, <i>et seq.</i>)</p>
+
+<p>    This method of coitus was recommended by Lucretius (lib. iv) and
+    also advised by Paulus &AElig;ginetus as favorable to conception. (The
+    opinions of various early physicians are quoted by Schurig,
+    <i>Spermatologia</i>, 1720, pp. 232, <i>et seq.</i>). It seems to be a
+    position that is not infrequently agreeable to women, a fact
+    which may be brought into connection with the remarks of Adler
+    already quoted (p. 131) concerning the comparative lack of
+    adjustment of the feminine organs to the obverse position. It is
+    noteworthy that in the days of witchcraft hysterical women
+    constantly believed that they had had intercourse with the Devil
+    in this manner. This circumstance, indeed, probably aided in the
+    very marked disfavor in which coitus <i>a posteriori</i> fell after
+    the decay of classic influences. The medi&aelig;val physicians
+    described it as <i>mos diabolicus</i> and mistakenly supposed that it
+    produced abortion (Hyrtl, <i>op. cit.</i>, vol. ii, p. 87). The
+    theologians, needless to say, were opposed to the <i>mos
+    diabolicus</i>, and already in the Anglo-Saxon Penitential of
+    Theodore, at the end of the seventh century, 40 days' penance is
+    prescribed for this method of coitus.</p>
+
+<p>    From the frequency with which they have been adopted by various
+    peoples as national customs, most of the postures in coitus here
+    referred to must be said to come within the normal range of
+    variation. It is a mistake to regard them as vicious perversions.</p></div>
+
+<p>Up to the point to which we have so far considered it, the process of
+detumescence has been mainly nervous and vascular in character; it has, in
+fact, been but the more acute stage of a process which has been going on
+throughout tumescence.<a name='5_Page_149'></a> But now we reach the point at which a new element
+comes in: muscular action. With the onset of muscular action, which is
+mainly involuntary, even when it affects the voluntary muscles,
+detumescence proper begins to take place. Henceforward purposeful psychic
+action, except by an effort, is virtually abolished. The individual, as a
+separate person, tends to disappear. He has become one with another
+person, as nearly one as the conditions of existence ever permit; he and
+she are now merely an instrument in the hands of a higher power&mdash;by
+whatever name we may choose to call that Power&mdash;which is using them for an
+end not themselves.</p>
+
+<p>The decisive moment in the production of the instinctive and involuntary
+orgasm occurs when, under the influence of the stimulus applied to the
+penis by friction with the vagina, the tension of the seminal fluid poured
+into the urethra arouses the ejaculatory center in the spinal cord and the
+bulbo-cavernosus muscle surrounding the urethra responsively contracts in
+rhythmic spasms. Then it is that ejaculation occurs.<a name='5_FNanchor_106'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_106'><sup>[106]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>&quot;The circulation quickens, the arteries beat strongly,&quot; wrote Roubaud in a
+description of the physical state during coitus which may almost be termed
+classic; &quot;the venous blood, arrested by muscular contraction, increases
+the general heat, and this stagnation, more pronounced in the brain by the
+contraction of the muscles of the neck and the throwing of the head
+backward, causes a momentary cerebral congestion, during which
+intelligence is lost and the faculties abolished. The eyes, violently
+injected, become haggard, and the look uncertain, or, in the majority of
+cases, the eyes are closed spasmodically to <a name='5_Page_150'></a>avoid the contact of the
+light. The respiration is hurried, sometimes interrupted, and may be
+suspended by the spasmodic contraction of the larynx, and the air, for a
+time compressed, is at last emitted in broken and meaningless words. The
+congested nervous centers only communicate confused sensations and
+volitions; mobility and sensation show extreme disorder; the limbs are
+seized by convulsions and sometimes by cramps, or are thrown wildly about
+or become stiff like iron bars. The jaws, tightly pressed, grind the
+teeth, and in some persons the delirium is carried so far that they bite
+to bleeding the shoulders their companions have imprudently abandoned to
+them. This frantic state of epilepsy lasts but a short time, but it
+suffices to exhaust the forces of the organism, especially in man. It is,
+I believe, Galen, who said: 'Omne animal post coitum triste pr&aelig;ter
+mulierem gallumque.'&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_107'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_107'><sup>[107]</sup></a> Most of the elements that make up this typical
+picture of the state of coitus are not absolutely essential to that state,
+but they all come within the normal range of variation. There can be no
+doubt that this range is considerable. There would appear to be not only
+individual, but also racial, differences; there is a remarkable passage in
+Vatsyayana's <i>Kama Sutra</i> describing the varying behavior of the women of
+different races in India under the stress of sexual excitement&mdash;Dravidian
+women with difficulty attaining erethism, women of the Punjaub fond of
+being caressed with the tongue, women of Oude with impetuous desire and
+profuse flow of mucus, etc.&mdash;and it is highly probable, Ploss and Bartels
+remark, that these characterizations are founded on exact
+observations.<a name='5_FNanchor_108'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_108'><sup>[108]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The various phenomena included in Roubaud's description of the condition
+during coitus may all be directly or indirectly reduced to two groups: the
+first circulatory and respiratory, the second motor. It is necessary to
+consider both these aspects of the process of detumescence in somewhat
+greater detail, although while it is most convenient to discuss them
+separately, <a name='5_Page_151'></a>it must be borne in mind that they are not really separable;
+the circulatory phenomena are in large measure a by-product of the
+involuntary motor process.</p>
+
+<p>With the approach of detumescence the respiration becomes shallow, rapid,
+and to some extent arrested. This characteristic of the breathing during
+sexual excitement is well recognized; so that in, for instance, the
+<i>Arabian Nights</i>, it is commonly noted of women when gazing at beautiful
+youths whose love they desired, that they ceased breathing.<a name='5_FNanchor_109'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_109'><sup>[109]</sup></a> It may be
+added that exactly the same tendency to superficial and arrested
+respiration takes place whenever there is any intense mental
+concentration, as in severe intellectual work.<a name='5_FNanchor_110'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_110'><sup>[110]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The arrest of respiration tends to render the blood venous, and thus aids
+in stimulating the vasomotor centers, raising the blood-pressure in the
+body generally, and especially in the erectile tissues. High
+blood-pressure is one of the most marked features of the state of
+detumescence. The heart beats are stronger and quicker, the surface
+arteries are more visible, the conjunctiv&aelig; become red. The precise degree
+of blood-pressure attained during coitus has been most accurately
+ascertained in the dog. In Bechterew's laboratory in St. Petersburg a
+manometer was introduced into the central end of the carotid artery of a
+bitch; a male dog was then introduced, and during coitus observations were
+made on the blood-pressure at the peripheral and central ends of the
+artery. It was found that there was a great general elevation of
+blood-pressure, intense hyper&aelig;mia of the brain, rapid alternations, during
+the act, of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation of the brain, with
+increase and diminution of the general arterial tension in relation with
+the various phases of the act, the greatest cerebral vasodilatation and
+hyper&aelig;mia coinciding with the moment following the intromission of the
+penis; the end of the act is followed by a considerable <a name='5_Page_152'></a>fall in the
+blood-pressure.<a name='5_FNanchor_111'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_111'><sup>[111]</sup></a> I am not acquainted with any precise observations on
+the blood-pressure in human subjects during detumescence, and there are
+obvious difficulties in the way of such observations. It is probable,
+however, that the conditions found would be substantially the same. This
+is indicated, so far as the very marked increase of blood-pressure is
+concerned, by some observations made by Vaschide and Vurpas with the
+sphygmanometer on a lady under the influence of sexual excitement. In this
+case there was a relationship of sympathy and friendly tenderness between
+the experimenter and the subject, Madame X, aged 25. Experimenter and
+subject talked sympathetically, and finally, we are told, while the latter
+still had her hands in the sphygmanometer, the former almost made a
+declaration of love. Madame X was greatly impressed, and afterward
+admitted that her emotions had been genuine and strong. The
+blood-pressure, which was in this subject habitually 65 millimeters, rose
+to 150 and even 160, indicating a very high pressure, which rarely occurs;
+at the same time Madame X looked very emotional and troubled.<a name='5_FNanchor_112'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_112'><sup>[112]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Some authorities are of opinion that irregularities in the
+    accomplishment of the sexual act are specially liable to cause
+    disturbances in the circulation. Thus Kisch, of Prague, refers to
+    the case of a couple practising coitus interruptus&mdash;the husband
+    withdrawing before ejaculation&mdash;in which the wife, a vigorous
+    woman, became liable after some years to attacks termed by Kisch
+    <i>neurasthenia cordis vasomotoria</i>, in which there was at daily or
+    longer intervals palpitation, with feelings of anxiety, headache,
+    dizziness, muscular weakness and tendency to faint. He regards
+    coitus as a cause of various heart troubles in women: (1) Attacks
+    of tachycardia in very excitable and sexually inclined women; (2)
+    attacks of tachycardia with dyspn&oelig;a in young women, with
+    vaginismus; (3) cardiac symptoms with lowered vascular tone in
+    women who for a long time have practised coitus interruptus
+    without complete sexual gratification (Kisch, &quot;Herzbeschwerden
+    der Frauen verursacht <a name='5_Page_153'></a>durch den Cohabitationsact,&quot; <i>M&uuml;nchener
+    Medizinisches Wochenschrift</i>, 1897, p. 617). In this connection,
+    also, reference may probably be made to those attacks of anxiety
+    which Freud associates with psychic sexual lesions of an
+    emotional character.</p></div>
+
+<p>Associated with this vascular activity in detumescence we find a general
+tendency to glandular activity. Various secretions are formed abundantly.
+Perspiration is copious, and the ancient relationship between the
+cutaneous and sexual systems seems to evoke a general activity of the skin
+and its odoriferous secretions. Salivation, which also occurs, is very
+conspicuous in many lower animals, as for instance in the donkey, notably
+the female, who just before coitus stands with mouth open, jaws moving,
+and saliva dribbling. In men, corresponding to the more copious secretion
+in women, there is, during the latter stages of tumescence, a slight
+secretion of mucus&mdash;F&uuml;rbringer's <i>urethrorrh&oelig;a ex
+libidine</i>&mdash;which appears in drops at the urethral orifice. It comes from
+the small glands of Littr&eacute; and Cowper which open into the urethra. This
+phenomenon was well known to the old theologians, who called it
+<i>distillatio</i>, and realized its significance as at once distinct from
+semen and an indication that the mind was dwelling on voluptuous images;
+it was also known in classic times<a name='5_FNanchor_113'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_113'><sup>[113]</sup></a>; more recently it has often been
+confused with semen and has thus sometimes caused needless anxiety to
+nervous persons. There is also an increased secretion of urine, and it is
+probable that if the viscera were more accessible to observation we might
+be able to demonstrate that the glands throughout the body share in this
+increased activity.</p>
+
+<p>The phenomena of detumescence culminate, however, and have their most
+obvious manifestation in motor activity. The genital act, as Vaschide and
+Vurpas remark, consists essentially <a name='5_Page_154'></a>in &quot;a more and more marked tension of
+the motor state which, reaching its maximum, presents a short tonic phase,
+followed by a clonic phase, and terminates in a period of adynamia and
+repose.&quot; This motor activity is of the essence of the impulse of
+detumescence, because without it the sperm cells could not be brought into
+the neighborhood of the germ cell and be propelled into the organic nest
+which is assigned for their conjunction and incubation.</p>
+
+<p>The motor activity is general as well as specifically sexual. There is a
+general tendency to more or less involuntary movement, without any
+increase of voluntary muscular power, which is, indeed, decreased, and
+Vaschide and Vurpas state that dynamometric results are somewhat lower
+than normal during sexual excitement, and the variations greater.<a name='5_FNanchor_114'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_114'><sup>[114]</sup></a> The
+tendency to diffused activity of involuntary muscle is well illustrated by
+the contraction of the bladder associated with detumescence. While this
+occurs in both sexes, in men erection produces a mechanical impediment to
+any evacuation of the bladder. In women there is not only a desire to
+urinate but, occasionally, actual urination. Many quite healthy and normal
+women have, as a rare accident supervening on the coincidence of an
+unusually full bladder with an unusual degree of sexual excitement,
+experienced a powerful and quite involuntary evacuation of the bladder at
+the moment of orgasm. In women with less normal nervous systems this has,
+more rarely, been almost habitual. Brant&ocirc;me has perhaps recorded the
+earliest case of this kind in referring to a lady he knew who &quot;quand on
+lui faisait cela <a name='5_Page_155'></a>elle se compissait &agrave; bon escient.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_115'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_115'><sup>[115]</sup></a> The tendency to
+trembling, constriction of throat, sneezing, emission of internal gas, and
+the other similar phenomena occasionally associated with detumescence, are
+likewise due to diffusion of the motor disturbance. Even in infancy the
+motor signs of sexual excitement are the most obvious indications of
+orgasm; thus West, describing masturbation in a child of six or nine
+months who practiced thigh-rubbing, states that when sitting in her high
+chair she would grasp the handles, stiffen herself, and stare, rubbing her
+thighs quickly together several times, and then come to herself with a
+sigh, tired, relaxed, and sweating, these seizures, which lasted one or
+two minutes, being mistaken by the relations for epileptic fits.<a name='5_FNanchor_116'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_116'><sup>[116]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The essentially motor character of detumescence is well shown by
+    the extreme forms of erotic intoxication which sometimes appear
+    as the result of sexual excitement. F&eacute;r&eacute;, who has especially
+    called attention to the various manifestations of this condition,
+    presents an instructive case of a man of neurotic heredity and
+    antecedents, in whom it occasionally happened that sexual
+    excitement, instead of culminating in the normal orgasm, attained
+    its climax in a fit of uncontrollable muscular excitement. He
+    would then sing, dance, gesticulate, roughly treat his partner,
+    break the objects around him, and finally sink down exhausted and
+    stupefied. (F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, Chapter X.) In such a case
+    a diffused and general detumescence has taken the place of the
+    normal detumescence which has its main focus in the sexual
+    sphere.</p>
+
+<p>    The same relationship is shown in a case of impotence accompanied
+    by cramps in the calves and elsewhere, which has been recorded by
+    Br&uuml;gelmann (&quot;Zur Lehre vom Perversen Sexualismus,&quot; <i>Zeitschrift
+    f&uuml;r Hypnotismus</i>, 1900, Heft I). These muscular conditions ceased
+    for several days whenever coitus was effected.</p>
+
+<p>    An instructive analogy to the motor irradiations preceding the
+    moment of sexual detumescence may be found in the somewhat
+    similar motor irradiations which follow the delayed expulsion of
+    a highly distended bladder. These sometimes become very marked in
+    a child or <a name='5_Page_156'></a>young woman unable to control the motor system
+    absolutely. The legs are crossed, the foot swung, the thighs
+    tightly pressed together, the toes curled. The fingers are flexed
+    in rhythmic succession. The whole body slowly twists as though
+    the seat had become uncomfortable. It is difficult to concentrate
+    the mind; the same remark may be automatically repeated; the eyes
+    search restlessly, and there is a tendency to count surrounding
+    objects or patterns. When the extreme degree of tension is
+    reached it is only by executing a kind of dance that the
+    explosive contraction of the bladder is restrained.</p>
+
+<p>    The picture of muscular irradiation presented under these
+    circumstances differs but slightly from that of the onset of
+    detumescence. In one case the explosion is sought, in the other
+    case it is dreaded; but in both cases there is a retarded
+    muscular tension,&mdash;in the one case involuntary, in the other case
+    voluntary&mdash;maintained at a point of acute intensity, and in both
+    cases the muscular irradiations of this tension spread over the
+    whole body.</p>
+
+<p>    The increased motor irritability of the state of detumescence
+    somewhat resembles the conditions produced by a weak an&aelig;sthetic
+    and there is some interest in noting the sexual excitement liable
+    to occur in an&aelig;sthesia. I am indebted to Dr. J. F. W. Silk for some
+    remarks on this point:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I. Sexual emotions may apparently be aroused during the stage of
+    excitement preceding or following the administration of any
+    an&aelig;sthetic; these emotions may take the form of mere delirious
+    utterances, or may be associated with what is apparently a sexual
+    orgasm. Or reflex phenomena connected with the sexual organs may
+    occasionally be observed under special circumstances; or, to put
+    it in another way, such reflex possibilities are not always
+    abolished by the condition of narcosis or an&aelig;sthesia.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;II. Of the particular an&aelig;sthetics employed I am inclined to
+    think that the possibility of such conditions arising is
+    inversely proportionate to their strength, <i>e.g.</i>, they are more
+    frequently observed with a weak an&aelig;sthetic like nitrous oxide
+    than with chloroform.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;III. Sexual emotions I believe to be rarely observable in men,
+    and this is remarkable, or, I should say, particularly
+    noticeable, for the presence of nurses, female students, etc.,
+    might almost have led one to expect that the contrary would have
+    been the case. On the other hand, it is among men that I have
+    frequently observed a reflex phenomenon which has usually taken
+    the shape of an erection of the penis when the structures in the
+    neighborhood of the spermatic cord have been handled.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;IV. Among females the emotional sexual phenomena most frequently
+    obtrude themselves, and I believe that if it were possible to
+    induce people to relate their dreams they would very often be
+    found to be of a sexual character.&quot;</p></div><a name='5_Page_157'></a>
+
+<p>Much more important than the general motor phenomena, more purposive
+though involuntary, are the specifically sexual muscular movements. From
+the very beginning of detumescence, indeed, muscular activity makes itself
+felt, and the peripheral muscles of sex act, according to Kobelt's
+expression, as a peripheral sexual heart. In the male these movements are
+fairly obvious and fairly simple. It is required that the semen should be
+expressed from the vesicul&aelig; seminales, propelled along the urethra, in
+combination with the prostatic fluid which is equally essential, and
+finally ejected with a certain amount of force from the urethral orifice.
+Under the influence of the stimulation furnished by the contact and
+friction of the vagina, this process is effectively carried out, mainly by
+the rhythmic contractions of the bulbo-cavernosus muscle, and the semen is
+emitted in a jet which may be ejaculated to a distance varying from a few
+centimeters to a meter or more.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>With regard to the details of the psychic sides of this process a
+    correspondent, a psychologist, writes as follows:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;I have never noticed in my reading any attempt to analyze the
+    sensations which accompany the orgasm, and, as I have made a good
+    many attempts to make such an analysis myself, I will append the
+    results on the chance that they may be of some value. I have
+    checked my results so far as possible by comparing them with the
+    experience of such of my friends as had coitus frequently and
+    were willing to tell me as much as they could of the psychology
+    of the process.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The first fact that I hit upon was the importance of pressure.
+    As one of my informants picturesquely phrases it&mdash;'the tighter
+    the fit the greater the pleasure.' This agrees, too, with their
+    unanimous testimony that the pleasurable sensations were much
+    greater when the orgasm occurred simultaneously in the man and
+    woman. Their analysis seldom went further than this, but a few
+    remarked that the distinctive sensations accompanying the orgasm
+    seem to begin near the root of the penis or in the testes, and
+    that they are qualitatively different from the tickling
+    sensations which precede them.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;These tickling sensations are caused, I think, by the friction
+    of the glands against the vaginal walls, and are supplemented by
+    other sensations from the urethra, whose nerves are stimulated by
+    pressure of the vaginal walls and sphincter. The specific
+    sensation of the orgasm begins, I believe, with a strong
+    contraction of the muscles of the urethral walls along the entire
+    length of the canal, and is felt as a peculiar <a name='5_Page_158'></a>ache starting
+    from the base of the penis and quickly becoming diffused through
+    the whole organ. This sensation reaches its climax with the
+    expulsion of the semen into the urethra and the consequent
+    feeling of distention, which is instantly followed by the
+    rhythmic peristaltic contractions of the urethral muscles which
+    mark the climax of the orgasm.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The most careful introspection possible under the circumstances
+    seems to show that these sensations arise almost wholly from the
+    urethra and in a far less degree from the corona. During periods
+    of great sexual excitement the nerves of the urethra and corona
+    seem to possess a peculiar sensitivity and are powerfully
+    stimulated by the violent peristaltic contractions of the muscles
+    in the urethral walls during ejaculation. It seems possible that
+    the intensity and volume of sensation felt at the glans may be
+    due in part to the greater area of sensitive surface presented in
+    the fossa as well as to the sensitivity of the corona, and in
+    part to the fact that during the orgasm the glans is more highly
+    congested than at any other time, and the nerve endings thus
+    subjected to additional pressure.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;If the foregoing statements are true, it is easy to see why the
+    pleasure of the man is much increased when the orgasm occurs at
+    the same time in his partner and himself, for the contractions of
+    the vagina upon the penis would increase the stimulation of all
+    the nerve endings in that organ for which a mechanical stimulus
+    is adequate, and the prominence of the corpus spongiosum and
+    corona would ensure them the greatest stimulation. It seems not
+    improbable that the specific sensation of orgasm rises from the
+    stimulation of the peculiar form of nerve end-bulbs which Krause
+    found in the corpus spongiosum and in the glans.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The characteristic massiveness of the experience is probably due
+    largely to the great number of sensations of strain and pressure
+    caused by the powerful reflex contraction of so many of the
+    voluntary muscles.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Of course, the foregoing analysis is purely tentative, and I
+    offer it only on the chance that it may suggest some line of
+    inquiry which may lead to results of value to the student of
+    sexual psychology.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In man the whole process of detumescence, when it has once really
+    begun, only occupies a few moments. It is so likewise in many
+    animals; in the genera Bos, Ovis, etc., it is very short, almost
+    instantaneous, and rather short also in the Equid&aelig; (in a vigorous
+    stallion, according to Colin, ten to twelve seconds). As
+    Disselhorst has pointed out, this is dependent on the fact that
+    these animals, like man, possess a vas deferens which broadens
+    into an ampulla serving as a receptacle which holds the semen
+    ready for instant emission when required. On the other hand, in
+    the dog, cat, boar, and the Canid&aelig;, Felid&aelig;, and Suid&aelig; generally,
+    there is no receptacle of this kind, and coitus is slow, since a
+    longer time is required for the peristaltic action of the vas to
+    bring the semen <a name='5_Page_159'></a>to the urogenital sinus. (R. Disselhorst, <i>Die
+    Accessorischen Geschlechtsdrusen der Wirbelthiere</i>, 1897, p.
+    212.)</p>
+
+<p>    In man there can be little doubt that detumescence is more
+    rapidly accomplished in the European than in the East, in India,
+    among the yellow races, or in Polynesia. This is probably in part
+    due to a deliberate attempt to prolong the act in the East, and
+    in part to a greater nervous erethism among Westerns.</p></div>
+
+<p>In the woman the specifically sexual muscular process is less visible,
+more obscure, more complex, and uncertain. Before detumescence actually
+begins there are at intervals involuntary rhythmic contractions of the
+walls of the vagina, seeming to have the object of at once stimulating and
+harmonizing with those that are about to begin in the male organ. It would
+appear that these rhythmic contractions are the exaggeration of a
+phenomenon which is normal, just as slight contraction is normal and
+constant in the bladder. Jastreboff has shown, in the rabbit, that the
+vagina is in constant spontaneous rhythmic contraction from above
+downward, not peristaltic, but in segments, the intensity of the
+contractions increasing with age and especially with sexual development.
+This vaginal contraction which in women only becomes well marked just
+before detumescence, and is due mainly to the action of the sphincter
+cunni (analogous to the bulbo-cavernosus in the male), is only a part of
+the localized muscular process. At first there would appear to be a reflex
+peristaltic movement of the Fallopian tubes and uterus. Dembo observed
+that in animals stimulation of the upper anterior wall of the vagina
+caused gradual contraction of the uterus, which is erected by powerful
+contraction of its muscular fiber and round ligaments while at the same
+time it descends toward the vagina, its cavity becoming more and more
+diminished and mucus being forced out. In relaxing, Aristotle long ago
+remarked, it aspirates the seminal fluid.</p>
+
+<p>Although the active participation of the sexual organs in woman, to the
+end of directing the semen into the womb at the moment of detumescence, is
+thus a very ancient belief, and harmonizes with the Greek view of the womb
+as an animal in <a name='5_Page_160'></a>the body endowed with a considerable amount of
+activity,<a name='5_FNanchor_117'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_117'><sup>[117]</sup></a> precise observation in modern times has offered but little
+confirmation of the reality of this participation. Such observations as
+have been made have usually been the accidental result of sexual
+excitement and orgasm occurring during a gyn&aelig;cological examination. As,
+however, such a result is liable to occur in erotic subjects, a certain
+number of precise observations have accumulated during the past century.
+So far as the evidence goes, it would seem that in women, as in mares,
+bitches, and other animals, the uterus becomes shorter, broader, and
+softer during the orgasm, at the same time descending lower into the
+pelvis, with its mouth open intermittently, so that, as one writer
+remarks, spontaneously recurring to the simile which commended itself to
+the Greeks, &quot;the uterus might be likened to an animal gasping for
+breath.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_118'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_118'><sup>[118]</sup></a> This sensitive, responsive mobility of the uterus is,
+indeed, not confined to the moment of detumescence, but may occur at other
+times under the influence of sexual emotion.</p>
+
+<p>It would seem probable that in this erection, contraction, and descent of
+the uterus, and its simultaneous expulsion of mucus, we have the decisive
+moment in the completion of detumescence in woman, and it is probable that
+the thick mucus, unlike the earlier more limpid secretion, which women are
+sometimes aware of after orgasm, is emitted from the womb at this time.
+This is, however, not absolutely certain. Some authorities regard
+detumescence in women as accomplished in the pouring out of secretions,
+others in the rhythmic genital contractions; the sexual parts may,
+however, be copiously bathed in mucus for an indefinitely long period
+before the final stage of detumescence is achieved, and the rhythmic
+contractions are also taking place at a somewhat early period; in neither
+respect is there any obvious increase at the final moment of orgasm. In
+women this would seem to be more conspicuously a nervous manifestation
+than in men. On the subjective side it is very <a name='5_Page_161'></a>pronounced, with its
+feeling of relieved tension and agreeable repose&mdash;a moment when, as one
+woman expresses it, together with intense pleasure, there is, as it were,
+a floating up into a higher sphere, like the beginning of chloroform
+narcosis&mdash;but on the objective side this culminating moment is less easy
+to define.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Various observations and remarks made during the past two or
+    three centuries by Bond, Valisneri, Dionis, Haller, G&uuml;nther, and
+    Bischoff, tending to show a sucking action of the uterus in both
+    women and other female animals, have been brought together by
+    Litzmann in R. Wagner's <i>Handw&ouml;rterbuch der Physiologie</i> (1846,
+    vol. iii, p. 53). Litzmann added an experience of his own: &quot;I had
+    an opportunity lately, while examining a young and very erethic
+    woman, to observe how suddenly the uterus assumed a more erect
+    position, and descended deeper in the pelvis; the lips of the
+    womb became equal in length, the cervix rounded, softer, and more
+    easily reached by the finger, and at the same time a high state
+    of sexual excitement was revealed by the respiration and voice.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The general belief still remained, however, that the woman's part
+    in conjugation is passive, and that it is entirely by the energy
+    of the male organ and of the male sexual elements, the
+    spermatozoa, that conjunction with the germ cell is attained.
+    According to this theory, it was believed that the spermatozoa
+    were, as Wilkinson expresses it, in a history of opinion on this
+    question, &quot;endowed with some sort of intuition or instinct; that
+    they would turn in the direction of the os uteri, wading through
+    the acid mucus of the vagina; travel patiently upward and around
+    the vaginal portion of the uterus; enter the uterus and proceed
+    onward in search of the waiting ovum.&quot; (A. D. Wilkinson,
+    &quot;Sterility in the Female,&quot; <i>Transactions of the Lincoln Medical
+    Society</i>, Nebraska, 1896.)</p>
+
+<p>    About the year 1859 Fichstedt seems to have done something to
+    overthrow this theory by declaring his belief that the uterus was
+    not, as commonly supposed, a passive organ in coitus, but was
+    capable of sucking in the semen during the brief period of
+    detumescence. Various authorities then began to bring forward
+    arguments and observations in the same sense. Wernich,
+    especially, directed attention to this point in 1872 in a paper
+    on the erectile properties of the lower segment of the uterus
+    (&quot;Die Erectionsfahigkeit des untern Uterus-Abschnitts,&quot; <i>Beitr&auml;ge
+    zur Geburtsh&uuml;lfe und Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, vol. i, p. 296). He made
+    precise observations and came to the conclusion that owing to
+    erectile properties in the neck of the uterus, this part of the
+    womb elongates during congress and reaches down into the pelvis
+    with an aspiratory movement, as if to meet the glans of the male.
+    A little later, in a case of partial prolapse, Beck, in ignorance
+    of Wernich's theory, was enabled to make <a name='5_Page_162'></a>a very precise
+    observation of the action of the uterus during excitement. In
+    this case the woman was sexually very excitable even under
+    ordinary examination, and Beck carefully noted the phenomena that
+    took place during the orgasm. &quot;The os and cervix uteri,&quot; he
+    states, &quot;had been about as firm as usual, moderately hard and,
+    generally speaking, in a natural and normal condition, with the
+    external os closed to such an extent as to admit of the uterine
+    probe with difficulty; but the instant that the height of
+    excitement was at hand, the os opened itself to the extent of
+    fully an inch, as nearly as my eye can judge, made five or six
+    successive gasps as if it were drawing the external os into the
+    cervix, each time powerfully, and, it seemed to me, with a
+    regular rhythmical action, at the same time losing its former
+    density and hardness and becoming quite soft to the touch. Upon
+    the cessation of the action, as related, the os suddenly closed,
+    the cervix again hardened itself, and the intense congestion was
+    dissipated.&quot; (J. R. Beck, &quot;How do the Spermatozoa Enter the
+    Uterus?&quot; <i>American Journal of Obstetrics</i>, 1874.) It would appear
+    that in the early part of this final process of detumescence the
+    action of the uterus is mainly one of contraction and ejaculation
+    of any mucus that may be contained; Dr. Paul Mund&eacute; has described
+    &quot;the gushing, almost in jets,&quot; of this mucus which he has
+    observed in an erotic woman under a rather long digital and
+    specular examination. (<i>American Journal of Obstetrics</i>, 1893.)
+    It is during the latter part of detumescence, it would seem, and
+    perhaps for a short time after the orgasm is over, that the
+    action of the uterus is mainly aspiratory.</p></div>
+
+<p>While the active part played by the womb in detumescence can no longer be
+questioned, it need not too hastily be assumed that the belief in the
+active movements of the spermatozoa must therefore be denied. The vigorous
+motility of the tadpole-like organisms is obvious to anyone who has ever
+seen fresh semen under the microscope; and if it is correct, as Clifton
+Edgar states, that the spermatozoa may retain their full activity in the
+female organs for at least seventeen days, they have ample time to exert
+their energies. The fact that impregnation sometimes occurs without
+rupture of the hymen is not decisive evidence that there has been no
+penetration, as the hymen may dilate without rupturing; but there seems no
+reason to doubt that conception has sometimes taken place when ejaculation
+has occurred without penetration; this is indicated in a fairly objective
+manner when, as has been occasionally observed, conception has occurred in
+<a name='5_Page_163'></a>women whose vaginas were so narrow as scarcely to admit the entrance of a
+goose-quill; such was the condition in the case of a pregnant woman
+brought forward by Roubaud. The stories, repeated in various books, of
+women who have conceived after homosexual relations with partners who had
+just left their husbands' beds are not therefore inherently
+impossible.<a name='5_FNanchor_119'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_119'><sup>[119]</sup></a> Janke quotes numerous cases in which there has been
+impregnation in virgins who have merely allowed the penis to be placed in
+contact with the vulva, the hymen remaining unruptured until
+delivery.<a name='5_FNanchor_120'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_120'><sup>[120]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It must be added, however, that even if the semen is effused merely at the
+mouth of the vagina, without actual penetration, the spermatozoa are still
+not entirely without any resource save their own motility in the task of
+reaching the ovum. As we have seen, it is not only the uterus which takes
+an active part in detumescence; the vagina also is in active movement, and
+it seems highly probable that, at all events in some women and under some
+circumstances, such movement favoring aspiration toward the womb may be
+communicated to the external mouth of the vagina.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Riolan (<i>Anthropographia</i>, 1626, p. 294) referred to the
+    constriction and dilation of the vulva under the influence of
+    sexual excitement. It is said that in Abyssinia women can, when
+    adopting the straddling posture of coitus, by the movements of
+    their own vaginal muscles alone, grasp the male organ and cause
+    ejaculation, although the man remains passive. According to
+    Lorion the Annamites, adopting the normal posture of coitus,
+    introduce the penis when flaccid or only half erect, the
+    contraction of the vaginal walls completing the process; the
+    penis is very small in this people. It is recognized by
+    gyn&aelig;cologists that the condition of vaginismus, in which there is
+    spasmodic contraction of the vagina, making intercourse painful
+    or impossible, is but a morbid exaggeration of the normal
+    contraction which occurs in sexual excitement. Even in the
+    absence of sexual excitement there is a vague affection,
+    occurring in both married and unmarried women, and not, it would
+    seem, <a name='5_Page_164'></a>necessarily hysterical, characterized by quivering or
+    twitching of the vulva; I am told that this is popularly termed
+    &quot;flackering of the shape&quot; in Yorkshire and &quot;taittering of the
+    lips&quot; in Ireland. It may be added that quivering of the gluteal
+    muscles also takes place during detumescence, and that in Indian
+    medicine this is likewise regarded as a sign of sexual desire in
+    women, apart from coitus.</p>
+
+<p>    A non-medical correspondent in Australia, W. J. Chidley, from whom
+    I have received many communications on this subject, is strongly
+    of opinion from his own observations that not only does the
+    uterus take an active part in coitus, but that under natural
+    conditions the vagina also plays an active part in the process.
+    He was led to suspect such an action many years ago, as well by
+    an experience of his own, as also by hearing from a young woman
+    who met her lover after a long absence that by the excitement
+    thus aroused a tape attached to the underclothes had been drawn
+    into the vagina. Since then the confidences of various friends,
+    together with observations of animals, have confirmed him in the
+    view that the general belief that coitus must be effected by
+    forcible entry of the male organ into a passive vagina is
+    incorrect. He considers that under normal circumstances coitus
+    should take place but rarely, and then only under the most
+    favorable circumstances, perhaps exclusively in spring, and, most
+    especially, only when the woman is ready for it. Then, when in
+    the arms of the man she loves, the vagina, in sympathy with the
+    active movements of the womb, becomes distended at the touch of
+    the turgescent, but not fully erect, penis, &quot;flashes open and
+    draws in the male organ.&quot; &quot;All animals,&quot; he adds, &quot;have sexual
+    intercourse by the male organ being <i>drawn</i>, not forced, into the
+    female. I have been borne out in this by friends who have seen
+    horses, camels, mules and other large animals in the coupling
+    season. What is more absurd, for instance, than to say that an
+    entire <i>penetrates</i> the mare? His penis is a sensitive, beautiful
+    piece of mechanism, which brings its light head here and there
+    till it touches the right spot, when the mare, <i>if ready</i>, takes
+    it in. An entire's penis could not penetrate anything; it is a
+    curve, a beautiful curve which would easily bend. A bull's,
+    again, is turned down at the end and, more palpably still, would
+    fold on itself if pressed with force. The womb and vagina of a
+    beautiful and healthy woman constitute a living, vital, moving
+    organ, sensitive to a look, a word, a thought, a hand on the
+    waist.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    A well-known American author thus writes in confirmation of the
+    foregoing view: &quot;In nature the woman wooes. When impassioned her
+    vagina becomes erect and dilated, and so lubricated with abundant
+    mucus to the lips that entrance is easy. This dilatation and
+    erectile expansion of vagina withdraws the hymen so close to the
+    walls that penetration need not tear it or cause pain. The more
+    muscular, primitive and healthy the woman the tougher and less
+    sensitive the hymen, <a name='5_Page_165'></a>and the less likely to break or bleed. I
+    think one great function of the foreskin also is to moisten the
+    glans, so that it can be lubricated for entrance, and then to
+    retract, moist side out, to make entrance still easier. I think
+    that in nature the glans penetrates within the labia, is
+    withstood a moment, vibrating, and then all resistance is
+    withdrawn by a sudden 'flashing open' of the gates, permitting
+    easy entrance, and that the sudden giving up of resistance, and
+    substitution of welcome, with its instantaneous deep entrance,
+    causes an almost immediate male orgasm (the thrill being
+    irresistibly exciting). Certainly this is the process as observed
+    in horses, cattle, goats, etc., and it seems likely something
+    analogous is natural in man.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    While it is easily possible to carry to excess a view which would
+    make the woman rather than the man the active agent in coitus
+    (and it may be recalled that in the Cebid&aelig; the penis, as also the
+    clitoris, is furnished with a bone), there is probably an element
+    of truth in the belief that the vagina shares in the active part
+    which, there can now be little doubt, is played by the uterus in
+    detumescence. Such a view certainly enables us to understand how
+    it is that semen effused on the exterior sexual organs can be
+    conveyed to the uterus.</p>
+
+<p>    It was indeed the failure to understand the vital activity of the
+    semen and the feminine genital canal, co-operating together
+    towards the junction of sperm cell and germ cell, which for so
+    long stood in the way of the proper understanding of conception.
+    Even the genius of Harvey, which had grappled successfully with
+    the problem of the circulation, failed in the attempt to
+    comprehend the problem of generation. Mainly on account of this
+    difficulty, he was unable to see how the male element could
+    possibly enter the uterus, although he devoted much observation
+    and study to the question. Writing of the uterus of the doe after
+    copulation, he says: &quot;I began to doubt, to ask myself whether the
+    semen of the male could by any possibility make its way by
+    attraction or injection to the seat of conception, and repeated
+    examination led me to the conclusion that none of the semen
+    reached this seat.&quot; (<i>De-Generatione Animalium</i>, Exercise lxvii.)
+    &quot;The woman,&quot; he finally concluded, &quot;after contact with the
+    spermatic fluid <i>in coitu</i>, seems to receive an influence and
+    become fecundated without the co-operation of any sensible
+    corporeal agent, in the same way as iron touched by the magnet is
+    endowed with its powers.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>Although the specifically sexual muscular process of detumescence in
+women&mdash;as distinguished from the general muscular phenomena of sexual
+excitement which may be fairly obvious&mdash;is thus seen to be somewhat
+complex and obscure, in women as well as in men detumescence is a
+convulsion which <a name='5_Page_166'></a>discharges a slowly accumulated store of nervous force.
+In women also, as in men, the motor discharge is directed to a specific
+end&mdash;the intromission of the semen in the one sex, its reception in the
+other. In both sexes the sexual orgasm and the pleasure and satisfaction
+associated with it, involve, as their most essential element, the motor
+activity of the sexual sphere.<a name='5_FNanchor_121'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_121'><sup>[121]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The active co-operation of the female organs in detumescence is
+    probably indicated by the difficulty which is experienced in
+    achieving conception by the artificial injection of semen. Marion
+    Sims stated in 1866, in <i>Clinical Notes on Uterine Surgery</i>, that
+    in 55 injections in six women he had only once been successful;
+    he believed that that was the only case at that time on record.
+    Jacobi had, however, practiced artificial fecundation in animals
+    (in 1700) and John Hunter in man. See Gould and Pyle, <i>Anomalies
+    and Curiosities of Medicine</i>, p. 43; also Janke (<i>Die
+    Willk&uuml;rliche Hervorbringen des Geschlechts</i>, pp. 230 <i>et seq.</i>)
+    who discusses the question of artificial fecundation and brings
+    together a mass of data.</p></div>
+
+<p>The facial expression when tumescence is completed is marked by a high
+degree of energy in men and of loveliness in women. At this moment, when
+the culminating act of life is about to be accomplished, the individual
+thus reaches his supreme state of radiant beauty. The color is heightened,
+the eyes are larger and brighter, the facial muscles are more tense, so
+that in mature individuals any wrinkles disappear and youthfulness
+returns.</p>
+
+<p>At the beginning of detumescence the features are frequently more
+discomposed. There is a general expression of eager receptivity to sensory
+impressions. The dilatation of the pupils, the expansion of the nostrils,
+the tendency to salivation and to movements of the tongue, all go to make
+up a picture which indicates an approaching gratification of sensory
+desires; it is significant that in some animals there is at this moment
+erection of the ears.<a name='5_FNanchor_122'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_122'><sup>[122]</sup></a> There is sometimes a tendency to utter broken
+and meaningless words, and it is noted that sometimes <a name='5_Page_167'></a>women have called
+out on their mothers.<a name='5_FNanchor_123'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_123'><sup>[123]</sup></a> The dilatation of the pupils produces
+photophobia, and in the course of detumescence the eyes are frequently
+closed from this cause. At the beginning of sexual excitement, Vaschide
+and Vurpas have observed, tonicity of the eye-muscles seems to increase;
+the elevators of the upper lids contract, so that the eyes look larger and
+their mobility and brightness are heightened; with the increase of
+muscular tonicity strabismus occurs, owing to the greater strength of the
+muscles that carry the eyes inward.<a name='5_FNanchor_124'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_124'><sup>[124]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The facial expression which marks the culmination of tumescence,
+    and the approach of detumescence is that which is generally
+    expressive of joy. In an interesting psycho-physical study of the
+    emotion of joy, Dearborn thus summarizes its characteristics:
+    &quot;The eyes are brighter and the upper eyelid elevated, as also are
+    the brows, the skin over the glabella, the upper lip and the
+    corners of the mouth, while the skin at the outer canthi of the
+    eye is puckered. The nostrils are moderately dilated, the tongue
+    slightly extended and the cheeks somewhat expanded, while in
+    persons with largely developed pinnal muscles the ears tend
+    somewhat to incline forwards. The whole arterial system is
+    dilated, with consequent blushing from this effect on the dermal
+    capillaries of the face, neck, scalp and hands, and sometimes
+    more extensively even; from the same cause the eyes slightly
+    bulge. The whole glandular system likewise is stimulated, causing
+    the secretions,&mdash;gastric, salivary, lachrymal, sudoral, mammary,
+    genital, etc.&mdash;to be increased, with the resulting rise of
+    temperature and increase in the katobolism generally. Volubility
+    is almost regularly increased, and is, indeed, one of the most
+    sensitive and constant of the correlations in emotional
+    delight.... Pleasantness is correlated in living organisms by
+    vascular, muscular and glandular extension or expansion, both
+    literal and figurative.&quot; (G. Dearborn, &quot;The Emotion of Joy,&quot;
+    <i>Psychological Review Monograph Supplements</i>, vol. ii, No. 5, p.
+    62.) All these signs of joy appear to occur at some stage of the
+    process of sexual excitement.</p>
+
+<p>    In some monkeys it would seem that the muscular movement which in
+    man has become the smile is the characteristic facial expression
+    of sexual tumescence or courtship. Discussing the facial
+    expression of pleasure in children, S. S. Buckman has the
+    following remarks: &quot;There <a name='5_Page_168'></a>is one point in such expression which
+    has not received due consideration, namely, the raising of lumps
+    of flesh each side of the nose as an indication of pleasure.
+    Accompanying this may be seen small furrows, both in children and
+    adults, running from the eyes somewhat obliquely towards the
+    nose. What these characters indicate may be learned from the male
+    mandril, whose face, particularly in the breeding season, shows
+    colored fleshy prominences each side of the nose, with
+    conspicuous furrows and ridges. In the male mandril these
+    characters have been developed because, being an unmistakable
+    sign of sexual ardor, they gave the female particular evidence of
+    sexual feelings. Thus such characters would come to be recognized
+    as habitually symptomatic of pleasurable feelings. Finding
+    similar features in human beings, and particularly in children,
+    though not developed in the same degree, we may assume that in
+    our monkey-like ancestors facial characters similar to those of
+    the mandril were developed, though to a less extent, and that
+    they were symptomatic of pleasure, because connected with the
+    period of courtship. Then they became conventionalized as
+    pleasurable symptoms.&quot; (S. S. Buckmann, &quot;Human Babies: What They
+    Teach,&quot; <i>Nature</i>, July 5, 1900.) If this view is accepted, it may
+    be said that the smile, having in man become a generalized sign
+    of amiability, has no longer any special sexual significance. It
+    is true that a faint and involuntary smile is often associated
+    with the later stages of tumescence, but this is usually lost
+    during detumescence, and may even give place to an expression of
+    ferocity.</p></div>
+
+<p>When we have realized how profound is the organic convulsion involved by
+the process of detumescence, and how great the general motor excitement
+involved, we can understand how it is that very serious effects may follow
+coitus. Even in animals this is sometimes the case. Young bulls and
+stallions have fallen in a faint after the first congress; boars may be
+seriously affected in a similar way; mares have been known even to fall
+dead.<a name='5_FNanchor_125'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_125'><sup>[125]</sup></a> In the human species, and especially in men&mdash;probably, as Bryan
+Robinson remarks, because women are protected by the greater slowness with
+which detumescence occurs in them&mdash;not only death itself, but innumerable
+disorders and accidents have been known to follow immediately after
+coitus, these results being mainly due to the vascular and muscular
+excitement involved by the processes of detumescence. Fainting, vomiting,
+<a name='5_Page_169'></a>urination, def&aelig;cation have been noted as occurring in young men after a
+first coitus. Epilepsy has been not infrequently recorded. Lesions of
+various organs, even rupture of the spleen, have sometimes taken place. In
+men of mature age the arteries have at times been unable to resist the
+high blood-pressure, and cerebral h&aelig;morrhage with paralysis has occurred.
+In elderly men the excitement of intercourse with strange women has
+sometimes caused death, and various cases are known of eminent persons who
+have thus died in the arms of young wives or of prostitutes.<a name='5_FNanchor_126'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_126'><sup>[126]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>These morbid results, are, however, very exceptional. They usually occur
+in persons who are abnormally sensitive, or who have imprudently
+transgressed the obvious rules of sexual hygiene. Detumescence is so
+profoundly natural a process; it is so deeply and intimately a function of
+the organism, that it is frequently harmless even when the bodily
+condition is far from absolutely sound. Its usual results, under favorable
+circumstances, are entirely beneficial. In men there normally supervenes,
+together with the relief from the prolonged tension of tumescence, with
+the muscular repose and falling blood-pressure,<a name='5_FNanchor_127'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_127'><sup>[127]</sup></a> a sense of profound
+satisfaction, a glow of diffused well-being,<a name='5_FNanchor_128'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_128'><sup>[128]</sup></a> perhaps an agreeable
+lassitude, occasionally also a sense of mental liberation from an
+overmastering obsession. Under reasonably <a name='5_Page_170'></a>happy circumstances there is no
+pain, or exhaustion, or sadness, or emotional revulsion. The happy lover's
+attitude toward his partner is not expressed by the well-known Sonnet
+(CXXIX) of Shakespeare:&mdash;</p>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span>&quot;Past reason hunted, and no sooner had<br /></span>
+<span>Past reason hated.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>He feels rather with Boccaccio that the kissed mouth loses not its charm,</p>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span>&quot;Bocca baciata non perde ventura.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<p>In women the results of detumescence are the same, except that the
+tendency to lassitude is not marked unless the act has been several times
+repeated; there is a sensation of repose and self-assurance, and often an
+accession of free and joyous energy. After completely satisfactory
+detumescence she may experience a feeling as of intoxication, lasting for
+several hours, an intoxication that is followed by no evil reaction.</p>
+
+<p>Such, so far as our present vague and imperfect knowledge extends, are the
+main features in the process of detumescence. In the future, without
+doubt, we shall learn to know more precisely a process which has been so
+supremely important in the life of man and of his ancestors.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_98'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_98'>[98]</a><div class='note'><p> The elements furnished by the sense of touch in sexual
+selection have been discussed in the first section of the previous volume
+of these <i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_99'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_99'>[99]</a><div class='note'><p> See Appendix A. &quot;The Origins of the Kiss,&quot; in the previous
+volume.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_100'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_100'>[100]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Art. &quot;Erection,&quot; by Retterer, in Richet's
+<i>Dictionnaire de Physiologie</i>, vol. v.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_101'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_101'>[101]</a><div class='note'><p> Guibaut, <i>Trait&eacute; Clinique des Maladies des Femmes</i>, p. 242.
+Adler discusses the sexual secretions in women and their significance,
+<i>Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes</i>, pp. 19-26.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_102'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_102'>[102]</a><div class='note'><p> In some parts of the world this is further aided by
+artificial means. Thus it is stated by Riedel (as quoted by Ploss and
+Bartels) that in the Gorong Archipelago the bridegroom, before the first
+coitus, anoints the bride's pudenda with an ointment containing opium,
+musk, etc. I have been told of an English bride who was instructed by her
+mother to use a candle for the same purpose.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_103'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_103'>[103]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Parthenologia</i>, pp. 302, <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_104'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_104'>[104]</a><div class='note'><p> The connection of this mucous flow with sexual emotion was
+discussed early in the eighteenth century by Schurig in his <i>Gyn&aelig;cologia</i>,
+pp. 8-11; it is frequently passed over by more modern writers.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_105'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_105'>[105]</a><div class='note'><p> The drawing is reproduced by Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>,
+vol. i, Chapter XVII; many facts bearing on the ethnography of coitus are
+brought together in this chapter.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_106'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_106'>[106]</a><div class='note'><p> Onanoff (Paris Soci&eacute;t&eacute; de Biologie, May 3, 1890) proposed
+the name of bulbo-cavernous reflex for the smart contraction of the
+ischio-and bulbo-cavernosus muscles (erector penis and accelerator urin&aelig;)
+produced by mechanical excitation of the glans. This reflex is clinically
+elicited by placing the index-finger of the left hand on the region of the
+bulb while the right hand rapidly rubs the dorsal surface of the glands
+with the edge of a piece of paper or lightly pinches the mucous membrane;
+a twitching of the region of the bulb is then perceived. This reflex is
+always present in healthy adult subjects and indicates the integrity of
+the physical mechanism of detumescence. It has been described by Hughes.
+(C. H. Hughes, &quot;The Virile or Bulbo-cavernous Reflex,&quot; <i>Alienist and
+Neurologist</i>, January, 1898.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_107'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_107'>[107]</a><div class='note'><p> Roubaud, <i>Trait&eacute; de l'Impuissance</i>, 1855, p. 39.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_108'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_108'>[108]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Das Weib</i>, seventh edition, vol. i, p. 510.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_109'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_109'>[109]</a><div class='note'><p> The influence of impeded respiration in exciting more or
+less perverted forms of sexual gratification has been discussed in a
+section of &quot;Love and Pain&quot; in the third volume of these <i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_110'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_110'>[110]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, the experiments of Obici on this point,
+<i>Revista Sperimentale di Freniatria</i>, 1903, pp. 689, <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_111'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_111'>[111]</a><div class='note'><p> Summarized in <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, March,
+1903, p. 188. The tendency to closure of the eyes noted by Roubaud, to
+avoid contact of the light, indicates dilatation of the pupils, for which
+we need not seek other explanation than the general tendency of all
+peripheral stimulation, according to Schiff's law, to produce such
+dilatation.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_112'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_112'>[112]</a><div class='note'><p> Vaschide and Vurpas, &quot;Du Coefficient Sexuel de l'Impulsion
+Musicale,&quot; <i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, May, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_113'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_113'>[113]</a><div class='note'><p> In the <i>Priapeia</i> is an inscription which has thus been
+translated:&mdash;</p>
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span>&quot;You see this organ, after which I'm called<br /></span>
+<span>And which is my certificate, is humid;<br /></span>
+<span>This moisture is not dew nor drops of rain,<br /></span>
+<span>It is the outcome of sweet memory,<br /></span>
+<span>Recalling thoughts of a complacent maid.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+<p>The translator supposes that semen is referred to, but without doubt the
+allusion is to the theologians' <i>distillatio</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_114'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_114'>[114]</a><div class='note'><p> A woman of 30, normal and intelligent, after conversing on
+love and passion, and then listening to the music of Grieg and Schumann,
+felt real and strong sexual excitement, increased by memories recalled by
+the presence of a sympathetic person. When then tested by the dynamometer
+the average of ten efforts with the right hand was found to be 28.2 (her
+normal average being 31.1) and with the left hand 28.0 (the normal being
+30.0). There was, however, great variability in the individual pressures
+which sometimes equaled and even exceeded the subject's normal efforts.
+The voluntary muscles are thus in harmony with the approaching general
+sexual avalanche. (Vaschide and Vurpas, &quot;Quelques Donn&eacute;es Exp&eacute;rimentales
+sur l'Influence de l'Excitation Sexuelle,&quot; <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>,
+1903, fasc. v-vi.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_115'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_115'>[115]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Cf.</i> MacGillicuddy, <i>Functional Disorders of the Nervous
+System in Women</i>, p. 110; F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>L'Instinct Sexuel</i>, second edition, p.
+238; <i>id.</i>, &quot;Note sur une Anomalie de l'instinct Sexuel,&quot; <i>Belgique
+M&eacute;dicale</i>, 1905; also &quot;Analysis of the Sexual Impulse,&quot; in an earlier
+volume of these <i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_116'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_116'>[116]</a><div class='note'><p> J. P. West, &quot;Masturbation in Early Childhood,&quot; <i>Medical
+Standard</i>, November, 1895.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_117'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_117'>[117]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Cf.</i> the discussion of hysteria in &quot;Auto-Erotism,&quot; vol. i
+of these <i>Studies</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_118'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_118'>[118]</a><div class='note'><p> Hirst, <i>Text-Book of Obstetrics</i>, 1899, p. 67.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_119'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_119'>[119]</a><div class='note'><p> The earliest story of the kind with which I am acquainted,
+that of a widow who was thus impregnated by a married friend, is quoted in
+Schurig's <i>Spermatologia</i> (p. 224) from Amatus Lusitanus, <i>Curationum
+Centuri&aelig; Septum</i>, 1629.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_120'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_120'>[120]</a><div class='note'><p> Janke, <i>Die Willk&uuml;rliche Hervorbringen des Geschlechts</i>, p.
+238.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_121'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_121'>[121]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Cf.</i> Adler, <i>Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des
+Weibes</i>, pp. 29-38.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_122'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_122'>[122]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Pathologie des Emotions</i>, p. 51.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_123'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_123'>[123]</a><div class='note'><p> This is an instinctive impulse under all strong emotion in
+primitive persons. &quot;The Australian Dieri,&quot; says A. W. Howitt (<i>Journal
+Anthropological Institute</i>, August, 1890), &quot;when in pain or grief cry out
+for their father or mother.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_124'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_124'>[124]</a><div class='note'><p> Vaschide and Vurpas, <i>Archives de Neurologie</i>, May, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_125'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_125'>[125]</a><div class='note'><p> F. B. Robinson, <i>New York Medical Journal</i>, March 11, 1893.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_126'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_126'>[126]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute; deals fully with the various morbid results which may
+follow coitus, <i>L' Instinct Sexuel</i>, Chapter X; <i>id.</i>, <i>Pathologie des
+Emotions</i>, p. 99.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_127'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_127'>[127]</a><div class='note'><p> With regard to the relationship of detumescence to the
+blood-pressure Haig remarks: &quot;I think that as the sexual act produces low
+and falling blood-pressure, it will of necessity relieve conditions which
+are due to high and rising blood-pressure, such, for instance, as mental
+depression and bad temper; and, unless my observation deceives me, we have
+here a connection between conditions of high blood-pressure, with mental
+and bodily depression, and the act of masturbation, for this act will
+relieve those conditions, and will tend to be practiced for this purpose.&quot;
+(A. Haig, <i>Uric Acid</i>, sixth edition, p. 154.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_128'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_128'>[128]</a><div class='note'><p> A medical correspondent speaks of subjective feelings of
+temperature coming over the body from 20 to 24 hours after congress, and
+marked by sensations of cooling of body and glow of cheeks. In another
+case, though lassitude appears on the second day after congress, the first
+day after is marked by a notable increase in mental and physical
+activity.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_M_III'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_171'></a>III.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Constituents of Semen&mdash;Function of the Prostate&mdash;The Properties of
+Semen&mdash;Aphrodisiacs&mdash;Alcohol, Opium, etc.&mdash;Anaphrodisiacs&mdash;The Stimulant
+Influence of Semen in Coitus&mdash;The Internal Effects of Testicular
+Secretions&mdash;The Influence of Ovarian Secretion.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>The germ cell never comes into the sphere of consciousness and cannot
+therefore concern us in the psychological study of the phenomena of the
+sexual instinct. But it is otherwise with the sperm cell, and the seminal
+fluid has a relationship, both direct and indirect, to psychic phenomena
+which it is now necessary to discuss.</p>
+
+<p>While the spermatozoa are formed in the glandular tissue of the testes,
+the seminal fluid as finally emitted in detumescence is not a purely
+testicular product, but is formed by mixture with the fluids poured out at
+or before detumescence by various glands which open into the urethra, and
+notably the prostate.<a name='5_FNanchor_129'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_129'><sup>[129]</sup></a> This is a purely sexual gland, which in animals
+only becomes large and active during the breeding season, and may even be
+hardly distinguishable at other times; moreover, if the testes are removed
+in infancy, the prostate remains rudimentary, so that during recent years
+removal of the testes has been widely advocated and practiced for that
+hypertrophy of the prostate which is sometimes a distressing ailment of
+old age. It is the prostatic fluid, according to F&uuml;rbringer, which imparts
+its characteristic odor to semen. It appears, however, to be the main
+function of the prostatic fluid to arouse and maintain the motility of the
+spermatozoa; before meeting the prostatic fluid the spermatozoa are
+motionless; that fluid seems to furnish <a name='5_Page_172'></a>a thinner medium in which they
+for the first time gain their full vitality.<a name='5_FNanchor_130'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_130'><sup>[130]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>When at length the semen is ejaculated, it contains various substances
+which may be separated from it,<a name='5_FNanchor_131'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_131'><sup>[131]</sup></a> and possesses various qualities, some
+of which have only lately been investigated, while others have evidently
+been known to mankind from a very early period. &quot;When held for some time
+in the mouth,&quot; remarked John Hunter, &quot;it produces a warmth similar to
+spices, which lasts some time.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_132'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_132'><sup>[132]</sup></a> Possibly this fact first suggested
+that semen might, when ingested, possess valuable stimulant qualities, a
+discovery which has been made by various savages, notably by the
+Australian aborigines, who, in many parts of Australia, administer a
+potion of semen to dying or feeble members of the tribe.<a name='5_FNanchor_133'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_133'><sup>[133]</sup></a> It is
+perhaps noteworthy that in Central Africa the testes of the goat are
+consumed as an aphrodisiac.<a name='5_FNanchor_134'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_134'><sup>[134]</sup></a> In eighteenth century Europe, Schurig, in
+his <i>Spermatologia</i>, still found it necessary to discuss at considerable
+length the possible medical properties of human semen, giving many
+prescriptions which contained it.<a name='5_FNanchor_135'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_135'><sup>[135]</sup></a> The stimulation produced by the
+ingestion of semen would appear to form in some cases a part of the
+attraction exerted by <i>fellatio</i>; De Sade emphasized this point; and in a
+case recorded by Howard semen appears to have acted as a stimulant for
+which the craving was as irresistible as is that for alcohol in
+dipsomania.<a name='5_FNanchor_136'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_136'><sup>[136]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>It must be remembered that the early history of this subject is
+    more or less inextricably commingled with folk-lore practices of
+    magical <a name='5_Page_173'></a>origin, not necessarily founded on actual observation of
+    the physiological effects of consuming the semen or testes. Thus,
+    according to W. H. Pearse (<i>Scalpel</i>, December, 1897), it is the
+    custom in Cornwall for country maids to eat the testicles of the
+    young male lambs when they are castrated in the spring, the
+    survival, probably, of a very ancient religious cult. (I have not
+    myself been able to hear of this custom in Cornwall.) In
+    Burchard's Penitential (Cap. CLIV, Wasserschleben, <i>op. cit.</i>, p.
+    660) seven years' penance is assigned to the woman who swallows
+    her husband's semen to make him love her more. In the seventeenth
+    century (as shown in William Salmon's <i>London Dispensatory</i>,
+    1678) semen was still considered to be good against witchcraft
+    and also valuable as a love-philter, in which latter capacity its
+    use still survives. (Bourke, <i>Scatalogic Rites</i>, pp. 343, 355.)
+    In an earlier age (Picart, quoted by Crawley, <i>The Mystic Rose</i>,
+    p. 109) the Manich&aelig;ans, it is said, sprinkled their eucharistic
+    bread with human semen, a custom followed by the Albigenses.</p>
+
+<p>    The belief, perhaps founded in experience, that semen possesses
+    medical and stimulant virtues was doubtless fortified by the
+    ancient opinion that the spinal cord is the source of this fluid.
+    This was not only held by the highest medical authorities in
+    Greece, but also in India and Persia.</p>
+
+<p>    The semen is thus a natural stimulant, a physiological
+    aphrodisiac, the type of a class of drugs which have been known
+    and cultivated in all parts of the world from time immemorial.
+    (Dufour has discussed the aphrodisiacs used in ancient Rome,
+    <i>Histoire de la Prostitution</i>, vol. II, ch. 21.) It would be vain
+    to attempt to enumerate all the foods and medicaments to which
+    has been ascribed an influence in heightening the sexual impulse.
+    (Thus, in the sixteenth century, aphrodisiacal virtues were
+    attributed to an immense variety of foods by Li&eacute;bault in his
+    <i>Thresor des Rem&egrave;des Secrets pour les Maladies des Femmes</i>, 1585,
+    pp. 104, <i>et seq.</i>) A large number of them certainly have no such
+    effect at all, but have obtained this credit either on some
+    magical ground or from a mistaken association. Thus the potato,
+    when first introduced from America, had the reputation of being a
+    powerful aphrodisiac, and the Elizabethan dramatists contain many
+    references to this supposed virtue. As we know, potatoes, even
+    when taken in the largest doses, have not the slightest
+    aphrodisiac effect, and the Irish peasantry, whose diet consists
+    very largely of potatoes, are even regarded as possessing an
+    unusually small measure of sexual feeling. It is probable that
+    the mistake arose from the fact that potatoes were originally a
+    luxury, and luxuries frequently tend to be regarded as
+    aphrodisiacs, since they are consumed under circumstances which
+    tend to arouse the sexual desires. It is possible also that, as
+    has been plausibly suggested, the misunderstanding may have been
+    due to sailors&mdash;the first to be familiar with the potato&mdash;who
+    <a name='5_Page_174'></a>attributed to this particular element of their diet ashore the
+    generally stimulating qualities of their life in port. The eryngo
+    (<i>Eryngium maritimum</i>), or sea holly, which also had an erotic
+    reputation in Elizabethan times, may well have acquired it in the
+    same way. Many other vegetables have a similar reputation, which
+    they still retain. Thus onions are regarded as aphrodisiacal, and
+    were so regarded by the Greeks, as we learn from Aristophanes. It
+    is noteworthy that Marro, a reliable observer, has found that in
+    Italy, both in prisons and asylums, lascivious people are fond of
+    onions (<i>La Pubert&agrave;</i>, p. 297), and it may perhaps be worth while
+    to recall the observation of S&eacute;rieux that in a woman in whom the
+    sexual instinct only awoke in middle age there was a horror of
+    leeks. In some countries, and especially in Belgium, celery is
+    popularly looked upon as a sexual stimulant. Various condiments,
+    again, have the same reputation, perhaps because they are hot and
+    because sexual desire is regarded, rightly enough, as a kind of
+    heat. Fish&mdash;skate, for instance, and notably oysters and other
+    shellfish&mdash;are very widely regarded as aphrodisiacs, and Kisch
+    attributes this property to caviar. It is probable that all these
+    and other foods which have obtained this reputation, in so far as
+    they have any action whatever on the sexual appetite, only
+    possess it by virtue of their generally nutritious and
+    stimulating qualities, and not by the presence of any special
+    principle having a selective action on the sexual sphere. A
+    beefsteak is probably as powerful a sexual stimulant as any food;
+    a nutritious food, however, which is at the same time easily
+    digestible, and thus requiring less expenditure of energy for its
+    absorption, may well exert a specially rapid and conspicuous
+    stimulant effect. But it is not possible to draw a line, and, as
+    Aquinas long since said, if we wish to maintain ourselves in a
+    state of purity we shall fear even an immoderate use of bread and
+    water.</p>
+
+<p>    More definitely aphrodisiacal effects are produced by drugs, and
+    especially by drugs which in large doses are poisons. The
+    aphrodisiac with the widest popular reputation is cantharides,
+    but its sexually exciting effects are merely an accidental result
+    of its action in causing inflammation of the genito-urinary
+    passage, and it is both an uncertain and a dangerous result,
+    except in skillful hands and when administered in small doses.
+    Nux vomica (with its alkaloid strychnia), by virtue of its
+    special action on the spinal cord, has a notably pronounced
+    effect in heightening the irritability of the spinal ejaculatory
+    center, though it by no means necessarily exerts any
+    strengthening influence. Alcohol exerts a sexually exciting
+    effect, but in a different manner; it produces little stimulation
+    of the cord and, indeed, even paralyzes the lumbar sexual center
+    in large doses, but it has an influence on the peripheral
+    nerve-endings and on the skin, and also on the cerebral centers,
+    tending to arouse desire and to diminish inhibition. In this
+    latter way, as Adler remarks, it may, in small doses, under some
+    circumstances, be <a name='5_Page_175'></a>beneficial in men with an excessive
+    nervousness or dread of coitus, and women, in whom orgasm has
+    been difficult to reach, have frequently found this facilitated
+    by some previous indulgence in alcohol. The aphrodisiac effect of
+    alcohol seems specially marked on women. But against the use of
+    alcohol as an aphrodisiac it must be remembered that it is far
+    from being a tonic to detumescence, at all events in men, and
+    that there is much evidence tending to show that not only chronic
+    alcoholism, but even procreation during intoxication is perilous
+    to the offspring (see, <i>e.g.</i>, Andriezen, <i>Journal of Mental
+    Science</i>, January, 1905, and <i>cf.</i> W. C. Sullivan, &quot;Alcoholism and
+    Suicidal Impulses,&quot; <i>ib.</i>, April, 1898, p. 268); it may be added
+    that Bunge has found a very high proportion of cases of
+    immoderate use of alcohol in the fathers of women unable to
+    suckle their infants (G. von Bunge, <i>Die Zunehmende Unf&auml;higkeit
+    der Frauen ihre Kinder zu Stillen</i>, 1903) while even an
+    approximation to the drunken state is far from being a desirable
+    prelude to the creation of a new human being. It is obvious that
+    those who wish, for any reason, to cultivate a strict chastity of
+    thought and feeling would do well to avoid alcohol altogether, or
+    only in its lightest forms and in moderation. The aphrodisiacal
+    effects of wine have long been known; Ovid refers to them
+    (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>Ars Am.</i>, Bk. III, 765). Clement of Alexandria, who was
+    something of a man of science as well as a Christian moralist,
+    points out the influence of wine in producing lasciviousness and
+    sexual precocity. (<i>P&aelig;dagogus</i>, Bk. II, Chapter II). Chaucer
+    makes the Wife of Bath say in the Wife of Bath's Prologue:&mdash;</p></div>
+
+<div class='poem'><div class='stanza'>
+<span class='i4'>&quot;And, after wyn, on Venus moste [needs] I thinke:<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>For al so siken as cold engendreth hayl,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>A likerous mouth moste have a likerous tayl,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>In womman vinolent is no defense,<br /></span>
+<span class='i4'>This knowen lechours by experience.&quot;<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Alcohol, as Chaucer pointed out, comes to the aid of the man, who
+    is unscrupulous in his efforts to overcome a woman, and this not
+    merely by virtue of its aphrodisiacal effects, and the apparently
+    special influence which it seems to exert on women, but also
+    because it lulls the mental and emotional characteristics which
+    are the guardians of personality. A correspondent who has
+    questioned on this point a number of prostitutes he has known,
+    writes: &quot;Their accounts of the first fall were nearly always the
+    same. They got to know a 'gentleman,' and on one occasion they
+    drank too much; before they quite realized what was happening
+    they were no longer virgins.&quot; &quot;In the mental areas, under the
+    influence of alcohol,&quot; Schmiedeberg remarks (in his <i>Elements of
+    Pharmacology</i>), &quot;the finer degrees of observation, judgment, and
+    reflection are the first to disappear, while the remaining mental
+    functions remain in a normal condition. The soldier acts more
+    boldly because he notices <a name='5_Page_176'></a>dangers less and reflects over them
+    less; the orator does not allow himself to be influenced by any
+    disturbing side-considerations as to his audience, hence he
+    speaks more freely and spiritedly; self-consciousness is lost to
+    a very great extent, and many are astounded at the ease with
+    which they can express their thoughts, and at the acuteness of
+    their judgment in matters which, when they are perfectly sober,
+    with difficulty reach their minds; and then afterwards they are
+    ashamed at their mistakes.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    The action of opium in small doses is also to some extent
+    aphrodisiacal; it slightly stimulates both the brain and the
+    spinal cord, and has sensory effects on the skin like alcohol;
+    these effects are favored by the state of agreeable dreaminess it
+    produces. In the seventeenth century Venette (<i>La G&eacute;n&eacute;ration de
+    l'Homme</i>, Part II, Chapter V) strongly recommended small doses of
+    opium, then little known, for this purpose; he had himself, he
+    says, in illness experienced its joys, &quot;a shadow of those of
+    heaven.&quot; In India opium (as well as cannabis indica) has long
+    been a not uncommon aphrodisiac; it is specially used to diminish
+    local sensibility, delaying the orgasm and thus prolonging the
+    sexual act. (W. D. Sutherland, &quot;De Impotentia,&quot; <i>Indian Medical
+    Gazette</i>, January, 1900). Its more direct and stimulating
+    influence on the sexual emotions seems indicated by the statement
+    that prostitutes are found standing outside the opium-smoking
+    dens of Bombay, but not outside the neighboring liquor shops.
+    (G. C. Lucas, <i>Lancet</i>, February 2, 1884.) Like alcohol, opium
+    seems to have a marked aphrodisiacal effect on women. The case is
+    recorded of a mentally deranged girl, with no nymphomania though
+    she masturbated, who on taking small doses of opium at once
+    showed signs of nymphomania, following men about, etc. (<i>American
+    Journal Obstetrics</i>, May, 1901, p. 74.) It may well be believed
+    that opium acts beneficially in men when the ejaculatory centers
+    are weak but irritable; but its actions are too widespread over
+    the organism to make it in any degree a valuable aphrodisiac.
+    Various other drugs have more or less reputation as aphrodisiacs;
+    thus bromide of gold, a nervous and glandular stimulant, is said
+    to have as one of its effects a heightening of sexual feeling.
+    Yohimbin, an alkaloid derived from the West African Yohimbehe
+    tree, has obtained considerable repute during recent years in the
+    treatment of impotence; in some cases (see, <i>e.g.</i>, Toff's
+    results, summarized in <i>British Medical Journal</i>, February 18,
+    1905) it has produced good results, apparently by increasing the
+    blood supply to the sexual organs, but has not been successful in
+    all cases or in all hands. It must always be remembered that in
+    cases of psychical impotence suggestion necessarily exerts a
+    beneficial influence, and this may work through any drug or
+    merely with the aid of bread pills. All exercise, often even
+    walking, may be a sexual stimulant, and it is scarcely necessary
+    to add that powerful stimulation of the skin in the sexual
+    sphere, <a name='5_Page_177'></a>and more especially of the nates, is often a more
+    effective aphrodisiac than any drug, whether the irritation is
+    purely mechanical, as by flogging, or mechanico-chemical, as by
+    urtication or the application of nettles. Among the Malays (with
+    whom both men and women often use a variety of plants as
+    aphrodisiacs, according to Vaughan Stevens) Breitenstein states
+    (<i>21 Jahre in India</i>, Theil I, p. 228) that both massage and
+    gymnastics are used to increase sexual powers. The local
+    application of electricity is one of the most powerful of
+    aphrodisiacs, and McMordie found on applying one pole to a
+    uterine sound in the uterus and the other to the abdominal wall
+    that in the majority of healthy women the orgasm occurred.</p>
+
+<p>    Among anaphrodisiacs, or sexual sedatives, bromide of potassium,
+    by virtue of its antidotal relationship to strychnia, is one of
+    the drugs whose action is most definite, though, while it dulls
+    sexual desire, it also dulls all the nervous and cerebral
+    activities. Camphor has an ancient reputation as an
+    anaphrodisiac, and its use in this respect was known to the Arabs
+    (as may be seen by a reference to it in the <i>Perfumed Garden</i>),
+    while, as Hyrtl mentions (<i>loc. cit.</i> ii, p. 94), rue (<i>Ruta
+    graveolens</i>) was considered a sexual sedative by the monks of
+    old, who on this account assiduously cultivated it in their
+    cloister gardens to make <i>vinum rut&aelig;</i>. Recently heroin in large
+    doses (see, <i>e.g.</i>, Becker, <i>Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift</i>,
+    November 23, 1903) has been found to have a useful effect in this
+    direction. It may be doubted, however, whether there is any
+    satisfactory and reliable anaphrodisiac. Charcot, indeed, it is
+    said, used to declare that the only anaphrodisiac in which he had
+    any confidence was that used by the uncle of Helo&iuml;se in the case
+    of Abelard. &quot;<i>Cela</i> (he would add with a grim smile) <i>tranche la
+    difficulte</i>.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>If semen is a stimulant when ingested, it is easy to suppose that it may
+exert a similar action on the woman who receives it into the vagina in
+normal sexual congress. It is by no means improbable that, as Mattei
+argued in 1878, this is actually the case. It is known that the vagina
+possesses considerable absorptive power. Thus Coen and Levi, among others,
+have shown that if a tampon soaked in a solution of iodine is introduced
+into the vagina, iodine will be found in the urine within an hour. And the
+same is true of various other substances.<a name='5_FNanchor_137'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_137'><sup>[137]</sup></a> If the vagina absorbs drugs
+it probably absorbs semen. Toff, of Braila (Roumania), who attaches much
+importance to such absorption, considers that it must be analogous to the
+ingestion of organic extractives. It is due to this influence, he
+believes, <a name='5_Page_178'></a>that weak and an&aelig;mic girls so often become full-blooded and
+robust after marriage, and lose their nervous tendencies and shyness.<a name='5_FNanchor_138'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_138'><sup>[138]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It is, however, most certainly a mistake to suppose that the beneficial
+influence of coitus on women is exclusively, or even mainly, dependent
+upon the absorption of semen. This is conclusively demonstrated by the
+fact that such beneficial influence is exerted, and in full measure, even
+when all precautions have been taken to avoid any contact with the semen.
+In so far as <i>coitus reservatus</i> or <i>interruptus</i> may lead to haste or
+discomfort which prevents satisfactory orgasm on the part of the woman, it
+is without doubt a cause of defective detumescence and incomplete
+satisfaction. But if orgasm is complete the beneficial effects of coitus
+follow even if there has been no possibility of the absorption of semen.
+Even after <i>coitus interruptus</i>, if it can be prolonged for a period long
+enough for the woman to attain full and complete satisfaction, she is
+enabled to experience what she may describe as a feeling of intoxication,
+lasting for several hours. It is in the action of the orgasm itself, and
+the vascular, secretory, and metabolic activities set up by the psychic
+and nervous influence of coitus with a beloved person, that we must seek
+the chief key to the effects produced by coitus on women, however these
+effects may possibly be still further heightened by the actual absorption
+of semen.<a name='5_FNanchor_139'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_139'><sup>[139]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The positive action of semen, or rather of the testicular products, has
+been much investigated during recent years, and appears on the whole to be
+demonstrated. The notable discovery <a name='5_Page_179'></a>by Brown-S&eacute;quard, a quarter of a
+century ago, that the ingestion of the testicular juices in states of
+debility and senility acted as a beneficial stimulant and tonic, opened
+the way to a new field of therapeutics. Many investigators in various
+countries have found that testicular extracts, and more especially the
+spermin as studied by Poehl,<a name='5_FNanchor_140'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_140'><sup>[140]</sup></a> and by him regarded as a positive
+katalysator or accelerator of metabolic processes, exert a real influence
+in giving tone to the heart and other muscles, and in improving the
+metabolism of the tissues even when all influences of mental suggestion
+have been excluded.<a name='5_FNanchor_141'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_141'><sup>[141]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>As the ovaries are strictly analogous to the testes, it was
+    surmised that ovarian extract might prove a drug equally valuable
+    with testicular products. As a matter of fact, ovarian extract,
+    in the form of ovarin, etc., would seem to have proved beneficial
+    in various disorders, more especially in an&aelig;mia and in troubles
+    due to the artificial menopause. In most conditions, however, in
+    which it has been employed the results are doubtful or uncertain,
+    and some authorities believe that the influence of suggestion
+    plays a considerable part here.</p></div>
+
+<p>There is, however, another use which is subserved by the testicular
+products, a use which may indeed be said to be implied in those uses to
+which reference has already been made, but is yet historically the latest
+to be realized and studied. It was not until 1869 that Brown-S&eacute;quard first
+suggested that an important secretion was elaborated by the ductless
+glands and received into the circulation, but that suggestion proved to be
+epoch-making. If these glandular secretions are so valuable when
+administered as drugs to other persons, must they not be of far greater
+value when naturally secreted and poured out into the circulation in the
+living body? It is now generally <a name='5_Page_180'></a>believed, on the basis of a large and
+various body of evidence, that this is undoubtedly so. In a very crude
+form, indeed, this belief is by no means modern. In opposition to the old
+writers who were inclined to regard the semen as an excretion which it was
+beneficial to expel, there were other ancient authorities who argued that
+it was beneficial to retain it as being a vital fluid which, if
+reabsorbed, served to invigorate the body. The great physiologist, Haller,
+in the middle of the eighteenth century, came very near to the modern
+doctrine when he stated in his <i>Elements of Physiology</i> that the sperm
+accumulated in the seminical vesicles is pumped back into the blood, and
+thus produces the beard and the hair together with the other surprising
+changes of puberty which are absent in the eunuch. The reabsorption of
+semen can scarcely be said to be a part of the modern physiological
+doctrine, but it is at least now generally held that the testes secrete
+substances which pass into the circulation and are of immense importance
+in the development of the organism.</p>
+
+<p>The experiments of Shattock and Seligmann indicate that the semen and its
+reabsorption in the seminal vesicles, or the nervous reactions produced by
+its presence, can have no part in the formation of secondary sexual
+characters. These investigators occluded the vas deferens in sheep by
+ligature, at an early age, rendering them later sterile though not
+impotent. The secondary sexual characters appeared as in ordinary sheep.
+Spermatogenesis, these inquirers conclude, may be the initial factor, but
+the results must be attributed to the elaboration by the testicles of an
+internal secretion and its absorption into the general circulation.<a name='5_FNanchor_142'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_142'><sup>[142]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>When animals are castrated there is enlargement of the ductless glands in
+the body, notably the thyroid and the suprarenal capsules.<a name='5_FNanchor_143'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_143'><sup>[143]</sup></a> It is
+evident, therefore, that the secretions of <a name='5_Page_181'></a>these ductless glands are in
+some degree compensatory to those of the testes. But this compensatory
+action is inadequate to produce any sexual development in the absence of
+the testes.</p>
+
+<p>We see, therefore, how extremely important is the function of the testis.
+Its significance is not alone for the race, it is not simply concerned
+with the formation of the spermatozoa which share equally with the ova the
+honor of making the mankind of the future. It also has a separate and
+distinct function which has reference to the individual. It elaborates
+those internal secretions which stimulate and maintain the physical and
+mental characters, constituting all that is most masculine in the male
+animal, all that makes the man in distinction from the eunuch. Among
+various primitive peoples, including those of the European race whence we
+ourselves spring, the most solemn form of oath was sworn by placing the
+hand on the testes, dimly recognized as the most sacred part of the body.
+A crude and passing phase of civilization has ignorantly cast ignominy
+upon the sexual organs; the more primitive belief is now justified by our
+advancing knowledge.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In these as in other respects the ovaries are precisely analogous
+    to the testes. They not only form the ova, but they elaborate for
+    internal use a secretion which develops and maintains the special
+    physical and mental qualities of womanhood, as the testicular
+    secretion those of manhood. Moreover, as Cecca and Zappi found,
+    removal of the ovaries has exactly the same effect on the
+    abnormal development of the other ductless glands as has removal
+    of the testes. It is of interest to point out that the internal
+    secretion of the ovaries and its important functions seem to have
+    been suggested before any other secretion than the sperm was
+    attributed to the testes. Early in the nineteenth century Cabanis
+    argued (&quot;De l'Influence des Sexes sur le Caract&egrave;re des Id&eacute;es et
+    des Affections Morales,&quot; <i>Rapport du Physique et du Moral de
+    l'Homme</i>, 1824, vol. ii, p. 18) that the ovaries are secreting
+    glands, forming a &quot;particular humor&quot; which is reabsorbed into the
+    blood and imparts excitations which are felt by the whole system
+    and all its organs.</p></div>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_129'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_129'>[129]</a><div class='note'><p> The composite character of the semen was recognized by
+various old authors, some of whom said, (<i>e.g.</i>, Wharton) that it had
+three constituents, which they usually considered to be: (1) The noblest
+and most essential part, from the testicles; (2) a watery element from the
+vesicul&aelig;; (3) an oily element from the prostate. Schurig, <i>Spermatologia</i>,
+1720, p. 17.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_130'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_130'>[130]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, C. Mansell Moulin, &quot;A Contribution to the
+Morphology of the Prostate,&quot; <i>Journal of Anatomy and Physiology</i>, January,
+1895; G. Walker, &quot;A Contribution to the Anatomy and Physiology of the
+Prostate Gland, and a Few Observations on Ejaculation,&quot; <i>Johns Hopkins
+Hospital Bulletin</i>, October, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_131'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_131'>[131]</a><div class='note'><p> For a study of the semen and its constituents, see
+Florence, &quot;Du Sperme,&quot; <i>Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, 1895.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_132'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_132'>[132]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Hunter, <i>Essays and Observations</i>, vol. i, p. 189.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_133'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_133'>[133]</a><div class='note'><p> As regards one part of Australia, Walter Roth,
+<i>Ethnological Studies Among the Queensland Aborigines</i>, p. 174.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_134'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_134'>[134]</a><div class='note'><p> Sir H. H. Johnston, <i>British Central Africa</i>, p. 438.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_135'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_135'>[135]</a><div class='note'><p> Cap. VII, pp. 327-357, &quot;De Spermaticis virilis usu
+Medico,&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_136'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_136'>[136]</a><div class='note'><p> W. L. Howard, &quot;Sexual Perversion,&quot; <i>Alienist and
+Neurologist</i>, January, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_137'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_137'>[137]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Zentralblatt f&uuml;r Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, 1894, No. 49.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_138'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_138'>[138]</a><div class='note'><p> E. Toff, &quot;Uber Impr&auml;gnierung,&quot; <i>Zentralblatt f&uuml;r
+Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, April, 1903. In a similar but somewhat more precise manner
+Dufoug&egrave;re has argued (&quot;La Chlorose, ses rapports avec le marriage, son
+traitement par le liquide orchitique,&quot; Th&egrave;se de Bordeaux, 1902) that semen
+when absorbed by the vagina stimulates the secretion of the ovaries and
+thus exerts an influence over the blood in an&aelig;mia; in this way he seeks to
+explain why it is that coitus is the best treatment for chlorosis.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_139'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_139'>[139]</a><div class='note'><p> In this connection I may refer to an interesting and
+suggestive paper by Harry Campbell on &quot;The Craving for Stimulants&quot;
+(<i>Lancet</i>, October 21, 1899). No reference is made to coitus, but the
+author discusses stimulants as normal and beneficial products of the
+organism, and deals with the nature of the &quot;physiological intoxication&quot;
+they produce.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_140'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_140'>[140]</a><div class='note'><p> Spermin was first discovered in the sperm by Schreiner in
+1878; it has also been found in the thyroid, ovaries and various other
+glands. &quot;The spermin secreting and elaborating organs,&quot; Howard Kelly
+remarks (<i>British Medical Journal</i>, January 29, 1898), &quot;may be called the
+apothecaries' of the body, secreting many important medicaments, much more
+active and more accurately representing its true wants than artificially
+administered drugs.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_141'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_141'>[141]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, a summary of Buschan's comprehensive
+discussion of the subject of organotherapy (Eulenburg's <i>Real-Encyclop&aelig;die
+der Gesammten Heilkunde</i>) in <i>Journal of Mental Science</i>, April, 1899, p.
+355.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_142'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_142'>[142]</a><div class='note'><p> &quot;Observations Upon the Acquirement of Secondary Sexual
+Characters, Indicating the Formation of an Internal Secretion by the
+Testicles,&quot; <i>Proceedings Royal Society</i>, vol. lxxiii, p. 49.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_143'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_143'>[143]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, the experiments of Cecca and Zappi, summarized
+in <i>British Medical Journal</i>, July 2, 1904.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_M_IV'></a><h3><a name='5_Page_182'></a>IV.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Aptitude for Detumescence&mdash;Is There an Erotic Temperament?&mdash;The
+Available Standards of Comparison&mdash;Characteristics of the
+Castrated&mdash;Characteristics of Puberty&mdash;Characteristics of the State of
+Detumescence&mdash;Shortness of Stature&mdash;Development of the Secondary Sexual
+Characters&mdash;Deep Voice&mdash;Bright Eyes&mdash;Glandular Activity&mdash;Everted
+Lips&mdash;Pigmentation&mdash;Profuse Hair&mdash;Dubious Significance of Many of These
+Characters.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>What, if any, are the indications which the body generally may furnish as
+to the individual's aptitude and vigor for the orgasm of detumescence? Is
+there an erotic temperament outwardly and visibly displayed? That is a
+question which has often occupied those who have sought to penetrate the
+more intimate mysteries of human nature, and since we are here concerned
+with human beings in their relationship to the process of detumescence, we
+cannot altogether pass over this question, difficult as it is to discuss
+it with precision.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The old physiognomists showed much confidence in dealing with the
+    matter. Possibly they had more opportunities for observation than
+    we have, since they often wrote in days when life was lived more
+    nakedly than among ourselves, but their descriptions, while
+    sometimes showing much insight, are inextricably mixed up with
+    false science and superstition.</p>
+
+<p>    In the <i>De Secretis Mulierum</i>, wrongly attributed to Albertus
+    Magnus, we find a chapter entitled &quot;Signa mulieris calid&aelig; natur&aelig;
+    et qu&aelig; coit libenter,&quot; which may be summarized here. &quot;The signs,&quot;
+    we are told, &quot;of a woman of warm temperament, and one who
+    willingly cohabits are these: youth, an age of over 12, or
+    younger, if she has been seduced, small, high breasts, full and
+    hard, hair in the usual positions; she is bold of speech, with a
+    delicate and high voice, haughty and even cruel of disposition,
+    of good complexion, lean rather than stout, inclined to like
+    drinking. Such a woman always desires coitus, and receives
+    satisfaction in the act. The menstrual flow is not abundant nor
+    always regular. If she becomes pregnant the milk is not abundant.
+    Her perspiration is less odorous than that of the woman of
+    opposite <a name='5_Page_183'></a>temperament; she is fond of singing, and of moving
+    about, and delights in adornments if she has any.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    Polemon, in his <i>Sulla Physionomia</i>, has given among the signs of
+    libidinous impulse: knees turned inwards, abundance of hairs on
+    the legs, squint, bright eyes, a high and strident voice, and in
+    women length of leg below the knee. Aristotle had mentioned among
+    the signs of wantonness: paleness, abundance of hair on the body,
+    thick and black hair, hairs covering the temples, and thick
+    eyelids.</p>
+
+<p>    In the seventeenth century Bouchet, in his <i>Ser&eacute;es</i> (Troisi&egrave;me
+    Ser&eacute;e), gave as the signs of virility which indicated that a man
+    could have children: a great voice, a thick rough black beard, a
+    large thick nose.</p>
+
+<p>    G. Tourdes (Art. &quot;Aphrodisie,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des
+    Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>) thus summarized the ancient beliefs on this
+    subject: &quot;The erotic temperament has been described as marked by
+    a lean figure, white and well-ranged teeth, a developed hairy
+    system, a characteristic voice, air, and expression, and even a
+    special odor.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<p>In approaching the question of the general physical indications of a
+special aptitude to the manifestation of vigorous detumescence, the most
+obvious preliminary would seem to be a study of the castrated. If we know
+the special peculiarities of those who by removal of the sexual glands at
+a very early age have been deprived of all ability to present the
+manifestations of detumescence, we shall probably be in possession of a
+type which is the reverse of that which we may expect in persons of a
+vigorously erotic temperament.</p>
+
+<p>The most general characteristics of eunuchs would appear to be an unusual
+tendency to put on fat, a notably greater length of the legs, absence of
+hair in the sexual and secondary sexual regions, a less degree of
+pigmentation, as noted both in the castrated negro and the white man, a
+puerile larynx and puerile voice. In character they are usually described
+as gentle, conciliatory, and charitable.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>There can be little doubt that castration in man tends to lead to
+    lengthening of the legs (tibia and fibula) at puberty, from
+    delayed ossification of the epiphyses. The hands and feet are
+    also frequently longer and sometimes the forearms. At the same
+    time the bones are more slender. The pelvis also is narrower. The
+    eunuchs of Cairo are said to be easily seen in a crowd from their
+    tall stature. (Collineau, quoting Lortet, <i>Revue Mensuelle de
+    l'Ecole d'Anthropologie</i>, May, 1896.) The <a name='5_Page_184'></a>castrated Skoptzy show
+    increased stature, and, it seems, large ears, with decreased
+    chest and head (L. Pittard, <i>Revue Scientifique</i>, June 20, 1903.)
+    F&eacute;r&eacute; shows that in most of these respects the eunuch resembles
+    beardless and infantile subjects. (&quot;Les Proportions des Membres
+    et les Caract&egrave;res Sexuels,&quot; <i>Journal de l'Anatomie et de la
+    Physiologie</i>, November-December, 1897.) Similar phenomena are
+    found in animals generally. Sellheim, carefully investigating
+    castrated horses, swine, oxen and fowls, found retardation of
+    ossification, long and slender extremities, long, broad, but low
+    skull, relatively smaller pelvis and small thorax. (&quot;Zur Lehre
+    von den Sekund&auml;ren Geschlechtscharakteren,&quot; <i>Beitr&auml;ge zur
+    Geburtsh&uuml;lfe und Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, 1898, summarized in <i>Centralblatt
+    f&uuml;r Anthropologie</i>, 1900, Heft IV.)</p>
+
+<p>    As regards the mental qualities and moral character of the
+    castrated, Griffiths considers that there is an undue prejudice
+    against eunuchs, and refers to Narses, who was not only one of
+    the first generals of the Roman Empire, but a man of highly
+    estimable character. (<i>Lancet</i>, March 30, 1895.) Matignon, who
+    has carefully studied Chinese eunuchs, points out that they
+    occupy positions of much responsibility, and, though regarded in
+    many respects as social outcasts, possess very excellent and
+    amiable moral qualities (<i>Archives Cliniques de Bordeaux</i>, May,
+    1896.) In America Everett Flood finds that epileptics and
+    feeble-minded boys are mentally and morally benefited by
+    castration. (&quot;Notes on the Castration of Idiot Children,&quot;
+    <i>American Journal of Psychology</i>, January, 1899.) It is often
+    forgotten that the physical and psychic qualities associated with
+    and largely dependent on the ability to experience the impulse of
+    detumescence, while essential to the perfect man, involve many
+    egoistic, aggressive and acquisitive characteristics which are of
+    little intellectual value, and at the same time inimical to many
+    moral virtues.</p></div>
+
+<p>We have a further standard&mdash;positive this time rather than negative&mdash;to
+aid us in determining the erotic temperament: the phenomena of puberty.
+The efflorescence of puberty is essentially the manifestation of the
+ability to experience detumescence. It is therefore reasonable to suppose
+that the individuals in whom the special phenomena of puberty develop most
+markedly are those in whom detumescence is likely to be most vigorous. If
+such is the case we should expect to find the erotic temperament marked by
+developed larynx and deep voice, a considerable degree of pigmentary
+development in hair and skin, <a name='5_Page_185'></a>and a marked tendency to hairiness; while
+in women there should be a pronounced growth of the breasts and
+pelvis.<a name='5_FNanchor_144'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_144'><sup>[144]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>There is yet another standard by which we may measure the individual's
+aptitude for detumescence: the presence of those activities which are most
+prominently brought into play during the process of detumescence. The
+individual, that is to say, who is organically most apt to manifest the
+physiological activities which mainly make up the process of detumescence,
+is most likely to be of pronounced erotic temperament.</p>
+
+<p>&quot;Erotic persons are of motor type,&quot; remark Vaschide and Vurpas, &quot;and we
+may say generally that nearly all persons of motor type are erotic.&quot; The
+state of detumescence is one of motor and muscular energy and of great
+vascular activity, so that habitual energy of motor response and an active
+circulation may reasonably be taken to indicate an aptitude for the
+manifestation of detumescence.</p>
+
+<p>These three types may be said, therefore, to furnish us valuable though
+somewhat general indications. The individual who is farthest removed from
+the castrated type, who presents in fullest degree the characters which
+begin to emerge at the period of puberty, and who reveals a physiological
+aptitude for the vigorous manifestation of those activities which are
+called into action during detumescence, is most likely to be of erotic
+temperament. The most cautious description of the characteristics of this
+temperament given by modern scientific writers, unlike the more detailed
+and hazardous descriptions of the early physiognomists, will be found to
+be fairly true to the standards thus presented to us.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The man of sexual type, according to Bi&eacute;rent (<i>La Pubert&eacute;</i>, p.
+    148), is hairy, dark and deep-voiced.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;The men most liable to satyriasis,&quot; Bouchereau states (art.
+    &quot;Satyriasis,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique des Sciences
+    M&eacute;dicales</i>), &quot;are those with vigorous nervous system, developed
+    muscles, abundant hair on body, dark complexion, and white
+    teeth.&quot;</p><a name='5_Page_186'></a>
+
+<p>    Mantegazza, in his <i>Fisiologia del Piacere</i>, thus describes the
+    sexual temperament: &quot;Individuals of nervous temperament, those
+    with fine and brown skins, rounded forms, large lips and very
+    prominent larynx enjoy in general much more than those with
+    opposite characteristics. A universal tradition,&quot; he adds,
+    &quot;describes as lascivious humpbacks, dwarfs, and in general
+    persons of short stature and with long noses.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    In a case of nymphomania in a young woman, described by Alibert
+    (and quoted by Laycock, <i>Nervous Diseases of Women</i>, p. 28) the
+    hips, thighs and legs were remarkably plump, while the chest and
+    arms were completely emaciated. In a somewhat similar case
+    described by Marc in his <i>De la Folie</i> a peasant woman, who from
+    an early age had experienced sexual hyper&aelig;sthesia, so that she
+    felt spasmodic voluptuous feelings at the sight of a man, and was
+    thus the victim of solitary excesses and of spasmodic movements
+    which she could not repress, the upper part of the body was very
+    thin, the hips, legs and thighs highly developed.</p>
+
+<p>    In his work on <i>Uterine and Ovarian Inflammation</i> (1862, p. 37)
+    Tilt observes: &quot;The restless, bashful eye, and changing
+    complexion, in presence of a person of the opposite sex, and a
+    nervous restlessness of body, ever on the move, turning and
+    twisting on sofa or chair, are the best indications of sexual
+    temperament.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    An extremely sensual little girl of 8, who was constantly
+    masturbating when not watched, although brought up by nuns, was
+    described by Busdraghi (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, fas. i, 1888,
+    p. 53) as having chestnut hair, bright black eyes, an elevated
+    nose, small mouth, pleasant round face, full colored cheeks, and
+    plump and healthy aspect.</p>
+
+<p>    A highly intelligent young Italian woman with strong and somewhat
+    perverted sexual impulses is described as of attractive
+    appearance, with olive complexion, small black almond-shaped
+    eyes, dilated pupils, oblique thin eyebrows, very thick black
+    hair, rather prominent cheek-bones, largely developed jaw, and
+    with abundant down on lower part of cheeks and on upper lip.
+    (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1899, fasc. v-vi.)</p>
+
+<p>    As the type of the sensual woman in word and act, led by her
+    passions to commit various sexual offenses, Ottolenghi describes
+    (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, vol. xii, fasc. v-vi, p. 496) a woman
+    of 32 who attempted to kill her lover. The daughter of parents
+    who were neurotic and themselves very erotic, she was a highly
+    intelligent and vivacious woman, with a pleasing and open face,
+    very thick dark chestnut hair, large cheek-bones, adipose
+    buttocks almost resembling those of a Hottentot, and very thick
+    pubic hair. She was very fond of salt things. Sexual inclination
+    began at the age of 7.</p></div>
+
+<p>Adler and Moll remark, very truly, that, so far at least as women are
+concerned, sexual an&aelig;sthesia or sexual proclivity <a name='5_Page_187'></a>cannot be unfailingly
+read on the features. Every woman desires to please, and coquetry is the
+sign of a cold, rather than of an erotic temperament.<a name='5_FNanchor_145'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_145'><sup>[145]</sup></a> It may be added
+that a considerable degree of congenital sexual an&aelig;sthesia by no means
+prevents a woman from being beautiful and attractive, though it must
+probably still always be said that, as Roubaud points out,<a name='5_FNanchor_146'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_146'><sup>[146]</sup></a> the woman
+of cold and intellectual temperament, the &quot;femme de t&ecirc;te,&quot; however
+beautiful and skillful she may be, cannot compete in the struggle for love
+with the woman whose qualities are of the heart and of the emotions. But
+it seems sufficiently clear that the practical observations of skilled and
+experienced observers agree in attributing to persons of erotic type
+certain general characteristics which accord with those negative and
+positive standards we may frame on the basis of castration, of puberty,
+and of detumescence. It may be worth while to note a few of these
+characteristics briefly.</p>
+
+<p>The abnormal lengthening of the long bones at the age of puberty in the
+castrated is, as we have seen, very pronounced. There is little tendency
+to associate length of limb with an erotic temperament, and a certain
+amount of data as well as of more vague opinion points in the opposite
+direction. The Arabs would appear to believe that it is short rather than
+tall people in whom the sexual instinct is strongly developed, and we read
+in the <i>Perfumed Garden</i>: &quot;Under all circumstances little women love
+coitus more and evince a stronger affection for the virile member than
+women of a large size.&quot; In his elaborate investigation of criminals Marro
+found that prostitutes and women guilty of sexual offenses, as also male
+sexual offenders, tend to be short and thick set.<a name='5_FNanchor_147'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_147'><sup>[147]</sup></a> In European
+folk-lore the thick, bull neck is regarded as a sign of strong
+sexuality.<a name='5_FNanchor_148'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_148'><sup>[148]</sup></a> Mantegazza refers to a strong sexual temperament as being
+associated with arrest or disorder of bony development, and Marro suggests
+that <a name='5_Page_188'></a>the proverbial salacity of rachitic individuals may be due to an
+increased activity of the sexual organs.<a name='5_FNanchor_149'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_149'><sup>[149]</sup></a> It may be added that
+acromegaly, with its excessive bony growths, tends to be associated with
+premature sexual involution.</p>
+
+<p>A further point which is frequently mentioned in the case of women is the
+development of the chief secondary sexual regions: the pelvis and the
+breasts. It is, indeed, almost inevitable that there should be some degree
+of correlation between the aptitude for bearing children and the aptitude
+for experiencing detumescence. The reality of such a connection is not
+only evidenced by medical observations, but receives further testimony in
+popular beliefs. In Italy women with large buttocks are considered wanton,
+and among the South Slavs they are regarded as especially fruitful.<a name='5_FNanchor_150'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_150'><sup>[150]</sup></a>
+Blumenbach asserted that precocious venery will enlarge the breasts, and
+believed that he had found evidence of this among young London
+prostitutes.<a name='5_FNanchor_151'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_151'><sup>[151]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The association of the aptitude for detumescence with a tendency to a deep
+rather than to a high voice, both in men and women, has frequently been
+noted and has seldom been denied. The onset of puberty always affects the
+voice; in general, Bi&eacute;rent states, the more bass the voice is the more
+marked is the development of the sexual apparatus; &quot;a very robust man,
+with very developed sexual organs, and very dark and abundant hairy
+system, a man of strong puberty in a word, is nearly always a bass.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_152'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_152'><sup>[152]</sup></a>
+The influence of sexual excitement in deepening the voice is shown by the
+rules of sexual hygiene prescribed to tenors, while a bass has less need
+to observe similar precautions. In women every phase of sexual
+life&mdash;puberty, menstruation, coitus, pregnancy&mdash;tends to affect the voice
+and always by giving it a deeper character. The deepening of the voice by
+sexual intercourse was an ancient Greek observation, and Martial refers to
+a woman's good or bad singing as an index to her recent <a name='5_Page_189'></a>sexual habits.
+Prostitutes tend to have a deep voice. Venturi points out that married
+women preserve a fresh voice to a more advanced age than spinsters, this
+being due to the precocious senility in the latter of an unused function.
+Such a phenomenon indicates that the relationship of detumescence to the
+deepening of the voice is not quite simple. This is further indicated by
+the fact that in robust men abstinence still further deepens the voice
+(the monk of melodrama always has a bass voice), while excessive or
+precocious sexual indulgence tends to be associated with the same kind of
+puerile voice as is found in those persons in whom pubertal development
+has not been carried very far, or who are of what Griffiths terms
+eunuchoid type. Idiot boys, who are often sexually undeveloped, tend to
+have a high voice, while idiot girls (who often manifest marked sexual
+proclivities) not infrequently have a deep voice.<a name='5_FNanchor_153'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_153'><sup>[153]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Bright dilated eyes are among the phenomena of detumescence, and are very
+frequently noted in persons of a pronounced erotic temperament. This is,
+indeed, an ancient observation, and Burton says of people with a black,
+lively, and sparkling eye, &quot;without question they are most amorous,&quot;
+drawing his illustrations mostly from classic literature.<a name='5_FNanchor_154'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_154'><sup>[154]</sup></a> Tardieu
+described the erotic woman as having bright eyes, and Heywood Smith states
+that the eyes of lascivious women resemble, though in a less degree, those
+of the insane.<a name='5_FNanchor_155'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_155'><sup>[155]</sup></a> Sexual excitement is one among many
+causes&mdash;intellectual excitement, pain, a loud noise, even any sensory
+irritation&mdash;which produce dilatation of the pupils and enlargement of the
+palpebral fissure, with some protrusion of the eyeball. The influence of
+the sexual system upon the eye appears to be far less potent in men than
+in women.<a name='5_FNanchor_156'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_156'><sup>[156]</sup></a> Sexual desire is, however, by no means the only irritant
+within the sexual sphere which may thus influence the eye; morbid
+irritations may produce the same effect. Milner Fothergill, in his book on
+<i>Indigestion</i>, vividly describes the appearance of the <a name='5_Page_190'></a>eyes sometimes
+seen in ovarian disorder: &quot;The glittering flash which glances out from
+some female irides is the external indication of ovarian irritation, and
+'the ovarian gleam' has features quite its own. The most marked instance
+which ever came under my notice was due to irritation in the ovaries,
+which had been forced down in front of the uterus and been fixed there by
+adhesions. Here there was little sexual proclivity, but the eyes were very
+remarkable. They flashed and glittered unceasingly, and at times perfect
+lightning bolts shot from them. Usually there is a bright glittering sheen
+in them which contrasts with the dead look in the irides of sexual excess
+or profuse uterine discharges.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>The activity of the glandular secretions, and especially those of the
+skin, during detumescence, would lead us to expect that such secretory
+activity is an index to an aptitude for detumescence. As a matter of fact
+it is occasionally, though not frequently, noted by medical observers. It
+is stated that the erotic temperament is characterized by a special
+odor.<a name='5_FNanchor_157'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_157'><sup>[157]</sup></a> The activity of the sweat-glands is seldom referred to by
+medical observers in describing persons of erotic temperament, although
+the descriptions of novelists not infrequently contain allusions to this
+point, and the literature of an earlier age shows that the tendency to
+perspiration, especially the moist hand, was regarded as a sure sign of a
+sensual temperament. &quot;The moist-handed Madonna Imperia, a most rare and
+divine creature,&quot; remarks Lazarillo in Middleton's comedy <i>Blurt,
+Master-Constable</i>, to quote one of many allusions to this point in the
+Elizabethan drama.</p>
+
+<p>The lips are sometimes noted as red and everted, perhaps thick<a name='5_FNanchor_158'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_158'><sup>[158]</sup></a>;
+Tardieu remarked that the typically erotic woman has thick red lips. This
+corresponds with the characteristic type of the satyr in classic statues
+as in later paintings; his lips are <a name='5_Page_191'></a>always thick and everted. Fullness,
+redness, and eversion of the lips are correlated with good breathing, the
+absence of an&aelig;mia, laughter, a well-fleshed face.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>This kind of mouth indicates, perhaps, not so much a congenitally
+    erotic temperament, as an abandonment to impulse. The opposite
+    type of mouth&mdash;with inverted, thin, and retracted lips&mdash;would
+    appear to be found with especial frequency in persons who
+    habitually repress their impulses on moral grounds. Any kind of
+    effort to restrain involuntary muscular action may lead to
+    retraction of the lips: the effort to overcome anger or fear, or
+    even the resistance to a strong desire to urinate or defecate. In
+    religious young men, however, it becomes habitual and fixed. I
+    recall a small band of medical students, gathered together from a
+    large medical school, who were accustomed to meet together for
+    prayer and Bible-reading; the majority showed this type of mouth
+    to a very marked degree: pale faces, with drawn, retracted lips.
+    It may be termed the Christian or pious <i>facies</i>. It is much less
+    frequently seen in religious women (unless of masculine type),
+    doubtless because religion for women is in a much less degree
+    than for men a moral discipline.</p>
+
+<p>    It may be added that an interesting form of this contraction of
+    the lips, and one that is not purely repressive, is that which
+    indicates the state of muscular tension associated with the
+    impulse to guard and protect. In this form the contracted mouth
+    is the index of tenderness, and is characteristic of the mother
+    who is watching over the infant she is suckling at her breast. I
+    have observed precisely the same expression in the face of a boy
+    of 14 with a large congenital scrotal hernia; when the tumor was
+    being examined his lower lip became retracted, well marked lines
+    appearing from the angles downwards, though the upper lip
+    retained its normal expression It was precisely the tender look
+    we may see in the faces of mothers who are watching anxiously
+    over their offspring, and the emotion is evidently the same in
+    both cases: solicitude for a sensitive and tenderly guarded
+    object.</p></div>
+
+<p>The degree of pigmentation is clearly correlated with sexual vigor. &quot;In
+general,&quot; Heusinger laid down, in 1823, &quot;the quantity of pigment is
+proportional to the functional effectiveness of the genital organs.&quot; This
+connection is so profound that it may be traced very widely throughout the
+organic world.</p>
+
+<p>The connection between pigmentation and sexual activity is very ancient.
+Even leaving out of account the wedding apparel of animals, nearly always
+gorgeous in scales and plumage and hair, the sexual orifice shows a more
+or less marked tendency <a name='5_Page_192'></a>to pigmentation during the breeding season from
+fishes upward, while in mammals the darker pigmentation of this region is
+a constant phenomenon in sexually mature individuals.<a name='5_FNanchor_159'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_159'><sup>[159]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In the human species both the negative standard of castration and the
+positive standard of puberty alike indicate a correlation of this kind.
+Those individuals in whom puberty never fully develops and who are
+consequently said to be affected by infantilism, reveal a relative absence
+of pigment in the sexual centers which are normally pigmented to a high
+degree.<a name='5_FNanchor_160'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_160'><sup>[160]</sup></a> Among those Asiatic races who extirpate the ovaries in young
+girls the skin remains white in the perineum, round the anus, and in the
+armpits.<a name='5_FNanchor_161'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_161'><sup>[161]</sup></a> Even in mature women who undergo ovariotomy, as Kepler
+found, the pigmentation of the nipples and areola disappears, as well as
+of the perineum and anus, the skin taking on a remarkable whiteness.</p>
+
+<p>Normally the sexual centers, and in a high degree the genital orifice,
+represent the maximum of pigmentation, and under some circumstances this
+is clearly visible even in infancy. Thus babies of mixed black and white
+blood may show no traces of negro ancestry at birth, but there will always
+be increased pigmentation about the external genitalia.<a name='5_FNanchor_162'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_162'><sup>[162]</sup></a> The linea
+fusca, which reaches from the pubes to the navel and occasionally to the
+ensiform cartilage, is a line of sexual pigmentation sometimes regarded as
+characteristic of pregnancy, but as Andersen, of Copenhagen, has found by
+the examination of several hundred children of both sexes, it exists in a
+slight form in about 75 per cent. of young girls, and in almost as large a
+proportion of boys. But there is no doubt that it tends to increase with
+age as well as to become marked at pregnancy. At puberty there is a
+general tendency to changes in pigmentation; thus Godin found <a name='5_Page_193'></a>that in 28
+per cent, adolescent changes occurred in the eyes and hair at this period,
+the hair becoming darker, though the eyes sometimes become lighter. Ammon,
+in his investigation of conscripts at the age of 20 (<i>post</i>, p. 196),
+discovered the significant fact that the eyes and hair darken <i>pari passu</i>
+with sexual development. In women, during menstruation, there is a general
+tendency to pigmentation; this is especially obvious around the eyes, and
+in some cases black rings of true pigment form in this position. Even the
+skin of the negro women of Loango sometimes becomes a few shades darker
+during menstruation.<a name='5_FNanchor_163'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_163'><sup>[163]</sup></a> During pregnancy this tendency to pigmentation
+reaches its climax. Pregnancy constantly gives rise to pigmentation of the
+face, the neck, the nipples, the abdomen, and this is especially marked in
+brunettes.</p>
+
+<p>This association of pigmentation and sexual aptitudes has been recognized
+in the popular lore of some peoples. Thus the Sicilians, who admire brown
+skin and have no liking either for a fair skin or light hair, believe that
+a white woman is incapable of responding to love. It is the brown woman
+who feels love; as it is said in Sicilian dialect: &quot;Fimmina scura, fimmina
+amurusa.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_164'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_164'><sup>[164]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The dependence of pigmentation upon the sexual system is shown by
+    the fact that irritation of the genital organs by disease will
+    frequently suffice to produce a high degree of pigmentation. This
+    may the neck, the trunk, the hands. Simpson long since noted that
+    uterine irritation apart from pregnancy may produce pigmentation
+    of the areol&aelig; of the nipples (<i>Obstetric Works</i>, vol. i, p. 345).
+    Engelmann discussed the subject and gave cases, &quot;The
+    Hystero-Neuroses,&quot; pp. 124-139, in <i>Gyn&aelig;cological Transactions</i>,
+    vol. xii, 1887; and a summary of a memoir by Fouquet on this
+    subject in <i>La Gyn&eacute;cologie</i>, February, 1903, will be found in
+    <i>British Medical Journal</i>, March 28, 1903,</p></div><a name='5_Page_194'></a>
+
+<p>Of all physical traits vigor of the hairy system has most frequently
+perhaps been regarded as the index of vigorous sexuality. In this matter
+modern medical observations are at one with popular belief and ancient
+physiognomical assertions.<a name='5_FNanchor_165'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_165'><sup>[165]</sup></a> The negative test of castration and the
+positive test of puberty point in the same direction.</p>
+
+<p>It is at puberty that all the hair on the body, except that on the head,
+begins to develop; indeed, the very word &quot;puberty&quot; has reference to this
+growth as the most obvious sign of the whole process. When castration
+takes place at an early age all this development of pubescent hair is
+arrested. When the primary sexual organs are undeveloped the sexual hair
+is also undeveloped, as in a case, recorded by Plant,<a name='5_FNanchor_166'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_166'><sup>[166]</sup></a> of a girl with
+rudimentary uterus and ovaries who had little or no axillary and pubic
+hair, although the hair of the head was long and strong.<a name='5_FNanchor_167'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_167'><sup>[167]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The pseudo-Michael Scot among the <i>Signa mulieris calid&aelig; natur&aelig;
+    et qu&aelig; coit libenter</i> stated that her hair, both on the head and
+    body, is thick and coarse and crisp, and Della Porta, the
+    greatest of the physiognomists, said that thickness of hair in
+    women meant wantonness. Venette, in his <i>Generation de l'Homme</i>,
+    remarked that men who have much hair on the body are most
+    amorous. At a more recent period Roubaud has said that pubic hair
+    in its quantity, color and curliness is an index of genital
+    energy. A poor pilous system, on the other hand, Roubaud regarded
+    as a probable though not an irrefragable proof of sexual
+    frigidity in women. &quot;In the cold woman the pilous system is
+    remarkable for the languor of its vitality; the hairs are fair,
+    delicate, scarce and smooth, while in ardent natures there are
+    little curly tufts about the temples.&quot; (<i>Trait&eacute; de
+    l'Impuissance</i>, pp. 124, 523.) Martineau declared (<i>Le&ccedil;ons sur
+    les D&eacute;formations Vulvaires</i>, p. 40) that &quot;the more developed the
+    genital organs the more abundant the hair covering them;
+    <a name='5_Page_195'></a>abundance of hair appears to be in relation to the perfect
+    development of the organs.&quot; Tardieu described the typically
+    erotic woman as very hairy.</p>
+
+<p>    Bergh found that among 2200 young Danish prostitutes those who
+    showed an unusual extension and amount of pubic hair included
+    several women who were believed to be libidinous in a very high
+    degree. (Bergh, &quot;Symbol&aelig;,&quot; etc., <i>Hospitalstidende</i>, August,
+    1894.) Moraglia, again, in Italy, in describing various women,
+    mostly prostitutes, of unusually strong sexual proclivities,
+    repeatedly notes very thick hair, with down on the face.
+    (<i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, vol. xvi, fasc. iv-v.)</p>
+
+<p>    Marro, also, in Italy found that abundance of hair and down is
+    especially marked in women who are guilty of infanticide (as also
+    Pasini has found), though criminal women generally, in his
+    experience, tend to have abnormally abundant hair. (<i>Caratteri
+    del Delinquenti</i>, cap. XXII.) Lombroso finds that prostitutes
+    generally tend to be hairy (<i>Donna Delinquente</i>, p. 320.)</p>
+
+<p>    A lad of 14, guilty of numerous crimes of violence having a
+    sexual source, is described by Arthur Macdonald in America as
+    having hair on the chest as well as all over the pubes. (A.
+    Macdonald, <i>Archives de L'Anthropologie Criminelle</i>, January,
+    1893, p. 55.) The association of hairiness with abnormal
+    sexuality in the weak-minded has been noted at Bic&ecirc;tre
+    (<i>Recherches Cliniques sur l'Epilepsie</i>, vol. xix, pp. 69, 77.)</p>
+
+<p>    Hypertrichosis universalis, a general hairiness of body, has been
+    described by Cascella in a woman with very strong sexual desires,
+    who eventually became insane. (<i>Revista Mensile di Psichiatria</i>,
+    1903, p. 408.) Bucknill and Tuke give the case of a religiously
+    minded girl, with very strong and repressed sexual desires, who
+    became insane; the only abnormal feature in her physical
+    development was the marked growth of hair over the body.</p>
+
+<p>    Brant&ocirc;me refers to a great lady known to him whose body was very
+    hairy, and quotes a saying to the effect that hairy people are
+    either rich or wanton; the lady in question, he adds, was both.
+    (Brant&ocirc;me, <i>Vie des Dames Galantes</i>, Discours II.)</p>
+
+<p>    De Sade, whose writings are now regarded as a treasure house of
+    true observations in the domain of sexual psychology, makes the
+    Rodin of <i>Justine</i> dark, with much hair and thick eyebrows, while
+    his very sexual sister is described as dark, thin and very hairy.
+    (D&uuml;hren, <i>Der Marquis de Sade</i>, third edition, p. 440.)</p>
+
+<p>    A correspondent who has always taken a special interest in the
+    condition as regards hairiness of the women to whom he has been
+    attracted, has sent me notes concerning a series of 12 women. It
+    may be gathered from these notes that 5 women were neither
+    markedly sexual nor markedly hairy (either as regards head or
+    pubes), 6 cases both hairy and sexual, 1 was sexual and not
+    hairy, none were hairy <a name='5_Page_196'></a>and not sexual. My correspondent remarks:
+    &quot;There may be women with scanty pubic hair possessing very strong
+    sexual emotions. My own experience is quite the opposite.&quot; He has
+    also independently reached the conclusion, arrived at by many
+    medical observers and clearly suggested by some of the facts here
+    brought together, that profuse hair frequently denotes a neurotic
+    temperament.</p>
+
+<p>    It may be added that Mirabeau, as we learn from an anecdote told
+    by an eyewitness and recorded by Legouv&eacute;, had a very hairy chest,
+    while the same is recorded of Restif de la Bretonne.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is a very ancient and popular belief that if a hairy man is not sensual
+he is strong: <i>vir pilosus aut libidinosus aut fortis</i>. The Greeks
+insisted on the hairy nates of Hercules, and Ninon de l'Enclos, when the
+great Cond&eacute; shared her bed without touching her, remarked, on seeing his
+hairy body: &quot;Ah, Monseigneur, que vous devez &ecirc;tre fort!&quot; It may be doubted
+whether there is any exact parallelism between muscular strength and
+hairiness, for strength is largely a matter of training, but there can be
+no doubt that hairiness really tends to be associated with a generally
+vigorous development of the body.</p>
+
+<p>Although the observations concerning hairiness of body as an index of
+vigor, whether sexual or only generally physical, are so ancient, until
+recent years no attempts have been made to demonstrate on a large scale
+whether there is actually a correlation between hairiness and sexual or
+general development of the body. Some importance, therefore, attaches to
+Ammon's careful observations of many thousand conscripts in Baden. These
+observations fully justify this ancient belief, since they show that on
+the one hand the size of the testicles, and on the other hand girth of
+chest and stature, are correlated with hairiness of body.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Ammon's observations were made on nearly 4000 conscripts of the
+    age of 20. From the point of view of the hairy system he divided
+    them, into four classes:&mdash;</p>
+
+<ul><li>    I. To which 6.1 per cent, of the men belonged, with smooth
+    bodies.</li>
+
+<li>    II. Including 25.3 per cent., only slight hairiness.</li>
+
+<li>    III. 53.8 per cent., more developed hairy system, but belly,
+    breast and back smooth.</li>
+
+<li>  IV. 14.7 per cent., hair all over body.</li>
+
+<li>    V. 0.1 per cent., extreme cases of hairiness.</li></ul><a name='5_Page_197'></a>
+
+<p>    The beardless were 12.1 per cent., those with no axillary hair 9
+    per cent., those with no hair on pubis 0.4 per cent. This
+    corresponds with the fact that hair appears first on the pubis
+    and last on the chin.</p>
+
+<p>    In the first class 69 per cent, were beardless, 54 per cent,
+    without any axillary hair and 6 per cent, without pubic hair. In
+    the second class 24 per cent, were beardless, 17 per cent,
+    without axillary hair. In the third class 3 per cent, were
+    beardless and 3 per cent without axillary hair.</p>
+
+<p>    Below puberty the diameter of testicles is below 14 millimeters.
+    There were 13 conscripts having a testicular diameter of less
+    than 14 millimeters. These infantile individuals all belonged to
+    the first three classes and mostly to the first. The average
+    testicular diameter in the first class was nearly 24 millimeters,
+    and progressively rose in the succeeding classes to over 26
+    millimeters in the fourth.</p>
+
+<p>    While there was not much difference in height, the first class
+    was the shortest, the fourth the tallest. The fourth class also
+    showed the greatest chest perimeter. The cephalic index of all
+    classes was 84. (O. Ammon, &quot;L'Infantilisme et le Feminisme au
+    Conseil de R&eacute;vision,&quot; <i>L'Anthropologie</i>, May-June, 1896.)</p></div>
+
+<p>We thus see that it is quite justifiable to admit a type of person who
+possesses a more than average aptitude for detumescence. Such persons are
+more likely to be short than tall; they will show a full development of
+the secondary sexual characters; the voice will tend to be deep and the
+eyes bright; the glandular activity of the skin will probably be marked,
+the lips everted; there is a tendency to a more than average degree of
+pigmentation, and there is frequently an abnormal prevalence of hair on
+some parts of the body. While none of these signs, taken separately, can
+be said to have any necessary connection with the sexual impulse, taken
+altogether they indicate an organism that responds to the instinct of
+detumescence with special aptitude or with marked energy. In these
+respects observation, both scientific and popular, concords with the
+probabilities suggested by the three standards in this matter which have
+already been set forth.</p>
+
+<p>No generalization, however, can here be set down in an absolute and
+unqualified manner. There are definite reasons why this should be so.
+There is, for instance, the highly important consideration that the sexual
+impulse of the individual <a name='5_Page_198'></a>may be conspicuous in two quite distinct ways.
+It may assume prominence because the individual possesses a highly
+vigorous and well-nourished organism, or its prominence may be due to
+mental irritation in a very morbid individual. In the latter
+case&mdash;although occasionally the two sets of conditions are combined&mdash;most
+of the signs we might expect in the former case may be absent. Indeed, the
+sexual impulses which proceed from a morbid psychic irritability do not in
+most cases indicate any special aptitude for detumescence at all; in that
+largely lies their morbid character.</p>
+
+<p>Again, just in the same way that the exaggerated impulse itself may either
+be healthy or morbid, so the various characters which we have found to
+possess some value as signs of the impulse may themselves either be
+healthy or morbid. This is notably the case as regards an abnormal growth
+of hair on the body, more especially when it appears on regions where
+normally there is little or no hair. Such hypertrichosis is frequently
+degenerative in character, though still often associated with the sexual
+system. When, however, it is thus a degenerative character of sexual
+nature, having its origin in some abnormal f&oelig;tal condition or
+later atrophy of the ovaries, it is no necessary indication of any
+aptitude for detumescence.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Idiots, more especially it would seem idiot girls, tend to show a
+    highly developed hairy system. Thus Voisin, when investigating
+    150 idiot and imbecile girls, found the hair long and thick and
+    tending to occupy a large surface; one girl had hair on the
+    areol&aelig; of the mamma. (J. Voisin, &quot;Conformation des organes
+    g&eacute;nitaux chez les Idiots,&quot; <i>Annales d'Hygi&egrave;ne Publique</i>, June,
+    1894.) It should be said that in idiot boys puberty is late, and
+    the sexual organs as well as the sexual instinct frequently
+    undeveloped, while in idiot girls there is no delay in puberty,
+    and the sexual organs and instinct are frequently fully and even
+    abnormally developed.</p>
+
+<p>    Hegar has described an interesting case showing an association,
+    of f&oelig;tal origin, between sexual anomaly and abnormal
+    hairness. In this case a girl of 16 had a uterus duplex, an
+    infantile pelvis, very slight menstruation and undeveloped
+    breasts. She was very hairy on the face, the anterior aspects of
+    the chest and abdomen, the sexual regions, and the thighs, but
+    not specially so on the rest of the body. The hairs were of
+    lanugo-like character, but dark in color. (A. Hegar, <i>Beitr&auml;ge
+    zur<a name='5_Page_199'></a> Geburtsh&uuml;lfe und Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, vol. i, p. III, 1898.)
+    Sometimes hiruties of the face and abdomen begin to appear during
+    pregnancy, apparently from disease or degeneration of the
+    ovaries. (A case is noted in <i>British Medical Journal</i>, August 2
+    and 16, pp. 375 and 436, 1902.) Laycock many years ago referred
+    to the popular belief that women who have hair on the upper lip
+    seldom bear children, and regarded this opinion as &quot;questionless
+    founded on fact.&quot; (Laycock, <i>Nervous Diseases of Women</i>, p. 22.)
+    When this is so, we may suppose that the abnormal hairy growth is
+    associated with degeneration of the ovaries.</p></div>
+
+<p>There is another factor which enters into this question and renders the
+definition of a physical sexual type less precise than it would otherwise
+be. The sexual instinct is common to all persons, and while it seems
+probable that there is a type of person in whom sexual energies are
+predominant, it would also appear that the people who otherwise show a
+very high level of energy in life usually exhibit a more than average
+degree of energy in matters of love. The predominantly sexual type, as we
+have seen, tends to be associated with a high degree of pigmentation; the
+person specially apt for detumescence inclines to belong to the dark
+rather than to the purely fair group of the population. On the other hand,
+the active, energetic, practical man, the man who is most apt for the
+achievement of success in life, tends to belong to the fair rather than to
+the dark type.<a name='5_FNanchor_168'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_168'><sup>[168]</sup></a> Thus we have a certain conflict of tendencies, and it
+becomes possible to assert that while persons with pronounced aptitude for
+sexual detumescence tend to be dark, persons whose pronounced energy in
+sexual matters tends to ensure success are most likely to be fair.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The tendency of the fair energetic type, the type of the northern
+    European man, to sexuality may be connected with the fact that
+    the violent and criminal man who commits sexual crimes tends to
+    be fair even amid a dark population. Criminals on the whole would
+    appear to tend to be dark rather than fair; but Marro found in
+    Italy that the group of sexual offenders differed from all other
+    groups of criminals in that their hair was predominantly fair.
+    (<i>Caratteri del Delinquenti</i>, <a name='5_Page_200'></a>p. 374.) Ottolenghi, in the same
+    way, in examining 100 sexual offenders, found that they showed 17
+    per cent., of fair hair, though criminals generally (on a basis
+    of nearly 2000) showed only 6 per cent., and normal persons
+    (nearly 1000) 9 per cent. Similarly while the normal persons
+    showed only 20 per cent. of blue eyes and criminals generally 36
+    per cent., the sexual offenders showed 50 per cent. of blue eyes.
+    (Ottolenghi, <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, fasc. vi, 1888, p. 573.)
+    Burton remarked (<i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Section II,
+    Mem. II, Subs. II) that in all ages most amorous young men have
+    been yellow-haired, adding, &quot;Synesius holds every effeminate
+    fellow or adulterer is fair-haired.&quot; In folk-lore, it has been
+    noted (&#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. ii, p. 258), red or yellow hair
+    is sometimes regarded as a mark of sexuality.</p>
+
+<p>    In harmony with this fairness, sexual offenders would appear to
+    be more dolichocephalic than other criminals. In Italy Marro
+    found the foreheads of sexual offenders to be narrow, and in
+    California Dr&auml;hms found that while murderers had an average
+    cephalic index of 83.5, and thieves of 80.5, that of sexual
+    offenders was 79.</p>
+
+<p>    On the other hand, high cheek-bones and broad faces&mdash;a condition
+    most usually found associated with brachycephaly&mdash;have sometimes
+    been noted as associated with undue or violent sexuality. Marro
+    noted the excess of prominent cheek-bones in sexual offenders,
+    and in America it has been found that unchaste girls tend to have
+    broad faces. (<i>Pedagogical Seminary</i>, December, 1896, pp. 231,
+    235.)</p></div>
+
+<p>It will be seen that, when we take a comprehensive view of the facts and
+considerations involved, it is possible to obtain a more definite and
+coherent picture of the physical signs of a marked aptitude for
+detumescence than has hitherto been usually supposed possible. But we also
+see that while the <i>ensemble</i> of these signs is probably fairly reliable
+as an index of marked sexuality, the separate signs have no such definite
+significance, and under some circumstances their significance may even be
+reversed.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_144'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_144'>[144]</a><div class='note'><p> See Bi&eacute;rent, <i>La Pubert&eacute;</i>; Marro, <i>La Pubert&agrave;</i> (and
+enlarged French translation, <i>La Pubert&eacute;</i>), and portions of G. S. Hall's
+<i>Adolescence</i>; also Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i> (fourth edition,
+revised and enlarged).</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_145'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_145'>[145]</a><div class='note'><p> Adler, <i>Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes</i>,
+p. 174; Moll, &quot;Perverse Sexualempfindung, Psychische Impotenz und Ehe&quot;
+(Section II), in Senator and Kaminer, <i>Krankheiten und Ehe</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_146'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_146'>[146]</a><div class='note'><p> Roubaud, <i>Trait&eacute; de l'Impuissance</i>, p. 524.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_147'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_147'>[147]</a><div class='note'><p> Marro, <i>Caratteri del Delinquenti</i>, p. 374.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_148'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_148'>[148]</a><div class='note'><p> &#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. ii, p. 258.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_149'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_149'>[149]</a><div class='note'><p> Marro, <i>La Pubert&agrave;</i>, p. 196. In Italy, the sensuality of
+the lame is the subject of proverbs.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_150'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_150'>[150]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Archivio di Psichiatria</i>, 1896, p. 515;
+&#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. vi, p. 212.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_151'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_151'>[151]</a><div class='note'><p> Blumenbach, <i>Anthropological Treatises</i>, p. 248.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_152'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_152'>[152]</a><div class='note'><p> Bi&eacute;rent, <i>La Pubert&eacute;</i>, p. 148.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_153'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_153'>[153]</a><div class='note'><p> Venturi, <i>Degenerazioni Psico-sessuali</i>, pp. 408-410.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_154'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_154'>[154]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Anatomy of Melancholy</i>, Part III, Section II, Mem. II,
+Sub. II.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_155'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_155'>[155]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>British Gyn&aelig;cological Journal</i>, February, 1887, p. 505.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_156'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_156'>[156]</a><div class='note'><p> Power, <i>Lancet</i>, November 26, 1887.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_157'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_157'>[157]</a><div class='note'><p> With regard to the sexual relationships of personal odor,
+see the previous volume of these <i>Studies</i>, &quot;Sexual Selection in Man,&quot;
+section on Smell.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_158'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_158'>[158]</a><div class='note'><p> In European folk-lore thick lips in a woman are sometimes
+regarded as a sign of sensuality, &#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. ii, p, 258.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_159'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_159'>[159]</a><div class='note'><p> The direct dependence of sexual pigmentation on the primary
+sexual glands is well illustrated by a true hermaphroditic adult finch
+exhibited at the Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam (May 31, 1890); this
+bird had a testis on the right side and an ovary on the left, and on the
+right side its plumage was of the male's colors, on the left of the
+female's color.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_160'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_160'>[160]</a><div class='note'><p> See. <i>e.g.</i>, Papillault, <i>Bulletin Soci&eacute;t&eacute;
+d'Anthropologie</i>, 1899, p. 446.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_161'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_161'>[161]</a><div class='note'><p> Guinard, Art. &quot;Castration,&quot; Richet's <i>Dictionnaire de
+Physiologie</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_162'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_162'>[162]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Whitridge Williams, <i>Obstetrics</i>, 1903, p. 132.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_163'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_163'>[163]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Ethnologie</i>, 1878, p. 19.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_164'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_164'>[164]</a><div class='note'><p> C. Pitre, <i>Medicina Populare Siciliana</i>, p. 47. In England,
+from notes sent to me by one correspondent, it would appear that the
+proportion of dark and sexually apt women to fair and sexually apt women
+is as 3 to 1. The experience of others would doubtless give varying
+results, and in any case the fallacies are numerous. See, in the previous
+volume of these <i>Studies</i>, &quot;Sexual Selection in Man,&quot; Section IV.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_165'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_165'>[165]</a><div class='note'><p> In Japan the same belief would appear to be held. In a nude
+figure representing the typical voluptuous woman by the Japanese painter
+Marugama Okio (reproduced in Ploss's <i>Das Weib</i>) the pubic and axillary
+hair is profuse, though usually sparse in Japan.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_166'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_166'>[166]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Centralblatt f&uuml;r Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, No. 9, 1896.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_167'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_167'>[167]</a><div class='note'><p> It is important to remember that there is little
+correlation in this matter between the hair of the head and the sexual
+hair, if not a certain opposition. (See <i>ante</i>, p. 127.) According to one
+of the aphorisms of Hippocrates, repeated by Buffon, eunuchs do not become
+bald, and Aristotle seems to have believed that sexual intercourse is a
+cause of baldness in men. (Laycock, <i>Nervous Diseases of Women</i>, p. 23.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_168'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_168'>[168]</a><div class='note'><p> For some of the evidence on this point, see Havelock Ellis,
+&quot;The Comparative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark,&quot; <i>Monthly Review</i>,
+August, 1901; <i>cf.</i> <i>id.</i>, <i>A Study of British Genius</i>, Chapter X.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_THE_PSYCHIC_STATE_IN_PREGNANCY'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_201'></a>THE PSYCHIC STATE IN PREGNANCY.</h2>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Relationship of Maternal and Sexual Emotion&mdash;Conception and Loss of
+Virginity&mdash;The Anciently Accepted Signs of This Condition&mdash;The Pervading
+Effects of Pregnancy on the Organism&mdash;Pigmentation&mdash;The Blood and
+Circulation&mdash;The Thyroid&mdash;Changes in the Nervous System&mdash;The Vomiting of
+Pregnancy&mdash;The Longings of Pregnant Women&mdash;Maternal Impressions&mdash;Evidence
+for and Against Their Validity&mdash;The Question Still Open&mdash;Imperfection of
+Our Knowledge&mdash;The Significance of Pregnancy.</p></div>
+<br />
+
+<p>In analyzing the sexual impulse I have so far deliberately kept out of
+view the maternal instinct. This is necessary, for the maternal instinct
+is specific and distinct; it is directed to an aim which, however
+intimately associated it may be with that of the sexual impulse proper,
+can by no means be confounded with it. Yet the emotion of love, as it has
+finally developed in the world, is not purely of sexual origin; it is
+partly sexual, but it is also partly parental.<a name='5_FNanchor_169'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_169'><sup>[169]</sup></a></p>
+<a name='5_Page_202'></a>
+<p>In so far as it is parental it is certainly mainly maternal. There is a
+drawing by Bronzino in the Louvre of a woman's head gazing tenderly down
+at some invisible object; is it her child or her lover? Doubtless her
+child, yet the expression is equally adequate to the emotion evoked by a
+lover. If we were here specifically dealing with the emotion of love as a
+complex whole, and not with the psychology of the sexual impulse, it would
+certainly be necessary to discuss the maternal instinct and its associated
+emotions. In any case it seems desirable to touch on the psychic state of
+pregnancy, for we are here concerned not only with emotions very closely
+connected with the sexual emotions in the narrower sense, but we here at
+last approach that state which it is the object of the whole sexual
+process to achieve.</p>
+
+<p>In civilized life a period of weeks, months, even years, may elapse
+between the establishment of sexual relations and the occurrence <a name='5_Page_203'></a>of
+conception. Under primitive conditions the loss of the virginal condition
+practically involves the pregnant condition, so that under primitive
+conditions very little allowance is made for the state, so common among
+civilized peoples, of the woman who is no longer a virgin, yet not about
+to become a mother.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>There is some interest in noting the signs of loss of virginity
+    chiefly relied upon by ancient authors. In doing this it is
+    convenient to follow mainly the full summary of authorities given
+    by Schurig in his <i>Barthenologia</i> early in the eighteenth
+    century. The ancient custom, known in classic times, of measuring
+    the neck the day after marriage was frequently practiced to
+    ascertain if a girl was or was not a virgin. There were various
+    ways of doing this. One was to measure with a thread the
+    circumference of the bride's neck before she went to bed on the
+    bridal night. If in the morning the same thread would not go
+    around her neck it was a sure sign that she had lost her
+    virginity during the night; if not, she was still a virgin or had
+    been deflowered at an earlier period. Catullus alluded to this
+    custom, which still exists, or existed until lately, in the south
+    of France. It is perfectly sound, for it rests on the intimate
+    response by congestion of the thyroid gland to sexual excitement.
+    (<i>Parthenologia</i>, p. 283; Bi&eacute;rent, <i>La Pubert&eacute;</i>, p. 150; Havelock
+    Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition, p. 267.)</p>
+
+<p>    Some say, Schurig tells us, that the voice, which in the virgin
+    is shrill, becomes rougher and deeper after the first coitus. He
+    quotes Riolan's statement that it is certain that the voice of
+    those who indulge in venery is changed. On that account the
+    ancients bound down the penis of their singers, and Martial said
+    that those who wish to preserve their voices should avoid coitus.
+    Democritus who one day had greeted a girl as &quot;maiden&quot; on the
+    following day addressed her as &quot;woman,&quot; while in the same way it
+    is said that Albertus Magnus, observing from his study a girl
+    going for wine for her master, knew that she had had sexual
+    intercourse by the way because on her return her voice had become
+    deeper. Here, again, the ancient belief has a solid basis, for
+    the voice and the larynx are really affected by sexual
+    conditions. (<i>Parthenologia</i>, p. 286; Marro, <i>La Pubert&eacute;</i>, p.
+    303; Havelock Ellis, <i>op. cit.</i>, pp. 271, 289.)</p>
+
+<p>    Others, again, Schurig proceeds, have judged that the goaty smell
+    given out in the armpits during the venereal act is also no
+    uncertain sign of defloration, such odor being perceptible in
+    those who use much venery, and not seldom in harlots and the
+    newly married, while, as Hippocrates said, it is not perceived in
+    boys and girls. (<i>Parthenologia</i>, p. 286; <i>cf.</i> the previous
+    volume of these <i>Studies</i>, &quot;Sexual Selection in Man,&quot; p. 64.)</p><a name='5_Page_204'></a>
+
+<p>    In virgins, Schurig remarks, the pubic hair is said to be long
+    and not twisted, while in women accustomed to coitus it is
+    crisper. But it is only after long and repeated coitus, some
+    authors add, that the pubic hairs become crisp. Some recent
+    observers, it may be remarked, have noted a connection between
+    sexual excitation and the condition of the pubic hair in women.
+    (<i>Cf.</i> the present volume, <i>ante</i> p. 127.)</p>
+
+<p>    A sign to which the old authors often attached much importance
+    was furnished by the urinary stream. In the <i>De Secretis
+    Mulierum</i>, wrongly attributed to Albertus Magnus, it is laid down
+    that &quot;the virgin urinates higher than the woman.&quot; Riolan, in his
+    <i>Anthropographia</i>, discussing the ability of virgins to ejaculate
+    urine to a height, states that Scaliger had observed women who
+    were virgins emit urine in a high jet against a wall, but that
+    married women could seldom do this. Bouaciolus also stated that
+    the urine of virgins is emitted in a small stream to a distance
+    with an acute hissing sound. (<i>Parthenologia</i>, p. 281.) A
+    folk-lore belief in the reality of this influence is evidenced by
+    the Picardy <i>conte</i> referred to already (<i>ante</i>, p. 53), &quot;La
+    Princesse qui pisse au dessus les Meules.&quot; There is no doubt a
+    tendency for the various stresses of sexual life to produce an
+    influence in this direction, though they act far too slowly and
+    uncertainly to be a reliable index to the presence or the absence
+    of virginity.</p>
+
+<p>    Another common ancient test of virginity by urination rests on a
+    psychic basis, and appears in a variety of forms which are really
+    all reducible to the same principle. Thus we are told in <i>De
+    Secretis Mulierum</i> that to ascertain if a girl is seduced she
+    should be given to eat of powdered crocus flowers, and if she has
+    been seduced she immediately urinates. We are here concerned with
+    auto-suggestion, and it may well be believed that with nervous
+    and credulous girls this test often revealed the truth.</p>
+
+<p>    A further test of virginity discussed by Schurig is the presence
+    of modesty of countenance. If a woman blushes her virtue is safe.
+    In this way girls who have themselves had experience of the
+    marriage bed are said to detect the virgin. The virgin's eyes are
+    cast down and almost motionless, while she who has known a man
+    has eyes that are bright and quick. But this sign is equivocal,
+    says Schurig, for girls are different, and can simulate the
+    modesty they do not feel. Yet this indication also rests on a
+    fundamentally sound psychological basis. (See &quot;The Evolution of
+    Modesty,&quot; in the first volume of these <i>Studies</i>.)</p>
+
+<p>    In his <i>Syllepsilogia</i> (Section V, cap. I-II), published in 1731,
+    Schurig discusses further the anciently recognized signs of
+    pregnancy. The real or imaginary signs of pregnancy sought by
+    various primitive peoples of the past and present are brought
+    together by Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, bd. i, Chapter XXVII.</p></div><a name='5_Page_205'></a>
+
+<p>Both physically and psychically the occurrence of pregnancy is, however, a
+distinct event. It marks the beginning of a continuous physical process,
+which cannot fail to manifest psychic reactions. A great center of vital
+activity&mdash;practically a new center, for only the germinal form of it in
+menstruation had previously existed&mdash;has appeared and affects the whole
+organism. &quot;From the moment that the embryo takes possession of the woman,&quot;
+Robert Barnes puts it, &quot;every drop of blood, every fiber, every organ, is
+affected.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_170'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_170'><sup>[170]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>A woman artist once observed to Dr. Stratz, that as the final aim of a
+woman is to become a mother and pregnancy is thus her blossoming time, a
+beautiful woman ought to be most beautiful when she is pregnant. That is
+so, Stratz replied, if her moment of greatest physical perfection
+corresponds with the early months of pregnancy, for with the beginning of
+pregnancy metabolism is increased, the color of the skin becomes more
+lively and delicate, the breasts firmer.<a name='5_FNanchor_171'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_171'><sup>[171]</sup></a> Pregnancy may, indeed, often
+become visible soon after conception by the brighter eye, the livelier
+glance, resulting from greater vascular activity, though later, with the
+increase of strain, the face may tend to become somewhat thin and
+distorted. The hair, Barnes states, assumes a new vigor, even though it
+may have been falling out before. The temperature rises; the weight
+increases, even apart from the growth of the f&oelig;tus. The
+efflorescence of pregnancy shows itself, as in the blossoming and
+fecundated flower, by increased pigmentation.<a name='5_FNanchor_172'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_172'><sup>[172]</sup></a> The nipples with their
+areol&aelig;, and the mid-line of the belly, become darker; brown flecks
+(lentigo) tend to appear on the forehead, neck, arms, and body; while
+stri&aelig;&mdash;at first blue-red, then a brilliant white&mdash;appear on the belly and
+thighs, <a name='5_Page_206'></a>though these are scarcely normal, for they are not seen in women
+with very elastic skins and are rare among peasants and savages.<a name='5_FNanchor_173'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_173'><sup>[173]</sup></a> The
+whole carriage of the woman tends to become changed with the development
+of the mighty seed of man planted within her; it simulates the carriage of
+pride with the arched back and protruded abdomen.<a name='5_FNanchor_174'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_174'><sup>[174]</sup></a> The pregnant woman
+has been lifted above the level of ordinary humanity to become the casket
+of an inestimable jewel.</p>
+
+<p>It is in the blood and the circulation that the earliest of the most
+prominent symptoms of pregnancy are to be found. The ever increasing
+development of this new focus of vascular activity involves an increased
+vascular activity in the whole organism. This activity is present almost
+from the first&mdash;a few days after the impregnation of the ovum&mdash;in the
+breasts, and quickly becomes obvious to inspection and palpation. Before a
+quite passive organ, the breast now rapidly increases in activity of
+circulation and in size, while certain characteristic changes begin to
+take place around the nipples.<a name='5_FNanchor_175'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_175'><sup>[175]</sup></a> As a result of the additional work
+imposed upon it the heart tends to become slightly hypertrophied in order
+to meet the additional strain; there may be some dilatation also.<a name='5_FNanchor_176'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_176'><sup>[176]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The recent investigations of Stengel and Stanton tend to show
+    that the increase of the heart's work during pregnancy is less
+    considerable than has generally been supposed, and that beyond
+    some enlargement and dilatation of the right ventricle there is
+    not usually any hypertrophy of the heart.</p></div><a name='5_Page_207'></a>
+
+<p>The total quantity of blood is raised. While increased in quantity, the
+blood appears on the whole to be somewhat depreciated in quality, though
+on this point there are considerable differences of opinion. Thus, as
+regards h&aelig;moglobin, some investigators have found that the old idea as to
+the poverty of h&aelig;moglobin in pregnancy is quite unfounded; a few have even
+found that the h&aelig;moglobin is increased. Most authorities have found the
+red cells diminished, though some only slightly, while the white cells,
+and also the fibrin, are increased. But toward the end of pregnancy there
+is a tendency, perhaps due to the establishment of compensation, for the
+blood to revert to the normal condition.<a name='5_FNanchor_177'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_177'><sup>[177]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It would appear probable, however, that the vascular phenomena of
+pregnancy are not altogether so simple as the above statement would imply.
+The activity of various glands at this time&mdash;well illustrated by the
+marked salivation which sometimes occurs&mdash;indicates that other modifying
+forces are at work, and it has been suggested that the changes in the
+maternal circulation during pregnancy may best be explained by the theory
+that there are two opposing kinds of secretion poured into the blood in
+unusual degree during pregnancy: one contracting the vessels, the other
+dilating them, one or the other sometimes gaining the upper hand.
+Suprarenal extract, when administered, has a vaso-constricting influence,
+and thyroid extract a vasodilating influence; it may be surmised that
+within the body these glands perform similar functions.<a name='5_FNanchor_178'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_178'><sup>[178]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The important part played by the thyroid gland is indicated by its marked
+activity at the very beginning of pregnancy. We may probably associate the
+general tendency to vasodilatation during early pregnancy with the
+tendency to goitre; Freund found an increase of the thyroid in 45 per
+cent. of 50 cases. The thyroid belongs to the same class of ductless
+glands as the <a name='5_Page_208'></a>ovary, and, as Bland Sutton and others have insisted, the
+analogies between the thyroid and the ovary are very numerous and
+significant. It may be added that in recent years Armand Gautier has noted
+the importance of the thyroid in elaborating nucleo-proteids containing
+arsenic and iodine, which are poured into the circulation during
+menstruation and pregnancy. The whole metabolism of the body is indeed
+affected, and during the latter part of pregnancy study of the ingesta and
+egesta has shown that a storage of nitrogen and even of water is taking
+place.<a name='5_FNanchor_179'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_179'><sup>[179]</sup></a> The woman, as Pinard puts it, forms the child out of her own
+flesh, not merely out of her food; the individual is being sacrificed to
+the species.</p>
+
+<p>The changes in the nervous system of the pregnant woman correspond to
+those in the vascular system. There is the same increase of activity, a
+heightening of tension. Bruno Wolff, from experiments on bitches,
+concluded that the central nervous system in women is probably more easily
+excited in the pregnant than in the non-pregnant state, though he was not
+prepared to call this cerebral excitability &quot;specific.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_180'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_180'><sup>[180]</sup></a> Direct
+observations on pregnant women have shown, without doubt, a heightened
+nervous irritability. Reflex action generally is increased. Neumann
+investigated the knee-jerk in 500 women during pregnancy, labor, and the
+puerperium, and in a large number found that there was a progressive
+exaggeration with the advance of pregnancy, little or no change being
+observed in the early months; sometimes when no change was observed during
+pregnancy the knee-jerk still increased during labor, reaching its maximum
+at the moment of the expulsion of the f&oelig;tus; the return to the
+normal condition took place gradually during the puerperium. Tridandani
+found in pregnant women that though the superficial reflexes, with the
+exception of the abdominal, were diminished, the deep and tendon reflexes
+were markedly increased, especially that of the knee, these changes being
+more marked in primipar&aelig; than in multipar&aelig;, and more pronounced as
+pregnancy advanced, the normal condition returning with <a name='5_Page_209'></a>ten days after
+labor. Electrical excitability was sensibly diminished.<a name='5_FNanchor_181'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_181'><sup>[181]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>One of the first signs of high nervous tension is vomiting. As is well
+known, this phenomenon commonly appears early in pregnancy, and it is by
+many considered entirely physiological. Barnes regards it as a kind of
+safety valve, a regulating function, letting off excessive tension and
+maintaining equilibrium.<a name='5_FNanchor_182'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_182'><sup>[182]</sup></a> Vomiting is, however, a convulsion, and is
+thus the simplest form of a kind of manifestation&mdash;to which the heightened
+nervous tension of pregnancy easily lends itself&mdash;that finds its extreme
+pathological form in eclampsia. In this connection it is of interest to
+point out that the pregnant woman here manifests in the highest degree a
+tendency which is marked in women generally, for the female sex, apart
+altogether from pregnancy, is specially liable to convulsive
+phenomena.<a name='5_FNanchor_183'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_183'><sup>[183]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>There is some slight difference of opinion among authorities as
+    to the precise nature and causation of the sickness of pregnancy.
+    Barnes, Horrocks and others regard it as physiological; but many
+    consider it pathological; this is, for instance, the opinion of
+    Giles. Graily Hewitt attributed it to flexion of the gravid
+    uterus, Kaltenbach to hysteria, and Zaborsky terms it a neurosis.
+    Whitridge Williams considers that it may be (1) reflex, or (2)
+    neurotic (when it is allied to hysteria and amenable to
+    suggestion), or (3) tox&aelig;mic. It really appears to lie on the
+    borderland between healthy and diseased manifestations. It is
+    said to be unknown to farmers and veterinary surgeons. It appears
+    to be little known among savages; it is comparatively infrequent
+    among women of the lower social classes, and, as Giles has found,
+    women who habitually menstruate in a painless and normal manner
+    suffer comparatively little from the sickness of pregnancy.</p>
+
+<p>    We owe a valuable study of the sickness of pregnancy to Giles,
+    who analyzed the records of 300 cases. He concluded that about
+    one-third of the pregnant women were free from sickness
+    throughout pregnancy, 45 per cent. were free during the first
+    three months. When sickness occurred it began in 70 per cent. of
+    cases in the first month, and was most frequent during the second
+    month. The duration varied from <a name='5_Page_210'></a>a few days to all through.
+    Between the ages of 20 and 25 sickness was least frequent, and
+    there was less sickness in the third than in any other pregnancy.
+    (This corresponds with the conclusion of Matthews Duncan that 25
+    is the most favorable age for pregnancy.) To some extent in
+    agreement with Gu&eacute;niot, Giles believes that the vomiting of
+    pregnancy is &quot;one form of manifestation of the high nervous
+    irritability of pregnancy.&quot; This high nervous tension may
+    overflow into other channels, into the vascular and excretory
+    system, causing eclampsia; into the muscular system, causing
+    chorea, or, expending itself in the brain, give rise to hysteria
+    when mild or insanity when severe. But the vagi form a very ready
+    channel for such overflow, and hence the frequency of sickness in
+    pregnancy. There are thus three main factors in the causation of
+    this phenomenon: (1) An increased nervous irritability; (2) a
+    local source of irritation; (3) a ready efferent channel for
+    nervous energy. (Arthur Giles, &quot;Observations on the Etiology of
+    the Sickness of Pregnancy,&quot; <i>Transactions Obstetrical Society of
+    London</i>, vol. xxv, 1894.)</p>
+
+<p>    Martin, who regards the phenomenon as normal, points out that
+    when nausea and vomiting are absent or suddenly cease there is
+    often reason to suspect something wrong, especially the death of
+    the embryo. He also remarks that women who suffer from large
+    varicose veins are seldom troubled by the nausea of pregnancy.
+    (J. M. H. Martin, &quot;The Vomiting of Pregnancy,&quot; <i>British Medical
+    Journal</i>, December 10, 1904.) These observations may be connected
+    with those of Evans (<i>American Gyn&aelig;cological and Obstetrical
+    Journal</i>, January, 1900), who attributes primary importance to
+    the undoubtedly active factor of the irritation set up by the
+    uterus, more especially the rhythmic uterine contractions;
+    stimulation of the breasts produces active uterine contractions,
+    and Evans found that examination of the breasts sufficed to bring
+    on a severe attack of vomiting, while on another occasion this
+    was produced by a vaginal examination. Evans believes that the
+    purpose of these contractions is to facilitate the circulation of
+    the blood through the large venous sinuses, the surcharging of
+    the relatively stagnant pools with effete blood producing the
+    irritation which leads to rhythmic contractions.</p></div>
+
+<p>It is on the basis of the increased vascular and glandular activity and
+the heightened nervous tension that the special psychic phenomena of
+pregnancy develop. The best known, and perhaps the most characteristic of
+these manifestations, is that known as &quot;longings.&quot; By this term is meant
+more or less irresistible desires for some special food or drink, which
+may be digestible or indigestible, sometimes a substance which the <a name='5_Page_211'></a>woman
+ordinarily likes, such as fruit, and occasionally one which, under
+ordinary circumstances, she dislikes, as in one case known to me of a
+young country woman who, when bearing her child, was always longing for
+tobacco and never happy except when she could get a pipe to smoke,
+although under ordinary circumstances, like other young women of her
+class, she was without any desire to smoke. Occasionally the longings lead
+to actions which are more unscrupulous than is common in the case of the
+same person at other times; thus in one case known to me a young woman,
+pregnant with her first child, insisted to her sister's horror on entering
+a strawberry field and eating a quantity of fruit. These &quot;longings&quot; in
+their extreme form may properly be considered as neurasthenic obsessions,
+but in their simple and less pronounced forms they may well be normal and
+healthy.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The old medical authors abound in narratives describing the
+    longings of pregnant women for natural and unnatural foods. This
+    affection was commonly called <i>pica</i>, sometimes <i>citra</i> or
+    <i>malatia</i>. Schurig, whose works are a comprehensive treasure
+    house of ancient medical lore, devotes a long chapter (cap. II)
+    of his <i>Chylologia</i>, published in 1725, to pica as manifested
+    mainly, though not exclusively, in pregnant women. Some women, he
+    tells us, have been compelled to eat all sorts of earthy
+    substances, of which sand seems the most common, and one Italian
+    woman when pregnant ate several pounds of sand with much
+    satisfaction, following it up with a draught of her own urine.
+    Lime, mud, chalk, charcoal, cinders, pitch are also the desired
+    substances in other cases detailed. One pregnant woman must eat
+    bread fresh from the oven in very large quantities, and a certain
+    noble matron ate 140 sweet cakes in one day and night. Wheat and
+    various kinds of corn as well as of vegetables were the foods
+    desired by many longing women. One woman was responsible for 20
+    pounds of pepper, another ate ginger in large quantities, a third
+    kept mace under her pillow; cinnamon, salt, emulsion of almonds,
+    treacle, mushrooms were desired by others. Cherries were longed
+    for by one, and another ate 30 or 40 lemons in one night. Various
+    kinds of fish&mdash;mullet, oysters, crabs, live eels, etc.&mdash;are
+    mentioned, while other women have found delectation in lizards,
+    frogs, spiders and flies, even scorpions, lice and fleas. A
+    pregnant woman, aged 33, of sanguine temperament, ate a live fowl
+    completely with intense satisfaction. Skin, wool, cotton, thread,
+    linen, blotting paper have been desired, as well as more
+    repulsive substances, such as nasal mucus and feces (eaten with
+    bread). Vinegar, ice, and snow occur in <a name='5_Page_212'></a>other cases. One woman
+    stilled a desire for human flesh by biting the nates of children
+    or the arms of men. Metals are also swallowed, such as iron,
+    silver, etc. One pregnant woman wished to throw eggs in her
+    husband's face, and another to have her husband throw eggs in her
+    face.</p>
+
+<p>    In the next chapter of the same work Schurig describes cases of
+    acute antipathy which may arise under the same circumstances
+    (cap. III, &quot;De Nausea seu Antipathia certorum ciborum&quot;). The list
+    includes bread, meat, fowls, fish, eels (a very common
+    repulsion), crabs, milk, butter (very often), cheese (often),
+    honey, sugar, salt, eggs, caviar, sulphur, apples (especially
+    their odor), strawberries, mulberries, cinnamon, mace, capers,
+    pepper, onions, mustard, beetroot, rice, mint, absinthe, roses
+    (many pages are devoted to this antipathy), lilies, elder
+    flowers, musk (which sometimes caused vomiting), amber, coffee,
+    opiates, olive oil, vinegar, cats, frogs, spiders, wasps, swords.</p>
+
+<p>    More recently Gould and Pyle (<i>Anomalies and Curiosities of
+    Medicine</i>, p. 80) have briefly summarized some of the ancient and
+    modern records concerning the longings of pregnant women.</p></div>
+
+<p>Various theories are put forward concerning the causation of the longings
+of pregnant women, but none of these seems to furnish by itself a complete
+and adequate explanation of all cases. Thus it is said that the craving is
+the expression of a natural instinct, the system of the pregnant woman
+really requiring the food she longs for. It is quite probable that this is
+so in many cases, but it is obviously not so in the majority of cases,
+even when we confine ourselves to the longings for fairly natural foods,
+while we know so little of the special needs of the organism during
+pregnancy that the theory in any case is insusceptible of clear
+demonstration.</p>
+
+<p>Allied to this theory is the explanation that the longings are for things
+that counteract the tendency to nausea and sickness. Giles, however, in
+his valuable statistical study of the longings of a series of 300 pregnant
+women, has shown that the percentage of women with longings is exactly the
+same (33 per cent.) among women who had suffered at some time during
+pregnancy from sickness as among the women who had not so suffered.
+Moreover, Giles found that the period of sickness frequently bore no
+relation to the time when there were cravings, and the patient often had
+cravings after the sickness had ceased.</p>
+
+<p>According to another theory these longings are mainly a <a name='5_Page_213'></a>matter of
+auto-suggestion. The pregnant woman has received the tradition of such
+longings, persuades herself that she has such a longing, and then becomes
+convinced that, according to a popular belief, it will be bad for the
+child if the longing is not gratified. Giles considers that this process
+of auto-suggestion takes place &quot;in a certain number, perhaps even in the
+majority of cases.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_184'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_184'><sup>[184]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>The Duchess d'Abrant&egrave;s, the wife of Marshal Junot, in her
+    <i>M&eacute;moires</i> gives an amusing account of how in her first pregnancy
+    a longing was apparently imposed upon her by the anxious
+    solicitude of her own and her husband's relations. Though
+    suffering from constant nausea and sickness, she had no longings.
+    One day at dinner after the pregnancy had gone on for some months
+    her mother suddenly put down her fork, exclaiming: &quot;I have never
+    asked you what longing you have!&quot; She replied with truth that she
+    had none, her days and her nights being occupied with suffering.
+    &quot;No <i>envie!</i>&quot; said the mother, &quot;such a thing was never heard of.
+    I must speak to your mother-in-law.&quot; The two old ladies consulted
+    anxiously and explained to the young mother how an unsatisfied
+    longing might produce a monstrous child, and the husband also now
+    began to ask her every day what she longed for. Her
+    sister-in-law, moreover, brought her all sorts of stories of
+    children born with appalling mother's marks due to this cause.
+    She became frightened and began to wonder what she most wanted,
+    but could think of nothing. At last, when eating a pastille
+    flavored with pineapple, it occurred to her that pineapple is an
+    excellent fruit, and one, moreover, which she had never seen, for
+    at that time it was extremely rare. Thereupon she began to long
+    for pineapple, and all the more when she was told that at that
+    season they could not be obtained. She now began to feel that she
+    must have pineapple or die, and her husband ran all over Paris,
+    vainly offering twenty louis for a pineapple. At last he
+    succeeded in obtaining one through the kindness of Mme.
+    Bonaparte, and drove home furiously just as his wife, always
+    talking of pineapples, had gone to bed. He entered the room with
+    the pineapple, to the great satisfaction of the Duchess's mother.
+    (In one of her own pregnancies, it appears, she longed in vain
+    for cherries in January, and the child was born with a mark on
+    her body resembling a cherry&mdash;in scientific terminology, a
+    <i>n&aelig;vus</i>.) The Duchess effusively thanked her husband and wished
+    to eat of the fruit immediately, but her husband stopped her and
+    said that Corvisart, the famous physician, had told him that she
+    must on no <a name='5_Page_214'></a>account touch it at night, as it was extremely
+    indigestible. She promised not to do so, and spent the night in
+    caressing the pineapple. In the morning the husband came and cut
+    up the fruit, presenting it to her in a porcelain bowl. Suddenly,
+    however, there was a revulsion of feeling; she felt that she
+    could not possibly eat pineapple; persuasion was useless; the
+    fruit had to be taken away and the windows opened, for the very
+    smell of it had become odious. The Duchess adds that henceforth,
+    throughout her life, though still liking the flavor, she was only
+    able to eat pineapple by doing a sort of violence to herself.
+    (<i>M&eacute;mories de la Duchesse d'Abrant&egrave;s</i>, vol. iii, Chapter VIII.)
+    It should be added that, in old age, the Duchess d'Abrant&egrave;s
+    appears to have become insane.</p></div>
+
+<p>The influence of suggestion must certainly be accepted as, at all events,
+increasing and emphasizing the tendency to longings. It can scarcely,
+however, be regarded as a radical and adequate explanation of the
+phenomenon generally. If it is a matter of auto-suggestion due to a
+tradition, then we should expect to find longings most frequent and most
+pronounced in multiparous women, who are best acquainted with the
+tradition and best able to experience all that is expected of a pregnant
+woman. But, as a matter of fact, the women who have borne most children
+are precisely those who are least likely to be affected by the longings
+which tradition demands they should manifest. Giles has shown that
+longings occur much more frequently in the first than in any subsequent
+pregnancy; there is a regular decrease with the increase in number of
+pregnancies until in women with ten or more children the longings scarcely
+occur at all.</p>
+
+<p>We must probably regard longings as based on a physiological and psychic
+tendency which is of universal extension and almost or quite normal. They
+are known throughout Europe and were known to the medical writers of
+antiquity. Old Indian as well as old Jewish physicians recognized them.
+They have been noted among many savage races to-day: among the Indians of
+North and South America, among the peoples of the Nile and the Soudan, in
+the Malay archipelago.<a name='5_FNanchor_185'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_185'><sup>[185]</sup></a> In Europe they are most <a name='5_Page_215'></a>common among the
+women of the people, living simple and natural lives.<a name='5_FNanchor_186'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_186'><sup>[186]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The true normal relationship of the longings of pregnancy is with the
+impulsive and often irresistible longings for food delicacies which are
+apt to overcome children, and in girls often persist or revive through
+adolescence and even beyond. Such sudden fits of greediness belong to
+those kind of normal psychic manifestations which are on the verge of the
+abnormal into which they occasionally pass. They may occur, however, in
+healthy, well-bred, and well-behaved children who, under the stress of the
+sudden craving, will, without compunction and apparently without
+reflection, steal the food they long for or even steal from their parents
+the money to buy it. The food thus seized by a well-nigh irresistible
+craving is nearly always a fruit. Fruit is usually doled out to children
+in small quantities as a luxury, but we are descended from primitive human
+peoples and still more remote ape-like ancestors, by whom fruit was in its
+season eaten copiously, and it is not surprising that when that season
+comes round the child, more sensitive than the adult to primitive
+influences, should sometimes experience the impulse of its ancestors with
+overwhelming intensity, all the more so if, as is probable, the craving is
+to some extent the expression of a physiological need.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Sanford Bell, who has investigated the food impulses of children
+    in America, finds that girls have a greater number of likes and
+    dislikes in foods than boys of the same age, though at the same
+    time they have less dislikes to some foods than boys. The
+    proclivity for sweets and fruits shows itself as soon as a child
+    begins to eat solids. The chief fruits liked are oranges,
+    bananas, apples, peaches, and pears. This strong preference for
+    fruits lasts till the age of 13 or 14, though relatively weaker
+    from 10 to 13. In girls, however, Bell notes the significant fact
+    from our present point of view that at mid-adolescence there is a
+    revived taste for sweets and fruits. He believes that the growth
+    of children in taste in foods recapitulates the experience of the
+    race. (S. Bell, &quot;An Introductory Study of the Psychology of
+    Foods.&quot; <i>Pedagogical Seminary</i>, March, 1904.)</p></div><a name='5_Page_216'></a>
+
+<p>The heightened nervous impressionability of pregnancy would appear to
+arouse into activity those primitive impulses which are liable to occur in
+childhood and in the unmarried girl continue to the nubile age. It is a
+significant fact that the longings of pregnant women are mainly for fruit,
+and notably for so wholesome a fruit as the apple, which may very well
+have a beneficial effect on the system of the pregnant woman. Giles, in
+his tabulation of the foods longed for by 300 pregnant women, found that
+the fruit group was by far the largest, furnishing 79 cases; apples were
+far away at the head, occurring in 34 cases out of the 99 who had
+longings, while oranges followed at a distance (with 13 cases), and in the
+vegetable group tomatoes came first (with 6 cases). Several women declared
+&quot;I could have lived on apples,&quot; &quot;I was eating apples all day,&quot; &quot;I used to
+sit up in bed eating apples.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_187'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_187'><sup>[187]</sup></a> Pregnant women appear seldom to long
+for the possession of objects outside the edible class, and it seems
+doubtful whether they have any special tendency to kleptomania. Pinard has
+pointed out that neither Las&egrave;gue nor Lunier, in their studies of
+kleptomania, have mentioned a single shop robbery committed by a pregnant
+woman.<a name='5_FNanchor_188'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_188'><sup>[188]</sup></a> Brouardel has indeed found such cases, but the object stolen
+was usually a food.</p>
+
+<p>A further significant fact connecting the longings of pregnant women with
+the longings of children is to be found in the fact that they occur mainly
+in young women. We have, indeed, no tabulation of the ages of pregnant
+women who have manifested longings, but Giles has clearly shown that these
+chiefly <a name='5_Page_217'></a>occur in primipar&aelig;, and steadily and rapidly decrease in each
+successive pregnancy. This fact, otherwise somewhat difficult of
+explanation, is natural if we look upon the longings of pregnancy as a
+revival of those of childhood. It certainly indicates also that we can by
+no means regard these longings as exclusively the expression of a
+physiological craving, for in that case they would be liable to occur in
+any pregnancy unless, indeed, it is argued that with each successive
+pregnancy the woman becomes less sensitive to her own physiological state.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>There has been a frequent tendency, more especially among
+    primitive peoples, to regard a pregnant woman's longings as
+    something sacred and to be indulged, all the more, no doubt, as
+    they are usually of a simple and harmless character. In the Black
+    Forest, according to Ploss and Bartels, a pregnant woman may go
+    freely into other people's gardens and take fruit, provided she
+    eats it on the spot, and very similar privileges are accorded to
+    her elsewhere. Old English opinion, as reflected, for instance,
+    in Ben Jonson's plays (as Dr. Harriet C. B. Alexander has pointed
+    out), regards the pregnant woman as not responsible for her
+    longings, and Kiernan remarks (&quot;Kleptomania and Collectivism,&quot;
+    <i>Alienist and Neurologist</i>, November, 1902) that this is in &quot;a
+    most natural and just view.&quot; In France at the Revolution a law of
+    the 28th Germinal, in the year III, to some extent admitted the
+    irresponsibility of the pregnant woman generally,&mdash;following the
+    classic precedent, by which a woman could not be brought before a
+    court of justice so long as she was pregnant,&mdash;but the Napoleonic
+    code, never tender to women, abrogated this. Pinard does not
+    consider that the longings of pregnant women are irresistible,
+    and, consequently, regards the pregnant woman as responsible.
+    This is probably the view most widely held. In any case these
+    longings seldom come up for medico-legal consideration.</p></div>
+
+<p>The phenomena of the longings of pregnancy are linked to the much more
+obscure and dubious phenomena of the influence of maternal impressions on
+the child within the womb. It is true, indeed, that there is no real
+connection whatever between these two groups of manifestations, but they
+have been so widely and for so long closely associated in the popular mind
+that it is convenient to pass directly from one to the other. The same
+name is sometimes given to the two manifestations; thus in France a
+pregnant longing is an <i>envie</i>, while a mother's mark on the child is also
+called an <i>envie</i>, because it is supposed to be due to the mother's
+unsatisfied longing.</p><a name='5_Page_218'></a>
+
+<p>The conception of a &quot;maternal impression&quot; (the German <i>Versehen</i>) rests on
+the belief that a powerful mental influence working on the mother's mind
+may produce an impression, either general or definite, on the child she is
+carrying. It makes a great deal of difference whether the effect of the
+impression on the child is general, or definite and circumscribed. It is
+not difficult to believe that a general effect&mdash;even, as Sir Arthur
+Mitchell first gave good reason for believing, idiocy&mdash;may be produced on
+the child by strong and prolonged emotional influence working on the
+mother, because such general influence may be transmitted through a
+deteriorated blood-stream. But it is impossible at present to understand
+how a definite and limited influence working on the mother could produce a
+definite and limited effect on the child, for there are no channels of
+nervous communications for the passage of such influences. Our difficulty
+in conceiving of the process must, however, be put aside if the fact
+itself can be demonstrated by convincing evidence.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In order to illustrate the nature of maternal impressions, I will
+    summarize a few cases which I have collected from the best
+    medical periodical literature during the past fifteen years. I
+    have exercised no selection and in no way guarantee the
+    authenticity of the alleged facts or the alleged explanation.
+    They are merely examples to illustrate a class of cases published
+    from time to time by medical observers in medical journals of
+    high repute.</p>
+
+<p>    Early in pregnancy a woman found her pet rabbit killed by a cat
+    which had gnawed off the two forepaws, leaving ragged stumps; she
+    was for a long time constantly thinking of this. Her child was
+    born with deformed feet, one foot with only two toes, the other
+    three, the os calcis in both feet being either absent or little
+    developed. (G. B. Beale, Tottenham, <i>Lancet</i>, May 4, 1889).</p>
+
+<p>    Three months and a half before birth of the child the father, a
+    glazier, fell through the roof of a hothouse, severely cutting
+    his right arm, so that he was lying in the infirmary for a long
+    time, and it was doubtful whether the hand could be saved. The
+    child was healthy, but on the flexor surface of the radial side
+    of the right forearm just above the wrist&mdash;the same spot as the
+    father's injury&mdash;there was a n&aelig;vus the size of a sixpence. (W.
+    Russell, Paisley, <i>Lancet</i>, May 11, 1889.)</p>
+
+<p>    At the beginning of pregnancy a woman was greatly scared by being
+    kicked over by a frightened cow she was milking; she hung on to
+    the animal's teats, but thought she would be trampled to death,
+    and <a name='5_Page_219'></a>was ill and nervous for weeks afterwards. The child was a
+    monster, with a fleshy substance&mdash;seeming to be prolonged from
+    the spinal cord and to represent the brain&mdash;projecting from the
+    floor of the skull. Both doctor and nurse were struck by the
+    resemblance to a cow's teats before they knew the woman's story,
+    and this was told by the woman immediately after delivery and
+    before she knew to what she had given birth. (A. Ross Paterson,
+    Reversby, Lincolnshire, <i>Lancet</i>, September 29, 1889.)</p>
+
+<p>    During the second month of pregnancy the mother was terrified by
+    a bullock as she was returning from market. The child reached
+    full term and was a well-developed male, stillborn. Its head
+    &quot;exactly resembled a miniature cow's head;&quot; the occipital bone
+    was absent, the parietals only slightly developed, the eyes were
+    placed at the top of the frontal bone, which was quite flat, with
+    each of its superior angles twisted into a rudimentary horn.
+    (J. T. Hislop, Tavistock, Devon, <i>Lancet</i>, November 1, 1890.)</p>
+
+<p>    When four months pregnant the mother, a multipara of 30, was
+    startled by a black and white collie dog suddenly pushing against
+    her and rushing out when she opened the door. This preyed on her
+    mind, and she felt sure her child would be marked. The whole of
+    the child's right thigh was encircled by a shining black mole,
+    studded with white hairs; there was another mole on the spine of
+    the left scapula. (C. F. Williamson, Horley, Surrey, <i>Lancet</i>,
+    October 11, 1890.)</p>
+
+<p>    A lady in comfortable circumstances, aged 24, not markedly
+    emotional, with one child, in all respects healthy, early in her
+    pregnancy saw a man begging whose arms and legs were &quot;all doubled
+    up.&quot; This gave her a shock, but she hoped no ill effects would
+    follow. The child was an encephalous monster, with the
+    extremities rigidly flexed and the fingers clenched, the feet
+    almost sole to sole. In the next pregnancy she frequently passed
+    a man who was a partial cripple, but she was not unduly
+    depressed; the child was a counterpart of the last, except that
+    the head was normal. The next child was strong and well formed.
+    (C. W. Chapman, London, <i>Lancet</i>, October 18, 1890.)</p>
+
+<p>    When the pregnant mother was working in a hayfield her husband
+    threw at her a young hare he had found in the hay; it struck her
+    on the cheek and neck. Her daughter has on the left cheek an
+    oblong patch of soft dark hair, in color and character clearly
+    resembling the fur of a very young hare. (A. Mackay, Port Appin,
+    N. B., <i>Lancet</i>, December 19, 1891. The writer records also four
+    other cases which have happened in his experience.)</p>
+
+<p>    When the mother was pregnant her husband had to attend to a sow
+    who could not give birth to her pigs; he bled her freely, cutting
+    a notch out of both ears. His wife insisted on seeing the sow.
+    The helix of each ear of her child at birth was gone, for nearly
+    or quite half an inch, as if cut purposely. (R. P. Roons, <i>Medical
+    World</i>, 1894.)</p><a name='5_Page_220'></a>
+
+<p>    A lady when pregnant was much interested in a story in which one
+    of the characters had a supernumerary digit, and this often
+    recurred to her mind. Her baby had a supernumerary digit on one
+    hand. (J. Jenkyns, Aberdeen, <i>British Medical Journal</i>, March 2,
+    1895. The writer also records another case.)</p>
+
+<p>    When pregnant the mother saw in the forest a new-born fawn which
+    was a double monstrosity. Her child was a similar double
+    monstrosity (<i>cephalothora copagus</i>). (Hartmann, <i>M&uuml;nchener
+    Medicinisches Wochenschrift</i>, No. 9, 1895.)</p>
+
+<p>    A well developed woman of 30, who had ten children in twelve
+    years, in the third month of her tenth pregnancy saw a child run
+    over by a street car, which crushed the upper and back part of
+    its head. Her own child was anencephalic and acranial, with
+    entire absence of vault of skull. (F. A. Stahl, <i>American Journal
+    of Obstetrics</i>, April, 1896.)</p>
+
+<p>    A healthy woman with no skin blemish had during her third
+    pregnancy a violent appetite for sunfish. During or after the
+    fourth month her husband, as a surprise, brought her some sunfish
+    alive, placing them in a pail of water in the porch. She stumbled
+    against the pail and the shock caused the fish to flap over the
+    pail and come in violent contact with her leg. The cold wriggling
+    fish produced a nervous shock, but she attached no importance to
+    this. The child (a girl) had at birth a mark of bronze pigment
+    resembling a fish with the head uppermost (photograph given) on
+    the corresponding part of the same leg. Daughter's health good;
+    throughout life she has had a strong craving for sunfish, which
+    she has sometimes eaten till she has vomited from repletion.
+    (C. F. Gardiner, Colorado Springs, <i>American Journal Obstetrics</i>,
+    February, 1898.)</p>
+
+<p>    The next case occurred in a bitch. A thoroughbred fox terrier
+    bitch strayed and was discovered a day or two later with her
+    right foreleg broken. The limb was set under chloroform with the
+    help of R&ouml;ntgen rays, and the dog made a good recovery. Several
+    weeks later she gave birth to a puppy with a right foreleg that
+    was ill-developed and minus the paw. (J. Booth, Cork, <i>British
+    Medical Journal</i>, September 16, 1899.)</p>
+
+<p>    Four months before the birth of her child a woman with four
+    healthy children and no history of deformity in the family fell
+    and cut her left wrist severely against a broken bowl; she had a
+    great fright and shock. Her child, otherwise perfect, was born
+    without left hand and wrist, the stump of arm terminating at
+    lower end of radius and ulna. (G. Ainslie Johnston, Ambleside,
+    <i>British Medical Journal</i>, April 18, 1903.)</p></div>
+
+<p>The belief in the reality of the transference of strong mental or physical
+impressions on the mother into physical <a name='5_Page_221'></a>changes in the child she is
+bearing is very ancient and widespread. Most writers on the subject begin
+with the book of Genesis and the astute device of Jacob in influencing the
+color of his lambs by mental impressions on his ewes. But the belief
+exists among even more primitive people than the early Hebrews, and in all
+parts of the world.<a name='5_FNanchor_189'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_189'><sup>[189]</sup></a> Among the Greeks there is a trace of the belief
+in Hippocrates, the first of the world's great physicians, while Soranus,
+the most famous of ancient gyn&aelig;cologists, states the matter in the most
+precise manner, with instances in proof. The belief continued to persist
+unquestioned throughout the Middle Ages. The first author who denied the
+influence of maternal impressions altogether appears to have been the
+famous anatomist, Realdus Columbus, who was a professor at Padua, Pisa,
+and Rome at the beginning of the sixteenth century. In the same century,
+however, another and not less famous Neapolitan, Della Porta, for the
+first time formulated a definite theory of maternal impressions. A little
+later, early in the seventeenth century, a philosophic physician at Padua,
+Fortunatus Licetus, took up an intermediate position which still finds,
+perhaps reasonably, a great many adherents. He recognized that a very
+frequent cause of malformation in the child is to be found in morbid
+antenatal conditions, but at the same time was not prepared to deny
+absolutely and in every case the influence of maternal impression on such
+conditions. Malebranche, the Platonic philosopher, allowed the greatest
+extension to the power of the maternal imagination. In the eighteenth
+century, however, the new spirit of free inquiry, of radical criticism,
+and unfettered logic, led to a sceptical attitude toward this ancient
+belief then flourishing vigorously.<a name='5_FNanchor_190'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_190'><sup>[190]</sup></a> In 1727, a few years after
+Malebranche's death, James Blondel, a physician of extreme acuteness, who
+had <a name='5_Page_222'></a>been born in Paris, was educated at Leyden, and practiced in London,
+published the first methodical and thorough attack on the doctrine of
+maternal impressions, <i>The Strength of Imagination of Pregnant Women
+Examined</i>, and exercised his great ability in ridiculing it. Haller,
+Roederer, and S&ouml;mmering followed in the steps of Blondel, and were either
+sceptical or hostile to the ancient belief. Blumenbach, however, admitted
+the influence of maternal impressions. Erasmus Darwin, as well as Goethe
+in his <i>Wahlverwandtschaften</i>, even accepted the influence of paternal
+impressions on the child. By the beginning of the nineteenth century the
+majority of physicians were inclined to relegate maternal impressions to
+the region of superstition. Yet the exceptions were of notable importance.
+Burdach, when all deductions were made, still found it necessary to retain
+the belief in maternal impressions, and Von Baer, the founder of
+embryology, also accepted it, supported by a case, occurring in his own
+sister, which he was able to investigate before the child's birth. L. W. T.
+Bischoff, also, while submitting the doctrine to acute criticism, found it
+impossible to reject maternal impressions absolutely, and he remarked that
+the number of adherents to the doctrine was showing a tendency to increase
+rather than diminish. Johannes M&uuml;ller, the founder of modern physiology in
+Germany, declared himself against it, and his influence long prevailed;
+Valentin, Rudolf Wagner, and Emil du Bois-Reymond were on the same side.
+On the other hand various eminent gyn&aelig;cologists&mdash;Litzmann, Roth, Hennig,
+etc.&mdash;have argued in favor of the reality of maternal impressions.<a name='5_FNanchor_191'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_191'><sup>[191]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The long conflict of opinion which has taken place over this opinion has
+still left the matter unsettled. The acutest critics <a name='5_Page_223'></a>of the ancient
+belief constantly conclude the discussion with an expression of doubt and
+uncertainty. Even if the majority of authorities are inclined to reject
+maternal impressions, the scientific eminence of those who accept them
+makes a decisive opinion difficult. The arguments against such influence
+are perfectly sound: (1) it is a primitive belief of unscientific origin;
+(2) it is impossible to conceive how such influence can operate since
+there is no nervous connection between mother and child; (3) comparatively
+few cases have been submitted to severe critical investigation; (4) it is
+absurd to ascribe developmental defects to influences which arise long
+after the f&oelig;tus had assumed its definite shape<a name='5_FNanchor_192'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_192'><sup>[192]</sup></a>; (5) in any
+case the phenomenon must be rare, for William Hunter could not find a
+coincidence between maternal impressions and f&oelig;tal marks through
+a period of several years, and Bischoff found no case in 11,000
+deliveries. These statements embody the whole of the argument against
+maternal impressions, yet it is clear that they do not settle the matter.
+Edgar, in a manual of obstetrics which is widely regarded as a standard
+work, states that this is &quot;yet a mooted question.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_193'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_193'><sup>[193]</sup></a> Ballantyne, again,
+in a discussion of this influence at the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society,
+summarizing the result of a year's inquiry, concluded that it is still
+&quot;<i>sub judice</i>.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_194'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_194'><sup>[194]</sup></a> In a subsequent discussion of the question he has
+somewhat modified his opinion, and is inclined to deny that definite
+impressions on the pregnant woman's mind can cause similar defects in the
+f&oelig;tus; they are &quot;accidental coincidences,&quot; but he adds that a few
+of the <a name='5_Page_224'></a>cases are difficult to explain away. At the same time he fully
+believes that prolonged and strongly marked mental states of the mother
+may affect the development of the f&oelig;tus in her uterus, causing
+vascular and nutritive disturbances, irregularities of development, and
+idiocy.<a name='5_FNanchor_195'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_195'><sup>[195]</sup></a></p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>Whether and in how far mental impressions on the mother can
+    produce definite mental and emotional disposition in the child is
+    a special aspect of the question to which scarcely any inquiry
+    has been devoted. So distinguished a biologist as Mr. A. W.
+    Wallace has, however, called attention to this point, bringing
+    forward evidence on the question and emphasizing the need of
+    further investigation. &quot;Such transmission of mental influence,&quot;
+    he remarks, &quot;will hardly be held to be impossible or even very
+    improbable,&quot; (A. W. Wallace, &quot;Prenatal Influences on Character,&quot;
+    <i>Nature</i>, August 24, 1893.)</p></div>
+
+<p>It has already been pointed out that a large number of cases of f&oelig;tal
+deformities, supposed to be due to maternal impressions, cannot
+possibly be so caused because the impression took place at a period when
+the development of the f&oelig;tus must already have been decided. In
+this connection, however, it must be noted that Dabney has observed a
+relationship between the time of supposed mental impressions and the
+nature of the actual defect which is of considerable significance as an
+argument in favor of the influence of mental impressions. He tabulated 90
+carefully reported cases from recent medical literature, and found that 21
+of them were concerned with defects of structure of the lips and palate.
+In all but 2 of these 21 the defect was referred to an impression
+occurring within the first three months of pregnancy. This is an important
+point as showing that the assigned cause really falls within a period when
+a defect of development actually could produce the observed result,
+although the person reporting the cases was in many instances manifestly
+ignorant of the details of embryology and teratology. There was no such
+preponderance of early impressions among the defects of skin and hair
+which might well, so far as development is concerned, have been caused at
+a later period; here, in 7 out <a name='5_Page_225'></a>of 15 cases, it was distinctly stated that
+the impression was made later than the fourth month.<a name='5_FNanchor_196'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_196'><sup>[196]</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>It would seem, on the whole, that while the influence of maternal
+impressions in producing definite effects on the child within the womb has
+by no means been positively demonstrated, we are not entitled to reject it
+with any positive assurance. Even if we accept it, however, it must
+remain, for the present, an inexplicable fact; the <i>modus operandi</i> we can
+scarcely even guess at. General influences from the mother on the child we
+can easily conceive of as conveyed by the mother's blood; we can even
+suppose that the modified blood might act specifically on one particular
+kind of tissue. We can, again, as suggested by F&eacute;r&eacute;, very well believe
+that the maternal emotions act upon the womb and produce various kinds and
+degrees of pressure on the child within, so that the apparently active
+movements of the f&oelig;tus may be really consecutive on unconscious
+maternal excitations.<a name='5_FNanchor_197'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_197'><sup>[197]</sup></a> We may also believe that, as suggested by John
+Thomson, there are slight inco&ouml;rdinations <i>in utero</i>, a kind of
+developmental neurosis, produced by some slight lack of harmony of
+whatever origin, and leading to the production of malformations.<a name='5_FNanchor_198'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_198'><sup>[198]</sup></a> We
+know, finally, that, as F&eacute;r&eacute; and others have repeatedly demonstrated
+during recent years by experiments on chickens, etc., very subtle agents,
+even odors, may profoundly affect embryonic development and produce
+deformity. But how the mother's psychic disposition can, apart from
+heredity, affect specifically the physical conformation or even the
+psychic disposition of the child within her womb must remain for the
+present an insoluble mystery, even if we feel disposed to conclude that in
+some cases such action seems to be indicated.</p>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p>In comprehending such a connection, however at present
+    undemonstrated, it may well be borne in mind that the
+    relationship of the mother to the child within her womb is of a
+    uniquely intimate character. It is <a name='5_Page_226'></a>of interest in this
+    connection to quote some remarks by an able psychologist, Dr.
+    Henry Rutgers Marshall; the remarks are not less interesting for
+    being brought forward without any connection with the question of
+    maternal impressions: &quot;It is true that, so far as we know, the
+    nervous system of the embryo never has a direct connection with
+    the nervous system of the mother: nevertheless, as there is a
+    reciprocity of reaction between the physical body of the mother
+    and its embryonic parasite, the relation of the embryonic nervous
+    system to the nervous system of the mother is not very far
+    removed from the relation of the pre-eminent part of the nervous
+    system of a man to some minor nervous system within his body
+    which is to a marked extent dissociated from the whole neural
+    mass.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;Correspondingly, then, and within the consciousness of the
+    mother, there develops a new little minor consciousness which,
+    although but lightly integrated with the mass of her
+    consciousness, nevertheless has its part in her consciousness
+    taken as a whole, much as the psychic correspondents of the
+    action of the nerve which govern the secretions of the glands of
+    the body have their part in her consciousness taken as a whole.</p>
+
+<p>    &quot;It is very much as if the optic ganglia developed fully in
+    themselves, without any closer connection with the rest of the
+    brain than existed at their first appearance. They would form a
+    little complex nervous system almost but not quite apart from the
+    brain system; and it would be difficult to deny them a
+    consciousness of their own; which would indeed form part of the
+    whole consciousness of the individual, but which would be in a
+    manner self-dependent.&quot; It must, if this is so, be said that
+    before birth, on the psychic side, the embryo's activities &quot;form
+    part of a complex consciousness which is that of the mother and
+    embryo together.&quot; &quot;Without subscribing to the strange stories of
+    telepathy, of the solemn apparition of a person somewhere at the
+    moment of his death a thousand miles away, of the unquiet ghost
+    haunting the scenes of its bygone hopes and endeavors, one may
+    ask&quot; (with the author of the address in medicine at the Leicester
+    gathering of the British Medical Association, <i>British Medical
+    Journal</i>, July 29, 1905) &quot;whether two brains cannot be so tuned
+    in sympathy as to transmit and receive a subtile transfusion of
+    mind without mediation of sense. Considering what is implied by
+    the human brain with its countless millions of cells, its
+    complexities of minute structure, its innumerable chemical
+    compositions, and the condensed forces in its microscopic and
+    ultramicroscopic elements&mdash;the whole a sort of microcosm of
+    cosmic forces to which no conceivable compound of electric
+    batteries is comparable; considering, again, that from an
+    electric station waves of energy radiate through the viewless air
+    to be caught up by a fit receiver a thousand miles distant, it is
+    not inconceivable that the human brain may send off still more
+    subtile <a name='5_Page_227'></a>waves to be accepted and interpreted by the fitly tuned
+    receiving brain. Is it, after all, mere fancy that a mental
+    atmosphere or effluence emanates from one person to affect
+    another, either soothing sympathetically or irritating
+    antipathically?&quot; These remarks (like Dr. Marshall's) were made
+    without reference to maternal impressions, but it may be pointed
+    out that under no conceivable circumstance could we find a brain
+    in so virginal and receptive a state as is the child's in the
+    womb.</p></div>
+
+<p>On the whole we see that pregnancy induces a psychic state which is at
+once, in healthy persons, one of full development and vigor, and at the
+same time one which, especially in individuals who are slightly abnormal,
+is apt to involve a state of strained or overstrained nervous tension and
+to evoke various manifestations which are in many respects still
+imperfectly understood. Even the specifically sexual emotions tend to be
+heightened, more especially during the earlier period of pregnancy. In 24
+cases of pregnancy in which the point was investigated by Harry Campbell,
+sexual feeling was decidedly increased in 8, in one case (of a woman aged
+31 who had had four children) being indeed only present during pregnancy,
+when it was considerable; in only 7 cases was there diminution or
+disappearance of sexual feeling.<a name='5_FNanchor_199'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_199'><sup>[199]</sup></a> Pregnancy may produce mental
+depression;<a name='5_FNanchor_200'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_200'><sup>[200]</sup></a> but on the other hand it frequently leads to a change of
+the most favorable character in the mental and general well-being. Some
+women indeed are only well during pregnancy. It is remarkable that some
+women who habitually suffer from various nervous troubles&mdash;neuralgias,
+gastralgia, headache, insomnia&mdash;are only free from them at this moment.
+This &quot;paradox of gestation,&quot; as Vinay has termed it, is specially marked
+in the hysterical and those suffering from slight nervous disorders, but
+it is by no means universal, so that although it is possible, Vinay
+states, to confirm the opinion of the ancients as <a name='5_Page_228'></a>to the beneficial
+action of marriage on hysteria, that is only true of slight cases and
+scarcely enables us to counsel marriage in hysteria.<a name='5_FNanchor_201'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_201'><sup>[201]</sup></a> Even a woman's
+intelligence is sometimes heightened by pregnancy, and Tarnier, as quoted
+by Vinay, knew many women whose intelligence, habitually somewhat obtuse,
+has only risen to the normal level during pregnancy.<a name='5_FNanchor_202'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_202'><sup>[202]</sup></a> The pregnant
+woman has reached the climax of womanhood; she has attained to that state
+toward which the periodically recurring menstrual wave has been drifting
+her at regular intervals throughout her sexual life<a name='5_FNanchor_203'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_203'><sup>[203]</sup></a>; she has achieved
+that function for which her body has been constructed, and her mental and
+emotional disposition adapted, through countless ages.</p>
+
+<p>And yet, as we have seen, our ignorance of the changes effected by the
+occurrence of this supremely important event&mdash;even on the physical
+side&mdash;still remains profound. Pregnancy, even for us, the critical and
+unprejudiced children of a civilized age, still remains, as for the
+children of more primitive ages, a mystery. Conception itself is a mystery
+for the primitive man, and may be produced by all sorts of subtle ways
+apart from sexual connection, even by smelling a flower.<a name='5_FNanchor_204'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_204'><sup>[204]</sup></a> The pregnant
+woman <a name='5_Page_229'></a>was surrounded by ceremonies, by reverence and fear, often shut up
+in a place apart.<a name='5_FNanchor_205'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_205'><sup>[205]</sup></a> Her presence, her exhalations, were of extreme
+potency; even in some parts of Europe to-day, as in the Walloon districts
+of Belgium, a pregnant woman must not kiss a child for her breath is
+dangerous, or urinate on plants for she will kill them.<a name='5_FNanchor_206'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_206'><sup>[206]</sup></a> The mystery
+has somewhat changed its form; it still remains. The future of the race is
+bound up with our efforts to fathom the mystery of pregnancy. &quot;The early
+days of human life,&quot; it has been truly said, &quot;are entirely one with the
+mother. On her manner of life&mdash;eating, drinking, sleeping, and
+thinking&mdash;what greatness may not hang?&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_207'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_207'><sup>[207]</sup></a> Schopenhauer observed, with
+misapplied horror, that there is nothing a woman is less modest about than
+the state of pregnancy, while Weininger exclaims: &quot;Never yet has a
+pregnant woman given expression in any form&mdash;poem, memoirs, or
+gyn&aelig;cological monograph&mdash;to her sensations or feelings.&quot;<a name='5_FNanchor_208'></a><a href='#5_Footnote_208'><sup>[208]</sup></a> Yet when we
+contemplate the mystery of pregnancy and all that it involves, how trivial
+all such considerations become! We are here lifted into a region where our
+highest intelligence can only lead us to adoration, for we are gazing at a
+process in which the operations of Nature become one with the divine task
+of Creation.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_169'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_169'>[169]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Groos, <i>&AElig;sthetische Genuss</i>, p. 249. &quot;We have
+to admit,&quot; Groos observes, &quot;the entrance of another instinct, the impulse
+to tend and foster, so closely connected with the sexual life. It is
+seemingly due to the co-operation of this impulse that the little female
+bird during courtship is so often fed by the male like a young fledgling.
+In man 'love' from the biological standpoint is also an amalgamation of
+two needs; when the tender need to protect and foster and serve is lacking
+the emotion is not quite perfect. Heine's expression, 'With my mantle I
+protect you from the storm,' has always seemed to me very characteristic.&quot;
+Sometimes the sexual impulse may undergo a complete transformation in this
+direction. &quot;I believe there is really a tendency in women,&quot; a lady writes
+in a letter, &quot;to allow maternal feeling to take the place of sexual
+feeling. Very often a woman's feeling for her husband becomes this (though
+he may be twenty years older than herself); sometimes it does not,
+remaining purely sex feeling. Sometimes it is for some other man she has
+this curious self-obliterating maternal feeling. It is not necessarily
+connected with sex intercourse. A prostitute, who has relations with
+dozens of men, may have it for some feeble drunken fool, who perhaps goes
+after other women. I once saw the change from sex feeling to mother
+feeling, as I call it, come almost suddenly over a woman after she had
+lived about four years with a man who was unfaithful to her. Then, when
+all real sex feeling, the hatred of the woman he followed, the desire he
+should give her love and tenderness, had all gone, came the other feeling,
+and she said to me, 'You don't understand at all; he's only my little
+baby; nothing he does can make any difference to me now.' As I grow older
+and understand women's natures better, I can see almost at once which
+relation it is a woman has to her husband, or any given man. It is this
+feeling, and not sex passion, that keeps woman from being free.&quot; Not only
+is there a sexual association in the impulse to foster and protect, there
+would appear to be a similar element also in the response to that impulse.
+Freud has especially insisted on the partly sexual character of the
+child's feelings for those who care for it and tend it and satisfy its
+needs. It is begun in earliest infancy; &quot;whoever has seen the sated infant
+sink back from the breast, to fall asleep with flushed cheeks and happy
+smile, must say that the picture is adequate to the expression of the
+sexual satisfaction of later life.&quot; The lips, moreover, are the earliest
+erogenous zone. &quot;There will, perhaps, be some opposition,&quot; Freud remarks
+(<i>Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie</i>, pp. 36, 64), &quot;to the
+identification of the child's feelings of tenderness and appreciation for
+those who tend it with sexual love, but I believe that exact psychological
+analysis will place the identity beyond doubt. The relationship of the
+child with the person who tends it is for it a continual source of sexual
+excitement and satisfaction flowing from the erogenous zones, especially
+since the fostering person&mdash;as a rule the mother&mdash;regards the child with
+emotions which proceed from her sexual life; strokes it, kisses it, rocks
+it, and very plainly treats it as a compensation for a fully valid sexual
+object.&quot; Freud remarks that girls who retain the childish character of
+their love for their parents to adult age are apt to make cold wives and
+to be sexually an&aelig;sthetic.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_170'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_170'>[170]</a><div class='note'><p> Esbach (in his <i>Th&egrave;se de Paris</i>, published in 1876) showed
+that even the finger nails are affected in pregnancy and become measurably
+thinner.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_171'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_171'>[171]</a><div class='note'><p> C. H. Stratz, <i>Die Sch&ouml;nheit des Weiblichen K&ouml;rpers</i>,
+Chapter VI.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_172'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_172'>[172]</a><div class='note'><p> Iron appears to be liberated in the maternal organism
+during pregnancy, and Wychgel has shown (<i>Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Geburtsh&uuml;lfe und
+Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, bd. xlvii, Heft II) that the pigment of pregnant women
+contains iron, and that the amount of iron in the urine is increased.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_173'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_173'>[173]</a><div class='note'><p> Vinay, <i>Maladies de la Grossesse</i>, Chapter VIII; K. Hennig,
+&quot;Exploratio Externa,&quot; <i>Comptes-rendus du XIIe. Congr&egrave;s International de
+M&eacute;d&egrave;cine</i>, vol. vi, Section XIII, pp. 144-166. A bibliography of the
+literature concerning the physiology of pregnancy, extending to ten pages,
+is appended by Pinard to his article &quot;Grossesse,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire
+Encyclop&eacute;dique des Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_174'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_174'>[174]</a><div class='note'><p> Stratz, <i>op. cit.</i>, Chapter XII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_175'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_175'>[175]</a><div class='note'><p> W. S. A. Griffith, &quot;The Diagnosis of Pregnancy,&quot; <i>British
+Medical Journal</i>, April 11, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_176'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_176'>[176]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Mackenzie and H. O. Nicholson, &quot;The Heart in Pregnancy,&quot;
+<i>British Medical Journal</i>, October 8, 1904; Stengel and Stanton, &quot;The
+Condition of the Heart in Pregnancy,&quot; <i>Medical Record</i>, May 10, 1902 and
+<i>University Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin</i>, Sept., 1904 (summarized in
+<i>British Medical Journal</i>, August 16, 1902, and Sept. 23, 1905.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_177'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_177'>[177]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Henderson, &quot;Maternal Blood at Term,&quot; <i>Journal of
+Obstetrics and Gyn&aelig;cology</i>, February, 1902; C. Douglas, &quot;The Blood in
+Pregnant Women,&quot; <i>British Medical Journal</i>, March 26, 1904; W. L. Thompson,
+&quot;The Blood in Pregnancy,&quot; <i>Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin</i>, June, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_178'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_178'>[178]</a><div class='note'><p> H. O. Nicholson, &quot;Some Remarks on the Maternal Circulation
+in Pregnancy,&quot; <i>British Medical Journal</i>, October 3, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_179'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_179'>[179]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Morris Slemans, &quot;Metabolism During Pregnancy,&quot; <i>Johns
+Hopkins Hospital Reports</i>, vol. xii, 1904.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_180'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_180'>[180]</a><div class='note'><p> B. Wolff, <i>Zentralblatt f&uuml;r Gyn&auml;kologie</i>, 1904, No. 26.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_181'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_181'>[181]</a><div class='note'><p> Tridandani, <i>Annali di Ostetrica</i>, March, 1900.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_182'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_182'>[182]</a><div class='note'><p> R. Barnes, &quot;The Induction of Labor,&quot; <i>British Medical
+Journal</i>, December 22, 1894.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_183'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_183'>[183]</a><div class='note'><p> See, <i>e.g.</i>, Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth
+edition, pp. 344, <i>et seq.</i></p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_184'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_184'>[184]</a><div class='note'><p> Arthur Giles, &quot;The Longings of Pregnant Women,&quot;
+<i>Transactions Obstetrical Society of London</i>, vol. xxxv, 1893.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_185'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_185'>[185]</a><div class='note'><p> Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, Chapter XXX.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_186'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_186'>[186]</a><div class='note'><p> Thus, in Cornwall, &quot;to be in the longing way&quot; is a popular
+synonym for pregnancy.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_187'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_187'>[187]</a><div class='note'><p> The apple, wherever it is known, has nearly always been a
+sacred or magic fruit (as J. F. Campbell shows, <i>Popular Tales of West
+Highlands</i>, vol. I, p. lxxv. <i>et seq.</i>), and the fruit of the forbidden
+tree which tempted Eve is always popularly imagined to be an apple. One
+may perhaps refer in this connection to the fact that at Rome and
+elsewhere the testicles have been called apples. I may add that we find a
+curious proof of the recognition of the feminine love of apples in an old
+Portuguese ballad, &quot;Donna Guimar,&quot; in which a damsel puts on armour and
+goes to the wars; her sex is suspected and as a test, she is taken into an
+orchard, but Donna Guimar is too wary to fall into the trap, and turning
+away from the apples plucks a citron.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_188'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_188'>[188]</a><div class='note'><p> A. Pinard, Art. &quot;Grossesse,&quot; <i>Dictionnaire Encyclop&eacute;dique
+des Sciences M&eacute;dicales</i>, p. 138. On the subject of violent, criminal and
+abnormal impulses during pregnancy, see Cumston, &quot;Pregnancy and Crime,&quot;
+<i>American Journal Obstetrics</i>, December, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_189'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_189'>[189]</a><div class='note'><p> See especially Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, vol. i,
+Chapter XXXI. Ballantyne in his work on the pathology of the f&oelig;tus
+adds Loango negroes, the Eskimo and the ancient Japanese.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_190'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_190'>[190]</a><div class='note'><p> In 1731 Schurig, in his <i>Syllepsilogia</i>, devoted more than
+a hundred pages (cap. IX) to summarizing a vast number of curious cases of
+maternal impressions leading to birth-marks of all kinds.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_191'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_191'>[191]</a><div class='note'><p> J. W. Ballantyne has written an excellent history of the
+doctrine of maternal impressions, reprinted in his <i>Manual of Antenatal
+Pathology: The Embryo</i>, 1904, Chapter IX; he gives a bibliography of 381
+items. In Germany the history of the question has been written by Dr. Iwan
+Bloch (under the pseudonym of Gerhard von Welsenburg), <i>Das Versehen der
+Frauen</i>, 1899. <i>Cf.</i>, in French, G. Variot, &quot;Origine des Pr&eacute;jug&eacute;s
+Populaires sur les Envies,&quot; <i>Bulletin Soci&eacute;t&eacute; d'Anthropologie</i>, Paris,
+June 18, 1891. Variot rejects the doctrine absolutely, Bloch accepts it,
+Ballantyne speaks cautiously.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_192'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_192'>[192]</a><div class='note'><p> J. G. Kiernan has shown how many of the alleged cases are
+negatived by the failure to take this fact into consideration. (<i>Journal
+of American Medical Association</i>, December 9, 1899.)</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_193'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_193'>[193]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Clifton Edgar, <i>The Practice of Obstetrics</i>, second
+edition, 1904, p. 296. In an important discussion of the question at the
+American Gyn&aelig;cological Society in 1886, introduced by Fordyce Barker,
+various eminent gyn&aelig;cologists declared in favor of the doctrine, more or
+less cautiously. (<i>Transactions of the American Gyn&aelig;cological Society</i>,
+vol. xi, 1886, pp. 152-196.) Gould and Pyle, bringing forward some of the
+data on the question (<i>Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine</i>, pp. 81, <i>et
+seq.</i>) state that the reality of the influence of maternal impressions
+seems fully established. On the other side, see G. W. Cook, <i>American
+Journal of Obstetrics</i>, September, 1889, and H. F. Lewis, <i>ib.</i>, July,
+1899.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_194'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_194'>[194]</a><div class='note'><p> <i>Transactions Edinburgh Obstetrical Society</i>, vol. xvii,
+1892.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_195'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_195'>[195]</a><div class='note'><p> J. W. Ballantyne, <i>Manual of Antenatal Pathology: The
+Embryo</i>, p. 45.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_196'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_196'>[196]</a><div class='note'><p> W. C. Dabney, &quot;Maternal Impressions,&quot; Keating's <i>Cyclop&aelig;dia
+of Diseases of Children</i>, vol. i, 1889, pp. 191-216.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_197'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_197'>[197]</a><div class='note'><p> F&eacute;r&eacute;, <i>Sensation et Mouvement</i>, Chapter XIV, &quot;Sur la
+Psychologie du F&oelig;tus.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_198'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_198'>[198]</a><div class='note'><p> J. Thomson, &quot;Defective Co-ordination in Utero,&quot; <i>British
+Medical Journal</i>, September 6, 1902.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_199'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_199'>[199]</a><div class='note'><p> H. Campbell, <i>Nervous Organization of Man and Woman</i>, p.
+206; <i>cf.</i> Moll, <i>Untersuchungen &uuml;ber die Libido Sexualis</i>, bd. i, p. 264.
+Many authorities, from Soranus of Ephesus onward, consider, however, that
+sexual relations should cease during pregnancy, and certainly during the
+later months. <i>Cf.</i> Br&eacute;not, <i>De l'influence de la copulation pendant la
+grosseisse</i>, 1903.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_200'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_200'>[200]</a><div class='note'><p> Bianchi terms this fairly common condition the neurasthenia
+of pregnancy.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_201'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_201'>[201]</a><div class='note'><p> Vinay, <i>Trait&eacute; des Maladies de la Grossesse</i>, 1894, pp. 51,
+577; Mongeri, &quot;Nervenkrankungen und Schwangerschaft.&quot; <i>Allegemeine
+Zeitschrift f&uuml;r Psychiatrie</i>, bd. LVIII, Heft 5. Haig remarks (<i>Uric
+Acid</i>, sixth edition, p. 151) that during normal pregnancy diseases with
+excess of uric acid in the blood (headaches, fits, mental depression,
+dyspepsia, asthma) are absent, and considers that the common idea that
+women do not easily take colds, fevers, etc., at this time is well
+founded.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_202'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_202'>[202]</a><div class='note'><p> Founding his remarks on certain anatomical changes and on a
+suggestion of Engel's, Donaldson observes: &quot;It is impossible to escape the
+conclusion that in women natural education is complete only with
+maternity, which we know to effect some slight changes in the sympathetic
+system and possibly the spinal cord, and which may be fairly laid under
+suspicion of causing more structural modifications than are at present
+recognized.&quot; H. H. Donaldson, <i>The Growth of the Brain</i>, p. 352.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_203'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_203'>[203]</a><div class='note'><p> The state of menstruation is in many respects an
+approximation to that of pregnancy; see, <i>e.g.</i>, Edgar's <i>Practice of
+Obstetrics</i>, plates 6 6 and 7, showing the resemblance of the menstrual
+changes in the breasts and the external sexual parts to the changes of
+pregnancy; <i>cf.</i> Havelock Ellis, <i>Man and Woman</i>, fourth edition, Chapter
+XI, &quot;The Functional Periodicity of Woman.&quot;</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_204'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_204'>[204]</a><div class='note'><p> Thus the gypsies say of an unmarried woman who becomes
+pregnant, &quot;She has smelt the moon-flower&quot;&mdash;a flower believed to grow on
+the so-called moon-mountain and to possess the property of impregnating by
+its smell. Ploss and Bartels, <i>Das Weib</i>, bd. I, Chapter XXVII.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_205'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_205'>[205]</a><div class='note'><p> This was a sound instinct, for it is now recognized as an
+extremely important part of puericulture that a woman should rest at all
+events during the latter part of pregnancy; see, <i>e.g.</i>, Pinard, <i>Gazette
+des H&ocirc;pitaux</i>, November 28, 1895, and <i>Annales de Gyn&eacute;cologie</i>, August,
+1898.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_206'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_206'>[206]</a><div class='note'><p> Ploss and Bartels, <i>op. cit.</i>, Chapter XXIX;
+&#922;&#961;&#965;&#960;&#964;&#8049;&#948;&#953;&#945;, vol. viii, p. 143.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_207'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_207'>[207]</a><div class='note'><p> Griffith Wilkin, <i>British Medical Journal</i>, April 8, 1905.</p></div>
+
+<a name='5_Footnote_208'></a><a href='#5_FNanchor_208'>[208]</a><div class='note'><p> Weininger, <i>Geschlecht und Charakter</i>, p. 107. I may remark
+that a recent book, Ellis Meredith's <i>Heart of My Heart</i>, is devoted to a
+seemingly autobiographical account of a pregnant woman's emotions and
+ideas. The relations of maternity to intellectual work have been carefully
+and impartially investigated by Adele Gerhard and Helena Simon, who seem
+to conclude that the conflict between the inevitable claims of maternity
+and the scarcely less inevitable claims of the intellectual life cannot be
+avoided.</p></div>
+
+
+
+
+<a name='5_Page_230'></a>
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_APPENDIX'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_231'></a>APPENDIX.</h2>
+
+<h3>HISTORIES OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT.</h3>
+
+<div class='blkquot'><p><b>HISTORY I.&mdash;</b>The following narrative has been written by a
+    university man trained in psychology:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    So far as I have been able to learn, none of my ancestors for at
+    least three generations have suffered from any nervous or mental
+    disease; and of those more remote I can learn nothing at all. It
+    appears probable, then, that any peculiarities of my own sexual
+    development must be explained by reference to the somewhat
+    peculiar environment.</p>
+
+<p>    I was the first child and was, naturally, somewhat spoiled&mdash;a
+    process which tended to increase my natural tendency to
+    sentimentality. On the other hand, I was shy and undemonstrative
+    with all except my nearest relatives, and with them as well after
+    my seventh or eighth year. And here it may be well to describe my
+    &quot;mental type,&quot; as this is probably the most important factor in
+    determining the direction of one's mental development. Of mental
+    types the &quot;visual&quot; is, of course, by far the most common, but in
+    my own case visual imagery was never strong or vivid, and has
+    constantly grown weaker. The dominant part has been played by
+    tactual, muscular and organic sensations, placing me as one of
+    the &quot;tactual motor&quot; type, with strong &quot;verbal motor&quot; and
+    &quot;organic&quot; tendencies. In reading a novel I seldom have a mental
+    picture of the character or situation, but easily imagine the
+    sensations (except the visual) and feel something of the emotions
+    described. When telling of any event I have a strong impulse to
+    make the movements described and to gesticulate. I remember
+    events in terms of movements and the words to be used in giving
+    an account of them; and in thinking of any subject I can feel the
+    movements of the larynx and, in a less degree, of the lips and
+    tongue that would be involved in putting my thoughts into words.
+    I am easily moved to emotion, even to sentimentality, but am
+    seldom if ever deeply affected and am so averse to any display of
+    my feelings that I have the reputation among my acquaintances of
+    being cold, unfeeling and unemotional. I am naturally quiet and
+    bashful to a degree, which has rendered all forms of social
+    intercourse painful through much of my life, and this in spite of
+    a real longing to associate with people on terms of intimacy. As
+    a child I was sensitive and solitary; later I became morbid as
+    well. In a character so constituted the feelings and impulses <a name='5_Page_232'></a>of
+    the moment are likely to rule, and such has been my constant
+    experience, though a large element of obstinacy in my character
+    has kept me from appearing impulsive, and slight influences will
+    bring about reactions which seem out of all proportion to their
+    cause. For instance, I cannot, even now, read the more erotic of
+    Boccaccio's stories without a good deal of sexual excitement and
+    restlessness, which can be relieved only by vigorous exercise or
+    masturbation.</p>
+
+<p>    The first ten years of my life were passed on a farm, most of the
+    time without playmates or companions of my own age.</p>
+
+<p>    As far back as I can remember I indulged in elaborate day-dreams
+    in which I figured as the chief character along with a few others
+    who were chiefly creatures of my imagination, but at times
+    borrowed from reality. These others were always boys until I
+    learned the proper function of the sexual organs, when girls
+    usurped the whole stage in numbers beyond the limits of a Turkish
+    harem. Even at school my day-dreams were scarcely interrupted,
+    for my shyness and timidity made me very unpopular among my
+    schoolmates, who tormented me after the fashion of small boys or
+    neglected me, as the spirit moved them. To make matters worse, I
+    was brought up under the &quot;sheltered life system,&quot; kept carefully
+    away from the &quot;bad boys,&quot; which category included nearly all the
+    youngsters of the community, and deluged with moral homilies and
+    tirades on things religious until I was thoroughly convinced that
+    goodness and discomfort, the right and the unpleasant, were
+    strictly synonymous; and I was kept through much of the time
+    facing the prospect of an early death, to be followed by the good
+    old orthodox hell or the equal miseries of its gorgeous
+    alternative. I may say in all seriousness that this is a
+    conservative and unexaggerated account of one phase of my early
+    life&mdash;the one, I think, that tended most strongly to make me
+    introspective and morbid. Later on, when I was trying to abandon
+    the habit of masturbation, this early training greatly increased
+    the despair I felt at each successive failure.</p>
+
+<p>    The first traces of sexual excitement that I can now recall
+    occurred when I was about 4 years old. I had erections quite
+    frequently and found a mild pleasure in fondling my genitals when
+    these occurred, especially just after waking in the morning. I
+    had no notion of an orgasm, and never succeeded in producing one
+    until I was 13 years of age. In the summer of my sixth year I
+    experienced pleasurable sensations in daubing my genitals with
+    oil and then fondling or rubbing them, but I abandoned this
+    amusement after getting some irritating substance into the
+    meatus. A year later my mother warned me that playing with my
+    penis would &quot;make me very sick,&quot; but since experience had taught
+    me that this was not true, my conviction that what was forbidden
+    must necessarily be pleasant, sent me directly to my favorite
+    retreat in the barn loft to experiment. Since, however, I failed,
+    in spite of persistent <a name='5_Page_233'></a>effort, to produce any such pleasant
+    results as I had expected, I soon gave up my attempts for other
+    kinds of amusement.</p>
+
+<p>    A few months after this, in midsummer, a very sensual servant
+    girl began a series of attempts to satisfy herself sexually with
+    my help. She came nearly every day into the loft where I was
+    playing and did her best to initiate me into the mysteries of
+    sexual relationships, but I proved a sorry pupil. She would rub
+    my penis until it became erect and then, placing me upon her,
+    would insert the penis in her vulva and make movements of her
+    thighs and hips calculated to cause friction. At times she varied
+    the program by lying upon me and embracing me passionately. I can
+    remember distinctly her quick, gasping breath and convulsive
+    movements. She generally ended the seance by persuading me to
+    perform cunnilingus upon her. None of these performances were
+    intelligible to me and I invariably protested against being
+    compelled to leave my play to amuse her. Even her fondling of my
+    genitals annoyed me; and, stranger still, I preferred satisfying
+    her by cunnilingus to the attempts at coitus.</p>
+
+<p>    It was nearly a year later that I experienced the first
+    unmistakable manifestations of the sexual impulse&mdash;erections
+    accompanied by lustful feeling and vague desires of whose proper
+    satisfaction I had no notion whatever. It never occurred to me to
+    associate my experiences with the servant girl with these new
+    sensations. The peculiar fact about them was that they were
+    generally occasioned by the infliction of pain upon animals. I do
+    not remember how I first discovered that they could be evoked in
+    this way, but I can clearly recollect many of my efforts to
+    arouse this pleasurable excitement by abusing the dog or the
+    cats, or by prodding the calves with a nail set in the end of a
+    broom handle. I seldom manipulated my genitals at this time, and
+    when I did it was for the purpose of causing sexual excitement
+    rather than allaying it.</p>
+
+<p>    During this same year I got my first idea of sexual intercourse
+    by watching animals copulate; but my powers of observation must
+    have been limited, for I supposed that the penis of the male
+    entered the anus of the female. In watching the coitus of animals
+    I experienced lively sexual excitement and lustful sensations,
+    located not only in the genitals, but apparently in the anus as
+    well. I often excited, myself by imagining myself playing the
+    part of the female animal&mdash;a peculiar combination of passive
+    pederasty and bestiality. A servant girl put me to right on the
+    error of observation just mentioned, but neglected to apply the
+    principle to human animals, and I remained for another year in
+    complete ignorance of the structure of woman's sexual organs and
+    of the intercourse between man and woman. In the meantime I
+    cultivated my fancies of intercourse with animals, often still
+    perversely imagining myself taking the part of the female; and
+    the notion of such <a name='5_Page_234'></a>relationships gradually became so familiar as
+    to seem possible and desirable. This is especially significant in
+    view of later developments.</p>
+
+<p>    Up to my eleventh or twelfth year the erotic element in my
+    daydreaming varied with the seasons. In the summer it played a
+    dominant part, while in the winter it was almost entirely absent,
+    owing, it may be, to the fact that most of my time was spent
+    indoors or on long, tiresome tramps to and from school, and the
+    further fact that during the winter I saw but little of the
+    animals which had acted as a stimulus to sexual excitement. So
+    little was I troubled in winter and so ignorant was I of normal
+    intercourse that sleeping with a cousin, a girl of about my own
+    age (7 or 8 years), resulted in no addition to my knowledge of
+    things sexual.</p>
+
+<p>    It was early in my ninth year that I first learned something of
+    the anatomical difference between man and woman and of the
+    functions of the sexual organs in coitus. These were explained to
+    me by a young male servant, who, however, told me nothing of
+    conception or pregnancy. At first I was very little interested,
+    as it did not immediately occur to me to associate my own erotic
+    experiences with the matter of these revelations; but under the
+    faithful tuition of my new instructor I soon began to desire
+    normal coitus, and my interest in the sexual affairs of animals
+    weakened accordingly. His teachings went still further, for he
+    masturbated before me, then persuaded me to masturbate him, and
+    finally practiced coitus inter femora upon me. He also tried to
+    masturbate me, but was unable to produce an orgasm, though I
+    found the experiment mildly pleasurable.</p>
+
+<p>    Early in my eleventh year we left the farm and lived in the city
+    for several months. In the meantime there had been no
+    developments in my sexual life beyond what has already been
+    indicated. In the city I found so much to interest and amuse me
+    that I almost entirely forgot my erotic day-dreams and desires.
+    Though my chief playmates were two girls of about my own age I
+    never thought of attempting sexual intercourse with them, as I
+    might easily have done, for they were much wiser and more
+    experienced in these things than myself. Shortly before the end
+    of our stay in town an older schoolmate explained to me as much
+    of the process of reproduction as is usually known by a
+    precocious youngster of 12 years, but I firmly refused to credit
+    his statements. He adduced the fact of lactation in proof of the
+    correctness of his views, but I had been too thoroughly steeped
+    in supernaturalism to be very amenable to naturalistic evidence
+    of this sort and remained obdurate. But the suggestion stayed
+    with me and perplexed me not a little; when we returned to the
+    farm I began to watch the reproductive process in animals.</p>
+
+<p>    The following two years were decidedly unpleasant. I was growing
+    rapidly and was sluggish, awkward and stupid. At school I was
+    more <a name='5_Page_235'></a>unpopular than ever and seemed to have a positive genius
+    for doing the wrong thing. On the rare occasions when my
+    companions admitted me to their counsels I was a willing dupe and
+    catspaw, with the result that I was much in trouble with my
+    teachers. Being morbidly sensitive I suffered keenly under these
+    circumstances and, as my health was not at all good, I often made
+    of my frequent headaches excuses to stay at home, where I would
+    lie abed brooding over my small troubles or, more often, dreaming
+    erotic day-dreams and making repeated attempts to produce an
+    orgasm. But though these efforts were accompanied by the most
+    lustful thoughts and my imagination created situations of
+    oriental extravagance, I was 13 years old when they first met
+    with success. I remember the occasion very distinctly, the more
+    so because I thought of it much and bitterly when shortly
+    afterwards I tried to abandon a habit which the family &quot;doctor
+    book&quot; assured me must result in every variety of damnation. At
+    the moment, however, I was greatly surprised and gratified and
+    tried at once to repeat the delightful sensation, but was unable
+    to do so until the following day. From that time to the present I
+    think I have masturbated an average of ten times per week, and
+    this is certainly a very conservative estimate; for though up to
+    my sixteenth year I could seldom produce an orgasm more than once
+    a day I have often, during the last four or five years, produced
+    it from four to seven times per day without difficulty and this
+    for days and even weeks in succession. During these periods of
+    excessive masturbation very little liquid was ejaculated and the
+    pleasurable sensations were slight or entirely lacking.</p>
+
+<p>    From the time when I began masturbating regularly practically my
+    whole interest centered in things pertaining to sex. I read the
+    chapters of the family &quot;doctor book&quot; which treated of sexual
+    matters; my day-dreams were almost exclusively erotic; I sought
+    opportunities to talk about sex-relationships with my
+    schoolmates, with whom I was now slowly getting on better terms;
+    I collected pictures of nude women, learned a great number of
+    obscene stories, read such obscene books as I could obtain and
+    even searched the dictionary for words having a sexual
+    connotation. Up to my fifteenth year, when ejaculation of semen
+    began, there was a strong sadistic coloring to my day-dreams.
+    Through this period, too, my bashfulness in the presence of the
+    opposite sex increased until it reached the point of absurdity.</p>
+
+<p>    When fifteen years old I began to practice coitus inter femora on
+    my brother and continued it intermittently for about two years.
+    The experience was disappointing, for I had confidently expected
+    a great increase of pleasure over masturbation in this act; and
+    in casting about for some stronger stimulus I recurred to the
+    forgotten idea of intercourse with animals. I promptly tried to
+    put the idea to a test, but failed several times, and finally
+    succeeded, only to find that the result <a name='5_Page_236'></a>fell far short of my
+    expectations. Nevertheless I continued the practice irregularly
+    for about three years&mdash;or rather through that part of the three
+    years that I spent at home, for while I was at school opportunity
+    for such indulgence was lacking. Long familiarity with the idea
+    of intercourse with animals had made it impossible for me to feel
+    the disgust with the practice which it inspires in most people;
+    and even the perusal of Exodus xxii: 19 failed to make me abandon
+    it. Firmly as I believed in the Mosaic law the supremacy of the
+    sexual impulse was complete.</p>
+
+<p>    As early as my sixteenth year I tried to abandon &quot;self-abuse&quot; in
+    all its forms and have repeatedly made the same effort since that
+    time but never with more than very partial success. On two or
+    three occasions I have stopped for periods of several weeks, but
+    only to begin again and indulge more recklessly than before. The
+    deep depression which followed each failure, and often each act
+    of masturbation, I attributed solely to the loss of semen,
+    leaving out of account the fact that I expected to feel depressed
+    and the utter discouragement and self-contempt which accompanied
+    the sense of failure and weakness when, in the face of my
+    resolution, I repeatedly gave way and yielded to the temptation
+    to an act whose consequences I firmly believed must be ruinous. I
+    am now convinced that by far the greater part of this depression
+    was due to suggestion and the humiliating sense of defeat. And
+    this feeling of moral impotence, this seeming helplessness
+    against an overpowering impulse which, on the other hand, seemed
+    so trivial when viewed without passion, eventually weakened my
+    self-control to a degree guessed by no one but myself and sapped
+    the foundations of my moral life in a way which I have constant
+    occasion to deplore.</p>
+
+<p>    The foregoing paragraphs give, I think, a fair idea of my
+    condition when I left home for a boarding school at the beginning
+    of my seventeenth year. From this time my experiences may be said
+    to have run on in two distinct cycles&mdash;that of the summer months
+    when I was at home, and that of the remainder of the year when I
+    was at school. This fact will make some confusion and apparent
+    inconsistency in the rest of this &quot;history&quot; unavoidable. When I
+    left home I was shy, retiring, totally ignorant of social usage,
+    without self-confidence, unambitious, dreamy, and subject to fits
+    of melancholy. I masturbated at least once a day, though I was in
+    almost constant rebellion against the habit. In my more idle
+    moments I elaborated erotic day dreams in which there was a
+    peculiar mixture of the purely sensual and the purely ideal
+    element; which never fused in my experience, but held the field
+    alternately or mingled somewhat in the manner of air and water.
+    One person usually served as the object of my ideal attachment,
+    another as the center round which I grouped my sensual dreams and
+    desires.</p>
+
+<p>    At school I found more congenial companions than I had fallen in
+    with <a name='5_Page_237'></a>elsewhere, and the necessary contact with people of both
+    sexes gradually wore off some of the rougher corners and brought
+    a measure of self-confidence. I had two or three incipient love
+    affairs which my backwardness kept from growing serious. Out of
+    this change of environment came a sense of expansion, of escape
+    from self, which was distinctly pleasant. I still masturbated
+    regularly, but no longer experienced the former depression except
+    when at home during vacation. Relatively to the past, life was
+    now so varied and interesting that I had less and less time for
+    melancholy; and the discovery that I could lead my classes and
+    hold my own in athletic sports seemed to indicate that my past
+    fears had been exaggerated. Nevertheless I was never reconciled
+    to the habit and often rebelled at the weakness that kept me its
+    slave.</p>
+
+<p>    When I entered the university the effects of my useless struggle
+    with the practice of masturbation were pretty well developed. I
+    could no longer fix my attention steadily upon my work and found
+    that only by &quot;cribbing&quot; and &quot;bluffing&quot; could I keep my place at
+    the head of my classes. I was troubled not a little by the
+    shoddiness of my work, and tried again and again during the
+    course of the two years spent at this college to shake off the
+    habit. At the university I was introduced gradually to a wider
+    social circle and so far outgrew my bashfulness that I began to
+    seek the society of the opposite sex assiduously. As I gained
+    self-confidence I became reckless, getting at one time into
+    serious trouble with the authorities which came near resulting in
+    my expulsion. I became one of the more popular members of the
+    clique to which I belonged&mdash;much to my surprise and even more to
+    that of my acquaintances. The physical culture craze attacked me
+    at this time and my pet ambition was the attainment of strength
+    and agility. My bump of vanity also grew apace, but an unmeasured
+    hatred of all kinds of foppishness kept me on the safe side of
+    moderation in my dress and behavior.</p>
+
+<p>    During my second year of university life I had two love affairs
+    in the course of which I found that my interest in any particular
+    member of the fair sex disappeared as soon as it was returned.
+    The pursuit was fascinating enough, but I cared nothing at all
+    for the prize when once it was within reach. I may add that the
+    interest I had in the girls was purely ideal. While at this
+    school I do not think I masturbated half as often as while at the
+    preparatory school.</p>
+
+<p>    When I left this college for &mdash;&mdash; University I took with me a
+    formidable catalogue of good resolutions, first among which was
+    the determination to abandon all kinds of &quot;self-abuse.&quot; I think I
+    kept this one about a month. As I had gone from a comparatively
+    small school to one of the largest of American universities the
+    change was great and the revelations it brought me frequently
+    humiliating. I was lonesome, home-sick, and my bump of
+    self-esteem was woefully bruised; and not <a name='5_Page_238'></a>unnaturally I soon
+    began to seek a partial solace in day-dreams and masturbation.
+    After I had become somewhat adapted to my new environment I
+    indulged less frequently in either, and from that time to the
+    present I have masturbated very irregularly, sometimes but little
+    and again to excess.</p>
+
+<p>    Not long after I came to this place I met a young lady with whom
+    I soon became quite intimate. For over a year our friendship was
+    strictly platonic and then swung suddenly around to a sexual
+    basis. We were ardent lovers for a few weeks, after which I tired
+    of the game as I had before in other cases, and broke off all
+    relations with her as abruptly as was possible. Since then I have
+    almost wholly withdrawn from the society and companionship of
+    women and have almost entirely lost whatever tact and assurance I
+    once possessed in their company. Things pertaining to sexual life
+    have interested me rather more than less, but have occupied my
+    attention much less exclusively than before this episode. Though
+    I have never intended to marry, my breaking off relations with
+    this girl affected me much. At any rate it marked an abrupt
+    change in the character of my sexual experiences. The sexual
+    impulse seems to have lost its power to rouse me to action.
+    Hitherto I had practiced masturbation always under protest, as it
+    were&mdash;as the only available form of sexual satisfaction; while
+    now I resigned myself to it as all that there was to hope for in
+    that field. Of course I knew that a little effort or a little
+    money would procure natural satisfaction of my sexual needs, but
+    I also knew that I would never, under any ordinary circumstances,
+    put forth the necessary effort, and fear of venereal disease has
+    been more than enough to keep me away from houses of
+    prostitution.</p>
+
+<p>    Some months ago I refrained from masturbation for a period of
+    about six weeks and watched carefully for any change in my health
+    or spirits, but noticed none at all. The only impulse to
+    masturbate was occasioned by fits of restlessness accompanied by
+    erections and a mildly pleasurable feeling of fullness in the
+    penis and scrotum. I think that over 75 per cent, of my acts of
+    masturbation are provoked by these fits of restlessness and are
+    unaccompanied by fancy images, erotic thoughts, lustful desires,
+    or marked pleasure. At other times the act is occasioned by
+    erotic thoughts and images, and is accompanied by a considerable
+    degree of lustful pleasure which, however, is never so intense as
+    in my earlier experiences and has steadily decreased from the
+    first. Usually the orgasm is accompanied by a strong contraction
+    of all the voluntary muscles, particularly the extensors,
+    followed by a slight giddiness and slight feeling of exhaustion.
+    If repeated several times in the course of a single day the acts
+    are followed by dullness and lassitude; otherwise the feeling of
+    exhaustion passes away quickly and a sense of relief and quiet
+    takes its place. So natural or rather habitual has this resort
+    <a name='5_Page_239'></a>to masturbation as a means of relief from nervousness and
+    restlessness become that the act is almost instinctive in its
+    unconsciousness.</p>
+
+<p>    I am extremely sensitive to all kinds of sexual influences, and
+    have an insatiable curiosity regarding everything that pertains
+    to the sexual life of men or women. I am not, however, excited
+    sexually by conversation about sexual facts and relationships, no
+    matter what its nature, though in reading erotic literature my
+    excitement is often intense.</p>
+
+<p>    The tendency to day dream has never left me, but there are no
+    longer any elaborate scenes or long-continued &quot;stories,&quot; these
+    having been replaced by vaguely imagined incidents which are
+    usually broken off before they reach a satisfactory climax. They
+    are always interrupted by the intrusion of other matters, usually
+    of more practical interest; and the long-continued habit of
+    satisfying myself by masturbation has made erotic dreams rather
+    tantalizing than pleasurable. I dream very seldom at night&mdash;at
+    least I can scarcely ever remember any dreams upon waking&mdash;and
+    practically never of sexual relations. I have not had a nocturnal
+    emission for over three years, and probably not more than
+    twenty-five in my life.</p>
+
+<p>    In my &quot;love passages&quot; with girls there has been no serious
+    thought of coitus on my part, and I have never had intercourse
+    with a woman&mdash;unless my early experiences with the servant girl
+    be called such. Like all masturbators I always idealized &quot;love&quot;
+    to the utter exclusion of all sensual cravings; and the notion
+    that the physical act of coitus was something degrading and
+    destructive of real love rather than its consummation was, of all
+    prejudices I have ever formed, the most difficult to escape&mdash;a
+    circumstance due, I suppose, to the fact that all I had ever been
+    taught on the subject tended to the complete divorce of what was
+    called &quot;love&quot; from what was stigmatized as a &quot;base sensual
+    desire.&quot; Judging from my own experience and observation I should
+    say that &quot;ideal love&quot; is a mere surface feeling, bound to
+    disappear as soon as it has gained its object by arousing a
+    reciprocal interest on the part of the one to whom it is
+    directed. So little did I &quot;materialize&quot; the objects of my &quot;love&quot;
+    that I have never cared for kissing or the warm embraces in which
+    lovers usually indulge. I have never kissed but one girl, and her
+    with far too little enthusiasm to satisfy her. My last sweetheart
+    was a very passionate girl, the warmth of whose embraces was
+    somewhat torrid and, to me, both puzzling and annoying. The
+    intensity of feeling which demanded such strenuous expression was
+    beyond my knowledge of human nature. A somewhat peculiar
+    circumstance in connection with these experiences is the fact
+    that I often found myself trying to analyze my emotions with a
+    purely psychological interest while playing the part of the
+    intoxicated lover in his mistress's arms.</p>
+
+<p>    There is but little left to say on the subject of my sexual
+    development. During the last two or three years my knowledge of
+    the facts of <a name='5_Page_240'></a>the sexual life has been very greatly increased,
+    and I have become acquainted with phases of human nature which
+    were wholly unknown to me before. The part played by things
+    sexual in my life is still, I suppose, abnormally large; it is
+    undoubtedly the largest single interest, though my outer life is
+    determined almost wholly by other considerations.</p>
+
+<p>    Of course I know nothing of the effect which long-continued
+    masturbation may have had on my ability to perform normal coitus.
+    I do not think I am subject to any kind of sexual perversion, for
+    all my indulgence has been <i>faute de mieux</i> and, at least since I
+    began masturbation, all my desires and erotic day-dreams have had
+    to do only with normal coitus. The mystery which surrounds the
+    sexual act seems at times to be regaining its former influence
+    and power of fascination. I have no doubt, however, but that I
+    should be greatly disillusioned should I ever perform coitus; and
+    I greatly regret that I have not been able to test this
+    conviction and so round out and complete this &quot;history.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    It may be worth while to say a word about my religious
+    experiences, as, in many cases, they are closely bound up with
+    the sexual impulse. I was never &quot;converted,&quot; but on a dozen or
+    more occasions approached the crisis more or less closely. The
+    dominant emotion in these experiences was always fear, sometimes
+    with anger and despair intermixed in varying proportions. A
+    complete analysis of these experiences is, of course, impossible,
+    but the various pleasurable feelings of which converts spoke in
+    the revivals which I attended were a closed book to me. Following
+    my revival-meeting experiences came a few days spent in a sort of
+    moral exaltation during which I eschewed all my habits of which
+    conventional morality disapproved, save masturbation, and felt no
+    small satisfaction with my moral conditions. I became a
+    first-rate Pharisee. Toward the women who had figured in my day
+    dreams I suddenly conceived the chastest affection, resolutely
+    smothering every sensual thought and fancy when thinking of them,
+    and putting in place of these elements ideal love,
+    self-sacrifice, knightly devotion&mdash;Sunday-school Garden-of-Eden
+    pictures with a medi&aelig;val, romantic coloring. These day-dreams
+    were always sexual, involving situations of extreme complexity
+    and monumental silliness. Masturbation was always continued and
+    usually with increased frequency. The end of these periods was
+    always abrupt and much like awaking from a dream in which the
+    dreamer has been behaving in a manner to arouse his own disgust.
+    They were followed by feelings of sheepishness and self-contempt
+    mingled with anger and a dislike of all things having to do with
+    religion. My inability to pass the conversion crisis and a
+    growing contempt for empty enthusiasm finally led me to a saner
+    attitude toward religion, from which I passed easily into
+    religious scepticism; and later the study of philosophy and
+    science, and particularly of psychology, banished the last
+    lingering remnant <a name='5_Page_241'></a>of faith in a supernatural agency and led me
+    to the passion for facts and indifference to values which have
+    caused me to be often called &quot;dead to all morality.&quot;</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY II.&mdash;</b>C. A., aged 25, unmarried; tutor, preparing to take
+    Holy Orders:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    My paternal ancestry (which is largely Huguenot) is noteworthy
+    for its patriotism and its large families. My father, who died
+    when I was a year old, is remembered for the singular uprightness
+    and purity of his life from his earliest childhood. The
+    photograph which I have shows him as possessed of a rare classic
+    beauty of features. He was an ideal husband and father. At the
+    time of his death he was a Master of Arts and a school principal.
+    My mother is an extraordinarily neurotic woman, yet famed among
+    her friends for her great domesticity, attachment to her
+    husbands, and an almost abnormal love of babies. She has nobly
+    borne the ill-treatment of her second husband, who for several
+    years has been in a state of melancholia. My mother has been
+    &quot;highly-wrought&quot; all her life, and has suffered intensely from
+    fears of all kinds. As a young girl she was somnambulistic, and
+    once fell down a stairhead during sleep. In spite of her bodily
+    sufferings with indigestion, eye-strain, and depression she
+    retains her youthfulness. She has slight powers of reasoning. She
+    has had times of unconsciousness and rigidity, I have never heard
+    any mention of epilepsy. She has a horror of showing prudishness
+    in regard to the healthful manifestations of sex life, and is
+    always praising examples of what she terms &quot;a natural woman.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    I have heard that during my first year my mother detected my
+    nurse in the act of putting a morphine powder on my tongue for
+    the purpose of keeping me quiet. I was subject to convulsions at
+    this period, and narrowly escaped a permanent hernia. My family
+    tell me that from the beginning I was a well-developed and boyish
+    boy, full of mischief, impulsive, good to look upon, unusually
+    affectionate, beloved by all.</p>
+
+<p>    In my third year I took pleasure in crawling under the bed with
+    my boy-cousin who was nine months my senior, and after we had
+    taken down our drawers, in kissing each other's nates. I do not
+    remember which of us first thought of this pastime.</p>
+
+<p>    At the age of 4 I gave myself a treat by gazing upward through a
+    cellar window at the nates of a woman who was defecating from
+    several feet above into a cesspool that lay beneath. It was
+    during this summer also that I frightened myself by pulling back
+    my prepuce far enough to disclose the purple glans, which I had
+    never seen before. But this act gave me no desire to masturbate.</p>
+
+<p>    When 5 years old, and living in a great city, I drew indecent
+    pictures in company with a little girl and her younger brother.
+    These pictures <a name='5_Page_242'></a>represented men in the act of urinating. The
+    penes were drawn large, and the streams of urine plainly
+    indicated. One afternoon I induced the boy to go to the
+    bath-room, lie on his back, and allow me to perform <i>fellatio</i> on
+    him. I did not ask him to return the favor. I remember the
+    curious tar-like smell of his clothing and the region about his
+    genitals. It is possible that I gained my knowledge of <i>fellatio</i>
+    from an unknown boy of 10, who had induced me, during the
+    preceding summer to enter a sandy lot with him, watch him
+    urinate, and then, kneeling before him, commit <i>fellatio</i>. A year
+    later, as I was walking home in the rain to our summer cottage,
+    with an open umbrella over my shoulder, a boy of 15, who was
+    leaning against our fence, exhibited a large, erect penis, and
+    when I had passed him urinated upon me and my umbrella. I never
+    saw the boy again. I felt peculiarly insulted by his act. Back of
+    the house there lived a 12-year-old boy who invited me to watch
+    him defecate in the outdoor privy, and during the act told me a
+    number of indecent stories and words which I cannot remember.</p>
+
+<p>    About this time I fell in love with a little Jewish boy next
+    door. Often I cried myself to sleep over the thought that perhaps
+    he was lying on a sofa alone and crying with a stomach-ache. I
+    longed to embrace him; and yet I saw little of him, and made
+    little of him when I was with him.</p>
+
+<p>    Living in a Western city a few months later, some girls of 12 and
+    14 led me to their barn, where they dressed themselves in boys'
+    clothing and made believe that they were cowboys. One of them
+    told me to &quot;shut my eyes, open my mouth, and get a surprise.&quot;
+    When I opened my eyes once more a piece of hen-dung lay in my
+    mouth. I have a vague remembrance of one of the girls asking me
+    to enter a water-closet with her. She uttered some indelicate
+    phrase, but I performed no act with her. In the house where I
+    lived I once entered the bedroom of a half-grown girl while she
+    was dressing. She knelt to kiss me innocently enough, and I, by a
+    sudden impulse, ran my hand between her bare neck and her corset
+    as far as I could reach. Apparently she took no notice of my
+    movement. Although I did not masturbate, yet during this winter I
+    experienced a tickling sensation about my genitals when I placed
+    my hand beneath them as I lay on my stomach in bed. One evening I
+    pulled up my night-dress and, holding my penis in my hand, I
+    danced to and fro on the carpet. I imagined that I was one of a
+    line of naked men and women who were advancing toward another
+    similar line that faced them. I imagined myself as pleasurably
+    coming in contact with my female partner who possessed male
+    genitals.</p>
+
+<p>    The following summer I lived in the woods. My next-door playmate
+    was a little girl of my own age&mdash;6 years. She sat down before me
+    in the barn and exposed her genitals. This was the first time I
+    had seen female organs, or had thought for a moment that they
+    differed from <a name='5_Page_243'></a>my own. In great perplexity I asked the little
+    girl: &quot;Has it been cut off?&quot; She and I defecated in peach baskets
+    that we found in the upper part of the barn.</p>
+
+<p>    When I was 7 years old and back in the Eastern city I lived in
+    the house of a physician. Alone with his 3-year-old daughter one
+    day, I showed her my erect organ, and felt a delicious
+    gratification when she stroked it with the words: &quot;Nice! Nice!&quot; I
+    confessed my fault to my guardian that night after I had said my
+    prayers. I had complained to my mother a year before of the
+    inconvenience I found in my penis being &quot;so long sometimes.&quot; She
+    said that she would &quot;see about having the end taken off.&quot; But I
+    was never circumcised. Her words gave me the doubly unpleasant
+    impression that my <i>glans</i> was to be cut off.</p>
+
+<p>    There came occasionally to the kitchen of Dr. W.'s house a
+    foul-mouthed Irish laundress who used coarse language to me
+    concerning urination. I loathed the woman, and yet one night I
+    dreamed that I was embracing her naked form and rolling over and
+    over with her on the bed; and in spite of my sight of female
+    genitals a few months before, I thought of her as having organs
+    of my own kind and size. At my first school I watched a
+    red-haired boy of 12 expose the penis of a 7-year-old boy as he
+    lay on his back in the bath-room. I do not remember that the
+    sight gave me sexual pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>    I spent the summer before I was 8 in a double house. The adopted
+    daughter of our neighbor (a neurotic, retired physician) was a
+    girl of 13 who had been taken from a poor laboring family. She
+    got me to show her my parts, touched them, and asked whether I
+    urinated from my scrotum. She also induced me to play with her
+    genitals as we sat on a sofa in the twilight, and to spank her
+    naked nates with the back of a hair-brush as she lay on a bed;
+    but from none of these performances did I derive physical
+    satisfaction. The girl E. and I took delight in &quot;talking dirty
+    secrets,&quot; as she expressed it. Her young cousin H. (nephew of her
+    adopted mother) never heard me use the word &quot;thing&quot; without
+    suggestively smiling. E. recalled the pleasant hours that she had
+    spent with her cousin when they were in their night-gowns. She
+    did not particularize these sexual relations. Under the
+    board-walk the boy H. and I once defecated in bottles. Some
+    little girls who lived opposite us pulled up their dresses one
+    night and &quot;dared&quot; each other to dance out beyond the end of the
+    house, in full view of the road. We boys merely looked on.</p>
+
+<p>    I now fell passionately in love with a remarkably handsome little
+    boy of my own age. I longed to kiss and hug him, but I did not
+    dare to do so, for he was haughty and intolerant of my
+    attentions. I even allowed him to stand with one foot on me and
+    remark in a loud tone: &quot;I am Conqueror!&quot; I endured no end of
+    petty insults and much ill-treatment from this boy. I reached the
+    height of my passion on the <a name='5_Page_244'></a>night that he appeared at our
+    cottage in a tight-fitting suit of pepper-and-salt. I gloried in
+    his perfect legs and besought my guardian that she would buy me a
+    similar suit of clothes.</p>
+
+<p>    For the summer after I was 8 years old I lived in a cottage in a
+    country town. The servant maid M. was a young girl of 16 who
+    listened eagerly to my accounts of the &quot;secrets&quot; and actions in
+    which the girl E. and I had taken delight a year before. I think
+    that M. arranged a meeting between a little black-haired girl and
+    me in order that we might take a walk and play sexually with each
+    other. Just as we were starting on our walk one of my relatives
+    said that I must not leave the yard.</p>
+
+<p>    The little girl and I had see-sawed together and I had been
+    interested in her legs as she rose in the air. (When I was 13
+    years old and see-sawing at a picnic with a stout girl, the
+    motion of the board and the sight of her straddled form filled me
+    with longing to embrace her sexually.) One afternoon M. took me
+    to the house of an acquaintance of hers. M's brother was in the
+    room and made a number of unremembered remarks which struck me as
+    being rather &quot;free,&quot; and M. told me later that she and the girl
+    once dressed as ballet dancers and danced before M.'s brother. I
+    felt that he was lascivious. I was always remarkably intuitive.</p>
+
+<p>    I fell in love with a handsome, stout, black-haired boy who lived
+    on a farm; but he was not a &quot;farmer's son&quot; in the common sense of
+    the word. I visited him for two or three days, and we slept with
+    each other, to my boundless joy. For his freckled girl cousin I
+    did not care the turn of my wrist, although she was a nice enough
+    little thing. One night when we three lay on a bed in the dark,
+    and neither of us boys had eyes or words for her, she silently
+    left us. He and I never committed the slightest sexual fault. I
+    left him with tears at the summer-end, and I often kissed his
+    photograph during the following winter.</p>
+
+<p>    In the flat-house where I began to live when I was 8 years old, I
+    once practiced mutual tickling of a very slight character with a
+    boy of my own age. We sat on chairs placed opposite to each other
+    and we inserted our fingers through the openings in our trousers.
+    Just as we were beginning to enjoy the titillation we were
+    interrupted by the approach of one of my family who, however, was
+    not quick enough to discover us. Down cellar I often saw the
+    genitals of the janitor's little girls&mdash;they were fond of lifting
+    their skirts and they did not wear drawers&mdash;but I had no desire
+    to attempt conjunction. I once caught an older friend of mine (he
+    was 13) in the act of leaving one of the girls. The pair had been
+    in a coal-compartment. The boy was buttoning his trousers and I
+    guessed what he had been doing. When I began to sleep alone in my
+    tenth year I had no desire to masturbate, and was loath to do so
+    by reason of ample warnings given me by my guardian and by the
+    family physician. One afternoon a stunted friend of mine sat down
+    in <a name='5_Page_245'></a>the back yard and astonished me by tying a piece of string to
+    his penis. At a large private school which I now attended I made
+    the acquaintance of the principal's son, and wondered why he had
+    such a fancy for dressing his 5-year-old sister in boy's clothes.
+    He closed the door on me while he was thus engaged. At my house
+    we went to the bath-room together, and he showed me his
+    circumcised and much-ridged penis. Neither of us made any mention
+    of masturbating.</p>
+
+<p>    At this period I fell slightly in love with a 5-year-old boy with
+    intensely black eyes. I would kiss him whenever we were alone,
+    but I had no wish to seduce him. I was always interested in
+    watching the urination of younger children. When I was 5 years
+    old I went on my knees to a strange little boy in order to
+    whisper in his ear an inquiry as to whether he wanted to urinate.
+    I experienced a pleasurable thrill when I was 10 years old in
+    leading a small girl cousin to the outdoor privy, in helping her
+    on and off the open seat, in buttoning and unbuttoning her
+    drawers, and in gazing at her vulva.</p>
+
+<p>    The summer before I was 10 I lived a wild life in the mountains.
+    My companions were a negro girl, the two daughters of a
+    clergyman, the two sons of a questionable woman hotel-keeper, and
+    the daughter of the Irish scavenger. All of these children were
+    extraordinarily sensual. Their leading pastime, from morning
+    until night, was varying forms of indecency, with the supreme
+    caress&mdash;which they termed &quot;raising dickie&quot;&mdash;as the most frequent
+    enjoyment. The 5-year-old daughter of the scavenger explained to
+    us how she had seen her father approaching her stout mother with
+    an erect penis, the pair standing up before the lamplight during
+    the act. This curly-headed, rosy-cheeked child handled her
+    genitals so much that they were inflamed. I once saw her sitting
+    in the road and rubbing dust against her vulva. I saw little of
+    the elder daughter of the minister (she was 12 years old). She
+    persuaded me to expose myself before her in the cellar of a
+    partially-built house. In return for my favor she allowed me to
+    look at her genitals. She did not ask for <i>conjunctio</i>. The two
+    younger daughters were my intimates. With the middle one I was
+    forever performing a weak conjunction that consisted in the
+    laying of my member against her vulva. Notwithstanding all the
+    entreaties of my little friend, I could not be persuaded to
+    protrude my penis against her vagina; and not on one occasion can
+    I remember obtaining an erection or extreme pleasure. Up in the
+    garret she straddled slanting beams with her genitals exposed,
+    and I followed her example. The negro girl and my little friend
+    both urinated on a tent floor at my request. I did not fancy the
+    odor of a girl's genitals, nor the appearance of the vulva when
+    the labia were held apart.</p>
+
+<p>    The following summer, when I was almost 11, I took a long walk
+    one day with my old friend, the girl E. We entered a patch of
+    woods and ate our lunch, but no sense of sexual drawing toward
+    the girl came <a name='5_Page_246'></a>over me and she did not offer to entice me. I
+    slept with her boy-cousin one night, and her neuropathic aunt, a
+    retired lady physician, bothered us by repeatedly creeping into
+    our room. I felt intuitively that she was watching to see whether
+    we would commit mutual masturbation&mdash;which we had no thought of
+    doing. Three years before I had opened the door of her bedroom
+    suddenly and saw E.'s naked form. The physician had been
+    examining her, E. told me later. My guardian also annoyed me by
+    repeated warnings not to play with myself.</p>
+
+<p>    Just before I turned 11 I was sent to a small and so-called
+    &quot;home&quot; boarding-school. Eight of us lived in the smaller
+    dormitory. The matron roomed downstairs. There was no resident
+    master&mdash;a serious error. We small boys were told to strip one
+    evening. We were then tied neck-to-neck and made to dance a
+    &quot;slave-dance,&quot; which was marked by no sexuality. A boy of 15, R.,
+    one afternoon gave me the astonishing information that my father
+    had taken a part in my procreation. Up to this moment I had known
+    only of the maternal offices, information of which had been
+    beautifully supplied to me by my guardian when I was 7 years old.
+    At that time I talked freely about the coming of a baby brother
+    in a distant city; I watched the construction of baby clothes; I
+    named the newcomer, and I was momentarily disappointed when he
+    proved to be a girl. This same R., a strong boy with a large
+    penis, got into the custom of lying in bed with me just before
+    lights were put out. He would read to himself and occasionally
+    pause to pump his penis and make with his lips the sound of a
+    laboring locomotive. I felt impelled to handle his organ, for I
+    was fascinated by its size, and stiffness, and warmth. Rarely he
+    would titillate my then small and unerect penis. R. never
+    ejaculated when he was with me; hence not until my third year was
+    I acquainted with the appearance of a flow of semen. Sometimes R.
+    would stop during his dressing to manipulate his penis, but was
+    such a picture of rosy health that I doubt whether he brought
+    himself often to ejaculation. R. told me that he had been to a
+    brothel where his genitals were examined to determine whether
+    they were large enough and not diseased. He also related how he
+    &quot;played cow&quot; with a girl of his own age, she consenting to
+    perform <i>fellatio</i> upon him. A dark-skinned, unwashed, pimpled
+    but fairly vigorous boy of 16, with an irritable domineering
+    manner, told me the delights of coitus with a girl in a
+    bath-house, and I overheard his conversation with another &quot;old&quot;
+    boy concerning the purchase of a girl in a big city for the sum
+    of five dollars. No details were given.</p>
+
+<p>    I will now pass to my third year, when I was 13 years old. A
+    large, well-set-up boy of 16, A., became my idol. His toleration
+    of my presence in his room filled me with endless love. When I
+    lied about a matter in which he was concerned, his denunciation
+    of me brought me to a state of shuddering and weeping
+    unspeakable. When our relations <a name='5_Page_247'></a>were established again A.
+    allowed me to creep into his bed after the lights were out, and
+    there I passionately embraced him, but without performing any
+    definite act. When I turned over on my side with my back to him
+    he drew my prepuce back and forth until I experienced orgasm, but
+    not ejaculation. I would return his favor by pumping his erect
+    penis, but with no ejaculation on his part. He did not propose
+    <i>fellatio</i>, and I did not think of it. One night when he was in
+    my bed I began to masturbate very slightly, whereupon he laughed,
+    saying: &quot;So that is the way you amuse yourself!&quot; As a matter of
+    fact the habit was not fastened upon me. He always laughed when
+    the rubbing of his finger on my exposed glans caused me to
+    shrink. Another boy, H., now began to show me his erect penis and
+    we practiced mutual manipulations. A. laughingly told me how me
+    had caught H. in the act of masturbating as he stood in the
+    bath-tub. A. told me a number of sexual stories&mdash;how he enjoyed
+    coitus in the bushes with a girl on the way home from
+    entertainments; how half a dozen boys and girls stripped in the
+    basement of a church and performed coitus on the velvet chairs
+    which stood behind the pulpit; and how he and a younger boy, who
+    camped out together, played with each other's genitals. F., a boy
+    of 11, was highly nervous, subject to timidity and tears on the
+    slightest provocation, often morose, and under treatment for
+    kidney trouble. His penis was erect whenever I saw him undress.
+    He told me that a partially idiotic man taught F. and his
+    companion how to masturbate. The man invited the boys to his tent
+    and there pumped his organ until &quot;some white stuff came out of
+    it.&quot; F. also told me that an Indian princess in his part of the
+    country would permit coitus for fifty cents. A. sometimes slept
+    with F., and I could imagine their embraces. S., a secretive,
+    handsome boy of 13, wetted his bed with urine every night. The
+    only sign that he gave of an interest in sexuality was his
+    laughing remark concerning the coupling of rose-bugs. Of his
+    chum, my beloved C., I will speak later. My small room-mate
+    handled himself only slightly. I never had a desire to lie with
+    him, since I disliked him, nor with my first room-mate, a
+    &quot;chunky,&quot; fiery boy of 10, whose penis interested me merely
+    because it was circumcised and almost always erect. His
+    masturbation was also so slight as not to attract any particular
+    attention. A lusty German boy, B., showed no signs of sexuality
+    until his third year, when he laughed about his newly-appearing
+    pubic hair, and told several of us openly of how he enjoyed to
+    play &quot;a drum-beat&quot; on his penis before going to sleep. &quot;I don't
+    do it too much, though,&quot; he explained. He showed a mild curiosity
+    when I gave him the resum&eacute; of a book on cohabitation which
+    contained illustrations of the erect penis and the female organs.
+    I had found this book in the woods and I read it eagerly during
+    my third year.</p>
+
+<p>    I came to the point of agreeing with A., who said: &quot;Everyone is
+    <a name='5_Page_248'></a>smutty.&quot; Indeed I lived in a lustful world, and yet my mind was
+    bent also on books, and writing, and the outdoor world. I was
+    overgrown and splendidly developed, with a medium-sized penis and
+    a scant growth of pubic hair. My face wore a somewhat infantile
+    expression. My mouth was a perfect &quot;Cupid's bow,&quot; my hair thin
+    and light. I was troubled about my snub-nose, which gave the boys
+    a great deal of amusement. As a matter of fact I exaggerated its
+    upward tendency out of my morbid self-consciousness and
+    cowardice. My imagination was extraordinarily intense, as it had
+    always been. I was sensitive to smells and sounds and colors and
+    personalities, and to the subtle influence of the night. I was
+    timid and easily moved to tears, but not from any physical
+    weakness until after. At the lower house there was the boy Z.,
+    famed for his large penis; and the older G., a boy of 15, who was
+    the leader in sexuality at his dormitory. Z. showed me his penis
+    and exposed his glans often enough, but we did not manipulate
+    each other. G. told us to notice how large a space his penis
+    occupied in his trousers, and laughed over Z.'s custom of
+    masturbating by means of a narrow vase. G.'s special lover was a
+    nervous boy of ten. It is remarkable that none of us mentioned
+    <i>fellatio</i> or <i>p&aelig;dicatio</i>. These acts may have occurred at
+    school, but not to my knowledge. We did not have much to say
+    sexually about the girls. We heard rumors of a 16-year-old, V.,
+    who had been sent away from school for coitus; and my first
+    room-mate was said to have obtained <i>conjunctio</i> with a girl
+    under cover of the chapel shed. Once A. and I pointed a telescope
+    at the open windows of the girls' dormitory, but we saw nothing
+    to interest us. A day-scholar, J., a pale, nervous, bright boy of
+    13, took me into the study of his uncle-physician and together we
+    gloated over pictures of the sexual organs. A. was with us on one
+    occasion. J. told me how he liked to roll over and over in bed
+    with his hand placed under his scrotum. This act, he said, made
+    him imagine that he was obtaining coitus. He advised me to slide
+    my penis back and forth in the vagina whenever I should actually
+    obtain coitus. In my room at school J. once drew an imaginary map
+    of a bagnio, in which the water-closet was carefully displayed
+    <i>en suite</i> with the bedrooms. J. and I never masturbated
+    together. Indeed, I cannot remember seeing his organ. A hulking
+    boy of 16, who lived opposite the school-grounds, became intimate
+    with J., and we three went on a walk up the railroad track. The
+    big boy, W., tried to inflame my passions by telling me how he
+    and J. had had coitus with a handsome black-haired widow in town,
+    but I remained cold.</p>
+
+<p>    During this year I fell in love with C., a popular, talkative,
+    witty boy of my own age, or perhaps a year younger. He fancied me
+    and we slept together one night under the most innocent
+    circumstances. I never dreamed of having sexual relations with
+    him, and yet I fairly burned with love for him. My stay at his
+    beautiful home over Sunday while his <a name='5_Page_249'></a>parents were away was one
+    long delight. We slept in each other's arms, but there was no
+    sexuality. En route to C.'s home he pointed with a glove to a
+    little working-girl, saying he would like to have intercourse
+    with her, but this was the only remark of the kind that ever
+    passed his lips in my presence. When undressed save for his
+    undershirt, he laughingly held his unerect organ in his hand and
+    made the motions of obtaining conjunction with an imaginary
+    partner. Once we spoke of masturbation (I could recite the
+    information of my good physician with a marvelous show of
+    virtue), and C. remarked: &quot;Yes, doing that makes boys crazy.&quot; C.
+    finally grew tired of my deceptive, babyish nature and
+    ultra-interest in books and puzzles, but I cherished an
+    undiminished affection for him, and when he was detained at home
+    for a fortnight with a broken arm, I wrote him a passionate
+    letter, which I sobbed over and actually wetted with my tears.
+    But the fervor of my passion died at the close of the year. I
+    consider this unsullied friendship to be the only redeeming
+    feature of my sensual days at school.</p>
+
+<p>    Versed as I was in the warnings against masturbation, I found
+    pleasure one afternoon when I was alone in slipping my penis
+    through the open handle of a pair of scissors and in violently
+    flapping my partially erect organ until a strange, sweet thrill
+    crept over me from top to toe and a drop of clear liquid oozed
+    from my member. But I gave up the manipulation with scissors,
+    finding a greater satisfaction in masturbating while I was
+    defecating or just after it. I either pumped my organ by slipping
+    the prepuce back and forth, or I grasped the organ at its root
+    and violently jerked it back and forth. I soon began to
+    masturbate not only every time that I defecated, but also at
+    night just before I went to sleep, and sometimes early in the
+    morning. On the whole I preferred the jerking just described. I
+    always brought about ejaculation after perhaps five minutes of
+    violent exertion.</p>
+
+<p>    My penis became chafed at the root, but I did not especially
+    care. I remember the afternoon that I masturbated for the first
+    time while I was defecating in the school water-closet. I cannot
+    recall that at first I thought of coitus while I masturbated. On
+    one occasion I masturbated over the <i>vase de nuit</i> after a
+    delightful afternoon of tobogganing exploration up and down the
+    mountain.</p>
+
+<p>    During this first year of abuse, I felt no ill effects
+    whatsoever, although I realized, in an unthinking way, that I was
+    doing wrong. But sexuality had assumed the proportion of a
+    regular feature of our school life. It was difficult for me to
+    place a &quot;universal&quot; view in its true perspective. I used to smile
+    at the glazed, dull morning eye of poor H., who was a stunted boy
+    of 15, and thus could not endure his losses so well as I could
+    endure them. The qualms of conscience which I suffered were lost
+    in my delight in my dawning sexual life. Sometimes I lay on my
+    stomach in bed, and by placing my hand under my scrotum,
+    according to <a name='5_Page_250'></a>the directions of J., brought up a pretty girl to
+    mind. Just before Sunday school G., our chief reprobate, and the
+    rest of us would hunt out what we considered to be nasty texts of
+    Scripture. The chapter concerning the whoredoms of Aholah and
+    Aholibah gave me an especial pleasure. T. mentioned the giggling
+    that occurred at prayers in the lower dormitory when the details
+    of Esau's birth were read out. A few days before G. was
+    expelled&mdash;for exactly what cause I do not know&mdash;he told me of how
+    greatly he enjoyed coitus on his grandmother's sofa with a girl
+    of fifteen. When I went home on the boat for holidays I noted the
+    large, black-haired penis of the strong boy of our school. He
+    occupied a state-room with me, but made no sexual overtures.</p>
+
+<p>    Since my twelfth year I had been wrapped up all summer long in a
+    boy who was six months my senior. We slept together constantly,
+    but not once did we think of obtaining mutual gratification. On
+    the contrary, we held up high ideals to each other and frowned on
+    masturbation. I took delight in saying that I never had handled
+    myself, and never would do so. Even at the height of my
+    &quot;auto-erotic&quot; period, I skillfully concealed my habits from all
+    my boy friends. A neurotic solo choir boy friend once spoke of
+    obtaining ejaculation, whereupon I expressed utter ignorance of
+    such an act, little hypocrite that I was. This boy told how the
+    house servants joked with him about coitus and made laughing
+    lunges at his organs.</p>
+
+<p>    But much as I loved my chum, my most passionate regard went out
+    in my thirteenth year to N., a chubby, blue-eyed, choir-boy of
+    12. He was a pretty boy to any eye. He was not gifted, except in
+    water-sports, and anything but popular either with girls or with
+    boys; yet I grew warm at the mention of his name. He did not care
+    a fig for me. From first to last I had no consciousness of the
+    sexual nature of my passion, and the thought of doing more than
+    embrace and kiss him in an innocent manner never crossed my mind.
+    For two summers I had nights of tossing on my bed (although I
+    almost never was sleepless for any cause) when I would see his
+    dear face and form, in and out of the swimming pool, or engaged
+    perhaps in singing or in showing his beautiful teeth. I seldom
+    was smitten with little girls, and I found myself embarrassed in
+    their company after my ninth year; yet I thought well enough of
+    their looks and ways to enjoy their company at dances. The girls
+    liked me in a platonic way, for I was accounted a good, big,
+    kind, blundering boy with a helping hand for the smallest fry.</p>
+
+<p>    During the summer after I was 13, I imagined myself in the early
+    morning, when I was half awake, as persuading my wife to have
+    coitus with me. In the course of my spoken words I kept my hand
+    under my scrotum.</p>
+
+<p>    A plump girl-cousin of my own age was visiting at my uncle's
+    during the summer after I was 13. With her I greatly desired to
+    <a name='5_Page_251'></a>satisfy myself, but I could not be sure that my boy cousin (5
+    years old) might not find us out, even though she should consent.
+    Once when we three were in the hay-loft a wave of lust rolled
+    over me, but I made no proposal. Night and gaslight greatly
+    increased my <i>libido</i>. On one occasion my aunt had gone to the
+    village for ice-cream, and L. and I were left alone in the
+    dining-room. I took her on my lap and had a powerful erection. I
+    almost asked her to play sexually with me in the barn, but
+    instead I spoke of an imaginary girl, the first letters of whose
+    successive names spelled an indecent word for coitus&mdash;a word
+    known to almost every Anglo-Saxon child, I fear. L. laughed, but
+    gave no sign of assent. For a neighboring girl of 15 I felt such
+    a drawing that early in the morning I would roll on the floor
+    with my erect organ in my hand in riotous imagining of coitus
+    with her. I walked with her in the woods and sat at her feet, but
+    although I felt instinctively that she would satisfy me without
+    much persuasion, yet I <i>could not</i> ask her. One night I started
+    to church in order to walk home with her, and lead her (if
+    possible) to a field where we might gratify ourselves (I picked
+    out the exact grassy spot where we might lie); but when I was
+    almost at the church door my &quot;moral sense&quot; (if that is what it
+    was) rose and dragged me home again.</p>
+
+<p>    During the swimming hour I watched the genitals of the boys,
+    comparing them carefully in the most minute details. Circumcised
+    organs affected me as being disagreeable, and men's hairy, coarse
+    genitals I abhorred.</p>
+
+<p>    When 13 I became acquainted with the new mail-boy at the inn. He
+    was a city &quot;street-boy,&quot; and got me into smoking cigarettes
+    occasionally. I did not definitely take up smoking until I was
+    16. He told me that a mason once offered him ten cents if he
+    would masturbate the man in a cellar. The boy said that he
+    refused. I slept a few times with an ill-favored boy of fine
+    parentage. He was of my own age, and I had played with him in a
+    natural way for several years, but my increasing sexual desires
+    led me to mutually masturbate with him, and even unsuccessfully
+    to attempt with him mutual p&aelig;dicatio. On the morning after our
+    nights of sensuality I felt &quot;gone&quot; and miserable, but not
+    repentant. By afternoon I was myself again. My relations with G.
+    were purely animal, for I disliked his jealous disposition, his
+    horse-laugh, his features, his form, his withdrawn scrotum and
+    his undersized penis. At home in the evening I often found myself
+    inflamed with a mental picture of active <i>fellatio</i> with him, but
+    I never performed this act, so far as I remember.</p>
+
+<p>    One of my great sexual desires was to walk along a fence on which
+    a girl was seated. In order that I might feast my eyes on her
+    pudenda she must not wear drawers.</p>
+
+<p>    When I turned 14 I had been, from my unusual size, in long
+    trousers <a name='5_Page_252'></a>for several months. I entered a private day-school and
+    progressed brilliantly in my studies. I kept up masturbation
+    almost daily, sometimes twice a day, both in the water closet and
+    in bed. I can remember ejaculating before urination in the school
+    <i>cabinet</i>. At night I often found myself longing for the return
+    of my sister, seven years my junior, in order that I might
+    embrace her in bed and fondle her genitals. I had done these
+    things during my Christmas vacation of the year before. I mildly
+    reproached myself for such incestuous desires, but they recurred
+    continually. I dreamed little. And I cannot remember the
+    character of my dreams. My waking <i>libido</i> spent itself mostly in
+    longings to embrace (without lustful acts) the forms of little
+    boys of exquisite blonde beauty and thick hair. Narcissism may
+    have been present, for in my twelfth year I had been told that at
+    the age of 5 and 6 I was an extraordinarily beautiful little
+    creature with long, lint-white hair. The preferable age was from
+    6 to 9. My eye was alert on the streets for boys answering to
+    this description, and a street boy with long, white hair so won
+    my passion that I followed him to his home and asked his mother
+    if he might call on me and &quot;play some games.&quot; As I did not even
+    know the boy's name and had never seen him before, I was
+    wonderingly refused. I sought in vain to find the whereabouts of
+    another long-haired street boy whom I burned to embrace and load
+    with benefits. I had a boundless desire for such a boy as this to
+    idolize me&mdash;to look into my face out of big eyes and lose himself
+    in love for me&mdash;to call me by endearing pet names&mdash;of his own
+    accord to throw his arms around my neck. This second actual boy
+    disappeared from my horizon by presumably moving away from the
+    vast city neighborhood. I took a fancy to a small boy at school,
+    who possessed the requisite delicacy, timidity, and sweetness, if
+    not the physical requisites, of my beau ideal. I walked with him
+    in the park and planned to have him at the house; but the matter
+    was not arranged. At boarding-school I had associated much with
+    younger and weaker boys, and had been ridiculed much for my
+    cowardice in sports, but at the city school I moved with my
+    equals and won their recognition. Our gymnasium director was
+    middle-aged and of an indolent disposition. He liked to recall
+    his youthful erections and to answer my sexual queries too fully,
+    and cheerfully volunteered information on brothels. Yet I doubt
+    whether he had an evil purpose in conversing with me. I thought I
+    should never dare or want to enter one. I always conjured up the
+    picture of a row of naked women from whom I could take my pick,
+    and the smell of the women I imagined to be identical with the
+    smell of my big friend A. at boarding-school. When I was
+    traveling down town on an elevated train one afternoon the
+    brakeman asked me whether I had ever been in a brothel, and told
+    me that disorderly houses abounded in my neighborhood. &quot;I have
+    had connection with women,&quot; said this red-haired young man,
+    waving his hand <a name='5_Page_253'></a>in greeting to a woman who nodded at him from a
+    window, &quot;since I was 15 years old. Not long ago a fine-looking,
+    young woman in black offered to pay all my expenses if I would
+    live with her and connect with her.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    When a girl of perhaps 7, a distant cousin of mine, visited us
+    for a few days, I gratified my lust by placing my hand under her
+    genitals and swinging her to and fro. She giggled with pleasure.
+    That summer I began to experience the evil effects of the
+    masturbation which I had practiced daily for a year and a half.
+    Pimples began to break out on my chin (my complexion up to this
+    time had been white and delicate). The family ascribed my
+    condition to digestive difficulties. In playing with the boys and
+    girls I found myself seized with a terrible shyness and a
+    tendency to look down and weep. I had lost all the courage I
+    had&mdash;it had never been great&mdash;in the presence of a crowd of
+    children. I was fairly at ease with a single companion. My
+    self-consciousness was something more painful to me than I can
+    convey in words. At home I wept in my room and cursed myself for
+    a baby. I little realized the cause of my nervous collapse. Yet I
+    had too robust a frame not to be able to sleep and to play hard.
+    The sympathetic pleasure which I had found in swinging my
+    girl-cousin to and fro I now doubled by letting a 7-year-old boy
+    ride cock-horse on my feet. I experienced an erection during the
+    process, and I almost induced ejaculation when I tickled the boy
+    with my feet in the region of his genitals. To see his shrinking,
+    giggling joy gave me an exquisite sexual thrill. I longed to
+    sleep with the boy, but I was afraid of causing comment. At the
+    new and large boarding school which I entered in the fall my most
+    lustful dreams and ejaculations were concerned with standing this
+    little boy on the footboard of a bed, taking down his
+    knickerbockers, and performing <i>fellatio</i> on him. But I dreamed
+    also of natural coitus. I fell in love with the handsome,
+    12-year-old son of the aged headmaster. The boy, O., sat next me
+    at the table, and I never tired of gazing at him. It gave me a
+    special sense of pleasure to look at him when he wore a certain
+    flowing, scarlet, four-in-hand necktie. But O. was not attracted
+    to me&mdash;for one thing I was in a disagreeably pimpled
+    condition&mdash;and I could not induce him to linger in my room nor to
+    sleep with me. My passion for O. did not diminish, and it rose to
+    its supremacy on the evening when he appeared in our hallway (he
+    roomed on the girls' side of the house and hinted at the sexual
+    sights that he saw) in a costume of white satin, lace, and wings.
+    He was ready for a costume party.</p>
+
+<p>    I now masturbated less frequently, for I was beginning to
+    appreciate the horrible consequences of my indulgence. I had
+    frequent pollutions, with dreams. My day was one long agony of
+    fear. How I dreaded to go to sleep in the same bed with my older
+    chum, who never made any advances beyond embracing me passively
+    <i>cum erectione</i> while he was asleep. My day was one long agony of
+    fear. At meal time my feet <a name='5_Page_254'></a>constantly writhed in agony for fear
+    that the headmaster's grown up young ladies should make fun of
+    me, or that my lack of facial composure and my inability to look
+    people in the eye might be commented upon. I tingled with
+    apprehension, especially in the region of my stomach. Every nerve
+    was taut in the effort I made to appear composed. I masturbated
+    with erections over nothing. Greek recitations were for me an
+    <i>auto da fe</i>. My heart beat like a trip-hammer at the thought of
+    getting up to recite, and once on my feet my voice shook and my
+    mind wandered. I hated the thought of people behind me looking at
+    me. I rarely summoned the courage to turn my head either one way
+    or the other. I vastly admired the &quot;bravery&quot; of the small,
+    15-year-old boy who recited so calmly and so well. I was too
+    cowardly to play foot-ball and base-ball, and I dreaded even my
+    favorite tennis because the spectators put me in a state of
+    scared self-consciousness. Knowing my own condition, I was yet so
+    blind to it most of the time, and such a Jekyll-and-Hyde, that I
+    actually pitied a boy of 19 who was an eccentric and a scared
+    victim of masturbation. But in spite of my neuropathic condition
+    I developed intellectually. I do not touch upon this aspect of my
+    life, however, because I am trying to limit myself strictly to
+    sexual manifestations. At the present time I have not the courage
+    to continue the narrative.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY III.&mdash;</b>The following narrative is written by a clergyman,
+    age 40, unmarried:&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>    My childhood and early boyhood were unmarked by sexual phenomena,
+    beyond occasional erections, which commenced when about 5 years
+    of age, without any exciting causes. These were accompanied by
+    some degree of excitement, of the same nature as that which I
+    experienced in later years. I was absolutely ignorant of sexual
+    matters, but always had an idea that the essential difference
+    between man and woman was to be found in the genital organs. This
+    was sometimes a matter for thought and curiosity.</p>
+
+<p>    Being for many years an only child I saw little of other
+    children, and formed the habit of amusing myself with making
+    things&mdash;boats, houses, etc.&mdash;and acquired a taste for science.
+    When I could read I preferred biography, history, and poetry to
+    anything else.</p>
+
+<p>    When I was 13 years old and at a large school I heard for the
+    first time of coitus, but very imperfectly. For a few days it
+    filled my thoughts and mind, but feeling it was too engrossing a
+    subject and one which took me off better things, I put it out of
+    my mind. Later, another boy gave me a fuller description of the
+    matter, and I began to have a great desire to know more and to be
+    old enough to practice it. I also discovered that boys
+    masturbated, and about a year after tried <a name='5_Page_255'></a>the experiment for
+    myself. This vice was largely indulged in by my school-fellows.
+    It never occurred to me that it was sinful, until I was nearly
+    16, when I came across a passage in Kenns's <i>Manual of
+    Schoolboys</i>, in which it was hinted such things were wrong
+    morally and spiritually. Previously I had felt it was an
+    indelicate and shameful thing, and bad for health. This last idea
+    was held as a solemn fact by all my boy friends. Gradually
+    religion began to exert an influence over my sexual nature,
+    obtaining as years passed a greater and greater restraining
+    power. It is simply impossible for me to write a history of my
+    sexual development without also describing the action which
+    Christianity has had in determining its growth. The two have been
+    so intimately bound together that my life history would not be a
+    faithful record of facts if I left religion out of it.</p>
+
+<p>    At school I took part, with great keenness, in cricket and
+    foot-ball, and was very ambitious to excel in everything in which
+    I took an interest, but I always had other tastes as well, which
+    were more precious to me, for example, the love for science,
+    history, and poetry. Until I was past 16 years my desire was
+    simply for coitus, girls and women attracted me only as affording
+    the means of gratifying this desire; but when I was nearly 17 I
+    began to regard girls as beautiful objects, apart from this, and
+    to desire their love and companionship. At the same time it
+    dawned upon me that life held much of joy in the love of women
+    and in domestic life&mdash;so henceforth I regarded them in a higher
+    and purer light, and apart from sexual gratification. In fact,
+    from this period till I was over 20, this idea so dominated my
+    whole being that the lower side of my nature was entirely held in
+    subjection and abeyance by it. It was rather repulsive to think
+    of girls as objects of lust. This state of mind was not brought
+    about by any romantic attachment or through any acquaintance or
+    through circumstances. I was living in great seclusion and had no
+    girl friends. After this period the lower side of my nature woke
+    up as a giant refreshed with wine, and I underwent for many years
+    a constant struggle with my nature, in which religion always
+    triumphed in the end. I never fell into fornication, though
+    sometimes into the vice of masturbation. These outbursts of
+    desire were periodic, about ten or fourteen days apart, and would
+    last several days. I must record also the fact that from the time
+    this awakening took place my ideal views of woman no longer
+    seemed incompatible with sexual relations. I noticed that at
+    about 27 there was a lessening of the desire, but that may have
+    been due to overwork and consequent nervous exhaustion. I had a
+    good deal of worry and studied daily for about eight hours. In
+    any case the impulse was strongest during the years above
+    mentioned. A little later in life, for a time, I became attached
+    to a girl, and eventually engaged. I then observed, greatly to my
+    sorrow and annoyance, that whenever I met this lady, or even
+    thought of her, <a name='5_Page_256'></a>erections took place. This was particularly
+    painful to me, as my thoughts were not of a lustful or impure
+    character. Sometimes sitting by her at a religious service this
+    would occur, when certainly my mind was far away from anything of
+    the kind. That was the first woman ever kissed by me, except of
+    course members of my immediate family circle. Later on my
+    thoughts turned to marriage, and there was a great longing at
+    times for this event to take place. However, as this attachment
+    afterward became the great sorrow of my life for years, it needs
+    no more comment. This closes one chapter of my history, and at
+    present I do not propose to add another, as in a great measure it
+    is only partly written. It may be well here to state that there
+    has never been in me the slightest homosexual desire; in fact it
+    has always appeared as a thing utterly inconceivable and
+    disgustingly loathsome. I am fond of the society of both men and
+    women, but on the whole prefer the latter. I have had several
+    warm and intimate though platonic friendships, and get on
+    exceedingly well with the other sex, although not a good-looking
+    man. I have always been attracted to women by their spiritual or
+    mental qualities, rather than by physical beauty, and feel
+    strongly that the latter alone would never cause me to desire
+    coitus. Unless there was an attraction other than that of the
+    flesh, I should feel that I was following simply a brute
+    instinct, and it would jar with my higher nature and cause
+    revulsion. This was not the case in my earlier years to the same
+    extent. I have often wondered whether the sexual impulse was
+    strong in me or not, but if not, there is nothing in my physical
+    state or family history to account for it. I am fairly cognizant
+    with the lives of my ancestors, being descended from two old
+    families. The sexual instinct was certainly not weak or abnormal
+    in them. Personally, I am tall and healthy, well built, but
+    sensitive and highly strung. Smell has never played any part in
+    my life as a stimulant of sexual desire, and the mere thought of
+    body odors would have a very decided effect in the opposite
+    direction. Touch and sight appeal to me strongly, and of the two
+    the former most.</p>
+
+<p>    I am convinced, after many years careful thought, that sexual
+    vice and perversion could be greatly reduced if the young were
+    instructed in the elements of physiology as they bear on this
+    question. Personally, had I been thus enlightened much sin would
+    have been avoided in my schoolboy days, and a perverted view of
+    sexual matters would never have arisen in my mind. It took years
+    to overcome the feeling that all such things were unclean and
+    defiling. Eventually light came to me through reading a passage
+    in a tractate on the Creed by Rufinus. He was defending the
+    doctrine, of the Incarnation against the pagan objection that it
+    was an unclean and disgusting idea that God should enter the
+    world through the womb of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and he meets
+    it by showing that God created the sexual organs, therefore the
+    objection <a name='5_Page_257'></a>is invalid&mdash;otherwise God would not be clean or pure,
+    having Himself designed them and their functions. This passage is
+    slight in itself, but gave birth to a line of thought which has
+    influenced me profoundly. I no longer regard sexual matters as
+    disgusting and unholy, but as intensely sacred, being the outcome
+    of the Divine Mind. Further, the Incarnation of the Saviour has
+    not only sanctioned motherhood and all that is implied by it, but
+    has eternally sanctified it as the means chosen for the
+    manifestation of God to the world. I should not obtrude my
+    theological conceptions, but for the fact that they have
+    determined my life-history in that aspect.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY IV.&mdash;</b>When I was 9 years old a boy at the preparatory
+    school, which I attended, showed me the act of masturbation,
+    which he said he had practiced for a long time, and which he
+    urged me to imitate, if I wished to become a father when I grew
+    up, and married! Boy-like I believed him and tried, but the
+    sensation obtained was not a pleasant one (I suppose that I was
+    too rough with myself) and I desisted.</p>
+
+<p>    When I was about 12 years old, a schoolfellow told me that he had
+    seen his nurse copulating with the groom, and he and I used to
+    haunt the woods in the hope that we might see an amorous couple
+    so engaged, but without success. We often talked of the act, as
+    to how it was done. Neither he nor I had any clear ideas on the
+    subject, save as to the organs involved. I was about 15 when a
+    maidservant of the house in which I was a boarder, came to my
+    bedroom one night and taught me how to masturbate her. She said
+    that this was a good thing for me to do, and warned me never to
+    &quot;play with myself&quot; as it would kill me, or drive me mad. I told
+    her that I had tried it, but could not bring on a pleasurable
+    feeling, so she did it to me, and although I did not have an
+    emission, I derived great pleasure from the act. She told me that
+    it never did a boy any harm to let a girl play with his parts,
+    and promised that if I would keep the secret, she would often do
+    this for me. Naturally I promised to say nothing, and she often
+    came up to my room. Later on she used to insert my penis into her
+    vulva, while she was rubbing it, at the same time giving me a
+    pigeon kiss. This <i>modus operandi</i> was much appreciated by me.
+    One night, after we had been together thus, I dreamt of her and
+    her maneuvers and had my first emission. I was very proud of
+    this, as I considered that I had at last attained to man's
+    estate, and told her of it. She never allowed me to insert my
+    penis into her vulva after that, alleging that she did not want
+    to have a baby.</p>
+
+<p>    I was about 16&frac12; years old when I had my first real coitus, my
+    partner in the act being a girl some two years older than I, who
+    lived near us. I enjoyed the act very much, as she permitted, nay
+    insisted on, emission <i>intra vaginam</i>, and told her that this was
+    much nicer than my <a name='5_Page_258'></a>amours with the maidservant which of course I
+    had confided to her. She laughed, and said: &quot;Of course.&quot; We often
+    copulated, as long as I was at home, and then I lost sight of
+    her. Of all the women with whom I have had to do, save one, she
+    had the most copious secretion of mucus, which in those days I
+    believed was the woman's semen. Her thighs used to be wet with
+    it.</p>
+
+<p>    At the University I had regular relations with women of all
+    sorts, rarely missing a week. Two of them were married women, one
+    the wife of a solicitor, the other of a doctor. How proud I felt
+    of my first intrigue with a married woman! I felt that I was
+    really a man of the world now!</p>
+
+<p>    But though my friends used to tell me all about their love
+    affairs, and I longed to confide in them, I did not do so. This
+    was because when I went up to the University, my uncle said that
+    he would give me a word of advice and hoped that I would follow
+    it&mdash;never to give away a woman, and never to refuse to respond to
+    a woman's advances, whoever she were. To neglect this advice
+    would, he said, be foolish, and to break the rules &quot;damned
+    ungentlemanly.&quot; I wish I had always followed advice proffered, as
+    closely as I have followed this. One night, when I was somewhat
+    disguised in liquor, as our grandfathers would have put it, I
+    picked up a girl, who was a private prostitute, if the phrase be
+    permissible. She declined copulation, and proposed other means of
+    satisfaction. I insisted, being stubborn in my cups. Had I been
+    sober I should have done as she suggested, for I have always made
+    it a point to allow the woman to choose the method of
+    gratification, and not to demand, or even suggest, anything
+    myself. I like to please women, and I have always been curious as
+    to their wants and desires, as revealed, without outside
+    influence, by themselves. The result of my refusing all methods
+    of gratification save the most ordinary was that the girl, who
+    must have known that she was not all right, but shrank from
+    saying so in so many words, gave me a gonorrh&oelig;a, which
+    lasted nine weeks and much interfered with my amours, as I
+    naturally declined to run the risk of infecting my partner, a
+    risk which to my certain knowledge many a young fellow has run,
+    with disastrous consequence to the confiding woman. As it was due
+    to my tipsy obstinacy, I could not blame the girl, but resolved
+    never to drink too much again, a resolve which I have kept, save
+    once, unbroken. In those days we youngsters thought that it was
+    manly to be able to carry one's liquor well, and did all in our
+    power to attain to the seasoned head; but I considered that the
+    risks entailed were too serious to be neglected.</p>
+
+<p>    I was well on in my 26th year when I met a widow with whom I fell
+    in love, with the result that I married her. She is a most
+    sensible woman, and it was her intellectual gifts which were the
+    attraction to me. In my amours intellect has never played a part.
+    She has all along been <a name='5_Page_259'></a>cognizant of, and lenient to, my
+    polygamous tendencies; for she recognizes the fact that whatever
+    <i>fredaine</i> I may have on hand makes not the slightest difference
+    in my love and respect for her. Were she a more sensual woman,
+    perhaps things would be different.</p>
+
+<p>    In all I have had to do with 81 other women, of whose special
+    characteristics I kept a careful note at the time. Twenty-six
+    were normal women with whom my <i>liasons</i> have lasted long, so I
+    know more about them than I do about the other fifty-five, who
+    were prostitutes, and with some of whom my dealings were but for
+    an afternoon.</p>
+
+<p>    The races represented have been these, for I have seen a bit of
+    the world: English, Scotch, Irish, Welsh, French, German,
+    Italian, Greek, Danish, Hungarian, Roumanian, Indian, and
+    Japanese. Taking them all round, the only difference that I found
+    between old and young women is that the older ones are less
+    selfish, and more complaisant, and less inclined to resent one's
+    being unable to attain to the height of their desire, for from
+    time to time I have been unable to &quot;come up to the scratch&quot; after
+    a heavy night's labor, or when I was afraid of being caught in
+    the act of coition, a fear which, in my experience, acts as a
+    stimulus to desire in women, unlike its action in men. Of all the
+    women with whom I have had to do the nicest in every way have
+    been the French women. The English women of the town drink too
+    much, and are far too keen on getting as much money as they can
+    for as little as they can, to please me. Were the London girls to
+    recognize that men do not like a tipsy woman, and that where
+    there is so much competition the person who is most skillful and
+    most polite gets the most custom, the alien invasion in Regent
+    street would soon come to an end.</p>
+
+<p>    Of the fifty-five prostitutes: eighteen informed me that they
+    were in the habit of masturbating; eight of their own free will,
+    without asking for reward, did <i>fellatio</i>; six asked me to do
+    <i>cunnilingus</i>, which I naturally declined to do; three proposed
+    anal coitus. Of those who did <i>fellatio</i>, two (one French and one
+    German) told me that they had taken to it because they had heard
+    that human semen was an excellent remedy against consumption,
+    which disease had carried off some of their relatives, and that
+    they had gradually come to like doing it. All who told me that
+    they masturbated, asked me whether I did so too, and two desired
+    me to show them the act, one alleging that she liked to see a man
+    do it; she had been married late in life, after a &quot;stormy youth&quot;
+    and had had, she said, a large experience of the male sex. They
+    all seemed to think that however much the practice of
+    self-excitement might hurt a man, and all thought that it would
+    hurt him, a woman might masturbate as often as she liked, failing
+    better means of satisfaction, as she had no such loss of
+    substance as a man.</p>
+
+<p>    Of the twenty-six normal women, whom I knew more intimately than
+    I did the fifty-five prostitutes, thirteen, without being
+    questioned <a name='5_Page_260'></a>by me, blurted out the fact that they were habitual
+    masturbators, apparently all required to think of the loved
+    person to obtain full satisfaction. <i>Fellatio</i> was proposed, and
+    fully performed, by nine, of whom three experienced the orgasm as
+    soon as they perceived that I had attained to it. All were more
+    or less excited while doing it. One proposed anal coitus, &quot;just
+    to see what it was like;&quot; and three proposed <i>cunnilingus</i>, one
+    having been initiated by a girl friend, and one by her husband.
+    The third had, I believe, evolved the act out of her own inner
+    consciousness in her desire to experience pleasure with me. My
+    relations with one of the twenty-six were confined to my
+    masturbation of her, the while she did <i>fellatio</i>, as she said
+    that she &quot;had no feeling inside down there.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    With two exceptions my partings from these normal women have not
+    been tragic and all whom I have met in after life (seven) have
+    been very ready to resume relations with me, four of them having
+    made the proposal themselves.</p>
+
+<p>    One thing has struck me, and that is the, often great, difference
+    that exists between what a woman's looks lead one to think she
+    is, and what she is when one becomes her lover; the most sensual
+    woman that I have met might have sat for her portrait as the
+    Madonna, and she was the only one who took pleasure in hearing
+    and relating &quot;smoking-room stories,&quot; a form of amusement which,
+    perhaps from their want of appreciation of humor and wit, women
+    do not indulge in&mdash;at least in my experience.</p>
+<br />
+
+<p>    <b>HISTORY V.&mdash;</b>(A continuation of History III in Appendix B to the
+    previous volume.)</p>
+
+<p>    As I became better I commenced to dream of true love. I wondered,
+    too, if my horrible past really could be lived down and a young
+    woman come to love <i>me</i>. I took pleasure in reading love poems,
+    especially Browning's, and illustrated some with little
+    water-colors....</p>
+
+<p>    I was sitting in the stalls one night seeing a performance by a
+    company of English actors when one of them played so badly that I
+    thought to myself: &quot;Why, hang it, I could play it better myself!&quot;
+    The next minute another thought followed: &quot;Why not try?&quot; I came
+    out of the stalls the proverbial stage-struck youth. I was
+    sitting in the same place another night when the young man next
+    to me entered into conversation. By a strange coincidence he knew
+    a few young men, amateurs, who were going to form a company, give
+    up their situations and travel, if they could induce a few more
+    to join them and put a little money in. I made an appointment for
+    the following evening....</p>
+
+<p>    There were lots of meetings in bedrooms and rehearsals between
+    the beds, but ultimately I was told a school-room had been
+    engaged and <a name='5_Page_261'></a>a professional actress, A. F. I went to the
+    school-room and found all the boys there, and a young woman with
+    a pale, rice-powder complexion. On introduction she gazed at me
+    as if struck dumb. If she had been better-looking (I thought her
+    vulgar and puffy) I would have been flattered. I was
+    disappointed, but rather frightened (she had a stage presence) of
+    her professional ability, especially when we commenced to
+    rehearse. I had to make love to her, too, which embarrassed me.
+    She had a good profile, I noticed, and would have been better
+    looking, I thought, if she were in better condition, for she was
+    young, about my own age, twenty-three or four. We were all
+    young&mdash;enjoyed our rehearsals, and had lots of fun&mdash;but I did not
+    respond to the advances A. was evidently making to me. Finally we
+    started on our tour. As the weeks went on A. F., like the others,
+    improved wonderfully in health and appearance. If we had had
+    anything like houses it would have been a pleasant trip. My
+    strangeness did not escape the notice of the boys altogether, for
+    I was still a bit strange in mind and nerves&mdash;and deeply
+    religious, bowing my head before each meal and reading my little
+    Bible and prayer-book at odd times. I drank no alcohol. I spent a
+    good deal of time by myself of with my faithful companion A., who
+    was nearly always at my side, she and her appealing eyes. I was
+    surprised to see how quickly she had improved; she looked quite
+    attractive and ladylike some evenings at meals, but I only
+    tolerated her. I was selfish and conceited.</p>
+
+<p>    Things had been going on like this for a week&mdash;always playing to
+    empty houses and our money lower and lower&mdash;when A. said to our
+    other lady, Mrs. T., on a train in my presence: &quot;I shall have to
+    give him up, I suppose; he will have nothing to do with me.&quot; Mrs.
+    T. said: &quot;You give him up, do you?&quot; and looked at me as if she
+    were going to try her hand. A. said &quot;Yes,&quot; and looked at me,
+    smiling sadly. I don't know what motive prompted me&mdash;whether my
+    vanity was alarmed at her threatened desertion or that she had
+    really made some impression on me by her love, probably a little
+    of both&mdash;but I said: &quot;No, don't; come and sit down here,&quot; making
+    way for her, and she joyfully came and nestled against me. From
+    that time I ceased to treat her with ridicule, and kissed her at
+    other times than when on the stage. I was subject still to black
+    moods, and would not speak to her for hours sometimes, but she
+    seemed content to walk with me and was infinitely patient. I had
+    heard she was living with&mdash;if not married to&mdash;an actor. I asked
+    her about him once, and she said she did not love him; she loved
+    me and had never loved before. Her face had a touching sadness;
+    her life had been unhappy and stormy, with no love and little
+    rest in it. Her face, when she had lost her dissipated look and
+    unhealthy pallor, was exquisite, delicate as a cameo. Love had
+    improved her manners, too; she was more gentle and refined. I let
+    things drift without thinking <a name='5_Page_262'></a>of the future, when one night
+    after the performance&mdash;I was lying on the sofa and A. was sitting
+    at my side, as usual&mdash;I suddenly thought, with the brutality that
+    characterized me in these matters&mdash;&quot;I will ask her to let me
+    sleep with her.&quot; I still fought against any premonitory thought
+    of self-abuse, but here, I thought to myself, is a chance of
+    something better that will do me no harm and perhaps good. When
+    she understood me she turned very red and walked away, shaking
+    her head. But I let her understand that was the only way of
+    retaining me, and finally, when they had all gone to bed, she
+    gave herself to me, reluctantly and sadly; for she, too, had been
+    drifting on without thinking of anything of this sort (she hated
+    it at this time), but just living for her love of me, her first
+    true love.</p>
+
+<p>    Before this occurred, I must tell you, I had been so much better
+    that I sometimes felt capable of doing anything, a sense of power
+    and grasp of intellect which was combined with delicacy of
+    feeling and sensitiveness to beauty, to skies and clouds and
+    flowers. I seemed to be awakening to true manhood, to my true
+    self. And at meals, it is worth recording, I commenced to have a
+    distaste for meat.</p>
+
+<p>    These glimpses of a better state of things left me on cohabiting
+    with A., and for a time my gloom and black religious mania came
+    on me once more. I now thought of my promise at confirmation, and
+    it seemed to me I had offended beyond pardon. When we came to the
+    next town, however, I openly slept with A. all night, leaving my
+    own bed untouched. When we returned to Adelaide one of our party
+    remarked: &quot;The only man who had any success with the women on the
+    tour was a Bible-reading, praying, and good, pious, confirmed
+    Christian.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    A.'s nascent beauty and delicacy and improvement were gradually
+    impaired, too. My own conduct became so morose at times that,
+    besides increasing her misery, I offended the others, and
+    bickerings ensued. I heard the other actress say &quot;He's mad; that
+    what's the matter.&quot; And I was so wrapped up in myself and my
+    religious mania that I did not mind their thinking so.</p>
+
+<p>    After the tour was over A. asked me to come and see her at her
+    home, and as I missed her very much I went one night to tea. She
+    had a room in her father's house to herself. A. was dressed in
+    her best and we had an affectionate meeting. After tea I asked
+    her if she were married to E. She said &quot;No.&quot; Then I said: &quot;Who
+    are you married to?&quot; She commenced to cry then, and told me
+    something of her life, the saddest I ever heard. When only 17 she
+    had been courted by a young man she did not care for, but who
+    prevailed on her parents by pretending he had seduced her, but
+    wished to marry her. Strange as it may seem, A. did not know what
+    marriage meant, her mother being one of those silly women who
+    don't like talking of these things and let their daughters grow
+    up in ignorance, expecting they will learn from some one. In nine
+    <a name='5_Page_263'></a>cases out of ten this happens, but A. was an exception. It was
+    this, and the fact that she had not a particle of love for her
+    husband, that gave her such a hatred of coition. When her mother
+    saw the sheets the morning after the marriage she burst out
+    crying; she did not like the young man and saw she had been
+    deceived.</p>
+
+<p>    A.'s husband soon showed his true character; he was in reality a
+    gaol-bird. He beat her, drank, and even wanted her to go on the
+    streets to earn money for him. She left him and went home; it was
+    then she began her theatrical career by entering the ballet. At
+    intervals her husband, drunk and desperate, would waylay and
+    threaten her in the street. One day after a rehearsal he
+    attempted to stab her. She got on in spite of all, being a born
+    actress, and played small parts in traveling companies. Then E.,
+    who had also gone on the stage, courted her and she listened to
+    him, not because she cared for him, but he protected her and
+    offered her a home. She joined him; but his drunkenness and
+    sensuality were so gross that he ruined his health and he
+    attempted to maltreat A. in a nameless way. And whenever she was
+    in the family way he would leave her alone and half-conscious in
+    the cellar for days. To add to her misery she had epileptic fits.
+    Then sometimes they would be out of an engagement and starving.
+    They had been so hungry as to steal raw potatoes out of a sack
+    and eat them thus, having no fire. She would often have had
+    engagements, but E. was jealous and would not let her act without
+    him. And he beat her as her husband had done, and her health
+    became undermined. It was just after one of the forced
+    miscarriages that she joined our traveling company, and that
+    accounted for her yellow and puffy appearance. E. was now away
+    up-country with a circus, but was expected down any time. A. told
+    me a good deal of all this, between her tears, while sitting at
+    my feet, and her tone carried conviction. When I ought to have
+    gone home I persuaded her to let me stay all night. We had been
+    in bed some time when her mother knocked at the door and wanted
+    to come in for something in a chest of drawers there. &quot;Why don't
+    you open the door, A.? Who have you got there? Hasn't that fellow
+    gone?&quot; A. was confused and told me to get under the bed, but I
+    refused, and she covered me up with the bed clothes as well as
+    she could and opened the door. She had hid my clothes, but missed
+    one of my shoes, and her mother saw it. &quot;Oh, A.,&quot; was all she
+    said; &quot;you've got that fellow in bed,&quot; and went out crying.
+    &quot;Well, Fred&quot; (my stage name), &quot;you've got me into a nice row,&quot; A.
+    said. She gave me my breakfast in the morning and I walked out of
+    the front door without being molested. Another night I entered
+    her window by a ladder and stayed all night. In the middle of the
+    night E. came home drunk. She would not let him in and told him
+    she would have nothing more to do with him. He attempted to break
+    in the door, when A. called to me, and hearing a man in the room
+    he went away, saying, as he <a name='5_Page_264'></a>went downstairs: &quot;Oh, A.! Oh, A.!&quot;
+    as if he thought she would not have done such a thing. He never
+    molested us after that night.</p>
+
+<p>    I think it was my intention, at first, to break off with A.
+    gradually. I found, however, I could not keep away from her, and
+    it commenced to be evident to me that a bachelor's life in
+    lodgings again would be dreary and lonely. And all this time the
+    fear that I had offended God troubled me more than I have said,
+    and it occurred to me (there may have been a touch of sophistry
+    in this, or not) that if I were a true husband to her for the
+    future&mdash;stuck to her and worked for her for the rest of my
+    days&mdash;perhaps it would find favor in God's sight and be an
+    atonement for my sin. Had she been free I would have married her,
+    I believe. But she began to be harassed by her mother and
+    bothered about my incessantly coming there and staying all night.
+    It ended in my telling her I would be a husband to her, and she
+    came and lived with me at my lodgings. We had one room and our
+    meals cost us sixpence each. Cheap as it was, it was a struggle
+    for me to earn money at all. I remember feeling ill and anxious
+    once, and sustaining myself by the thought of my father wheeling
+    the heavy truck up the street when he married my mother. And I
+    decided to wheel my truck, too.</p>
+
+<p>    A. seemed happy and her love increased, if possible; at first,
+    though, she must have found me a trying lover, for I made her
+    kneel and pray with me two or three times a day, which she did
+    with such a queer expression of face. Sometimes her feelings got
+    the better of her, and she would say: &quot;Oh, damn it, Fred, you are
+    always praying.&quot; And then I would be shocked and she would be
+    sorry.... Coitus was frequent; she commenced to like it now....</p>
+
+<p>    A. was not looking well one evening when she came in, and lay
+    down on the bed. Presently she commenced to make a strange noise,
+    and I saw her eyes were closed and her hands clenched. &quot;Ah,&quot; said
+    the landlady, who came in to help me; &quot;she has epileptic fits.&quot;
+    When her convulsions were over she looked blankly at us, knitting
+    her brows and evidently puzzling her poor brain to remember who
+    we were. For many years it was my fate to see her looking at me
+    thus, at first stony and estranged, like a dweller in another
+    star, then half-recalling with extended hand, then forgetting
+    again with hand to mouth, then the gradual dawn of memory and
+    love, and final full recognition. &quot;It's Fred, my Fred!&quot; I never
+    got used to it; it always moved me to tears.... It was not to be
+    thought that we had no quarrels. I still had fits of bad temper,
+    and sometimes they came into collision with A.'s temper. It hurt
+    my vanity considerably to see how soon she relinquished the
+    respectful, patient, spaniel-bearing she had when we were
+    traveling. I said some cruel things to her and she retorted. One
+    would have thought, to hear us, that all affection was over. But
+    when the mood of rage wore <a name='5_Page_265'></a>itself out we would both be sorry and
+    make it up with tears, and be very happy in spite of our poverty.</p>
+
+<p>    I think it was lust that prevented me from striving to fulfill my
+    ambitions. A. let me do anything I liked, at all times of day or
+    night, although she seemed surprised at my proceedings sometimes,
+    for it was becoming a fever of lubricity with me. She still
+    thought only of her love. I remember her coming in one day,
+    tired, pale, perspiring, and worried&mdash;we had hardly anything in
+    the house and she had been to the theater ineffectually&mdash;and when
+    her eyes lighted on me the whole expression of her face changed,
+    softened and brightened at once, and she came and kissed me and
+    said: &quot;It is so strange, I was thinking all sorts of nasty things
+    coming along, but as soon as I see my pet's face I feel happy&mdash;I
+    don't care for anything&mdash;I would sooner share a crust with him
+    than have all the money in the world!&quot;</p>
+
+<p>    I commenced to feel libidinous curiosity to examine her&mdash;this was
+    mostly on Sundays&mdash;and she let me, blushing at first, but
+    laughing. Then I would try new positions in coitus I had heard
+    of. Still she did not enter into my mood.</p>
+
+<p>    She was engaged at this time to play in a pantomime and I
+    commenced to lead a miserable, jealous existence. I heard scandal
+    about her, baseless enough, but in the diseased, nervous, anxious
+    state I had brought myself to it nearly drove me mad. I would go
+    with her sometimes to visit her mother, whom I began to like. Her
+    brother I still saluted coldly. It caused me horror and jealousy
+    to see A. kissing him and letting him tickle her. In my rage,
+    when we came home, I even said that perhaps she would let him do
+    something else, naming it brutally and coarsely. I remember her
+    shame, astonishment, indignation and tears. If ever a man tried a
+    woman's love I did. But she forgave me, even that.</p>
+
+<p>    We went to live in a little cottage. It was in this cottage that
+    A. first showed signs of lust, and in the diseased state of my
+    mind, instead of regretting it, I encouraged her. She told me one
+    day that the orgasm very often did not occur at the same time
+    with her as with me, and that it would not unless I put my little
+    finger into the anus. This her husband taught her, and she would
+    rather have died than confess it to me when we first met. We
+    would often devote our Sundays to having a picnic as we termed
+    our lustful bouts, stimulating ourselves with wine. Her temper
+    was not improved thereby (though her fits entirely stopped for a
+    twelvemonth)&mdash;we had wordy warfares, but we made it up again
+    always with tears. Nor did I allow myself to deteriorate without
+    reactions and excursions into better things. I was always reading
+    Emerson; it was he who rescued me from orthodox Christianity and
+    taught me to trust in myself and in Nature. I have never ceased
+    this struggle towards better things to this day. There, in a
+    nutshell, is <a name='5_Page_266'></a>my life; I have always been defeated when
+    temptation came, but I have never ceased to struggle. I
+    determined to be more abstemious in sexual indulgence and asked
+    her to help me. She agreed willingly, for she was easily led.
+    Whenever we fell back again into excess it was my fault.</p>
+
+<p>    At a theatrical performance we first met a Miss T., a young
+    German who sang. She was about 25, with modest, quiet and
+    engaging manners. A. and she became very friendly. I liked her;
+    she was tall, dark and lithe, but had bad teeth.</p>
+
+<p>    I had been ill and at this time A. and I had a quarrel, my temper
+    suddenly breaking out in murderous frenzy. I called her names and
+    finally put her outside the house, telling her to go to her
+    mother. I suffered a very hell of remorse and misery. Everything
+    in the quiet, lonely house reminded me of her, seemed fragrant of
+    her; my anguish became so keen I could not stop in the house,
+    though I was just as wretched walking about. I kept this up for
+    two days, when I met her coming to look for me. One look was
+    enough&mdash;&quot;A.!&quot; &quot;Pet!&quot; in broken sobs&mdash;and in tears we kissed and
+    made it up. Miss T. was with her, and I greeted her, too, with
+    happy tears in my eyes. Another time, when A. was giving way to
+    <i>her</i> temper, and one would have thought all love was dead, I
+    said &quot;Don't you love me then?&quot; and the word alone was a talisman,
+    her face changed, she held out her arms and began to sob
+    quietly.... She accepted an offer to travel with a small
+    theatrical company who were going up-country. She was not looking
+    well when I left and after a time I received a telegram telling
+    me to come to her at once as she was ill. Dreading all sorts of
+    things I borrowed my fare and went to her. I knew nothing of
+    women, of their point of view and different code of honor, and
+    was very far from the attitude of Guy de Maupassant who said he
+    liked women all the better for their charmingly deceitful ways.
+    A. wanted to see me and had taken the surest means to ensure my
+    coming. I was angry at first, but she looked so well and was so
+    loving that I could not be angry long.</p>
+
+<p>    One day when I was working the landlady came in and began talking
+    about A. and her conduct before I came. She had gone into the
+    actors' rooms at all hours, the woman said, and drank and been as
+    bad as the rest in her conversation. It was the second time a
+    married woman had run her down to me, and I commenced to think
+    there might be something in it, and suffered all my mad jealousy
+    over again. Not knowing the freedom actors and actresses allow
+    themselves on tour, without there being necessarily anything in
+    it, I worried till I thought I had nothing to do but die. And
+    then one of the great struggles of my life occurred. Walking the
+    country roads, I asked myself: &quot;If it <i>is</i> true, if she has been
+    unfaithful, will you forgive her and help her to arrive at her
+    best?&quot; For a long time the answer was &quot;No!&quot; But perhaps my
+    striving for unity with myself had done some good, and the <a name='5_Page_267'></a>final
+    resolution was for forgiveness. I felt more peace of mind then,
+    and when I told a dying consumptive lodger in the house what the
+    landlady had said, he replied, &quot;Don't you believe a word of it. I
+    know she loves you!&quot;....</p>
+
+<p>    After an absence I found myself one evening in a town where A.
+    was performing. I went round to the back and they told me she had
+    gone to a room in the hotel to change for another part. I
+    followed and entered the room, with a glass of spirits I found
+    that an effeminate young actor was bringing to her. She was half
+    undressed, her beautiful arms and shoulders bare. My arrival was
+    unexpected and she looked at me surprised, I thought coldly, as I
+    reproached her for not keeping a promise she had made to me to
+    touch no alcohol during the tour, but soon her arms were round my
+    neck. She cried like a child. She was bigger and handsomer and
+    healthier. There was not only an increased strength and size, but
+    an increased delicacy and sweetness; her eyes and brows were
+    lovely; there was an indescribable bloom and fragrance on her,
+    such as the sun leaves on a peach; the traveling, country air,
+    and freedom from coitus (had I known it) had enabled her to
+    arrive at her true self, not only a beautiful woman, but a woman
+    of fascination, of wit, vivacity and universal <i>camaraderie</i>. Her
+    face was like the dawn; all my fears and jealousy left me like a
+    cloud that melts before the sun. I remember the look on her face
+    as she embraced me in bed that night. It had just the very
+    smallest touch of sensuality, but was more like some beautiful
+    child's who is being caressed by one she loves; this divine,
+    drowsy-eyed, adorable look I had never seen on her face
+    before&mdash;nor have I since.</p>
+
+<p>    We fell back into our old lustful ways. Later on A. became ill
+    and the black devil of epilepsy returned. I became gloomy.... A
+    restlessness and selfish brutality came over me; our love and
+    peace were gone. I persuaded A. to go to Melbourne and look out
+    for an engagement. The day before she was to sail we went to
+    Glenelg for a trip. The sea air, as often happened, precipitated
+    A.'s fits. We had gone down to the pier and A. said she felt bad.
+    I just managed to support her to the hotel before she became
+    stiff, and I made some impatient remark (for she nearly dragged
+    me down) which she heard, not being quite unconscious and said
+    half incoherently and very pitiably: &quot;Be kind, oh, be kind!&quot;
+    repeating it after consciousness left her. Her heart had been
+    breaking all day at the prospect of parting, and also, I expect,
+    because I was so ready to part with her. That moment was a crisis
+    in my life. I was in a murderous humor, but she looked so
+    unutterably wretched that it seemed impossible to be anything but
+    kind. I made myself speak lovingly to her, in moments of partial
+    consciousness, hired a room, carried her up, and nursed her and
+    petted her all night. The act of self-control, <a name='5_Page_268'></a>and forcing
+    myself to be kind whatever I felt, became a habit in time, a sort
+    of second nature.</p>
+
+<p>    In a few days she sailed. When she had gone I was remorseful and
+    mad with myself. How could I let her go by herself? I resolved to
+    follow her as speedily as possible, and did so.</p>
+
+<p>    If I remember rightly I came to the conclusion about this time
+    that we ought not to have coition unless we felt great love for
+    each other. It seemed to corroborate this to a certain extent
+    that A. always seemed more electric and pleasant to the touch
+    when we had connection for love and not for lust. Leave it to
+    Nature, I would say to myself. I began to feel how much my
+    struggles, efforts and temperate living had improved me. I had
+    more self-respect, though something of the old self-consciousness
+    was still left. I did not get better continuously, but in an
+    up-and-down zigzag. I still had moods of rage approaching madness
+    and periods of neurotic depression. Long walks decidedly helped
+    to cure me, and the sea, sun, wind, clouds and trees colored my
+    dreams at night very sweetly. I frequently dreamed I was walking
+    in orchards or forests, and a deeper, slightly melancholy but
+    potent savor, as of a diviner destiny, was on my soul.</p>
+
+<p>    After a long absence, during which she had frequently been ill,
+    A. joined me. I could see she was recovering from fits, which I
+    began to realize that she had more frequently in absence from me,
+    and also from drinking, perhaps. She was small and thin, but
+    fresh and sweet as honey, and all signs of fits and tempers
+    passed away from her face, so wonderful in its changes. I had
+    become so healthy through my abstinence, temperance and long
+    walks that our meeting was a new revelation to me of how
+    delicate, fragrant and divine a convalescent woman may be. She
+    was glad and surprised to see me looking so well, and if she put
+    her hand on my arm I felt a joyous thrill. I was certainly a
+    better man for abstaining and she a better woman and I determined
+    not to have connection unless we were carried away by our love.
+    As a matter of fact we did not give way to excess, though we were
+    very loving. I tried to persuade myself that we had not gone back
+    to our old ways, but I could not do so long.</p>
+
+<p>    Miss T. put in an appearance every day. She did not look so
+    innocent, but as it was no business of mine I did not trouble.
+    She seemed more attached to A. than ever.... A. was still very
+    loving with me, but it was an effort to me to keep up to her
+    pitch, and when A. proposed to go to Melbourne with Miss T, to
+    sell off the furniture before settling in Adelaide, I was rather
+    glad of the opportunity of abstaining from coitus and of watching
+    myself to see if I again improved. When A. and Miss T. came to
+    see me before going down to the steamer, A. was nearly crying and
+    Miss T., changed from the old welcome friend, was not only pale
+    and anxious, but looked guilty as if she had some <a name='5_Page_269'></a>treachery in
+    her mind; she could not meet my eye. I thought less of it then
+    than afterwards. And once more I took long walks at night and
+    rose early to catch the freshness of the mornings.</p>
+
+<p>    Some time before this I had read a book advocating a vegetarian
+    diet, and at this time I chanced to read Pater's beautiful &quot;Denys
+    L'Auxerrois,&quot; the imaginary portrait of a young vine-dresser, who
+    was attractive beyond ordinary mortals and lived, until his fall
+    and deterioration, on fruit and water. The words, &quot;a natural
+    simplicity in living&quot; remained in my memory. I resolved to read
+    more carefully the book on scientific diet. Who can say, I
+    thought, what changes for the better may come to me if I live on
+    a strictly scientific and natural diet?</p>
+
+<p>    I fasted one whole day, and then had a breakfast of cherries, in
+    the middle of the day a meal of fruit, and walking in the
+    afternoon&mdash;a gray, rainy day&mdash;I felt so light, so different, and
+    the gray sky looked so sweet and familiar, that I was reminded of
+    the luminous visions of my boyhood. It was a distinct revelation.
+    This Pan-like, almost Bacchic feeling, did not last, however, nor
+    was I always able to maintain my new method of diet, though I
+    tried to do so. I made the attempt, however, but I imagine I was
+    more than usually run down. I would walk miles in the hope of
+    feeling less restless. One holiday I walked down to Glenelg,
+    having only had grapes for my dinner, and lying on the beach I
+    looked through a strong binocular glass I had borrowed at the
+    girls bathing. And the beauty of their faces in their frames of
+    hair, of their arms, of their figures, seen through their wet
+    clinging dresses, satisfied me and filled me with joy, gave me
+    for a short time that peace and content&mdash;in harmony with the
+    strong sunlight on the waves and the rhythmic surf on the
+    shore&mdash;I was seeking. The summer evenings on the pier or along
+    the beach had a peculiar savor; one felt the youth and beauty
+    there even on dark nights, the air was fragrant with them, white
+    dresses and summer hats disappearing down the beach or over the
+    sand hills. It was easy&mdash;doubtless justifiable sometimes&mdash;to put
+    a lewd construction on these disappearances; but I felt it need
+    not have been so; that it was not necessary that youth and
+    beauty, even the sexual act itself if led up to by love, should
+    be a subject of giggling and sniggering. I always left the beach
+    and its flitting summer dresses with a sigh.</p>
+
+<p>    A., after writing once, ceased writing at all and once more her
+    mother and I were left in a state of anxiety and suspense. At
+    last I determined to go to Melbourne to look for her, the only
+    clue I had being a remark in her letter that a certain actor was
+    giving her an engagement. In Melbourne I could not find any
+    traces of her for some days and what traces I did find of her
+    were not calculated to allay my anxious fears. One hotel-keeper
+    told me that some one of A's name had stayed there with another
+    hussy (giving Miss T's stage name): &quot;There were nice carryings on
+    with the pair of them.&quot; I thought of Miss T's strange <a name='5_Page_270'></a>looks, but
+    could not imagine what hold she had on A., for A. loved me, I
+    knew. I seemed to be in an inextricable maze. I could settle to
+    nothing and was thinking of applying to the police when I heard
+    that the actor A. had mentioned had taken his company to the
+    Gippsland lakes. I followed to Sale, found the actor and was told
+    that A. was not there. &quot;She slipped me at the last moment,&quot; he
+    said, &quot;and remained in Melbourne.&quot; I returned to my lodgings,
+    with my anxiety and nervous restlessness increased tenfold. But
+    suddenly my fear and restlessness left me like a cloud. I felt
+    quiet, young, peaceful, able to enjoy the country, A. was
+    doubtless all right and would be able to explain her silence. I
+    undressed leisurely and happily, thinking of the stars.</p>
+
+<p>    The next day, Sunday, I awoke refreshed and still at peace. After
+    breakfast, hearing children's voices, I went out into the garden
+    and there was a collision of souls who somehow were affinities. A
+    young girl about twelve or younger with a fine presence and
+    handsome face fixed her eyes on me for half a minute and then
+    came and sat on my knee. She was one of those children I am
+    accustomed to call &quot;love-children,&quot; because they are so much
+    brighter, healthier, larger and more loving than others. I always
+    imagine more love went to their making. We fell in love and she
+    said, stroking my beard, &quot;Oh, you are pretty!&quot; and I said, &quot;And
+    so are you!&quot; We were so affectionate that the servant called the
+    child away and I went for a walk, finding my little sweetheart
+    waiting for me on my return. The touch of her hand was electric
+    and her voice fresh and musical. I kissed her, but had become
+    more self-conscious since the morning and wondered if her mother
+    or the servant were looking, or even of they would appear. I was
+    not so frank and natural as my little chum. I have often thought
+    of her since. She had the breadth of forehead, the strength and
+    yet lightness of limb, together with the hands and feet, not too
+    small, that I always imagine the dwellers in Paradise will have.</p>
+
+<p>    I returned to Melbourne and continued trying to find A. At the
+    same time I commenced in earnest to live on fruit and brown bread
+    only, and enjoyed better tone and health every day, so that it
+    was a joy to walk down the street in the sun and exchange glances
+    with passengers &agrave; la old Walt. One day in the Botanical Gardens
+    veils seemed to be lifted off my eyes. I could look straight at
+    the sun and taking my note of color from that golden light I
+    turned my eyes on the flowers, the mown grass, the trees, and for
+    the first time perceived what a heavenly color green is, what
+    divine companions flowers are, and what a blue sky really means.
+    For half an hour I was in Paradise, and to complete my joy Nature
+    revealed to me a new and unexpected secret.</p>
+
+<p>    I was lying on a bench, basking, and my silk shirt coming open
+    the strong sun made its way to my breast and presently I felt a
+    totally new sensation there. I had discovered the last joy of the
+    skin. My <a name='5_Page_271'></a>skin, fed by healthy fruit-made blood, must have
+    functioned normally under the excitation of the sun just then
+    (for a brief space only, alas!). I cannot describe the joy, any
+    more than I could describe the taste of a peach to one who has
+    only eaten apples: it was satisfying, divine. I opened my shirt
+    wider, but the feeling only spread faintly, and indeed this
+    halcyon sunny hour terminated in a restlessness that sent me
+    walking into town to look for A.</p>
+
+<p>    At last I heard, not of A., but of Miss T. She was in a ballet. I
+    went round during rehearsal and while waiting entered into
+    conversation with a little chorus girl with a good face, who was
+    sewing. On my telling her whom I was seeking she stopped sewing
+    and looked at me quickly: &quot;Oh, are you her husband? I know her.
+    <i>I have seen them together</i>.&quot; She looked as if she were going to
+    tell me something, but merely shook her old-fashioned head in a
+    mournful, indescribable way, saying &quot;Why don't you keep your wife
+    with you?&quot; I went to the door and presently saw Miss T. She tried
+    to avoid me, I thought, and looked more vicious than ever, but
+    after a minute's thought reluctantly told me where she and A.
+    were staying. To hide my fears and suspicions I had assumed a
+    careless demeanor, but I think I should have strangled her had
+    she refused to tell me. I hastily went to the place indicated and
+    going up the stairs (to the astonishment of the people) opened
+    the door and found myself face to face with A.&mdash;but how changed!
+    She had the hard, harlot, loveless look I detested. I felt for a
+    few minutes that I did not love her, and she regarded me coldly
+    too, but presently old habits reinstated themselves. She put out
+    her hands, very pitiably, and then was sobbing in my arms. I
+    could get nothing out of her but sobs, and to this day do not
+    know where she spent all these weeks nor why she did not write.
+    Miss T. came in after rehearsal, pale and hard-faced. I greeted
+    her politely, but was watching her, trying to puzzle out why A.
+    did not look as she usually did after long absence from coition.
+    Miss T. took another room in the same house and was soon joined
+    by another ballet girl, young and very pretty, who soon began to
+    have fits. A. was always crying until Miss T. went away with her
+    pretty friend. I knew nothing, could hardly be said to suspect
+    anything definite, and yet I pitied that pretty girl whose eyes
+    looked so helpless and appealing.</p>
+
+<p>    I set to work again. But I continued to live on fruit and bread,
+    and taking off my clothes I would stand up at the window in the
+    sun. A lot of prostitutes, however, who lived at the back saw me
+    and were scandalized or shocked or thought me mad. The landlady
+    heard of it and spoke to A. So I had to desist from my glorious
+    sun-baths.</p>
+
+<p>    We slept on a single bed, and though I did my best to avoid
+    coitus (I wanted to wait and think out some theory of it), A.,
+    who knew nothing of this, wanted to resume our old habits, and
+    finally I surrendered. But my sufferings next day were intense,
+    and I had the sense <a name='5_Page_272'></a>of having fallen from some high estate. My
+    thoughts were divided between two theories: one that our misery
+    was caused by our diet, more or less; the other that we had
+    fallen into some error as regards coitus, and this was becoming
+    almost a certainty with me.</p>
+
+<p>    There is one incident I think worthy of note which happened
+    before the &quot;fall&quot; just mentioned and when I was living on fruit
+    and in splendid health. At a performance I saw a girl on the
+    stage with handsome legs in tights, and once as she straightened
+    her leg the knee-cap going into position gave me such a strange
+    and keen joy&mdash;of that quality I call divine or musical&mdash;that I
+    was like one suddenly awakened to the divinity and beauty of the
+    female form. The joy was so keen and yet peaceful, familiar, and
+    subjective that I could not help comparing it to a happy chemical
+    change in the tissues of my own brain. Like the unexpected
+    functioning of my skin in the sun it was a sign of a partial
+    return to a normal condition, another glimpse of Paradise.</p>
+
+<p>    I stuck to my new diet and gained a fresh elation and joy in
+    life. Gradually clothes became insupportable, and I went down to
+    the beach as often as possible to take them off, and at nights,
+    beside the patient and astonished A., I would lie naked. One
+    evening, passing some grass, I looked over the fence like a gipsy
+    and felt a longing to take off my clothes and sleep in the grass
+    all night. It was of course impossible. And A. looked unhappily
+    in my face; she began to think her mother, who now thought I was
+    mad, must be right.</p>
+
+<p>    That night I woke up and found myself having coition. I was angry
+    and felt I had been put back in my progress, but a fever of lust
+    now came over me. I would sit under the tap and let the cold
+    water run over me to conquer the fever, but at the end of a week
+    my hopes were frustrated and I even turned against my natural
+    diet, on which I had made flesh. A., as I expected, went through
+    her usual fits, and slowly recovered. (If we had connection only
+    once she in about three weeks had a mild attack of fits; if we
+    had coition more than once the fits were more severe.) I relapsed
+    more than once and as a means of impressing my resolution for
+    future abstinence I would walk for miles in the middle of
+    pitch-black nights....</p>
+
+<p>    Miss T. came over to Adelaide and as I knew nothing definite
+    against her and heard that she was engaged, I thought perhaps my
+    suspicions were unfounded and was friendly. But one day in town I
+    saw her and A. on a tram going out to our cottage. Even then my
+    suspicions might not have been awakened, but I saw Miss T. say
+    something rapidly to A., and A. called out to me, &quot;Will you be
+    coming home soon?&quot; And I answered &quot;No.&quot; When the tram had gone on
+    I found myself vaguely wondering what Miss T. wanted to know that
+    for, for my perceptions were becoming acute enough to understand
+    women's ways. In another minute I was walking rapidly home. When
+    I came to the door <a name='5_Page_273'></a>it was locked. I knocked and knocked and no
+    one came. I called out and threatened to kick in the door. Still
+    no one came. Mad with rage I commenced to put my threat into
+    execution, when the door was opened by Miss T., half-naked, in
+    her petticoats, and pale as death, but no longer defiant. &quot;So
+    I've caught you, have I?&quot; I <i>looked</i>, but could not trust myself
+    to speak. Wondering why A. did not appear I went into the
+    bedroom. She was lying on the bed, just as Miss T. had left her,
+    on the verge of a fit, and on seeing me she held out her hands
+    piteously, and when I stooped over her she whispered, &quot;Send her
+    away, send her away.&quot; Then she became unconscious and going into
+    the next room I ordered Miss T. (who had managed to scramble on
+    her dress) out of the house. I spoke scornfully as if addressing
+    a dog, and she slinked out with a malignant but cowed look I hope
+    never to see on a woman's face again. What they had been doing
+    with their clothes off I do not know; women will rather die than
+    confess. When A. had recovered from her fit she denied that there
+    had been anything between them, and stuck to it doggedly, but
+    with such a forlorn look I had not the heart to prosecute my
+    inquiries.</p>
+
+<p>    For my part, all the efforts I had been making for so long seemed
+    for a time to be in vain; for some weeks I sank into a sort of
+    satyriasis, and even my anger against Miss T. turned to a
+    prurient curiosity. At the same time I was not always able to
+    adhere to my diet. But both as regards coition and diet I was
+    still fighting, and on the whole successfully. My fits of temper,
+    however, were excessive and my ennui became gloomy despair. One
+    day I blasphemed on crossing the Park and spoke contemptuously of
+    &quot;God and his twopenny ha'penny revolving balls,&quot; referring to the
+    planetary system. But for long walks I should have gone mad. A.
+    was drinking in the intervals of her fits. I found half-empty
+    bottles of wine hidden away. This did not improve my temper, and
+    one day&mdash;this was when she was well and up&mdash;I struck her a heavy
+    blow on the face, and she aimed a glass decanter at me. She went
+    home to her mother and I lived alone in the cottage. I heard soon
+    afterwards that her husband had come back and that they had made
+    it up. Our parting was not, however, destined to be final.</p>
+
+<p>    Even out of that month's sufferings I made capital. I was better
+    after my tendency to lubricity, my gloom, rage, restlessness and
+    degradation. They had been but the irritations of convalescence.</p></div>
+
+
+
+<a name='5_Page_274'></a>
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_INDEX_OF_AUTHORS'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_275'></a>INDEX OF AUTHORS.</h2>
+
+
+<ul><li>Abrant&egrave;s, duchesse d', <a href='#5_Page_213'>213</a>.</li>
+<li>Adler, <a href='#5_Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Albucasis, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Alexander, H. C. B., <a href='#5_Page_217'>217</a>.</li>
+<li>Amatus Lusitanus, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Ammon, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>, <a href='#5_Page_196'>196</a>.</li>
+<li>Andersen, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Andriezen, <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Aquinas, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Aristophanes, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Aristotle, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
+<li>Averroes, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a></li>
+<li>Avicenna, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>Aubrey, <a href='#5_Page_93'>93</a>.</li>
+<li>Aulnoy, Madame d', <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Baer, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Ball, <a href='#5_Page_93'>93</a>.</li>
+<li>Ballantyne, J. W., <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Bancroft, H. H., <a href='#5_Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+<li>Barker, Fordyce, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Barnes, R., <a href='#5_Page_205'>205</a>, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Bartholin, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Bayle, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>.</li>
+<li>Beale, G. B., <a href='#5_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+<li>Bechterew, <a href='#5_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+<li>Beck, J. R., <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
+<li>Becker, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Bell, Sir C., <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Bell, Sanford, <a href='#5_Page_215'>215</a>.</li>
+<li>Belletrud, <a href='#5_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#5_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>Beneden, <a href='#5_Page_116'>116</a>.</li>
+<li>Bergh, <a href='#5_Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#5_Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#5_Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Bianchi, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+<li>Bi&eacute;rent, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#5_Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Binet, <a href='#5_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li>
+<li>Bischoff, T. L. W., <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Bloch, J., <a href='#5_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#5_Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#5_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#5_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#5_Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#5_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#5_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Blondel, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Blumenbach, <a href='#5_Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#5_Page_188'>188</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Blunt, J. J., <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Boas, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#5_Page_80'>80</a>.</li>
+<li>Boccaccio, <a href='#5_Page_170'>170</a>.</li>
+<li>Boeteau, <a href='#5_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+<li>Bois, J., <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Bois-Reymond, E. du, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>B&ouml;lsche, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
+<li>Booth, D. S., <a href='#5_Page_103'>103</a>.</li>
+<li>Booth, J., <a href='#5_Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
+<li>Bouchereau, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>Bouchet, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Bourke, J. G., <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#5_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Boveri, <a href='#5_Page_116'>116</a>.</li>
+<li>Brand, <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Braun, <a href='#5_Page_139'>139</a>.</li>
+<li>Brant&ocirc;me, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Brehm, <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>.</li>
+<li>Breitenstein, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Br&eacute;nier de Montmorand, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>.</li>
+<li>Br&eacute;not, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+<li>Brouardel, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Brown-S&eacute;quard, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Br&uuml;gelmann, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li>
+<li>Buckman, S. S., <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+<li>Bucknill, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Bunge, <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Burchard, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Burdach, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Burton, Robert, <a href='#5_Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#5_Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#5_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Buschan, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Busdraghi, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Cabanis, <a href='#5_Page_181'>181</a>.</li>
+<li>Campbell, J. F., <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Campbell, H., <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+<li>Carpenter, E., <a href='#5_Page_110'>110</a>.</li>
+<li>Casanova, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>Cascella, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Castelnau, <a href='#5_Page_84'>84</a>.</li>
+<li>Catullus, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Cecca, <a href='#5_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Celsus, <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Chapman, C. W., <a href='#5_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Charcot, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Chaucer, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Chaulant, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Chevalier, <a href='#5_Page_11'>11</a>.</li>
+<li>Chidley, W., <a href='#5_Page_164'>164</a>.</li>
+<li>Cladel, J., <a href='#5_Page_109'>109</a>.</li>
+<li>Clement, of Alexandria, <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Coe, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Coen, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Collineau, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Colman, W. S., <a href='#5_Page_104'>104</a>.</li>
+<li>Columbus, R., <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Cook, G. W., <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.<a name='5_Page_276'></a></li>
+<li>Crawley, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Cumston, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Cuvier, <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>.</li>
+<li>Cyples, <a href='#5_Page_109'>109</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Dabney, <a href='#5_Page_224'>224</a>.</li>
+<li>Darwin, C., <a href='#5_Page_85'>85</a>.</li>
+<li>Darwin, E., <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Daumas, <a href='#5_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Dearborn, G., <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+<li>Dembo, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
+<li>Deniker, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#5_Page_136'>136</a>.</li>
+<li>Dessoir, Max, <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+<li>Dickinson, R. L., <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_135'>135</a>.</li>
+<li>Diderot, <a href='#5_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+<li>Disselhorst, <a href='#5_Page_158'>158</a>.</li>
+<li>Donaldson, H. H., <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li>
+<li>Douglas, C., <a href='#5_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Dr&auml;hms, <a href='#5_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>D&uuml;hren, E., <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#5_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#5_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a> (and see Bloch, J.).</li>
+<li>Dufoug&egrave;re, <a href='#5_Page_178'>178</a>.</li>
+<li>Dufour, <a href='#5_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Dulaure, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#5_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Duncan, Matthews, <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>East, A., <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Edgar, Clifton, <a href='#5_Page_162'>162</a>, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li>
+<li>Ellis, Havelock, <a href='#5_Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#5_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#5_Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#5_Page_200'>200</a>, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li>
+<li>Engelmann, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+<li>Erotion, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Esbach, <a href='#5_Page_205'>205</a>.</li>
+<li>Eschricht, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Espinas, <a href='#5_Page_56'>56</a>.</li>
+<li>Eulenburg, <a href='#5_Page_1'>1</a>, <a href='#5_Page_95'>95</a>.</li>
+<li>Evans, <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
+<li>Ezekiel, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Fabricius, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Fallopius, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>F&eacute;r&eacute;, <a href='#5_Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#5_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#5_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#5_Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#5_Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#5_Page_225'>225</a>.</li>
+<li>Fichstedt, <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
+<li>Flood, E., <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Florence, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Fothergill, Milner, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+<li>Frazer, J. G., <a href='#5_Page_61'>61</a>.</li>
+<li>Freud, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#5_Page_202'>202</a>.</li>
+<li>Freyer, <a href='#5_Page_91'>91</a>.</li>
+<li>Froriep, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Fuchs, <a href='#5_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#5_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#5_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>F&uuml;rbringer, <a href='#5_Page_171'>171</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Galen, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Gardiner, C. F., <a href='#5_Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
+<li>Garnier, <a href='#5_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#5_Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#5_Page_96'>96</a>, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+<li>Gautier, A., <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Gautier, T., <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+<li>Gellhoen, <a href='#5_Page_140'>140</a>.</li>
+<li>Gerhard, A., <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Giles, A., <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>, <a href='#5_Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#5_Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Godin, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Goethe, <a href='#5_Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#5_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Goncourt, E. de, <a href='#5_Page_54'>54</a>.</li>
+<li>Gopcevic, <a href='#5_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Goron, <a href='#5_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Gould, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#5_Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Gow, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Graaf, de, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Griffiths, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+<li>Groos, K., <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#5_Page_201'>201</a>.</li>
+<li>Gualino, <a href='#5_Page_143'>143</a>.</li>
+<li>Gu&eacute;niot, <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
+<li>Guibaut, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>.</li>
+<li>Guillereau, <a href='#5_Page_85'>85</a>.</li>
+<li>Guinard, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Guttceit, <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Hack, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Haddon, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>Haig, <a href='#5_Page_169'>169</a>, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li>
+<li>Hall, G. Stanley, <a href='#5_Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#5_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#5_Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#5_Page_74'>74</a>, <a href='#5_Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#5_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#5_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#5_Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>Haller, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Hamilton, A., <a href='#5_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Hammond, <a href='#5_Page_29'>29</a>.</li>
+<li>Hardy, Thomas, <a href='#5_Page_17'>17</a>.</li>
+<li>Hartland, E. S., <a href='#5_Page_61'>61</a>.</li>
+<li>Harvey, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#5_Page_165'>165</a>.</li>
+<li>Hegar, <a href='#5_Page_198'>198</a>.</li>
+<li>Henderson, J., <a href='#5_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Henle, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a>.</li>
+<li>Hennig, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Herman, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Herodotus, <a href='#5_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#5_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+<li>Herrick, <a href='#5_Page_45'>45</a>, <a href='#5_Page_48'>48</a>, <a href='#5_Page_70'>70</a>.</li>
+<li>Heusinger, <a href='#5_Page_191'>191</a>.</li>
+<li>Hewitt, Graily, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Hippocrates, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#5_Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
+<li>Hirst, <a href='#5_Page_160'>160</a>.</li>
+<li>Hislop, J. T., <a href='#5_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Hoche, <a href='#5_Page_97'>97</a>.</li>
+<li>Horrocks, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Howard, W. L., <a href='#5_Page_77'>77</a>, <a href='#5_Page_97'>97</a>, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Howell, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>Howitt, A. W., <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>.</li>
+<li>Hrdlicka, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>Hughes, C. H., <a href='#5_Page_103'>103</a>, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Hunter, John, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Hunter, William, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Huysmans, <a href='#5_Page_4'>4</a>, <a href='#5_Page_50'>50</a>.</li>
+<li>Hyades, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#5_Page_136'>136</a>.</li>
+<li>Hyrtl, <a href='#5_Page_116'>116</a>, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#5_Page_140'>140</a>, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.<a name='5_Page_277'></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Jacobi, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Jacoby, P., <a href='#5_Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#5_Page_27'>27</a>.</li>
+<li>Jahn, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>.</li>
+<li>Janet, <a href='#5_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#5_Page_55'>55</a>.</li>
+<li>Janke, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Jastreboff, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a>.</li>
+<li>Jenkyns, J., <a href='#5_Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
+<li>Johnston, G. A., <a href='#5_Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
+<li>Johnston, Sir H. H., <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Jonson, Ben, <a href='#5_Page_217'>217</a>.</li>
+<li>Juvenal, <a href='#5_Page_84'>84</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Kaltenbach, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Kelly, H., <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Kepler, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Kiernan, J. G., <a href='#5_Page_8'>8</a>, <a href='#5_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#5_Page_217'>217</a>, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+<li>Kisch, <a href='#5_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Kleinpaul, <a href='#5_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#5_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#5_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+<li>Kobelt, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Kocher, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Kohlbrugge, <a href='#5_Page_118'>118</a>.</li>
+<li>Kolbein, <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Krafft-Ebing,
+  <ul><li>    <a href='#5_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#5_Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#5_Page_27'>27</a>, <a href='#5_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#5_Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#5_Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#5_Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#5_Page_57'>57</a>, <a href='#5_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#5_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#5_Page_62'>62</a>,</li>
+<li>      <a href='#5_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#5_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#5_Page_72'>72</a>, <a href='#5_Page_75'>75</a>, <a href='#5_Page_76'>76</a>, <a href='#5_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#5_Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#5_Page_92'>92</a>, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#5_Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Krauss, <a href='#5_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#5_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Lamb, D. S., <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Landes, L. de, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Lane, <a href='#5_Page_12'>12</a>.</li>
+<li>Las&egrave;gue, <a href='#5_Page_89'>89</a>, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Laurent, E., <a href='#5_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#5_Page_75'>75</a>.</li>
+<li>Lawrence, Sir W., <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Laycock, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#5_Page_199'>199</a>.</li>
+<li>Levi, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Licetus, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Li&eacute;bault, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Li&eacute;taud, <a href='#5_Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+<li>Lipps, <a href='#5_Page_105'>105</a>.</li>
+<li>Litzmann, <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Lombroso, <a href='#5_Page_2'>2</a>, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Lorion, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Lortet, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Lucas, J. C., <a href='#5_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Lucretius, <a href='#5_Page_108'>108</a>, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>.</li>
+<li>Lunier, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Luschka, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Lusini, <a href='#5_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Lydston, <a href='#5_Page_78'>78</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Macdonald, A., <a href='#5_Page_6'>6</a>, <a href='#5_Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>MacGillicuddy, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li>
+<li>McKay, A., <a href='#5_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Mackay, W. J. S., <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Mackenzie, J., <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Magnan, <a href='#5_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#5_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#5_Page_89'>89</a>.</li>
+<li>Malebranche, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Mantegazza, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#5_Page_82'>82</a>, <a href='#5_Page_88'>88</a>, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#5_Page_187'>187</a>.</li>
+<li>Marandon de Montyel, <a href='#5_Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Marc, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Marro, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>, <a href='#5_Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>, <a href='#5_Page_199'>199</a>, <a href='#5_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Marshall, H. R., <a href='#5_Page_225'>225</a>.</li>
+<li>Martial, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Martin, J. M. H., <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
+<li>Martineau, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
+<li>Maschka, <a href='#5_Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>.</li>
+<li>Masterman, <a href='#5_Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+<li>Matignon, <a href='#5_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Mattel, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>McMordie, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Mercier, <a href='#5_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#5_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>Meredith, Ellis, <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Middleton, T., <a href='#5_Page_190'>190</a>.</li>
+<li>Mirabeau, <a href='#5_Page_24'>24</a>, <a href='#5_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>Mitchell, Sir A., <a href='#5_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+<li>Moll, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#5_Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#5_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#5_Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#5_Page_31'>31</a>, <a href='#5_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#5_Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#5_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#5_Page_84'>84</a>, <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>, <a href='#5_Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#5_Page_93'>93</a>, <a href='#5_Page_95'>95</a>, <a href='#5_Page_105'>105</a>, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+<li>Mongeri, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li>
+<li>Morache, <a href='#5_Page_22'>22</a>.</li>
+<li>Moraglia, <a href='#5_Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#5_Page_62'>62</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Morris, R. T., <a href='#5_Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+<li>Morselli, <a href='#5_Page_55'>55</a>.</li>
+<li>Motet, <a href='#5_Page_76'>76</a>.</li>
+<li>Moulin, J. Mansell, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>M&uuml;ller, J., <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Mund&eacute;, P., <a href='#5_Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#5_Page_162'>162</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>N&auml;cke, <a href='#5_Page_85'>85</a>.</li>
+<li>Neale, R., <a href='#5_Page_59'>59</a>.</li>
+<li>Neri, <a href='#5_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Nicholson, H. O., <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#5_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Nina Rodrigues, <a href='#5_Page_139'>139</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Obici, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+<li>Onanoff, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Ottolenghi, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>, <a href='#5_Page_200'>200</a>.</li>
+<li>Ovid, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Pacheco, <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+<li>Palfyn, <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Park, Mungo, <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Papillault, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Pasini, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Paterson, A. R., <a href='#5_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Paulini, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>.</li>
+<li>Paulus &AElig;ginetus, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>.</li>
+<li>Pearse, W. H., <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Pearson, Karl, <a href='#5_Page_5'>5</a>.<a name='5_Page_278'></a></li>
+<li>Pechuel-Loesche, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Pelanda, <a href='#5_Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#5_Page_92'>92</a>.</li>
+<li>Pennant, <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Penta, <a href='#5_Page_13'>13</a>.</li>
+<li>Pfaff, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>.</li>
+<li>Pierer, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li>
+<li>Pillon, <a href='#5_Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
+<li>Pin&aelig;us, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Pinard, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Pitre, C., <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+<li>Pitres, <a href='#5_Page_55'>55</a>.</li>
+<li>Pittard, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Plant, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
+<li>Plautus, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>.</li>
+<li>Pliny, <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Ploss,
+  <ul><li>      <a href='#5_Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#5_Page_81'>81</a>, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>, <a href='#5_Page_99'>99</a>, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a>, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>, </li>
+<li>        <a href='#5_Page_135'>135</a>, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#5_Page_204'>204</a>, <a href='#5_Page_214'>214</a>, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Poehl, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Polemon, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Pollux, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Porta, Della, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>.</li>
+<li>Power, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+<li>Pyle, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>, <a href='#5_Page_212'>212</a>, <a href='#5_Page_223'>223</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Raymond, <a href='#5_Page_55'>55</a>.</li>
+<li>R&eacute;gis, <a href='#5_Page_55'>55</a>.</li>
+<li>R&eacute;gnier, H. de, <a href='#5_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Reinach, S., <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>.</li>
+<li>Renooz, C&eacute;line, <a href='#5_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Restif de la Bretonne, <a href='#5_Page_18'>18</a>, <a href='#5_Page_22'>22</a>.</li>
+<li>Retterer, E., <a href='#5_Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#5_Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#5_Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
+<li>Reynolds, A. R., <a href='#5_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Rhys, J., <a href='#5_Page_53'>53</a>.</li>
+<li>Ribot, <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>.</li>
+<li>Riedel, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>.</li>
+<li>Rimbaud, <a href='#5_Page_99'>99</a>.</li>
+<li>Riolan, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#5_Page_204'>204</a>.</li>
+<li>Robinson, Bryan, <a href='#5_Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_168'>168</a>.</li>
+<li>Robinson, Louis, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Rodin, <a href='#5_Page_108'>108</a>.</li>
+<li>Roederer, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Roons, R. P., <a href='#5_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Rosse, Irving, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Roth, W., <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Rothe, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Roubaud, <a href='#5_Page_28'>28</a>, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#5_Page_187'>187</a>, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>.</li>
+<li>Rousseau, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+<li>Routh, C. H. F., <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
+<li>Rufus, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Russell, W., <a href='#5_Page_218'>218</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Sade, de, <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Salmon, W., <a href='#5_Page_59'>59</a>, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Scherzer, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Schinz, <a href='#5_Page_24'>24</a>.</li>
+<li>Schmiedeberg, <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Schreiner, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Schrenck-Notzing, <a href='#5_Page_89'>89</a>.</li>
+<li>Schurig,
+  <ul><li>      <a href='#5_Page_5'>5</a>, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#5_Page_85'>85</a>, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>,</li>
+<li>        <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#5_Page_139'>139</a>, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>, <a href='#5_Page_211'>211</a>, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Scott, Colin, <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Scripture, E. W., <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Seerley, <a href='#5_Page_120'>120</a>.</li>
+<li>Seligmann, <a href='#5_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Sellheim, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>.</li>
+<li>Shakespeare, <a href='#5_Page_170'>170</a>.</li>
+<li>Shattock, <a href='#5_Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#5_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Shufeldt, <a href='#5_Page_45'>45</a>.</li>
+<li>Silk, J. F. W., <a href='#5_Page_156'>156</a>.</li>
+<li>Simon, H., <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Simpson, Sir J., <a href='#5_Page_7'>7</a>, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>.</li>
+<li>Sims, Marion, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>.</li>
+<li>Smith, Sir A., <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>.</li>
+<li>Smith, Haywood, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+<li>S&ouml;mmering, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Soranus, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>, <a href='#5_Page_221'>221</a>, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+<li>Spigelius, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a>, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>Stahl, F. A., <a href='#5_Page_220'>220</a>.</li>
+<li>Stanton, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Stendhal, <a href='#5_Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#5_Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#5_Page_107'>107</a>, <a href='#5_Page_112'>112</a>.</li>
+<li>Stengel, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Stern, B., <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#5_Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#5_Page_100'>100</a>.</li>
+<li>Stevens, Vaughan, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Stieda, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a>.</li>
+<li>Stratz, <a href='#5_Page_21'>21</a>, <a href='#5_Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#5_Page_205'>205</a>.</li>
+<li>Stubbs, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>.</li>
+<li>Suidas, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>.</li>
+<li>Sukhanoff, <a href='#5_Page_60'>60</a>.</li>
+<li>Sullivan, W. C., <a href='#5_Page_175'>175</a>.</li>
+<li>Sutherland, W. D., <a href='#5_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Sutton, Bland, <a href='#5_Page_117'>117</a>, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Swift, <a href='#5_Page_48'>48</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Tarde, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li>
+<li>Tardieu, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>, <a href='#5_Page_190'>190</a>, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Tarnier, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li>
+<li>Taxil, <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>.</li>
+<li>Theocritus, <a href='#5_Page_51'>51</a>.</li>
+<li>Thoinot, <a href='#5_Page_95'>95</a>.</li>
+<li>Thompson, W. L., <a href='#5_Page_207'>207</a>.</li>
+<li>Thomson, J., <a href='#5_Page_225'>225</a>.</li>
+<li>Tilt, <a href='#5_Page_131'>131</a>, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Toff, <a href='#5_Page_176'>176</a>, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Tourdes, G., <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li>
+<li>Tridandani, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Trochon, <a href='#5_Page_91'>91</a>.<a name='5_Page_279'></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Vahness, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>.</li>
+<li>Valentin, <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Varigny, H de, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Variot, G., <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Varro, <a href='#5_Page_86'>86</a>.</li>
+<li>Vaschide, <a href='#5_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#5_Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>Vatsyayana, <a href='#5_Page_150'>150</a>.</li>
+<li>Venette, <a href='#5_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Venturi, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>.</li>
+<li>Vesalius, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>.</li>
+<li>Vinay, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+<li>Vinci, L. da, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Voigt, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>.</li>
+<li>Voisin, J., <a href='#5_Page_198'>198</a>.</li>
+<li>Vurpas, <a href='#5_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#5_Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Wagner, R., <a href='#5_Page_222'>222</a>.</li>
+<li>Waldeyer, <a href='#5_Page_131'>131</a>.</li>
+<li>Walker, G., <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Wallace, A. W., <a href='#5_Page_224'>224</a>.</li>
+<li>Warton, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>.</li>
+<li>Wasserschleben, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>, <a href='#5_Page_87'>87</a>, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li>
+<li>Weininger, O., <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Wellhausen, <a href='#5_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+<li>Werner, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>.</li>
+<li>Wernich, <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
+<li>West, J. P., <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li>
+<li>Wharton, <a href='#5_Page_171'>171</a>.</li>
+<li>Wilhelm, Eugen, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+<li>Wilkin, G., <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Wilkinson, A. D., <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a>.</li>
+<li>Williams, J. W. Whitridge, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Williamson, C. F., <a href='#5_Page_219'>219</a>.</li>
+<li>Wolff, B., <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Wollstonecraft, Mary, <a href='#5_Page_9'>9</a>.</li>
+<li>Wordsworth, <a href='#5_Page_49'>49</a>.</li>
+<li>Wychgel, <a href='#5_Page_205'>205</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Youatt, <a href='#5_Page_85'>85</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Zaborsky, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>.</li>
+<li>Zoppi, <a href='#5_Page_180'>180</a>.</li>
+<li>Zimmer, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>.</li>
+<li>Zola, <a href='#5_Page_101'>101</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<a name='5_Page_280'></a>
+
+<hr class="full" />
+<a name='5_INDEX_OF_SUBJECTS'></a><h2><a name='5_Page_281'></a>INDEX OF SUBJECTS.</h2>
+
+
+<ul><li>Abyssinians,
+  <ul><li>coitus among, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Acquired element in erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_28'>28</a>.</li>
+<li>Acromegaly and sexual development, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Alcohol,
+  <ul><li>aphrodisiac effects of, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Algolagnia,
+  <ul><li>in relation to scatologic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_56'>56</a>;</li>
+<li>  as a form of erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>An&aelig;sthesia,
+  <ul><li>sexual, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>An&aelig;sthetics in relation to sexual excitement, <a href='#5_Page_156'>156</a>.</li>
+<li>Anaphrodisiacs, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Animal copulation,
+  <ul><li>attraction of, <a href='#5_Page_72'>72</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Animals,
+  <ul><li>detumescence in, <a href='#5_Page_158'>158</a>, <a href='#5_Page_160'>160</a>, <a href='#5_Page_168'>168</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Annamites,
+  <ul><li>coitus among, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Antipathies of pregnant women, <a href='#5_Page_212'>212</a>.</li>
+<li>Anus in relation to pubic hair, <a href='#5_Page_128'>128</a>;
+  <ul><li>as an erogenous zone, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Apes,
+  <ul><li>sexual organs of, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>, <a href='#5_Page_136'>136</a>, <a href='#5_Page_165'>165</a>;</li>
+<li>  sexual congress in, <a href='#5_Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Aphrodisiacs, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Apples,
+  <ul><li>longings of women for, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Arabs,
+  <ul><li>penis in, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Artist,
+  <ul><li>compared to lover, <a href='#5_Page_108'>108</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Associations of contiguity and resemblance in erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>.</li>
+<li>Australian method of sexual congress, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>.</li>
+<li>Auto-suggestions,
+  <ul><li>longings of pregnancy as, <a href='#5_Page_213'>213</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Bartholin,
+  <ul><li>glands of, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Beard in relation to sexual development, <a href='#5_Page_197'>197</a>.</li>
+<li>Beauty,
+  <ul><li>the objective element in, <a href='#5_Page_107'>107</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Bestiality, <a href='#5_Page_77'>77</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Bladder in relation to sexual excitement, <a href='#5_Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#5_Page_154'>154</a>, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li>
+<li>Blood during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Blood-pressure during detumescence, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>, <a href='#5_Page_169'>169</a>.</li>
+<li>Breasts,
+  <ul><li>and erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_188'>188</a>;</li>
+<li>  during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Bromide as an anaphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Bulbo-cavernous reflex, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>, <a href='#5_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Camphor as an anaphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Cantharides,
+  <ul><li>effects of, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Castration,
+  <ul><li>results of, <a href='#5_Page_180'>180</a>, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Celery as an aphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Children,
+  <ul><li>attracted to foot, <a href='#5_Page_16'>16</a>;</li>
+<li>  to scatology, <a href='#5_Page_53'>53</a>;</li>
+<li>  to copulation of animals, <a href='#5_Page_72'>72</a>;</li>
+<li>  to hair, <a href='#5_Page_74'>74</a>;</li>
+<li>  food impulses of, <a href='#5_Page_215'>215</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Chinese,
+  <ul><li>foot-fetichism of, <a href='#5_Page_21'>21</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Circulatory conditions during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>;
+  <ul><li>during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_207'>207</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Clitoris, <a href='#5_Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#5_Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Clothes,
+  <ul><li>erotic fascination of, <a href='#5_Page_45'>45</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Coitus,
+  <ul><li>the phenomena of, <a href='#5_Page_111'>111</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  the methods of, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  ethnic variations in methods of, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>;</li>
+<li>  respiratory and circulatory conditions during, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>;</li>
+<li>  interruptus as a cause of vasomotor disturbance, <a href='#5_Page_152'>152</a>, <a href='#5_Page_178'>178</a>;</li>
+<li>  glandular activity during, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>;</li>
+<li>  motor activity during, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  psychic state during, <a href='#5_Page_157'>157</a>;</li>
+<li>  serious effects of, <a href='#5_Page_168'>168</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Congenital element in erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_27'>27</a>.</li>
+<li>Contiguity in erotic symbolism,
+  <ul><li>associations of, <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Coprolagnia, <a href='#5_Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#5_Page_62'>62</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Coprophagia,
+  <ul><li>religious and sexual, <a href='#5_Page_57'>57</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Courtship, <a href='#5_Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
+<li>Crystallization,
+  <ul><li>Stendhal's, <a href='#5_Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#5_Page_107'>107</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Defile,
+  <ul><li>the impulse to, <a href='#5_Page_95'>95</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Distillatio, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Dog,
+  <ul><li>human sexual intercourse with, <a href='#5_Page_83'>83</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Dynamometric experiments during sexual excitement, <a href='#5_Page_154'>154</a>.<a name='5_Page_282'></a></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Ejaculation, the mechanism of, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Embryo, <a href='#5_Page_117'>117</a>.</li>
+<li>Epilepsy and exhibitionism, <a href='#5_Page_91'>91</a>, <a href='#5_Page_103'>103</a>;
+  <ul><li>compared to coitus, <a href='#5_Page_150'>150</a>;</li>
+<li>  as a result of coitus, <a href='#5_Page_169'>169</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Erectility during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_144'>144</a>.</li>
+<li>Erogenous zone,
+  <ul><li>anus as, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>;</li>
+<li>  lips as, <a href='#5_Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#5_Page_202'>202</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Erotic intoxication, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li>
+<li>Erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_182'>182</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Eryngo as an aphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Ethnic variations in coitus, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_150'>150</a>, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Etruscans,
+  <ul><li>sexual significance of foot among, <a href='#5_Page_24'>24</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Eunuchs,
+  <ul><li>characteristics of, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Exercise on sexual organs,
+  <ul><li>influence of, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Exhibitionism, <a href='#5_Page_89'>89</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Eyes during detumescence, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>;
+  <ul><li>in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_189'>189</a>;</li>
+<li>  darker at puberty, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Face during detumescence,
+  <ul><li>expression of, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>F&aelig;ces as a drug, <a href='#5_Page_58'>58</a>.</li>
+<li>Fecundation,
+  <ul><li>the phenomena of, <a href='#5_Page_117'>117</a>;</li>
+<li>  artificial, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Feet as a sexual symbol,
+  <ul><li>uncovering, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Fellatio, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li>
+<li>Fetichism,
+  <ul><li>erotic, <a href='#5_Page_2'>2</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Flagellation, <a href='#5_Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#5_Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li>
+<li>Foot-fetichism,
+  <ul><li><i>see</i> Shoe-fetichism.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Fuegians,
+  <ul><li>penis in, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Fur as a fetich, <a href='#5_Page_76'>76</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Garments as fetiches, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#5_Page_74'>74</a></li>
+<li>Genital organs as fetiches, <a href='#5_Page_10'>10</a>.</li>
+<li>Goat as a human sexual fetich, <a href='#5_Page_80'>80</a>, <a href='#5_Page_82'>82</a>.</li>
+<li>Greeks,
+  <ul><li>sexual significance of foot among, <a href='#5_Page_24'>24</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Hair as a fetich, <a href='#5_Page_74'>74</a>;
+  <ul><li>despoilers of, <a href='#5_Page_75'>75</a>;</li>
+<li>  pubic, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  darkens at puberty, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  in pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_205'>205</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Hand as fetich, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>.</li>
+<li>Heart during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_206'>206</a>.</li>
+<li>Homosexuality as a form of erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_2'>2</a>.</li>
+<li>Hottentot apron, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a>.</li>
+<li>Hymen, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#5_Page_162'>162</a>.</li>
+<li>Hyper&aelig;sthesia, sexual, <a href='#5_Page_6'>6</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Hypertrichosis universalis, <a href='#5_Page_195'>195</a>.</li>
+<li>Hysteria, <a href='#5_Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Ideal coprolagnia, <a href='#5_Page_64'>64</a>.</li>
+<li>Idiocy as result of maternal impressions, <a href='#5_Page_218'>218</a>, <a href='#5_Page_224'>224</a>.</li>
+<li>Idiots,
+  <ul><li>sexual development of, <a href='#5_Page_198'>198</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Impregnation without rupture of hymen, <a href='#5_Page_162'>162</a>;
+  <ul><li>without conjunctions, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>;</li>
+<li>  artificial, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Impressions,
+  <ul><li>maternal, <a href='#5_Page_217'>217</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Intellectual work,
+  <ul><li>relation of pregnancy to, <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Intoxication,
+  <ul><li>erotic, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Japanese,
+  <ul><li>labia majora in, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Joy,
+  <ul><li>the expression of, <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Kiss, the, <a href='#5_Page_143'>143</a>.</li>
+<li>Kleptomania and pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_216'>216</a>.</li>
+<li>Knee-jerk in pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Labia majora, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Labia minora, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Larynx in relation to sexual state, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Linea fusca, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li>
+<li>Lips,
+  <ul><li>as an erogenous zone, <a href='#5_Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#5_Page_202'>202</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_190'>190</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Longings of pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>;
+  <ul><li>theories of, <a href='#5_Page_212'>212</a>;</li>
+<li>  as auto-suggestions, <a href='#5_Page_213'>213</a>;</li>
+<li>  physiological basis of, <a href='#5_Page_214'>214</a>;</li>
+<li>  relation to the longings of childhood, <a href='#5_Page_215'>215</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Masochism,
+  <ul><li>in relation to shoe-fetichism, <a href='#5_Page_31'>31</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to scatalogic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_56'>56</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to exhibitionism of nates, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>;</li>
+<li>  as a form of erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Masturbation and pubic hair, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>;
+  <ul><li>hypertrophy of clitoris ascribed to, <a href='#5_Page_131'>131</a>;</li>
+<li>  part played by clitoris in, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>;</li>
+<li>  why some theologians permitted, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>;</li>
+<li>  phenomena during, <a href='#5_Page_155'>155</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Maternal element in sexual love, <a href='#5_Page_201'>201</a>.</li>
+<li>Maternal impressions, <a href='#5_Page_217'>217</a> <i>et seq.</i><a name='5_Page_283'></a></li>
+<li>Menstruation in relation to coitus, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>;
+  <ul><li>metabolism during, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to sickness of pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a>;</li>
+<li>  compared to pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_228'>228</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Mental state during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Metabolism during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Mixoscopic zoophilia, <a href='#5_Page_71'>71</a>.</li>
+<li>Modesty a supposed sign of virginity, <a href='#5_Page_204'>204</a>.</li>
+<li>Mohammedan method of sexual congress, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li>
+<li>Mole as a fetich, <a href='#5_Page_12'>12</a>.</li>
+<li>Mongol peoples,
+  <ul><li>foot fetichism among various, <a href='#5_Page_23'>23</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Mons veneris, <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a>.</li>
+<li>Mordvins,
+  <ul><li>foot-fetichism among, <a href='#5_Page_23'>23</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Motor activity during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_183'>183</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Mouth in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_191'>191</a>.</li>
+<li>Muscular movements during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_154'>154</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Nates in relation to coprolagnia, <a href='#5_Page_63'>63</a>;
+  <ul><li>in relation to exhibitionism, <a href='#5_Page_100'>100</a>, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Necrophilia, <a href='#5_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#5_Page_81'>81</a>.</li>
+<li>Negative fetich, <a href='#5_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Negro,
+  <ul><li>penis in, <a href='#5_Page_122'>122</a>;</li>
+<li>  labia majora in, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a>;</li>
+<li>  clitoris in, <a href='#5_Page_130'>130</a>;</li>
+<li>  labia minora in, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a>;</li>
+<li>  method of sexual congress among, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Nervous system during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Neurasthenia cordis vasomotoria, <a href='#5_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>Nipples,
+  <ul><li>pigmentation of, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Nudity,
+  <ul><li>religious, <a href='#5_Page_99'>99</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Nutrition,
+  <ul><li>symbolism of, <a href='#5_Page_7'>7</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Nymph&aelig;, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#5_Page_134'>134</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Nymphomania, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Obsessions of scruple, <a href='#5_Page_7'>7</a>;
+  <ul><li>longings of pregnancy as, <a href='#5_Page_211'>211</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Obsessional exhibitionism, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+<li>Odor an alleged sign of defloration, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>.</li>
+<li>Onion as an aphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li>
+<li>Opium as an aphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+<li>Organs,
+  <ul><li>sexual, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Ova and spermatozoa,
+  <ul><li>union of, <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Ovarian extract, effects of, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Ovaries,
+  <ul><li>function of, <a href='#5_Page_181'>181</a>;</li>
+<li>  analogy of with thyroid, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Paidophilia, <a href='#5_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#5_Page_13'>13</a>.</li>
+<li>Pain and erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li>
+<li>Pedicatio, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>.</li>
+<li>Pelvic development and erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Pelvic floor, variability of, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a>.</li>
+<li>Pelvic inclination, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>.</li>
+<li>Penis, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a>, <a href='#5_Page_121'>121</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#5_Page_129'>129</a>.</li>
+<li>Penis-fetichism, <a href='#5_Page_96'>96</a>.</li>
+<li>Phallic worship, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Physiognomists and the erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_182'>182</a>.</li>
+<li>Pica, <a href='#5_Page_211'>211</a>.</li>
+<li>Pigmentation in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_191'>191</a>;
+  <ul><li>in pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_205'>205</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Potatoes,
+  <ul><li>the supposed aphrodisiac effects of, <a href='#5_Page_173'>173</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Precocity,
+  <ul><li>influence of, <a href='#5_Page_29'>29</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Pregnancy and pigmentation, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>;
+  <ul><li>psychic state in, <a href='#5_Page_201'>201</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  sexual desire during, <a href='#5_Page_227'>227</a>;</li>
+<li>  relation of to intellectual work, <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Presbyophilia, <a href='#5_Page_11'>11</a>.</li>
+<li>Prostate, <a href='#5_Page_171'>171</a>.</li>
+<li>Prostitutes,
+  <ul><li>external genitals of, <a href='#5_Page_136'>136</a>;</li>
+<li>  stature of, <a href='#5_Page_187'>187</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Psychic exhibitionism, <a href='#5_Page_94'>94</a>.</li>
+<li>Psychic condition during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_157'>157</a>.</li>
+<li>Puberty,
+  <ul><li>the phenomena of, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>;</li>
+<li>  pigmentary changes at, <a href='#5_Page_192'>192</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Pubic hair, <a href='#5_Page_125'>125</a> <i>et seq.</i>; <a href='#5_Page_204'>204</a>.</li>
+<li>Puericulture, <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Pygmalionism, <a href='#5_Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#5_Page_12'>12</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Quadrupedal method of coitus in man, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Rachitic,
+  <ul><li>sexual tendencies of the, <a href='#5_Page_184'>184</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Reflex, bulbo-cavernous, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>.</li>
+<li>Reflexes during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_208'>208</a>.</li>
+<li>Religious scatalogic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_57'>57</a>.</li>
+<li>Resemblance in erotic symbolism,
+  <ul><li>associations of, <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Respiration during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+<li>Responsibility of pregnant women, <a href='#5_Page_217'>217</a>.<a name='5_Page_284'></a></li>
+<li>Restif de la Bretonne's shoe-fetichism, <a href='#5_Page_18'>18</a>.</li>
+<li>Romans,
+  <ul><li>sexual significance of foot among, <a href='#5_Page_24'>24</a>;</li>
+<li>  methods of coitus among, <a href='#5_Page_147'>147</a>, <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Rousseau, <a href='#5_Page_102'>102</a>.</li>
+<li>Rue as an anaphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Sadism, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>.</li>
+<li>Saint compared to lover, <a href='#5_Page_109'>109</a>.</li>
+<li>Salivation during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Satyriasis, <a href='#5_Page_185'>185</a>.</li>
+<li>Scatalogic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_47'>47</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Scrotum, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>.</li>
+<li>Scruple, obsessions of, <a href='#5_Page_7'>7</a>.</li>
+<li>Secretions of genital canal, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>.</li>
+<li>Semen,
+  <ul><li>alleged female, <a href='#5_Page_146'>146</a>;</li>
+<li>  in coitus, <a href='#5_Page_157'>157</a>;</li>
+<li>  in female genital canal, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a>;</li>
+<li>  vital activity of, <a href='#5_Page_165'>165</a>;</li>
+<li>  artificial injection of, <a href='#5_Page_166'>166</a>;</li>
+<li>  constituents of, <a href='#5_Page_171'>171</a>;</li>
+<li>  as a stimulant, <a href='#5_Page_172'>172</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sexual an&aelig;sthesia, <a href='#5_Page_186'>186</a>.</li>
+<li>Sexual conjugation, <a href='#5_Page_116'>116</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Sexual desire during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_229'>229</a>.</li>
+<li>Sexual organs, <a href='#5_Page_119'>119</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Sexual selection in relation to erotic symbolism, <a href='#5_Page_106'>106</a>;
+  <ul><li>in relation to external sexual organs, <a href='#5_Page_127'>127</a>;</li>
+<li>  the probable cause of the hymen, <a href='#5_Page_140'>140</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Shadow as a fetich, <a href='#5_Page_8'>8</a>.</li>
+<li>Shoe,
+  <ul><li>sexual significance of, <a href='#5_Page_25'>25</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Shoe-fetichism frequency of, <a href='#5_Page_15'>15</a>;
+  <ul><li>normal basis of, <a href='#5_Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#5_Page_27'>27</a>;</li>
+<li>  illustrated by Restif de la Bretonne, <a href='#5_Page_18'>18</a>;</li>
+<li>  prevalence of among Chinese, etc., <a href='#5_Page_21'>21</a>;</li>
+<li>  former prevalence in Europe, <a href='#5_Page_24'>24</a>;</li>
+<li>  congenital basis of, <a href='#5_Page_27'>27</a>;</li>
+<li>  acquired element in, <a href='#5_Page_28'>28</a>;</li>
+<li>  favored by precocity, <a href='#5_Page_29'>29</a>;</li>
+<li>  relation to masochism, <a href='#5_Page_30'>30</a>;</li>
+<li>  illustrative cases of, <a href='#5_Page_33'>33</a> <i>et seq.</i>;</li>
+<li>  dynamic element in, <a href='#5_Page_45'>45</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sickness of pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Skin,
+  <ul><li>sexual significance of, <a href='#5_Page_143'>143</a>, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>;</li>
+<li>  condition of during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_144'>144</a>, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_190'>190</a>;</li>
+<li>  sexual pigmentation of, <a href='#5_Page_193'>193</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Slipper as a sexual symbol, <a href='#5_Page_25'>25</a>.</li>
+<li>Smile,
+  <ul><li>origin of the, <a href='#5_Page_167'>167</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Sodomy,
+  <ul><li>the term, <a href='#5_Page_72'>72</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Spain,
+  <ul><li>sexual attractiveness of foot in, <a href='#5_Page_26'>26</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Spermatozoa reach ova,
+  <ul><li>how the, <a href='#5_Page_161'>161</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#5_Page_171'>171</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Spermin, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li>
+<li>Sphygmanometer experiments during sexual excitement, <a href='#5_Page_152'>152</a>.</li>
+<li>Stature and erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_187'>187</a>.</li>
+<li>Stimulants, <a href='#5_Page_178'>178</a>.</li>
+<li>Stuff-fetichisms, <a href='#5_Page_73'>73</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Strychnine,
+  <ul><li>aphrodisiac effects of, <a href='#5_Page_174'>174</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Suggestion in relation to longings of pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_214'>214</a>.</li>
+<li>Symbols,
+  <ul><li>nature of, <a href='#5_Page_3'>3</a>;</li>
+<li>  of sex in language, <a href='#5_Page_4'>4</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Temperament,
+  <ul><li>alleged erotic, <a href='#5_Page_182'>182</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Testicular juices,
+  <ul><li>effects of, <a href='#5_Page_179'>179</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Testes, <a href='#5_Page_123'>123</a>, <a href='#5_Page_181'>181</a>, <a href='#5_Page_197'>197</a>.</li>
+<li>Thyroid,
+  <ul><li>condition during sexual excitement, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>;</li>
+<li>  during pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_207'>207</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Ticklishness in relation to stuff-fetichisms, <a href='#5_Page_76'>76</a>.</li>
+<li>Tumescence in relation to detumescence, <a href='#5_Page_115'>115</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#5_Page_142'>142</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Unnatural offence,
+  <ul><li>the term, <a href='#5_Page_72'>72</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Urethra,
+  <ul><li>variability of female, <a href='#5_Page_120'>120</a>;</li>
+<li>  an erogenous zone, <a href='#5_Page_133'>133</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Urethrorrh&oelig;a ex libidine, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>.</li>
+<li>Urinary stream,
+  <ul><li>in relation to nymph&aelig;, <a href='#5_Page_136'>136</a>;</li>
+<li>  an alleged index to virginity, <a href='#5_Page_204'>204</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Urine in religious rites, <a href='#5_Page_50'>50</a>;
+  <ul><li>possesses magical virtues, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>;</li>
+<li>  in legends, <a href='#5_Page_52'>52</a>;</li>
+<li>  in medicine, <a href='#5_Page_59'>59</a>;</li>
+<li>  during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_153'>153</a>, <a href='#5_Page_154'>154</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Urolagnia, <a href='#5_Page_47'>47</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Uterus, <a href='#5_Page_118'>118</a>, <a href='#5_Page_132'>132</a>, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a> <i>et seq.</i>, <a href='#5_Page_194'>194</a>, <a href='#5_Page_210'>210</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Vagina, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#5_Page_137'>137</a>, <a href='#5_Page_145'>145</a>, <a href='#5_Page_159'>159</a>, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>, <a href='#5_Page_177'>177</a>.</li>
+<li>Vaginismus, <a href='#5_Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Vasomotor conditions during coitus, <a href='#5_Page_151'>151</a>.</li>
+<li>Vaudonism, <a href='#5_Page_98'>98</a>.</li>
+<li>Virginity,
+  <ul><li>ancient diagnosis of, <a href='#5_Page_126'>126</a>, <a href='#5_Page_138'>138</a>, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a> <i>et seq.</i></li></ul></li>
+<li>Virile reflex, <a href='#5_Page_149'>149</a>.<a name='5_Page_285'></a></li>
+<li>Voice,
+  <ul><li>in relation to erotic temperament, <a href='#5_Page_188'>188</a>;</li>
+<li>  in relation to virginity, <a href='#5_Page_203'>203</a>.</li></ul></li>
+<li>Vomiting of pregnancy, <a href='#5_Page_209'>209</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Vulva, <a href='#5_Page_124'>124</a> <i>et seq.</i> <a href='#5_Page_148'>148</a>, <a href='#5_Page_163'>163</a>.</li>
+<li>Vulva-fetichism, <a href='#5_Page_96'>96</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Waist,
+  <ul><li>origin of admiration for small, <a href='#5_Page_21'>21</a>.</li></ul></li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Yohimbin as an aphrodisiac, <a href='#5_Page_176'>176</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+
+
+<ul><li>Zooerastia, <a href='#5_Page_77'>77</a> <i>et seq.</i></li>
+<li>Zoophilia erotica, <a href='#5_Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#5_Page_76'>76</a>.</li>
+<li>Zoophilia non-erotic, <a href='#5_Page_77'>77</a>.</li>
+</ul>
+<br>
+<br>
+<hr class="pg" noshade>
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME 5 (OF 6)***</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 5
+(of 6), by Havelock Ellis
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Volume 5 (of 6)
+
+Author: Havelock Ellis
+
+Release Date: October 8, 2004  [eBook #13614]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX,
+VOLUME 5 (OF 6)***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Juliet Sutherland and the Project Gutenberg Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+STUDIES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF SEX, VOLUME V
+
+   Erotic Symbolism
+   The Mechanism of Detumescence
+   The Psychic State in Pregnancy
+
+by
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS
+
+1927
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE.
+
+
+In this volume the terminal phenomena of the sexual process are discussed,
+before an attempt is finally made, in the concluding volume, to consider
+the bearings of the psychology of sex on that part of morals which may be
+called "social hygiene."
+
+Under "Erotic Symbolism" I include practically all the aberrations of the
+sexual instinct, although some of these have seemed of sufficient
+importance for separate discussion in previous volumes. It is highly
+probable that many readers will consider that the name scarcely suffices
+to cover manifestations so numerous and so varied. The term "sexual
+equivalents" will seem preferable to some. While, however, it may be fully
+admitted that these perversions are "sexual equivalents"--or at all events
+equivalents of the normal sexual impulse--that term is merely a
+descriptive label which tells us nothing of the phenomena. "Sexual
+Symbolism" gives us the key to the process, the key that makes all these
+perversions intelligible. In all of them--very clearly in some, as in
+shoe-fetichism; more obscurely in others, as in exhibitionism--it has come
+about by causes congenital, acquired, or both, that some object or class
+of objects, some act or group of acts, has acquired a dynamic power over
+the psycho-physical mechanism of the sexual process, deflecting it from
+its normal adjustment to the whole of a beloved person of the opposite
+sex. There has been a transmutation of values, and certain objects,
+certain acts, have acquired an emotional value which for the normal person
+they do not possess. Such objects and acts are properly, it seems to me,
+termed symbols, and that term embodies the only justification that in most
+cases these manifestations can legitimately claim.
+
+"The Mechanism of Detumescence" brings us at last to the final climax for
+which the earlier and more prolonged stage of tumescence, which has
+occupied us so often in these _Studies_, is the elaborate preliminary.
+"The art of love," a clever woman novelist has written, "is the art of
+preparation." That "preparation" is, on the physiological side, the
+production of tumescence, and all courtship is concerned in building up
+tumescence. But the final conjugation of two individuals in an explosion
+of detumescence, thus slowly brought about, though it is largely an
+involuntary act, is still not without its psychological implications and
+consequences; and it is therefore a matter for regret that so little is
+yet known about it. The one physiological act in which two individuals are
+lifted out of all ends that center in self and become the instrument of
+those higher forces which fashion the species, can never be an act to be
+slurred over as trivial or unworthy of study.
+
+In the brief study of "The Psychic State in Pregnancy" we at last touch
+the point at which the whole complex process of sex reaches its goal. A
+woman with a child in her womb is the everlasting miracle which all the
+romance of love, all the cunning devices of tumescence and detumescence,
+have been invented to make manifest. The psychic state of the woman who
+thus occupies the supreme position which life has to offer cannot fail to
+be of exceeding interest from many points of view, and not least because
+the maternal instinct is one of the elements even of love between the
+sexes. But the psychology of pregnancy is full of involved problems, and
+here again, as so often in the wide field we have traversed, we stand at
+the threshold of a door it is not yet given us to pass.
+
+HAVELOCK ELLIS.
+
+Carbis Water, Lelant, Cornwall.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+EROTIC SYMBOLISM.
+
+I.
+
+The Definition of Erotic Symbolism. Symbolism of Act and Symbolism of
+Object. Erotic Fetichism. Wide Extension of the Symbols of Sex. The
+Immense Variety of Possible Erotic Fetiches. The Normal Foundations of
+Erotic Symbolism. Classification of the Phenomena. The Tendency to
+Idealize the Defects of a Beloved Person. Stendhal's "Crystallization".
+
+II.
+
+Foot-fetichism and Shoe-fetichism. Wide Prevalence and Normal Basis.
+Restif de la Bretonne. The Foot a Normal Focus of Sexual Attraction Among
+Some Peoples. The Chinese, Greeks, Romans, Spaniards, etc. The Congenital
+Predisposition in Erotic Symbolism. The Influence of Early Association and
+Emotional Shock. Shoe-fetichism in Relation to Masochism. The Two
+Phenomena Independent Though Allied. The Desire to be Trodden On. The
+Fascination of Physical Constraint. The Symbolism of Self-inflicted Pain.
+The Dynamic Element in Erotic Symbolism. The Symbolism of Garments.
+
+III.
+
+Scatalogic Symbolism. Urolagnia. Coprolagnia. The Ascetic Attitude Towards
+the Flesh. Normal Basis of Scatalogic Symbolism. Scatalogic Conceptions
+Among Primitive Peoples. Urine as a Primitive Holy Water. Sacredness of
+Animal Excreta. Scatalogy in Folk-lore. The Obscene as Derived from the
+Mythological. The Immature Sexual Impulse Tends to Manifest Itself in
+Scatalogic Forms. The Basis of Physiological Connection Between the
+Urinary and Genital Spheres. Urinary Fetichism Sometimes Normal in
+Animals. The Urolagnia of Masochists. The Scatalogy of Saints. Urolagnia
+More Often a Symbolism of Act Than a Symbolism of Object. Only
+Occasionally an Olfactory Fetichism. Comparative Rarity of Coprolagnia.
+Influence of Nates Fetichism as a Transition to Coprolagnia, Ideal
+Coprolagnia. Olfactory Coprolagnia. Urolagnia and Coprolagnia as Symbols
+of Coitus.
+
+IV.
+
+Animals as Sources of Erotic Symbolism. Mixoscopic Zoophilia. The
+Stuff-fetichisms. Hair-fetichism. The Stuff-fetichisms Mainly on a Tactile
+Base. Erotic Zoophilia. Zooerastia. Bestiality. The Conditions that Favor
+Bestiality. Its Wide Prevalence Among Primitive Peoples and Among
+Peasants. The Primitive Conception of Animals. The Goat. The Influence of
+Familiarity With Animals. Congress Between Women and Animals. The Social
+Reaction Against Bestiality.
+
+V.
+
+Exhibitionism. Illustrative Cases. A Symbolic Perversion of Courtship. The
+Impulse to Defile. The Exhibitionist's Psychic Attitude. The Sexual Organs
+as Fetiches. Phallus Worship. Adolescent Pride in Sexual Development.
+Exhibitionism of the Nates. The Classification of the Forms of
+Exhibitionism. Nature of the Relationship of Exhibitionism to Epilepsy.
+
+VI.
+
+The Forms of Erotic Symbolism are Simulacra of Coitus. Wide Extension of
+Erotic Symbolism. Fetichism Not Covering the Whole Ground of Sexual
+Selection. It is Based on the Individual Factor in Selection.
+Crystallization. The Lover and the Artist. The Key to Erotic Symbolism is
+to be Found in the Emotional Sphere. The Passage to Pathological Extremes.
+
+
+
+THE MECHANISM OF DETUMESCENCE.
+
+I.
+
+The Psychological Significance of Detumescence. The Testis and the Ovary.
+Sperm Cell and Germ Cell. Development of the Embryo. The External Sexual
+Organs. Their Wide Range of Variation. Their Nervous Supply. The Penis.
+Its Racial Variations. The Influence of Exercise. The Scrotum and
+Testicles. The Mons Veneris. The Vulva. The Labia Majora and their
+Varieties. The Public Hair and Its Characters. The Clitoris and Its
+Functions. The Anus as an Erogenous Zone. The Nymphae and their Function.
+The Vagina. The Hymen. Virginity. The Biological Significance of the
+Hymen.
+
+II.
+
+The Object of Detumescence. Erogenous Zones. The Lips. The Vascular
+Characters of Detumescence. Erectile Tissue. Erection in Woman. Mucous
+Emission in Women. Sexual Connection. The Human Mode of Intercourse.
+Normal Variations. The Motor Characters of Detumescence. Ejaculation. The
+Virile Reflex. The General Phenomena of Detumescence. The Circulatory and
+Respiratory Phenomena. Blood Pressure. Cardiac Disturbance. Glandular
+Activity. Distillatio. The Essentially Motor Character of Detumescence.
+Involuntary Muscular Irradiation to Bladder, etc. Erotic Intoxication.
+Analogy of Sexual Detumescence and Vesical Tension. The Specifically
+Sexual Movements of Detumescence in Man. In Woman. The Spontaneous
+Movements of the Genital Canal in Woman. Their Function in Conception.
+Part Played by Active Movement of the Spermatozoa. The Artificial
+Injection of Semen. The Facial Expression During Detumescence. The
+Expression of Joy. The Occasional Serious Effects of Coitus.
+
+III.
+
+The Constituents of Semen. Function of the Prostate. The Properties of
+Semen. Aphrodisiacs. Alcohol, Opium, etc. Anaphrodisiacs. The Stimulant
+Influence of Semen in Coitus. The Internal Effects of Testicular
+Secretions. The Influence of Ovarian Secretion.
+
+IV.
+
+The Aptitude for Detumescence. Is There an Erotic Temperament? The
+Available Standards of Comparison. Characteristics of the Castrated.
+Characteristics of Puberty. Characteristics of the State of Detumescence.
+Shortness of Stature. Development of the Secondary Sexual Characters. Deep
+Voice. Bright Eyes. Glandular Activity. Everted Lips. Pigmentation.
+Profuse Hair. Dubious Significance of Many of These Characters.
+
+
+THE PSYCHIC STATE IN PREGNANCY.
+
+The Relationship of Maternal and Sexual Emotion. Conception and Loss of
+Virginity. The Anciently Accepted Signs of This Condition. The Pervading
+Effects of Pregnancy on the Organism. Pigmentation. The Blood and
+Circulation. The Thyroid. Changes in the Nervous System. The Vomiting of
+Pregnancy. The Longings of Pregnant Women. Mental Impressions. Evidence
+for and Against Their Validity. The Question Still Open. Imperfection of
+Our Knowledge. The Significance of Pregnancy.
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+Histories of Sexual Development.
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+
+
+
+EROTIC SYMBOLISM.
+
+I.
+
+The Definition of Erotic Symbolism--Symbolism of Act and Symbolism of
+Object--Erotic Fetichism--Wide extension of the symbols of Sex--The
+Immense Variety of Possible Erotic Fetiches--The Normal Foundations of
+Erotic Symbolism--Classification of the Phenomena--The Tendency to
+Idealize the Defects of a Beloved Person--Stendhal's "Crystallization."
+
+
+By "erotic symbolism" I mean that tendency whereby the lover's attention
+is diverted from the central focus of sexual attraction to some object or
+process which is on the periphery of that focus, or is even outside of it
+altogether, though recalling it by association of contiguity or of
+similarity. It thus happens that tumescence, or even in extreme cases
+detumescence, may be provoked by the contemplation of acts or objects
+which are away from the end of sexual conjugation.[1]
+
+In considering the phenomena of sexual selection in a previous volume,[2]
+it was found that there are four or five main factors in the constitution
+of beauty in so far as beauty determines sexual selection. Erotic
+symbolism is founded on the factor of individual taste in beauty; it
+arises as a specialized development of that factor, but it is,
+nevertheless, incorrect to merge it in sexual selection. The attractive
+characteristics of a beloved woman or man, from the point of view of
+sexual selection, are a complex but harmonious whole leading up to a
+desire for the complete possession of the person who displays them. There
+is no tendency to isolate and dissociate any single character from the
+individual and to concentrate attention upon that character at the expense
+of the attention bestowed upon the individual generally. As soon as such a
+tendency begins to show itself, even though only in a slight or temporary
+form, we may say that there is erotic symbolism.
+
+Erotic symbolism is, however, by no means confined to the individualizing
+tendency to concentrate amorous attention upon some single characteristic
+of the adult woman or man who is normally the object of sexual love. The
+adult human being may not be concerned at all, the attractive object or
+act may not even be human, not even animal, and we may still be concerned
+with a symbol which has parasitically rooted itself on the fruitful site
+of sexual emotion and absorbed to itself the energy which normally goes
+into the channels of healthy human love having for its final end the
+procreation of the species. Thus understood in its widest sense, it may be
+said that every sexual perversion, even homosexuality, is a form of erotic
+symbolism, for we shall find that in every case some object or act that
+for the normal human being has little or no erotic value, has assumed such
+value in a supreme degree; that is to say, it has become a symbol of the
+normal object of love. Certain perversions are, however, of such great
+importance on account of their wide relationships, that they cannot be
+adequately discussed merely as forms of erotic symbolism. This is notably
+the case as regards homosexuality, auto-erotism, and algolagnia, all of
+which phenomena have therefore been separately discussed in previous
+studies. We are now mainly concerned with manifestations which are more
+narrowly and exclusively symbolical.
+
+A portion of the field of erotic symbolism is covered by what Binet
+(followed by Lombroso, Krafft-Ebing, and others) has termed "erotic
+fetichism," or the tendency whereby sexual attraction is unduly exerted by
+some special part or peculiarity of the body, or by some inanimate object
+which has become associated with it. Such erotic symbolism of object
+cannot, however, be dissociated from the even more important erotic
+symbolism of process, and the two are so closely bound together that we
+cannot attain a truly scientific view of them until we regard them broadly
+as related parts of a common psychic tendency. If, as Groos asserts,[3] a
+symbol has two chief meanings, one in which it indicates a physical
+process which stands for a psychic process, and another in which it
+indicates a part which represents the whole, erotic symbolism of act
+corresponds to the first of these chief meanings, and erotic symbolism of
+object to the other.
+
+Although it is not impossible to find some germs of erotic symbolism in
+animals, in its more pronounced manifestations it is only found in the
+human species. It could not be otherwise, for such symbolism involves not
+only the play of fancy and imagination, the idealizing aptitude, but also
+a certain amount of power of concentrating the attention on a point
+outside the natural path of instinct and the ability to form new mental
+constructions around that point. There are, indeed, as we shall see,
+elementary forms of erotic symbolism which are not uncommonly associated
+with feeble-mindedness, but even these are still peculiarly human, and in
+its less crude manifestations erotic symbolism easily lends itself to
+every degree of human refinement and intelligence.
+
+    "It depends primarily upon an increase of the psychological
+    process of representation," Colin Scott remarks of sexual
+    symbolism generally, "involving greater powers of comparison and
+    analysis as compared with the lower animals. The outer
+    impressions come to be clearly distinguished as such, but at the
+    same time are often treated as symbols of inner experiences, and
+    a meaning read into them which they would not otherwise possess.
+    Symbolism or fetichism is, indeed, just the capacity to see
+    meaning, to emphasize something for the sake of other things
+    which do not appear. In brain terms it indicates an activity of
+    the higher centers, a sort of side-tracking or long-circuiting of
+    the primitive energy; ... Rosetti's poem, 'The Woodspurge,'
+    gives a concrete example of the formation of such a symbol. Here
+    the otherwise insignificant presentation of the three-cupped
+    woodspurge, representing originally a mere side-current of the
+    stream of consciousness, becomes the intellectual symbol or
+    fetich of the whole psychosis forever after. It seems, indeed, as
+    if the stronger the emotion the more likely will become the
+    formation of an overlying symbolism, which serves to focus and
+    stand in the place of something greater than itself; nowhere at
+    least is symbolism a more characteristic feature than as an
+    expression of the sexual instinct. The passion of sex, with its
+    immense hereditary background, in early man became centered often
+    upon the most trivial and unimportant features.... This
+    symbolism, now become fetichistic, or symbolic in a bad sense, is
+    at least an exercise of the increasing representative power of
+    man, upon which so much of his advancement has depended, while it
+    also served to express and help to purify his most perennial
+    emotion." (Colin Scott, "Sex and Art," _American Journal of
+    Psychology_, vol. vii, No. 2, p. 189.)
+
+In the study of "Love and Pain" in a previous volume, the analysis of the
+large and complex mass of sexual phenomena which are associated with pain,
+gradually resolved them to a considerable extent into a special case of
+erotic symbolism; pain or restraint, whether inflicted on or by the loved
+person, becomes, by a psychic process that is usually unconscious, the
+symbol of the sexual mechanism, and hence arouses the same emotions as
+that mechanism normally arouses. We may now attempt to deal more broadly
+and comprehensively with the normal and abnormal aspects of erotic
+symbolism in some of their most typical and least mixed forms.
+
+"When our human imagination seeks to animate artificial things," Huysmans
+writes in _La-bas_, "it is compelled to reproduce the movements of animals
+in the act of propagation. Look at machines, at the play of pistons in the
+cylinders; they are Romeos of steel in Juliets of cast-iron." And not only
+in the work of man's hands but throughout Nature we find sexual symbols
+which are the less deniable since, for the most part, they make not the
+slightest appeal to even the most morbid human imagination. Language is
+full of metaphorical symbols of sex which constantly tend to lose their
+poetic symbolism and to become commonplace. Semen is but seed, and for the
+Latins especially the whole process of human sex, as well as the male and
+female organs, constantly presented itself in symbols derived from
+agricultural and horticultural life. The testicles were beans (_fabae_) and
+fruit or apples (_poma_ and _mala_); the penis was a tree (_arbor_), or a
+stalk (_thyrsus_), or a root (_radix_), or a sickle (_falx_), or a
+ploughshare (_vomer_). The semen, again, was dew (_ros_). The labia majora
+or minora were wings (_alae_); the vulva and vagina were a field (_ager_
+and _campus_), or a ploughed furrow (_sulcus_), or a vineyard (_vinea_),
+or a fountain (_fons_), while the pudendal hair was herbage
+(_plantaria_).[4] In other languages it is not difficult to trace similar
+and even identical imagery applied to sexual organs and sexual acts. Thus
+it is noteworthy that Shakespeare more than once applies the term
+"ploughed" to a woman who has had sexual intercourse. The Talmud calls the
+labia minora the doors, the labia majora hinges, and the clitoris the key.
+The Greeks appear not only to have found in the myrtle-berry, the fruit of
+a plant sacred to Venus, the image of the clitoris, but also in the rose
+an image of the feminine labia; in the poetic literature of many
+countries, indeed, this imagery of the rose may be traced in a more or
+less veiled manner.[5]
+
+The widespread symbolism of sex arose in the theories and conceptions of
+primitive peoples concerning the function of generation and its nearest
+analogies in Nature; it was continued for the sake of the vigorous and
+expressive terminology which it furnished both for daily life and for
+literature; its final survivals were cultivated because they furnished a
+delicately aesthetic method of approaching matters which a growing
+refinement of sentiment made it difficult for lovers and poets to approach
+in a more crude and direct manner. Its existence is of interest to us now
+because it shows the objective validity of the basis on which erotic
+symbolism, as we have here to understand it, develops. But from first to
+last it is a distinct phenomenon, having a more or less reasoned and
+intellectual basis, and it scarcely serves in any degree to feed the
+sexual impulse. Erotic symbolism is not intellectual but emotional in its
+origin; it starts into being, obscurely, with but a dim consciousness or
+for the most part none at all, either suddenly from the shock of some
+usually youthful experience, or more gradually through an instinctive
+brooding on those things which are most intimately associated with a
+sexually desirable person.
+
+    The kind of soil on which the germs of erotic symbolism may
+    develop is well seen in cases of sexual hyperaesthesia. In such
+    cases all the emotionally sexual analogies and resemblances,
+    which in erotic symbolism are fixed and organized, may be traced
+    in vague and passing forms, a single hyperaesthetic individual
+    perhaps presenting a great variety of germinal symbolisms.
+
+    Thus it has been recorded of an Italian nun (whose sister became
+    a prostitute) that from the age of 8 she had desire for coitus,
+    from the age of 10 masturbated, and later had homosexual
+    feelings, that the same feelings and practices continued after
+    she had taken the veil, though from time to time they assumed
+    religious equivalents. The mere contact, indeed, of a priest's
+    hand, the news of the presentation of an ecclesiastic she had
+    known to a bishopric, the sight of an ape, the contemplation of
+    the crucified Christ, the figure of a toy, the picture of a
+    demon, the act of defecation in the children entrusted to her
+    care (whom, on this account, and against the regulations, she
+    would accompany to the closets), especially the sight and the
+    mere recollection of flies in sexual connection--all these things
+    sufficed to produce in her a powerful orgasm. (_Archivio di
+    Psichiatria_, 1902, fasc. II-III, p. 338.)
+
+    A boy of 15 (given to masturbation), studied by Macdonald in
+    America, was similarly hyperaesthetic to the symbols of sexual
+    emotion. "I like amusing myself with my comrades," he told
+    Macdonald, "rolling ourselves into a ball, which gives one a
+    funny kind of warmth. I have a special pleasure in talking about
+    some things. It is the same when the governess kisses me on
+    saying good night or when I lean against her breast. I have that
+    sensation, too, when I see some of the pictures in the comic
+    papers, but only in those representing a woman, as when a young
+    man skating trips up a girl so that her clothes are raised a
+    little. When I read how a man saved a young girl from drowning,
+    so that they swam together, I had the same sensation. Looking at
+    the statues of women in the museum produces the same effect, or
+    when I see naked babies, or when a mother suckles a child. I
+    have often had that sensation when reading novels I ought not to
+    read, or when looking at a new-born calf, or seeing dogs and cows
+    and horses mounting on each other. When I see a girl flirting
+    with a boy, or leaning on his shoulder or with his arm round her
+    waist, I have an erection. It is the same when I see women and
+    little girls in bathing costume, or when boys talk of what their
+    fathers and mothers do together. In the Natural History Museum I
+    often see things which give me that sensation. One day when I
+    read how a man killed a young girl and carried her into a wood
+    and undressed her I had a feeling of enjoyment. When I read of
+    men who were bastards the idea of a woman having a child in that
+    way gives me this sensation. Some dances, and seeing young girls
+    astride a horse, excited me, too, and so in a circus when a woman
+    was shot out of a cannon and her skirts flew in the air. It has
+    no effect on me when I see men naked. Sometimes I enjoy seeing
+    women's underclothes in a shop, or when I see a lady or a girl
+    buying them, especially if they are drawers. When I saw a lady in
+    a dress which buttoned from top to bottom it had more effect on
+    me than seeing underclothes. Seeing dogs coupling gives me more
+    pleasure than looking at pretty women, but less than looking at
+    pretty little girls." In order of increasing intensity he placed
+    the phenomena that affected him thus: The coupling of flies, then
+    of horses, then the sight of women's undergarments, then a boy
+    and a girl flirting, then cows mounting on each other, the
+    statues of women with naked breasts, then contact with the
+    governess's body and breasts, finally coitus. (Arthur Macdonald,
+    _Le Criminel-Type_, pp. 126 et seq.)
+
+    It is worthy of remark that the instinct of nutrition, when
+    restrained, may exhibit something of an analogous symbolism,
+    though in a minor degree, to that of sex. The ways in which a
+    hyperaesthetic hunger may seek its symbols are illustrated in the
+    case of a young woman called Nadia, who during several years was
+    carefully studied by Janet. It is a case of obsession ("maladie
+    du scrupule"), simulating hysterical anorexia, in which the
+    patient, for fear of getting fat, reduced her nourishment to the
+    smallest possible amount. "Nadia is generally hungry, even very
+    hungry. One can tell this by her actions; from time to time she
+    forgets herself to such an extent as to devour greedily anything
+    she can put her hands on. At other times, when she cannot resist
+    the desire to eat, she secretly takes a biscuit. She feels
+    horrible remorse for the action, but, all the same, she does it
+    again. Her confidences are very curious. She recognizes that a
+    great effort is needed to avoid eating, and considers she is a
+    heroine to resist so long. 'Sometimes I spent whole hours in
+    thinking about food, I was so hungry; I swallowed my saliva, I
+    bit my handkerchief, I rolled on the floor, I wanted to eat so
+    badly. I would look in books for descriptions of meals and
+    feasts, and tried to deceive my hunger by imagining that I was
+    sharing all these good things,'" (P. Janet, "La Maladie du
+    Scrupule," _Revue Philosophique_, May, 1901, p. 502.) The
+    deviations of the instinct of nutrition are, however, confined
+    within narrow limits, and, in the nature of things, hunger,
+    unlike sexual desire, cannot easily accept a fetich.
+
+"There is almost no feature, article of dress, attitude, act," Stanley
+Hall declares, "or even animal or perhaps object in nature, that may not
+have to some morbid soul specialized erogenic and erethic power."[6] Even
+a mere shadow may become a fetich. Goron tells of a merchant in Paris--a
+man with a reputation for ability, happily married and the father of a
+family, altogether irreproachable in his private life--who was returning
+home one evening after a game of billiards with a friend, when, on
+chancing to raise his eyes, he saw against a lighted window the shadow of
+a woman changing her chemise. He fell in love with that shadow and
+returned to the spot every evening for many months to gaze at the window.
+Yet--and herein lies the fetichism--he made no attempt to see the woman or
+to find out who she was; the shadow sufficed; he had no need of the
+realty.[7] It is even possible to have a negative fetich, the absence of
+some character being alone demanded, and the case has been recorded in
+Chicago of an American gentleman of average intelligence, education, and
+good habits who, having as a boy cherished a pure affection for a girl
+whose leg had been amputated, throughout life was relatively impotent with
+normal women, but experienced passion and affection for women who had lost
+a leg; he was found by his wife to be in extensive correspondence with
+one-legged women all over the country, expending no little money on the
+purchase of artificial legs for his various protegees.[8]
+
+It is important to remember, however, that while erotic symbolism becomes
+fantastic and abnormal in its extreme manifestations, it is in its
+essence absolutely normal. It is only in the very grossest forms of sexual
+desire that it is altogether absent. Stendhal described the mental side of
+the process of tumescence as a crystallization, a process whereby certain
+features of the beloved person present points around which the emotions
+held in solution in the lover's mind may concentrate and deposit
+themselves in dazzling brilliance. This process inevitably tends to take
+place around all those features and objects associated with the beloved
+person which have most deeply impressed the lover's mind, and the more
+sensitive and imaginative and emotional he is the more certainly will such
+features and objects crystallize into erotic symbols. "Devotion and love,"
+wrote Mary Wollstonecraft, "may be allowed to hallow the garments as well
+as the person, for the lover must want fancy who has not a sort of sacred
+respect for the glove or slipper of his mistress. He would not confound
+them with vulgar things of the same kind." And nearly two centuries
+earlier Burton, who had gathered together so much of the ancient lore of
+love, clearly asserted the entirely normal character of erotic symbolism.
+"Not one of a thousand falls in love," he declares, "but there is some
+peculiar part or other which pleaseth most, and inflames him above the
+rest.... If he gets any remnant of hers, a busk-point, a feather of her
+fan, a shoe-tie, a lace, a ring, a bracelet of hair, he wears it for a
+favor on his arm, in his hat, finger, or next his heart; as Laodamia did
+by Protesilaus, when he went to war, sit at home with his picture before
+her: a garter or a bracelet of hers is more precious than any Saint's
+Relique, he lays it up in his casket (O blessed Relique) and every day
+will kiss it: if in her presence his eye is never off her, and drink he
+will where she drank, if it be possible, in that very place," etc.[9]
+
+    Burton's accuracy in describing the ways of lovers in his century
+    is shown by a passage in Hamilton's _Memoires de Gramont_. Miss
+    Price, one of the beauties of Charles II's court, and Dongan were
+    tenderly attached to each other; when the latter died he left
+    behind a casket full of all possible sorts of love-tokens
+    pertaining to his mistress, including, among other things, "all
+    kinds of hair." And as regards France, Burton's contemporary,
+    Howell, wrote in 1627 in his _Familiar Letters_ concerning the
+    repulse of the English at Rhe: "A captain told me that when they
+    were rifling the dead bodies of the French gentlemen after the
+    first invasion they found that many of them had their mistresses'
+    favors tied about their genitories."
+
+    Schurig (_Spermatologia_, p. 357) at the beginning of the
+    eighteenth century knew a Belgian lady who, when her dearly loved
+    husband died, secretly cut off his penis and treasured it as a
+    sacred relic in a silver casket. She eventually powdered it, he
+    adds, and found it an efficacious medicine for herself and
+    others. An earlier example, of a lady at the French court who
+    embalmed and perfumed the genital organs of her dead husband,
+    always preserving them in a gold casket, is mentioned by
+    Brantome. Mantegazza knew a man who kept for many years on his
+    desk the skull of his dead mistress, making it his dearest
+    companion. "Some," he remarks, "have slept for months and years
+    with a book, a garment, a trifle. I once had a friend who would
+    spend long hours of joy and emotion kissing a thread of silk
+    which _she_ had held between her fingers, now the only relic of
+    love." (Mantegazza, _Fisiologia dell' Amore_, cap. X.) In the
+    same way I knew a lady who in old age still treasured in her
+    desk, as the one relic of the only man she had ever been
+    attracted to, a fragment of paper he had casually twisted up in a
+    conversation with her half a century before.
+
+The tendency to treasure the relics of a beloved person, more especially
+the garments, is the simplest and commonest foundation of erotic
+symbolism. It is without doubt absolutely normal. It is inevitable that
+those objects which have been in close contact with the beloved person's
+body, and are intimately associated with that person in the lover's mind,
+should possess a little of the same virtue, the same emotional potency. It
+is a phenomenon closely analogous to that by which the relics of saints
+are held to possess a singular virtue. But it becomes somewhat less normal
+when the garment is regarded as essential even in the presence of the
+beloved person.[10]
+
+While an extremely large number of objects and acts may be found to
+possess occasionally the value of erotic symbols, such symbols most
+frequently fall into certain well-defined groups. A vast number of
+isolated objects or acts may be exceptionally the focus of erotic
+contemplation, but the objects and acts which frequently become thus
+symbolic are comparatively few.
+
+It seems to me that the phenomena of erotic symbolism may be most
+conveniently grouped in three great classes, on the basis of the objects
+or acts which arouse them.
+
+I. PARTS OF THE BODY.--_A. Normal:_ Hand, foot, breasts, nates, hair,
+secretions and excretions, etc.
+
+_B. Abnormal:_ Lameness, squinting, pitting of smallpox, etc. Paidophilia
+or the love of children, presbyophilia or the love of the aged, and
+necrophilia or the attraction for corpses, may be included under this
+head, as well as the excitement caused by various animals.
+
+
+II. INANIMATE OBJECTS.[11]--_A. Garments:_ Gloves, shoes and stockings and
+garters, caps, aprons, handkerchiefs, underlinen.
+
+_B. Impersonal Objects:_ Here may be included all the various objects that
+may accidentally acquire the power of exciting sexual feeling in
+auto-erotism. Pygmalionism may also be included.
+
+
+III. ACTS AND ATTITUDES.--_A. Active:_ Whipping, cruelty, exhibitionism.
+_B. Passive:_ Being whipped, experiencing cruelty. Personal odors and the
+sound of the voice may be included under this head. _C. Mixoscopic:_ The
+vision of climbing, swinging, etc. The acts of urination and defecation.
+The coitus of animals.
+
+Although the three main groups into which the phenomena of erotic
+symbolism are here divided may seem fairly distinct, they are yet very
+closely allied, and indeed overlap, so that it is possible, as we shall
+see, for a single complex symbol to fall into all three groups.
+
+A very complete kind of erotic symbolism is furnished by Pygmalionism or
+the love of statues.[12] It is exactly analogous to the child's love of a
+doll, which is also a form of sexual (though not erotic) symbolism. In a
+somewhat less abnormal form, erotic symbolism probably shows itself in its
+simplest shape in the tendency to idealize unbeautiful peculiarities in a
+beloved person, so that such peculiarities are ever afterward almost or
+quite essential in order to arouse sexual attraction. In this way men have
+become attracted to limping women. Even the most normal man may idealize a
+trifling defect in a beloved woman. The attention is inevitably
+concentrated on any such slight deviation from regular beauty, and the
+natural result of such concentration is that a complexus of associated
+thoughts and emotions becomes attached to something that in itself is
+unbeautiful. A defect becomes an admired focus of attention, the embodied
+symbol of the lover's emotion.
+
+    Thus a mole is not in itself beautiful, but by the tendency to
+    erotic symbolism it becomes so. Persian poets especially have
+    lavished the richest imagery on moles (_Anis El-Ochchaq_ in
+    _Bibliotheque des Hautes Etudes_, fasc, 25, 1875); the Arabs, as
+    Lane remarks (_Arabian Society in the Middle Ages_, p. 214), are
+    equally extravagant in their admiration of a mole.
+
+    Stendhal long since well described the process by which a defect
+    becomes a sexual symbol. "Even little defects in a woman's face,"
+    he remarked, "such as a smallpox pit, may arouse the tenderness
+    of a man who loves her, and throw him into deep reverie when he
+    sees them in another woman. It is because he has experienced a
+    thousand feelings in the presence of that smallpox mark, that
+    these feelings have been for the most part delicious, all of the
+    highest interest, and that, whatever they may have been, they are
+    renewed with incredible vivacity on the sight of this sign, even
+    when perceived on the face of another woman. If in such a case we
+    come to prefer and love _ugliness_, it is only because in such a
+    case ugliness is beauty. A man loved a woman who was very thin
+    and marked by smallpox; he lost her by death. Three years later,
+    in Rome, he became acquainted with two women, one very beautiful,
+    the other thin and marked by smallpox, on that account, if you
+    will, rather ugly. I saw him in love with this plain one at the
+    end of a week, which he had employed in effacing her plainness by
+    his memories." (_De l'Amour_, Chapter XVII.)
+
+In the tendency to idealize the unbeautiful features of a beloved person
+erotic symbolism shows itself in a simple and normal form. In a less
+simple and more morbid form it appears in persons in whom the normal paths
+of sexual gratification are for some reasons inhibited, and who are thus
+led to find the symbols of natural love in unnatural perversions. It is
+for this reason that so many erotic symbolisms take root in childhood and
+puberty, before the sexual instincts have reached full development. It is
+for the same reason also, that, at the other end of life, when the sexual
+energies are failing, erotic symbols sometimes tend to be substituted for
+the normal pleasures of sex. It is for this reason, again, that both men
+and women whose normal energies are inhibited sometimes find the symbols
+of sexual gratification in the caresses of children.
+
+    The case of a schoolmistress recorded by Penta instructively
+    shows how an erotic symbolism of this last kind may develop by no
+    means as a refinement of vice, but as the one form in which
+    sexual gratification becomes possible when normal gratification
+    has been pathologically inhibited. F.R., aged 48, schoolmistress;
+    she was some years ago in an asylum with religious mania, but
+    came out well in a few months. At the age of 12 she had first
+    experienced sexual excitement in a railway train from the jolting
+    of the carriage. Soon after she fell in love with a youth who
+    represented her ideal and who returned her affection. When,
+    however, she gave herself to him, great was her disillusion and
+    surprise to find that the sexual act which she had looked forward
+    to could not be accomplished, for at the first contact there was
+    great pain and spasmodic resistance of the vagina. There was a
+    condition of vaginismus. After repeated attempts on subsequent
+    occasions her lover desisted. Her desire for intercourse
+    increased, however, rather than diminished, and at last she was
+    able to tolerate coitus, but the pain was so great that she
+    acquired a horror of the sexual embrace and no longer sought it.
+    Having much will power, she restrained all erotic impulses during
+    many years. It was not until the period of the menopause that the
+    long repressed desires broke out, and at last found a symbolical
+    outlet that was no longer normal, but was felt to supply a
+    complete gratification. She sought the close physical contact of
+    the young children in her care. She would lie on her bed naked,
+    with two or three naked children, make them suck her breasts and
+    press them to every part of her body. Her conduct was discovered
+    by means of other children who peeped through the keyhole, and
+    she was placed under Penta for treatment. In this case the loss
+    of moral and mental inhibition, due probably to troubles of the
+    climacteric, led to indulgence, under abnormal conditions, in
+    those primitive contacts which are normally the beginning of
+    love, and these, supported by the ideal image of the early lover,
+    constituted a complete and adequate symbol of natural love in a
+    morbidly perverted individual. (P. Penta, _Archivio delle
+    Psicopatie Sessuali_, January, 1896.)
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[1] The term "erotic symbolism" has already been employed by Eulenburg
+(_Sexuale Neuropathie_, 1895, p. 101). It must be borne in mind that this
+term, implying the specific emotion, is much narrower than the term
+"sexual symbolism," which may be used to designate a great variety of
+ritual and social practices which have played a part in the evolution of
+civilization.
+
+[2] _Sexual Selection in Man_, iv, "Vision."
+
+[3] K. Groos, _Der AEsthetische Genuss_, p. 122. The psychology of the
+associations of contiguity and resemblance through which erotic symbolism
+operates its transference is briefly discussed by Ribot in the _Psychology
+of the Emotions_, Part 1, Chapter XII; the early chapters of the same
+author's _Logique des Sentiments_ may also be said to deal with the
+emotional basis on which erotic symbolism arises.
+
+[4] A number of synonyms for the female pudenda are brought together by
+Schurig--cunnus, hortus, concha, navis, fovea, larva, canis, annulus,
+focus, cymba, antrum, delta, myrtus, etc.--and he discusses many of them.
+(_Muliebria_, Section I, cap. I.)
+
+[5] Kleinpaul, _Sprache Ohne Worte_, pp. 24-29; cf. K. Pearson, on the
+general and special words for sex, _Chances of Death_, vol. ii, pp.
+112-245; a selection of the literature of the rose will be found in a
+volume of translations entitled _Ros Rosarum_.
+
+[6] G.S. Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. i, p. 470.
+
+[7] Goron, _Les Parias de l'Amour_, p. 45.
+
+[8] A.R. Reynolds, _Medical Standard_, vol. x, cited by Kiernan,
+"Responsibility in Sexual Perversion," _American Journal of Neurology and
+Psychiatry_, 1882.
+
+[9] R. Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. II,
+Subs. II, and Mem. III, Subs. I.
+
+[10] Numerous examples are given by Moll, _Kontraere Sexualempfindung_,
+third edition, pp. 265-268.
+
+[11] Chevalier (_De l'Inversion_, 1885; id., _L'Inversion Sexuelle_, 1892,
+p. 52), followed by E. Laurent (_L'Amour Morbide_, 1891, Chapter X),
+separates this group from other fetichistic perversions, under the head of
+"azooephilie." I see no adequate ground for this step. The various forms of
+fetichism are too intimately associated to permit of any group of them
+being violently separated from the others.
+
+[12] This has already been considered as a perversion founded on vision,
+in discussing _Sexual Selection in Man_. IV.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+Foot-fetichism and Shoe-fetichism--Wide Prevalence and Normal
+Basis--Restif de la Bretonne--The Foot a Normal Focus of Sexual Attraction
+Among Some Peoples--The Chinese, Greeks, Romans, Spaniards, etc.--The
+Congenital Predisposition in Erotic Symbolism--The Influence of Early
+Association and Emotional Shock--Shoe-fetichism in Relation to
+Masochism--The Two Phenomena Independent Though Allied--The Desire to be
+Trodden On--The Fascination of Physical Constraint--The Symbolism of
+Self-inflicted Pain--The Dynamic Element in Erotic Symbolism--The
+Symbolism of Garments.
+
+
+Of all forms of erotic symbolism the most frequent is that which idealizes
+the foot and the shoe. The phenomena we here encounter are sometimes so
+complex and raise so many interesting questions that it is necessary to
+discuss them somewhat fully.
+
+It would seem that even for the normal lover the foot is one of the most
+attractive parts of the body. Stanley Hall found that among the parts
+specified as most admired in the other sex by young men and women who
+answered a _questionnaire_ the feet came fourth (after the eyes, hair,
+stature and size).[13] Casanova, an acute student and lover of women who
+was in no degree a foot fetichist, remarks that all men who share his
+interest in women are attracted by their feet; they offer the same
+interest, he considers, as the question of the particular edition offers
+to the book-lover.[14]
+
+    In a report of the results of a _questionnaire_ concerning
+    children's sense of self, to which over 500 replies were
+    received, Stanley Hall thus summarizes the main facts ascertained
+    with reference to the feet: "A special period of noticing the
+    feet comes somewhat later than that in which the hands are
+    discovered to consciousness. Our records afford nearly twice as
+    many cases for feet as for hands. The former are more remote from
+    the primary psychic focus or position, and are also more often
+    covered, so that the sight of them is a more marked and
+    exceptional event. Some children become greatly excited whenever
+    their feet are exposed. Some infants show signs of fear at the
+    movement of their own knees and feet covered, and still more
+    often fright is the first sensation which signalizes the child's
+    discovery of its feet.... Many are described as playing with them
+    as if fascinated by strange, newly-discovered toys. They pick
+    them up and try to throw them away, or out of the cradle, or
+    bring them to the mouth, where all things tend to go.... Children
+    often handle their feet, pat and stroke them, offer them toys and
+    the bottle, as if they, too, had an independent hunger to
+    gratify, an _ego_ of their own.... Children often develop [later]
+    a special interest in the feet of others, and examine, feel them,
+    etc., sometimes expressing surprise that the pinch of the
+    mother's toe hurts her and not the child, or comparing their own
+    and the feet of others point by point. Curious, too, are the
+    intensifications of foot-consciousness throughout the early years
+    of childhood, whenever children have the exceptional privilege of
+    going barefoot, or have new shoes. The feet are often
+    apostrophized, punished, beaten sometimes to the point of pain
+    for breaking things, throwing the child down, etc. Several
+    children have habits, which reach great intensity, and then
+    vanish, of touching or tickling the feet, with gales of laughter,
+    and a few are described as showing an almost morbid reluctance to
+    wear anything upon the feet, or even to having them touched by
+    others.... Several almost fall in love with the great toe or the
+    little one, especially admiring some crease or dimple in it,
+    dressing it in some rag of silk or bit of ribbon, or cut-off
+    glove fingers, winding it with string, prolonging it by tying on
+    bits of wood. Stroking the feet of others, especially if they are
+    shapely, often becomes almost a passion with young children, and
+    several adults confess a survival of the same impulse which it is
+    an exquisite pleasure to gratify. The interest of some mothers in
+    babies' toes, the expressions of which are ecstatic and almost
+    incredible, is a factor of great importance." (G. Stanley Hall,
+    "Some Aspects of the Early Sense of Self," _American Journal of
+    Psychology_, April, 1898.) In childhood, Stanley Hall remarks
+    elsewhere (_Adolescence_, vol. ii, p. 104), "a form of courtship
+    may consist solely in touching feet under the desk." It would
+    seem that even animals have a certain amount of sexual
+    consciousness in the feet; I have noticed a male donkey, just
+    before coitus, bite the feet of his partner.
+
+At the same time it is scarcely usual for the normal lover, in most
+civilized countries to-day, to attach primary importance to the foot, such
+as he very frequently attaches to the eyes, though the feet play a very
+conspicuous part in the work of certain novelists.[15]
+
+In a small but not inconsiderable minority of persons, however, the foot
+or the boot becomes the most attractive part of a woman, and in some
+morbid cases the woman herself is regarded as a comparatively unimportant
+appendage to her feet or her boots. The boots under civilized conditions
+much more frequently constitute the sexual symbol than do the feet
+themselves; this is not surprising since in ordinary life the feet are not
+often seen.
+
+    It is usually only under exceptionally favoring conditions that
+    foot-fetichism occurs, as in the case recorded by Marandon de
+    Montyel of a doctor who had been brought up in the West Indies.
+    His mother had been insane and he himself was subject to
+    obsessions, especially of being incapable of urinating; he had
+    had nocturnal incontinence of urine in childhood. All the women
+    of the people in the West Indies go about with naked feet, which
+    are often beautiful. His puberty evolved under this influence,
+    and foot-fetichism developed. He especially admired large, fat,
+    arched feet, with delicate skin and large, regular toes. He
+    masturbated with images of feet. At 15 he had relations with a
+    colored chambermaid, but feared to mention his fetichism, though
+    it was the touch of her feet that chiefly excited him. He now
+    gave up masturbation, and had a succession of mistresses, but was
+    always ashamed to confess his fancies until, at the age of 33, in
+    Paris, a very intelligent woman who had become his mistress
+    discovered his mania and skillfully enabled him to yield to it
+    without shock to his modesty. He was devoted to this mistress,
+    who had very beautiful feet (he had been horrified by the feet of
+    Europeans generally), until she finally left him. (_Archives de
+    Neurologie_, October, 1904.)
+
+    Probably the first case of shoe-fetichism ever recorded in any
+    detail is that of Restif de la Bretonne (1734-1806), publicist
+    and novelist, one of the most remarkable literary figures of the
+    later eighteenth century in France. Restif was a neurotic
+    subject, though not to an extreme degree, and his shoe-fetichism,
+    though distinctly pronounced, was not pathological; that is to
+    say, that the shoe was not itself an adequate gratification of
+    the sexual impulse, but simply a highly important aid to
+    tumescence, a prelude to the natural climax of detumescence; only
+    occasionally, and _faute de mieux_, in the absence of the beloved
+    person, was the shoe used as an adjunct to masturbation. In
+    Restif's stories and elsewhere the attraction of the shoe is
+    frequently discussed or used as a motive. His first decided
+    literary success, _Le Pied de Fanchette_, was suggested by a
+    vision of a girl with a charming foot, casually seen in the
+    street. While all such passages in his books are really founded
+    on his own personal feelings and experiences, in his elaborate
+    autobiography, _Monsieur Nicolas_, he has frankly set forth the
+    gradual evolution and cause of his idiosyncrasy. The first
+    remembered trace dated from the age of 4, when he was able to
+    recall having remarked the feet of a young girl in his native
+    place. Restif was a sexually precocious youth, and at the age of
+    9, though both delicate in health and shy in manners, his
+    thoughts were already absorbed in the girls around him. "While
+    little Monsieur Nicolas," he tells us, "passed for a Narcissus,
+    his thoughts, as soon as he was alone, by night or by day, had no
+    other object than that sex he seemed to flee from. The girls most
+    careful of their persons were naturally those who pleased him
+    most, and as the part least easy to keep clean is that which
+    touches the earth it was to the foot-gear that he mechanically
+    gave his chief attention. Agathe, Reine, and especially
+    Madeleine, were the most elegant of the girls at that time; their
+    carefully selected and kept shoes, instead of laces or buckles,
+    which were not yet worn at Sacy, had blue or rose ribbon,
+    according to the color of the skirt. I thought of these girls
+    with emotion; I desired--I knew not what; but I desired
+    something, if it were only to subdue them." The origin Restif
+    here assigns to his shoe-fetichism may seem paradoxical; he
+    admired the girls who were most clean and neat in their dress, he
+    tells us, and, therefore, paid most attention to that part of
+    their clothing which was least clean and neat. But, however
+    paradoxical the remark may seem, it is psychologically sound. All
+    fetichism is a kind of not necessarily morbid obsession, and as
+    the careful work of Janet and others in that field has shown, an
+    obsession is a fascinated attraction to some object or idea
+    which gives the subject a kind of emotional shock by its
+    contrast to his habitual moods or ideas. The ordinary morbid
+    obsession cannot usually be harmoniously co-ordinated with the
+    other experiences of the subject's daily life, and shows,
+    therefore, no tendency to become pleasurable. Sexual fetichisms,
+    on the other hand, have a reservoir of agreeable emotion to draw
+    on, and are thus able to acquire both stability and harmony. It
+    will also be seen that no element of masochism is involved in
+    Restif's fetichism, though the mistake has been frequently made
+    of supposing that these two manifestations are usually or even
+    necessarily allied. Restif wishes to subject the girl who
+    attracts him, he has no wish to be subjected by her. He was
+    especially dazzled by a young girl from another town, whose shoes
+    were of a fashionable cut, with buckles, "and who was a charming
+    person besides." She was delicate as a fairy, and rendered his
+    thoughts unfaithful to the robust beauties of his native Sacy.
+    "No doubt," he remarks, "because, being frail and weak myself, it
+    seemed to me that it would be easier to subdue her." "This taste
+    for the beauty of the feet," he continues, "was so powerful in me
+    that it unfailingly aroused desire and would have made me
+    overlook ugliness. It is excessive in all those who have it." He
+    admired the foot as well as the shoe: "The factitious taste for
+    the shoe is only a reflection of that for pretty feet. When I
+    entered a house and saw the boots arranged in a row, as is the
+    custom, I would tremble with pleasure; I blushed and lowered my
+    eyes as if in the presence of the girls themselves. With this
+    vivacity of feeling and a voluptuousness of ideas inconceivable
+    at the age of 10 I still fled, with an involuntary impulse of
+    modesty, from the girls I adored."
+
+    We may clearly see how this combination of sensitive and
+    precocious sexual ardor with extreme shyness, furnished the soil
+    on which the germ of shoe-fetichism was able to gain a firm root
+    and persist in some degree throughout a long life very largely
+    given up to a pursuit of women, abnormal rather by its
+    excessiveness than its perversity. A few years later, he tells
+    us, he happened to see a pretty pair of shoes in a bootmaker's
+    shop, and on hearing that they belonged to a girl whom at that
+    time he reverently adored at a distance he blushed and nearly
+    fainted.
+
+    In 1749 he was for a time attracted to a young woman very much
+    older than himself; he secretly carried away one of her slippers
+    and kept it for a day; a little later he again took away a shoe
+    of the same woman which had fascinated him when on her foot, and,
+    he seems to imply, he used it to masturbate with.
+
+    Perhaps the chief passion of Restif's life was his love for
+    Colette Parangon. He was still a boy (1752), she was the young
+    and virtuous wife of the printer whose apprentice Restif was and
+    in whose house he lived. Madame Parangon, a charming woman, as
+    she is described, was not happily married, and she evidently
+    felt a tender affection for the boy whose excessive love and
+    reverence for her were not always successfully concealed.
+    "Madonna Parangon," he tells us, "possessed a charm which I could
+    never resist, a pretty little foot; it is a charm which arouses
+    more than tenderness. Her shoes, made in Paris, had that
+    voluptuous elegance which seems to communicate soul and life.
+    Sometimes Colette wore shoes of simple white drugget or with
+    silver flowers; sometimes rose-colored slippers with green heels,
+    or green with rose heels; her supple feet, far from deforming her
+    shoes, increased their grace and rendered the form more
+    exciting." One day, on entering the house, he saw Madame Parangon
+    elegantly dressed and wearing rose-colored shoes with tongues,
+    and with green heels and a pretty rosette. They were new and she
+    took them off to put on green slippers with rose heels and
+    borders which he thought equally exciting. As soon as she had
+    left the room, he continues, "carried away by the most impetuous
+    passion and idolizing Colette, I seemed to see her and touch her
+    in handling what she had just worn; my lips pressed one of these
+    jewels, while the other, deceiving the sacred end of nature, from
+    excess of exaltation replaced the object of sex (I cannot express
+    myself more clearly). The warmth which she had communicated to
+    the insensible object which had touched her still remained and
+    gave a soul to it; a voluptuous cloud covered my eyes." He adds
+    that he would kiss with rage and transport whatever had come in
+    close contact with the woman he adored, and on one occasion
+    eagerly pressed his lips to her cast-off underlinen, _vela
+    secretiora penetralium_.
+
+    At this period Restif's foot-fetichism reached its highest point
+    of development. It was the aberration of a highly sensitive and
+    very precocious boy. While the preoccupation with feet and shoes
+    persisted throughout life, it never became a complete perversion
+    and never replaced the normal end of sexual desire. His love for
+    Madam Parangon, one of the deepest emotions in his whole life,
+    was also the climax of his shoe-fetichism. She represented his
+    ideal woman, an ethereal sylph with wasp-waist and a child's
+    feet; it was always his highest praise for a woman that she
+    resembled Madame Parangon, and he desired that her slipper should
+    be buried with him. (Restif de la Bretonne, _Monsieur Nicolas_,
+    vols. i-iv, vol. xiii, p. 5; id., _Mes Inscriptions_, pp. ci-cv.)
+
+    Shoe-fetichism, more especially if we include under this term all
+    the cases of real or pseudo-masochism in which an attraction to
+    the boots or slippers is the chief feature, is a not infrequent
+    phenomenon, and is certainly the most frequently occurring form
+    of fetichism. Many cases are brought together by Krafft-Ebing in
+    his _Psychopathia Sexualis_. Every prostitute of any experience
+    has known men who merely desire to gaze at her shoes, or possibly
+    to lick them, and who are quite willing to pay for this
+    privilege. In London such a person is known as a "bootman," in
+    Germany as a "Stiefelfrier."
+
+The predominance of the foot as a focus of sexual attraction, while among
+us to-day it is a not uncommon phenomenon, is still not sufficiently
+common to be called normal; the majority of even ardent lovers do not
+experience this attraction in any marked degree. But these manifestations
+of foot-fetichism which with us to-day are abnormal, even when they are
+not so extreme as to be morbid, may perhaps become more intelligible to us
+when we realize that in earlier periods of civilization, and even to-day
+in some parts of the world, the foot is generally recognized as a focus of
+sexual attraction, so that some degree of foot-fetichism becomes a normal
+phenomenon.
+
+The most pronounced and the best known example of such normal
+foot-fetichism at the present day is certainly to be found among the
+Southern Chinese. For a Chinese husband his wife's foot is more
+interesting than her face. A Chinese woman is as shy of showing her feet
+to a man as a European woman her breasts; they are reserved for her
+husband's eyes alone, and to look at a woman's feet in the street is
+highly improper and indelicate. Chinese foot-fetichism is connected with
+the custom of compressing the feet. This custom appears to rest on the
+fact that Chinese women naturally possess a very small foot and is thus an
+example of the universal tendency in the search for beauty to accentuate,
+even by deformation, the racial characteristics. But there is more than
+this. Beauty is largely a name for sexual attractiveness, and the energy
+expended in the effort to make the Chinese woman's small foot still
+smaller is a measure of the sexual fascination which it exerts. The
+practice arose on the basis of the sexual attractiveness of the foot,
+though it has doubtless served to heighten that attractiveness, just as
+the small waist, which (if we may follow Stratz) is a characteristic
+beauty of the European woman, becomes to the average European man still
+more attractive when accentuated, even to the extent of deformity, by the
+compression of the corset.
+
+    Referring to the sexual fascination exerted by the foot in China,
+    Matignon writes: "My attention has been drawn to this point by a
+    large number of pornographic engravings, of which the Chinese are
+    very fond. In all these lascivious scenes we see the male
+    voluptuously fondling the woman's foot. When a Celestial takes
+    into his hand a woman's foot, especially if it is very small, the
+    effect upon him is precisely the same as is provoked in a
+    European by the palpation of a young and firm bosom. All the
+    Celestials whom I have interrogated on this point have replied
+    unanimously: 'Oh, a little foot! You Europeans cannot understand
+    how exquisite, how sweet, how exciting it is!' The contact of the
+    genital organ with the little foot produces in the male an
+    indescribable degree of voluptuous feeling, and women skilled in
+    love know that to arouse the ardor of their lovers a better
+    method than all Chinese aphrodisiacs--including 'giusen' and
+    swallows' nests--is to take the penis between their feet. It is
+    not rare to find Chinese Christians accusing themselves at
+    confession of having had 'evil thoughts on looking at a woman's
+    foot.'" (Dr. J. Matignon, "A propos d'un Pied de Chinoise,"
+    _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1898.)
+
+    It is said that a Chinese Empress, noted for her vice and having
+    a congenital club foot, about the year 1100 B.C., desired all
+    women to resemble her, and that the practice of compressing the
+    foot thus arose. But this is only tradition, since, in 300 B.C.,
+    Chinese books were destroyed (Morache, Art. "Chine,"
+    _Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des Sciences Medicales_, p. 191). It
+    is also said that the practice owes its origin to the wish to
+    keep women indoors. But women are not secluded in China, nor does
+    foot compression usually render a woman unable to walk. Many
+    intelligent Chinese are of opinion that its object is to promote
+    the development of the sexual parts and of the thighs, and so to
+    aid both intercourse and parturition. There is no ground for
+    believing that it has any such influence, though Morache found
+    that the mons veneris and labia are largely developed in Chinese
+    women, and not in Tartar women living in Pekin (who do not
+    compress the foot). If there is any correlation between the feet
+    and the pelvic regions, it is more probably congenital than due
+    to the artificial compression of the feet. The ancients seem to
+    have believed that a small foot indicated a small vagina. Restif
+    de la Bretonne, who had ample opportunities for forming an
+    opinion on a matter in which he took so great an interest,
+    believed that a small foot, round and short, indicated a large
+    vagina (_Monsieur Nicolas_, vol. i, reprint of 1883, p. 92).
+    Even, however, if we admit that there is a real correlation
+    between the foot and the vagina, that would by no means suffice
+    to render the foot a focus of sexual attraction.
+
+    It remains the most reasonable view that the foot bandage must be
+    regarded as strictly analogous to the waist bandage or corset
+    which also tends to produce deformity of the constricted region.
+    Stratz has ingeniously remarked (_Frauenkleidung_, third edition,
+    p. 101) that the success of the Chinese in dwarfing trees may
+    have suggested a similar attempt in regard to women's feet, and
+    adds that in any case both dwarfed trees and bound feet bear
+    witness in the Mongolian to the same love for small and elegant,
+    not to say deformed, things. For a Chinaman the deformed foot is
+    a "golden water-lily."
+
+    Many facts (together with illustrations) bearing on Chinese
+    deformation of the foot will be found in Ploss, _Das Weib_, vol.
+    i, Section IV.
+
+The significance of the sexual emotion aroused by the female foot in China
+and the origin of its compression begin to become clear when we realize
+that this foot-fetichism is merely an extreme development of a tendency
+which is fairly well marked among nearly all the peoples of yellow race.
+Jacoby, who has brought together a number of interesting facts bearing on
+the sexual significance of the foot, states that a similar tendency is to
+be found among the Mongol and Turk peoples of Siberia, and in the east and
+central parts of European Russia, among the Permiaks, the Wotiaks, etc.
+Here the woman, at all events when young, has always her feet, as well as
+head, covered, however little clothing she may otherwise wear.
+
+    "On hot nights or on baking days," Jacoby states, "you may see
+    these women with uncovered breasts, or even entirely naked
+    without embarrassment, but you will never see them with bare
+    feet, and no male relations, except the husband, will ever see
+    the feet and lower part of the legs of the women in the house.
+    These women have their modesty in their feet, and also their
+    coquetry; to unbind the feet of a woman is for a man a voluptuous
+    act, and the touch of the bands produces the same effect as a
+    corset still warm from a woman's body on a European man. A
+    woman's beauty, that which attracts and excites a man, lies in
+    her foot; in Mordvin love poems celebrating the beauty of women
+    there is much about her attire, especially her embroidered
+    chemise, but as regards the charms of her person the poet is
+    content to state that 'her feet are beautiful;' with that
+    everything is said. The young peasant woman of the central
+    provinces as part of her holiday raiment puts on great woolen
+    stockings which come up to the groin and are then folded over to
+    below the knee. To uncover the feet of a person of the opposite
+    sex is a sexual act, and has thus become the symbol of sexual
+    possession, so that the stocking or foot-gear became the emblem
+    of marriage, as later the ring. (It was so among the Jews, as we
+    see in the book of _Ruth_, Chapter III, v. 4, and Chapter IV, vv.
+    7 and 8). St. Vladimir the Great asked in marriage the daughter
+    of Prince Rogvold; as Vladimir's mother had been a serf, the
+    princess proudly replied that she 'would not uncover the feet of
+    a slave.' At the present time in the east of Russia when a young
+    girl tries to find out by divination whom she will have as a
+    husband the traditional formula is 'Come and take my stockings
+    off.' Among the populations of the north and east, it is
+    sometimes the bride who must do this for her husband on the
+    wedding night, and sometimes the bridegroom for his wife, not as
+    a token of love, but as a nuptial ceremony. Among the
+    professional classes and small nobility in Russia parents place
+    money in the stocking of their child at marriage as a present for
+    the other partner, it being supposed that the couple mutually
+    remove each other's foot raiment, as an act of sexual possession,
+    the emblem of coitus." (Paul Jacoby, _Archives d'Anthropologie
+    Criminelle_, December, 1903, p. 793.) The practice among
+    ourselves of children hanging up their stockings at night for
+    presents would seem to be a relic of the last-mentioned custom.
+
+While we may witness the sexual symbolism of the foot, with or without an
+associated foot-fetichism, most highly developed in Asia and Eastern
+Europe, it has by no means been altogether unknown in some stages of
+western civilization, and traces of it may be found here and there even
+yet. Schinz refers to the connection between the feet and sexual pleasure
+as existing not only among the Egyptians and the Arabs, but among the
+ancient Germans and the modern Spaniards,[16] while Jacoby points out that
+among the Greeks, the Romans, and especially the Etruscans, it was usual
+to represent chaste and virgin goddesses with their feet covered, even
+though they might be otherwise nude. Ovid, again, is never weary of
+dwelling on the sexual charm of the feminine foot. He represents the
+chaste matron as wearing a weighted _stola_ which always fell so as to
+cover her feet; it was only the courtesan, or the nymph who is taking part
+in an erotic festival, who appears with raised robes, revealing her
+feet.[17] So grave a historian as Strabo, as well as AElian, refers to the
+story of the courtesan Rhodope whose sandal was carried off by an eagle
+and dropped in the King of Egypt's lap as he was administering justice, so
+that he could not rest until he had discovered to whom this delicately
+small sandal belonged, and finally made her his queen. Kleinpaul, who
+repeats this story, has collected many European sayings and customs
+(including Turkish), indicating that the slipper is a very ancient symbol
+of a woman's sexual parts.[18]
+
+    In Rome, Dufour remarks, "Matrons having appropriated the use of
+    the shoe (_soccus_) prostitutes were not allowed to use it, and
+    were obliged to have their feet always naked in sandals or
+    slippers (_crepida_ and _solea_), which they fastened over the
+    instep with gilt bands. Tibullus delights to describe his
+    mistress's little foot, compressed by the band that imprisoned
+    it: _Ansaque compressos colligat arcta pedes_. Nudity of the foot
+    in woman was a sign of prostitution, and their brilliant
+    whiteness acted afar as a pimp to attract looks and desires."
+    (Dufour, _Histoire de la Prostitution_, vol. II., ch. xviii.)
+
+    This feeling seems to have survived in a more or less vague and
+    unconscious form in mediaeval Europe. "In the tenth century,"
+    according to Dufour (_Histoire de la Prostitution_, vol. VI., p.
+    11), "shoes _a la poulaine_, with a claw or beak, pursued for
+    more than four centuries by the anathemas of popes and the
+    invectives of preachers, were always regarded by mediaeval
+    casuists as the most abominable emblems of immodesty. At a first
+    glance it is not easy to see why these shoes--terminating in a
+    lion's claw, an eagle's beak, the prow of a ship, or other metal
+    appendage--should be so scandalous. The excommunication inflicted
+    on this kind of foot-gear preceded the impudent invention of some
+    libertine, who wore _poulaines_ in the shape of the phallus, a
+    custom adopted also by women. This kind of _poulaine_ was
+    denounced as _mandite de Dicu_ (Ducange's Glossary, at the word
+    Poulainia) and prohibited by royal ordinances (see letter of
+    Charles V., 17 October, 1367, regarding the garments of the women
+    of Montpellier). Great lords and ladies continued, however, to
+    wear _poulaines_." In Louis XL's court they were still worn of a
+    quarter of an ell in length.
+
+    Spain, ever tenacious of ancient ideas, appears to have preserved
+    longer than other countries the ancient classic traditions in
+    regard to the foot as a focus of modesty and an object of sexual
+    attraction. In Spanish religious pictures it was always necessary
+    that the Virgin's feet should be concealed, the clergy ordaining
+    that her robe should be long and flowing, so that the feet might
+    be covered with decent folds. Pacheco, the master and
+    father-in-law of Velasquez, writes in 1649 in his _Arte de la
+    Pintura_: "What can be more foreign from the respect which we owe
+    to the purity of Our Lady the Virgin than to paint her sitting
+    down with one of her knees placed over the other, and often with
+    her sacred feet uncovered and naked. Let thanks be given to the
+    Holy Inquisition which commands that this liberty should be
+    corrected!" It was Pacheco's duty in Seville to see that these
+    commands were obeyed. At the court of Philip IV. at this time the
+    princesses never showed their feet, as we may see in the pictures
+    of Velasquez. When a local manufacturer desired to present that
+    monarch's second bride, Mariana of Austria, with some silk
+    stockings the offer was indignantly rejected by the Court
+    Chamberlain: "The Queen of Spain has no legs!" Philip V.'s, queen
+    was thrown from her horse and dragged by the feet; no one
+    ventured to interfere until two gentlemen bravely rescued her and
+    then fled, dreading punishment by the king: they were, however,
+    graciously pardoned. Reinach ("Pieds Pudiques," _Cultes, Mythes
+    et Religions_, pp. 105-110) brings together several passages from
+    the Countess D'Aulnoy's account of the Madrid Court in the
+    seventeenth century and from other sources, showing how careful
+    Spanish ladies were as regards their feet, and how jealous
+    Spanish husbands were in this matter. At this time, when Spanish
+    influence was considerable, the fashion of Spain seems to have
+    spread to other countries. One may note that in Vandyck's
+    pictures of English beauties the feet are not visible, though in
+    the more characteristically English painters of a somewhat later
+    age it became usual to display them conspicuously, while the
+    French custom in this matter is the farthest removed from the
+    Spanish. At the present day a well-bred Spanish woman shows as
+    little as possible of her feet in walking, and even in some of
+    the most characteristic Spanish dances there is little or no
+    kicking, and the feet may even be invisible throughout. It is
+    noteworthy that in numerous figures of Spanish women (probably
+    artists' models) reproduced in Ploss's _Das Weib_ the stockings
+    are worn, although the women are otherwise, in most cases, quite
+    naked. Max Dessoir mentions ("Psychologie der Vita Sexualis,"
+    _Zeitschrift fuer Psychiatrie_, 1894, p. 954) that in Spanish
+    pornographic photographs women always have their shoes on, and he
+    considers this an indication of perversity. I have seen the
+    statement (attributed to Gautier's _Voyage en Espagne_, where,
+    however, it does not occur) that Spanish prostitutes uncover
+    their feet in sign of assent, and Madame d'Aulnoy stated that in
+    her time to show her lover her feet was a Spanish woman's final
+    favor.
+
+The tendency, which we thus find to be normal at some earlier periods of
+civilization, to insist on the sexual symbolism of the feminine foot or
+its coverings, and to regard them as a special sexual fascination, is not
+without significance for the interpretation of the sporadic manifestations
+of foot-fetichism among ourselves. Eccentric as foot-fetichism may appear
+to us, it is simply the re-emergence, by a pseudo-atavism or arrest of
+development, of a mental or emotional impulse which was probably
+experienced by our forefathers, and is often traceable among young
+children to-day.[19] The occasional reappearance of this bygone impulse
+and the stability which it may acquire are thus conditioned by the
+sensitive reaction of an abnormally nervous and usually precocious
+organism to influences which, among the average and ordinary population of
+Europe to-day, are either never felt, or quickly outgrown, or very
+strictly subordinated in the highly complex crystallizations which the
+course of love and the process of tumescence create within us.
+
+    It may be added that this is by no means true of foot-fetichism
+    only. In some other fetichisms a seemingly congenital
+    predisposition is even more marked. This is not only the case as
+    regards hair-fetichism and fur-fetichism (see, e.g.,
+    Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of
+    tenth edition, pp. 233, 255, 262). In many cases of fetichisms of
+    all kinds not only is there no record of any commencement in a
+    definite episode (an absence which may be accounted for by the
+    supposition that the original incident has been forgotten), but
+    it would seem in some cases that the fetichism developed very
+    slowly.
+
+In this sense, it will be seen, although it is hazardous to speak of
+foot-fetichism as strictly an atavism, it may certainly be said to arise
+on a congenital basis. It represents the rare development of an inborn
+germ, usually latent among ourselves, which in earlier stages of
+civilization frequently reached a normal and general fruition.
+
+It is of interest to emphasize this congenital element of foot symbolism,
+because more than any other forms of sexual perversion the fetichisms are
+those which are most vaguely conditioned by inborn states of the organism
+and most definitely aroused by seemingly accidental associations or shocks
+in early life. Inversion is sometimes so fundamentally ingrained in the
+individual's constitution that it arises and develops in spite of the very
+strongest influence in a contrary direction. But a fetichism, while it
+tends to occur in sensitive, nervous, timid, precocious individuals--that
+is to say, individuals of more or less neuropathic heredity--can usually,
+though not always, be traced to a definite starting point in the shock of
+some sexually emotional episode in early life.
+
+    A few examples of the influences of such association may here be
+    given, referring miscellaneously to various forms of erotic
+    symbolism. Magnan has recorded the case of a hair-fetichist,
+    living in a district where the women wore their hair done up, who
+    at the age of 15 experienced pleasurable feelings with erection
+    at the sight of a village beauty combing her hair; from that time
+    flowing hair became his fetich, and he could not resist the
+    temptation to touch it and if possible sever it, thus becoming a
+    hair-despoiler, for which he was arrested but not sentenced.
+    (_Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle_, vol. v, No. 28.)
+
+    I have elsewhere recorded the history of a boy of 14, having
+    already had imperfect connection with a grown-up woman, who
+    associated much with a young married lady; he had no sexual
+    relations with her, but one day she urinated in his presence, and
+    he saw that her mons veneris was covered by very thick hair; from
+    that time he worshiped this woman in secret and acquired a
+    life-long fetichistic attraction to women whose pubic hair was
+    similarly abundant (_Studies in the Psychology of Sex_, vol. iii,
+    Appendix B, History V).
+
+    Roubaud reported the case of a general's son, sexually initiated
+    at the age of 14 by a blonde young lady of 21 who, in order to
+    avoid detection, always retained her clothing: gaiters, a corset
+    and a silk dress; when the boy's studies were completed and he
+    was sent to a garrison where he could enjoy freedom he found that
+    his sexual desires could only be aroused by blonde women dressed
+    like the lady who had first aroused his sexual desires;
+    consequently he gave up all thoughts of matrimony, as a woman in
+    nightclothes produced impotence (_Traite de l'Impuissance_, p.
+    439). Krafft-Ebing records the somewhat similar case of a nervous
+    Polish boy of old family seduced at the age of 17 by a French
+    governess, who during several months practiced mutual
+    masturbation with him; in this way his attention became
+    attracted by her very elegant boots, and in the end he became a
+    confirmed boot-fetichist (_Psychopathia Sexualis_, English
+    translation, p. 249).
+
+    A boy of 7, of bad heredity, was taught to masturbate by a
+    servant girl; on one occasion she practiced this on him with her
+    foot without taking off her shoe; it was the first time the
+    manoeuvre gave him any pleasure, and an association was thus
+    established which led to shoe-fetichism (Hammond, _Sexual
+    Impotence_, p. 44). A government official whose first coitus in
+    youth took place on a staircase; the sound of his partner's
+    creaking shoes against the stairs, produced by her efforts to
+    accelerate orgasm, formed an association which developed into an
+    auditory shoe-fetichism; in the streets he was compelled to
+    follow ladies whose shoes creaked, ejaculation being thus
+    produced, while to obtain complete satisfaction he would make a
+    prostitute, otherwise naked, sit in front of him in her shoes,
+    moving her feet so that the shoes creaked. (Moraglia, _Archivio
+    di Psichiatria_, vol. xiii, p. 568.)
+
+    Bechterew, in St. Petersburg, has recorded the case of a man who
+    when a child used to fall asleep at the knees of his nurse with
+    his head buried in the folds of her apron; in this position he
+    first experienced erection and voluptuous sensations; when a
+    youth he had no attraction to naked women, and in real life and
+    in dreams was only excited sexually under conditions recalling
+    his early experience; in his relations with women he preferred
+    them dressed, and was excited by the rustling sound of their
+    skirts; in this case there was no traceable neuropathic taint nor
+    any other personal peculiarity. (Summarized in _Journal de
+    Psychologie Normale et Pathologique_, January-February, 1904, p.
+    72.)
+
+    In a curious case recorded in detail by Moll, a philologist of
+    sensitive temperament but sound heredity, who had always been
+    fond of flowers, at the age of 21 became engaged to a young lady
+    who wore large roses fastened in her jacket; from this time roses
+    became to him a sexual fetich, to kiss them caused erection, and
+    his erotic dreams were accompanied by visions of roses and the
+    hallucination of their odor; the engagement was finally broken
+    off and the rose-fetichism disappeared (_Untersuchungen ueber
+    Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 540).
+
+Such associations may naturally occur in the early experiences of even the
+most normal persons. The degree to which they will influence the
+subsequent life and thought and feeling depends on the degree of the
+individual's morbid emotional receptivity, on the extent to which he is
+hereditarily susceptible of abnormal deviation. Precocity is undoubtedly a
+condition which favors such deviation; a child who is precociously and
+abnormally sensitive to persons of the opposite sex before puberty has
+established the normal channels of sexual desire, is peculiarly liable to
+become the prey of a chance symbolism. All degrees of such symbolism are
+possible. While the average insensitive person may fail to perceive them
+at all, for the more alert and imaginative lover they are a fascinating
+part of the highly charged crystallization of passion. A more nervously
+exceptional person, when once such a symbolism has become firmly
+implanted, may find it an absolutely essential element in the charm of a
+beloved and charming person. Finally, for the individual who is thoroughly
+unsound the symbol becomes generalized; a person is no longer desired at
+all, being merely regarded as an appendage of the symbol, or being
+dispensed with altogether; the symbol is alone desired, and is fully
+adequate to impart by itself complete sexual gratification. While it must
+be considered a morbid state to demand a symbol as an almost essential
+part of the charm of a desired person, it is only in the final condition,
+in which the symbol becomes all-sufficing, that we have a true and
+complete perversion. In the less complete forms of symbolism it is still
+the woman who is desired, and the ends of procreation may be served; when
+the woman is ignored and the mere symbol is an adequate and even preferred
+stimulus to detumescence the pathological condition becomes complete.
+
+Krafft-Ebing regarded shoe-fetichism as, in large measure, a more or less
+latent form of masochism, the foot or the shoe being the symbol of the
+subjection and humiliation which the masochist feels in the presence of
+the beloved object. Moll is also inclined to accept such a connection.
+
+    "The very numerous class of boot-and-shoe-fetichists,"
+    Krafft-Ebing wrote, "forms the transition to the manifestations
+    of another independent perversion, i.e., fetichism itself; but it
+    stands in closer relationship to the former.... It is highly
+    probable, and shown by a correct classification of the observed
+    cases, that the majority, and perhaps all of the cases of
+    shoe-fetichism, rest upon a basis of more or less conscious
+    masochistic desire for self-humiliation.... The majority or all
+    may be looked upon as instances of latent masochism (the motive
+    remaining unconscious) in which the _female foot or shoe, as the
+    masochist's fetich_, has acquired an independent significance."
+    (_Psychopathia Sexualis_, English translation of tenth edition,
+    pp. 159, et seq.) "Though Krafft-Ebing may not have cleared up
+    the whole matter," Moll remarks, "I regard his deductions
+    concerning the connection of foot-and-shoe fetichism to masochism
+    as the most important progress that has been made in the
+    theoretic study of sexual perversions.... In any case, the
+    connection is very frequent." (_Kontraere Sexualempfindung_, third
+    edition, p. 306.)
+
+It is quite easy to see that this supposed identity of masochism and
+foot-fetichism forms a seductive theory. It is also undoubtedly true that
+a masochist may very easily be inclined to find in his mistress's foot an
+aid to the ecstatic self-abnegation which he desires to attain.[20] But
+only confusion is attained by any general attempt to amalgamate masochism
+and foot-fetichism. In the broad sense in which erotic symbolism is here
+understood, both masochism and foot-fetichism may be cooerdinated as
+symbolisms; for the masochist his self-humiliating impulses are the symbol
+of ecstatic adoration; for the foot-fetichist his mistress's foot or shoe
+is the concentrated symbol of all that is most beautiful and elegant and
+feminine in her personality. But if in this sense they are cooerdinated,
+they remain entirely distinct and have not even any necessary tendency to
+become merged. Masochism merely simulates foot-fetichism; for the
+masochist the boot is not strictly a symbol, it is only an instrument
+which enables him to carry out his impulse; the true sexual symbol for him
+is not the boot, but the emotion of self-subjection. For the
+foot-fetichist, on the other hand, the foot or the shoe is not a mere
+instrument, but a true symbol; the focus of his worship, an idealized
+object which he is content to contemplate or reverently touch. He has no
+necessary impulse to any self-degrading action, nor any constant emotion
+of subjection. It may be noted that in the very typical case of
+foot-fetichism which is presented to us in the person of Restif de la
+Bretonne (_ante_, p. 18), he repeatedly speaks of "subjecting" the woman
+for whom he feels this fetichistic adoration, and mentions that even when
+still a child he especially admired a delicate and fairy-like girl in this
+respect because she seemed to him easier to subjugate. Throughout life
+Restif's attitude toward women was active and masculine, without the
+slightest trace of masochism.[21]
+
+To suppose that a fetichistic admiration of his mistress's foot is due to
+a lover's latent desire to be kicked, is as unreasonable as it would be to
+suppose that a fetichistic admiration for her hand indicated a latent
+desire to have his ears boxed. In determining whether we are concerned
+with a case of foot-fetichism or of masochism we must take into
+consideration the whole of the subject's mental and emotional attitude. An
+act, however definite, will not suffice as a criterion, for the same act
+in different persons may have altogether different implications. To
+amalgamate the two is the result of inadequate psychological analysis and
+only leads to confusion.
+
+It is, however, often very difficult to decide whether we are dealing with
+a case which is predominantly one of masochism or of foot-fetichism. The
+nature of the action desired, as we have seen, will not suffice to
+determine the psychological character of the perversion. Krafft-Ebing
+believed that the desire to be trodden on, very frequently experienced by
+masochists, is absolutely symptomatic of masochism.[22] This is scarcely
+the case. The desire to be trodden on may be fundamentally an erotic
+symbolism, closely approaching foot-fetichism, and such slight indications
+of masochism as appear may be merely a parasitic growth on the symbolism,
+a growth perhaps more suggested by the circumstances involved in the
+gratification of the abnormal desire than inherent in the innate impulse
+of the subject. This may be illustrated by the interesting case of a very
+intelligent man with whom I am well acquainted.
+
+    C.P., aged 38. Heredity good. Parents both healthy and normal.
+    Several children of the marriage, all sexually normal so far as
+    is known. C.P. is the youngest of the family and separated from
+    the others by an interval of many years. He was a seven-months'
+    child. He has always enjoyed good health and is active and
+    vigorous, both mentally and physically.
+
+    From the age of 9 or 10 to 14 he masturbated occasionally for the
+    sake of physical relief, having discovered the act for himself.
+    He was, however, quite innocent and knew nothing of sexual
+    matters, never having been initiated either by servants or by
+    other boys.
+
+    "When I encounter a woman who very strongly attracts me and whom
+    I very greatly admire," he writes, "my desire is never that I may
+    have sexual connection with her in the ordinary sense, but that I
+    may lie down upon the floor on my back and be trampled upon by
+    her. This curious desire is seldom present unless the object of
+    my admiration is really a lady, and of fine proportions. She must
+    be richly dressed--preferably in an evening gown, and wear dainty
+    high-heeled slippers, either quite open so as to show the curve
+    of the instep, or with only one strap or 'bar' across. The skirts
+    should be raised sufficiently to afford me the pleasure of seeing
+    her feet and a liberal amount of ankle, but in no case above the
+    knee, or the effect is greatly reduced. Although I often greatly
+    admire a woman's intellect and even person, sexually no other
+    part of her has any serious attraction for me except the leg,
+    from the knee downwards, and the foot, and these must be
+    exquisitely clothed. Given this condition, my desire amounts to a
+    wish to gratify my sexual sense by contact with the (to me)
+    attractive part of the woman. Comparatively few women have a leg
+    or foot sufficiently beautiful to my mind to excite any serious
+    or compelling desire, but when this is so, or I suspect it, I am
+    willing to spend any time or trouble to get her to tread upon me
+    and am anxious to be trampled on with the greatest severity.
+
+    "The treading should be inflicted for a few minutes all over the
+    chest, abdomen and groin, and lastly on the penis, which is, of
+    course, lying along the belly in a violent state of erection, and
+    consequently too hard for the treading to damage it. I also enjoy
+    being nearly strangled by a woman's foot.
+
+    "If the lady finally stands facing my head and places her slipper
+    upon my penis so that the high heel falls about where the penis
+    leaves the scrotum, the sole covering most of the rest of it and
+    with the other foot upon the abdomen, into which I can _see_ as
+    well as feel it sink as she shifts her weight from one foot to
+    the other, orgasm takes place almost at once. Emission under
+    these conditions is to me an agony of delight, during which
+    practically the lady's whole weight should rest upon the penis.
+
+    "One reason for my special pleasure in this method seems to be
+    that first the heel and afterwards the sole of the slipper as it
+    treads upon the penis greatly check the passage of the semen and
+    consequently the pleasure is considerably prolonged. There is
+    also a curious mental side to the affair. I love to imagine that
+    the lady who is treading upon me is my mistress and I her slave,
+    and that she is doing it to punish me for some fault, or to give
+    _herself_ (not me) pleasure.
+
+    "It follows that the greater the contempt and severity with which
+    I am 'punished,' the greater becomes my pleasure. The idea of
+    'punishment' or 'slavery' is seldom aroused except when I have
+    great difficulty in accomplishing my desire and the treader is
+    more than usually handsome and heavy and the trampling
+    mercilessly inflicted. I have been trampled so long and so
+    mercilessly several times, that I have flinched each time the
+    slipper pressed its way into my aching body and have been black
+    and blue for days afterwards. I take the greatest interest in
+    leading ladies on to do this for me where I think I will not
+    offend, and have been surprisingly successful. I must have lain
+    beneath the feet of quite a hundred women, many of them of good
+    social position, who would never dream of permitting any ordinary
+    sexual intercourse, but who have been so interested or amused by
+    the idea as to do it for me--many of them over and over again. It
+    is perhaps needless to say that none of my own or the ladies'
+    clothing is ever removed, or disarranged, for the accomplishment
+    of orgasm in this manner. After a long and varied experience, I
+    may say that my favorite weight is 10 to 11 stone, and that
+    black, very high-heeled slippers, in combination with tan silk
+    stockings, seem to give me the greatest pleasure and create in me
+    the strongest desires.
+
+    "Boots, or outdoor shoes, do not attract me to anything like the
+    same degree, although I have, upon several occasions, enjoyed
+    myself fairly well by their use. Nude women repel me, and I find
+    no pleasure in seeing a woman in tights. I am not averse to
+    normal sexual connection and occasionally employ it. To me,
+    however, the pleasure is far inferior to that of being trampled
+    upon. I also derive keen pleasure--and usually have a strong
+    erection--from seeing a woman, dressed as I have described, tread
+    upon anything which yields under her foot--such as the seat of a
+    carriage, the cushions of a punt, a footstool, etc., and I enjoy
+    seeing her crush flowers by treading upon them. I have often
+    strolled along in the wake of some handsome lady at a picnic or
+    garden party, for the pleasure of seeing the grass upon which she
+    has trodden rise slowly again after her foot has pressed it. I
+    delight also to see a carriage sway as a woman leaves or enters
+    it--anything which needs the pressure of the foot.
+
+    "To pass now to the origin of this direction of my feelings.
+
+    "Even in early childhood I admired pretty feminine foot-gear, and
+    in the contemplation of it experienced vague sensations which I
+    now recognize as sexual. When a lad of 14 or so, I stayed a good
+    deal at the house of some intimate friends of my parents, the
+    daughter of the house--an only child--a beautiful and powerful
+    girl, about six years my senior, being my special chum. This girl
+    was always daintily dressed, and having most lovely feet and
+    ankles not unnaturally knew it. Whenever possible she dressed so
+    as to show off their beauty to the best advantage--rather short
+    skirts and usually little high-heeled slippers--and was not
+    averse to showing them in a most distractingly coquettish manner.
+    She seemed to have a passion for treading upon things which would
+    scrunch or yield under her foot, such as flowers, little
+    windfallen apples and pears, acorns, etc., or heaps of hay, straw
+    or cut grass. As we wandered about the gardens--for we were left
+    to do exactly as we liked--I got quite accustomed to seeing her
+    hunt out and tread upon such things, and used to chaff her about
+    it. At that time I was--as I am still--fond of lying at full
+    length on a thick hearthrug before a good fire. One evening as I
+    was lying in this way and we were alone, A. crossed the room to
+    reach a bangle from the mantelpiece. Instead of reaching over me,
+    she playfully stepped upon my body, saying that she would show me
+    how the hay and straw felt. Naturally I fell in with the joke and
+    laughed. After standing upon me a few moments she raised her
+    skirt slightly and, holding on to the mantelpiece for support,
+    stretched out one dainty foot in its brown silk stocking and
+    high-heeled slipper to the blaze to warm, while looking down and
+    laughing at my scarlet, excited face. She was a perfectly frank
+    and charming girl, and I feel pretty certain that, although she
+    evidently enjoyed my excitement and the feeling of my body
+    yielding under her feet, she did not on this first occasion
+    clearly understand my condition; nor can I remember that, though
+    the desire for sexual gratification drove me nearly mad, it
+    appeared to awaken in her any reciprocal feeling. I took hold of
+    her raised foot and, after kissing it, guided it by an absolutely
+    irresistible impulse on to my penis, which was as hard as wood
+    and seemed almost bursting. Almost at the moment that her weight
+    was thrown upon it, orgasm took place for the first time in my
+    life thoroughly and effectively. No description can give any idea
+    of what I felt--I only know that from that moment my distorted
+    sexual focus was fixed forever. Numberless times, after that
+    evening, I felt the weight of her dainty slippers, and nothing
+    will ever cause the memory of the pleasure she thus gave me to
+    fade. I know that A. came to enjoy treading upon me, as much as I
+    enjoyed having her do it. She had a liberal dress allowance and,
+    seeing the pleasure they gave me, she was always buying pretty
+    stockings and ravishing slippers with the highest and most
+    slender Louis heels she could find and would show them to me with
+    the greatest glee, urging me to lie down that she might try them
+    on me. She confessed that she loved to see and feel them sink
+    into my body as she trod upon me and enjoyed the crunch of the
+    muscles under her heel as she moved about. After some minutes of
+    this, I always guided her slipper on to my penis, and she would
+    tread carefully, but with her whole weight--probably about 9
+    stone--and watch me with flashing eyes, flushed cheeks, and
+    quivering lips, as she felt--as she must have done plainly--the
+    throbbing and swelling of my penis under her foot as emission
+    took place. I have not the smallest doubt that orgasm took place
+    simultaneously with her, though we never at any time spoke openly
+    of it. This went on for several years on almost every favorable
+    opportunity we had, and after a month or two of separation
+    sometimes four or five times during a single day. Several times
+    during A.'s absence I masturbated by getting her slipper and
+    pressing it with all my strength against the penis while
+    imagining that she was treading upon me. The pleasure was, of
+    course, very inferior to her attentions. There was never at any
+    time between us any question of normal sexual intercourse, and we
+    were both well content to let things drift as they were.
+
+    "A little after 20 I went abroad, and on my return about three
+    years later I found her married. Although we met often, the
+    subject was never alluded to, though we remained firm friends. I
+    confess I often, when I could do so without being seen, looked
+    longingly at her feet and would have gladly accepted the pleasure
+    she could have given me by an occasional resumption of our
+    strange practice--but it never came.
+
+    "I went abroad again, and now neither she nor her husband are
+    alive and leave no issue. From time to time I have had occasional
+    relations with prostitutes, but always in this manner, though I
+    much prefer to find some lady of or above my own social position
+    who will do the treading for me. This is, however, interestingly
+    difficult.
+
+    "Out of say a hundred women (which at home and abroad is what I
+    should estimate must have stood upon my body) I should say quite
+    80 or 85 were _not_ prostitutes. Certainly not more than 10 to 12
+    shared any _sexual_ excitement, but while they were evidently
+    excited they were not gratified. A. alone, so far as I know, had
+    complete sexual satisfaction of it. I have never asked a woman in
+    so many words to tread upon me for the purpose of gratifying my
+    sexual desires (prostitutes excepted), but have always tempted
+    them to do it in a jocular or teasing manner, and it is very
+    doubtful if more than a few (married) women really understood,
+    even after they had given me the extreme pleasure, that they had
+    done so, because any flushing and movement on my part under their
+    feet was not unnaturally put down to the trampling to which they
+    were subjecting me, and it was easy for me to guide the foot as
+    often as was necessary on to the penis till orgasm took place,
+    and even to keep it there by laying hold of the other one to kiss
+    it or on some other pretext during emission. Of course many
+    understood after once doing it (most have done it only once) what
+    I was at, and, although they did not ever discuss it nor did I,
+    they were not unwilling to give me as many treadings as I cared
+    to playfully suggest. I don't think they got any pleasure
+    sexually out of it themselves, though they could see plainly that
+    I did, and they did not object to give it me. I have spent as
+    long as twelve months with some women working gradually nearer
+    and nearer to my desire--often getting what I want in the end,
+    but more often failing. I _never_ risk it till I am certain it
+    would be safe to ask it, and have never had a serious rebuff. In
+    very many cases I should say the doing of what I want has simply
+    been regarded by the woman as gratifying a silly and perhaps
+    amusing whim, in which, beyond the novelty of treading on a man's
+    body, she has taken but little interest.
+
+    "As in normal seduction, the endeavor to win the woman over to do
+    what I want without arousing her antagonism is a great part of
+    the charm to me, and naturally the better her social position the
+    more difficult this becomes--and the more attractive. I have
+    found that in three instances prostitutes have performed the same
+    office for other men and knew all about it. It is not
+    uninteresting to note that these three women were all of fine,
+    massive build--one standing about 5 feet 10 inches and weighing
+    nearly 14 stone--but with comparatively uninteresting faces. The
+    weight, build and clothing count for a good deal in exciting me.
+    I find that a sudden check to a man at the supreme moment of
+    sexual pleasure tends to heighten and prolong the pleasure. My
+    physical satisfaction is due to the fact that by getting the lady
+    to stand with all her weight upon my penis (as it lies between
+    her foot and the soft bed of my own body into which it is deeply
+    pressed) the act of emission is enormously prolonged, with
+    corresponding enjoyment. For this reason also I prefer a very
+    high-heeled slipper. The seminal fluid has to be forced past two
+    separate obstacles--the pressure of the heel close at the root of
+    the penis and afterwards the ball of the foot which compresses
+    the outer half, leaving a free portion between them under the
+    arched sole of the slipper. I may add that the pleasure is
+    greatly increased by the retention of the urine, and I always try
+    to retain as much water as I dare. I have an unconquerable
+    aversion to red in slippers or stockings; it will even cause
+    impotence. Why, I know not. Strange as it may seem, although pain
+    and bruising are often inflicted by a severe treading, I have
+    never been in any way injured by the practice, and my pleasure in
+    it seems not to diminish by constant repetition. The comparative
+    difficulty of obtaining the pleasure from just the woman I want
+    has a never-ending, if inexplicable, charm for me."
+
+    It will be observed that in this case special importance is
+    attached to shoes with high heels, and the subject considers that
+    the pressure of such shoes is for mechanical reasons most
+    favorable for procuring ejaculation. Nearly all heterosexual
+    shoe-fetichists seem, however, to be equally attracted by high
+    heels. Restif de la Bretonne frequently referred to this point,
+    and he gave a number of reasons for the attractiveness of high
+    heels: (1) They are unlike men's boots and, therefore, have a
+    sexual fascination; (2) they make the leg and foot look more
+    charming; (3) they give a less bold and more sylph-like character
+    to the walk; (4) they keep the feet clean. (Restif de la
+    Bretonne, _Nuits de Paris_, vol. v, quoted in Preface to his _Mes
+    Inscriptions_, p. ciii.) It is doubtless the first reason--the
+    fact that high heels are a kind of secondary sexual
+    character--which is most generally potent in this attraction.
+
+The foregoing history, while it very distinctly brings before us a case of
+erotic symbolism, is not strictly an example of shoe-fetichism. The
+symbolism is more complex. The focus of beauty in a desirable woman is
+transferred and concentrated in the region below the knee; in that sense
+we have foot-fetichism. But the act of coitus itself is also symbolically
+transferred. Not only has the foot become the symbol of the vulva, but
+trampling has become the symbol of coitus; intercourse takes place
+symbolically _per pedem_. It is a result of this symbolization of the foot
+and of trampling that all acts of treading take on a new and symbolical
+sexual charm. The element of masochism--of pleasure in being a woman's
+slave--is a parasitic growth; that is to say, it is not founded in the
+subject's constitution, but chances to have found a favorable soil in the
+special circumstances under which his sexual life developed. It is not
+primary, but secondary, and remains an unimportant and merely occasional
+element.
+
+It may be instructive to bring forward for comparison a case in which also
+we have a symbolism involving boot-fetichism, but extending beyond it. In
+this case there is a basis of inversion (as is not infrequent in erotic
+symbolisms), but from the present point of view the psychological
+significance of the case remains the same.
+
+    A.N., aged 29, unmarried, healthy, though not robust, and without
+    any known hereditary taint. Has followed various avocations
+    without taking great interest in them, but has shown some
+    literary ability.
+
+    "I am an Englishman," his own narrative runs, "the third of three
+    children. At my birth my father was 41 and my mother 34. My
+    mother died of cancer when I was 15. My father is still alive, a
+    reserved man, who still nurses his sorrow for his wife's death. I
+    have no reason to believe my parents anything but normal and
+    useful members of society. My sister is normal and happily
+    married. My brother I have reason to believe to be an invert.
+
+    "A horoscope cast for me describes me in a way I think correct,
+    and so do my friends: 'A mild, obliging, gentle, amiable person,
+    with many fine traits of character; timid in nature, fond of
+    society, loving peace and quietude, delighting in warm and close
+    friendships. There is much that is firm, steadfast and
+    industrious, some self-love, a good deal of diplomacy, a little
+    that is subtle, or what is called finesse. You are reserved with
+    those you dislike. There is a serious and sad side to your
+    character; you are very thoughtful and contemplative when in
+    these moods. But you are not pessimistic. You have superior
+    abilities, for they are intuitively intellectual. There is a cold
+    reticence which restrains generous impulses and which inclines to
+    acquisitiveness; it will make you deliberate, inventive, adding
+    self-esteem, some vanity.'
+
+    "At an early age I was left much alone in the nursery and there
+    contracted the habit of masturbation long before the age of
+    puberty. I use the word 'masturbation' for want of a better,
+    though it may not quite describe my case. I have never used my
+    hand to the penis. As far back as I can remember I have had what
+    a Frenchman has described as 'le fetichisme de la chaussure,' and
+    in those early days, before I was 6 years old, I would put on my
+    father's boots, taken from a cupboard at hand, and then tying or
+    strapping my legs together would produce an erection, and all the
+    pleasurable feelings experienced, I suppose, by means of
+    masturbation. I always did this secretly, but couldn't tell why.
+    I continued this practice on and off all my boyhood and youth.
+    When I discovered the first emission I was much surprised. I
+    always did this thing without loosening my trousers. As to how
+    these feelings arose I am totally unable to say. I can't remember
+    being without such feelings, and they seem to me perfectly
+    normal. The sight, or even thought, of high boots, or leggings,
+    especially if well polished or in patent leather, would set all
+    my sexual passions aflame, and does yet. As a boy my great desire
+    was to wear these things. A soldier in boots and spurs, a groom
+    in tops, or even an errand-boy in patent leather leggings,
+    fascinated me, and to this day, despite reason and everything
+    else. The sight of such things produced an erection. An emission
+    I could always produce by tightly tying my legs together, but
+    only when wearing boots, and preferably leggings, which when I
+    had pocket money I bought for this purpose. (At the present
+    moment I have five pairs in the house and two pairs of high
+    boots, quite unjustified by ordinary use.) This habit I lapse
+    into yet at times. The smell of leather affects me, but I never
+    know how far this may be due to association with boots; the smell
+    suggests the image. Restraint by a leather strap is more exciting
+    than by cords. Erotic dreams always take the form of restraint on
+    the limbs when booted.
+
+    "Uniforms and liveries have a great temptation for me, but only
+    when of a tight-fitting nature and smart, as soldiers', grooms',
+    etc., but not sailors'; most powerfully when the person is in
+    boots or leggings and breeches.
+
+    "I was a quiet, sensitive boy, taking no part in games or sports.
+    Have always been indifferent to them. I made few friends, but
+    didn't want them. The craving for friendship came much later,
+    after I was 21. I was a day boy at a private school, and never
+    had any conversation with any boy on sexual matters, though I was
+    dimly aware of much 'nastiness' about the school. I knew nothing
+    of sodomy. But all these things were repulsive to me,
+    notwithstanding my secret practices. I was a 'good boy.'
+
+    "Up to the age of 21 I was perfectly satisfied with my own
+    society, something of a prig, fond of books and reading, etc. I
+    was and ever have been absolutely insensible to the influence of
+    the other sex. I am not a woman hater, and take intellectual
+    pleasure in the society of certain ladies, but they are nearly
+    all much older than myself. I have a strong repulsion from sexual
+    relations with women. I should not mind being married for the
+    sake of companionship and for the sake of having boys of my own.
+    But the sexual act would frighten me. I could not in my present
+    frame of mind go to bed with a woman. Yet I feel an immense envy
+    of my married friends in that they are able to give out, and find
+    satisfaction for, their affection in a way that is quite
+    impossible for me. I picture certain boys in the place of the
+    wife.
+
+    "I am now only happy in the society of men younger than myself,
+    age 17 to (say) 23 or 24, youths with smooth faces, or first sign
+    of hair on lip, well groomed, slightly effeminate in feature, of
+    sympathetic, perhaps weak nature. I feel I want to help them, do
+    something for them, devote myself entirely to their welfare.
+
+    "With such there is no fixed line between friendship and love. I
+    yearn for intimacy with particular friends, but never dare
+    express it. I find so many people object to any strong expression
+    of feeling that I dare not run the risk of appearing ridiculous
+    in the eyes of these desired intimates.
+
+    "I have no desire for _paedicatio_, but the idea itself does not
+    repulse me or seem unnatural, though personally it repels me a
+    little. But I think this to be mere prejudice on my part, which
+    might be broken down if the loved person showed a willingness to
+    act a passive part. I should never dare to make an advance,
+    however.
+
+    "I am restrained by moral and religious considerations from
+    making my real feelings known, and I feel I should sink in my own
+    estimation if I gave way, though my natural desire is to do so.
+    In the face of opportunities (not I mean of _paedicatio_, but of
+    expression of excessive affection, etc.), or what might be such,
+    I always fail to speak lest I should forfeit the esteem of the
+    other person. I have a feeling of surprise when any one I like
+    evinces a liking for me. I feel that those I love are
+    immeasurably my superiors, though my reason may tell me it is not
+    so. I would grovel at their feet, do anything to win a smile from
+    them, or to make them give me their company.
+
+    "Ordinary bodily contact with the boy I love gives me most
+    exquisite pleasure, and I never lose an opportunity of bringing
+    such contact about when it can be done naturally. I feel an
+    immense desire to embrace, kiss, squeeze, etc., the person, to
+    generally maul him, and say nice things--the kind of things a man
+    usually says to a woman. A handshake, the mere presence of the
+    person, makes me happy and content.
+
+    "I can say with the Albanian: 'If I find myself in the presence
+    of the beloved, I rest absorbed in gazing on him. Absent, I think
+    of nought but him. If the beloved unexpectedly appears I fall
+    into confusion. My heart beats faster. I have eyes and ears only
+    for the beloved.'
+
+    "I feel that my capacity of affection is finer and more spiritual
+    than that which commonly subsists between persons of different
+    sexes. And so, while trying to fight my instincts by religion, I
+    find my natural feeling to be part of my religion, and its
+    highest expression. In this sense I can speak from experience in
+    my own case, and more especially in that of my brother, that what
+    you have said about philanthropic activity resulting from
+    repressed homosexuality is very true indeed. I can say with one
+    of your female cases: 'Love is to me a religion. The very nature
+    of my affection for my friends precludes the possibility of any
+    element entering into it which is not absolutely pure and
+    sacred.' I am, however, madly jealous. I want entire possession,
+    and I can't bear for a moment that any one I do not care for
+    should know the person I love.
+
+    "I am never attracted by men older than myself. The youths who
+    attract me may be of any class, though preferably, I think, of a
+    class a little lower than myself. I am not quite sure of this,
+    however, as circumstances may have contributed more than
+    deliberate choice to bring certain youths under my notice. Those
+    who have exercised the most powerful influence on me have been an
+    Oxford undergraduate, a barber's assistant, and a plumber's
+    apprentice. Though naturally fond of intellectual society, I do
+    not ask for intellect in those I love. It goes for nothing. I
+    always prefer their company to that of the most educated persons.
+    This preference has alienated me to some extent from more refined
+    and educated circles that formerly I was intimate with.
+
+    "I have been led entirely out of my old habits by association
+    with younger friends, and now do things which before I should
+    never have dreamed of doing. My thoughts now are always with
+    certain youths, and if they speak of leaving the town, or in any
+    way talk of a future that I cannot share, I suffer horrid
+    sinkings of the heart and depression of spirits."
+
+This case, while it concerns a person of quite different temperament, with
+a more innate predisposition to specific perversions, is yet in many
+respects analogous to the previous case. There is boot-fetichism; nothing
+is felt to be so attractive as the foot-gear, and there is also at the
+same time more than this; there is the attraction of repression and
+constraint developed into a sexual symbol. In C.P.'s case that symbolism
+arises from the experience of an abnormal heterosexual relationship; in
+A.N.'s case it is founded on auto-erotic experiences associated with
+inversion; in both alike the entire symbolism has become diffused and
+generalized.
+
+In the two cases just brought forward we have an erotic symbolism of act
+founded on, and closely associated with, an erotic symbolism of object. It
+may be instructive to bring forward another case in which no fetichistic
+feeling toward an object can be traced, but an erotic symbolism still
+clearly exists. In this case pain, even when self-inflicted, has acquired
+a symbolic value as a stimulus to tumescence, without any element of
+masochism. Such a case serves to indicate how the sexual attraction of
+pain is really a special case of the erotic symbolism with which we are
+here concerned.
+
+    A.W., aged 50, a writer and lecturer, physically and mentally
+    energetic and enjoying good health. He is, however, very
+    emotional and of nervous temperament, but self-controlled. Though
+    physically well developed, the sexual organs are small. He is
+    married to an attractive woman, to whom he is much attached, and
+    has two healthy children.
+
+    At 10 or 12 years of age he had a frequent desire to be whipped,
+    his parents never having struck him, and on one occasion he asked
+    a brother to go with him to the closet to get him to whip him on
+    the posterior; but on arrival he was too shy to make the request.
+    He did not recognize the cause of these desires, knowing nothing
+    of such things except from the misinformation of his
+    school-fellows' talk. As far as he can remember, he was an
+    entirely normal, healthy boy up to the age of about 15, when his
+    attention was arrested by an advertisement of a quack medicine
+    for the results of "youthful excesses."
+
+    Being a city boy, he was unfamiliar with the coupling even of
+    animals, had never had a conscious erection and did not know of
+    frictional excitement. Experiment, however, resulted in an
+    orgasm, and, though believing that it was wicked or at least weak
+    and degrading, he indulged in masturbation at intervals, usually
+    about six times a month, and has continued even up to the
+    present.
+
+    He had an abnormally small opening in the prepuce, making the
+    uncovering of the glans almost impossible. (At the age of about
+    37, he himself slit the prepuce by three or four cuts of a
+    scissors at intervals of about ten days. This was followed by a
+    marked decrease in desire, especially as he shortly afterwards
+    learned the importance of local cleanliness.) While in college at
+    about the age of 19 he began to have nocturnal emissions
+    occasionally and once or twice a week when at stool. Alarmed by
+    these, he consulted a physician, who warned him of the danger,
+    gave him bromide and prescribed cold bathing of the parts, with a
+    hard, cool bed. These stopped the emissions.
+
+    He never had connection with women until the age of about 25, and
+    then only three times until his marriage at 30 years of age,
+    being deterred partly by conscientious scruples, but more by
+    shyness and convention, and deriving very little pleasure from
+    these instances. Even since marriage he has derived more pleasure
+    from sexual excitement than from coitus, and can maintain
+    erection for as long as two hours.
+
+    He has always been accustomed to torture himself in various
+    ingenious ways, nearly always connected with sex. He would burn
+    his skin deeply with red hot wire in inconspicuous places. These
+    and similar acts were generally followed by manual excitation
+    nearly always brought to a climax.
+
+    He considers that he is attracted to refined and intellectual
+    women. But he is without very ardent desires, having several
+    times gone to bed with attractive women who stripped themselves
+    naked, but without attempting any sexual intercourse with them.
+    He became interested in the "Karezza" theory and has tried to
+    practice it with his wife, but could never entirely control the
+    emission.
+
+    He has hired a masseur to whip him, as children are whipped, with
+    a heavy dog whip, which caused pleasurable excitement. During
+    this time he had relations with his wife generally about once a
+    week without any great ecstasy. She was cold and sexually slow,
+    owing to conventional sex repression and to an idea that the
+    whole thing was "like animals" and to fear of child-bearing,
+    usually necessitating the use of a cover or withdrawal. It was
+    only eight years after their marriage that she desired and
+    obtained a child. During these years he would often stick pins
+    through his mammae and tie them together by a string round the
+    pins drawn so short as to cause great pain and then indulge
+    himself in the sexual act. He used strong wooden clips with a
+    tack fixed in them, so as to pierce and pinch the mammae, and once
+    he drove a pin entirely through the penis itself, then obtaining
+    orgasm by friction. He was never able to get an automatic
+    emission in this way, though he often tried, not even by walking
+    briskly during an erection.
+
+In another class of cases a purely ideal symbolism may be present by means
+of a fetich which acts as a powerful stimulus without itself being felt to
+possess any attraction. A good illustration of this condition is furnished
+by a case which has been communicated to me by a medical correspondent in
+New Zealand.
+
+    "The patient went out to South Africa as a trooper with the
+    contingent from New Zealand, throwing up a good position in an
+    office to do so. He had never had any trouble as regards
+    connection with women before going out to South Africa. While in
+    active service at the front he sustained a nasty fall from his
+    horse, breaking his leg. He was unconscious for four days, and
+    was then invalided down to Cape Town. Here he rapidly got well,
+    and his accustomed health returning to him he started having what
+    he terms 'a good time.' He repeatedly went to brothels, but was
+    unable to have more than a temporary erection, and no ejaculation
+    would take place. In one of these places he was in company with a
+    drunken trooper, who suggested that they should perform the
+    sexual act with their boots and spurs (only) on. My patient, who
+    was also drunk, readily assented, and to his surprise was enabled
+    to perform the act of copulation without any difficulty at all.
+    He has repeatedly tried since to perform the act without any
+    spurs, but is quite unable to do so; with the spurs he has no
+    difficulty at all in obtaining all the gratification he desires.
+    His general health is good. His mother was an extremely nervous
+    woman, and so is his sister. His father died when he was quite
+    young. His only other relation in the colony is a married sister,
+    who seems to enjoy vigorous health."
+
+The consideration of the cases here brought forward may suffice to show
+that beyond those fetichisms which find their satisfaction in the
+contemplation of a part of the body or a garment, there is a more subtle
+symbolism. The foot is a center of force, an agent for exerting pressure,
+and thus it furnishes a point of departure not alone for the merely static
+sexual fetich, but for a dynamic erotic symbolization. The energy of its
+movements becomes a substitute for the energy of the sexual organs
+themselves in coitus, and exerts the same kind of fascination. The young
+girl (page 35) "who seemed to have a passion for treading upon things
+which would scrunch or yield under her foot," already possessed the germs
+of an erotic symbolism which, under the influence of circumstances in
+which she herself took an active part, developed into an adequate method
+of sexual gratification.[23] The youth who was her partner learned, in the
+same way, to find an erotic symbolism in all the pressure reactions of
+attractive feminine feet, the swaying of a carriage beneath their weight,
+the crushing of the flowers on which they tread, the slow rising of the
+grass which they have pressed. Here we have a symbolism which is
+altogether different from that fetichism which adores a definite object;
+it is a dynamic symbolism finding its gratification in the spectacle of
+movements which ideally recall the fundamental rhythm and pressure
+reactions of the sexual process.
+
+We may trace a very similar erotic symbolism in an absolutely normal form.
+The fascination of clothes in the lover's eyes is no doubt a complex
+phenomenon, but in part it rests on the aptitudes of a woman's garments to
+express vaguely a dynamic symbolism which must always remain indefinite
+and elusive, and on that account always possess fascination. No one has so
+acutely described this symbolism as Herrick, often an admirable
+psychologist in matters of sexual attractiveness. Especially instructive
+in this respect are his poems, "Delight in Disorder," "Upon Julia's
+Clothes," and notably "Julia's Petticoat." "A sweet disorder in the
+dress," he tells us, "kindles in clothes a wantonness;" it is not on the
+garment itself, but on the character of its movement that he insists; on
+the "erring lace," the "winning wave" of the "tempestuous petticoat;" he
+speaks of the "liquefaction" of clothes, their "brave vibration each way
+free," and of Julia's petticoat he remarks with a more specific symbolism
+still,
+
+    "Sometimes 'twould pant and sigh and heave,
+     As if to stir it scarce had leave;
+     But having got it, thereupon,
+     'Twould make a brave expansion."
+
+In the play of the beloved woman's garment, he sees the whole process of
+the central act of sex, with its repressions and expansions, and at the
+sight is himself ready to "fall into a swoon."
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[13] G. Stanley Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. ii, p. 113. It will be noted
+that the hand does not appear among the parts of the body which are
+normally of supreme interest. An interest in the hand is by no means
+uncommon (it may be noted, for instance, in the course of History XII in
+Appendix B to vol. iii of these _Studies_), but the hand does not possess
+the mystery which envelops the foot, and hand-fetichism is very much less
+frequent than foot-fetichism, while glove-fetichism is remarkably rare. An
+interesting case of hand-fetichism, scarcely reaching morbid intensity, is
+recorded by Binet, _Etudes de Psychologie Experimentale_, pp. 13-19; and
+see Krafft-Ebing, _Op. cit._, pp. 214 et seq.
+
+[14] _Memoires_, vol. i, Chapter VII.
+
+[15] Among leading English novelists Hardy shows an unusual but by no
+means predominant interest in the feet and shoes of his heroines; see,
+e.g., the observations of the cobbler in _Under the Greenwood Tree_,
+Chapter III. A chapter in Goethe's _Wahlverwandtschaften_ (Part I, Chapter
+II) contains an episode involving the charm of the foot and the kissing of
+the beloved's shoe.
+
+[16] Schinz, "Philosophie des Conventions Sociales," _Revue
+Philosophique_, June, 1903, p. 626. Mirabeau mentions in his _Erotika
+Biblion_ that modern Greek women sometimes use their feet to provoke
+orgasm in their lovers. I may add that simultaneous mutual masturbation by
+means of the feet is not unknown to-day, and I have been told by an
+English shoe-fetichist that he at one time was accustomed to practice this
+with a married lady (Brazilian)--she with slippers on and he without--who
+derived gratification equal to his own.
+
+[17] Jacoby (loc. cit. pp. 796-7) gives a large number of references to
+Ovid's works bearing on this point. "In reading him," he remarks, "one is
+inclined to say that the psychology of the Romans was closely allied to
+that of the Chinese."
+
+[18] R. Kleinpaul, _Sprache ohne Worte_, p. 308. See also Moll, _Kontraere
+Sexualempfindung_, third edition, pp. 306-308. Bloch brings together many
+interesting references bearing on the ancient sexual and religious
+symbolism of the shoe, _Beitraege zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia,
+Sexualis_, Teil II, p. 324.
+
+[19] Jacoby (loc. cit. p. 797) appears to regard shoe-fetichism as a true
+atavism: "The sexual adoration of feminine foot-gear," he concludes,
+"perhaps the most enigmatic and certainly the most singular of
+degenerative insanities, is thus merely a form of atavism, the return of
+the degenerate to the very ancient and primitive psychology which we no
+longer understand and are no longer capable of feeling."
+
+[20] Moll has reported in detail (_Untersuchungen ueber die Libido
+Sexualis_, bd. i, Teil II, pp. 320-324) a case which both he and
+Krafft-Ebing regard as illustrative of the connection between
+boot-fetichism and masochism. It is essentially a case of masochism,
+though manifesting itself almost exclusively in the desire to perform
+humiliating acts in connection with the attractive person's boots.
+
+[21] Krafft-Ebing goes so far as to assert (_Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+English translation of tenth edition, p. 174) that "when in cases of
+shoe-fetichism the female shoe appears alone as the excitant of sexual
+desire one is justified in presuming that masochistic motives have
+remained latent.... Latent masochism may always be assumed as the
+unconscious motive." In this way he hopelessly misinterprets some of his
+own cases.
+
+[22] Krafft-Ebing goes so far as to assert (_Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+English translation, pp. 159 and 174). Yet some of the cases he brings
+forward (e.g., Coxe's as quoted by Hammond) show no sign of masochism,
+since, according to Krafft-Ebing's own definition (p. 116), the idea of
+subjugation by the opposite sex is of the essence of masochism.
+
+[23] Her actions suggest that there is often a latent sexual consciousness
+in regard to the feet in women, atavistic or pseudo-atavistic, and
+corresponding to the sexual attraction which the feet formerly aroused,
+almost normally, in men. This is also suggested by the case, referred to
+by Shufeldt, of an unmarried woman, belonging to a family exhibiting in a
+high degree both erotic and neurotic traits, who had "a certain
+uncontrollable fascination for shoes. She delights in new shoes, and
+changes her shoes all day long at regular intervals of three hours each.
+She keeps this row of shoes out in plain sight in her apartment." (R.W.
+Shufeldt, "On a Case of Female Impotency," 1896, p. 10.)
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+Scatalogic Symbolism--Urolagnia--Coprolagnia--The Ascetic Attitude Towards
+the Flesh--Normal basis of Scatalogic Symbolism--Scatalogic Conceptions
+Among Primitive Peoples--Urine as a Primitive Holy Water--Sacredness of
+Animal Excreta--Scatalogy in Folk-lore--The Obscene as Derived from the
+Mythological--The Immature Sexual Impulse Tends to Manifest Itself in
+Scatalogic Forms--The basis of Physiological Connection Between the
+Urinary and Genital Spheres--Urinary Fetichism Sometimes Normal in
+Animals--The Urolagnia of Masochists--The Scatalogy of Saints--Urolagnia
+More Often a Symbolism of Act Than a Symbolism of Object--Only
+Occasionally an Olfactory Fetichism--Comparative Rarity of
+Coprolagnia--Influence of Nates Fetichism as a Transition to
+Coprolagnia--Ideal Coprolagnia--Olfactory Coprolagnia--Urolagnia and
+Coprolagnia as Symbols of Coitus.
+
+
+We meet with another group of erotic symbolisms--alike symbolisms of
+object and of act--in connection with the two functions adjoining the
+anatomical sexual focus: the urinary and alvine excretory functions. These
+are sometimes termed the scatalogical group, with the two subdivisions of
+urolagnia and Coprolagnia.[24] _Inter faeces et urinam nascimur_ is an
+ancient text which has served the ascetic preachers of old for many
+discourses on the littleness of man and the meanness of that reproductive
+power which plays so large a part in man's life. "The stupid bungle of
+Nature," a correspondent writes, "whereby the generative organs serve as a
+means of relieving the bladder, is doubtless responsible for much of the
+disgust which those organs excite in some minds."
+
+At the same time, it is necessary to point out, such reflex influence may
+act not in one direction only, but also in the reverse direction. From
+the standpoint of ascetic contemplation eager to belittle humanity, the
+excretory centers may cast dishonor upon the genital center which they
+adjoin. From the more ecstatic standpoint of the impassioned lover, eager
+to magnify the charm of the woman he worships, it is not impossible for
+the excretory centers to take on some charm from the irradiating center of
+sex which they enclose.
+
+Even normally such a process is traceable. The normal lover may not
+idealize the excretory functions of his mistress, but the fact that he
+finds no repulsion in the most intimate contacts and feels no disgust at
+the proximity of the excretory orifices or the existence of their
+functions, indicates that the idealization of love has exerted at all
+events a neutralizing influence; indeed, the presence of an acute
+sensibility to the disturbing influence of this proximity of the excretory
+orifices and their functions must be considered abnormal; Swift's
+"Strephon and Chloe"--with the conviction underlying it that it is an easy
+matter for the excretory functions to drown the possibilities of
+love--could only have proceeded from a morbidly sensitive brain.[25]
+
+A more than mere neutralizing influence, a positively idealizing influence
+of the sexual focus on the excretory processes adjoining it, may take
+place in the lover's mind without the normal variations of sexual
+attraction being over-passed, and even without the creation of an
+excretory fetichism.
+
+    Reflections of this attitude may be found in the poets. In the
+    _Song of Songs_ the lover says of his mistress, "Thy navel is
+    like a round goblet, wherein no mingled wine is wanting;" in his
+    lyric "To Dianeme," Herrick says with clear reference to the
+    mons veneris:--
+
+        "Show me that hill where smiling love doth sit,
+        Having a living fountain under it;"
+
+    and in the very numerous poems in various languages which have
+    more or less obscurely dealt with the rose as the emblem of the
+    feminine pudenda there are occasional references to the stream
+    which guards or presides over the rose. It may, indeed, be
+    recalled that even in the name _nymphae_ anatomists commonly apply
+    to the _labia minora_ there is generally believed to be a poetic
+    allusion to the Nymphs who presided over streams, since the
+    _labia minora_ exert an influence on the direction of the urinary
+    stream.
+
+    In _Wilhelm Meister_ (Part I, Chapter XV), Goethe, on the basis
+    of his own personal experiences, describes his hero's emotions in
+    the humble surroundings of Marianne's little room as compared
+    with the stateliness and order of his own home. "It seemed to him
+    when he had here to remove her stays in order to reach the
+    harpsichord, there to lay her skirt on the bed before he could
+    seat himself, when she herself with unembarrassed frankness would
+    make no attempt to conceal from him many natural acts which
+    people are accustomed to hide from others out of decency--it
+    seemed to him, I say, that he became bound to her by invisible
+    bands." We are told of Wordsworth (Findlay's _Recollections of De
+    Quincey_, p. 36) that he read _Wilhelm Meister_ till "he came to
+    the scene where the hero, in his mistress's bedroom, becomes
+    sentimental over her dirty towels, etc., which struck him with
+    such disgust that he flung the book out of his hand, would never
+    look at it again, and declared that surely no English lady would
+    ever read such a work." I have, however, heard a woman of high
+    intellectual distinction refer to the peculiar truth and beauty
+    of this very passage.
+
+    In one of his latest novels, _Les Rencontres de M. de Breot_,
+    Henri de Regnier, one of the most notable of recent French
+    novelists, narrates an episode bearing on the matter before us. A
+    personage of the story is sitting for a moment in a dark grotto
+    during a night fete in a nobleman's park, when two ladies enter
+    and laughingly proceed to raise their garments and accomplish a
+    natural necessity. The man in the background, suddenly overcome
+    by a sexual impulse, starts forward; one lady runs away, the
+    other, whom he detains, offers little resistance to his advances.
+    To M. de Breot, whom he shortly after encounters, he exclaims,
+    abashed at his own actions: "Why did I not flee? But could I
+    imagine that the spectacle of so disgusting a function would have
+    any other effect than to give me a humble opinion of human
+    nature?" M. de Breot, however, in proceeding to reproach his
+    interlocutor for his inconsiderate temerity, observes: "What you
+    tell me, sir, does not entirely surprise me. Nature has placed
+    very various instincts within us, and the impulse that led you to
+    what you have just now done is not so peculiar as you think. One
+    may be a very estimable man and yet love women even in what is
+    lowliest in their bodies." In harmony with this passage from
+    Regnier's novel are the remarks of a correspondent who writes to
+    me of the function of urination that it "appeals sexually to most
+    normal individuals. My own observations and inquiries prove this.
+    Women themselves instinctively feel it. The secrecy surrounding
+    the matter lends, too, I think, a sexual interest."
+
+    The fact that scatalogic processes may in some degree exert an
+    attraction even in normal love has been especially emphasized by
+    Bloch (_Beitraege zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil
+    II, pp. 222, et seq.): "The man whose intellect and aesthetic
+    sense has been 'clouded by the sexual impulse' sees these things
+    in an entirely different light from him who has not been overcome
+    by the intoxication of love. For him they are idealized (sit
+    venia verbo) since they are a part of the beloved person, and in
+    consequence associated with love." Bloch quotes the _Memoiren
+    einer Saengerin_ (a book which is said to be, though this seems
+    doubtful, genuinely autobiographical) in the same sense: "A man
+    who falls in love with a girl is not dragged out of his poetic
+    sphere by the thought that his beloved must relieve certain
+    natural necessities every day. It seems, indeed, to him to be
+    just the opposite. If one loves a person one finds nothing
+    obscene or disgusting in the object that pleases me." The
+    opposite attitude is probably in extreme cases due to the
+    influence of a neurotic or morbidly sensitive temperament. Swift
+    possessed such a temperament. The possession of a similar
+    temperament is doubtless responsible for the little prose poem,
+    "L'Extase," in which Huysmans in his first book, _Le Drageloir a
+    Epices_, has written an attenuated version of "Strephon and
+    Chloe" to express the disillusionment of love; the lover lies in
+    a wood clasping the hand of the beloved with rapturous emotion;
+    "suddenly she rose, disengaged her hand, disappeared in the
+    bushes, and I heard as it were the rustling of rain on the
+    leaves." His dream has fled.
+
+In estimating the significance of the lover's attitude in this matter, it
+is important to realize the position which scatologic conceptions took in
+primitive belief. At certain stages of early culture, when all the
+emanations of the body are liable to possess mysterious magic properties
+and become apt for sacred uses, the excretions, and especially the urine,
+are found to form part of religious ritual and ceremonial function. Even
+among savages the excreta are frequently regarded as disgusting, but under
+the influence of these conceptions such disgust is inhibited, and those
+emanations of the body which are usually least honored become religious
+symbols.
+
+    Urine has been regarded as the original holy water, and many
+    customs which still survive in Italy and various parts of Europe,
+    involving the use of a fluid which must often be yellow and
+    sometimes salt, possibly indicate the earlier use of urine. (The
+    Greek water of aspersion, according to Theocritus, was mixed
+    with salt, as is sometimes the modern Italian holy water. J.J.
+    Blunt, _Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Customs_, p. 173.) Among
+    the Hottentots, as Kolbein and others have recorded, the medicine
+    man urinated alternately on bride and bridegroom, and a
+    successful young warrior was sprinkled in the same way. Mungo
+    Park mentions that in Africa on one occasion a bride sent a bowl
+    of her urine which was thrown over him as a special mark of honor
+    to a distinguished guest. Pennant remarked that the Highlanders
+    sprinkled their cattle with urine, as a kind of holy water, on
+    the first Monday in every quarter. (Bourke, _Scatalogic Rites_,
+    pp. 228, 239; Brand, _Popular Antiquities_, "Bride-Ales.")
+
+    Even the excreta of animals have sometimes been counted sacred.
+    This is notably so in the case of the cow, of all animals the
+    most venerated by primitive peoples, and especially in India.
+    Jules Bois (_Visions de l'Inde_, p. 86) describes the spectacle
+    presented in the temple of the cows at Benares: "I put my head
+    into the opening of the holy stables. It was the largest of
+    temples, a splendor of precious stones and marble, where the
+    venerated heifers passed backwards and forwards. A whole people
+    adored them. They take no notice, plunged in their divine and
+    obscure unconsciousness. And they fulfil with serenity their
+    animal functions; they chew the offerings, drink water from
+    copper vessels, and when they are filled they relieve themselves.
+    Then a stercoraceous and religious insanity overcomes these
+    starry-faced women and venerable men; they fall on their knees,
+    prostrate themselves, eat the droppings, greedily drink the
+    liquid, which for them is miraculous and sacred." (Cf. Bourke,
+    _Scatalogic Rites_, Chapter XVII.)
+
+    Among the Chevsurs of the Caucasus, perhaps an Iranian people, a
+    woman after her confinement, for which she lives apart, purifies
+    herself by washing in the urine of a cow and then returns home.
+    This mode of purification is recommended in the Avesta, and is
+    said to be used by the few remaining followers of this creed.
+
+We have not only to take into account the frequency with which among
+primitive peoples the excretions possess a religious significance. It is
+further to be noted that in the folk-lore of modern Europe we everywhere
+find plentiful evidence of the earlier prevalence of legends and practices
+of a scatalogical character. It is significant that in the majority of
+cases it is easy to see a sexual reference in these stories and customs.
+The legends have lost their earlier and often mythical significance, and
+frequently take on a suggestion of obscenity, while the scatalogical
+practices have become the magical devices of lovelorn maidens or forsaken
+wives practiced in secrecy. It has happened to scatalogical rites to be
+regarded as we may gather from the _Clouds_ of Aristophanes, that the
+sacred leathern phallus borne by the women in the Bacchanalia was becoming
+in his time, an object to arouse the amusement of little boys.
+
+    Among many primitive peoples throughout the world, and among the
+    lower social classes of civilized peoples, urine possesses magic
+    properties, more especially, it would seem, the urine of women
+    and that of people who stand, or wish to stand, in sexual
+    relationship to each other. In a legend of the Indians of the
+    northwest coast of America, recorded by Boas, a woman gives her
+    lover some of her urine and says: "You can wake the dead if you
+    drop some of my urine in their ears and nose." (_Zeitschrift fuer
+    Ethnologie_, 1894, Heft IV, p. 293.) Among the same Indians there
+    is a legend of a woman with a beautiful white skin who found on
+    bathing every morning in the river that the fish were attracted
+    to her skin and could not be driven off even by magical
+    solutions. At last she said to herself: "I will make water on
+    them and then they will leave me alone." She did so, and
+    henceforth the fish left her. But shortly after fire came from
+    Heaven and killed her. (Ib., 1891, Heft V, p. 640.) Among both
+    Christians and Mohammedans a wife can attach an unfaithful
+    husband by privately putting some of her urine in his drink. (B.
+    Stern, _Medizin in der Tuerkei_, vol. ii, p. 11.) This practice is
+    world-wide; thus among the aborigines of Brazil, according to
+    Martius, the urine and other excretions and secretions are potent
+    for aphrodisiacal objects. (Bourke's _Scatalogic Rites of All
+    Nations_ contains many references to the folk-lore practices in
+    this matter; a study of popular beliefs in the magic power of
+    urine, published in Bombay by Professor Eugen Wilhelm in 1889, I
+    have not seen.)
+
+    The legends which narrate scatalogic exploits are numerous in the
+    literature of all countries. Among primitive peoples they often
+    have a purely theological character, for in the popular
+    mythologies of all countries (even, as we learn from
+    Aristophanes, among the Greeks) natural phenomena such as the
+    rain, are apt to be regarded as divine excretions, but in course
+    of time the legends take on a more erotic or a more obscene
+    character. In the Irish _Book of Leinster_ (written down
+    somewhere about the twelfth century, but containing material of
+    very much older date) we are told how a number of princesses in
+    Emain Macha, the seat of the Ulster Kings, resolved to find out
+    which of them could by urinating on it melt a snow pillar which
+    the men had made, the woman who succeeded to be regarded as the
+    best among them. None of them succeeded, and they sent for
+    Derbforgaill, who was in love with Cuchullain, and she was able
+    to melt the pillar; whereupon the other women, jealous of the
+    superiority she had thus shown, tore out her eyes. (Zimmer,
+    "Keltische Beitraege," _Zeitschrift fuer Deutsche Alterthum_, vol.
+    xxxii, Heft II, pp. 216-219.) Rhys considers that Derbforgaill
+    was really a goddess of dawn and dusk, "the drop glistening in
+    the sun's rays," as indicated by her name, which means a drop or
+    tear. (J. Rhys, _Lectures on the Origin and Growth of Religion as
+    Illustrated by Celtic Heathendom_, p. 466.) It is interesting to
+    compare the legend of Derbforgaill with a somewhat more modern
+    Picardy folk-lore _conte_ which is clearly analogous but no
+    longer seems to show any mythologic element, "La Princesse qui
+    pisse par dessus les Meules." This princess had a habit of
+    urinating over hay-cocks; the king, her father, in order to break
+    her of the habit, offered her in marriage to anyone who could
+    make a hay-cock so high that she could not urinate over it. The
+    young men came, but the princess would merely laugh and at once
+    achieve the task. At last there came a young man who argued with
+    himself that she would not be able to perform this feat after she
+    had lost her virginity. He therefore seduced her first and she
+    then failed ignobly, merely wetting her stockings. Accordingly,
+    she became his bride. (Kryptadia, vol. i. p. 333.) Such legends,
+    which have lost any mythologic elements they may originally have
+    possessed and have become merely _contes_, are not uncommon in
+    the folk-lore of many countries. But in their earlier more
+    religious forms and in their later more obscene forms, they alike
+    bear witness to the large place which scatalogic conceptions play
+    in the primitive mind.
+
+It is a notable fact in evidence of the close and seemingly normal
+association with the sexual impulse of the scatalogic processes, that an
+interest in them, arising naturally and spontaneously, is one of the most
+frequent channels by which the sexual impulse first manifests itself in
+young boys and girls.
+
+    Stanley Hall, who has made special inquiries into the matter,
+    remarks that in childhood the products of excretion by bladder
+    and bowels are often objects of interest hardly less intense for
+    a time than eating and drinking. ("Early Sense of Self,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, April, 1898, p. 361.)
+    "Micturitional obscenities," the same writer observes again,
+    "which our returns show to be so common before adolescence,
+    culminate at 10 or 12, and seem to retreat into the background as
+    sex phenomena appear." They are, he remarks, of two classes:
+    "Fouling persons or things, secretly from adults, but openly with
+    each other," and less often "ceremonial acts connected with the
+    act or the product that almost suggest the scatalogical rites of
+    savages, unfit for description here, but of great interest and
+    importance." (G. Stanley Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. i, p. 116.)
+    The nature of such scatalogical phenomena in childhood--which are
+    often clearly the instinctive manifestations of an erotic
+    symbolism--and their wide prevalence among both boys and girls,
+    are very well illustrated in a narrative which I include in
+    Appendix B, History II.
+
+In boys as they approach the age of puberty, this attraction to the
+scatalogic, when it exists, tends to die out, giving place to more normal
+sexual conceptions, or at all events it takes a subordinate and less
+serious place in the mind. In girls, on the other hand, it often tends to
+persist. Edmond de Goncourt, a minute observer of the feminine mind,
+refers in _Cherie_ to "those innocent and triumphant gaieties which
+scatalogic stories have the privilege of arousing in women who have
+remained still children, even the most distinguished women." The extent to
+which innocent young women, who would frequently be uninterested or
+repelled in presence of the sexually obscene are sometimes attracted by
+the scatalogically obscene, becomes intelligible, however, if we realize
+that a symbolism comes here into play. In women the more specifically
+sexual knowledge and experience of life frequently develop much later than
+in men or even remains in abeyance, and the specifically sexual phenomena
+cannot therefore easily lend themselves to wit, or humor, or imagination.
+But the scatalogic sphere, by the very fact that in women it is a
+specially intimate and secret region which is yet always liable to be
+unexpectedly protruded into consciousness, furnishes an inexhaustible
+field for situations which have the same character as those furnished by
+the sexually obscene. It thus happens that the sexually obscene which in
+men tends to overshadow the scatalogically obscene, in women--partly from
+inexperience and partly, it is probable, from their almost physiological
+modesty--plays a part subordinate to the scatalogical. In a somewhat
+analogous way scatalogical wit and humor play a considerable part in the
+work of various eminent authors who were clergymen or priests.
+
+In addition to the anatomical and psychological associations which
+contribute to furnish a basis on which erotic symbolisms may spring up,
+there are also physiological connections between the genital and urinary
+spheres which directly favor such symbolisms. In discussing the analysis
+of the sexual impulse in a previous volume of these _Studies_, I have
+pointed out the remarkable relationship--sometimes of transference,
+sometimes of compensation--which exists between genital tension and
+vesical tension, both in men and women. In the histories of normal sexual
+development brought together at the end of that and subsequent volumes the
+relationship may frequently be traced, as also in the case of C.P. in the
+present study (p. 37). Vesical power is also commonly believed to be in
+relation with sexual potency, and the inability to project the urinary
+stream in a normal manner is one of the accepted signs of sexual
+impotency.[26] Fere, again, has recorded the history of a man with
+periodic crises of sexual desire, and subsequently sexual obsession
+without desire, which were always accompanied by the impulse to urinate
+and by increased urination.[27] In the case, recorded by Pitres and Regis,
+of a young girl who, having once at the sight of a young man she liked in
+a theater been overcome by sexual feeling accompanied by a strong desire
+to urinate, was afterward tormented by a groundless fear of experiencing
+an irresistible desire to urinate at inconvenient times,[28] we have an
+example of what may be called a physiological scatalogic symbolism of sex,
+an emotion which was primarily erotic becoming transferred to the bladder
+and then remaining persistent. From such a physiological symbolism it is
+but a step to the psychological symbolisms of scatalogic fetichism.
+
+    It is worthy of note, as an indication that such phenomena are
+    scarcely abnormal, that a urinary symbolism, and even a strictly
+    sexual fetichism, are normal among many animals.
+
+    The most familiar example of this kind is furnished by the dog,
+    who is sexually excited in this manner by traces of the bitch and
+    himself takes every opportunity of making his own path
+    recognizable. "This custom," Espinas remarks (_Des Societes
+    Animales_, p. 228), "has no other aim than to spread along the
+    road recognizable traces of their presence for the benefit of
+    individuals of the other sex, the odor of these traces doubtless
+    causing excitement."
+
+    It is noteworthy, also, that in animals as well as in man, sexual
+    excitement may manifest itself in the bladder. Thus Daumas states
+    (_Chevaux de Sahara_, p. 49) that if the mare urinates when she
+    hears the stallion neigh it is a sign that she is ready for
+    connection.
+
+It is in masochism, or passive algolagnia, that we may most frequently
+find scatalogic symbolism in its fully developed form. The man whose
+predominant impulse is to subjugate himself to his mistress and to receive
+at her hands the utmost humiliation, frequently finds the climax of his
+gratification in being urinated on by her, whether in actual fact or only
+in imagination.
+
+In many such cases, however, it is evident that we have a mixed
+phenomenon; the symbolism is double. The act becomes desirable because it
+is the outward and visible sign of an inwardly experienced abject slavery
+to an adored person. But it is also desirable because of intimately sexual
+associations in the act itself, as a symbolical detumescence, a simulacrum
+of the sexual act, and one which proceeds from the sexual focus itself.
+
+    Krafft-Ebing records various cases of masochism in which the
+    emission of urine on to the body or into the mouth formed the
+    climax of sexual gratification, as, for instance (_Psychopathia
+    Sexualis_, English translation, p. 183) in the case of a Russian
+    official who as a boy had fancies of being bound between the
+    thighs of a woman, compelled to sleep beneath her nates and to
+    drink her urine, and in later life experienced the greatest
+    excitement when practicing the last part of this early
+    imagination.
+
+    In another case, recorded by Krafft-Ebing and by him termed
+    "ideal masochism" (_Op. cit._, pp. 127-130), the subject from
+    childhood indulged in voluptuous day-dreams in which he was the
+    slave of a beautiful mistress who would compel him to obey all
+    her caprices, stand over him with one foot on his breast, sit on
+    his face and body, make him wait on her in her bath, or when she
+    urinated, and sometimes insist on doing this on his face; though
+    a highly intellectual man, he was always too timid to attempt to
+    carry any of his ideas into execution; he had been troubled by
+    nocturnal enuresis up to the age of 20.
+
+    Neri, again (_Archivio delle Psicopatie Sessuali_, vol. i, fasc.
+    7 and 8, 1896), records the case of an Italian masochist who
+    experienced the greatest pleasure when both urination and
+    defecation were practiced in this manner by the woman he was
+    attached to.
+
+    In a previous volume of these _Studies_ ("Sexual Inversion,"
+    History XXVI) I have recorded the masochistic day-dreams of a boy
+    whose impulses were at the same time inverted; in his reveries
+    "the central fact," he states, "became the discharge of urine
+    from my lover over my body and limbs, or, if I were very fond of
+    him, I let it be in my face." In actual life the act of urination
+    casually witnessed in childhood became the symbol, even the
+    reality, of the central secret of sex: "I stood rooted and
+    flushing with downcast eyes till the act was over, and was
+    conscious for a considerable time of stammering speech and
+    bewildered faculties.... I was overwhelmed with emotion and could
+    barely drag my feet from the spot or my eyes from the damp
+    herbage where he had deposited the waters of secrecy. Even to-day
+    I cannot dissociate myself from the shuddering charm that moment
+    had for me."
+
+It is not only the urine and the faeces which may thus acquire a symbolic
+fascination and attractiveness under the influence of masochistic
+deviations of sexual idealization. In some cases extreme rapture has been
+experienced in licking sweating feet. There is, indeed, no excretion or
+product of the body which has not been a source of ecstasy: the sweat from
+every part of the body, the saliva and menstrual fluid, even the wax from
+the ears.
+
+    Krafft-Ebing very truly points out (_Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+    English translation, p. 178) that this sexual scatalogic
+    symbolism is precisely paralleled by a religious scatalogic
+    symbolism. In the excesses of devout enthusiasm the ascetic
+    performs exactly the same acts as are performed in these excesses
+    of erotic enthusiasm. To mix excreta with the food, to lick up
+    excrement, to suck festering sores--all these and the like are
+    acts which holy and venerated women have performed.
+
+    Not only the saint, but also the prophet and medicine-man have
+    been frequently eaters of human excrement; it is only necessary
+    to refer to the instance of the prophet Ezekiel, who declared
+    that he was commanded to bake his bread with human dung, and to
+    the practices of medicine-men at Torres Straits, in whose
+    training the eating of human excrement takes a recognized part.
+    (Deities, notably Baal-Phegor, were sometimes supposed to eat
+    excrement, so that it was natural that their messengers and
+    representatives among men should do so. As regards Baal-Phegor,
+    see Dulaure, _Des Divinites Generatrices_, Chapter IV, and J.G.
+    Bourke, _Scatalogic Rites of All Nations_, p. 241. See also
+    Ezekiel, Chapter IV, v. 12, and _Reports Anthropological
+    Expedition to Torres Straits_, vol. v, p. 321.)
+
+    It must be added, however, that while the masochist is overcome
+    by sexual rapture, so that he sees nothing disgusting in his act,
+    the medicine-man and the ascetic are not so invariably overcome
+    by religious rapture, and several ascetic writers have referred
+    to the horror and disgust they experienced, at all events at
+    first, in accomplishing such acts, while the medicine-men when
+    novices sometimes find the ordeal too severe and have to abandon
+    their career. Brenier de Montmorand, while remarking, not without
+    some exaggeration, that "the Christian ascetics are almost all
+    eaters of excrement" ("Ascetisme et Mysticisme," _Revue
+    Philosophique_, March, 1904, p. 245), quotes the testimonies of
+    Marguerite-Marie and Madame Guyon as to the extreme repugnance
+    which they had to overcome. They were impelled by a merely
+    intellectual symbolism of self-mortification rather than by the
+    profoundly felt emotional symbolism which moves the masochist.
+
+    Coprophagic acts, whether under the influences of religious
+    exaltation or of sexual rapture, inevitably excite our disgust.
+    We regard them as almost insane, fortified in that belief by the
+    undoubted fact that coprophagia is not uncommon among the insane.
+    It may, therefore, be proper to point out that it is not so very
+    long since the ingestion of human excrement was carried out by
+    our own forefathers in the most sane and deliberate manner. It
+    was administered by medical practitioners for a great number of
+    ailments, apparently with entirely satisfactory results. Less
+    than two centuries ago, Schurig, who so admirably gathered
+    together and arranged the medical lore of his own and the
+    immediately preceding ages, wrote a very long and detailed
+    chapter, "De Stercoris Humani Usu Medico" (_Chylologia_, 1725,
+    cap. XIII; in the Paris _Journal de Medecine_ for February 19,
+    1905, there appeared an article, which I have not seen, entitled
+    "Medicaments oubliees: l'urine et la fiente humaine.") The
+    classes of cases in which the drug was found beneficial would
+    seem to have been extremely various. It must not be supposed that
+    it was usually ingested in the crude form. A common method was to
+    take the faeces of boys, dry them, mix them with the best honey,
+    and administer an electuary. (At an earlier period such drugs
+    appear to have met with some opposition from the Church, which
+    seems to have seen in them only an application of magic; thus I
+    note that in Burchard's remarkable Penitential of the fourteenth
+    century, as reproduced by Wasserschleben, 40 days' penance is
+    prescribed for the use of human urine or excrement as a medicine.
+    Wasserschleben _Die Bussordnungen der Abendlaendlichen Kirche_, p.
+    651.)
+
+The urolagnia of masochism is not a simple phenomenon; it embodies a
+double symbolism: on the one hand a symbolism of self-abnegation, such as
+the ascetic feels, on the other hand a symbolism of transferred sexual
+emotion. Krafft-Ebing was disposed to regard all cases in which a
+scatalogical sexual attraction existed as due to "latent masochism." Such
+a point of view is quite untenable. Certainly the connection is common,
+but in the majority of cases of slightly marked scatalogical fetichism no
+masochism is evident. And when we bear in mind the various considerations,
+already brought forward, which show how widespread and clearly realized is
+the natural and normal basis furnished for such symbolism, it becomes
+quite unnecessary to invoke any aid from masochism. There is ample
+evidence to show that, either as a habitual or more usually an occasional
+act, the impulse to bestow a symbolic value on the act of urination in a
+beloved person, is not extremely uncommon; it has been noted of men of
+high intellectual distinction; it occurs in women as well as men; when
+existing in only a slight degree, it must be regarded as within the normal
+limits of variation of sexual emotion.
+
+    The occasional cases in which the urine is drunk may possibly
+    suggest that the motive lies in the properties of the fluid
+    acting on the system. Support for this supposition might be found
+    in the fact that urine actually does possess, apart altogether
+    from its magic virtues embodied in folk-lore, the properties of a
+    general stimulant. In composition (as Masterman first pointed
+    out) "beef-tea differs little from healthy urine," containing
+    exactly the same constituents, except that in beef-tea there is
+    less urea and uric acid. Fresh urine--more especially that of
+    children and young women--is taken as a medicine in nearly all
+    parts of the world for various disorders, such as epistaxis,
+    malaria and hysteria, with benefit, this benefit being almost
+    certainly due to its qualities as a general stimulant and
+    restorative. William Salmon's _Dispensatory_, 1678 (quoted in
+    _British Medical Journal_, April 21, 1900, p. 974), shows that in
+    the seventeenth century urine still occupied an important place
+    as a medicine, and it frequently entered largely into the
+    composition of Aqua Divina.
+
+    Its use has been known even in England in the nineteenth century.
+    (Masterman, _Lancet_, October 2, 1880; R. Neale, "Urine as a
+    Medicine," _Practitioner_, November, 1881; Bourke brings together
+    a great deal of evidence as to the therapeutic uses of urine in
+    his _Scatalogic Rites_, especially pp. 331-335; Lusini has shown
+    that normal urine invariably increases the frequency of the heart
+    beats, _Archivio di Farmacologia_, fascs. 19-21, 1893.)
+
+    But it is an error to suppose that these facts account for the
+    urolagnic drinking of urine. As in the gratification of a normal
+    sexual impulse, the intense excitement of gratifying a scatalogic
+    sexual impulse itself produces a degree of emotional stimulation
+    far greater than the ingestion of a small amount of animal
+    extractives would be adequate to effect. In such cases, as much
+    as in normal sexuality, the stimulation is clearly psychic.
+
+When, as is most commonly the case, it is the process of urination and not
+the urine itself which is attractive, we are clearly concerned with a
+symbolism of act and not with the fetichistic attraction of an excretion.
+When the excretion, apart from the act, provides the attraction, we seem
+usually to be in the presence of an olfactory fetichism. These fetichisms
+connected with the excreta appear to be experienced chiefly by individuals
+who are somewhat weak-minded, which is not necessarily the case in regard
+to those persons for whom the act, rather than its product apart from the
+beloved person, is the attractive symbol.
+
+    The sexually symbolic nature of the act of urination for many
+    people is indicated by the existence, according to Bloch, who
+    enumerates various kinds of indecent photographs, of a group
+    which he terms "the notorious _pisseuses_." It is further
+    indicated by several of the reproductions in Fuch's _Erotsiche
+    Element in der Karikatur_, such as Delorme's "La Necessite n'a
+    point de Loi." (It should be added that such a scene by no means
+    necessarily possesses any erotic symbolism, as we may see in
+    Rembrandt's etching commonly called "Le Femme qui Pisse," in
+    which the reflected lights on the partly shadowed stream furnish
+    an artistic motive which is obviously free from any trace of
+    obscenity.) In the case which Krafft-Ebing quotes from Maschka of
+    a young man who would induce young girls to dance naked in his
+    room, to leap, and to urinate in his presence, whereupon seminal
+    ejaculation would take place, we have a typical example of
+    urolagnic symbolism in a form adequate to produce complete
+    gratification. A case in which the urolagnic form of scatalogic
+    symbolism reached its fullest development as a sexual perversion
+    has been described in Russia by Sukhanoff (summarized in
+    _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, November, 1900, and
+    _Annales Medico-psychologiques_, February, 1901), that of a young
+    man of 27, of neuropathic temperament, who when he once chanced
+    to witness a woman urinating experienced voluptuous sensations.
+    From that moment he sought close contact with women urinating,
+    the maximum of gratification being reached when he could place
+    himself in such a position that a woman, in all innocence, would
+    urinate into his mouth. All his amorous adventures were concerned
+    with the search for opportunities for procuring this difficult
+    gratification. Closets in which he was able to hide, winter
+    weather and dull days he found most favorable to success. (A
+    somewhat similar case is recorded in the _Archives de
+    Neurologie_, 1902, p. 462.)
+
+    In the case of a robust man of neuropathic heredity recorded by
+    Pelanda some light is shed on the psychic attitude in these
+    manifestations; there was masturbation up to the age of 16, when
+    he abandoned the practice, and up to the age of 30 found complete
+    satisfaction in drinking the still hot urine of women. When a
+    lady or girl in the house went to her room to satisfy a need of
+    this kind, she had hardly left it but he hastened in, overcome by
+    extreme excitement, culminating in spontaneous ejaculation. The
+    younger the woman the greater the transport he experienced. It is
+    noteworthy that in this, as possibly in all similar cases, there
+    was no sensory perversion and no morbid attraction of taste or
+    smell; he stated that the action of his senses was suspended by
+    his excitement, and that he was quite unable to perceive the odor
+    or taste of the fluid. (Pelanda, "Pornopatice," _Archivio di
+    Psichiatria_, facs. iii-iv, 1889, p. 356.) It is in the emotional
+    symbolism that the fascination lies and not in any sensory
+    perversion.
+
+    Magnan records the spontaneous development of this sexual
+    symbolism in a girl of 11, of good intellectual development but
+    alcoholic heredity, who seduced a boy younger than herself to
+    mutual masturbation, and on one occasion, lying on the ground and
+    raising her clothes, asked him to urinate on her. (_International
+    Congress of Criminal Anthropology_, 1889.) This case (except for
+    the early age of the subject) illustrates sporadically occurring
+    urolagnic symbolism in a woman, to whom such symbolism is fairly
+    obvious on account of the close resemblance between the emission
+    of urine and the ejaculation of semen in the man, and the fact
+    that the same conduit serves for both fluids. (A urolagnic
+    day-dream of this kind is recorded in the history of a lady
+    contained in the third volume of these _Studies_, Appendix B,
+    History VIII.) The natural and inevitable character of this
+    symbolism is shown by the fact that among primitive peoples urine
+    is sometimes supposed to possess the fertilizing virtues of
+    semen. J.G. Frazer in his edition of Pausanias (vol. iv, p. 139)
+    brings together various stories of women impregnated by urine.
+    Hartland also (_Legend of Perseus_, vol. i, pp. 76, 92) records
+    legends of women who were impregnated by accidentally or
+    intentionally drinking urine.
+
+    The symbolic sexual significance of urolagnia has hitherto
+    usually been confused with the fetichistic and mainly olfactory
+    perversion by which the excretion itself becomes a source of
+    sexual excitement. Long since Tardieu referred, under the name of
+    "renifleurs," to persons who were said to haunt the neighborhood
+    of quiet passages, more especially in the neighborhood of
+    theatres, and who when they perceived a woman emerge after
+    urination, would hasten to excite themselves by the odor of the
+    excretion. Possibly a fetichism of this kind existed in a case
+    recorded by Belletrud and Mercier (_Annales d'Hygiene Publique_,
+    June, 1904, p. 48). A weak-minded, timid youth, who was very
+    sexual but not attractive to women, would watch for women who
+    were about to urinate and immediately they had passed on would go
+    and lick the spot they had moistened, at the same time
+    masturbating. Such a fetichistic perversion is strictly analogous
+    to the fetichism by which women's handkerchiefs, aprons or
+    underlinen become capable of affording sexual gratification. A
+    very complete case of such urolagnic fetichism--complete because
+    separated from association with the person accomplishing the act
+    of urination--has been recorded by Moraglia in a woman. It is the
+    case of a beautiful and attractive young woman of 18, with thick
+    black hair, and expressive vivacious eyes, but sallow complexion.
+    Married a year previously, but childless, she experienced a
+    certain amount of pleasure in coitus, but she preferred
+    masturbation, and frankly acknowledged that she was highly
+    excited by the odor of fermented urine. So strong was this
+    fetichism that when, for instance, she passed a street urinal she
+    was often obliged to go aside and masturbate; once she went for
+    this purpose into the urinal itself and was almost discovered in
+    the act, and on another occasion into a church. Her perversion
+    caused her much worry because of the fear of detection. She
+    preferred, when she could, to obtain a bottle of urine--which
+    must be stale and a man's (this, she said, she could detect by
+    the smell)--and to shut herself up in her own room, holding the
+    bottle in one hand and repeatedly masturbating with the other.
+    (Moraglia, "Psicopatie Sessuali," _Archivio di Psichiatria_, vol.
+    xiii, fasc. 6, p. 267, 1892.) This case is of especial interest
+    because of the great rarity of fully developed fetichism in
+    women. In a slight and germinal degree I believe that cases of
+    fetichism are not uncommon in women, but they are certainly rare
+    in a well-marked form, and Krafft-Ebing declared, even in the
+    late editions of his _Psychopathia Sexualis_, that he knew of no
+    cases in women.
+
+So far we have been concerned with the urolagnic rather than the
+coprolagnic variety of scatalogical symbolism. Although the two are
+sometimes associated there is no necessary connection, and most usually
+there is no tendency for the one to involve the other. Urolagnia is
+certainly much the more frequently found; the act of urination is far more
+apt to suggest erotically symbolical ideas than the idea of defecation.
+It is not difficult to understand why this should be so. The act of
+urination lends itself more easily to sexual symbolism; it is more
+intimately associated with the genital function; its repetition is
+necessary at more frequent intervals so that it is more in evidence;
+moreover, its product, unlike that of the act of defecation, is not
+offensive to the senses. Still coprolagnia occurs and not so very
+infrequently. Burton remarked that even the normal lover is affected by
+this feeling: "immo nec ipsum amicae stercus foctet."[29]
+
+Of Caligula who, however, was scarcely sane, it was said "et quidem
+stercus uxoris degustavit."[30] In Parisian brothels (according to Taxil
+and others) provision is made for those who are sexually excited by the
+spectacle of the act of defecation (without reference to contact or odor)
+by means of a "tabouret de verre," from under the glass floor of which the
+spectacle of the defecating women may be closely observed. It may be added
+that the erotic nature of such a spectacle is referred to in the Marquis
+de Sade's novels.
+
+There is one motive for the existence of coprolagnia which must not be
+passed over, because it has doubtless frequently served as a mode of
+transition to what, taken by itself, may well seem the least aesthetically
+attractive of erotic symbols. I refer to the tendency of the nates to
+become a sexual fetich. The nates have in all ages and in all parts of the
+world been frequently regarded as one of the most aesthetically beautiful
+parts of the feminine body.[31] It is probable that on the basis of this
+entirely normal attraction more than one form of erotic symbolism is at
+all events in part supported. Duehren and others have considered that the
+aesthetic charm of the nates is one of the motives which prompt the desire
+to inflict flagellation on women. In the same way--certainly in some and
+probably in many cases--the sexual charm of the nates progressively
+extends to the anal region, to the act of defecation, and finally to the
+feces.
+
+    In a case of Krafft-Ebing's (_Op. cit._, p. 183) the subject,
+    when a child of 6, accidentally placed his hand in contact with
+    the nates of the little girl who sat next to him in school, and
+    experienced so great a pleasure in this contact that he
+    frequently repeated it; when he was 10 a nursery governess, to
+    gratify her own desires, placed his finger in her vagina; in
+    adult life he developed urolagnic tendencies.
+
+    In a case of Moll's the development of a youthful admiration for
+    the nates in a coprolagnic direction may be clearly traced. In
+    this case a young man, a merchant, in a good position, sought to
+    come in contact with women defecating; and with this object would
+    seek to conceal himself in closets; the excretal odor was
+    pleasurable to him, but was not essential to gratification, and
+    the sight of the nates was also exciting and at the same time not
+    essential to gratification; the act of defecation appears,
+    however, to have been regarded as essential. He never sought to
+    witness prostitutes in this situation; he was only attracted to
+    young, pretty and innocent women. The coprolagnia here, however,
+    had its source in a childish impression of admiration for the
+    nates. When 5 or 6 years old he crawled under the clothes of a
+    servant girl, his face coming in contact with her nates, an
+    impression that remained associated in his mind with pleasure.
+    Three or four years later he used to experience much pleasure
+    when a young girl cousin sat on his face; thus was strengthened
+    an association which developed naturally into coprolagnia. (Moll,
+    _Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 837.)
+
+    It is scarcely necessary to remark that an admiration for the
+    nates, even when reaching a fetichistic degree, by no means
+    necessarily involves, even after many years, any attraction to
+    the excreta. A correspondent for whom the nates have constituted
+    a fetich for many years writes: "I find my craving for women with
+    profuse pelvic or posterior development is growing and I wish to
+    copulate from behind; but I would feel a sickening feeling if any
+    part of my person came in contact with the female anus. It is
+    more pleasing to me to see the nates than the mons, yet I loathe
+    everything associated with the anal region."
+
+Moll has recorded in detail a case of what may be described as "ideal
+coprolagnia"--that is to say, where the symbolism, though fully developed
+in imagination, was not carried into real life--which is of great interest
+because it shows how, in a very intelligent subject, the deviated
+symbolism may become highly developed and irradiate all the views of life
+in the same way as the normal impulse. (The subject's desires were also
+inverted, but from the present point of view the psychological interest of
+the case is not thereby impaired.) Moll's case was one of symbolism of
+act, the excreta offering no attraction apart from the process of
+defecation. In a case which has been communicated to me there was, on the
+other hand, an olfactory fetichistic attraction to the excreta even in the
+absence of the person.
+
+    In Moll's case, the patient, X., 23 years of age, belongs to a
+    family which he himself describes as nervous. His mother, who is
+    anaemic, has long suffered from almost periodical attacks of
+    excitement, weakness, syncope and palpitation. A brother of the
+    mother died in a lunatic asylum, and several other brothers
+    complain much of their nerves. The mother's sisters are very
+    good-natured, but liable to break out in furious passions; this
+    they inherit from their father. There appears to be no nervous
+    disease on the patient's father's side. X.'s sisters are also
+    healthy.
+
+    X. himself is of powerful undersized build and enjoys good
+    health, injured by no excesses. He considers himself nervous. He
+    worked hard at school and was always the first in his class; he
+    adds, however, that this is due less to his own abilities than
+    the laziness of his school-fellows. He is, as he remarks, very
+    religious and prays frequently, but seldom goes to church.
+
+    In regard to his psychic characters he says that he has no
+    specially prominent talent, but is much interested in languages,
+    mathematics, physics and philosophy, in fact, in abstract
+    subjects generally. "While I take a lively interest in every kind
+    of intellectual work," he says, "it is only recently that I have
+    been attracted to real life and its requirements. I have never
+    had much skill in physical exercises. For external things until
+    recently I have only had contempt. I have a delicately
+    constituted nature, loving solitude, and only associating with a
+    few select persons. I have a decided taste for fiction, poetry
+    and music; my temperament is idealistic and religious, with
+    strict conceptions of duty and morality, and aspirations towards
+    the good and beautiful. I detest all that is common and coarse,
+    and yet I can think and act in the way you will learn from the
+    following pages."
+
+    Regarding his sexual life, X. made the following communication:
+    "During the last two years I have become convinced of the
+    perversion of my sexual instinct. I had often previously thought
+    that in me the impulse was not quite normal, but it is only
+    lately that I have become convinced of my complete perversion. I
+    have never read or heard of any case in which the sexual feelings
+    were of the same kind. Although I can feel a lively inclination
+    towards superior representatives of the female sex, and have
+    twice felt something like love, the sight or the recollection
+    even of a beautiful woman have never caused sexual excitement."
+    In the two exceptional instances mentioned it appears that X. had
+    an inclination to kiss the women in question, but that the
+    thought of coitus had no attraction. "In my voluptuous dreams,
+    connected with the emission of semen, women in seductive
+    situations have never appeared. I have never had any desire to
+    visit a _puella publica_. The love-stories of my fellow-students
+    seemed very silly, dances and balls were a horror to me, and only
+    on very rare occasions could I be persuaded to go into society.
+    It will be easy to guess the diagnosis in my case: I suffer from
+    the sexual attraction of my own sex, I am a lover of boys.
+
+    "You cannot imagine what a world of thoughts, wishes, feelings
+    and impulses the words 'knabe,' 'pais,' 'garcon,' 'boy,'
+    'ragazzo' have for me; one of these words, even in an unmeaning
+    clause of a translation-book, calls before me the whole sum of
+    associations which in course of time have become bound up with
+    this idea, and it is only with an effort that I can scare away
+    the wild band. This group of thoughts shows a wonderful mixture
+    of warm sensuality and ideal love, it unites my lowest and
+    highest impulses, the strength and the weakness of my nature, my
+    curse and my blessing. My inclination is especially towards boys
+    of the age of 12 to 15; though they may be rather younger or
+    older. That I should prefer beautiful and intelligent boys is
+    comprehensible. I do not want a prostitute, but a friend or a
+    son, whose soul I love, whom I can help to become a more perfect
+    man, such as I myself would willingly be.
+
+    "When I myself belonged to that happy age (i.e., below 15) I had
+    no dearer wish than to possess a friend of similar tastes. I have
+    sought, hoped, waited, grieved, and been at last disillusioned,
+    overcome by desire and despair, and have not found that friend.
+    Even later the hope often reappeared, but always in vain, and I
+    cannot boast of that sure recognition which one reads of in the
+    autobiographies of Urnings. I do not know personally a single
+    fellow-sufferer. It is also doubtful whether such an
+    acquaintanceship would greatly help me, for I have a very
+    peculiar conception of homosexuality. As you will see, I have
+    little more in common with what are called paederasts than sexual
+    indifference to the female sex, and I often ask myself: 'Does any
+    other man in the whole world feel like you? Are you alone in the
+    earth with your morbid desires? Are you a pariah of pariahs, or
+    is there, perhaps, another soul with similar longings living near
+    you? How often in summer have I gone to the lakes and streams
+    outside cities to seek boys bathing; but I always came back
+    unsatisfied, whether I found any or not. And in winter I have
+    been irresistibly impelled to return to the same spots, as if it
+    were sanctified by the boys, but my darlings had vanished and
+    cold winds blew over the icy floods, so that I would return
+    feeling as though I had buried all my happiness.
+
+    "It must be borne in mind, therefore, that what I have to say
+    regarding my sexual impulses only refers to fancies and never to
+    their practical realization. My sensual impulses are not
+    connected with the sexual organs; all my voluptuous ideas are not
+    in the least connected with these parts. For this reason I have
+    never practiced onanism and _immissio membri in anum_ is as
+    repulsive to me as to a normal man. Even every imitation of
+    coitus is, for me, without attraction. In a boy's body two things
+    specially excite me: _his belly and his nates_, the first as
+    containing the digestive tract, the second as holding the opening
+    of the bowels. Of the vegetable processes of life in the boy none
+    interest me nearly so much as the progress of his digestion and
+    the process of defecation. It is incredible to what an extent
+    this part of physiology has occupied me from youth. If as a boy I
+    wanted to read something of a piquantly exciting character I
+    sought in my father's encyclopaedia for articles like:
+    Obstruction, Constipation, Haemorrhoids, Faeces, etc. No function
+    of the body seemed to be so significant as this, and I regarded
+    its disturbances as the most important in the whole mechanism of
+    life. The description of other disorders I could read in cold
+    blood, but intussusception of the bowels makes me ill even
+    to-day. I am always extremely pleased to hear that the digestion
+    of the people around me is in good condition. A man who did not
+    sufficiently watch over his digestion aroused distrust in me, and
+    I imagined that wicked men must be horribly indifferent regarding
+    this weighty matter. Even more than in ordinary persons was I
+    interested in the digestion of more mysterious beings, like
+    magicians in legends, or men of other nations. I would willingly
+    have made an anthropological study of my favorite subject, only
+    to my annoyance books nearly always pass over the matter in
+    silence. In history and fiction I regretted the absence of
+    information concerning the state of my heroes' digestion when
+    they languished in prison or in some unaccustomed or unhealthy
+    spot. For this reason I held no book more precious than one which
+    describes how a young man after being shipwrecked lived for a
+    long time in a narrow snow-hut, and it was conscientiously stated
+    that he became aware of digestive disturbances. No immorality
+    angers me more than the foolish practice of ladies who in society
+    neglect the satisfaction of their natural needs from misplaced
+    motives of modesty. On a railway journey I suffer horribly from
+    the thought that one of my fellow-travelers may be prevented from
+    fulfilling some imperative natural necessity.
+
+    "I naturally devote the greatest attention to my own digestion.
+    With painful conscientiousness I go to stool every day at the
+    same hour; if the operation does not come off to my satisfaction
+    I feel not so much physical as mental discomfort. To this quite
+    useful hygienic interest became associated at puberty a sensual
+    interest. Since my fourteenth year I have had no greater
+    enjoyment than to defecate undressed (I do not do so now) after
+    having first carefully examined the distension of my abdomen. In
+    summer I would go into the woods, undress myself in a secluded
+    spot and indulge in the voluptuous pleasures of defecation. I
+    would sometimes combine with this a bath in a stream. I would
+    exhaust my imagination in the effort to invent specially
+    enjoyable variations, longed for a desert island where I could go
+    about naked, fill my body with much nourishing food, hold in the
+    excrement as long as possible and then discharge it in some
+    subtly-thought-out spot. These practices and ideas often caused
+    erections and later on emissions, but the genitals played no part
+    in my conceptions; their movements were uncomfortable and gave no
+    pleasure.
+
+    "I soon longed to be associated in these orgies with some boy of
+    the same age, but I wanted not only a companion in my passion,
+    but also a real friend. Since there could be no question of
+    masturbation or paederasty, our love would have been limited to
+    kisses, embraces, and--as a compensation for coitus--defecation
+    together. That would have been perfect bliss to me. I will spare
+    you the unaesthetic contents of my voluptuous dreams. But I
+    remained without a companion, and, therefore, without real
+    enjoyment. [He has, however, on various occasions experienced
+    erections, and even emissions, on seeing, by chance, men or boys
+    defecate.] Hinc illae lacrimae; the excitement over my own
+    defecation only took place _faute de mieux_.
+
+    "I knew very well that my thoughts and practices were impure and
+    contemptible. Ah! how often, when the intoxication was over, have
+    I thrown myself remorsefully on my knees, praying to God for
+    pardon! For some weeks I repressed my longing; but at last it was
+    too strong for me, I tried to justify myself and fell into my
+    vice anew. That I was guilty of licentiousness and loved boys
+    sexually first became clear to me later on, when I knew the
+    significance of erection as a sign of sexual excitement.
+
+    "No one can imagine with what demoniacal joy I am possessed at
+    the thought of a beautiful naked boy whose abdomen is filled as
+    the result of long abstinence from stool. The thought powerfully
+    excites me, a flood of passion goes through my blood and my limbs
+    tremble. I would never grow tired of feeling that belly and
+    looking at it. My passion would express itself in tempestuous
+    caresses, and the boy would have to assume various positions in
+    order to show off the beauty of his form, i.e., to bring the
+    parts in question into better view. To observe defecation would
+    still further increase this peculiar enjoyment. If the boy's
+    bowels were not sufficiently filled I would feed him with all
+    sorts of food which produces much excrement, such as potatoes,
+    coarse bread, etc. If possible I would seek to delay defecation
+    for two or three days, so that it might be as copious as
+    possible. When at last it occurred it would be an unspeakable joy
+    for me to watch the faeces--which would have to be fairly
+    firm--emerging from the anus."
+
+    X. would like to be a teacher and thinks he could exert a
+    beneficial influence on boys. In spite of the pain he has
+    suffered he does not think he would like to be cured of his
+    perverse inclinations, for they have given him joy as well as
+    pain, and the pain has chiefly been owing to the fact that he
+    could not gratify his inclinations. X. smokes and drinks in
+    moderation, and has no feminine habits. (The foregoing is a
+    condensed summary of the case which is fully reported by Moll,
+    _Kontraere Sexualempfindung_, third edition, pp. 295-305.)
+
+    The case of coprolagnia communicated to me is that of a married
+    man, normal in all other respects, intellectually brilliant and
+    filling successfully a very responsible position. When a child
+    the women of his household were always indifferent as to his
+    presence in their bedrooms, and would satisfy all natural calls
+    without reserve before him. He would dream of this with
+    erections. His sexual interests became slowly centered in the act
+    of defecation, and this fetich throughout life never appealed to
+    him so powerfully as when associated with the particular type of
+    household furniture which was used for this purpose in his own
+    house. The act of defecation in the opposite sex or anything
+    pertaining to or suggesting the same caused uncontrollable sexual
+    excitement; the nates also exerted a great attraction. The alvine
+    excreta exerted this influence even in the absence of the woman;
+    it was, however, necessary that she should be a sexually
+    desirable person. The perversion in this case was not complete;
+    that is to say, that the excitement produced by the act of
+    defecation or the excretion itself was not actually preferred to
+    coitus; the sexual idea was normal coitus in the normal manner,
+    but preceded by the visual and olfactory enjoyment of the
+    exciting fetich. When coitus was not possible the enjoyment of
+    the fetich was accompanied by masturbation (as in the analogous
+    case of urolagnia in a woman summarized on p. 62.) On one
+    occasion he was discovered by a friend in a bedroom belonging to
+    a woman, engaged in the act of masturbation over a vessel
+    containing the desired fetich. In an agony of shame he begged the
+    mercy of silence concerning this episode, at the same time
+    revealing his life-history. He has constantly been haunted by the
+    dread of detection, as well as by remorse and the consciousness
+    of degradation, also by the fear that his unconquerable obsession
+    may lead him to the asylum.
+
+The scatalogic groups of sexual perversions, urolagnia and coprolagnia, as
+may be sufficiently seen in this brief summary, are not merely olfactory
+fetiches. They are, in a larger proportion of cases, dynamic symbols, a
+preoccupation with physiological acts which, by associations of contiguity
+and still more of resemblance, have gained the virtue of stimulating in
+slight cases, and replacing in more extreme cases, the normal
+preoccupation with the central physiological act itself. We have seen that
+there are various considerations which amply suffice to furnish a basis
+for such associations. And when we reflect that in the popular mind, and
+to some extent in actual fact, the sexual act itself is, like urination
+and defecation, an excretory act, we can understand that the true
+excretory acts may easily become symbols of the pseudo-excretory act. It
+is, indeed, in the muscular release of accumulated pressures and tensions,
+involved by the act of liberating the stored-up excretion, that we have
+the closest simulacrum of the tumescence and detumescence of the sexual
+process.[32]
+
+In this way the erotic symbolism of urolagnia and coprolagnia is
+completely analogous with that dynamic symbolism of the clinging and
+swinging garments which Herrick has so accurately described, with the
+complex symbolism of flagellation and its play of the rod against the
+blushing and trembling nates, with the symbols of sexual strain and stress
+which are embodied in the foot and the act of treading.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[24] Fuchs (_Das Erotische Element In der Karikatur_, p. 26),
+distinguishing sharply between the "erotic" and the "obscene," reserves
+the latter term exclusively for the representation of excretory organs and
+acts. He considers that this is etymologically the most exact usage.
+However that may be, it seems to me that, in any case, "obscene" has
+become so vague a term that it is now impracticable to give it a
+restricted and precise sense.
+
+[25] In this connection we may profitably contemplate the hand and recall
+the vast gamut of functions, sacred and profane, which that organ
+exercises. Many savages strictly reserve the left hand to the lowlier
+purposes of life; but in civilization that is not considered necessary,
+and it may be wholesome for some of us to meditate on the more humble uses
+of the same hand which is raised in the supreme gesture of benediction and
+which men have often counted it a privilege to kiss.
+
+[26] See, e.g., Morselli, _Una Causa di Nullita del Matrimonio_, 1902, p.
+39.
+
+[27] Fere, _Comptes-Rendus Societe de Biologie_, July 23, 1904.
+
+[28] Transactions of the International Medical Congress, Moscow, vol. iv,
+p. 19. A similar symbolism may be traced in many of the cases in which the
+focus of modesty becomes in modest women centered in the excretory sphere
+and sometimes exaggerated to the extent of obsession. It must not be
+supposed, however, that every obsession in this sphere has a symbolical
+value of an erotic kind. In the case, for instance, which has been
+recorded by Raymond and Janet (_Les Obsessions_, vol. ii, p. 306) of a
+woman who spent much of her time in the endeavor to urinate perfectly,
+always feeling that she failed in some respect, the obsession seems to
+have risen fortuitously on a somewhat neurotic basis without reference to
+the sexual life.
+
+[29] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. III, Subs. I.
+
+[30] It may be remarked here that while the eating of excrement (apart
+from its former use as a magic charm and as a therapeutic agent) is in
+civilization now confined to sexual perverts and the insane, among some
+animals it is normal as a measure of hygiene in relation to their young.
+Thus, as, e.g., the Rev. Arthur East writes, the mistle thrush swallows
+the droppings of its young. (_Knowledge_, June 1, 1899, p. 133.) In the
+dog I have observed that the bitch licks her puppies shortly after birth
+as they urinate, absorbing the fluid.
+
+[31] See, e.g., the previous volume of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection
+in Man," pp. 165 et seq., and Duehren, _Geschlechtsleben in England_, bd.
+ii, pp. 258, et seq.
+
+[32] In the study of _Love and Pain_ in a previous volume (p. 130) I have
+quoted the remarks of a lady who refers to the analogy between sexual
+tension and vesical tension--"Cette volupte que ressentent les bords de la
+mer, d'etre toujours pleins sans jamais deborder"--and its erotic
+significance.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+Animals as Sources of Erotic Symbolism--Mixoscopic Zoophilia--The
+Stuff-fetichisms--Hair-fetichism--The Stuff-fetichisms Mainly on a Tactile
+Base--Erotic Zoophilia--Zooerastia--Bestiality--The Conditions that Favor
+Bestiality--Its Wide Prevalence Among Primitive Peoples and Among
+Peasants--The Primitive Conception of Animals--The Goat--The Influence of
+Familiarity with Animals--Congress Between Women and Animals--The Social
+Reaction Against Bestiality.
+
+
+The erotic symbols with which we have so far been concerned have in every
+case been portions of the body, or its physiological processes, or at
+least the garments which it has endowed with life. The association on
+which the symbol has arisen has in every case been in large measure,
+although not entirely, an association of contiguity. It is now necessary
+to touch on a group of sexual symbols in which the association of
+contiguity with the human body is absent: the various methods by which
+animals or animal products or the sight of animal copulation may arouse
+sexual desire in human persons. Here we encounter a symbolism mainly
+founded on association by resemblance; the animal sexual act recalls the
+human sexual act; the animal becomes the symbol of the human being.
+
+The group of phenomena we are here concerned with includes several
+subdivisions. There is first the more or less sexual pleasure sometimes
+experienced, especially by young persons, in the sight of copulating
+animals. This I would propose to call Mixoscopic Zoophilia; it falls
+within the range of normal variation. Then we have the cases in which the
+contact of animals, stroking, etc., produces sexual excitement or
+gratification; this is a sexual fetichism in the narrow sense, and is by
+Krafft-Ebing termed _Zoophilia Erotica_. We have, further, the class of
+cases in which a real or simulated sexual intercourse with animals is
+desired. Such cases are not regarded as fetichism by Krafft-Ebing,[33]
+but they come within the phenomena of erotic symbolism as here understood.
+This class falls into two divisions: one in which the individual is fairly
+normal, but belongs to a low grade of culture; the other in which he may
+belong to a more refined social class, but is affected by a deep degree of
+degeneration. In the first case we may properly apply the term bestiality;
+in the second case it may perhaps be better to use the term _zooerastia_,
+proposed by Krafft-Ebing.[34]
+
+Among children, both boys and girls, it is common to find that the
+copulation of animals is a mysteriously fascinating spectacle. It is
+inevitable that this should be so, for the spectacle is more or less
+clearly felt to be the revelation of a secret which has been concealed
+from them. It is, moreover, a secret of which they feel intimate
+reverberations within themselves, and even in perfectly innocent and
+ignorant children the sight may produce an obscure sexual excitement.[35]
+It would seem that this occurs more frequently in girls than in boys. Even
+in adult age, it may be added, women are liable to experience the same
+kind of emotion in the presence of such spectacles. One lady recalls, as a
+girl, that on several occasions an element of physical excitement entered
+into the feelings with which she watched the coquetry of cats. Another
+lady mentions that at the age of about 25, and when still quite ignorant
+of sexual matters, she saw from a window some boys tickling a dog and
+inducing sexual excitement in the animal; she vaguely divined what they
+were doing, and though feeling disgust at their conduct she at the same
+time experienced in a strong degree what she now knows was sexual
+excitement. The coupling of the larger animals is often an impressive and
+splendid spectacle which is far, indeed, from being obscene, and has
+commended itself to persons of intellectual distinction;[36] but in young
+or ill-balanced minds such sights tend to become both prurient and morbid.
+I have already referred to the curious case of a sexually hyperaesthetic
+nun who was always powerfully excited by the sight or even the
+recollection of flies in sexual connection, so that she was compelled to
+masturbate; this dated from childhood. After becoming a nun she recorded
+having had this experience, followed by masturbation, more than four
+hundred times.[37] Animal spectacles sometimes produce a sexual effect on
+children even when not specifically sexual; thus a correspondent, a
+clergyman, informs me that when a young and impressionable boy, he was
+much affected by seeing a veterinary surgeon insert his hand and arm into
+a horse's rectum, and dreamed of this several times afterward with
+emissions.
+
+While the contemplation of animal coitus is an easily intelligible and in
+early life, perhaps, an almost normal symbol of sexual emotion, there is
+another subdivision of this group of animal fetichisms which forms a more
+natural transition from the fetichisms which have their center in the
+human body: the stuff-fetichisms, or the sexual attraction exerted by
+various tissues, perhaps always of animal origin. Here we are in the
+presence of a somewhat complicated phenomenon. In part we have, in a
+considerable number of such cases, the sexual attraction of feminine
+garments, for all such tissues are liable to enter into the dress. In
+part, also, we have a sexual perversion of tactile sensibility, for in a
+considerable proportion of these cases it is the touch sensations which
+are potent in arousing the erotic sensations. But in part, also, it would
+seem, we have here the conscious or subconscious presence of an animal
+fetich, and it is notable that perhaps all these stuffs, and especially
+fur, which is by far the commonest of the groups, are distinctively animal
+products. We may perhaps regard the fetich of feminine hair--a much more
+important and common fetich, indeed, than any of the stuff fetichisms--as
+a link of transition. Hair is at once an animal and a human product, while
+it may be separated from the body and possesses the qualities of a stuff.
+Krafft-Ebing remarks that the senses of touch, smell, and hearing, as well
+as sight, seem to enter into the attraction exerted by hair.
+
+    The natural fascination of hair, on which hair-fetichism is
+    founded, begins at a very early age. "The hair is a special
+    object of interest with infants," Stanley Hall concludes, "which
+    begins often in the latter part of the first year.... The hair,
+    no doubt, gives quite unique tactile sensations, both in its own
+    roots and to hands, and is plastic and yielding to the motor
+    sense, so that the earliest interest may be akin to that in fur,
+    which is a marked object in infant experience. Some children
+    develop an almost fetichistic propensity to pull or later to
+    stroke the hair or beard of every one with whom they come in
+    contact." (G. Stanley Hall, "The Early Sense of Self," _American
+    Journal of Psychology_, April, 1898, p. 359.)
+
+    It should be added that the fascination of hair for the infantile
+    and childish mind is not necessarily one of attraction, but may
+    be of repulsion. It happens here, as in the case of so many
+    characteristics which are of sexual significance, that we are in
+    the presence of an object which may exert a dynamic emotional
+    force, a force which is capable of repelling with the same energy
+    that it attracts. Fere records the instructive case of a child of
+    3, of psychopathic heredity, who when he could not sleep was
+    sometimes taken by his mother into her bed. One night his hand
+    came in contact with a hairy portion of his mother's body, and
+    this, arousing the idea of an animal, caused him to leap out of
+    the bed in terror. He became curious as to the cause of his
+    terror and in time was able to observe "the animal," but the
+    train of feelings which had been set up led to a life-long
+    indifference to women and a tendency to homosexuality. It is
+    noteworthy that he was attracted to men in whom the hair and
+    other secondary sexual characters were well developed. (Fere,
+    _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, pp. 262-267.)
+
+    As a sexual fetich hair strictly belongs to the group of parts of
+    the body; but since it can be removed from the body and is
+    sexually effective as a fetich in the absence of the person to
+    whom it belongs, it is on a level with the garments which may
+    serve in a similar way, with shoes or handkerchiefs or gloves.
+    Psychologically, hair-fetichism presents no special problem, but
+    the wide attraction of hair--it is sexually the most generally
+    noted part of the feminine body after the eyes--and the peculiar
+    facility with which when plaited it may be removed, render
+    hair-fetichism a sexual perversion of specially great
+    medico-legal interest.
+
+    The frequency of hair-fetichism, as well as of the natural
+    admiration on which it rests, is indicated by a case recorded by
+    Laurent. "A few years ago," he states, "one constantly saw at the
+    Bal Bullier, in Paris, a tall girl whose face was lean and bony,
+    but whose black hair was of truly remarkable length. She wore it
+    flowing down her shoulders and loins. Men often followed her in
+    the street to touch or kiss the hair. Others would accompany her
+    home and pay her for the mere pleasure of touching and kissing
+    the long black tresses. One, in consideration of a relatively
+    considerable sum, desired to pollute the silky hair. She was
+    obliged to be always on her guard, and to take all sorts of
+    precautions to prevent any one cutting off this ornament, which
+    constituted her only beauty as well as her livelihood." (E.
+    Laurent, _L'Amour Morbide_, 1891, p. 164; also the same author's
+    _Fetichistes et Erotomanes_, p. 23.)
+
+    The hair despoiler (_Coupeur des Nattes_ or _Zopfabschneider_)
+    may be found in any civilized country, though the most carefully
+    studied cases have occurred in Paris. (Several medico-legal
+    histories of hair-despoilers are summarized by Krafft-Ebing, _Op.
+    cit._, pp. 329-334). Such persons are usually of nervous
+    temperament and bad heredity; the attraction to hair occasionally
+    develops in early life; sometimes the morbid impulse only appears
+    in later life after fever. The fetich may be either flowing hair
+    or braided hair, but is usually one or the other, and not both.
+    Sexual excitement and ejaculation may be produced in the act of
+    touching or cutting off the hair, which is subsequently, in many
+    cases, used for masturbation. As a rule the hair-despoiler is a
+    pure fetichist, no element of sadistic pleasure entering into his
+    feelings. In the case of a "capillary kleptomaniac" in Chicago--a
+    highly intelligent and athletic married young man of good
+    family--the impulse to cut off girls' braids appeared after
+    recovery from a severe fever. He would gaze admiringly at the
+    long tresses and then clip them off with great rapidity; he did
+    this in some fifty cases before he was caught and imprisoned. He
+    usually threw the braids away before he reached home. (_Alienist
+    and Neurologist_, April, 1889, p. 325.) In this case there is no
+    history of sexual excitement, probably because no proper
+    medico-legal examination was made. (It may be added that
+    hair-despoilers have been specially studied by Motet, "Les
+    Coupeurs de Nattes," _Annales d'Hygiene_, 1890.)
+
+The stuff-fetiches are most usually fur and velvet; feathers, silk, and
+leathers also sometimes exert this influence; they are all, it will be
+noted, animal substances.[38] The most interesting is probably fur, the
+attraction of which is not uncommon in association with passive
+algolagnia. As Stanley Hall has shown, the fear of fur, as well as the
+love of it, is by no means uncommon in childhood; it may appear even in
+infancy and in children who have never come in contact with animals.[39]
+It is noteworthy that in most cases of uncomplicated stuff-fetichism the
+attraction apparently arises on a congenital basis, as it appears in
+persons of nervous or sensitive temperament at an early age and without
+being attached to any definite causative incident. The sexual excitation
+is nearly always produced by the touch rather than by the sight. As we
+found, when dealing with the sense of touch in the previous volume, the
+specific sexual sensations may be regarded as a special modification of
+ticklishness. The erotic symbolism in the case of these stuff-fetichisms
+would seem to be a more or less congenital perversion of ticklishness in
+relation to specific animal contacts.
+
+A further degree of perversion in this direction is reached in a case of
+erotic _zoophilia_, recorded by Krafft-Ebing.[40] In this case a
+congenital neuropath, of good intelligence but delicate and anaemic, with
+feeble sexual powers, had a great love of domestic animals, especially
+dogs and cats, from an early age; when petting them he experienced sexual
+emotions, although he was innocent in sexual matters. At puberty he
+realized the nature of his feelings and tried to break himself of his
+habits. He succeeded, but then began erotic dreams accompanied by images
+of animals, and these led to masturbation associated with ideas of a
+similar kind. At the same time he had no wish for any sort of sexual
+intercourse with animals, and was indifferent as to the sex of the animals
+which attracted him; his sexual ideals were normal. Such a case seems to
+be fundamentally one of fetichism on a tactile basis, and thus forms a
+transition between the stuff-fetichisms and the complete perversions of
+sexual attraction toward animals.
+
+    In some cases sexually hyperaesthetic women have informed me that
+    sexual feeling has been produced by casual contact with pet dogs
+    and cats. In such cases there is usually no real perversion, but
+    it seems probable that we may here have an occasional foundation
+    for the somewhat morbid but scarcely vicious excesses of
+    affection which women are apt to display towards their pet dogs
+    or cats. In most cases of this affection there is certainly no
+    sexual element; in the case of childless women, it may rather be
+    regarded as a maternal than as an erotic symbolism. (The excesses
+    of this non-erotic zoophilia have been discussed by Fere,
+    _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, pp. 166-171.)
+
+Krafft-Ebing considers that complete perversion of sexual attraction
+toward animals is radically distinct from erotic _zoophilia_. This view
+cannot be accepted. Bestiality and _zooerastia_ merely present in a more
+marked and profoundly perverted form a further degree of the same
+phenomenon which we meet with in erotic _zoophilia_; the difference is
+that they occur either in more insensitive or in more markedly degenerate
+persons.
+
+A fairly typical case of _zooerastia_ has been recorded in America by
+Howard, of Baltimore. This was the case of a boy of 16, precociously
+mature and fairly bright. He was, however, indifferent to the opposite
+sex, though he had ample opportunity for gratifying normal passions. His
+parents lived in the city, but the youth had an inordinate desire for the
+country and was therefore sent to school in a village. On the second day
+after his arrival at school a farmer missed a sow which was found secreted
+in an outhouse on the school grounds. This was the first of many similar
+incidents in which a sow always took part. So strong was his passion that
+on one occasion force had to be used to take him away from the sow he was
+caressing. He did not masturbate, and even when restrained from
+approaching sows he had no sexual inclination for other animals. His
+nocturnal pollutions, which were frequent, were always accompanied by
+images of wallowing swine. Notwithstanding careful treatment no cure was
+effected; mental and physical vigor failed, and he died at the age of
+23.[41]
+
+It is, however, somewhat doubtful whether we can always or even usually
+distinguish between zooerastia and bestiality. Dr. G.F. Lydston, of
+Chicago, has communicated to me a case (in which he was consulted) which
+seems fairly typical and is instructive in this respect. The subject was a
+young man of 21, a farmer's son, not very bright intellectually, but very
+healthy and strong, of great assistance on the farm, very capable and
+industrious, such a good farm hand that his father was unwilling to send
+him away and to lose his services. There was no history of insanity or
+neurosis in the family, and no injury or illness in his own history. He
+had spells of moroseness and irritability, however, and had also been a
+masturbator. Women had no attraction for him, but he would copulate with
+the mares upon his father's farm, and this without regard to time, place,
+or spectators. Such a case would seem to stand midway between ordinary
+bestiality and pathological zooerastia as defined by Krafft-Ebing, yet it
+seems probable that in most cases of ordinary bestiality some slight
+traces of mental anomaly might be found, if such cases always were, as
+they should be, properly investigated.[42]
+
+We have here reached the grossest and most frequent perversion in this
+group; bestiality, or the impulse to attain sexual gratification by
+intercourse, or other close contact, with animals. In seeking to
+comprehend this perversion it is necessary to divest ourselves of the
+attitude toward animals which is the inevitable outcome of refined
+civilization and urban life. Most sexual perversions, if not in large
+measure the actual outcome of civilized life, easily adjust themselves to
+it. Bestiality (except in one form to be noted later) is, on the other
+hand, the sexual perversion of dull, insensitive and unfastidious persons.
+It flourishes among primitive peoples and among peasants. It is the vice
+of the clodhopper, unattractive to women or inapt to court them.
+
+Three conditions have favored the extreme prevalence of bestiality: (1)
+primitive conceptions of life which built up no great barrier between man
+and the other animals; (2) the extreme familiarity which necessarily
+exists between the peasant and his beasts, often combined with separation
+from women; (3) various folk-lore beliefs such as the efficacy of
+intercourse with animals as a cure for venereal disease, etc.[43]
+
+The beliefs and customs of primitive peoples, as well as their mythology
+and legends, bring before us a community of man and animals altogether
+unlike anything we know in civilization. Men may become animals and
+animals may become men; animals and men may communicate with each other
+and live on terms of equality; animals may be the ancestors of human
+tribes; the sacred totems of savages are most usually animals. There is no
+shame or degradation in the notion of a sexual relationship between men
+and animals, because in primitive conceptions animals are not inferior
+beings separated from man by a great gulf. They are much more like men in
+disguise, and in some respects possess powers which make them superior to
+men. This is recognized in those plays, festivals, and religious dances,
+so common among primitive peoples, in which animal disguises are worn.[44]
+When men admire and emulate the qualities of animals and are proud to
+believe that they descend from them, it is not surprising that they should
+sometimes see nothing derogatory in sexual intercourse with them.[45]
+
+A significant relic of primitive conceptions in this matter may perhaps be
+found in the religious rites connected with the sacred goat of Mendes
+described by Herodotus. After telling how the Mendesians reverence the
+goat, especially the he-goat, out of their veneration for Pan, whom they
+represent as a goat ("the real motive which they assign for this custom I
+do not choose to relate"), he adds: "It happened in this country, and
+within my remembrance, and was indeed universally notorious, that a goat
+had indecent and public communication with a woman."[46] The meaning of
+the passage evidently is that in the ordinary intercourse of women with
+the sacred goat, connection was only simulated or incomplete on account of
+the natural indifference of the goat to the human female, but that in rare
+cases the goat proved sexually excitable with the woman and capable of
+connection.[47] The goat has always been a kind of sacred emblem of lust.
+In the middle ages it became associated with the Devil as one of the
+favorite forms he assumed. It is significant of a primitively religious
+sexual association between men and animals, that witches constantly
+confessed, or were made to confess, that they had had intercourse with the
+Devil in the shape of an animal, very frequently a dog. The figures of
+human beings and animals in conjunction carved on temples in India, also
+seem to indicate the religious significance which this phenomenon
+sometimes presents. There is, indeed, no need to go beyond Europe even in
+her moments of highest culture to find a religious sanction for sexual
+union between human beings, or gods in human shape, and animals. The
+legends of Io and the bull, of Leda and the swan, are among the most
+familiar in Greek mythology, and in a later pictorial form they constitute
+some of the most cherished works of the painters of the Renaissance.
+
+As regards the prevalence of occasional sexual intercourse between men or
+women and animals among primitive peoples at the present time, it is
+possible to find many scattered references by travelers in all parts of
+the world. Such references by no means indicate that such practices are,
+as a rule, common, but they usually show that they are accepted with a
+good-humored indifference.[48]
+
+Bestiality is very rarely found in towns. In the country this vice of the
+clodhopper is far from infrequent. For the peasant, whose sensibilities
+are uncultivated and who makes but the most elementary demands from a
+woman, the difference between an animal and a human being in this respect
+scarcely seems to be very great. "My wife was away too long," a German
+peasant explained to the magistrate, "and so I went with my sow." It is
+certainly an explanation that to the uncultivated peasant, ignorant of
+theological and juridical conceptions, must often seem natural and
+sufficient.
+
+    Bestiality thus resembles masturbation and other abnormal
+    manifestations of the sexual impulse which may be practiced
+    merely _faute de mieux_ and not as, in the strict sense,
+    perversions of the impulse. Even necrophily may be thus
+    practiced. A young man who when assisting the grave-digger
+    conceived and carried out the idea of digging up the bodies of
+    young girls to satisfy his passions with, and whose case has
+    been recorded by Belletrud and Mercier, said: "I could find no
+    young girl who would agree to yield to my desires; that is why I
+    have done this. I should have preferred to have relations with
+    living persons. I found it quite natural to do what I did: I saw
+    no harm in it, and I did not think that any one else could. As
+    living women felt nothing but repulsion for me, it was quite
+    natural I should turn to the dead, who have never repulsed me. I
+    used to say tender things to them like 'my beautiful, my love, I
+    love you.'" (Belletrud and Mercier "Perversion de l'Instinct
+    Genesique," _Annales d'Hygiene Publique_, June, 1903.) But when
+    so highly abnormal an act is felt as natural we are dealing with
+    a person who is congenitally defective so far as the finer
+    developments of intelligence are concerned. It was so in this
+    case of necrophily; he was the son of a weak-minded woman of
+    unrestrainable sexual inclinations, and was himself somewhat
+    feeble-minded; he was also, it is instructive to observe,
+    anosmic.
+
+But it is by no means only their dulled sensibility or the absence of
+women, which accounts for the frequency of bestiality among peasants. A
+highly important factor is their constant familiarity with animals. The
+peasant lives with animals, tends them, learns to know all their
+individual characters; he understands them far better than he understands
+men and women; they are his constant companions, his friends. He knows,
+moreover, the details of their sexual lives, he witnesses the often highly
+impressive spectacle of their coupling. It is scarcely surprising that
+peasants should sometimes regard animals as being not only as near to them
+as their fellow human beings, but even nearer.
+
+The significance of the factor of familiarity is indicated by the great
+frequency of bestiality among shepherds, goatherds, and others whose
+occupation is exclusively the care of animals. Mirabeau, in the eighteenth
+century, stated, on the evidence of Basque priests, that all the shepherds
+in the Pyrenees practice bestiality. It is apparently much the same in
+Italy.[49] In South Italy and Sicily, especially, bestiality among
+goatherds and peasants is said to be almost a national custom.[50] In the
+extreme north of Europe, it is reported, the reindeer, in this respect,
+takes the place of the goat.
+
+The importance of the same factor is also shown by the fact that when
+among women in civilization animal perversions appear, the animal is
+nearly always a pet dog. Usually in these cases the animal is taught to
+give gratification by _cunnilinctus_. In some cases, however, there is
+really sexual intercourse between the animal and the woman.
+
+    Moll mentions that in a case of _cunnilinctus_ by a dog in
+    Germany there was a difficulty as to whether the matter should be
+    considered an unnatural offence or simply an offence against
+    decency; the lower court considered it in the former light, while
+    the higher court took the more merciful view. (Moll,
+    _Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 697.) In a
+    case reported by Pfaff and mentioned by Moll, a country girl was
+    accused of having sexual intercourse with a large dog. On
+    examination Pfaff found in the girl's thick pubic hair a loose
+    hair which under the microscope proved to belong to the dog.
+    (_Loc. cit._, p. 698.) In such a case it must be noted that while
+    this evidence may be held to show sexual contact with the dog, it
+    scarcely suffices to show sexual intercourse. This has, however,
+    undoubtedly occurred from time to time, even more or less openly.
+    Bloch (_Op. cit._, pp. 277 and 282) remarks that this is not an
+    infrequent exhibition given by prostitutes in certain brothels.
+    Maschka has referred to such an exhibition between a woman and a
+    bull-dog, which was given to select circles in Paris. Rosse
+    refers to a case in which a young unmarried woman in Washington
+    was surprised during intercourse with a large English mastiff,
+    who in his efforts to get loose caused such severe injuries that
+    the woman died from haemorrhage in about an hour. Rosse also
+    mentions that some years ago a performance of this kind between a
+    prostitute and a Newfoundland dog could be witnessed in San
+    Francisco by paying a small sum; the woman declared that a woman
+    who had once copulated with a dog would ever afterwards prefer
+    this animal to a man. Rosse adds that he was acquainted with a
+    similar performance between a woman and a donkey, which used to
+    take place in Europe (Irving Rosse, "Sexual Hypochondriasis and
+    Perversion of the Genesic Instinct," _Virginia Medical Monthly_,
+    October, 1892, p. 379). Juvenal mentions such relations between
+    the donkey and woman (vi, 332). Krauss (quoted by Bloch,
+    _Beitraege zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, p.
+    276) states that in Bosnia women sometimes carry on these
+    practices with dogs and also--as he would not have believed had
+    he not on one occasion observed it--with cats. "It seems to me,"
+    writes Dr. Kiernan, of Chicago, (private letter) "that what Rosse
+    says of the animal exhibitions in San Francisco is true of all
+    great cities. The animal employed in such exhibitions here has
+    usually been a donkey, and in one instance death occurred from
+    the animal trampling the girl partner. The practice described
+    occurs in country regions quite frequently. Thus in a case
+    reported in the suburbs of Omaha, Nebraska, a sixteen-year-old
+    boy engaged in rectal coitus with a large dog. In attempting to
+    extricate his swollen penis from the boy's rectum the dog tore
+    through the _sphincter ani_ an inch into the gluteus muscles.
+    (_Omaha Clinic_, March, 1893.) In a Missouri case, which I
+    verified, a smart, pretty, well-educated country girl was found
+    with a profuse offensive vaginal discharge which had been present
+    for about a week, coming on suddenly. After washing the external
+    genitals and opening the labia three rents were discovered, one
+    through the fourchette and two through the left nymphae. The
+    vagina was excessively congested and covered with points bleeding
+    on the slightest irritation. The patient confessed that one day
+    while playing with the genitals of a large dog she became excited
+    and thought she would have slight coitus. After the dog had made
+    an entrance she was unable to free herself from him, as he
+    clasped her so firmly with his fore legs. The penis became so
+    swollen that the dog could not free himself, although for more
+    than an hour she made persistent efforts to do so. (_Medical
+    Standard_, June, 1903, p. 184). In an Indiana case, concerning
+    which I was consulted, the girl was a hebephreniac who had
+    resorted to this procedure with a Newfoundland dog at the
+    instance of another girl, seemingly normal as regards mentality,
+    and had been badly injured; a discharge resulted which resembled
+    gonorrhoea, but contained no gonococci. These cases are probably
+    more frequent than is usually assumed."
+
+    Women are known to have had intercourse with various other
+    animals, occasionally or habitually, in various parts of the
+    world. Monkeys have been mentioned in this connection. Moll
+    remarks that it seems to be an indication of an abnormal interest
+    in monkeys that some women are observed by the attendants in the
+    monkey-house of zooelogical gardens to be very frequent visitors.
+    Near the Amazon the traveler Castelnau saw an enormous Coati
+    monkey belonging to an Indian woman and tried to purchase it;
+    though he offered a large sum, the woman only laughed. "Your
+    efforts are useless," remarked an Indian in the same cabin, "he
+    is her husband." (So far as the early literature of this subject
+    is concerned, a number of facts and fables regarding the congress
+    of women with dogs, goats and other animals was brought together
+    at the beginning of the eighteenth century by Schurig in his
+    _Gynaecologia_, Section II, cap. VII; I have not drawn on this
+    collection.)
+
+    In some cases women, and also men, find gratification in the
+    sexual manipulation of animals without any kind of congress. This
+    may be illustrated by an observation communicated to me by a
+    correspondent, a clergyman. "In Ireland, my father's house
+    adjoined the residence of an archdeacon of the established
+    church. I was then about 20 and was still kept in religious awe
+    of evil ways. The archdeacon had two daughters, both of whom he
+    brought up in great strictness, resolved that they should grow up
+    examples of virtue and piety. Our stables adjoined, and were
+    separated only by a thin wall in which was a doorway closed up by
+    some boards, as the two stables had formerly been one. One night
+    I had occasion to go to our stable to search for a garden tool I
+    had missed, and I heard a door open on the other side, and saw a
+    light glimmer through the cracks of the boards. I looked through
+    to ascertain who could be there at that late hour, and soon
+    recognized the stately figure of one of the daughters, F.F. was
+    tall, dark and handsome, but had never made any advances to me,
+    nor had I to her. She was making love to her father's mare after
+    a singular fashion. Stripping her right arm, she formed her
+    fingers into a cone, and pressed on the mare's vulva. I was
+    astonished to see the beast stretching her hind legs as if to
+    accommodate the hand of her mistress, which she pushed in
+    gradually and with seeming ease to the elbow. At the same time
+    she seemed to experience the most voluptuous sensation, crisis
+    after crisis arriving." My correspondent adds that, being
+    exceedingly curious in the matter, he tried a somewhat similar
+    experiment himself with one of his father's mares and experienced
+    what he describes as "a most powerful sexual battery" which
+    produced very exciting and exhausting effects. Naecke
+    (_Psychiatrische en Neurologische Bladen_, 1899, No. 2) refers to
+    an idiot who thus manipulated the vulva of mares in his charge.
+    The case has been recorded by Guillereau (_Journal de Medicine
+    Veterinaire et de Zootechnie_, January, 1899) of a youth who was
+    accustomed to introduce his hand into the vulva of cows in order
+    to obtain sexual excitement.
+
+    The possibility of sexual excitement between women and animals
+    involves a certain degree of sexual excitability in animals from
+    contact with women. Darwin stated that there could be no doubt
+    that various quadrumanous animals could distinguish women from
+    men--in the first place probably by smell and secondarily by
+    sight--and be thus liable to sexual excitement. He quotes the
+    opinions on this point of Youatt, Brehm, Sir Andrew Smith and
+    Cuvier (_Descent of Man_, second edition, p. 8). Moll quotes the
+    opinion of an experienced observer to the same effect
+    (_Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis_, Bd. i, p. 429).
+    Hufeland reported the case of a little girl of three who was
+    playing, seated on a stool, with a dog placed between her thighs
+    and locked against her. Seemingly excited by this contact the
+    animal attempted a sort of copulation, causing the genital parts
+    of the child to become inflamed. Bloch (_Op. cit._, p. 280, _et
+    seq._) discusses the same point; he does not consider that
+    animals will of their own motion sexually cohabit with women, but
+    that they may be easily trained to it. There can be no doubt that
+    dogs at all events are sometimes sexually excited by the presence
+    of women, perhaps especially during menstruation, and many women
+    are able to bear testimony to the embarrassing attentions they
+    have sometimes received from strange dogs. There can be no
+    difficulty in believing that, so far as _cunnilinctus_ is
+    concerned dogs would require no training. In a case recorded by
+    Moll (_Kontraere Sexualempfindung_, third edition, p. 560) a lady
+    states that this was done to her when a child, as also to other
+    children, by dogs who, she said, showed signs of sexual
+    excitement. In this case there was also sexual excitement thus
+    produced in the child, and after puberty mutual _cunnilinctus_
+    was practiced with girl friends. Guttceit (_Dreissig Jahre
+    Praxis_, Theil I, p. 310) remarks that some Russian officers who
+    were in the Turkish campaign of 1828 told him that from fear of
+    veneral infection in Wallachia they refrained from women and
+    often used female asses which appeared to show signs of sexual
+    pleasure.
+
+A very large number of animals have been recorded as having been employed
+in the gratification of sexual desire at some period or in some country,
+by men and sometimes by women. Domestic animals are naturally those which
+most frequently come into question, and there are few if any of these
+which can altogether be excepted. The sow is one of the animals most
+frequently abused in this manner.[51] Cases in which mares, cows, and
+donkeys figure constantly occur, as well as goats and sheep. Dogs, cats,
+and rabbits are heard of from time to time. Hens, ducks, and, especially
+in China, geese, are not uncommonly employed. The Roman ladies were said
+to have had an abnormal affection for snakes. The bear and even the
+crocodile are also mentioned.[52]
+
+The social and legal attitude toward bestiality has reflected in part the
+frequency with which it has been practiced, and in part the disgust mixed
+with mystical and sacrilegious horror which it has aroused. It has
+sometimes been met merely by a fine, and sometimes the offender and his
+innocent partner have been burnt together. In the middle ages and later
+its frequency is attested by the fact that it formed a favorite topic with
+preachers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. It is significant that
+in the Penitentials,--which were criminal codes, half secular and half
+spiritual, in use before the thirteenth century, when penance was
+relegated to the judgment of the confessor,--it was thought necessary to
+fix the periods of penance which should be undergone respectively by
+bishops, priests and deacons who should be guilty of bestiality.
+
+    In Egbert's Penitential, a document of the ninth and tenth
+    centuries, we read (V. 22): "Item Episcopus cum quadrupede
+    fornicans VII annos, consuetudinem X, presbyter V, diaconus III,
+    clerus II." There was a great range in the penances for
+    bestiality, from ten years to (in the case of boys) one hundred
+    days. The mare is specially mentioned (Haddon and Stubbs,
+    _Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents_, vol. iii, p. 422). In
+    Theodore's Penitential, another Anglo-Saxon document of about the
+    same age, those who habitually fornicate with animals are
+    adjudged ten years of penance. It would appear from the
+    _Penitentiale Pseudo-Romanum_ (which is earlier than the eleventh
+    century) that one year's penance was adequate for fornication
+    with a mare when committed by a layman (exactly the same as for
+    simple fornication with a widow or virgin), and this was
+    mercifully reduced to half a year if he had no wife.
+    (Wasserschleben, _Die Bussordnungen der Abendlaendlichen Kirche_,
+    p. 366). The _Penitentiale Hubertense_ (emanating from the
+    monastery of St. Hubert in the Ardennes) fixes ten years' penance
+    for sodomy, while Fulbert's Penitential (about the eleventh
+    century) fixes seven years for either sodomy or bestiality.
+    Burchard's Penitential, which is always detailed and precise,
+    specially mentions the mare, the cow and the ass, and assigns
+    forty days bread and water and seven years penance, raised to ten
+    years in the case of married men. A woman having intercourse with
+    a horse is assigned seven years penance in Burchard's
+    Penitential. (Wasserschleben, ib. pp. 651, 659.)
+
+The extreme severity which was frequently exercised toward those guilty of
+this offense, was doubtless in large measure due to the fact that
+bestiality was regarded as a kind of sodomy, an offense which was
+frequently viewed with a mystical horror apart altogether from any actual
+social or personal injury it caused. The Jews seem to have felt this
+horror; it was ordered that the sinner and his victim should both be put
+to death (Exodus, Ch. 22, v. 19; Leviticus, Ch. 20, v. 15). In the middle
+ages, especially in France, the same rule often prevailed. Men and sows,
+men and cows, men and donkeys were burnt together. At Toulouse a woman was
+burnt for having intercourse with a dog. Even in the seventeenth century a
+learned French lawyer, Claude Lebrun de la Rochette, justified such
+sentences.[53] It seems probable that even to-day, in the social and legal
+attitude toward bestiality, sufficient regard is not paid to the fact that
+this offense is usually committed either by persons who are morbidly
+abnormal or who are of so low a degree of intelligence that they border on
+feeble-mindedness. To what extent, and on what grounds, it ought to be
+punished is a question calling for serious reconsideration.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[33] For Krafft-Ebing's discussion of the subject see _Op. cit._, pp.
+530-539.
+
+[34] In England it is not uncommon to use the term "unnatural offence;"
+this is an awkward and possibly misleading practice which should not be
+followed. In Germany a similar confusion is caused by applying the term
+"sodomy" to these cases as well as to pederasty. Krafft-Ebing considers
+that this error is due to the jurists, while the theologians have always
+distinguished correctly. In this matter, he adds, science must be _ancilla
+theologiae_ and return to the correct usage of words.
+
+[35] This childish interest, with later abnormal developments, may be seen
+in History I of the Appendix to this volume.
+
+[36] The Countess of Pembroke, Sir Philip Sidney's sister, appears to have
+found sexual enjoyment in the contemplation of the sexual prowess of
+stallions. Aubrey writes that she "was very salacious and she had a
+contrivance that in the spring of the year ... the stallions ... were to
+be brought before such a part of the house where she had a vidette to look
+on them." (_Short Lives_, 1898, vol. i, p. 311.) Although the modern
+editor's modesty has caused the disappearance of several lines from this
+passage, the general sense is clear. In the same century Burchard, the
+faithful secretary of Pope Alexander VI, describes in his invaluable diary
+how four race horses were brought to two mares in a court of the Vatican,
+the horses clamorously fighting for the possession of the mares and
+eventually mounting them, while the Pope and his daughter Lucrezia looked
+on from a window "cum magno risu et delectatione." (_Diarium_, ed Thuasne,
+vol. III, p. 169.)
+
+[37] _Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1902, fasc. ii-iii, p. 338. In the case of
+pathological sexuality in a boy of 15, reported by A. MacDonald, and
+already summarized, the sight of copulating flies is also mentioned among
+many other causes of sexual excitation.
+
+[38] Krafft-Ebing presents or quotes typical cases of all these fetiches,
+_Op. cit._, pp. 255-266.
+
+[39] G. Stanley Hall, "A study of Fears," _American Journal of
+Psychology_, 1897, pp. 213-215.
+
+[40] _Op. cit._, p. 268.
+
+[41] W. Howard, "Sexual Perversion," _Alienist and Neurologist_, January,
+1896. Krafft-Ebing (op. cit., p. 532) quotes from Boeteau the somewhat
+similar case of a gardener's boy of 16--an illegitimate child of
+neuropathic heredity and markedly degenerate--who had a passion, of
+irresistible and impulsive character, for rabbits. He was declared
+irresponsible. Moll (_Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, pp.
+431-433) presents the case of a neurotic man who from the age of 15 had
+been sexually excited by the sight of animals or by contact with them. He
+had repeatedly had connection with cows and mares; he was also sexually
+excited by sheep, donkeys, and dogs, whether female or male; the normal
+sexual instinct was weak and he experienced very slight attraction to
+women.
+
+[42] Moll also remarks ("Perverse Sexualempfindung," in Senator's and
+Kaminer's _Krankheiten und Ehe_) that in this matter it is often hardly
+possible to draw a sharp line between vice and disease.
+
+[43] Instances of this widespread belief--found among the Tamils of Ceylon
+as well as in Europe--are quoted from various authors by Bloch, _Beitraege
+zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil II, p. 278, and Moll,
+_Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 700. On the frequency
+of bestiality, from one cause or another, in the East, see, e.g., Stern,
+_Medizin und Geschlechtsleben in der Tuerkei_, bd. ii, p. 219.
+
+[44] Sometimes (as among the Aleuts) the animal pantomime dances of
+savages may represent the transformation of a captive bird into a lovely
+woman who falls exhausted into the arms of the hunter. (H.H. Bancroft,
+_Native Races of the Pacific_, vol. i, p. 93.) A system of beliefs which
+accepts the possibility that a human being may be latent in an animal
+obviously favors the practice of bestiality.
+
+[45] For an example of the primitive confusion between the intercourse of
+women with animals and with men see, e.g., Boas, "Sagen aus
+British-Columbia," _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, heft V, p. 558.
+
+[46] Herodotus, Book II, Chapter 46.
+
+[47] Dulare (_Des Divinites Generatrices_, Chapter II) brings together the
+evidence showing that in Egypt women had connection with the sacred goat,
+apparently in order to secure fertility.
+
+[48] Various facts and references bearing on this subject are brought
+together by Blumenbach, _Anthropological Memoirs_, translated by Bendyshe,
+p. 80; Block, _Beitraege zur AEtiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis_,
+Teil II, pp. 276-283; also Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, seventh edition,
+p. 520.
+
+[49] Mantegazza mentions (_Gli Amori degli Uomini_, cap V) that at Rimini
+a young goatherd of the Apennines, troubled with dyspepsia and nervous
+symptoms, told him this was due to excesses with the goats in his care. A
+finely executed marble group of a satyr having connection with a goat,
+found at Herculaneum and now in the Naples Museum (reproduced in Fuchs's
+_Erotische Element in der Karikatur_), perhaps symbolizes a traditional
+and primitive practice of the goatherd.
+
+[50] Bayle (_Dictionary_, Art, Bathyllus) quotes various authorities
+concerning the Italian auxiliaries in the south of France in the sixteenth
+century and their custom of bringing and using goats for this purpose.
+Warton in the eighteenth century was informed that in Sicily priests in
+confession habitually inquired of herdsmen if they had anything to do with
+their sows. In Normandy priests are advised to ask similar questions.
+
+[51] It is worth noting that in Greek the work choiros means both a sow
+and a woman's pudenda; in the _Acharnians_ Aristophanes plays on this
+association at some length. The Romans also (as may be gathered from
+Varro's _De Re Rustica_) called the feminine pudenda _porcus_.
+
+[52] Schurig, _Gynaecologia_, pp. 280-387; Bloch, op. cit., 270-277. The
+Arabs, according to Kocher, chiefly practice bestiality with goats, sheep
+and mares. The Annamites, according to Mondiere, commonly employ sows and
+(more especially the young women) dogs. Among the Tamils of Ceylon
+bestiality with goats and cows is said to be very prevalent.
+
+[53] Mantegazza (_Gli Amori degli Uomini_, cap. V) brings together some
+facts bearing on this matter.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+Exhibitionism--Illustrative Cases--A Symbolic Perversion of Courtship--The
+Impulse to Defile--The Exhibitionist's Psychic Attitude--The Sexual Organs
+as Fetichs--Phallus Worship--Adolescent Pride in Sexual
+Development--Exhibitionism of the Nates--The Classification of the Forms
+of Exhibitionism--Nature of the Relationship of Exhibitionism to Epilepsy.
+
+
+There is a remarkable form of erotic symbolism--very definite and standing
+clearly apart from all other forms--in which sexual gratification is
+experienced in the simple act of exhibiting the sexual organ to persons of
+the opposite sex, usually by preference to young and presumably innocent
+persons, very often children. This is termed exhibitionism.[54] It would
+appear to be a not very infrequent phenomenon, and most women, once or
+more in their lives, especially when young, have encountered a man who has
+thus deliberately exposed himself before them.
+
+The exhibitionist, though often a young and apparently vigorous man, is
+always satisfied with the mere act of self-exhibition and the emotional
+reaction which that act produces; he makes no demands on the woman to whom
+he exposes himself; he seldom speaks, he makes no effort to approach her;
+as a rule, he fails even to display the signs of sexual excitation. His
+desires are completely gratified by the act of exhibition and by the
+emotional reaction it arouses in the woman. He departs satisfied and
+relieved.
+
+    A case recorded by Schrenck-Notzing very well represents both the
+    nature of the impulse felt by the exhibitionist and the way in
+    which it may originate. It is the case of a business man of 49,
+    of neurotic heredity, an affectionate husband and father of a
+    family, who, to his own grief and shame, is compelled from time
+    to time to exhibit his sexual organs to women in the street. As a
+    boy of 10 a girl of 12 tried to induce him to coitus; both had
+    their sexual parts exposed. From that time sexual contacts, as of
+    his own naked nates against those of a girl, became attractive,
+    as well as games in which the boys and girls in turn marched
+    before each other with their sexual parts exposed, and also
+    imitation of the copulation of animals. Coitus was first
+    practiced about the age of 20, but sight and touch of the woman's
+    sexual parts were always necessary to produce sexual excitement.
+    It was also necessary--and this consideration is highly important
+    as regards the development of the tendency to exhibition--that
+    the woman should be excited by the sight of his organs. Even when
+    he saw or touched a woman's parts orgasm often occurred. It was
+    the naked sexual organs in an otherwise clothed body which
+    chiefly excited him. He was not possessed of a high degree of
+    potency. Girls between the ages of 10 and 17 chiefly excited him,
+    and especially if he felt that they were quite ignorant of sexual
+    matters. His self-exhibition was a sort of psychic defloration,
+    and it was accompanied by the idea that other people felt as he
+    did about the sexual effects of the naked organs, that he was
+    shocking but at the same time sexually exciting a young girl. He
+    was thus gratifying himself through the belief that he was
+    causing sexual gratification to an innocent girl. This man was
+    convicted several times, and was finally declared to be suffering
+    from impulsive insanity. (Schrenck-Notzing,
+    _Kriminal-psychologische und Psycho-pathologische Studien_, 1902,
+    pp. 50-57.) In another case of Schrenck-Notzing's, an actor and
+    portrait painter, aged 31, in youth masturbated and was fond of
+    contemplating the images of the sexual organs of both sexes,
+    finding little pleasure in coitus. At the age of 24, at a bathing
+    establishment, he happened to occupy a compartment next to that
+    occupied by a lady, and when naked he became aware that his
+    neighbor was watching him through a chink in the partition. This
+    caused him powerful excitement and he was obliged to masturbate.
+    Ever since he has had an impulse to exhibit his organs and to
+    masturbate in the presence of women. He believes that the sight
+    of his organs excites the woman (Ib., pp. 57-68). The presence of
+    masturbation in this case renders it untypical as a case of
+    exhibitionism. Moll at one time went so far as to assert that
+    when masturbation takes place we are not entitled to admit
+    exhibitionism, (_Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i,
+    p. 661), but now accepts exhibitionism with masturbation
+    ("Perverse Sexualempfindung," _Krankheiten und Ehe_). The act of
+    exhibition itself gratifies the sexual impulse, and usually it
+    suffices to replace both tumescence and detumescence.
+
+    A fairly typical case, recorded by Krafft-Ebing, is that of a
+    German factory worker of 37, a good, sober and intelligent
+    workman. His parents were healthy, but one of his mother's and
+    also one of his father's sisters were insane; some of his
+    relatives are eccentric in religion. He has a languishing
+    expression and a smile of self-complacency. He never had any
+    severe illness, but has always been eccentric and imaginative,
+    much absorbed in romances (such as Dumas's novels) and fond of
+    identifying himself with their heroes. No signs of epilepsy. In
+    youth moderate masturbation, later moderate coitus. He lives a
+    retired life, but is fond of elegant dress and of ornament.
+    Though not a drinker, he sometimes makes himself a kind of punch
+    which has a sexually exciting effect on him. The impulse to
+    exhibitionism has only developed in recent years. When the
+    impulse is upon him he becomes hot, his heart beats violently,
+    the blood rushes to his head, and he is oblivious of everything
+    around him that is not connected with his own act. Afterwards he
+    regards himself as a fool and makes vain resolutions never to
+    repeat the act. In exhibition the penis is only half erect and
+    ejaculation never occurs. (He is only capable of coitus with a
+    woman who shows great attraction to him.) He is satisfied with
+    self-exhibition, and believes that he thus gives pleasure to the
+    woman, since he himself receives pleasure in contemplating a
+    woman's sexual parts. His erotic dreams are of self-exhibition to
+    young and voluptuous women. He had been previously punished for
+    an offense of this kind; medico-legal opinion now recognized the
+    incriminated man's psychopathic condition. (Krafft-Ebing, _Op.
+    cit._, pp. 492-494.)
+
+    Trochon has reported the case of a married man of 33, a worker in
+    a factory, who for several years had exhibited himself at
+    intervals to shop-girls, etc., in a state of erection, but
+    without speaking or making other advances. He was a hard-working,
+    honest, sober man of quiet habits, a good father to his family
+    and happy at home. He showed not the slightest sign of insanity.
+    But he was taciturn, melancholic and nervous; a sister was an
+    idiot. He was arrested, but on the report of the experts that he
+    committed these acts from a morbid impulse he could not control
+    he was released. (Trochon, _Archives de l'Anthropologie
+    Criminelle_, 1888, p. 256.)
+
+    In a case of Freyer's (_Zeitschrift fuer Medizinalbeamte_, third
+    year, No. 8) the occasional connection of exhibitionism with
+    epilepsy is well illustrated by a barber's assistant, aged 35,
+    whose father suffered from chronic alcoholism and was also said
+    to have committed the same kind of offense as his son. The mother
+    and a sister suffered nervously. From ages of 7 to 18 the subject
+    had epileptic convulsions. From 16 to 21 he indulged in normal
+    sexual intercourse. At about that time he had often to pass a
+    playground and at times would urinate there; it happened that the
+    children watched him with curiosity. He noticed that when thus
+    watched sexual excitement was caused, inducing erection and even
+    ejaculation. He gradually found pleasure in this kind of sexual
+    gratification; finally he became indifferent to coitus. His
+    erotic dreams, though still usually about normal coitus, were now
+    sometimes concerned with exhibition before little girls. When
+    overcome by the impulse he could see and hear nothing around him,
+    though he did not lose consciousness. After the act was over he
+    was troubled by his deed. In all other respects he was entirely
+    reasonable. He was imprisoned many times for exhibiting himself
+    to young schoolgirls, sometimes vaunting the beauty of his organs
+    and inviting inspection. On one occasion he underwent mental
+    examination, but was considered to be mentally sound. He was
+    finally held to be a hereditarily tainted individual with
+    neuropathic constitution. The head was abnormally broad, penis
+    small, patellar reflex absent, and there were many signs of
+    neurasthenia. (Krafft-Ebing, _Op. cit._, pp. 490-492.)
+
+    The prevalence of epilepsy among exhibitionists is shown by the
+    observations of Pelanda in Verona. He has recorded six cases of
+    this perversion, all of which eventually reached the asylum and
+    were either epileptics or with epileptic relations. One had a
+    brother who was also an exhibitionist. In some cases the penis
+    was abnormally large, in others abnormally small. Several had
+    very weak sexual impulse; one, at the age of 62, had never
+    effected coitus, and was proud of the fact that he was still a
+    virgin, considering, he would say, the epoch of demoralization in
+    which we live. (Pelanda, "Pornopatici," _Archivio di
+    Psichiatria_, fasc. ii-iv, 1889.)
+
+    In a very typical case of exhibitionism which Garnier has
+    recorded, a certain X., a gentleman engaged in business in Paris,
+    had a predilection for exhibiting himself in churches, more
+    especially in Saint-Roch. He was arrested several times for
+    exposing his sexual organs here before ladies in prayer. In this
+    way he finally ruined his commercial position in Paris and was
+    obliged to establish himself in a small provincial town. Here
+    again he soon exposed himself in a church and was again sent to
+    prison, but on his liberation immediately performed the same act
+    in the same church in what was described as a most imperturbable
+    manner. Compelled to leave the town, he returned to Paris, and in
+    a few weeks' time was again arrested for repeating his old
+    offense in Saint Roch. When examined by Garnier, the information
+    he supplied was vague and incomplete, and he was very embarrassed
+    in the attempt to explain himself. He was unable to say why he
+    chose a church, but he felt that it was to a church that he must
+    go. He had, however, no thought of profanation and no wish to
+    give offense. "Quite the contrary!" he declared. He had the sad
+    and tired air of a man who is dominated by a force stronger than
+    his will. "I know," he added, "what repulsion my conduct must
+    inspire. Why am I made thus? Who will cure me?" (P. Garnier,
+    "Perversions Sexuelles," _Comptes Rendus_, International Congress
+    of Medicine at Paris in 1900, _Section de Psychiatrie_, pp.
+    433-435.)
+
+    In some cases, it would appear, the impulse to exhibitionism may
+    be overcome or may pass away. This result is the more likely to
+    come about in those cases in which exhibitionism has been largely
+    conditioned by chronic alcoholism or other influences tending to
+    destroy the inhibiting and restraining action of the higher
+    centers, which may be overcome by hygiene and treatment. In this
+    connection I may bring forward a case which has been communicated
+    to me by a medical correspondent in London. It is that of an
+    actor, of high standing in his profession and extremely
+    intelligent, 49 years of age, married and father of a large
+    family. He is sexually vigorous and of erotic temperament. His
+    general health has always been good, but he is a high-strung,
+    neurotic man, with quick mental reactions. His habits had for a
+    long time been decidedly alcoholic, but two years ago, a small
+    quantity of albumen being found in the urine, he was persuaded to
+    leave off alcohol, and has since been a teetotaller. Though
+    ordinarily very reticent about sexual matters, he began four or
+    five years ago to commit acts of exhibitionism, exposing himself
+    to servants in the house and occasionally to women in the
+    country. This continued after the alcohol had been abandoned and
+    lasted for several years, though the attention of the police was
+    never attracted to the matter, and so far as possible he was
+    quietly supervised by his friends. Nine months after, the acts of
+    exhibitionism ceased, apparently in a spontaneous manner, and
+    there has so far been no relapse.
+
+Exhibitionism is an act which, on the face of it, seems nonsensical and
+meaningless, and as such, as an inexplicable act of madness, it has
+frequently been treated both by writers on insanity and on sexual
+perversion. "These acts are so lacking in common sense and intelligent
+reflection that no other reason than insanity can be offered for the
+patient," Ball concluded.[55] Moll, also, who defines exhibitionism
+somewhat too narrowly as a condition in which "the charm of the exhibition
+lies for the subject in the display itself," not sufficiently taking into
+consideration the imagined effect on the spectator, concludes that "the
+psychological basis of exhibitionism is at present by no means cleared
+up."[56]
+
+We may probably best approach exhibitionism by regarding it as
+fundamentally a symbolic act based on a perversion of courtship. The
+exhibitionist displays the organ of sex to a feminine witness, and in the
+shock of modest sexual shame by which she reacts to that spectacle, he
+finds a gratifying similitude of the normal emotions of coitus.[57] He
+feels that he has effected a psychic defloration.
+
+    Exhibitionism is thus analogous, and, indeed, related, to the
+    impulse felt by many persons to perform indecorous acts or tell
+    indecent stories before young and innocent persons of the
+    opposite sex. This is a kind of psychic exhibitionism, the
+    gratification it causes lying exactly, as in physical
+    exhibitionism, in the emotional confusion which it is felt to
+    arouse. The two kinds of exhibitionism may be combined in the
+    same person: Thus, in a case reported by Hoche (p. 97), the
+    exhibitionist an intellectual and highly educated man, with a
+    doctor's degree, also found pleasure in sending indecent poems
+    and pictures to women, whom, however, he made no attempt to
+    seduce; he was content with the thought of the emotions he
+    aroused or believed that he aroused.
+
+    It is possible that within this group should come the agent in
+    the following incident which was lately observed by a lady, a
+    friend of my own. An elderly man in an overcoat was seen standing
+    outside a large and well-known draper's shop in the outskirts of
+    London; when able to attract the attention of any of the
+    shop-girls or of any girl in the street he would fling back his
+    coat and reveal that he was wearing over his own clothes a
+    woman's chemise (or possibly bodice) and a woman's drawers; there
+    was no exposure. The only intelligible explanation of this action
+    would seem to be that pleasure was experienced in the mild shock
+    of interested surprise and injured modesty which this vision was
+    imagined to cause to a young girl. It would thus be a
+    comparatively innocent form of psychic defloration.
+
+It is of interest to point out that the sexual symbolism of active
+flagellation is very closely analogous to this symbolism of exhibitionism.
+The flagellant approaches a woman with the rod (itself a symbol of the
+penis and in some countries bearing names which are also applied to that
+organ) and inflicts on an intimate part of her body the signs of blushing
+and the spasmodic movements which are associated with sexual excitement,
+while at the same time she feels, or the flagellant imagines that she
+feels, the corresponding emotions of delicious shame.[58] This is an even
+closer mimicry of the sexual act than the exhibitionist attains, for the
+latter fails to secure the consent of the woman nor does he enjoy any
+intimate contact with her naked body. The difference is connected with the
+fact that the active flagellant is usually a more virile and normal person
+than the exhibitionist. In the majority of cases the exhibitionist's
+sexual impulse is very feeble, and as a rule he is either to some degree a
+degenerate, or else a person who is suffering from an early stage of
+general paralysis, dementia, or some other highly enfeebling cause of
+mental disorganization, such as chronic alcoholism. Sexual feebleness is
+further indicated by the fact that the individuals selected as witnesses
+are frequently mere children.
+
+    It seems probable that a form of erotic symbolism somewhat
+    similar to exhibitionism is to be found in the rare cases in
+    which sexual gratification is derived from throwing ink, acid or
+    other defiling liquids on women's dresses. Thoinot has recorded a
+    case of this kind (_Attentats aux Moeurs_, 1898, pp. 484, _et
+    seq._). An instructive case has been presented by Moll. In this
+    case a young man of somewhat neuropathic heredity had as a youth
+    of 16 or 17, when romping with his young sister's playfellows,
+    experienced sexual sensations on chancing to see their white
+    underlinen. From that time white underlinen and white dresses
+    became to him a fetich and he was only attracted to women so
+    attired. One day, at the age of 25, when crossing the street in
+    wet weather with a young lady in a white dress, a passing vehicle
+    splashed the dress with mud. This incident caused him strong
+    sexual excitement, and from that time he had the impulse to throw
+    ink, perchloride of iron, etc., on to ladies' white dresses, and
+    sometimes to cut and tear them, sexual excitement and ejaculation
+    taking place every time he effected this. (Moll, "Gutachten ueber
+    einem Sexual Perversen [Besudelungstrieb]," _Zeitschrift fuer
+    Medizinalbeamte_, Heft XIII, 1900). Such a case is of
+    considerable psychological interest. Thoinot considers that in
+    these cases the fleck is a fetich. That is an incorrect account
+    of the matter. In this case the white garments constituted the
+    primary fetich, but that fetich becomes more acutely realized,
+    and at the same time both parties are thrown into an emotional
+    state which to the fetichist becomes a mimicry of coitus, by the
+    act of defilement. We may perhaps connect with this phenomenon
+    the attraction which muddy shoes often exert over the
+    shoe-fetichist, and the curious way in which, as we have seen (p.
+    18), Restif de la Bretonne associates his love of neatness in
+    women with his attraction to the feet, the part, he remarks,
+    least easy to keep clean.
+
+    Garnier applied the term _sadi-fetichism_ to active flagellation
+    and many similar manifestations such as we are here concerned
+    with, on the grounds that they are hybrids which combine the
+    morbid adoration for a definite object with the impulse to
+    exercise a more or less degree of violence. From the standpoint
+    of the conception of erotic symbolism I have adopted there is no
+    need for this term. There is here no hybrid combination of two
+    unlike mental states. We are simply concerned with states of
+    erotic symbolism, more or less complete, more or less complex.
+
+The conception of exhibitionism as a process of erotic symbolism, involves
+a conscious or unconscious attitude of attention in the exhibitionist's
+mind to the psychic reaction of the woman toward whom his display is
+directed. He seeks to cause an emotion which, probably in most cases, he
+desires should be pleasurable. But from one cause or another his finer
+sensibilities are always inhibited or in abeyance, and he is unable to
+estimate accurately either the impression he is likely to produce or the
+general results of his action, or else he is moved by a strong impulsive
+obsession which overpowers his judgment. In many cases he has good reason
+for believing that his act will be pleasurable, and frequently he finds
+complacent witnesses among the low-class servant girls, etc.
+
+    It may be pointed out here that we are quite justified in
+    speaking of a penis-fetichism and also of a vulva-fetichism. This
+    might be questioned. We are obviously justified in recognizing a
+    fetichism which attaches itself to the pubic hair, or, as in a
+    case with which I am acquainted, to the clitoris, but it may seem
+    that we cannot regard the central sexual organs as symbols of
+    sex, symbols, as it were, of themselves. Properly regarded,
+    however, it is the sexual act rather than the sexual organ which
+    is craved in normal sexual desire; the organ is regarded merely
+    as the means and not as the end. Regarded as a means the organ is
+    indeed an object of desire, but it only becomes a fetich when it
+    arrests and fixes the attention. An attention thus pleasurably
+    fixed, a vulva-fetichism or a penis-fetichism, is within the
+    normal range of sexual emotion (this point has been mentioned in
+    the previous volume when discussing the part played by the
+    primary sexual organs in sexual selection), and in coarse-grained
+    natures of either sex it is a normal allurement in its
+    generalized shape, apart from any attraction to the person to
+    whom the organs belong. In some morbid cases, however, this
+    penis-fetichism may become a fully developed sexual perversion. A
+    typical case of this kind has been recorded by Howard in the
+    United States. Mrs. W., aged 39, was married at 20 to a strong,
+    healthy man, but derived no pleasure from coitus, though she
+    received great pleasure from masturbation practiced immediately
+    after coitus, and nine years after marriage she ceased actual
+    coitus, compelling her husband to adopt mutual masturbation. She
+    would introduce men into the house at all times of the day or
+    night, and after persuading them to expose their persons would
+    retire to her room to masturbate. The same man never aroused
+    desire more than once. This desire became so violent and
+    persistent that she would seek out men in all sorts of public
+    places and, having induced them to expose themselves, rapidly
+    retreat to the nearest convenient spot for self-gratification.
+    She once abstracted a pair of trousers she had seen a man wear
+    and after fondling them experienced the orgasm. Her husband
+    finally left her, after vainly attempting to have her confined in
+    an asylum. She was often arrested for her actions, but through
+    the intervention of friends set free again. She was a highly
+    intelligent woman, and apart from this perversion entirely
+    normal. (W.L. Howard, "Sexual Perversion," _Alienist and
+    Neurologist_, January, 1896.) It is on the existence of a more or
+    less developed penis-fetichism of this kind that the
+    exhibitionist, mostly by an ignorant instinct, relies for the
+    effects he desires to produce.
+
+The exhibitionist is not usually content to produce a mere titillated
+amusement; he seeks to produce a more powerful effect which must be
+emotional whether or not it is pleasurable. A professional man in
+Strassburg (in a case reported by Hoche[59]) would walk about in the
+evening in a long cloak, and when he met ladies would suddenly throw his
+cloak back under a street lamp, or igniting a red-fire match, and thus
+exhibit his organs. There was an evident effort--on the part of a weak,
+vain, and effeminate man--to produce a maximum of emotional effect. The
+attempt to heighten the emotional shock is also seen in the fact that the
+exhibitionist frequently chooses a church as the scene of his exploits,
+not during service, for he always avoids a concourse of people, but
+perhaps toward evening when there are only a few kneeling women scattered
+through the edifice. The church is chosen, often instinctively rather than
+deliberately, from no impulse to commit a sacrilegious outrage--which, as
+a rule, the exhibitionist does not feel his act to be--but because it
+really presents the conditions most favorable to the act and the effects
+desired. The exhibitionist's attitude of mind is well illustrated by one
+of Garnier's patients who declared that he never wished to be seen by more
+than two women at once, "just what is necessary," he added, "for an
+exchange of impressions." After each exhibition he would ask himself
+anxiously: "Did they see me? What are they thinking? What do they say to
+each other about me? Oh! how I should like to know!" Another patient of
+Garnier's, who haunted churches for this purpose, made this very
+significant statement: "Why do I like going to churches? I can scarcely
+say. _But I know that it is only there that my act has its full
+importance_. The woman is in a devout frame of mind, and she must see that
+such an act in such a place is not a joke in bad taste or a disgusting
+obscenity; _that if I go there it is not to amuse myself; it is more
+serious than that!_ I watch the effect produced on the faces of the ladies
+to whom I show my organs. I wish to see them express a profound joy. I
+wish, in fact, that they may be forced to say to themselves: _How
+impressive Nature is when thus seen!_"
+
+    Here we trace the presence of a feeling which recalls the
+    phenomena of the ancient and world-wide phallic worship, still
+    liable to reappear sporadically. Women sometimes took part in
+    these rites, and the osculation of the male sexual organ or its
+    emblematic representation by women is easily traceable in the
+    phallic rites of India and many other lands, not excluding Europe
+    even in comparatively recent times. (Dulaure in his _Divinites
+    Generatices_ brings together much bearing on these points; cf.:
+    Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i, Chapter XVII, and Bloch,
+    _Beitraege zur Psychopathia Sexualis_, Teil I, pp. 115-117. Colin
+    Scott has some interesting remarks on phallic worship and the
+    part it has played in aiding human evolution, "Sex and Art,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, vol. vii, No. 2, pp. 191-197.
+    Irving Rosse describes some modern phallic rites in which both
+    men and women took part, similar to those practiced in vaudouism,
+    "Sexual Hypochondriasis," _Virginia Medical Monthly_, October,
+    1892.)
+
+    Putting aside any question of phallic worship, a certain pride
+    and more or less private feeling of ostentation in the new
+    expansion and development of the organs of virility seems to be
+    almost normal at adolescence. "We have much reason to assume,"
+    Stanley Hall remarks, "that in a state of nature there is a
+    certain instinctive pride and ostentation that accompanies the
+    new local development. I think it will be found that
+    exhibitionists are usually those who have excessive growth here,
+    and that much that modern society stigmatizes as obscene is at
+    bottom more or less spontaneous and perhaps in some cases not
+    abnormal. Dr. Seerley tells me he has never examined a young man
+    largely developed who had the usual strong instinctive tendency
+    of modesty to cover himself with his hands, but he finds this
+    instinct general with those whose development is less than the
+    average." (G. Stanley Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. ii, p. 97.) This
+    instinct of ostentation, however, so far as it is normal, is held
+    in check by other considerations, and is not, in the strict
+    sense, exhibitionism. I have observed a full-grown telegraph boy
+    walking across Hampstead Heath with his sexual organs exposed,
+    but immediately he realized that he was seen he concealed them.
+    The solemnity of exhibitionism at this age finds expression in
+    the climax of the sonnet, "Oraison du Soir," written at 16 by
+    Rimbaud, whose verse generally is a splendid and insolent
+    manifestation of rank  adolescence:--
+
+        "Doux comme le Seigneur du cedre et des hysopes,
+        Je pisse vers les cieux bruns tres haut et tres loin,
+        Avec l'assentiment des grands heliotropes."
+
+        (J.A. Rimbaud, _Oeuvres_, p. 68.)
+
+    In women, also, there would appear to be traceable a somewhat
+    similar ostentation, though in them it is complicated and largely
+    inhibited by modesty, and at the same time diffused over the body
+    owing to the absence of external sexual organs. "Primitive
+    woman," remarks Madame Renooz, "proud of her womanhood, for a
+    long time defended her nakedness which ancient art has always
+    represented. And in the actual life of the young girl to-day
+    there is a moment when by a secret atavism she feels the pride of
+    her sex, the intuition of her moral superiority, and cannot
+    understand why she must hide its cause. At this moment, wavering
+    between the laws of Nature and social conventions, she scarcely
+    knows if nakedness should or should not affright her. A sort of
+    confused atavistic memory recalls to her a period before clothing
+    was known, and reveals to her as a paradisaical ideal the customs
+    of that human epoch." (Celine Renooz, _Psychologie Comparee de
+    l'Homme et de la Femme_, p. 85.) It may be added that among
+    primitive peoples, and even among some remote European
+    populations to-day, the exhibition of feminine nudity has
+    sometimes been regarded as a spectacle with religious or magic
+    operation. (Ploss, _Das Weib_, seventh edition, vol. ii, pp.
+    663-680; Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition, p.
+    304.) It is stated by Gopcevic that in the long struggle between
+    the Albanians and the Montenegrians the women of the former
+    people would stand in the front rank and expose themselves by
+    raising their skirts, believing that they would thus insure
+    victory. As, however, they were shot down, and as, moreover,
+    victory usually fell to the Montenegrians, this custom became
+    discredited. (Quoted by Bloch, _Op. cit._, Teil II, p. 307.)
+
+    With regard to the association, suggested by Stanley Hall,
+    between exhibitionism and an unusual degree of development of the
+    sexual organs, it must be remarked that both extremes--a very
+    large and a very small penis--are specially common in
+    exhibitionists. The prevalence of the small organ is due to an
+    association of exhibitionism with sexual feebleness. The
+    prevalence of the large organ may be due to the cause suggested
+    by Hall. Among Mahommedans the sexual organs are sometimes
+    habitually exposed by religious penitents, and I note that
+    Bernhard Stern, in his book on the medical and sexual aspects of
+    life in Turkey, referring to a penitent of this sort whom he saw
+    on the Stamboul bridge at Constantinople, remarks that the organ
+    was very largely developed. It may well be in such a case that
+    the penitent's religious attitude is reinforced by some lingering
+    relic of a more fleshly ostentation.
+
+It is by a pseudo-atavism that this phallicism is evoked in the
+exhibitionist. There is no true emergence of an ancestrally inherited
+instinct, but by the paralysis or inhibition of the finer and higher
+feelings current in civilization, the exhibitionist is placed on the same
+mental level as the man of a more primitive age, and he thus presents the
+basis on which the impulses belonging to a higher culture may naturally
+take root and develop.
+
+    Reference may here be made to a form of primitive exhibitionism,
+    almost confined to women, which, although certainly symbolic, is
+    absolutely non-sexual, and must not, therefore, be confused with
+    the phenomena we are here occupied with. I refer to the
+    exhibition of the buttocks as a mark of contempt. In its most
+    primitive form, no doubt, this exhibitionism is a kind of
+    exorcism, a method of putting evil spirits, primarily, and
+    secondarily evil-disposed persons, to flight. It is the most
+    effective way for a woman to display sexual centers, and it
+    shares in the magical virtues which all unveiling of the sexual
+    centers is believed by primitive peoples to possess. It is
+    recorded that the women of some peoples in the Balkan peninsula
+    formerly used this gesture against enemies in battle. In the
+    sixteenth century so distinguished a theologian as Luther when
+    assailed by the Evil One at night was able to put the adversary
+    to flight by protruding his uncovered buttocks from the bed. But
+    the spiritual significance of this attitude is lost with the
+    decay of primitive beliefs. It survives, but merely as a gesture
+    of insult. The symbolism comes to have reference to the nates as
+    the excretory focus, the seat of the anus. In any case it ignores
+    any sexual attractiveness in this part of the body. Exhibitionism
+    of this kind, therefore, can scarcely arise in persons of any
+    sensitiveness or aesthetic perception, even putting aside the
+    question of modesty, and there seems to be little trace of it in
+    classic antiquity when the nates were regarded as objects of
+    beauty. Among the Egyptians, however, we gather from Herodotus
+    (Bk. II, Chapter LX) that at a certain popular religious festival
+    men and women would go in boats on the Nile, singing and playing,
+    and when they approached a town the women on the boats would
+    insult the women of the town by injurious language and by
+    exposing themselves. Among the Arabs, however, the specific
+    gesture we are concerned with is noted, and a man to whom
+    vengeance is forbidden would express his feelings by exposing his
+    posterior and strewing earth on his head (Wellhausen, _Rests
+    Arabischen Heidentums_, 1897, p. 195). It is in Europe and in
+    mediaeval and later times that this emphatic gesture seems to have
+    flourished as a violent method of expressing contempt. It was by
+    no means confined to the lower classes, and Kleinpaul, in
+    discussing this form of "speech without words," quotes examples
+    of various noble persons, even princesses, who are recorded thus
+    to have expressed their feelings. (Kleinpaul, _Sprache ohne
+    Worte_, pp. 271-273.) In more recent times the gesture has become
+    merely a rare and extreme expression of unrestrained feeling in
+    coarse-grained peasants. Zola, in the figure of Mouquette in
+    _Germinal_, may be said to have given a kind of classic
+    expression to the gesture. In the more remote parts of Europe it
+    appears to be still not altogether uncommon. This seems to be
+    notably the case among the South Slavs, and Krauss states that
+    "when a South Slav woman wishes to express her deepest contempt
+    for anyone she bends forward, with left hand raising her skirts,
+    and with the right slapping her posterior, at the same time
+    exclaiming: 'This for you!'" (Kryptadia, vol. vi, p. 200.)
+
+    A verbal survival of this gesture, consisting in the contemptuous
+    invitation to kiss this region, still exists among us in remote
+    parts of the country, especially as an insult offered by an angry
+    woman who forgets herself. It is said to be commonly used in
+    Wales. ("Welsh AEdoelogy," Kryptadia, vol. ii, pp. 358, et seq.)
+    In Cornwall, when addressed by a woman to a man it is sometimes
+    regarded as a deadly insult, even if the woman is young and
+    attractive, and may cause a life-long enmity between related
+    families. From this point of view the nates are a symbol of
+    contempt, and any sexual significance is excluded. (The
+    distinction is brought out by Diderot in _Le Neveu de Rameau:_
+    "_Lui:_--Il y a d'autres jours ou il ne m'en couterait rien pour
+    etre vil tant qu'on voudrait; ces jours-la, pour un liard, je
+    baiserais le cul a la petite Hus. _Moi:_--Eh! mais, l'ami, elle
+    est blanche, jolie, douce, potelee, et c'est un acte d'humilite
+    auquel un plus delicat que vous pourrait quelquefois s'abaisser.
+    _Lui:_--Entendons-nous; c'est qu'il y a baiser le cul au simple,
+    et baiser le cul au figure.")
+
+    It must be added that a sexual form of exhibitionism of the nates
+    must still be recognized. It occurs in masochism and expresses
+    the desire for passive flagellation. Rousseau, whose emotional
+    life was profoundly affected by the castigations which as a child
+    he received from Mlle Lambercier, has in his _Confessions_ told
+    us how, when a youth, he would sometimes expose himself in this
+    way in the presence of young women. Such masochistic
+    exhibitionism seems, however, to be rare.
+
+While the manifestations of exhibitionism are substantially the same in
+all cases, there are many degrees and varieties of the condition. We may
+find among exhibitionists, as Garnier remarks, dementia, states of
+unconsciousness, epilepsy, general paralysis, alcoholism, but the most
+typical cases, he adds, if not indeed the cases to which the term properly
+belongs, are those in which it is an impulsive obsession. Krafft-Ebing[60]
+divides exhibitionists into four clinical groups: (1) acquired states of
+mental weakness, with cerebral or spinal disease clouding consciousness
+and at the same time causing impotence; (2) epileptics, in whom the act is
+an abnormal organic impulse performed in a state of imperfect
+consciousness; (3) a somewhat allied group of neurasthenic cases; (4)
+periodical impulsive cases with deep hereditary taint. This classification
+is not altogether satisfactory. Garnier's classification, placing the
+group of obsessional cases in the foreground and leaving the other more
+vaguely defined groups in the background, is probably better. I am
+inclined to consider that most of the cases fall into one or other of two
+mixed groups. The first class includes cases in which there is more or
+less congenital abnormality, but otherwise a fair or even complete degree
+of mental integrity; they are usually young adults, they are more or less
+precisely conscious of the end they wish to attain, and it is often only
+with a severe struggle that they yield to their impulses. In the second
+class the beginnings of mental or nervous disease have diminished the
+sensibility of the higher centers; the subjects are usually old men whose
+lives have been absolutely correct; they are often only vaguely aware of
+the nature of the satisfaction they are seeking, and frequently no
+struggle precedes the manifestation; such was the case of the overworked
+clergyman described by Hughes,[61] who, after much study, became morose
+and absent-minded, and committed acts of exhibitionism which he could not
+explain but made no attempt to deny; with rest and restorative treatment
+his health improved and the acts ceased. It is in the first class of cases
+alone that there is a developed sexual perversion. In the cases of the
+second class there is a more or less definite sexual intention, but it is
+only just conscious, and the emergence of the impulse is due not to its
+strength but to the weakness, temporary or permanent, of the higher
+inhibiting centers.
+
+Epileptic cases, with loss of consciousness during the act, can only be
+regarded as presenting a pseudo-exhibitionism. They should be excluded
+altogether. It is undoubtedly true that many cases of real or apparent
+exhibitionism occur in epileptics.[62] We must not, however, too hastily
+conclude that because these acts occur in epileptics they are necessarily
+unconscious acts. Epilepsy frequently occurs on a basis of hereditary
+degeneration, and the exhibitionism may be, and not infrequently is, a
+stigma of the degeneracy and not an indication of the occurrence of a
+minor epileptic fit. When the act of pseudo-exhibitionism is truly
+epileptic, it will usually have no psychic sexual content, and it will
+certainly be liable to occur under all sorts of circumstances, when the
+patient is alone or in a miscellaneous concourse of people. It will be on
+a level with the acts of the highly respectable young woman who, at the
+conclusion of an attack of _petit mal_, consisting chiefly of a sudden
+desire to pass urine, on one occasion lifted up her clothes and urinated
+at a public entertainment, so that it was with difficulty her friends
+prevented her from being handed over to the police.[63] Such an act is
+automatic, unconscious, and involuntary; the spectators are not even
+perceived; it cannot be an act of exhibitionism. Whenever, on the other
+hand, the place and the time are evidently chosen deliberately,--a quiet
+spot, the presence of only one or two young women or children,--it is
+difficult to admit that we are in the presence of a fit of epileptic
+unconsciousness, even when the subject is known to be epileptic.
+
+Even, however, when we exclude those epileptic pseudo-exhibitionists who,
+from the legal point of view, are clearly irresponsible, it must still be
+remembered that in every case of exhibitionism there is a high degree of
+either mental abnormality on a neuropathic basis, or else of actual
+disease. This is true to a greater extent in exhibitionism than in almost
+any other form of sexual perversion. No subject of exhibitionism should be
+sent to prison without expert medical examination.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[54] Lasege first drew attention to this sexual perversion and gave it its
+generally accepted name, "Les Exhibitionistes," _L'Union Medicale_, May,
+1877. Magnan, on various occasions (for example, "Les Exhibitionistes,"
+_Archives de l'Anthropologie Criminelle_, vol. v, 1890, p. 456), has given
+further development and precision to the clinical picture of the
+exhibitionist.
+
+[55] B. Ball. _La Folie Erotique_, p. 86.
+
+[56] Moll, _Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 661.
+
+[57] "Exhibitionism in its most typical form is," Garnier truly says, "a
+_systematic act_, manifesting itself as the _strange equivalent of a
+sexual connection_, or its _substitution_." The brief account of
+exhibitionism (pp. 433-437) in Garnier's discussion of "Perversions
+Sexuelles" at the International Medical Congress at Paris in 1900
+(_Section de Psychiatrie: Comptes-Rendus_) is the most satisfactory
+statement of the psychological aspects of this perversion with which I am
+acquainted. Garnier's unrivalled clinical knowledge of these
+manifestations, due to his position during many years as physician at the
+Depot of the Prefecture of Police in Paris, adds great weight to his
+conclusions.
+
+[58] The symbolism of coitus involved in flagellation has been touched on
+by Eulenburg (_Sexuale Neuropathie_, p. 121), and is more fully developed
+by Duehren (_Geschlechtsleben in England_, bd. ii, pp. 366, _et seq._).
+
+[59] A. Hoche, _Neurologische Centralblatt_, 1896, No. 2.
+
+[60] _Op. cit._, pp. 478, et seq.
+
+[61] C.H. Hughes, "Morbid Exhibitionism," _Alienist and Neurologist_,
+August, 1904. Another somewhat similar American case, also preceded by
+overwork, and eventually adjudged insane by the courts, is recorded by
+D.S. Booth, _Alienist and Neurologist_, February, 1905.
+
+[62] Exhibitionism in epilepsy is briefly discussed by Fere, _L'Instinct
+Sexuel_, second edition, pp. 194-195.
+
+[63] W.S. Colman, "Post-Epileptic Unconscious Automatic Actions,"
+_Lancet_, July 5, 1890.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+The Forms of Erotic Symbolism are Simulacra of Coitus--Wide
+Extension of Erotic Symbolism--Fetichism Not Covering the Whole
+Ground of Sexual Selection--It is Based on the Individual Factor in
+Selection--Crystallization--The Lover and the Artist--The Key to Erotic
+Symbolism to be Found in the Emotional Sphere--The Passage to Pathological
+Extremes.
+
+
+We have now examined several very various and yet very typical
+manifestations in all of which it is not difficult to see how, in some
+strange and eccentric form--on a basis of association through resemblance
+or contiguity or both combined--there arises a definite mimicry of the
+normal sexual act together with the normal emotions which accompany that
+act. It has become clear in what sense we are justified in recognizing
+erotic symbolism.
+
+    The symbolic and, as it were, abstracted nature of these
+    manifestations is shown by the remarkable way in which they are
+    sometimes capable of transference from the object to the subject.
+    That is to say that the fetichist may show a tendency to
+    cultivate his fetich in his own person. A foot-fetichist may like
+    to go barefoot himself; a man who admired lame women liked to
+    halt himself; a man who was attracted by small waists in women
+    found sexual gratification in tight-lacing himself; a man who was
+    fascinated by fine white skin and wished to cut it found
+    satisfaction in cutting his own skin; Moll's coprolagnic
+    fetichist found a voluptuous pleasure in his own acts of
+    defecation. (See, e.g., Krafft-Ebing, _Op. cit._, p. 221, 224,
+    226; Hammond, _Sexual Impotence_, p. 74; cf. _ante_, p. 68.) Such
+    symbolic transference seems to have a profoundly natural basis,
+    for we may see a somewhat similar phenomenon in the well-known
+    tendency of cows to mount a cow in heat. This would appear to be,
+    not so much a homosexual impulse, as the dynamic psychic action
+    of an olfactory sexual symbol in a transformed form.
+
+    We seem to have here a psychic process which is a curious
+    reversal of that process of _Einfuehlung_--the projection of one's
+    own activities into the object contemplated--which Lipps has so
+    fruitfully developed as the essence of every aesthetic condition.
+    (T. Lipps, _AEsthetik_, Teil I, 1903.) By _Einfuehlung_ our own
+    interior activity becomes the activity of the object perceived,
+    a thing being beautiful in proportion as it lends itself to our
+    _Einfuehlung_. But by this action of erotic symbolism, on the
+    other hand, we transfer the activity of the object into
+    ourselves.
+
+When the idea of erotic symbolism as manifested in such definite and
+typical forms becomes realized, it further becomes clear that the vaguer
+manifestations of such symbolism are exceedingly widespread. When in a
+previous volume we were discussing and drawing together the various
+threads which unite "Love and Pain," it will now be understood that we
+were standing throughout on the threshold of erotic symbolism. Pain
+itself, in the sense in which we slowly learned to define it in this
+relationship--as a state of intense emotional excitement--may, under a
+great variety of special circumstances, become an erotic symbol and afford
+the same relief as the emotions normally accompanying the sexual act.
+Active algolagnia or sadism is thus a form of erotic symbolism; passive
+algolagnia or masochism is (in a man) an inverted form of erotic
+symbolism. Active flagellation or passive flagellation are, in exactly the
+same way, manifestations of erotic symbolism, the imaginative mimicry of
+coitus.
+
+Binet and also Krafft-Ebing[64] have argued in effect that the whole of
+sexual selection is a matter of fetichism, that is to say, of erotic
+symbolism of object. "Normal love," Binet states, "appears as the result
+of a complicated fetichism." Tarde also seems to have regarded love as
+normally a kind of fetichism. "We are a long time before we fall in love
+with a woman," he remarks; "we must wait to see the detail which strikes
+and delights us, and causes us to overlook what displeases us. Only in
+normal love the details are many and always changing. Constancy in love is
+rarely anything else but a voyage around the beloved person, a voyage of
+exploration and ever new discoveries. The most faithful lover does not
+love the same woman in the same way for two days in succession."[65]
+
+From that point of view normal sexual love is the sway of a fetich--more
+or less arbitrary, more or less (as Binet terms it) polytheistic--and it
+can have little objective basis. But, as we saw when considering "Sexual
+Selection in Man" in the previous volume, more especially when analyzing
+the notion of beauty, we are justified in believing that beauty has to a
+large extent an objective basis, and that love by no means depends simply
+on the capricious selection of some individual fetich. The individual
+factor, as we saw, is but one of many factors which constitute beauty. In
+the study of sexual selection that individual factor was passed over very
+lightly. We now see that it is often a factor of great importance, for in
+it are rooted all these outgrowths--normal in their germs, highly abnormal
+in their more extreme developments--which make up erotic symbolism.
+
+Erotic symbolism is therefore concerned with all that is least generic,
+least specific, all that is most intimately personal and individual, in
+sexual selection. It is the final point in which the decreasing circle of
+sexual attractiveness is fixed. In the widest and most abstract form
+sexual selection in man is merely human, and we are attracted to that
+which bears most fully the marks of humanity; in a less abstract form it
+is sexual, and we are attracted to that which most vigorously presents the
+secondary sexual characteristics; still narrowing, it is the type of our
+own nation and people that appeals most strongly to us in matters of love;
+and still further concentrating we are affected by the ideal--in
+civilization most often the somewhat exotic ideal--of our own day, the
+fashion of our own city. But the individual factor still remains, and amid
+the infinite possibilities of erotic symbolism the individual may evolve
+an ideal which is often, as far as he knows and perhaps in actuality, an
+absolutely unique event in the history of the human soul.
+
+Erotic symbolism works in its finer manifestations by means of the
+idealizing aptitudes; it is the field of sexual psychology in which that
+faculty of crystallization, on which Stendhal loved to dwell, achieves its
+most brilliant results. In the solitary passage in which we seem to see a
+smile on the face of the austere poet of the _De Rerum Natura_, Lucretius
+tells us how every lover, however he may be amused by the amorous
+extravagances of other men, is himself blinded by passion: if his mistress
+is black she is a fascinating brunette, if she squints she is the rival of
+Pallas, if too tall she is majestic, if too short she is one of the
+Graces, _tota merum sal_; if too lean it is her delicate refinement, if
+too fat then a Ceres, dirty and she disdains adornment, a chatterer and
+brilliantly vivacious, silent and it is her exquisite modesty.[66] Sixteen
+hundred years later Robert Burton, when describing the symptoms of love,
+made out a long and appalling list of the physical defects which the lover
+is prepared to admire.[67]
+
+Yet we must not be too certain that the lover is wrong in this matter. We
+too hastily assume that the casual and hasty judgment of the world is
+necessarily more reliable, more conformed to what we call "truth," than
+the judgment of the lover which is founded on absorbed and patient study.
+In some cases where there is lack of intelligence in the lover and
+dissimulation in the object of his love, it may be so. But even a poem or
+a picture will often not reveal its beauty except by the expenditure of
+time and study. It is foolish to expect that the secret beauty of a human
+person will reveal itself more easily. The lover is an artist, an artist
+who constructs an image, it is true, but only by patient and concentrated
+attention to nature; he knows the defects of his image, probably better
+than anyone, but he knows also that art lies, not in the avoidance of
+defects, but in the realization of those traits which swallow up defects
+and so render them non-existent. A great artist, Rodin, after a life spent
+in the study of Nature, has declared that for art there is no ugliness in
+Nature. "I have arrived at this belief by the study of Nature," he said;
+"I can only grasp the beauty of the soul by the beauty of the body, but
+some day one will come who will explain what I only catch a glimpse of and
+will declare how the whole earth is beautiful, and all human beings
+beautiful. I have never been able to say this in sculpture so well as I
+wish and as I feel it affirmed within me. For poets Beauty has always
+been some particular landscape, some particular woman; but it should be
+all women, all landscapes. A negro or a Mongol has his beauty, however
+remote from ours, and it must be the same with their characters. There is
+no ugliness. When I was young I made that mistake, as others do; I could
+not undertake a woman's bust unless I thought her pretty, according to my
+particular idea of beauty; to-day I should do the bust of any woman, and
+it would be just as beautiful. And however ugly a woman may look, when she
+is with her lover she becomes beautiful; there is beauty in her character,
+in her passions, and beauty exists as soon as character or passion becomes
+visible, for the body is a casting on which passions are imprinted. And
+even without that, there is always the blood that flows in the veins and
+the air that fills the lungs."[68]
+
+The saint, also, is here at one with the lover and the artist. The man who
+has so profoundly realized the worth of his fellow men that he is ready
+even to die in order to save them, feels that he has discovered a great
+secret. Cyples traces the "secret delights" that have thus risen in the
+hearts of holy men to the same source as the feelings generated between
+lovers, friends, parents, and children. "A few have at intervals walked in
+the world," he remarks, "who have, each in his own original way, found out
+this marvel.... Straightway man in general has become to them so sweet a
+thing that the infatuation has seemed to the rest of their fellows to be a
+celestial madness. Beggars' rags to their unhesitating lips grew fit for
+kissing, because humanity had touched the garb; there were no longer any
+menial acts, but only welcome services.... Remember by how much man is the
+subtlest circumstance in the world; at how many points he can attach
+relationships; how manifold and perennial he is in his results. All other
+things are dull, meager, tame beside him."[69]
+
+It may be added that even if we still believe that lover and artist and
+saint are drawing the main elements of their conceptions from the depths
+of their own consciousness, there is a sense in which they are coming
+nearer to the truth of things than those for whom their conceptions are
+mere illusions. The aptitude for realizing beauty has involved an
+adjustment of the nerves and the associated brain centers through
+countless ages that began before man was. When the vision of supreme
+beauty is slowly or suddenly realized by anyone, with a reverberation that
+extends throughout his organism, he has attained to something which for
+his species, and for far more than his species, is truth, and can only be
+illusion to one who has artificially placed himself outside the stream of
+life.
+
+    In an essay on "The Gods as Apparitions of the Race-Life," Edward
+    Carpenter, though in somewhat Platonic phraseology, thus well
+    states the matter: "The youth sees the girl; it may be a chance
+    face, a chance outline, amid the most banal surroundings. But it
+    gives the cue. There is a memory, a confused reminiscence. The
+    mortal figure without penetrates to the immortal figure within,
+    and there rises into consciousness a shining form, glorious, not
+    belonging to this world, but vibrating with the agelong life of
+    humanity, and the memory of a thousand love-dreams. The waking of
+    this vision intoxicates the man; it glows and burns within him; a
+    goddess (it may be Venus herself) stands in the sacred place of
+    his temple; a sense of awe-struck splendor fills him, and the
+    world is changed." "He sees something" (the same writer continues
+    in a subsequent essay, "Beauty and Duty") "which, in a sense, is
+    more real than the figures in the street, for he sees something
+    that has lived and moved for hundreds of years in the heart of
+    the race; something which has been one of the great formative
+    influences of his own life, and which has done as much to create
+    those very figures in the street as qualities in the circulation
+    of the blood may do to form a finger or other limb. He comes into
+    touch with a very real Presence or Power--one of those organic
+    centers of growth in the life of humanity--and feels this larger
+    life within himself, subjective, if you like, and yet intensely
+    objective. And more. For is it not also evident that the woman,
+    the mortal woman who excites his Vision, _has_ some closest
+    relation to it, and is, indeed, far more than a mere mask or
+    empty formula which reminds him of it? For she indeed has within
+    her, just as much as the man has, deep subconscious Powers
+    working; and the ideal which has dawned so entrancingly on the
+    man is in all probability closely related to that which has been
+    working most powerfully in the heredity of the woman, and which
+    has most contributed to mold _her_ form and outline. No wonder,
+    then, that her form should remind him of it. Indeed, when he
+    looks into her eyes he sees _through_ to a far deeper life even
+    than she herself may be aware of, and yet which is truly hers--a
+    life perennial and wonderful. The more than mortal in him beholds
+    the more than mortal in her; and the gods descend to meet."
+    (Edward Carpenter, _The Art of Creation_, pp. 137, 186.)
+
+It is this mighty force which lies behind and beneath the aberrations we
+have been concerned with, a great reservoir from which they draw the
+life-blood that vivifies even their most fantastic shapes. Fetichism and
+the other forms of erotic symbolism are but the development and the
+isolation of the crystallizations which normally arise on the basis of
+sexual selection. Normal in their basis, in their extreme forms they
+present the utmost pathological aberrations of the sexual instinct which
+can be attained or conceived. In the intermediate space all degrees are
+possible. In the slightest degree the symbol is merely a specially
+fascinating and beloved feature in a person who is, in all other respects,
+felt to be lovable; as such its recognition is a legitimate part of
+courtship, an effective aid to tumescence. In a further degree the symbol
+is the one arresting and attracting character of a person who must,
+however, still be felt as a sexually attractive individual. In a still
+further degree of perversion the symbol is effective, even though the
+person with whom it is associated is altogether unattractive. In the final
+stage the person and even all association with a person disappear
+altogether from the field of sexual consciousness; the abstract symbol
+rules supreme.
+
+Long, however, before the symbol has reached that final climax of morbid
+intensity we may be said to have passed beyond the sphere of sexual love.
+A person, not an abstracted quality, must be the goal of love. So long as
+the fetich is subordinated to the person it serves to heighten love. But
+love must be based on a complexus of attractive qualities, or it has no
+stability.[70] As soon as the fetich becomes isolated and omnipotent, so
+that the person sinks into the background as an unimportant appendage of
+the fetich, all stability is lost. The fetichist now follows an impersonal
+and abstract symbol withersoever it may lead him.
+
+It has been seen that there are an extraordinary number of forms in which
+erotic symbolism may be felt. It must be remembered, and it cannot be too
+distinctly emphasized, that the links that bind together the forms of
+erotic symbolism are not to be found in objects or even in acts, but in
+the underlying emotion. A feeling is the first condition of the symbol, a
+feeling which recalls, by a subtle and unconscious automatic association
+of resemblance or of contiguity, some former feeling. It is the similarity
+of emotion, instinctively apprehended, which links on a symbol only
+partially sexual, or even apparently not sexual at all, to the great
+central focus of sexual emotion, the great dominating force which brings
+the symbol its life-blood.[71]
+
+The cases of sexual hyperaesthesia, quoted at the beginning of this study,
+do but present in a morbidly comprehensive and sensitive form those
+possibilities of erotic symbolism which, in some degree, or at some
+period, are latent in most persons. They are genuinely instinctive and
+automatic, and have nothing in common with that fanciful and deliberate
+play of the intelligence around sexual imagery--not infrequently seen in
+abnormal and insane persons--which has no significance for sexual
+psychology.
+
+It is to the extreme individualization involved by the developments of
+erotic symbolism that the fetichist owes his morbid and perilous
+isolation. The lover who is influenced by all the elements of sexual
+selection is always supported by the fellow-feeling of a larger body of
+other human beings; he has behind him his species, his sex, his nation, or
+at the very least a fashion. Even the inverted lover in most cases is soon
+able to create around him an atmosphere constituted by persons whose
+ideals resemble his own. But it is not so with the erotic symbolist. He is
+nearly always alone. He is predisposed to isolation from the outset, for
+it would seem to be on a basis of excessive shyness and timidity that the
+manifestations of erotic symbolism are most likely to develop. When at
+length the symbolist realizes his own aspirations--which seem to him for
+the most part an altogether new phenomenon in the world--and at the same
+time realizes the wide degree in which they deviate from those of the rest
+of mankind, his natural secretiveness is still further reinforced. He
+stands alone. His most sacred ideals are for all those around him a
+childish absurdity, or a disgusting obscenity, possibly a matter calling
+for the intervention of the policeman. We have forgotten that all these
+impulses which to us seem so unnatural--this adoration of the foot and
+other despised parts of the body, this reverence for the excretory acts
+and products, the acceptance of congress with animals, the solemnity of
+self-exhibition--were all beliefs and practices which, to our remote
+forefathers, were bound up with the highest conceptions of life and the
+deepest ardors of religion.
+
+A man cannot, however, deviate at once so widely and so spontaneously in
+his impulses from the rest of the world in which he himself lives without
+possessing an aboriginally abnormal temperament. At the very least he
+exhibits a neuropathic sensitiveness to abnormal impressions. Not
+infrequently there is more than this, the distinct stigmata of
+degeneration, sometimes a certain degree of congenital feeble-mindedness
+or a tendency to insanity.
+
+Yet, regarded as a whole, and notwithstanding the frequency with which
+they witness to congenital morbidity, the phenomena of erotic symbolism
+can scarcely fail to be profoundly impressive to the patient and impartial
+student of the human soul. They often seem absurd, sometimes disgusting,
+occasionally criminal; they are always, when carried to an extreme degree,
+abnormal. But of all the manifestations of sexual psychology, normal and
+abnormal, they are the most specifically human. More than any others they
+involve the potently plastic force of the imagination. They bring before
+us the individual man, not only apart from his fellows, but in opposition,
+himself creating his own paradise. They constitute the supreme triumph of
+human idealism.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[64] Binet, _Etudes de Psychologie Experimentale_, esp., p. 84;
+Krafft-Ebing, _Op. cit._, p. 18.
+
+[65] G. Tarde, "L'Amour Morbide," _Archives de l'Anthropologie
+Criminelle_, 1890, p. 585.
+
+[66] Lucretius, Lib. IV, vv. 1150-1163.
+
+[67] Burton, _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. III,
+Subs. I.
+
+[68] Judith Cladel, _Auguste Rodin Pris sur la Vie_, 1903, pp. 103-104.
+Some slight modifications have been made in the translation of this
+passage on account of the conversational form of the original.
+
+[69] W. Cyples, _The Process of Human Experience_, p. 462. Even if (as we
+have already seen, _ante_, p. 58) the saint cannot always feel actual
+physical pleasure in the intimate contact of humanity, the ardor of
+devoted service which his vision of humanity arouses remains unaffected.
+
+[70] "To love," as Stendhal defined it (_De l'Amour_, Chapter II), "is to
+have pleasure in seeing, touching, and feeling by all the senses, and as
+near as possible, a beloved object by whom one is oneself loved."
+
+[71] Pillon's study of "La Memoire Affective" (_Revue Philosophique_,
+February, 1901) helps to explain the psychic mechanism of the process.
+
+
+
+
+THE MECHANISM OF DETUMESCENCE.
+
+I.
+
+The Psychological Significance of Detumescence--The Testis and the
+Ovary--Sperm Cell and Germ Cell--Development of the Embryo--The External
+Sexual Organs--Their Wide Range of Variation--Their Nervous Supply--The
+Penis--Its Racial Variations--The Influence of Exercise--The Scrotum and
+Testicles--The Mons Veneris--The Vulva--The Labia Majora and their
+Varieties--The Pubic Hair and Its Characters--The Clitoris and Its
+Functions--The Anus as an Erogenous Zone--The Nymphae and their
+Function--The Vagina--The Hymen--Virginity--The Biological Significance of
+the Hymen.
+
+
+In analyzing the sexual impulse we have seen that the process whereby the
+conjunction of the sexes is achieved falls naturally into two phases: the
+first phase, of tumescence, during which force is generated in the
+organism, and the second phase, of detumescence, in which that force is
+discharged during conjugation.[72] Hitherto we have been occupied mainly
+with the first phase, that of tumescence, and with its associated psychic
+phenomena. It was inevitable that this should be so, for it is during the
+slow process of tumescence that sexual selection is decided, the
+crystallizations of love elaborated, and, to a large extent, the
+individual erotic symbols determined. But we can by no means altogether
+pass over the final phase of detumescence. Its consideration, it is true,
+brings us directly into the field of anatomy and physiology; while
+tumescence is largely under control of the will, when the moment of
+detumescence arrives the reins slip from the control of the will; the more
+fundamental and uncontrollable impulses of the organism gallop on
+unchecked; the chariot of Phaethon dashes blindly down into a sea of
+emotion.
+
+Yet detumescence is the end and climax of the whole drama; it is an
+anatomico-physiological process, certainly, but one that inevitably
+touches psychology at every point.[73] It is, indeed, the very key to the
+process of tumescence, and unless we understand and realize very precisely
+what it is that happens during detumescence, our psychological analysis of
+the sexual impulse must remain vague and inadequate.
+
+From the point of view we now occupy, a man and a woman are no longer two
+highly sensitive organisms vibrating, voluptuously it may indeed be, but
+vaguely and indefinitely, to all kinds of influences and with fluctuating
+impulses capable of being directed into any channel, even in the highest
+degree divergent from the proper ends of procreation. They are now two
+genital organisms who exist to propagate the race, and whatever else they
+may be, they must be adequately constituted to effect the act by which the
+future of the race is ensured. We have to consider what are the material
+conditions which ensure the most satisfactory and complete fulfillment of
+this act, and how those conditions may be correlated with other
+circumstances in the organism. In thus approaching the subject we shall
+find that we have not really abandoned the study of the psychic aspects of
+sex.
+
+The two most primary sexual organs are the testis and the ovary; it is the
+object of conjugation to bring into contact the sperm from the testis with
+the germ from the ovary. There is no reason to suppose that the germ-cell
+and the sperm-cell are essentially different from each other. Sexual
+conjugation thus remains a process which is radically the same as the
+non-sexual mode of propagation which preceded it. The fusion of the nuclei
+of the two cells was regarded by Van Beneden, who in 1875 first accurately
+described it, as a process of conjugation comparable to that of the
+protozoa and the protophyta. Boveri, who has further extended our
+knowledge of the process, considers that the spermatozoon removes an
+inhibitory influence preventing the commencement of development in the
+ovum; the spermatozoon replaces a portion of the ovum which has already
+undergone degeneration, so that the object of conjugation is chiefly to
+effect the union of the properties of two cells in one, sexual
+fertilization achieving a division of labor with reciprocal inhibition;
+the two cells have renounced their original faculty of separate
+development in order to attain a fusion of qualities and thus render
+possible that production of new forms and qualities which has involved the
+progress of the organized world.[74]
+
+While in fishes this conjugation of the male and female elements is
+usually ensured by the female casting her spawn into an artificial nest
+outside the body, on to which the male sheds his milt, in all animals
+(and, to some extent, birds, who occupy an intermediate position) there is
+an organic nest, or incubation chamber as Bland Sutton terms it, the womb,
+in the female body, wherein the fertilized egg may develop to a high
+degree of maturity sheltered from those manifold risks of the external
+world which make it necessary for the spawn of fishes to be so enormous in
+amount. Since, however, men and women have descended from remote ancestors
+who, in the manner of aquatic creatures, exercised functions of
+sperm-extrusion and germ-extrusion that were exactly analogous in the two
+sexes, without any specialized female uterine organization, the early
+stages of human male and female foetal development still display the
+comparatively undifferentiated sexual organization of those remote
+ancestors, and during the first months of foetal life it is practically
+impossible to tell by the inspection of the genital regions whether the
+embryo would have developed into a man or into a woman. If we examine the
+embryo at an early stage of development we see that the hind end is the
+body stalk, this stalk in later stages becoming part of the umbilical
+cord. The urogenital region, formed by the rapid extension of the hind
+end beyond its original limit, which corresponds to what is later the
+umbilicus, develops mainly by the gradual differentiation of structures
+(the Wolffian and Muellerian bodies) which originally exist identically in
+both sexes. This process of sexual differentiation is highly complex, so
+that it cannot yet be said that there is complete agreement among
+investigators as to its details. When some irregularity or arrest of
+development occurs in the process we have one or other of the numerous
+malformations which may affect this region. If the arrest occurs at a very
+early stage we may even find a condition of things which seems to
+approximate to that which normally exists in the adult reptilia.[75] Owing
+to the fact that both male and female organs develop from more primitive
+structures which were sexually undifferentiated, a fundamental analogy in
+the sexual organs of the sexes always remains; the developed organs of one
+sex exist as rudiments in the other sex; the testicles correspond to the
+ovaries; the female clitoris is the homologue of the male penis; the
+scrotum of one sex is the labia majora in the other sex, and so
+throughout, although it is not always possible at present to be quite
+certain in regard to these homologics.
+
+Since the object to be attained by the sexual organs in the human species
+is identical with that which they subserve in their pre-human ancestors,
+it is not surprising to find that these structures have a clear
+resemblance to the corresponding structures in the apes, although on the
+whole there would appear to be in man a higher degree of sexual
+differentiation. Thus the uterus of various species of _semnopithecus_
+seems to show a noteworthy correspondence with the same organ in
+woman.[76] The somewhat less degree of sexual differentiation is well
+shown in the gorilla; in the male the external organs are in the passive
+state covered by the wrinkled skin of the abdomen, while in the female,
+on the contrary, they are very apparent, and in sexual excitement the
+large clitoris and nymphae become markedly prominent. The penis of the
+gorilla, however, more nearly resembles that of man, according to
+Hartmann, than does that of the other anthropoid apes, which diverge from
+the human type in this respect more than do the cynocephalic apes and some
+species of baboon.
+
+From the psychological point of view we are less interested in the
+internal sexual organs, which are most fundamentally concerned with the
+production and reception of the sexual elements, than with the more
+external parts of the genital apparatus which serve as the instruments of
+sexual excitation, and the channels for the intromission and passage of
+the seminal fluid. It is these only which can play any part at all in
+sexual selection; they are the only part of the sexual apparatus which can
+enter into the formation of either normal or abnormal erotic conceptions;
+they are the organs most prominently concerned with detumescence; they
+alone enter normally into the conscious process of sex at any time. It
+seems desirable, therefore, to discuss them briefly at this point.
+
+    Our knowledge of the individual and racial variations of the
+    external sexual organs is still extremely imperfect. A few
+    monographs and collections of data on isolated points may be
+    found in more or less inaccessible publications. As regards
+    women, Ploss and Bartels have devoted a chapter to the sexual
+    organs of women which extends to a hundred pages, but remains
+    scanty and fragmentary. (_Das Weib_, vol. i, Chapter VI.) The
+    most systematic series of observations have been made in the case
+    of the various kinds of degenerates--idiots, the insane,
+    criminals, etc.--but it would be obviously unsafe to rely too
+    absolutely on such investigations for our knowledge of the sexual
+    organs of the ordinary population.
+
+    There can be no doubt, however, that the external sexual organs
+    in normal men and women exhibit a peculiarly wide range of
+    variation. This is indicated not only by the unsystematic results
+    attained by experienced observers, but also by more systematic
+    studies. Thus Herman has shown by detailed measurements that
+    there are great normal variations in the conformation of the
+    parts that form the floor of the female pelvis. He found that the
+    projection of the pelvic floor varied from nothing to as much as
+    two inches, and that in healthy women who had borne no children
+    the distance between the coccyx and anus, the length of the
+    perineum, the distance between the fourchette and the symphysis
+    pubis, and the length of the vagina are subject to wide
+    variations. (_Lancet_, October 12, 1889.) Even the female
+    urethral opening varies very greatly, as has been shown by Bergh,
+    who investigated it in nearly 700 women and reproduces the
+    various shapes found; while most usually (in about a third of the
+    cases observed), a longitudinal slit, it may be cross-shaped,
+    star-shaped, crescentic, etc.; and while sometimes very small, in
+    about 6 per cent. of the cases it admitted the tip of the little
+    finger. (Bergh, _Monatsheft fuer Praktische Dermatologie_, 15
+    Sept., 1897.)
+
+    As regards both sexes, Stanley Hall states that "Dr. F.N.
+    Seerley, who has examined over 2000 normal young men as well as
+    many young women, tells me that in his opinion individual
+    variations in these parts are much greater even than those of
+    face and form, and that the range of adult and apparently normal
+    size and proportion, as well as function, and of both the age and
+    order of development, not only of each of the several parts
+    themselves, but of all their immediate annexes, and in females as
+    well as males, is far greater than has been recognized by any
+    writer. This fact is the basis of the anxieties and fears of
+    morphological abnormality so frequent during adolescence." (G.S.
+    Hall, _Adolescence_, vol. i, p. 414).
+
+In accordance with the supreme importance of the part they play, and the
+intimately psychic nature of that part, the sexual organs, both internal
+and external, are very richly supplied with nerves. While the internal
+organs are very abundantly furnished with sympathetic nerves and ganglia,
+the external organs show the highest possible degree of specialization of
+the various peripheral nervous devices which the organism has developed
+for receiving, accumulating, and transmitting stimuli to the brain.[77]
+
+    "The number of conducting cords which attach the genitals to the
+    nervous centers is simply enormous," writes Bryan Robinson; "the
+    pudic nerve is composed of nearly all the third sacral and
+    branches from the second and fourth sacral. As one examines this
+    nerve he is forced to the conclusion that it is an enormous
+    supply for a small organ. The periphery of the pudic nerve
+    spreads itself like a fan over the genitals." The lesser sciatic
+    nerve supplies only one muscle--the gluteus maximus--and then
+    sends the large pudendal branch to the side of the penis, and
+    hence the friction of coitus induces active contraction of the
+    gluteus maximus, "the main muscle of coition." The large pudic
+    and the pudendal constitute the main supply of the external
+    genitals. In women the pudic nerve is equally large, but the
+    pudendal much smaller, possibly, Bryan Robinson suggests, because
+    women take a less active part in coitus. The nerve supply of the
+    clitoris, however, is three or four times as large as that of the
+    penis in proportion to size. (F.B. Robinson, "The Intimate
+    Nervous Connection of the Genito-Urinary Organs With the
+    Cerebro-Spinal and Sympathetic Systems," _New York Medical
+    Journal_, March 11, 1893; id., _The Abdominal Brain_, 1899.)
+
+Of all the sexual organs the penis is without doubt that which has most
+powerfully impressed the human imagination. It is the very emblem of
+generation, and everywhere men have contemplated it with a mixture of
+reverence and shuddering awe that has sometimes, even among civilized
+peoples, amounted to horror and disgust. Its image is worn as an amulet to
+ward off evil and invoked as a charm to call forth blessing. The sexual
+organs were once the most sacred object on which a man could place his
+hands to swear an inviolate oath, just as now he takes up the Testament.
+Even in the traditions of the great classic civilization which we inherit
+the penis is _fascinus_, the symbol of all fascination. In the history of
+human culture it has had far more than a merely human significance; it has
+been the symbol of all the generative force of Nature, the embodiment of
+creative energy in the animal and vegetable worlds alike, an image to be
+held aloft for worship, the sign of all unconscious ecstasy. As a symbol,
+the sacred phallus, it has been woven in and out of all the highest and
+deepest human conceptions, so intimately that it is possible to see it
+everywhere, that it is possible to fail to see it anywhere.
+
+In correspondence with the importance of the penis is the large number of
+names which men have everywhere bestowed upon it. In French literature
+many hundred synonyms may be found. They were also numerous in Latin. In
+English the literary terms for the penis seem to be comparatively few, but
+a large number of non-literary synonyms exist in colloquial and perhaps
+merely local usage. The Latin term penis, which has established itself
+among us as the most correct designation, is generally considered to be
+associated with _pendere_ and to be connected therefore with the usually
+pendent position of the organ. In the middle ages the general literary
+term throughout Europe was _coles_ (or _colis_) from _caulis_, a stalk,
+and _virga_, a rod. The only serious English literary term, yard (exactly
+equivalent to _virga_), as used by Chaucer--almost the last great English
+writer whose vocabulary was adequate to the central facts of life--has now
+fallen out of literary and even colloquial usage.
+
+    Pierer and Chaulant, in their anatomical and physiological
+    _Real-Lexicon_ (vol. vi, p. 134), give nearly a hundred synonyms
+    for the penis. Hyrtl (_Topographisches Anatomie_, seventh
+    edition, vol. ii, pp. 67-69), adds others. Schurig, in his
+    _Spermatologia_ (1720, pp. 89-91), also presents a number of
+    names for the penis; in Chapter III (pp. 189-192) of the same
+    book he discusses the penis generally with more fullness than
+    most authors. Louis de Landes, in his _Glossaire Erotique_ of the
+    French language (pp. 239-242), enumerates several hundred
+    literary synonyms for the penis, though many of them probably
+    only occur once.
+
+    There is no thorough and comprehensive modern study of the penis
+    on an anthropological basis (though I should mention a valuable
+    and fully illustrated study of anthropological and pathological
+    variations of the penis in a series of articles by Marandon de
+    Montyel, "Des Anomalies des Organs Genitaux Externes Chez les
+    Alienees," etc., _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1895),
+    and it would be out of place here to attempt to collect the
+    scattered notices regarding racial and other variations. It may
+    suffice to note some of the evidence showing that such variations
+    seem to be numerous and important. The Arab penis (according to
+    Kocher) is slender and long (a third longer than the average
+    European penis) and with a club-shaped glans. It undergoes little
+    change when it enters the erect state. The clothes leaves it
+    quite free, and the Arab practices manual excitement at an early
+    age to favor its development.
+
+    Among the Fuegians, also, according to Hyades and Deniker (_Cap
+    Horn_, vol. vii, p. 153), the average length of the penis is 77
+    millimeters, which is longer than in Europeans.
+
+    In men of black race, also, the penis is decidedly large. Thus
+    Sir H.H. Johnston (_British Central Africa_, p. 399) states this
+    to be a universal rule. Among the Wankenda of Northern Nyassa,
+    for instance, he remarks that, while the body is of medium size,
+    the penis is generally large. He gives the usual length as about
+    six inches, reaching nine or ten in erection. The prepuce, it is
+    added, is often very long, and circumcision is practiced by many
+    tribes.
+
+    Among the American negroes Hrdlicka has found, also (_Proceedings
+    American Association for the Advancement of Science_, vol. xlvii,
+    p. 475), that the penis in black boys is larger than in white
+    boys.
+
+    The passages cited above suggest the question whether the penis
+    becomes larger by exercise of its generative functions. Most old
+    authors assert that frequent erection makes the penis large and
+    long (Schurig, _Spermatologia_, p. 107). Galen noted that in
+    singers and athletes, who were chaste in order to preserve their
+    strength, the sexual parts were small and rugrose, like those of
+    old men, and that exercise of the organs from youth develops
+    them; Roubaud, quoting this observation (_Traite de
+    l'Impuissance_, p. 373), agrees with the statement. It seems
+    probable that there is an element of truth in this ancient
+    belief. At the same time it must be remembered that the penis is
+    only to small extent a muscular organ, and that the increase of
+    size produced by frequent congestion of erectile tissues cannot
+    be either rapid or pronounced. Variations in the size of the
+    sexual organs are probably on the whole mainly inherited, though
+    it is impossible to speak decisively on this point until more
+    systematic observations become customary.
+
+The scrotum has usually, in the human imagination, been regarded merely as
+an appendage of the penis, of secondary importance, although it is the
+garment of the primary and essential organs of sex, and the fact that it
+is not the seat of any voluptuous sensation has doubtless helped to
+confirm this position. Even the name is merely a mediaeval perversion of
+_scortum_, skin or hide. In classic times it was usually called the pouch
+or purse. The importance of the testicles has not, however, been
+altogether ignored, as the very word _testis_ itself shows, for the
+_testis_ is simply the _witness_ of virility.[78]
+
+It is easy to understand why the penis should occupy this special place in
+man's thoughts as the supreme sexual organ. It is the one conspicuous and
+prominent portion of the sexual apparatus, while its aptitude for swelling
+and erecting itself involuntarily, under the influence of sexual emotion,
+gives it a peculiar and almost unique position in the body. At the same
+time it is the point at which, in the male body, all voluptuous sensation
+is concentrated, the only normal masculine center of sex.[79]
+
+It is not easy to find any correspondingly conspicuous symbol of sex in
+the sexual region of women. In the normal position nothing is visible but
+the peculiarly human cushion of fat picturesquely termed the Mons Veneris
+(because, as Palfyn said, all those who enroll themselves under the banner
+of Venus must necessarily scale it), and even that is veiled from view in
+the adult by the more or less bushy plantation of hair which grows upon
+it. A triangle of varyingly precise definition is thus formed at the lower
+apex of the trunk, and this would sometimes appear to have been regarded
+as a feminine symbol.[80] But the more usual and typical symbol of
+femininity is the idealized ring (by some savages drawn as a lozenge) of
+the vulvar opening--the _yoni_ corresponding to the masculine
+_lingam_--which is normally closed from view by the larger lips arising
+from beneath the shadow of the _mons_. It is a symbol that, like the
+masculine phallus, has a double meaning among primitive peoples and is
+sometimes used to call down a blessing and sometimes to invoke a
+curse.[81]
+
+This external opening of the feminine genital passage with its two
+enclosing lips is now generally called the vulva. It would appear that
+originally (as by Celsus and Pliny) this term included the womb, also, but
+when the term "uterus" came into use "vulva" was confined (as its sense of
+folding doors suggests that it should be) to the external entrance. The
+classic term _cunnus_ for the external genitals was chiefly used by the
+poets; it has been the etymological source of various European names for
+this region, such as the old French _con_, which has now, however,
+disappeared from literature while even in popular usage it has given place
+to _lapin_ and similar terms. But there is always a tendency, marked in
+most parts of the world, for the names of the external female parts to
+become indecorous. Even in classic antiquity this part was the _pudendum_,
+the part to be ashamed of, and among ourselves the mass of the
+population, still preserving the traditions of primitive times, continue
+to cherish the same notion.
+
+    The anatomy, anthropology, folk-lore, and terminology of the
+    external and to some extent the internal feminine sexual region
+    may be studied in the following publications, among others:
+    Ploss, _Das Weib_, vol. i, Chapter VI; Hyrtl, _Topographisches
+    Anatomie_, vol. ii, and other publications by the same scholarly
+    anatomist; W.J. Stewart Mackay, _History of Ancient Gynaecology_,
+    especially pp. 244-250; R. Bergh, "Symbolae ad Cognitionem
+    Genitalium Externorum Foeminearum" (in Danish),
+    _Hospitalstidende_, August, 1894; and also in _Monatshefte fuer
+    Praktische Dermatologie_, 1897. D.S. Lamb, "The Female External
+    Genital Organs," _New York Journal of Gynaecology_, August, 1894;
+    R.L. Dickinson, "Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their
+    Significance," _American Gynecology_, September, 1902; Kryptadia
+    (in various languages), vol. viii, pp. 3-11, 11-13, and many
+    other passages. Several of Schurig's works (especially
+    _Gynaecologia_, _Muliebria_, and _Parthenologia_) contain full
+    summaries of the statements of the early writers.
+
+The external or larger lips, like the mons veneris, are specifically human
+in their full development, for in the anthropoid apes they are small as is
+the mons, and in the lower apes absent altogether; they are, moreover,
+larger in the white than in the other human races. Thus in the negro, and
+to a less degree in the Japanese (Wernich) and the Javanese (Scherzer)
+they are less developed than in women of white race. The greater lips
+develop in the foetus later than the lesser lips, which are thus at first
+uncovered; this condition thus constitutes an infantile state which
+occasionally (in less than 2 per cent. of cases, according to Bergh)
+persists in the adult. Their generally accepted name, labia majora, is
+comparatively modern.[82]
+
+    The outer sides of the labia majora are covered with hair, and on
+    the inner sides, which are smooth and moist, but are not true
+    mucous membrane, there are a few sweat glands and numerous large
+    sebaceous glands. Bergh considers that there is little or no hair
+    on the inner sides of the labia majora, but Lamb states that
+    careful examination shows that from one- to two-thirds of the
+    inner surface in adult women show hairs like those of the
+    external surface. In brunettes and women of dark races this
+    surface is pigmented; in dark races it is usually a slate gray.
+    From an examination of 2200 young Danish prostitutes Bergh has
+    found that there are two main varieties in the shape of the labia
+    majora, with transitional forms. In the first and most frequent
+    form the labia tend to be less marked and more effaced and
+    separated at the upper and anterior part, often being lost in the
+    sides of the mons and presenting a fissure which is broader in
+    its upper part and showing the inner lips more or less bare. In
+    the second form the labia are thicker and more outstanding and
+    the inner edges lie in contact throughout their whole length,
+    showing the _rima pudendi_ as a long narrow fissure. Whatever the
+    form, the labia close more tightly together in virgins and in
+    young individuals generally than in the deflowered and the
+    elderly. In children, as Martineau pointed out, the vulva appears
+    to look directly forward and the clitoris and urinary meatus
+    easily appear, while in adult women, and especially after
+    attempts at coitus have been made, the vulva appears directed
+    more below and behind, and the clitoris and meatus more covered
+    by the labia majora; so that the child urinates forward, while
+    the adult woman is usually able to urinate almost directly
+    downwards in the erect position, though in some cases (as may
+    occasionally be observed in the street) she can only do so when
+    bending slightly forwards. This difference in the direction of
+    the stream formerly furnished one of the methods of diagnosing
+    virginity, an uncertain one, since the difference is largely due
+    to age and individual variation. The main factor in the position
+    and aspect of the vulva is pelvic inclination. (See Havelock
+    Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition, p. 64; Stratz, _Die
+    Schoenheit des Weiblichen Koerpers_, Chapter XII.) In the European
+    woman, according to Stratz, a considerable degree of pelvic
+    inclination is essential to beauty, concealing all but the
+    anterior third of the vulva. In negresses and other women of
+    lower race the vulva, however, usually lies further back, being
+    more conspicuous from behind than in European women; in this
+    respect lower races resemble the apes. Those women of dark race,
+    therefore, whose modesty is focused behind rather than in front
+    thus have sound anatomical considerations on their side.
+
+    As Ploss and Bartels remark, a very common variation among
+    European women consists in an unusually posterior position of the
+    vulva and vaginal entrance, so that unless a cushion is placed
+    under the buttocks it is difficult for the man to effect coitus
+    in the usual position without giving much pain to the woman. They
+    add that another anomaly, less easy to remedy, consists in an
+    abnormally anterior position of the vaginal entrance close
+    beneath the pelvic bone, so that, although intromission is easy,
+    the spasmodic contraction of the vagina at the culmination of
+    orgasm presses the penis against the bone and causes intolerable
+    pain to the man.
+
+The mons veneris and the labia majora are, after the age of puberty,
+always normally covered by a more or less profuse growth of hair. It is
+notable that the apes, notwithstanding their general tendency to
+hairiness, show no such special development of hair in this region. We
+thus see that all the external and more conspicuous portions of the sexual
+sphere in woman--the mons veneris, the labia majora, and the
+hair--represent not so much an animal inheritance, such as we commonly
+misrepresent them to be, but a higher and genuinely human development. As
+none of these structures subserve any clear practical use, it would appear
+that they must have developed by sexual selection to satisfy the aesthetic
+demands of the eye.[83]
+
+    The character and arrangement of the pubic hair, investigated by
+    Eschricht and Voigt more than half a century ago, have been more
+    recently studied by Bergh. As these observers have pointed out,
+    there are various converging hair streams from above and below,
+    the clitoris seeming to be the center towards which they are
+    directed. The hair-covering thus formed is usually ample and, as
+    a rule, is more so in brunettes than in blondes. It is nearly
+    always bent, curly and more or less spirally twisted.[84] There
+    are frequently one or two curls at the commencement of the
+    fissure, rolled outwards, and occasionally a well marked tuft in
+    the middle line. In abundance the pubic hair corresponds with the
+    axillary hair; when one region is defective in hair the other is
+    usually so also. Strong eyebrows also usually indicate a strong
+    development of pubic hair. But the hair of the head usually
+    varies independently, and Bergh found that of 154 women with
+    spare pubic hair 72 had good and often profuse hair on the head.
+    Complete or almost complete absence of pubic hair is in Bergh's
+    experience only found in about 3 per cent. of women; these were
+    all young and blonde.
+
+Rothe, in his investigation of the pubic hair of 1000 Berlin women, found
+that no two women were really alike in this respect, but there was a
+tendency to two main types of arrangement, with minor subdivisions,
+according as the hair tended to grow chiefly in the middle line extending
+laterally from that line, or to grow equally over the whole extent of the
+pubic region; these two groups included half the cases investigated.
+
+    In men the pubic hair normally ascends anteriorly in a faint line
+    up to the navel, with tendency to form a triangle with the apex
+    above, and posteriorly extends backwards to the anus. In women
+    these anterior and posterior extensions are comparatively rare,
+    or at all events are only represented by a few stray hairs. Rothe
+    found this variation in 4 per cent. of North German women, though
+    a triangle of hair was only found in 2 per cent.; Lombroso found
+    it in 5 per cent, of Italian women; Bergh found it in only 1.6
+    per cent. among 1000 Danish prostitutes, all sixteen of whom with
+    three exceptions were brunettes. In Vienna, among 600 women, Coe
+    found only 1 per cent, with this distribution of hair, and states
+    that they were women of decidedly masculine type, though Ploss
+    and Bartels, as well as Rothe, find, however, that heterogeny, as
+    they term the masculine distribution, is more common in blondes.
+    The anterior extension of hair is usually accompanied by the
+    posterior extension around the anus, usually very slight, but
+    occasionally as pronounce as in men. (According to Rothe,
+    however, anterior heterogeny comparatively rare.) These masculine
+    variations in the extension of the pubic hair appear to be not
+    uncommonly associated with other physical and psychic anomalies;
+    it is on this account that they have sometimes been regarded as
+    indications of a vicious or a criminal temperament; they are,
+    however, found in quite normal women.
+
+    The pubic hair of women is usually shorter than that of men, but
+    thick, and the individual hairs stronger and larger in diameter
+    than those of men, as Pfaff first showed; dark hair is usually
+    stronger than light. In both length and size the individual
+    variations are considerable. The usual length is about 2 inches,
+    or 3-5 centimeters, occasionally reaching about 4 inches, or 9-10
+    centimeters, in the larger curls. In a series of 100 women
+    attended during confinement in London and the north of England I
+    have only once (in a rather blonde Lancashire woman) found the
+    hair on labia reaching a conspicuous length of several inches and
+    forming an obstruction to the manipulations involved in delivery.
+    But Jahn delivered a woman whose pubic hair was longer than that
+    of her head, reaching below her knee; Paulini also knew a woman
+    whose pubic hair nearly reached her knees and was sold to make
+    wigs; Bartholin mentions a soldier's wife who plaited her pubic
+    hair behind her back; while Brantome has several references to
+    abnormally long hair in ladies of the French court during the
+    sixteenth century. In 8 cases out of 2200 Bergh found the pubic
+    hair forming a large curly wig extending to the iliac spines. The
+    individual hairs have occasionally been found so stiff and
+    brush-like as to render coitus difficult.
+
+    In color the pubic hair, while generally approximating to that of
+    the head, is sometimes (according to Rothe, in Germany, in
+    one-third cases) lighter, and sometimes somewhat darker, as is
+    found to be the case by Coe, especially in brunettes, and also by
+    Bergh, in Denmark. Bergh remarks that it is generally
+    intermediate in color between the eyebrows and the axillary hair,
+    the latter being more or less decolorized by sweat, and that,
+    owing to the influence of the urine and vaginal discharges, the
+    labial hair is paler than that on the mons; blondes with dark
+    eyebrows usually have dark hair on the mons. The hair on this
+    spot, as Aristotle observed, is usually the last to turn gray.
+
+The key to the genital apparatus in women from the psychic point of view,
+and, indeed, to some extent, its anatomical center, is to be found in the
+clitoris. Anatomically and developmentally the clitoris is the rudimentary
+analogue of the masculine penis. Functionally, however, its scope is very
+much smaller. While the penis both receives and imparts specific
+voluptuous sensations, and is at the same time both the intromittent organ
+for the semen and the conduit for the urine, the sole function of the
+clitoris is to enter into erection under the stress of sexual emotion and
+receive and transmit the stimulatory voluptuous sensations imparted to it
+by friction with the masculine genital apparatus. It is so insignificant
+an organ that it is only within recent times that its homology with the
+penis has been realized. In 1844 Kobelt wrote in his important book, _Die
+Mannlichen und Weiblichen Wollust-Organe_, that in his attempt to show
+that the female organs are exactly analogous to the male the reader will
+probably be unable to follow him, while even Johannes Mueller, the father
+of scientific physiology, declared at about the same period that the
+clitoris is essentially different from the penis. It is indeed but three
+centuries since the clitoris was so little known that (in 1593) Realdus
+Columbus actually claimed the honor of discovering it. Columbus was not
+its discoverer, for Fallopius speedily showed that Avicenna and Albucasis
+had referred to it.[85] The Arabs appear to have been very familiar with
+it, and, from the various names they gave it, clearly understood the
+important part it plays in generating voluptuous emotion.[86] But it was
+known in classic antiquity; the Greeks called it myrton, the myrtle-berry;
+Galen and Soranus called it nymphe because it is covered as a bride is
+veiled, while the old Latin name was _tentigo_, from its power of entering
+into erection, and _columella_, the little pillar, from its shape. The
+modern term, which is Greek and refers to the sensitiveness of the part to
+voluptuous titillation, is said to have originated with Suidas and
+Pollux.[87] It was mentioned, though not adopted, by Rufus.
+
+"The clitoris," declared Haller, "is a part extremely sensible and
+wonderfully prurient." It is certainly the chief though by no means the
+only point through which the immediate call to detumescence is conveyed to
+the female organism. It is, indeed, as Bryan Robinson remarks, "a
+veritable electrical bell button which, being pressed or irritated, rings
+up the whole nervous system."
+
+    The nervous supply of this little organ is very large, and the
+    dorsal nerve of the clitoris is relatively three or four times
+    larger than that of the penis. Yet the sensitive point of this
+    organ is only 5 to 7 millimeters in extent. The length of the
+    clitoris is usually rather over 2 centimeters (or about an inch)
+    and 3 centimeters when erect; a length of 4 centimeters or more
+    was regarded by Martineau as within the normal range of
+    variation. It is not usual to find the clitoris longer than this
+    in Europe (for among some races like the negro the clitoris is
+    generally large), but all degrees of magnitude may be found as
+    rare exceptions. (See, e.g., Sir J.Y. Simpson, "Hermaphrodites,"
+    _Obstetric Memoirs and Contributions_, vol. ii, pp. 217-226; also
+    Dickinson, loc. cit.) It was formerly thought that the clitoris
+    is easily enlarged by masturbation, and Martineau believed that
+    in this way it might be doubled in length. It is probable that
+    slight enlargement of the clitoris may be caused by very
+    frequent masturbation, but only to an insignificant extent, and
+    it is impossible to diagnose masturbation from the size of the
+    clitoris. Among the women of Lake Nyassa, as well as in the
+    Caroline Islands, special methods are practiced for elongating
+    the clitoris, but in Europe, at all events, it is probable that
+    the variations in the size of the organ are mainly congenital. It
+    may well be that a congenitally large clitoris is associated with
+    an abnormally developed excitability of the sexual apparatus.
+    Tilt stated (_On Uterine and Ovarian Inflammation_, p. 37) that
+    in his experience there was a frequent though not invariable
+    connection between a large clitoris and sexual proclivity.
+    (Schurig referred to a case of intense and life-long sexual
+    obsession associated with an extremely large clitoris,
+    _Gynaecologia_, pp. 16-17.) Of recent years considerable
+    importance has been attached by some gynecologists (e.g., R.T.
+    Morris, "Is Evolution Trying to Do Away With the Clitoris?"
+    _Transactions American Association of Obstetricians and
+    Gynecologists_, vol. v, 1893) to preputial adhesions around the
+    clitoris as a source of nervous disturbance and invalidism in
+    young women.
+
+While the clitoris is anatomically analogous to the penis, its actual
+mechanism under the stress of sexual excitement is somewhat different. As
+Lietaud long since pointed out, it cannot rise freely in erection as the
+penis can; it is apparently bound down by its prepuce and its frenulum.
+Waldeyer, in his book on the pelvis, states more precisely that, unlike
+the penis, when erect it retains its angle, only this becomes somewhat
+rounded so that the organ is to some slight extent lifted and protruded.
+Waldeyer considered that the clitoris was thus perfectly fitted to fulfill
+its part as the recipient of erotic stimulation from friction by the
+penis. Adler, however, has pointed out with considerable justice, that
+this is not altogether the case. The clitoris was developed in mammals who
+practiced the posterior mode of coitus; in this position the clitoris was
+beneath the penis, which was thus easily able in coitus to press it
+against the pubic bone close beneath which it is situated, and thus impart
+the compression and friction which the feminine organ craves. But in the
+human anterior mode of coitus it is not necessarily brought into close
+contact with the penis during the act of coitus, and thus fails to receive
+powerful stimulation. Its restricted position, which is an advantage in
+posterior coitus, is a disadvantage in anterior coitus. Adler observes
+that it thus comes about that the human method of coitus, while by
+bringing breast to breast and face to face it has added a new dignity and
+refinement, a fresh source of enjoyment, to the embrace of the sexes, has
+not been an unmixed advantage to woman, for while man has lost nothing by
+the change, woman has now to contend with an increased difficulty in
+attaining an adequate amount of pressure on that "electric button" which
+normally sets the whole mechanism in operation.[88]
+
+We may well bring into connection with the changed conditions brought
+about by anterior coitus the interesting fact that while the clitoris
+remains the most exquisitely sensitive of the sexual centers in woman,
+voluptuous sensitivity is much more widely diffused in woman than in man.
+Over the whole body, indeed, it is apt to be more distinctly marked than
+is usually the case in man. But even if we confine ourselves to the
+genital region, while in man that portion of the penis which enters the
+vagina, and especially the glans, is normally the only portion which, even
+during turgescence, is sensitive to voluptuous contacts, in woman the
+whole of the region comprised within the larger lips, including even the
+anus and internally the vagina and the vaginal portion of the womb,[89]
+become sensitive to voluptuous contacts. Deprived of the penis the ability
+of a man to experience specifically sexual sensations becomes very limited
+indeed. But the loss of the clitoris or of any other structure involves no
+correspondingly serious disability on women. Ablation of the clitoris for
+sexual hyperaesthesia has for this reason been abandoned, except under
+special circumstances. The members of the Russian Skoptzy sect habitually
+amputate the clitoris, nymphae, and breasts, yet many young Skoptzy women
+told the Russian physician, Guttceit, that they were perfectly well able
+to enjoy coitus.
+
+    Freud believes that in very young girls the clitoris is the
+    exclusive seat of sexual sensation, masturbation at this age
+    being directed to the clitoris alone, and spontaneous sexual
+    excitement being confined to twitchings and erection of this
+    organ, so that young girls are able, from their own experience,
+    to recognize without instruction the signs of sexual excitement
+    in boys. At a later age sexual excitability spreads from the
+    clitoris to other regions--just as the easy inflammability of
+    wood sets light to coal--though in the male the penis remains
+    from first to last normally the almost exclusive seat of specific
+    excitability. (S. Freud, _Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie_,
+    p. 62.)
+
+    The anus would, however, seem to be sometimes an erogenous zone
+    even at an early age. Titillation of the anus appears to be
+    frequently pleasurable in women; and this is not surprising
+    considering the high degree of erotic sensitivity which is easily
+    developed at the body orifices where skin meets mucous membrane.
+    (Thus the meatus of the urethra is a highly erogenous zone, as is
+    sufficiently shown by the frequency with which hair-pins and
+    other articles used in masturbation find their way into the
+    bladder.) It is in this germinal sensitivity, undoubtedly, that
+    we find a chief key to the practice of _pedicatio_. Freud
+    attaches great importance to the anus as a sexually erogenous
+    zone at a very early age, and considers that it very frequently
+    makes its influence felt in this respect. He believes that
+    intestinal catarrhs in very early life and haemorrhoids later tend
+    to develop sensibility in the anus. He finds an indication that
+    the anus has become a sexually erogenous zone when children wish
+    to allow the contents of the rectum to accumulate so that
+    defecation may by its increased difficulty involve voluptuous
+    sensations, and adds that masturbatory excitation of the anus
+    with the fingers is by no means rare in older children. (S.
+    Freud, _Op. cit._, pp. 40-42.) A medical correspondent in India
+    tells me of a European lady who derived, she said, "quite as
+    much, indeed more," pleasure from digitally titillating her
+    rectum as from vulvo-vaginal titillation; she had several times
+    submitted to _pedicatio_ and enjoyed it, though it was painful
+    during penetration. The anus may retain this erogenous
+    irritability even in old age, and Routh mentions the case of a
+    lady of over 70, the reverse of lustful, who was so excited by
+    the act of defecation that she was invariably compelled to
+    masturbate, although this state of things was a source of great
+    mental misery to her. (C.H.F. Routh, _British Gynaecological
+    Journal_, February, 1887, p. 48.)
+
+    Boelsche has sought the explanation of the erogenous nature of the
+    anus, and the key to _pedicatio_, in an atavistic return to the
+    very remote amphibian days when the anus was combined with the
+    sexual parts in a common cloaca. But it is unnecessary to invoke
+    any vestigial inheritance from a vastly remote past when we bear
+    in mind that the innervation of these two adjoining regions is
+    inevitably very closely related. The presence of a body exit with
+    its marked and special sensitivity at a point where it can
+    scarcely fail to receive the nervous overflow from an immensely
+    active center of nervous energy quite adequately accounts for the
+    phenomenon in question.
+
+The inner lips, the nymphae or labia minora, running parallel with the
+greater lips which enclose them, embrace the clitoris anteriorly and
+extend backward, enclosing the urethral exit between them as well as the
+vaginal entrance. They form little wings whence their old Latin name,
+_alae_, and from their resemblance to the cock's comb were by Spigelius
+termed crista galli. The red and (especially in brunettes) dark appearance
+of the nymphae suggests that they are mucous membrane and not
+integumentary; it is, however, now considered that even on the inner
+surface they are covered by skin and separated from the mucous membrane by
+a line.[90] In structure, as described by Waldeyer, they consist of fine
+connective tissue rich in elastic fibers as well as some muscular tissue,
+and full of large veins, so that they are capable of a considerable degree
+of turgescence resembling erection during sexual excitement, while
+Ballantyne finds that the nymphae are supplied to a notable extent with
+nervous end-organs.
+
+More than any other part of the sexual apparatus in either sex, the lesser
+lips, on account of their shape, their position, and their structure, are
+capable of acquired modifications, more especially hypertrophy and
+elongation. By stretching, it is stated, a labium can be doubled in its
+dimensions. The "Hottentot apron," or elongated nymphae, commonly found
+among some peoples in South Africa, has long been a familiar phenomenon.
+In such cases a length or transverse diameter of 3 to 5 centimeters is
+commonly found. But such elongated nymphae are by no means confined to one
+part of the world or to one race; they are quite common among women of
+European race, and reach a size equal to most of the more reliably
+recorded Hottentot cases. Dickinson, who has very carefully studied this
+question in New York, finds that in 1000 consecutive gynaecological cases
+the labia showed some form of hypertrophy in 36 per cent., or more than 1
+in 3; while among 150 of these cases who were neurasthenic, the proportion
+reached 56 per cent., even when minor or doubtful enlargements were
+disregarded. Bergh, in about 16 per cent. cases, found very enlarged
+nymphae, the height reached in about 5 per cent. of the cases of
+enlargement being nearly six centimeters. Ploss and Bartels, in a full
+discussion: of the "Hottentot apron," come to the conclusion that this
+condition is perhaps in most cases artificially produced. It is known that
+among the Basutos it is the custom for the elder girls to manipulate the
+nymphae of younger children, when alone with them, almost from birth, and
+on account of the elastic nature of these structures such manipulation
+quite adequately accounts for the elongation. It is not necessary to
+suppose that the custom is practiced for the sake of producing sexual
+stimulation--though this may frequently occur--since there are numerous
+similar primitive customs involving deformation of the sexual organs
+without the production of sexual excitement. Dickinson has come to a
+similar conclusion as regards the corresponding elongation of the nymphae
+in civilized European women. In 361 out of 1000 women of good social class
+he found elongation or thickening, often with a notable degree of
+wrinkling and pigmentation, and believes that this is always the result of
+frequently repeated masturbation practiced with the separation of the
+nymphae; in 30 per cent. of the cases admission of masturbation was
+made.[91] While this conclusion is probably correct in the main, it
+requires some qualification. To assert that whenever in women who have
+not been pregnant the marked protrusion of the inner lips beyond the outer
+lips means that at some period manipulation has been practiced with or
+without the production of sexual excitement is to make too absolute a
+statement. It is highly probable that the nymphae, like the clitoris, are
+congenitally more prominent in some of the lower human races, as they are
+also in the apes; among the Fuegians, for instance, according to Hyades
+and Deniker, the labia minora descend lower than in Europeans, although
+there is not the slightest reason to suppose that these women practice any
+manipulations. Among European women, again, the nymphae sometimes protrude
+very prominently beyond the labia majora in women who are organically of
+somewhat infantile type; this occurs in cases in which we may be convinced
+that no manipulations have ever been practiced.[92]
+
+It is difficult to speak very decisively as to the function of the labia
+minora. They doubtless exert some amount of protective influence over the
+entrance to the vagina, and in this way correspond to the lips of the
+mouth after which they are called. They fulfill, however, one very
+definite though not obviously important function which is indicated by the
+mythologic name they have received. There is, indeed, some obscurity in
+the origin of this term, nymphae, which has not, I believe, been
+satisfactorily cleared up. It has been stated that the Greek name nymphe
+has been transferred from the clitoris to the labia minora. Any such
+transfer could only have taken place when the meaning of the word had been
+forgotten, and nymphe had become the totally different word _nymphae_, the
+goddesses who presided over streams. The old anatomists were much
+exercised in their minds as to the meaning of the name, but on the whole
+were inclined to believe that it referred to the action of the labia
+minora in directing the urinary stream. The term nymphae was first applied
+in the modern sense, according to Bergh, in 1599, by Pinaeus, mainly from
+the influence of these structures on the urinary stream, and he dilated in
+his _De Virginitate_ on the suitability of the term to designate so poetic
+a spot.[93] In more modern times Luschka and Sir Charles Bell considered
+that it is one of the uses of the nymphae to direct the stream of urine,
+and Lamb from his own observation thinks the same conclusion probable. In
+reality there cannot be the slightest doubt about the function of the
+nymphae, as, in Hyrtl's phrase, "the naiads of the urinary source," and it
+can be demonstrated by the simplest experiment.[94]
+
+The nymphae form the intermediate portal of the vagina, as the canal which
+conducts to the womb was in anatomy first termed (according to Hyrtl) by
+De Graaf.[95] It is a secreting, erectile, more or less sensitive canal
+lined by what is usually considered mucous membrane, though some have
+regarded it as integument of the same character as that of the external
+genitals; it certainly resembles such integument more than, for instance,
+the mucous membrane of the rectum. In the woman who has never had sexual
+intercourse and has been subjected to no manipulations or accidents
+affecting this region, the vagina is closed by a last and final gate of
+delicate membrane--scarcely admitting more than a slender finger--called
+the hymen.
+
+    The poets called the hymen "fios virginitatis," the flower of
+    virginity, whence the medico-legal term _defloratio_.
+    Notwithstanding the great significance which has long been
+    attached to the phenomena connected with it, the hymen was not
+    accurately known until Vesalius, Fallopius, and Spigelius
+    described and named it. It was, however, recognized by the Arab
+    authors, Avicenna and Averroes. The early literature concerning
+    it is summarized by Schurig, _Muliebria_, 1729, Section II, cap.
+    V. The same author's _Parthenologia_ is devoted to the various
+    ancient problems connected with the question of virginity.
+
+To say that this delicate piece of membrane is from the non-physical point
+of view a more important structure than any other part of the body is to
+convey but a feeble idea of the immense importance of the hymen in the
+eyes of the men of many past ages and even of our own times and among our
+own people.[96] For the uses of the feminine body, or for its beauty,
+there is no part which is more absolutely insignificant. But in human
+estimation it has acquired a spiritual value which has made it far more
+than a part of the body. It has taken the place of the soul, that whose
+presence gives all her worth and dignity, even her name, to the unmarried
+woman, her purity, her sexual desirability, her market value. Without
+it--though in all physical and mental respects she might remain the same
+person--she has sometimes been a mark for contempt, a worthless
+outcast.[97]
+
+    So fragile a membrane scarcely possesses the reliability which
+    should be possessed by a structure whose presence or absence has
+    often meant so much. Its absence by no means necessarily
+    signifies that a woman has had intercourse with a man. Its
+    presence by no means signifies that she has never had such
+    intercourse.
+
+    There are many ways in which the hymen may be destroyed apart
+    from coitus. Among the Chinese (and also, it would appear, in
+    India and some other parts of the East) the female parts are from
+    infancy kept so scrupulously clean by daily washing, the finger
+    being introduced into the vagina, that the hymen rapidly
+    disappears, and its existence is unknown even to Chinese doctors.
+    Among some Brazilian Indians a similar practice exists among
+    mothers as regards their young children, less, however, for the
+    sake of cleanliness than in order to facilitate sexual
+    intercourse in future years. (Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol.
+    i, Chapter VI.) The manipulations of vaginal masturbation will,
+    of course, similarly destroy the hymen. It is also quite possible
+    for the hymen to be ruptured by falls and other accidents. (See,
+    e.g., a lengthy study by Nina-Rodrigues, "Des Ruptures de l'Hymen
+    dans les Chutes," _Annales d'Hygiene Publique_, September, 1903.)
+
+    On the other hand, integrity of the hymen is no proof of
+    virginity, apart from the obvious fact that there may be
+    intercourse without penetration. (The case has even been recorded
+    of a prostitute with syphilitic condylomata, a somewhat masculine
+    type of pubic arch, and vulva rather posteriorly placed, whose
+    hymen had never been penetrated.) The hymen may be of a yielding
+    or folding type, so that complete penetration may take place and
+    yet the hymen be afterwards found unruptured. It occasionally
+    happens that the hymen is found intact at the end of pregnancy.
+    In some, though not all, of these cases there has been conception
+    without intromission of the penis. This has occurred even when
+    the entrance was very minute. The possibility of such conception
+    has long been recognized, and Schurig (_Syllepsilogia_, 1731,
+    Section I, cap. VIII, p. 2) quotes ancient authors who have
+    recorded cases. For some typical modern cases see Guerard
+    (_Centralblatt fuer Gynaekologie_, No. 15, 1895), in one of whose
+    cases the hymen of the pregnant woman scarcely admitted a hair;
+    also Braun (ib., No. 23, 1895).
+
+The hymen has played a very definite and pronounced part in the social and
+moral life of humanity. Until recently it has been more difficult to
+decide what precise biological function it has exercised to ensure its
+development and preservation. Sexual selection, no doubt, has worked in
+its favor, but that influence has been very limited and comparatively very
+recent. Virginity is not usually of any value among peoples who are
+entirely primitive. Indeed, even in the classic civilization which we
+inherit, it is easy to show that the virgin and the admiration for
+virginity are of late growth; the virgin goddesses were not originally
+virgins in our modern sense. Diana was the many-breasted patroness of
+childbirth before she became the chaste and solitary huntress, for the
+earliest distinction would appear to have been simply between the woman
+who was attached to a man and the woman who followed an earlier rule of
+freedom and independence; it was a later notion to suppose that the latter
+woman was debarred from sexual intercourse. We certainly must not seek the
+origin of the hymen in sexual selection; we must find it in natural
+selection. And here it might seem at first sight that we come upon a
+contradiction in Nature, for Nature is always devising contrivances to
+secure the maximum amount of fertilization. "Increase and multiply" is so
+obviously the command of Nature that the Hebrews, with their usual
+insight, unhesitatingly dared to place it in the mouth of Jehovah. But the
+hymen is a barrier to fertilization. It has, however, always to be
+remembered that as we rise in the zooelogical scale, and as the period of
+gestation lengthens and the possible number of offspring is fewer, it
+becomes constantly more essential that fertilization shall be effective
+rather than easy; the fewer the progeny the more necessary it is that they
+shall be vigorous enough to survive. There can be little doubt that, as
+one or two writers have already suggested, the hymen owes its development
+to the fact that its influence is on the side of effective fertilization.
+It is an obstacle to the impregnation of the young female by immature,
+aged, or feeble males. The hymen is thus an anatomical expression of that
+admiration of force which marks the female in her choice of a mate. So
+regarded, it is an interesting example of the intimate manner in which
+sexual selection is really based on natural selection. Sexual selection is
+but the translation into psychic terms of a process which has already
+found expression in the physical texture of the body.
+
+    It may be added that this interpretation of the biological
+    function of the hymen is supported by the facts of its evolution.
+    It is unknown among the lower mammals, with whom fertilization is
+    easy, gestation short and offspring numerous. It only begins to
+    appear among the higher mammals in whom reproduction is already
+    beginning to take on the characters which become fully developed
+    in man. Various authors have found traces of a rudimentary hymen,
+    not only in apes, but in elephants, horses, donkeys, bitches,
+    bears, pigs, hyenas, and giraffes. (Hyrtl, _Op. cit._, vol. ii,
+    p. 189; G. Gellhoen, "Anatomy and Development of the Hymen,"
+    _American Journal Obstetrics_, August, 1904.) It is in the human
+    species that the tendency to limitation of offspring is most
+    marked, combined at the same time with a greater aptitude for
+    impregnation than exists among any lower mammals. It is here,
+    therefore, that a physical check is of most value, and
+    accordingly we find that in woman alone, of all animals, is the
+    hymen fully developed.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[72] "Analysis of the Sexual Impulse," in vol. iii of these _Studies_.
+
+[73] "The accomplishment of no other function," Hyrtl remarks, "is so
+intimately connected with the mind and yet so independent of it."
+
+[74] The process is still, however, but imperfectly understood; see Art.
+"Fecondation," by Ed. Retterer, in Richet's _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_,
+vol. vi, 1905.
+
+[75] Thus a male foetus showing reptilian characters in sexual ducts was
+exhibited by Shattock at the Pathological Society of London, February 19,
+1895.
+
+[76] J. Kohlbrugge, "Die Umgestaltung des Uterus der Affen nach den
+Geburt," _Zeitschrift fuer Morphologie_, bd. iv, p. 1, 1901.
+
+[77] There are, however, no special nerve endings (Krause corpuscles), as
+was formerly supposed. The nerve endings in the genital region are the
+same as elsewhere. The difference lies in the abundance of superposed
+arboreal ramifications. See, e.g., Ed. Retterer, Art. "Ejaculation,"
+Richet's _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_, vol. v.
+
+[78] Hyrtl, _Op. cit._, vol. ii, p. 39.
+
+[79] Sensations of pleasure without those of touch appear to be normal at
+the tip of the penis, as pointed out by Scripture, quoted in _Alienist and
+Neurologist_, January, 1898.
+
+[80] See the previous volume of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection in
+Man," p. 161.
+
+[81] See, e.g., Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i, beginning of
+chapter VI.
+
+[82] Hyrtl states that the name _labia_ was first used by Haller in the
+middle of the eighteenth century in his _Elements of Physiology_, being
+adopted by him from the Greek poet Erotion, who gave these structures the
+very obvious name cheilea, lips. But this seems to be a mistake, for the
+seventeenth century anatomists certainly used the name "labia" for these
+parts.
+
+[83] Bergh tentatively suggests, as regards the pubic hair, that its
+appearance may be due to the upright walk in man and the human position
+during coitus, the hair preventing irritation of the genitals from the
+sweat pouring down from the body and protecting the skin from direct
+friction in coitus. (In both these suggestions he was, however, long
+previously anticipated by Fabricius ab Aquapendente.) The fanciful
+suggestion of Louis Robinson that the pubic hair has developed in order to
+enable the human infant to cling securely to his mother is very poorly
+supported by facts, and has not met with acceptance. It may be mentioned
+that (as stated by Ploss and Bartels) the women of the Bismarck
+Archipelago, whose pubic hair is very abundant, use it as a kind of
+handkerchief on which to clean their hands.
+
+[84] Routh and Heywood Smith have noted that the pubic hair tends to lose
+its curliness and become straight in women who masturbate. (_British
+Gynaecological Journal_, February, 1887, p. 505.)
+
+[85] Schurig, _Muliebria_, p. 75. Plazzon in 1621 said that in Italian it
+had a popular name, _il besneegio_.
+
+[86] Schurig brought together in his _Gynaecologia_ (pp. 2-4) various early
+opinions concerning the clitoris as the seat of voluptuous feeling.
+
+[87] Hyrtl, _Op. cit._, vol. ii, p. 193.
+
+[88] Adler, _Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, 1904, pp.
+117-119.
+
+[89] The voluptuous sensations caused by sexual contacts producing
+movements of the womb are probably normal and usual. They may even occur
+under circumstances unconnected with sexual emotion, and Munde
+(_International Journal of Surgery_, March, 1893) mentions incidentally
+that in one case while titillating the cervix with a sound the woman very
+plainly showed voluptuous manifestations.
+
+[90] Henle stated that fine hairs are frequently visible on the nymphae;
+Stieda (_Zeitschrift fuer Morphologie_, 1902, p. 458) remarks that he has
+never been able to see them with the naked eye.
+
+[91] R.L. Dickinson, "Hypertrophies of the Labia Minora and Their
+Significance," _American Gynaecologist_, September, 1902. It is perhaps
+noteworthy that Bergh found that in 302 cases in which the nymphae were of
+unequal length, in all but 24 the left was longer.
+
+[92] It may be remarked that Bergh believes that the nymphae, and indeed
+the external genitals generally, are congenitally more strongly developed
+in libidinous persons, and at the same time in brunettes, while in public
+prostitutes this is not usually the case, which confirms the belief that
+exalted sexual sensibility does not usually lead to prostitution. He adds
+that prostitution, unless carried on for many years, has little effect on
+the shape of the external genitals.
+
+[93] Schurig (_Muliebria_, 1729, Section II, cap. II) gives numerous
+quotations on this point; thus De Graaf wrote in his book on the sexual
+organs of women: "Tales protuberantiae nymphae appellantur ea propter quod
+aquis e vesica prosilientibus proxime adstare reperiantur, quandoquidem
+inter illas, tanquam duos parietes, urina magno impetu cum sibilo saepe et
+absque labiorum irrigatione erumpit, vel quod sint castitatis praesides,
+aut sponsam primo intromittant."
+
+[94] Havelock Ellis, "The Bladder as a Dynamometer," _American Journal of
+Dermatology_, May, 1902. If a woman who has never been pregnant, standing
+in the erect position before commencing the act of urination presses apart
+the labia minora with index and middle fingers the stream will be
+projected forward so as to fall usually at a considerable distance in
+front of a vertical line from the meatus; if when the act is half
+completed the fingers are removed, the labia close together and the
+stream, though maintained at a constant pressure, at once changes its
+character and direction.
+
+[95] In poetry this term was employed by Plautus, _Pseudolus_, Act IV, Sc.
+7. The Greek aidoion sometimes meant vagina and sometimes the external
+sexual parts; kolpos was used for the vagina alone.
+
+[96] It is curious, however, that the European physicians of the
+seventeenth and even eighteenth centuries were doubtful of its value as a
+sign of virginity and considered it often absent.
+
+[97] For a summary of the beliefs and practices of various peoples with
+regard to the hymen and virginity see Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol.
+i, Chapter XVI.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+The Object of Detumescence--Erogenous Zones--The Lips--The Vascular
+Characters of Detumescence--Erectile Tissue--Erection in Woman--Mucous
+Emission in Women--Sexual Connection--The Human Mode of
+Intercourse--Normal Variations--The Motor Characters of
+Detumescence--Ejaculation--The Virile Reflex--The General Phenomena of
+Detumescence--The Circulatory and Respiratory Phenomena--Blood
+Pressure--Cardiac Disturbance--Glandular Activity--Distillatio--The
+Essentially Motor Character of Detumescence--Involuntary Muscular
+Irradiation to Bladder, etc.--Erotic Intoxication--Analogy of Sexual
+Detumescence and Vesical Tension--The Specifically Sexual Movements of
+Detumescence in Man--In Woman--The Spontaneous Movements of the Genital
+Canal in Woman--Their Function in Conception--Part Played by Active
+Movement of the Spermatozoa--The Artificial Injection of Semen--The Facial
+Expression During Detumescence--The Expression of Joy--The Occasional
+Serious Effects of Coitus.
+
+
+We have seen what the object of detumescence is, and we have briefly
+considered the organs and structures which are chiefly concerned in the
+process. We have now to inquire what are the actual phenomena which take
+place during the act of detumescence.
+
+Detumescence is normally linked closely to tumescence. Tumescence is the
+piling on of the fuel; detumescence is the leaping out of the devouring
+flame whence is lighted the torch of life to be handed on from generation
+to generation. The whole process is double and yet single; it is exactly
+analogous to that by which a pile is driven into the earth by the raising
+and then the letting go of a heavy weight which falls on to the head of
+the pile. In tumescence the organism is slowly wound up and force
+accumulated; in the act of detumescence the accumulated force is let go
+and by its liberation the sperm-bearing instrument is driven home.
+Courtship, as we commonly term the process of tumescence which takes place
+when a woman is first sexually approached by a man, is usually a highly
+prolonged process. But it is always necessary to remember that every
+repetition of the act of coitus, to be normally and effectively carried
+out on both sides, demands a similar double process; detumescence must be
+preceded by an abbreviated courtship.
+
+This abbreviated courtship by which tumescence is secured or heightened in
+the repetition of acts of coitus which have become familiar, is mainly
+tactile.[98] Since the part of the man in coitus is more active and that
+of the woman more passive, the sexual sensitivity of the skin seems to be
+more pronounced in women. There are, moreover, regions of the surface of a
+woman's body where contact, when sympathetic, seems specially liable to
+arouse erotic excitement. Such erogenous zones are often specially marked
+in the breasts, occasionally in the palm of the hand, the nape of the
+neck, the lobule of the ear, the little finger; there is, indeed, perhaps
+no part of the surface of the body which may not, in some individuals at
+some time, become normally an erogenous zone. In hysteria the erotic
+excitability of these zones is sometimes very intense. The lips are,
+however, without doubt, the most persistently and poignantly sensitive
+region of the whole body outside the sphere of the sexual organs
+themselves. Hence the significance of the kiss as a preliminary of
+detumescence.[99]
+
+    The importance of the lips as a normal erogenous zone is shown by
+    the experiments of Gualino. He applied a thread, folded on itself
+    several times, to the lips, thus stimulating them in a simple
+    mechanical manner. Of 20 women, between the ages of 18 and 35,
+    only 8 felt this as a merely mechanical operation, 4 felt a
+    vaguely erotic element in the proceeding, 3 experienced a desire
+    for coitus and in 5 there was actual sexual excitement with
+    emission of mucus. Of 25 men, between the ages of 20 and 30, in
+    15 all sexual feeling was absent, in 7 erotic ideas were
+    suggested with congestion of the sexual organs without erection,
+    and in 3 there was the beginning of erection. It should be added
+    that both the women and the men in whom this sexual reflex was
+    more especially marked were of somewhat nervous temperament; in
+    such persons erotic reactions of all kinds generally occur most
+    easily. (Gualino, "Il Rifflesso Sessuale nell' eccitamento alle
+    labbre," _Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1904, p. 341.)
+
+As tumescence, under the influence of sensory stimulation, proceeds toward
+the climax when it gives place to detumescence, the physical phenomena
+become more and more acutely localized in the sexual organs. The process
+which was at first predominantly nervous and psychic now becomes more
+prominently vascular. The ancient sexual relationship of the skin asserts
+itself; there is marked surface congestion showing itself in various ways.
+The face tends to become red, and exactly the same phenomenon is taking
+place in the genital organs; "an erection," it has been said, "is a
+blushing of the penis." The difference is that in the genital organs this
+heightened vascularity has a definite and specific function to
+accomplish--the erection of the male organ which fits it to enter the
+female parts--and that consequently there has been developed in the penis
+that special kind of vascular mechanism, consisting of veins in connective
+tissue with unstriped muscular fibers, termed erectile tissue.[100]
+
+It is not only the man who is supplied with erectile tissue which in the
+process of tumescence becomes congested and swollen. The woman also, in
+the corresponding external genital region, is likewise supplied with
+erectile tissue now also charged with blood, and exhibits the same changes
+as have taken place in her partner, though less conspicuously visible. In
+the anthropoid apes, as the gorilla, the large clitoris and the nymphae
+become prominent in sexual excitement, but the less development of the
+clitoris in women, together with the specifically human evolution of the
+mons veneris and larger lips, renders this sexual turgescence practically
+invisible, though it is perceptible to touch in an increased degree of
+spongy and elastic tension. The whole feminine genital canal, including
+the uterus, indeed, is richly supplied with blood-vessels, and is capable
+during sexual excitement of a very high degree of turgescence, a kind of
+erection.
+
+The process of erection in woman is accompanied by the pouring out of
+fluid which copiously bathes all parts of the vulva around the entrance to
+the vagina. This is a bland, more or less odorless mucus which, under
+ordinary circumstances, slowly and imperceptibly suffuses the parts. When,
+however, the entrance to the vagina is exposed and extended, as during a
+gynaecological examination which occasionally produces sexual excitement,
+there may be seen a real ejaculation of the fluid which, as usually
+described, comes largely from the glands of Bartholin, situated at the
+mouth of the vagina. Under these circumstances it is sometimes described
+as being emitted in a jet which is thrown to a distance.[101] This mucous
+ejaculation was in former days regarded as analogous to the seminal
+ejaculation in man, and hence essential to conception. Although this
+belief was erroneous the fluid poured out in this manner whenever a high
+degree of tumescence is attained, and before the onset of detumescence,
+certainly performs an important function in lubricating the entrance to
+the genital canal and so facilitating the intromission of the male
+organ.[102] Menstruation has a similar influence in facilitating coitus,
+as Schurig long since pointed out.[103] A like process takes place during
+parturition when the same parts are being lubricated and stretched in
+preparation for the protrusion of the foetal head. The occurrence of the
+mucous flow in tumescence always indicates that that process is actively
+affecting the central sexual organs, and that voluptuous emotions are
+present.[104]
+
+    The secretions of the genital canal and outlet in women are
+    somewhat numerous. We have the odoriferous glands of sebaceous
+    origin, and with them the prepuce of the clitoris which has been
+    described as a kind of gigantic sebaceous follicle with the
+    clitoris occupying its interior. (Hyrtl.) There is the secretion
+    from the glands of Bartholin. There is again the vaginal
+    secretion, opaque and albuminous, which appears to be alkaline
+    when secreted, but becomes acid under the decomposing influence
+    of bacteria, which are, however, harmless and not pathogenic.
+    (Gow, _Obstetrical Society of London_, January 3, 1894.) There
+    is, finally, the mucous uterine secretion, which is alkaline,
+    and, being poured out during orgasm, is believed to protect the
+    spermatozoa from destruction by the acid vaginal secretion.
+
+    The belief that the mucus poured out in women during sexual
+    excitement is feminine semen and therefore essential to
+    conception had many remarkable consequences and was widespread
+    until the seventeenth century. Thus, in the chapter "De Modo
+    coeundi et de regimine eorum qui coeunt" of _De Secretis
+    Mulierum_, there is insistence on the importance of the proper
+    mixture of the male semen with the female semen and of arranging
+    that it shall not escape from the vagina. The woman must lie
+    quiet for several hours at least, not rising even to urinate, and
+    when she gets up, be very temperate in eating and drinking, and
+    not run or jump, pretending that she has a headache. It was the
+    belief in feminine semen which led some theologians to lay down
+    that a woman might masturbate if she had not experienced orgasm
+    in coitus. Schurig in his _Muliebria_ (1729, pp. 159, et seq.)
+    discusses the opinions of old authors regarding the nature,
+    source, and uses of the female genital secretions, and quotes
+    authorities against the old view that it was female semen. In a
+    subsequent work (_Syllepsilogia_, 1731, pp. 3, et seq.) he
+    returns to the same question, quotes authors who accept a
+    feminine semen, shows that Harvey denied it any significance, and
+    himself decides against it. It has not seriously been brought
+    forward since.
+
+When erection is completed in both the man and the woman the conditions
+necessary for conjugation have at last been fulfilled. In all animals,
+even those most nearly allied to man, coitus is effected by the male
+approaching the female posteriorly. In man the normal method of male
+approach is anteriorly, face to face. Leonardo da Vinci, in a well-known
+drawing representing a sagittal section of a man and a woman connected in
+this position of so-called Venus obversa; has shown how well adapted the
+position is to the normal position of the organs in the human
+species.[105]
+
+    Among monkeys, it is stated, congress is sometimes performed when
+    the female is on all fours; at other times the male brings the
+    female between his thighs when he is sitting, holding her with
+    his forepaws. Froriep informed Lawrence that the male sometimes
+    supported his feet on the female's calves. (Sir W. Lawrence,
+    _Lectures on Physiology_, 1823, p. 186.) A summary of the methods
+    of congress practiced by the various animals below mammals will
+    be found in the article "Copulation" by H. de Varigny in Richet's
+    _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_, vol. iv.
+
+    The anterior position in coitus, with the female partner lying
+    supine, is so widespread throughout the world that it may fairly
+    be termed the most typically human attitude in sexual congress.
+    It is found represented in Egyptian graves at Benihassan,
+    belonging to the Twelfth Dynasty; it is regarded by Mohammedans
+    as the normal position, although other positions are permitted by
+    the Prophet: "Your wives are your tillage: go in unto your
+    tillage in what manner soever you will;" it is that adopted in
+    Malacca; it appears, from Peruvian antiquities, to have been the
+    position generally, though not exclusively, adopted in ancient
+    Peru; it is found in many parts of Africa, and seems also to have
+    been the most usual position among the American aborigines.
+
+    Various modifications of this position are, however, found. Thus,
+    in some parts of the world, as among the Suahelis in Zanzibar,
+    the male partner adopts the supine position. In Loango, according
+    to Pechuel-Loesche, coitus is performed lying on the side.
+    Sometimes, as on the west coast of Africa, the woman is supine
+    and the man more or less erect; or, as among the Queenslanders
+    (as described by Roth) the woman is supine and the man squats on
+    his heels with her thighs clasping his flanks, while he raises
+    her buttocks with his hands.
+
+    The position of coitus in which the man is supine is without
+    doubt a natural and frequent variation of the specifically human
+    obverse method of coitus. It was evidently familiar to the
+    Romans. Ovid mentions it (_Ars Amatoria_, III, 777-8),
+    recommending it to little women, and saying that Andromache was
+    too tall to practice it with Hector. Aristophanes refers to it,
+    and there are Greek epigrams in which women boast of their skill
+    in riding their lovers. It has sometimes been viewed with a
+    certain disfavor because it seems to confer a superiority on the
+    woman. "Cursed be he," according to a Mohammedan saying, "who
+    maketh woman heaven and man earth."
+
+    Of special interest is the wide prevalence of an attitude in
+    coitus recalling that which prevails among quadrupeds. The
+    frequency with which on the walls of Pompeii coitus is
+    represented with the woman bending forward and her partner
+    approaching her posteriorly has led to the belief that this
+    attitude was formerly very common in Southern Italy. However that
+    may be, it is certainly normal at the present day among various
+    more or less primitive peoples in whom the vulva is often placed
+    somewhat posteriorly. It is thus among the Soudanese, as also, in
+    an altogether different part of the world, among the Eskimo
+    Innuit and Koniags. The New Caledonians, according to Foley,
+    cohabit in the quadrupedal manner, and so also the Papuans of New
+    Guinea (Bongu), according to Vahness. The same custom is also
+    found in Australia, where, however other postures are also
+    adopted. In Europe the quadrupedal posture would seem to prevail
+    among some of the South Slavs, notably the Dalmatians. (The
+    different methods of coitus practiced by the South Slavs are
+    described in Kryptadia vol. vi, pp. 220, et seq.)
+
+    This method of coitus was recommended by Lucretius (lib. iv) and
+    also advised by Paulus AEginetus as favorable to conception. (The
+    opinions of various early physicians are quoted by Schurig,
+    _Spermatologia_, 1720, pp. 232, et seq.). It seems to be a
+    position that is not infrequently agreeable to women, a fact
+    which may be brought into connection with the remarks of Adler
+    already quoted (p. 131) concerning the comparative lack of
+    adjustment of the feminine organs to the obverse position. It is
+    noteworthy that in the days of witchcraft hysterical women
+    constantly believed that they had had intercourse with the Devil
+    in this manner. This circumstance, indeed, probably aided in the
+    very marked disfavor in which coitus _a posteriori_ fell after
+    the decay of classic influences. The mediaeval physicians
+    described it as _mos diabolicus_ and mistakenly supposed that it
+    produced abortion (Hyrtl, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 87). The
+    theologians, needless to say, were opposed to the _mos
+    diabolicus_, and already in the Anglo-Saxon Penitential of
+    Theodore, at the end of the seventh century, 40 days' penance is
+    prescribed for this method of coitus.
+
+    From the frequency with which they have been adopted by various
+    peoples as national customs, most of the postures in coitus here
+    referred to must be said to come within the normal range of
+    variation. It is a mistake to regard them as vicious perversions.
+
+Up to the point to which we have so far considered it, the process of
+detumescence has been mainly nervous and vascular in character; it has, in
+fact, been but the more acute stage of a process which has been going on
+throughout tumescence. But now we reach the point at which a new element
+comes in: muscular action. With the onset of muscular action, which is
+mainly involuntary, even when it affects the voluntary muscles,
+detumescence proper begins to take place. Henceforward purposeful psychic
+action, except by an effort, is virtually abolished. The individual, as a
+separate person, tends to disappear. He has become one with another
+person, as nearly one as the conditions of existence ever permit; he and
+she are now merely an instrument in the hands of a higher power--by
+whatever name we may choose to call that Power--which is using them for an
+end not themselves.
+
+The decisive moment in the production of the instinctive and involuntary
+orgasm occurs when, under the influence of the stimulus applied to the
+penis by friction with the vagina, the tension of the seminal fluid poured
+into the urethra arouses the ejaculatory center in the spinal cord and the
+bulbo-cavernosus muscle surrounding the urethra responsively contracts in
+rhythmic spasms. Then it is that ejaculation occurs.[106]
+
+"The circulation quickens, the arteries beat strongly," wrote Roubaud in a
+description of the physical state during coitus which may almost be termed
+classic; "the venous blood, arrested by muscular contraction, increases
+the general heat, and this stagnation, more pronounced in the brain by the
+contraction of the muscles of the neck and the throwing of the head
+backward, causes a momentary cerebral congestion, during which
+intelligence is lost and the faculties abolished. The eyes, violently
+injected, become haggard, and the look uncertain, or, in the majority of
+cases, the eyes are closed spasmodically to avoid the contact of the
+light. The respiration is hurried, sometimes interrupted, and may be
+suspended by the spasmodic contraction of the larynx, and the air, for a
+time compressed, is at last emitted in broken and meaningless words. The
+congested nervous centers only communicate confused sensations and
+volitions; mobility and sensation show extreme disorder; the limbs are
+seized by convulsions and sometimes by cramps, or are thrown wildly about
+or become stiff like iron bars. The jaws, tightly pressed, grind the
+teeth, and in some persons the delirium is carried so far that they bite
+to bleeding the shoulders their companions have imprudently abandoned to
+them. This frantic state of epilepsy lasts but a short time, but it
+suffices to exhaust the forces of the organism, especially in man. It is,
+I believe, Galen, who said: 'Omne animal post coitum triste praeter
+mulierem gallumque.'"[107] Most of the elements that make up this typical
+picture of the state of coitus are not absolutely essential to that state,
+but they all come within the normal range of variation. There can be no
+doubt that this range is considerable. There would appear to be not only
+individual, but also racial, differences; there is a remarkable passage in
+Vatsyayana's _Kama Sutra_ describing the varying behavior of the women of
+different races in India under the stress of sexual excitement--Dravidian
+women with difficulty attaining erethism, women of the Punjaub fond of
+being caressed with the tongue, women of Oude with impetuous desire and
+profuse flow of mucus, etc.--and it is highly probable, Ploss and Bartels
+remark, that these characterizations are founded on exact
+observations.[108]
+
+The various phenomena included in Roubaud's description of the condition
+during coitus may all be directly or indirectly reduced to two groups: the
+first circulatory and respiratory, the second motor. It is necessary to
+consider both these aspects of the process of detumescence in somewhat
+greater detail, although while it is most convenient to discuss them
+separately, it must be borne in mind that they are not really separable;
+the circulatory phenomena are in large measure a by-product of the
+involuntary motor process.
+
+With the approach of detumescence the respiration becomes shallow, rapid,
+and to some extent arrested. This characteristic of the breathing during
+sexual excitement is well recognized; so that in, for instance, the
+_Arabian Nights_, it is commonly noted of women when gazing at beautiful
+youths whose love they desired, that they ceased breathing.[109] It may be
+added that exactly the same tendency to superficial and arrested
+respiration takes place whenever there is any intense mental
+concentration, as in severe intellectual work.[110]
+
+The arrest of respiration tends to render the blood venous, and thus aids
+in stimulating the vasomotor centers, raising the blood-pressure in the
+body generally, and especially in the erectile tissues. High
+blood-pressure is one of the most marked features of the state of
+detumescence. The heart beats are stronger and quicker, the surface
+arteries are more visible, the conjunctivae become red. The precise degree
+of blood-pressure attained during coitus has been most accurately
+ascertained in the dog. In Bechterew's laboratory in St. Petersburg a
+manometer was introduced into the central end of the carotid artery of a
+bitch; a male dog was then introduced, and during coitus observations were
+made on the blood-pressure at the peripheral and central ends of the
+artery. It was found that there was a great general elevation of
+blood-pressure, intense hyperaemia of the brain, rapid alternations, during
+the act, of vasoconstriction and vasodilatation of the brain, with
+increase and diminution of the general arterial tension in relation with
+the various phases of the act, the greatest cerebral vasodilatation and
+hyperaemia coinciding with the moment following the intromission of the
+penis; the end of the act is followed by a considerable fall in the
+blood-pressure.[111] I am not acquainted with any precise observations on
+the blood-pressure in human subjects during detumescence, and there are
+obvious difficulties in the way of such observations. It is probable,
+however, that the conditions found would be substantially the same. This
+is indicated, so far as the very marked increase of blood-pressure is
+concerned, by some observations made by Vaschide and Vurpas with the
+sphygmanometer on a lady under the influence of sexual excitement. In this
+case there was a relationship of sympathy and friendly tenderness between
+the experimenter and the subject, Madame X, aged 25. Experimenter and
+subject talked sympathetically, and finally, we are told, while the latter
+still had her hands in the sphygmanometer, the former almost made a
+declaration of love. Madame X was greatly impressed, and afterward
+admitted that her emotions had been genuine and strong. The
+blood-pressure, which was in this subject habitually 65 millimeters, rose
+to 150 and even 160, indicating a very high pressure, which rarely occurs;
+at the same time Madame X looked very emotional and troubled.[112]
+
+    Some authorities are of opinion that irregularities in the
+    accomplishment of the sexual act are specially liable to cause
+    disturbances in the circulation. Thus Kisch, of Prague, refers to
+    the case of a couple practising coitus interruptus--the husband
+    withdrawing before ejaculation--in which the wife, a vigorous
+    woman, became liable after some years to attacks termed by Kisch
+    _neurasthenia cordis vasomotoria_, in which there was at daily or
+    longer intervals palpitation, with feelings of anxiety, headache,
+    dizziness, muscular weakness and tendency to faint. He regards
+    coitus as a cause of various heart troubles in women: (1) Attacks
+    of tachycardia in very excitable and sexually inclined women; (2)
+    attacks of tachycardia with dyspnoea in young women, with
+    vaginismus; (3) cardiac symptoms with lowered vascular tone in
+    women who for a long time have practised coitus interruptus
+    without complete sexual gratification (Kisch, "Herzbeschwerden
+    der Frauen verursacht durch den Cohabitationsact," _Muenchener
+    Medizinisches Wochenschrift_, 1897, p. 617). In this connection,
+    also, reference may probably be made to those attacks of anxiety
+    which Freud associates with psychic sexual lesions of an
+    emotional character.
+
+Associated with this vascular activity in detumescence we find a general
+tendency to glandular activity. Various secretions are formed abundantly.
+Perspiration is copious, and the ancient relationship between the
+cutaneous and sexual systems seems to evoke a general activity of the skin
+and its odoriferous secretions. Salivation, which also occurs, is very
+conspicuous in many lower animals, as for instance in the donkey, notably
+the female, who just before coitus stands with mouth open, jaws moving,
+and saliva dribbling. In men, corresponding to the more copious secretion
+in women, there is, during the latter stages of tumescence, a slight
+secretion of mucus--Fuerbringer's _urethrorrhoea ex libidine_--which
+appears in drops at the urethral orifice. It comes from the small glands
+of Littre and Cowper which open into the urethra. This phenomenon was well
+known to the old theologians, who called it _distillatio_, and realized
+its significance as at once distinct from semen and an indication that the
+mind was dwelling on voluptuous images; it was also known in classic
+times[113]; more recently it has often been confused with semen and has
+thus sometimes caused needless anxiety to nervous persons. There is also
+an increased secretion of urine, and it is probable that if the viscera
+were more accessible to observation we might be able to demonstrate that
+the glands throughout the body share in this increased activity.
+
+The phenomena of detumescence culminate, however, and have their most
+obvious manifestation in motor activity. The genital act, as Vaschide and
+Vurpas remark, consists essentially in "a more and more marked tension of
+the motor state which, reaching its maximum, presents a short tonic phase,
+followed by a clonic phase, and terminates in a period of adynamia and
+repose." This motor activity is of the essence of the impulse of
+detumescence, because without it the sperm cells could not be brought into
+the neighborhood of the germ cell and be propelled into the organic nest
+which is assigned for their conjunction and incubation.
+
+The motor activity is general as well as specifically sexual. There is a
+general tendency to more or less involuntary movement, without any
+increase of voluntary muscular power, which is, indeed, decreased, and
+Vaschide and Vurpas state that dynamometric results are somewhat lower
+than normal during sexual excitement, and the variations greater.[114] The
+tendency to diffused activity of involuntary muscle is well illustrated by
+the contraction of the bladder associated with detumescence. While this
+occurs in both sexes, in men erection produces a mechanical impediment to
+any evacuation of the bladder. In women there is not only a desire to
+urinate but, occasionally, actual urination. Many quite healthy and normal
+women have, as a rare accident supervening on the coincidence of an
+unusually full bladder with an unusual degree of sexual excitement,
+experienced a powerful and quite involuntary evacuation of the bladder at
+the moment of orgasm. In women with less normal nervous systems this has,
+more rarely, been almost habitual. Brantome has perhaps recorded the
+earliest case of this kind in referring to a lady he knew who "quand on
+lui faisait cela elle se compissait a bon escient."[115] The tendency to
+trembling, constriction of throat, sneezing, emission of internal gas, and
+the other similar phenomena occasionally associated with detumescence, are
+likewise due to diffusion of the motor disturbance. Even in infancy the
+motor signs of sexual excitement are the most obvious indications of
+orgasm; thus West, describing masturbation in a child of six or nine
+months who practiced thigh-rubbing, states that when sitting in her high
+chair she would grasp the handles, stiffen herself, and stare, rubbing her
+thighs quickly together several times, and then come to herself with a
+sigh, tired, relaxed, and sweating, these seizures, which lasted one or
+two minutes, being mistaken by the relations for epileptic fits.[116]
+
+    The essentially motor character of detumescence is well shown by
+    the extreme forms of erotic intoxication which sometimes appear
+    as the result of sexual excitement. Fere, who has especially
+    called attention to the various manifestations of this condition,
+    presents an instructive case of a man of neurotic heredity and
+    antecedents, in whom it occasionally happened that sexual
+    excitement, instead of culminating in the normal orgasm, attained
+    its climax in a fit of uncontrollable muscular excitement. He
+    would then sing, dance, gesticulate, roughly treat his partner,
+    break the objects around him, and finally sink down exhausted and
+    stupefied. (Fere, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, Chapter X.) In such a case
+    a diffused and general detumescence has taken the place of the
+    normal detumescence which has its main focus in the sexual
+    sphere.
+
+    The same relationship is shown in a case of impotence accompanied
+    by cramps in the calves and elsewhere, which has been recorded by
+    Bruegelmann ("Zur Lehre vom Perversen Sexualismus," _Zeitschrift
+    fuer Hypnotismus_, 1900, Heft I). These muscular conditions ceased
+    for several days whenever coitus was effected.
+
+    An instructive analogy to the motor irradiations preceding the
+    moment of sexual detumescence may be found in the somewhat
+    similar motor irradiations which follow the delayed expulsion of
+    a highly distended bladder. These sometimes become very marked in
+    a child or young woman unable to control the motor system
+    absolutely. The legs are crossed, the foot swung, the thighs
+    tightly pressed together, the toes curled. The fingers are flexed
+    in rhythmic succession. The whole body slowly twists as though
+    the seat had become uncomfortable. It is difficult to concentrate
+    the mind; the same remark may be automatically repeated; the eyes
+    search restlessly, and there is a tendency to count surrounding
+    objects or patterns. When the extreme degree of tension is
+    reached it is only by executing a kind of dance that the
+    explosive contraction of the bladder is restrained.
+
+    The picture of muscular irradiation presented under these
+    circumstances differs but slightly from that of the onset of
+    detumescence. In one case the explosion is sought, in the other
+    case it is dreaded; but in both cases there is a retarded
+    muscular tension,--in the one case involuntary, in the other case
+    voluntary--maintained at a point of acute intensity, and in both
+    cases the muscular irradiations of this tension spread over the
+    whole body.
+
+    The increased motor irritability of the state of detumescence
+    somewhat resembles the conditions produced by a weak anaesthetic
+    and there is some interest in noting the sexual excitement liable
+    to occur in anaesthesia. I am indebted to Dr. J.F.W. Silk for some
+    remarks on this point:--
+
+    "I. Sexual emotions may apparently be aroused during the stage of
+    excitement preceding or following the administration of any
+    anaesthetic; these emotions may take the form of mere delirious
+    utterances, or may be associated with what is apparently a sexual
+    orgasm. Or reflex phenomena connected with the sexual organs may
+    occasionally be observed under special circumstances; or, to put
+    it in another way, such reflex possibilities are not always
+    abolished by the condition of narcosis or anaesthesia.
+
+    "II. Of the particular anaesthetics employed I am inclined to
+    think that the possibility of such conditions arising is
+    inversely proportionate to their strength, e.g., they are more
+    frequently observed with a weak anaesthetic like nitrous oxide
+    than with chloroform.
+
+    "III. Sexual emotions I believe to be rarely observable in men,
+    and this is remarkable, or, I should say, particularly
+    noticeable, for the presence of nurses, female students, etc.,
+    might almost have led one to expect that the contrary would have
+    been the case. On the other hand, it is among men that I have
+    frequently observed a reflex phenomenon which has usually taken
+    the shape of an erection of the penis when the structures in the
+    neighborhood of the spermatic cord have been handled.
+
+    "IV. Among females the emotional sexual phenomena most frequently
+    obtrude themselves, and I believe that if it were possible to
+    induce people to relate their dreams they would very often be
+    found to be of a sexual character."
+
+Much more important than the general motor phenomena, more purposive
+though involuntary, are the specifically sexual muscular movements. From
+the very beginning of detumescence, indeed, muscular activity makes itself
+felt, and the peripheral muscles of sex act, according to Kobelt's
+expression, as a peripheral sexual heart. In the male these movements are
+fairly obvious and fairly simple. It is required that the semen should be
+expressed from the vesiculae seminales, propelled along the urethra, in
+combination with the prostatic fluid which is equally essential, and
+finally ejected with a certain amount of force from the urethral orifice.
+Under the influence of the stimulation furnished by the contact and
+friction of the vagina, this process is effectively carried out, mainly by
+the rhythmic contractions of the bulbo-cavernosus muscle, and the semen is
+emitted in a jet which may be ejaculated to a distance varying from a few
+centimeters to a meter or more.
+
+    With regard to the details of the psychic sides of this process a
+    correspondent, a psychologist, writes as follows:--
+
+    "I have never noticed in my reading any attempt to analyze the
+    sensations which accompany the orgasm, and, as I have made a good
+    many attempts to make such an analysis myself, I will append the
+    results on the chance that they may be of some value. I have
+    checked my results so far as possible by comparing them with the
+    experience of such of my friends as had coitus frequently and
+    were willing to tell me as much as they could of the psychology
+    of the process.
+
+    "The first fact that I hit upon was the importance of pressure.
+    As one of my informants picturesquely phrases it--'the tighter
+    the fit the greater the pleasure.' This agrees, too, with their
+    unanimous testimony that the pleasurable sensations were much
+    greater when the orgasm occurred simultaneously in the man and
+    woman. Their analysis seldom went further than this, but a few
+    remarked that the distinctive sensations accompanying the orgasm
+    seem to begin near the root of the penis or in the testes, and
+    that they are qualitatively different from the tickling
+    sensations which precede them.
+
+    "These tickling sensations are caused, I think, by the friction
+    of the glands against the vaginal walls, and are supplemented by
+    other sensations from the urethra, whose nerves are stimulated by
+    pressure of the vaginal walls and sphincter. The specific
+    sensation of the orgasm begins, I believe, with a strong
+    contraction of the muscles of the urethral walls along the entire
+    length of the canal, and is felt as a peculiar ache starting
+    from the base of the penis and quickly becoming diffused through
+    the whole organ. This sensation reaches its climax with the
+    expulsion of the semen into the urethra and the consequent
+    feeling of distention, which is instantly followed by the
+    rhythmic peristaltic contractions of the urethral muscles which
+    mark the climax of the orgasm.
+
+    "The most careful introspection possible under the circumstances
+    seems to show that these sensations arise almost wholly from the
+    urethra and in a far less degree from the corona. During periods
+    of great sexual excitement the nerves of the urethra and corona
+    seem to possess a peculiar sensitivity and are powerfully
+    stimulated by the violent peristaltic contractions of the muscles
+    in the urethral walls during ejaculation. It seems possible that
+    the intensity and volume of sensation felt at the glans may be
+    due in part to the greater area of sensitive surface presented in
+    the fossa as well as to the sensitivity of the corona, and in
+    part to the fact that during the orgasm the glans is more highly
+    congested than at any other time, and the nerve endings thus
+    subjected to additional pressure.
+
+    "If the foregoing statements are true, it is easy to see why the
+    pleasure of the man is much increased when the orgasm occurs at
+    the same time in his partner and himself, for the contractions of
+    the vagina upon the penis would increase the stimulation of all
+    the nerve endings in that organ for which a mechanical stimulus
+    is adequate, and the prominence of the corpus spongiosum and
+    corona would ensure them the greatest stimulation. It seems not
+    improbable that the specific sensation of orgasm rises from the
+    stimulation of the peculiar form of nerve end-bulbs which Krause
+    found in the corpus spongiosum and in the glans.
+
+    "The characteristic massiveness of the experience is probably due
+    largely to the great number of sensations of strain and pressure
+    caused by the powerful reflex contraction of so many of the
+    voluntary muscles.
+
+    "Of course, the foregoing analysis is purely tentative, and I
+    offer it only on the chance that it may suggest some line of
+    inquiry which may lead to results of value to the student of
+    sexual psychology."
+
+    In man the whole process of detumescence, when it has once really
+    begun, only occupies a few moments. It is so likewise in many
+    animals; in the genera Bos, Ovis, etc., it is very short, almost
+    instantaneous, and rather short also in the Equidae (in a vigorous
+    stallion, according to Colin, ten to twelve seconds). As
+    Disselhorst has pointed out, this is dependent on the fact that
+    these animals, like man, possess a vas deferens which broadens
+    into an ampulla serving as a receptacle which holds the semen
+    ready for instant emission when required. On the other hand, in
+    the dog, cat, boar, and the Canidae, Felidae, and Suidae generally,
+    there is no receptacle of this kind, and coitus is slow, since a
+    longer time is required for the peristaltic action of the vas to
+    bring the semen to the urogenital sinus. (R. Disselhorst, _Die
+    Accessorischen Geschlechtsdrusen der Wirbelthiere_, 1897, p.
+    212.)
+
+    In man there can be little doubt that detumescence is more
+    rapidly accomplished in the European than in the East, in India,
+    among the yellow races, or in Polynesia. This is probably in part
+    due to a deliberate attempt to prolong the act in the East, and
+    in part to a greater nervous erethism among Westerns.
+
+In the woman the specifically sexual muscular process is less visible,
+more obscure, more complex, and uncertain. Before detumescence actually
+begins there are at intervals involuntary rhythmic contractions of the
+walls of the vagina, seeming to have the object of at once stimulating and
+harmonizing with those that are about to begin in the male organ. It would
+appear that these rhythmic contractions are the exaggeration of a
+phenomenon which is normal, just as slight contraction is normal and
+constant in the bladder. Jastreboff has shown, in the rabbit, that the
+vagina is in constant spontaneous rhythmic contraction from above
+downward, not peristaltic, but in segments, the intensity of the
+contractions increasing with age and especially with sexual development.
+This vaginal contraction which in women only becomes well marked just
+before detumescence, and is due mainly to the action of the sphincter
+cunni (analogous to the bulbo-cavernosus in the male), is only a part of
+the localized muscular process. At first there would appear to be a reflex
+peristaltic movement of the Fallopian tubes and uterus. Dembo observed
+that in animals stimulation of the upper anterior wall of the vagina
+caused gradual contraction of the uterus, which is erected by powerful
+contraction of its muscular fiber and round ligaments while at the same
+time it descends toward the vagina, its cavity becoming more and more
+diminished and mucus being forced out. In relaxing, Aristotle long ago
+remarked, it aspirates the seminal fluid.
+
+Although the active participation of the sexual organs in woman, to the
+end of directing the semen into the womb at the moment of detumescence, is
+thus a very ancient belief, and harmonizes with the Greek view of the womb
+as an animal in the body endowed with a considerable amount of
+activity,[117] precise observation in modern times has offered but little
+confirmation of the reality of this participation. Such observations as
+have been made have usually been the accidental result of sexual
+excitement and orgasm occurring during a gynaecological examination. As,
+however, such a result is liable to occur in erotic subjects, a certain
+number of precise observations have accumulated during the past century.
+So far as the evidence goes, it would seem that in women, as in mares,
+bitches, and other animals, the uterus becomes shorter, broader, and
+softer during the orgasm, at the same time descending lower into the
+pelvis, with its mouth open intermittently, so that, as one writer
+remarks, spontaneously recurring to the simile which commended itself to
+the Greeks, "the uterus might be likened to an animal gasping for
+breath."[118] This sensitive, responsive mobility of the uterus is,
+indeed, not confined to the moment of detumescence, but may occur at other
+times under the influence of sexual emotion.
+
+It would seem probable that in this erection, contraction, and descent of
+the uterus, and its simultaneous expulsion of mucus, we have the decisive
+moment in the completion of detumescence in woman, and it is probable that
+the thick mucus, unlike the earlier more limpid secretion, which women are
+sometimes aware of after orgasm, is emitted from the womb at this time.
+This is, however, not absolutely certain. Some authorities regard
+detumescence in women as accomplished in the pouring out of secretions,
+others in the rhythmic genital contractions; the sexual parts may,
+however, be copiously bathed in mucus for an indefinitely long period
+before the final stage of detumescence is achieved, and the rhythmic
+contractions are also taking place at a somewhat early period; in neither
+respect is there any obvious increase at the final moment of orgasm. In
+women this would seem to be more conspicuously a nervous manifestation
+than in men. On the subjective side it is very pronounced, with its
+feeling of relieved tension and agreeable repose--a moment when, as one
+woman expresses it, together with intense pleasure, there is, as it were,
+a floating up into a higher sphere, like the beginning of chloroform
+narcosis--but on the objective side this culminating moment is less easy
+to define.
+
+    Various observations and remarks made during the past two or
+    three centuries by Bond, Valisneri, Dionis, Haller, Guenther, and
+    Bischoff, tending to show a sucking action of the uterus in both
+    women and other female animals, have been brought together by
+    Litzmann in R. Wagner's _Handwoerterbuch der Physiologie_ (1846,
+    vol. iii, p. 53). Litzmann added an experience of his own: "I had
+    an opportunity lately, while examining a young and very erethic
+    woman, to observe how suddenly the uterus assumed a more erect
+    position, and descended deeper in the pelvis; the lips of the
+    womb became equal in length, the cervix rounded, softer, and more
+    easily reached by the finger, and at the same time a high state
+    of sexual excitement was revealed by the respiration and voice."
+
+    The general belief still remained, however, that the woman's part
+    in conjugation is passive, and that it is entirely by the energy
+    of the male organ and of the male sexual elements, the
+    spermatozoa, that conjunction with the germ cell is attained.
+    According to this theory, it was believed that the spermatozoa
+    were, as Wilkinson expresses it, in a history of opinion on this
+    question, "endowed with some sort of intuition or instinct; that
+    they would turn in the direction of the os uteri, wading through
+    the acid mucus of the vagina; travel patiently upward and around
+    the vaginal portion of the uterus; enter the uterus and proceed
+    onward in search of the waiting ovum." (A.D. Wilkinson,
+    "Sterility in the Female," _Transactions of the Lincoln Medical
+    Society_, Nebraska, 1896.)
+
+    About the year 1859 Fichstedt seems to have done something to
+    overthrow this theory by declaring his belief that the uterus was
+    not, as commonly supposed, a passive organ in coitus, but was
+    capable of sucking in the semen during the brief period of
+    detumescence. Various authorities then began to bring forward
+    arguments and observations in the same sense. Wernich,
+    especially, directed attention to this point in 1872 in a paper
+    on the erectile properties of the lower segment of the uterus
+    ("Die Erectionsfahigkeit des untern Uterus-Abschnitts," _Beitraege
+    zur Geburtshuelfe und Gynaekologie_, vol. i, p. 296). He made
+    precise observations and came to the conclusion that owing to
+    erectile properties in the neck of the uterus, this part of the
+    womb elongates during congress and reaches down into the pelvis
+    with an aspiratory movement, as if to meet the glans of the male.
+    A little later, in a case of partial prolapse, Beck, in ignorance
+    of Wernich's theory, was enabled to make a very precise
+    observation of the action of the uterus during excitement. In
+    this case the woman was sexually very excitable even under
+    ordinary examination, and Beck carefully noted the phenomena that
+    took place during the orgasm. "The os and cervix uteri," he
+    states, "had been about as firm as usual, moderately hard and,
+    generally speaking, in a natural and normal condition, with the
+    external os closed to such an extent as to admit of the uterine
+    probe with difficulty; but the instant that the height of
+    excitement was at hand, the os opened itself to the extent of
+    fully an inch, as nearly as my eye can judge, made five or six
+    successive gasps as if it were drawing the external os into the
+    cervix, each time powerfully, and, it seemed to me, with a
+    regular rhythmical action, at the same time losing its former
+    density and hardness and becoming quite soft to the touch. Upon
+    the cessation of the action, as related, the os suddenly closed,
+    the cervix again hardened itself, and the intense congestion was
+    dissipated." (J.R. Beck, "How do the Spermatozoa Enter the
+    Uterus?" _American Journal of Obstetrics_, 1874.) It would appear
+    that in the early part of this final process of detumescence the
+    action of the uterus is mainly one of contraction and ejaculation
+    of any mucus that may be contained; Dr. Paul Munde has described
+    "the gushing, almost in jets," of this mucus which he has
+    observed in an erotic woman under a rather long digital and
+    specular examination. (_American Journal of Obstetrics_, 1893.)
+    It is during the latter part of detumescence, it would seem, and
+    perhaps for a short time after the orgasm is over, that the
+    action of the uterus is mainly aspiratory.
+
+While the active part played by the womb in detumescence can no longer be
+questioned, it need not too hastily be assumed that the belief in the
+active movements of the spermatozoa must therefore be denied. The vigorous
+motility of the tadpole-like organisms is obvious to anyone who has ever
+seen fresh semen under the microscope; and if it is correct, as Clifton
+Edgar states, that the spermatozoa may retain their full activity in the
+female organs for at least seventeen days, they have ample time to exert
+their energies. The fact that impregnation sometimes occurs without
+rupture of the hymen is not decisive evidence that there has been no
+penetration, as the hymen may dilate without rupturing; but there seems no
+reason to doubt that conception has sometimes taken place when ejaculation
+has occurred without penetration; this is indicated in a fairly objective
+manner when, as has been occasionally observed, conception has occurred in
+women whose vaginas were so narrow as scarcely to admit the entrance of a
+goose-quill; such was the condition in the case of a pregnant woman
+brought forward by Roubaud. The stories, repeated in various books, of
+women who have conceived after homosexual relations with partners who had
+just left their husbands' beds are not therefore inherently
+impossible.[119] Janke quotes numerous cases in which there has been
+impregnation in virgins who have merely allowed the penis to be placed in
+contact with the vulva, the hymen remaining unruptured until
+delivery.[120]
+
+It must be added, however, that even if the semen is effused merely at the
+mouth of the vagina, without actual penetration, the spermatozoa are still
+not entirely without any resource save their own motility in the task of
+reaching the ovum. As we have seen, it is not only the uterus which takes
+an active part in detumescence; the vagina also is in active movement, and
+it seems highly probable that, at all events in some women and under some
+circumstances, such movement favoring aspiration toward the womb may be
+communicated to the external mouth of the vagina.
+
+    Riolan (_Anthropographia_, 1626, p. 294) referred to the
+    constriction and dilation of the vulva under the influence of
+    sexual excitement. It is said that in Abyssinia women can, when
+    adopting the straddling posture of coitus, by the movements of
+    their own vaginal muscles alone, grasp the male organ and cause
+    ejaculation, although the man remains passive. According to
+    Lorion the Annamites, adopting the normal posture of coitus,
+    introduce the penis when flaccid or only half erect, the
+    contraction of the vaginal walls completing the process; the
+    penis is very small in this people. It is recognized by
+    gynaecologists that the condition of vaginismus, in which there is
+    spasmodic contraction of the vagina, making intercourse painful
+    or impossible, is but a morbid exaggeration of the normal
+    contraction which occurs in sexual excitement. Even in the
+    absence of sexual excitement there is a vague affection,
+    occurring in both married and unmarried women, and not, it would
+    seem, necessarily hysterical, characterized by quivering or
+    twitching of the vulva; I am told that this is popularly termed
+    "flackering of the shape" in Yorkshire and "taittering of the
+    lips" in Ireland. It may be added that quivering of the gluteal
+    muscles also takes place during detumescence, and that in Indian
+    medicine this is likewise regarded as a sign of sexual desire in
+    women, apart from coitus.
+
+    A non-medical correspondent in Australia, W.J. Chidley, from whom
+    I have received many communications on this subject, is strongly
+    of opinion from his own observations that not only does the
+    uterus take an active part in coitus, but that under natural
+    conditions the vagina also plays an active part in the process.
+    He was led to suspect such an action many years ago, as well by
+    an experience of his own, as also by hearing from a young woman
+    who met her lover after a long absence that by the excitement
+    thus aroused a tape attached to the underclothes had been drawn
+    into the vagina. Since then the confidences of various friends,
+    together with observations of animals, have confirmed him in the
+    view that the general belief that coitus must be effected by
+    forcible entry of the male organ into a passive vagina is
+    incorrect. He considers that under normal circumstances coitus
+    should take place but rarely, and then only under the most
+    favorable circumstances, perhaps exclusively in spring, and, most
+    especially, only when the woman is ready for it. Then, when in
+    the arms of the man she loves, the vagina, in sympathy with the
+    active movements of the womb, becomes distended at the touch of
+    the turgescent, but not fully erect, penis, "flashes open and
+    draws in the male organ." "All animals," he adds, "have sexual
+    intercourse by the male organ being _drawn_, not forced, into the
+    female. I have been borne out in this by friends who have seen
+    horses, camels, mules and other large animals in the coupling
+    season. What is more absurd, for instance, than to say that an
+    entire _penetrates_ the mare? His penis is a sensitive, beautiful
+    piece of mechanism, which brings its light head here and there
+    till it touches the right spot, when the mare, _if ready_, takes
+    it in. An entire's penis could not penetrate anything; it is a
+    curve, a beautiful curve which would easily bend. A bull's,
+    again, is turned down at the end and, more palpably still, would
+    fold on itself if pressed with force. The womb and vagina of a
+    beautiful and healthy woman constitute a living, vital, moving
+    organ, sensitive to a look, a word, a thought, a hand on the
+    waist."
+
+    A well-known American author thus writes in confirmation of the
+    foregoing view: "In nature the woman wooes. When impassioned her
+    vagina becomes erect and dilated, and so lubricated with abundant
+    mucus to the lips that entrance is easy. This dilatation and
+    erectile expansion of vagina withdraws the hymen so close to the
+    walls that penetration need not tear it or cause pain. The more
+    muscular, primitive and healthy the woman the tougher and less
+    sensitive the hymen, and the less likely to break or bleed. I
+    think one great function of the foreskin also is to moisten the
+    glans, so that it can be lubricated for entrance, and then to
+    retract, moist side out, to make entrance still easier. I think
+    that in nature the glans penetrates within the labia, is
+    withstood a moment, vibrating, and then all resistance is
+    withdrawn by a sudden 'flashing open' of the gates, permitting
+    easy entrance, and that the sudden giving up of resistance, and
+    substitution of welcome, with its instantaneous deep entrance,
+    causes an almost immediate male orgasm (the thrill being
+    irresistibly exciting). Certainly this is the process as observed
+    in horses, cattle, goats, etc., and it seems likely something
+    analogous is natural in man."
+
+    While it is easily possible to carry to excess a view which would
+    make the woman rather than the man the active agent in coitus
+    (and it may be recalled that in the Cebidae the penis, as also the
+    clitoris, is furnished with a bone), there is probably an element
+    of truth in the belief that the vagina shares in the active part
+    which, there can now be little doubt, is played by the uterus in
+    detumescence. Such a view certainly enables us to understand how
+    it is that semen effused on the exterior sexual organs can be
+    conveyed to the uterus.
+
+    It was indeed the failure to understand the vital activity of the
+    semen and the feminine genital canal, co-operating together
+    towards the junction of sperm cell and germ cell, which for so
+    long stood in the way of the proper understanding of conception.
+    Even the genius of Harvey, which had grappled successfully with
+    the problem of the circulation, failed in the attempt to
+    comprehend the problem of generation. Mainly on account of this
+    difficulty, he was unable to see how the male element could
+    possibly enter the uterus, although he devoted much observation
+    and study to the question. Writing of the uterus of the doe after
+    copulation, he says: "I began to doubt, to ask myself whether the
+    semen of the male could by any possibility make its way by
+    attraction or injection to the seat of conception, and repeated
+    examination led me to the conclusion that none of the semen
+    reached this seat." (_De-Generatione Animalium_, Exercise lxvii.)
+    "The woman," he finally concluded, "after contact with the
+    spermatic fluid _in coitu_, seems to receive an influence and
+    become fecundated without the co-operation of any sensible
+    corporeal agent, in the same way as iron touched by the magnet is
+    endowed with its powers."
+
+Although the specifically sexual muscular process of detumescence in
+women--as distinguished from the general muscular phenomena of sexual
+excitement which may be fairly obvious--is thus seen to be somewhat
+complex and obscure, in women as well as in men detumescence is a
+convulsion which discharges a slowly accumulated store of nervous force.
+In women also, as in men, the motor discharge is directed to a specific
+end--the intromission of the semen in the one sex, its reception in the
+other. In both sexes the sexual orgasm and the pleasure and satisfaction
+associated with it, involve, as their most essential element, the motor
+activity of the sexual sphere.[121]
+
+    The active co-operation of the female organs in detumescence is
+    probably indicated by the difficulty which is experienced in
+    achieving conception by the artificial injection of semen. Marion
+    Sims stated in 1866, in _Clinical Notes on Uterine Surgery_, that
+    in 55 injections in six women he had only once been successful;
+    he believed that that was the only case at that time on record.
+    Jacobi had, however, practiced artificial fecundation in animals
+    (in 1700) and John Hunter in man. See Gould and Pyle, _Anomalies
+    and Curiosities of Medicine_, p. 43; also Janke (_Die
+    Willkuerliche Hervorbringen des Geschlechts_, pp. 230 et seq.) who
+    discusses the question of artificial fecundation and brings
+    together a mass of data.
+
+The facial expression when tumescence is completed is marked by a high
+degree of energy in men and of loveliness in women. At this moment, when
+the culminating act of life is about to be accomplished, the individual
+thus reaches his supreme state of radiant beauty. The color is heightened,
+the eyes are larger and brighter, the facial muscles are more tense, so
+that in mature individuals any wrinkles disappear and youthfulness
+returns.
+
+At the beginning of detumescence the features are frequently more
+discomposed. There is a general expression of eager receptivity to sensory
+impressions. The dilatation of the pupils, the expansion of the nostrils,
+the tendency to salivation and to movements of the tongue, all go to make
+up a picture which indicates an approaching gratification of sensory
+desires; it is significant that in some animals there is at this moment
+erection of the ears.[122] There is sometimes a tendency to utter broken
+and meaningless words, and it is noted that sometimes women have called
+out on their mothers.[123] The dilatation of the pupils produces
+photophobia, and in the course of detumescence the eyes are frequently
+closed from this cause. At the beginning of sexual excitement, Vaschide
+and Vurpas have observed, tonicity of the eye-muscles seems to increase;
+the elevators of the upper lids contract, so that the eyes look larger and
+their mobility and brightness are heightened; with the increase of
+muscular tonicity strabismus occurs, owing to the greater strength of the
+muscles that carry the eyes inward.[124]
+
+    The facial expression which marks the culmination of tumescence,
+    and the approach of detumescence is that which is generally
+    expressive of joy. In an interesting psycho-physical study of the
+    emotion of joy, Dearborn thus summarizes its characteristics:
+    "The eyes are brighter and the upper eyelid elevated, as also are
+    the brows, the skin over the glabella, the upper lip and the
+    corners of the mouth, while the skin at the outer canthi of the
+    eye is puckered. The nostrils are moderately dilated, the tongue
+    slightly extended and the cheeks somewhat expanded, while in
+    persons with largely developed pinnal muscles the ears tend
+    somewhat to incline forwards. The whole arterial system is
+    dilated, with consequent blushing from this effect on the dermal
+    capillaries of the face, neck, scalp and hands, and sometimes
+    more extensively even; from the same cause the eyes slightly
+    bulge. The whole glandular system likewise is stimulated, causing
+    the secretions,--gastric, salivary, lachrymal, sudoral, mammary,
+    genital, etc.--to be increased, with the resulting rise of
+    temperature and increase in the katobolism generally. Volubility
+    is almost regularly increased, and is, indeed, one of the most
+    sensitive and constant of the correlations in emotional
+    delight.... Pleasantness is correlated in living organisms by
+    vascular, muscular and glandular extension or expansion, both
+    literal and figurative." (G. Dearborn, "The Emotion of Joy,"
+    _Psychological Review Monograph Supplements_, vol. ii, No. 5, p.
+    62.) All these signs of joy appear to occur at some stage of the
+    process of sexual excitement.
+
+    In some monkeys it would seem that the muscular movement which in
+    man has become the smile is the characteristic facial expression
+    of sexual tumescence or courtship. Discussing the facial
+    expression of pleasure in children, S.S. Buckman has the
+    following remarks: "There is one point in such expression which
+    has not received due consideration, namely, the raising of lumps
+    of flesh each side of the nose as an indication of pleasure.
+    Accompanying this may be seen small furrows, both in children and
+    adults, running from the eyes somewhat obliquely towards the
+    nose. What these characters indicate may be learned from the male
+    mandril, whose face, particularly in the breeding season, shows
+    colored fleshy prominences each side of the nose, with
+    conspicuous furrows and ridges. In the male mandril these
+    characters have been developed because, being an unmistakable
+    sign of sexual ardor, they gave the female particular evidence of
+    sexual feelings. Thus such characters would come to be recognized
+    as habitually symptomatic of pleasurable feelings. Finding
+    similar features in human beings, and particularly in children,
+    though not developed in the same degree, we may assume that in
+    our monkey-like ancestors facial characters similar to those of
+    the mandril were developed, though to a less extent, and that
+    they were symptomatic of pleasure, because connected with the
+    period of courtship. Then they became conventionalized as
+    pleasurable symptoms." (S.S. Buckmann, "Human Babies: What They
+    Teach," _Nature_, July 5, 1900.) If this view is accepted, it may
+    be said that the smile, having in man become a generalized sign
+    of amiability, has no longer any special sexual significance. It
+    is true that a faint and involuntary smile is often associated
+    with the later stages of tumescence, but this is usually lost
+    during detumescence, and may even give place to an expression of
+    ferocity.
+
+When we have realized how profound is the organic convulsion involved by
+the process of detumescence, and how great the general motor excitement
+involved, we can understand how it is that very serious effects may follow
+coitus. Even in animals this is sometimes the case. Young bulls and
+stallions have fallen in a faint after the first congress; boars may be
+seriously affected in a similar way; mares have been known even to fall
+dead.[125] In the human species, and especially in men--probably, as Bryan
+Robinson remarks, because women are protected by the greater slowness with
+which detumescence occurs in them--not only death itself, but innumerable
+disorders and accidents have been known to follow immediately after
+coitus, these results being mainly due to the vascular and muscular
+excitement involved by the processes of detumescence. Fainting, vomiting,
+urination, defaecation have been noted as occurring in young men after a
+first coitus. Epilepsy has been not infrequently recorded. Lesions of
+various organs, even rupture of the spleen, have sometimes taken place. In
+men of mature age the arteries have at times been unable to resist the
+high blood-pressure, and cerebral haemorrhage with paralysis has occurred.
+In elderly men the excitement of intercourse with strange women has
+sometimes caused death, and various cases are known of eminent persons who
+have thus died in the arms of young wives or of prostitutes.[126]
+
+These morbid results, are, however, very exceptional. They usually occur
+in persons who are abnormally sensitive, or who have imprudently
+transgressed the obvious rules of sexual hygiene. Detumescence is so
+profoundly natural a process; it is so deeply and intimately a function of
+the organism, that it is frequently harmless even when the bodily
+condition is far from absolutely sound. Its usual results, under favorable
+circumstances, are entirely beneficial. In men there normally supervenes,
+together with the relief from the prolonged tension of tumescence, with
+the muscular repose and falling blood-pressure,[127] a sense of profound
+satisfaction, a glow of diffused well-being,[128] perhaps an agreeable
+lassitude, occasionally also a sense of mental liberation from an
+overmastering obsession. Under reasonably happy circumstances there is no
+pain, or exhaustion, or sadness, or emotional revulsion. The happy lover's
+attitude toward his partner is not expressed by the well-known Sonnet
+(CXXIX) of Shakespeare:--
+
+    "Past reason hunted, and no sooner had
+    Past reason hated."
+
+He feels rather with Boccaccio that the kissed mouth loses not its charm,
+
+    "Bocca baciata non perde ventura."
+
+In women the results of detumescence are the same, except that the
+tendency to lassitude is not marked unless the act has been several times
+repeated; there is a sensation of repose and self-assurance, and often an
+accession of free and joyous energy. After completely satisfactory
+detumescence she may experience a feeling as of intoxication, lasting for
+several hours, an intoxication that is followed by no evil reaction.
+
+Such, so far as our present vague and imperfect knowledge extends, are the
+main features in the process of detumescence. In the future, without
+doubt, we shall learn to know more precisely a process which has been so
+supremely important in the life of man and of his ancestors.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[98] The elements furnished by the sense of touch in sexual selection have
+been discussed in the first section of the previous volume of these
+_Studies_.
+
+[99] See Appendix A. "The Origins of the Kiss," in the previous volume.
+
+[100] See, e.g., Art. "Erection," by Retterer, in Richet's _Dictionnaire
+de Physiologie_, vol. v.
+
+[101] Guibaut, _Traite Clinique des Maladies des Femmes_, p. 242. Adler
+discusses the sexual secretions in women and their significance, _Die
+Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, pp. 19-26.
+
+[102] In some parts of the world this is further aided by artificial
+means. Thus it is stated by Riedel (as quoted by Ploss and Bartels) that
+in the Gorong Archipelago the bridegroom, before the first coitus, anoints
+the bride's pudenda with an ointment containing opium, musk, etc. I have
+been told of an English bride who was instructed by her mother to use a
+candle for the same purpose.
+
+[103] _Parthenologia_, pp. 302, et seq.
+
+[104] The connection of this mucous flow with sexual emotion was discussed
+early in the eighteenth century by Schurig in his _Gynaecologia_, pp. 8-11;
+it is frequently passed over by more modern writers.
+
+[105] The drawing is reproduced by Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i,
+Chapter XVII; many facts bearing on the ethnography of coitus are brought
+together in this chapter.
+
+[106] Onanoff (Paris Societe de Biologie, May 3, 1890) proposed the name
+of bulbo-cavernous reflex for the smart contraction of the ischio-and
+bulbo-cavernosus muscles (erector penis and accelerator urinae) produced by
+mechanical excitation of the glans. This reflex is clinically elicited by
+placing the index-finger of the left hand on the region of the bulb while
+the right hand rapidly rubs the dorsal surface of the glands with the edge
+of a piece of paper or lightly pinches the mucous membrane; a twitching of
+the region of the bulb is then perceived. This reflex is always present in
+healthy adult subjects and indicates the integrity of the physical
+mechanism of detumescence. It has been described by Hughes. (C.H. Hughes,
+"The Virile or Bulbo-cavernous Reflex," _Alienist and Neurologist_,
+January, 1898.)
+
+[107] Roubaud, _Traite de l'Impuissance_, 1855, p. 39.
+
+[108] _Das Weib_, seventh edition, vol. i, p. 510.
+
+[109] The influence of impeded respiration in exciting more or less
+perverted forms of sexual gratification has been discussed in a section of
+"Love and Pain" in the third volume of these _Studies_.
+
+[110] See, e.g., the experiments of Obici on this point, _Revista
+Sperimentale di Freniatria_, 1903, pp. 689, et seq.
+
+[111] Summarized in _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, March, 1903, p.
+188. The tendency to closure of the eyes noted by Roubaud, to avoid
+contact of the light, indicates dilatation of the pupils, for which we
+need not seek other explanation than the general tendency of all
+peripheral stimulation, according to Schiff's law, to produce such
+dilatation.
+
+[112] Vaschide and Vurpas, "Du Coefficient Sexuel de l'Impulsion
+Musicale," _Archives de Neurologie_, May, 1904.
+
+[113] In the _Priapeia_ is an inscription which has thus been
+translated:--
+
+    "You see this organ, after which I'm called
+    And which is my certificate, is humid;
+    This moisture is not dew nor drops of rain,
+    It is the outcome of sweet memory,
+    Recalling thoughts of a complacent maid."
+
+The translator supposes that semen is referred to, but without doubt the
+allusion is to the theologians' _distillatio_.
+
+[114] A woman of 30, normal and intelligent, after conversing on love and
+passion, and then listening to the music of Grieg and Schumann, felt real
+and strong sexual excitement, increased by memories recalled by the
+presence of a sympathetic person. When then tested by the dynamometer the
+average of ten efforts with the right hand was found to be 28.2 (her
+normal average being 31.1) and with the left hand 28.0 (the normal being
+30.0). There was, however, great variability in the individual pressures
+which sometimes equaled and even exceeded the subject's normal efforts.
+The voluntary muscles are thus in harmony with the approaching general
+sexual avalanche. (Vaschide and Vurpas, "Quelques Donnees Experimentales
+sur l'Influence de l'Excitation Sexuelle," _Archivio di Psichiatria_,
+1903, fasc. v-vi.)
+
+[115] Cf. MacGillicuddy, _Functional Disorders of the Nervous System in
+Women_, p. 110; Fere, _L'Instinct Sexuel_, second edition, p. 238; id.,
+"Note sur une Anomalie de l'instinct Sexuel," _Belgique Medicale_, 1905;
+also "Analysis of the Sexual Impulse," in an earlier volume of these
+_Studies_.
+
+[116] J.P. West, "Masturbation in Early Childhood," _Medical Standard_,
+November, 1895.
+
+[117] Cf. the discussion of hysteria in "Auto-Erotism," vol. i of these
+_Studies_.
+
+[118] Hirst, _Text-Book of Obstetrics_, 1899, p. 67.
+
+[119] The earliest story of the kind with which I am acquainted, that of a
+widow who was thus impregnated by a married friend, is quoted in Schurig's
+_Spermatologia_ (p. 224) from Amatus Lusitanus, _Curationum Centuriae
+Septum_, 1629.
+
+[120] Janke, _Die Willkuerliche Hervorbringen des Geschlechts_, p. 238.
+
+[121] Cf. Adler, _Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, pp.
+29-38.
+
+[122] Fere, _Pathologie des Emotions_, p. 51.
+
+[123] This is an instinctive impulse under all strong emotion in primitive
+persons. "The Australian Dieri," says A.W. Howitt (_Journal
+Anthropological Institute_, August, 1890), "when in pain or grief cry out
+for their father or mother."
+
+[124] Vaschide and Vurpas, _Archives de Neurologie_, May, 1904.
+
+[125] F.B. Robinson, _New York Medical Journal_, March 11, 1893.
+
+[126] Fere deals fully with the various morbid results which may follow
+coitus, _L' Instinct Sexuel_, Chapter X; id., _Pathologie des Emotions_,
+p. 99.
+
+[127] With regard to the relationship of detumescence to the
+blood-pressure Haig remarks: "I think that as the sexual act produces low
+and falling blood-pressure, it will of necessity relieve conditions which
+are due to high and rising blood-pressure, such, for instance, as mental
+depression and bad temper; and, unless my observation deceives me, we have
+here a connection between conditions of high blood-pressure, with mental
+and bodily depression, and the act of masturbation, for this act will
+relieve those conditions, and will tend to be practiced for this purpose."
+(A. Haig, _Uric Acid_, sixth edition, p. 154.)
+
+[128] A medical correspondent speaks of subjective feelings of temperature
+coming over the body from 20 to 24 hours after congress, and marked by
+sensations of cooling of body and glow of cheeks. In another case, though
+lassitude appears on the second day after congress, the first day after is
+marked by a notable increase in mental and physical activity.
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+The Constituents of Semen--Function of the Prostate--The Properties of
+Semen--Aphrodisiacs--Alcohol, Opium, etc.--Anaphrodisiacs--The Stimulant
+Influence of Semen in Coitus--The Internal Effects of Testicular
+Secretions--The Influence of Ovarian Secretion.
+
+
+The germ cell never comes into the sphere of consciousness and cannot
+therefore concern us in the psychological study of the phenomena of the
+sexual instinct. But it is otherwise with the sperm cell, and the seminal
+fluid has a relationship, both direct and indirect, to psychic phenomena
+which it is now necessary to discuss.
+
+While the spermatozoa are formed in the glandular tissue of the testes,
+the seminal fluid as finally emitted in detumescence is not a purely
+testicular product, but is formed by mixture with the fluids poured out at
+or before detumescence by various glands which open into the urethra, and
+notably the prostate.[129] This is a purely sexual gland, which in animals
+only becomes large and active during the breeding season, and may even be
+hardly distinguishable at other times; moreover, if the testes are removed
+in infancy, the prostate remains rudimentary, so that during recent years
+removal of the testes has been widely advocated and practiced for that
+hypertrophy of the prostate which is sometimes a distressing ailment of
+old age. It is the prostatic fluid, according to Fuerbringer, which imparts
+its characteristic odor to semen. It appears, however, to be the main
+function of the prostatic fluid to arouse and maintain the motility of the
+spermatozoa; before meeting the prostatic fluid the spermatozoa are
+motionless; that fluid seems to furnish a thinner medium in which they
+for the first time gain their full vitality.[130]
+
+When at length the semen is ejaculated, it contains various substances
+which may be separated from it,[131] and possesses various qualities, some
+of which have only lately been investigated, while others have evidently
+been known to mankind from a very early period. "When held for some time
+in the mouth," remarked John Hunter, "it produces a warmth similar to
+spices, which lasts some time."[132] Possibly this fact first suggested
+that semen might, when ingested, possess valuable stimulant qualities, a
+discovery which has been made by various savages, notably by the
+Australian aborigines, who, in many parts of Australia, administer a
+potion of semen to dying or feeble members of the tribe.[133] It is
+perhaps noteworthy that in Central Africa the testes of the goat are
+consumed as an aphrodisiac.[134] In eighteenth century Europe, Schurig, in
+his _Spermatologia_, still found it necessary to discuss at considerable
+length the possible medical properties of human semen, giving many
+prescriptions which contained it.[135] The stimulation produced by the
+ingestion of semen would appear to form in some cases a part of the
+attraction exerted by _fellatio_; De Sade emphasized this point; and in a
+case recorded by Howard semen appears to have acted as a stimulant for
+which the craving was as irresistible as is that for alcohol in
+dipsomania.[136]
+
+    It must be remembered that the early history of this subject is
+    more or less inextricably commingled with folk-lore practices of
+    magical origin, not necessarily founded on actual observation of
+    the physiological effects of consuming the semen or testes. Thus,
+    according to W.H. Pearse (_Scalpel_, December, 1897), it is the
+    custom in Cornwall for country maids to eat the testicles of the
+    young male lambs when they are castrated in the spring, the
+    survival, probably, of a very ancient religious cult. (I have not
+    myself been able to hear of this custom in Cornwall.) In
+    Burchard's Penitential (Cap. CLIV, Wasserschleben, op. cit., p.
+    660) seven years' penance is assigned to the woman who swallows
+    her husband's semen to make him love her more. In the seventeenth
+    century (as shown in William Salmon's _London Dispensatory_,
+    1678) semen was still considered to be good against witchcraft
+    and also valuable as a love-philter, in which latter capacity its
+    use still survives. (Bourke, _Scatalogic Rites_, pp. 343, 355.)
+    In an earlier age (Picart, quoted by Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_,
+    p. 109) the Manichaeans, it is said, sprinkled their eucharistic
+    bread with human semen, a custom followed by the Albigenses.
+
+    The belief, perhaps founded in experience, that semen possesses
+    medical and stimulant virtues was doubtless fortified by the
+    ancient opinion that the spinal cord is the source of this fluid.
+    This was not only held by the highest medical authorities in
+    Greece, but also in India and Persia.
+
+    The semen is thus a natural stimulant, a physiological
+    aphrodisiac, the type of a class of drugs which have been known
+    and cultivated in all parts of the world from time immemorial.
+    (Dufour has discussed the aphrodisiacs used in ancient Rome,
+    _Histoire de la Prostitution_, vol. II, ch. 21.) It would be vain
+    to attempt to enumerate all the foods and medicaments to which
+    has been ascribed an influence in heightening the sexual impulse.
+    (Thus, in the sixteenth century, aphrodisiacal virtues were
+    attributed to an immense variety of foods by Liebault in his
+    _Thresor des Remedes Secrets pour les Maladies des Femmes_, 1585,
+    pp. 104, et seq.) A large number of them certainly have no such
+    effect at all, but have obtained this credit either on some
+    magical ground or from a mistaken association. Thus the potato,
+    when first introduced from America, had the reputation of being a
+    powerful aphrodisiac, and the Elizabethan dramatists contain many
+    references to this supposed virtue. As we know, potatoes, even
+    when taken in the largest doses, have not the slightest
+    aphrodisiac effect, and the Irish peasantry, whose diet consists
+    very largely of potatoes, are even regarded as possessing an
+    unusually small measure of sexual feeling. It is probable that
+    the mistake arose from the fact that potatoes were originally a
+    luxury, and luxuries frequently tend to be regarded as
+    aphrodisiacs, since they are consumed under circumstances which
+    tend to arouse the sexual desires. It is possible also that, as
+    has been plausibly suggested, the misunderstanding may have been
+    due to sailors--the first to be familiar with the potato--who
+    attributed to this particular element of their diet ashore the
+    generally stimulating qualities of their life in port. The eryngo
+    (_Eryngium maritimum_), or sea holly, which also had an erotic
+    reputation in Elizabethan times, may well have acquired it in the
+    same way. Many other vegetables have a similar reputation, which
+    they still retain. Thus onions are regarded as aphrodisiacal, and
+    were so regarded by the Greeks, as we learn from Aristophanes. It
+    is noteworthy that Marro, a reliable observer, has found that in
+    Italy, both in prisons and asylums, lascivious people are fond of
+    onions (_La Puberta_, p. 297), and it may perhaps be worth while
+    to recall the observation of Serieux that in a woman in whom the
+    sexual instinct only awoke in middle age there was a horror of
+    leeks. In some countries, and especially in Belgium, celery is
+    popularly looked upon as a sexual stimulant. Various condiments,
+    again, have the same reputation, perhaps because they are hot and
+    because sexual desire is regarded, rightly enough, as a kind of
+    heat. Fish--skate, for instance, and notably oysters and other
+    shellfish--are very widely regarded as aphrodisiacs, and Kisch
+    attributes this property to caviar. It is probable that all these
+    and other foods which have obtained this reputation, in so far as
+    they have any action whatever on the sexual appetite, only
+    possess it by virtue of their generally nutritious and
+    stimulating qualities, and not by the presence of any special
+    principle having a selective action on the sexual sphere. A
+    beefsteak is probably as powerful a sexual stimulant as any food;
+    a nutritious food, however, which is at the same time easily
+    digestible, and thus requiring less expenditure of energy for its
+    absorption, may well exert a specially rapid and conspicuous
+    stimulant effect. But it is not possible to draw a line, and, as
+    Aquinas long since said, if we wish to maintain ourselves in a
+    state of purity we shall fear even an immoderate use of bread and
+    water.
+
+    More definitely aphrodisiacal effects are produced by drugs, and
+    especially by drugs which in large doses are poisons. The
+    aphrodisiac with the widest popular reputation is cantharides,
+    but its sexually exciting effects are merely an accidental result
+    of its action in causing inflammation of the genito-urinary
+    passage, and it is both an uncertain and a dangerous result,
+    except in skillful hands and when administered in small doses.
+    Nux vomica (with its alkaloid strychnia), by virtue of its
+    special action on the spinal cord, has a notably pronounced
+    effect in heightening the irritability of the spinal ejaculatory
+    center, though it by no means necessarily exerts any
+    strengthening influence. Alcohol exerts a sexually exciting
+    effect, but in a different manner; it produces little stimulation
+    of the cord and, indeed, even paralyzes the lumbar sexual center
+    in large doses, but it has an influence on the peripheral
+    nerve-endings and on the skin, and also on the cerebral centers,
+    tending to arouse desire and to diminish inhibition. In this
+    latter way, as Adler remarks, it may, in small doses, under some
+    circumstances, be beneficial in men with an excessive
+    nervousness or dread of coitus, and women, in whom orgasm has
+    been difficult to reach, have frequently found this facilitated
+    by some previous indulgence in alcohol. The aphrodisiac effect of
+    alcohol seems specially marked on women. But against the use of
+    alcohol as an aphrodisiac it must be remembered that it is far
+    from being a tonic to detumescence, at all events in men, and
+    that there is much evidence tending to show that not only chronic
+    alcoholism, but even procreation during intoxication is perilous
+    to the offspring (see, e.g., Andriezen, _Journal of Mental
+    Science_, January, 1905, and cf. W.C. Sullivan, "Alcoholism and
+    Suicidal Impulses," ib., April, 1898, p. 268); it may be added
+    that Bunge has found a very high proportion of cases of
+    immoderate use of alcohol in the fathers of women unable to
+    suckle their infants (G. von Bunge, _Die Zunehmende Unfaehigkeit
+    der Frauen ihre Kinder zu Stillen_, 1903) while even an
+    approximation to the drunken state is far from being a desirable
+    prelude to the creation of a new human being. It is obvious that
+    those who wish, for any reason, to cultivate a strict chastity of
+    thought and feeling would do well to avoid alcohol altogether, or
+    only in its lightest forms and in moderation. The aphrodisiacal
+    effects of wine have long been known; Ovid refers to them (e.g.,
+    _Ars Am._, Bk. III, 765). Clement of Alexandria, who was
+    something of a man of science as well as a Christian moralist,
+    points out the influence of wine in producing lasciviousness and
+    sexual precocity. (_Paedagogus_, Bk. II, Chapter II). Chaucer
+    makes the Wife of Bath say in the Wife of Bath's  Prologue:--
+
+        "And, after wyn, on Venus moste [needs] I thinke:
+        For al so siken as cold engendreth hayl,
+        A likerous mouth moste have a likerous tayl,
+        In womman vinolent is no defense,
+        This knowen lechours by experience."
+
+    Alcohol, as Chaucer pointed out, comes to the aid of the man, who
+    is unscrupulous in his efforts to overcome a woman, and this not
+    merely by virtue of its aphrodisiacal effects, and the apparently
+    special influence which it seems to exert on women, but also
+    because it lulls the mental and emotional characteristics which
+    are the guardians of personality. A correspondent who has
+    questioned on this point a number of prostitutes he has known,
+    writes: "Their accounts of the first fall were nearly always the
+    same. They got to know a 'gentleman,' and on one occasion they
+    drank too much; before they quite realized what was happening
+    they were no longer virgins." "In the mental areas, under the
+    influence of alcohol," Schmiedeberg remarks (in his _Elements of
+    Pharmacology_), "the finer degrees of observation, judgment, and
+    reflection are the first to disappear, while the remaining mental
+    functions remain in a normal condition. The soldier acts more
+    boldly because he notices dangers less and reflects over them
+    less; the orator does not allow himself to be influenced by any
+    disturbing side-considerations as to his audience, hence he
+    speaks more freely and spiritedly; self-consciousness is lost to
+    a very great extent, and many are astounded at the ease with
+    which they can express their thoughts, and at the acuteness of
+    their judgment in matters which, when they are perfectly sober,
+    with difficulty reach their minds; and then afterwards they are
+    ashamed at their mistakes."
+
+    The action of opium in small doses is also to some extent
+    aphrodisiacal; it slightly stimulates both the brain and the
+    spinal cord, and has sensory effects on the skin like alcohol;
+    these effects are favored by the state of agreeable dreaminess it
+    produces. In the seventeenth century Venette (_La Generation de
+    l'Homme_, Part II, Chapter V) strongly recommended small doses of
+    opium, then little known, for this purpose; he had himself, he
+    says, in illness experienced its joys, "a shadow of those of
+    heaven." In India opium (as well as cannabis indica) has long
+    been a not uncommon aphrodisiac; it is specially used to diminish
+    local sensibility, delaying the orgasm and thus prolonging the
+    sexual act. (W.D. Sutherland, "De Impotentia," _Indian Medical
+    Gazette_, January, 1900). Its more direct and stimulating
+    influence on the sexual emotions seems indicated by the statement
+    that prostitutes are found standing outside the opium-smoking
+    dens of Bombay, but not outside the neighboring liquor shops.
+    (G.C. Lucas, _Lancet_, February 2, 1884.) Like alcohol, opium
+    seems to have a marked aphrodisiacal effect on women. The case is
+    recorded of a mentally deranged girl, with no nymphomania though
+    she masturbated, who on taking small doses of opium at once
+    showed signs of nymphomania, following men about, etc. (_American
+    Journal Obstetrics_, May, 1901, p. 74.) It may well be believed
+    that opium acts beneficially in men when the ejaculatory centers
+    are weak but irritable; but its actions are too widespread over
+    the organism to make it in any degree a valuable aphrodisiac.
+    Various other drugs have more or less reputation as aphrodisiacs;
+    thus bromide of gold, a nervous and glandular stimulant, is said
+    to have as one of its effects a heightening of sexual feeling.
+    Yohimbin, an alkaloid derived from the West African Yohimbehe
+    tree, has obtained considerable repute during recent years in the
+    treatment of impotence; in some cases (see, e.g., Toff's results,
+    summarized in _British Medical Journal_, February 18, 1905) it
+    has produced good results, apparently by increasing the blood
+    supply to the sexual organs, but has not been successful in all
+    cases or in all hands. It must always be remembered that in cases
+    of psychical impotence suggestion necessarily exerts a beneficial
+    influence, and this may work through any drug or merely with the
+    aid of bread pills. All exercise, often even walking, may be a
+    sexual stimulant, and it is scarcely necessary to add that
+    powerful stimulation of the skin in the sexual sphere, and more
+    especially of the nates, is often a more effective aphrodisiac
+    than any drug, whether the irritation is purely mechanical, as by
+    flogging, or mechanico-chemical, as by urtication or the
+    application of nettles. Among the Malays (with whom both men and
+    women often use a variety of plants as aphrodisiacs, according to
+    Vaughan Stevens) Breitenstein states (_21 Jahre in India_, Theil
+    I, p. 228) that both massage and gymnastics are used to increase
+    sexual powers. The local application of electricity is one of the
+    most powerful of aphrodisiacs, and McMordie found on applying one
+    pole to a uterine sound in the uterus and the other to the
+    abdominal wall that in the majority of healthy women the orgasm
+    occurred.
+
+    Among anaphrodisiacs, or sexual sedatives, bromide of potassium,
+    by virtue of its antidotal relationship to strychnia, is one of
+    the drugs whose action is most definite, though, while it dulls
+    sexual desire, it also dulls all the nervous and cerebral
+    activities. Camphor has an ancient reputation as an
+    anaphrodisiac, and its use in this respect was known to the Arabs
+    (as may be seen by a reference to it in the _Perfumed Garden_),
+    while, as Hyrtl mentions (loc. cit. ii, p. 94), rue (_Ruta
+    graveolens_) was considered a sexual sedative by the monks of
+    old, who on this account assiduously cultivated it in their
+    cloister gardens to make _vinum rutae_. Recently heroin in large
+    doses (see, e.g., Becker, _Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift_,
+    November 23, 1903) has been found to have a useful effect in this
+    direction. It may be doubted, however, whether there is any
+    satisfactory and reliable anaphrodisiac. Charcot, indeed, it is
+    said, used to declare that the only anaphrodisiac in which he had
+    any confidence was that used by the uncle of Heloise in the case
+    of Abelard. "_Cela_ (he would add with a grim smile) _tranche la
+    difficulte_."
+
+If semen is a stimulant when ingested, it is easy to suppose that it may
+exert a similar action on the woman who receives it into the vagina in
+normal sexual congress. It is by no means improbable that, as Mattei
+argued in 1878, this is actually the case. It is known that the vagina
+possesses considerable absorptive power. Thus Coen and Levi, among others,
+have shown that if a tampon soaked in a solution of iodine is introduced
+into the vagina, iodine will be found in the urine within an hour. And the
+same is true of various other substances.[137] If the vagina absorbs drugs
+it probably absorbs semen. Toff, of Braila (Roumania), who attaches much
+importance to such absorption, considers that it must be analogous to the
+ingestion of organic extractives. It is due to this influence, he
+believes, that weak and anaemic girls so often become full-blooded and
+robust after marriage, and lose their nervous tendencies and shyness.[138]
+
+It is, however, most certainly a mistake to suppose that the beneficial
+influence of coitus on women is exclusively, or even mainly, dependent
+upon the absorption of semen. This is conclusively demonstrated by the
+fact that such beneficial influence is exerted, and in full measure, even
+when all precautions have been taken to avoid any contact with the semen.
+In so far as _coitus reservatus_ or _interruptus_ may lead to haste or
+discomfort which prevents satisfactory orgasm on the part of the woman, it
+is without doubt a cause of defective detumescence and incomplete
+satisfaction. But if orgasm is complete the beneficial effects of coitus
+follow even if there has been no possibility of the absorption of semen.
+Even after _coitus interruptus_, if it can be prolonged for a period long
+enough for the woman to attain full and complete satisfaction, she is
+enabled to experience what she may describe as a feeling of intoxication,
+lasting for several hours. It is in the action of the orgasm itself, and
+the vascular, secretory, and metabolic activities set up by the psychic
+and nervous influence of coitus with a beloved person, that we must seek
+the chief key to the effects produced by coitus on women, however these
+effects may possibly be still further heightened by the actual absorption
+of semen.[139]
+
+The positive action of semen, or rather of the testicular products, has
+been much investigated during recent years, and appears on the whole to be
+demonstrated. The notable discovery by Brown-Sequard, a quarter of a
+century ago, that the ingestion of the testicular juices in states of
+debility and senility acted as a beneficial stimulant and tonic, opened
+the way to a new field of therapeutics. Many investigators in various
+countries have found that testicular extracts, and more especially the
+spermin as studied by Poehl,[140] and by him regarded as a positive
+katalysator or accelerator of metabolic processes, exert a real influence
+in giving tone to the heart and other muscles, and in improving the
+metabolism of the tissues even when all influences of mental suggestion
+have been excluded.[141]
+
+    As the ovaries are strictly analogous to the testes, it was
+    surmised that ovarian extract might prove a drug equally valuable
+    with testicular products. As a matter of fact, ovarian extract,
+    in the form of ovarin, etc., would seem to have proved beneficial
+    in various disorders, more especially in anaemia and in troubles
+    due to the artificial menopause. In most conditions, however, in
+    which it has been employed the results are doubtful or uncertain,
+    and some authorities believe that the influence of suggestion
+    plays a considerable part here.
+
+There is, however, another use which is subserved by the testicular
+products, a use which may indeed be said to be implied in those uses to
+which reference has already been made, but is yet historically the latest
+to be realized and studied. It was not until 1869 that Brown-Sequard first
+suggested that an important secretion was elaborated by the ductless
+glands and received into the circulation, but that suggestion proved to be
+epoch-making. If these glandular secretions are so valuable when
+administered as drugs to other persons, must they not be of far greater
+value when naturally secreted and poured out into the circulation in the
+living body? It is now generally believed, on the basis of a large and
+various body of evidence, that this is undoubtedly so. In a very crude
+form, indeed, this belief is by no means modern. In opposition to the old
+writers who were inclined to regard the semen as an excretion which it was
+beneficial to expel, there were other ancient authorities who argued that
+it was beneficial to retain it as being a vital fluid which, if
+reabsorbed, served to invigorate the body. The great physiologist, Haller,
+in the middle of the eighteenth century, came very near to the modern
+doctrine when he stated in his _Elements of Physiology_ that the sperm
+accumulated in the seminical vesicles is pumped back into the blood, and
+thus produces the beard and the hair together with the other surprising
+changes of puberty which are absent in the eunuch. The reabsorption of
+semen can scarcely be said to be a part of the modern physiological
+doctrine, but it is at least now generally held that the testes secrete
+substances which pass into the circulation and are of immense importance
+in the development of the organism.
+
+The experiments of Shattock and Seligmann indicate that the semen and its
+reabsorption in the seminal vesicles, or the nervous reactions produced by
+its presence, can have no part in the formation of secondary sexual
+characters. These investigators occluded the vas deferens in sheep by
+ligature, at an early age, rendering them later sterile though not
+impotent. The secondary sexual characters appeared as in ordinary sheep.
+Spermatogenesis, these inquirers conclude, may be the initial factor, but
+the results must be attributed to the elaboration by the testicles of an
+internal secretion and its absorption into the general circulation.[142]
+
+When animals are castrated there is enlargement of the ductless glands in
+the body, notably the thyroid and the suprarenal capsules.[143] It is
+evident, therefore, that the secretions of these ductless glands are in
+some degree compensatory to those of the testes. But this compensatory
+action is inadequate to produce any sexual development in the absence of
+the testes.
+
+We see, therefore, how extremely important is the function of the testis.
+Its significance is not alone for the race, it is not simply concerned
+with the formation of the spermatozoa which share equally with the ova the
+honor of making the mankind of the future. It also has a separate and
+distinct function which has reference to the individual. It elaborates
+those internal secretions which stimulate and maintain the physical and
+mental characters, constituting all that is most masculine in the male
+animal, all that makes the man in distinction from the eunuch. Among
+various primitive peoples, including those of the European race whence we
+ourselves spring, the most solemn form of oath was sworn by placing the
+hand on the testes, dimly recognized as the most sacred part of the body.
+A crude and passing phase of civilization has ignorantly cast ignominy
+upon the sexual organs; the more primitive belief is now justified by our
+advancing knowledge.
+
+    In these as in other respects the ovaries are precisely analogous
+    to the testes. They not only form the ova, but they elaborate for
+    internal use a secretion which develops and maintains the special
+    physical and mental qualities of womanhood, as the testicular
+    secretion those of manhood. Moreover, as Cecca and Zappi found,
+    removal of the ovaries has exactly the same effect on the
+    abnormal development of the other ductless glands as has removal
+    of the testes. It is of interest to point out that the internal
+    secretion of the ovaries and its important functions seem to have
+    been suggested before any other secretion than the sperm was
+    attributed to the testes. Early in the nineteenth century Cabanis
+    argued ("De l'Influence des Sexes sur le Caractere des Idees et
+    des Affections Morales," _Rapport du Physique et du Moral de
+    l'Homme_, 1824, vol. ii, p. 18) that the ovaries are secreting
+    glands, forming a "particular humor" which is reabsorbed into the
+    blood and imparts excitations which are felt by the whole system
+    and all its organs.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[129] The composite character of the semen was recognized by various old
+authors, some of whom said, (e.g., Wharton) that it had three
+constituents, which they usually considered to be: (1) The noblest and
+most essential part, from the testicles; (2) a watery element from the
+vesiculae; (3) an oily element from the prostate. Schurig, _Spermatologia_,
+1720, p. 17.
+
+[130] See, e.g., C. Mansell Moulin, "A Contribution to the Morphology of
+the Prostate," _Journal of Anatomy and Physiology_, January, 1895; G.
+Walker, "A Contribution to the Anatomy and Physiology of the Prostate
+Gland, and a Few Observations on Ejaculation," _Johns Hopkins Hospital
+Bulletin_, October, 1900.
+
+[131] For a study of the semen and its constituents, see Florence, "Du
+Sperme," _Archives d'Anthropologie Criminelle_, 1895.
+
+[132] J. Hunter, _Essays and Observations_, vol. i, p. 189.
+
+[133] As regards one part of Australia, Walter Roth, _Ethnological Studies
+Among the Queensland Aborigines_, p. 174.
+
+[134] Sir H.H. Johnston, _British Central Africa_, p. 438.
+
+[135] Cap. VII, pp. 327-357, "De Spermaticis virilis usu Medico,"
+
+[136] W.L. Howard, "Sexual Perversion," _Alienist and Neurologist_,
+January, 1896.
+
+[137] _Zentralblatt fuer Gynaekologie_, 1894, No. 49.
+
+[138] E. Toff, "Uber Impraegnierung," _Zentralblatt fuer Gynaekologie_,
+April, 1903. In a similar but somewhat more precise manner Dufougere has
+argued ("La Chlorose, ses rapports avec le marriage, son traitement par le
+liquide orchitique," These de Bordeaux, 1902) that semen when absorbed by
+the vagina stimulates the secretion of the ovaries and thus exerts an
+influence over the blood in anaemia; in this way he seeks to explain why it
+is that coitus is the best treatment for chlorosis.
+
+[139] In this connection I may refer to an interesting and suggestive
+paper by Harry Campbell on "The Craving for Stimulants" (_Lancet_, October
+21, 1899). No reference is made to coitus, but the author discusses
+stimulants as normal and beneficial products of the organism, and deals
+with the nature of the "physiological intoxication" they produce.
+
+[140] Spermin was first discovered in the sperm by Schreiner in 1878; it
+has also been found in the thyroid, ovaries and various other glands. "The
+spermin secreting and elaborating organs," Howard Kelly remarks (_British
+Medical Journal_, January 29, 1898), "may be called the apothecaries' of
+the body, secreting many important medicaments, much more active and more
+accurately representing its true wants than artificially administered
+drugs."
+
+[141] See, e.g., a summary of Buschan's comprehensive discussion of the
+subject of organotherapy (Eulenburg's _Real-Encyclopaedie der Gesammten
+Heilkunde_) in _Journal of Mental Science_, April, 1899, p. 355.
+
+[142] "Observations Upon the Acquirement of Secondary Sexual Characters,
+Indicating the Formation of an Internal Secretion by the Testicles,"
+_Proceedings Royal Society_, vol. lxxiii, p. 49.
+
+[143] See, e.g., the experiments of Cecca and Zappi, summarized in
+_British Medical Journal_, July 2, 1904.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+The Aptitude for Detumescence--Is There an Erotic Temperament?--The
+Available Standards of Comparison--Characteristics of the
+Castrated--Characteristics of Puberty--Characteristics of the State of
+Detumescence--Shortness of Stature--Development of the Secondary Sexual
+Characters--Deep Voice--Bright Eyes--Glandular Activity--Everted
+Lips--Pigmentation--Profuse Hair--Dubious Significance of Many of These
+Characters.
+
+
+What, if any, are the indications which the body generally may furnish as
+to the individual's aptitude and vigor for the orgasm of detumescence? Is
+there an erotic temperament outwardly and visibly displayed? That is a
+question which has often occupied those who have sought to penetrate the
+more intimate mysteries of human nature, and since we are here concerned
+with human beings in their relationship to the process of detumescence, we
+cannot altogether pass over this question, difficult as it is to discuss
+it with precision.
+
+    The old physiognomists showed much confidence in dealing with the
+    matter. Possibly they had more opportunities for observation than
+    we have, since they often wrote in days when life was lived more
+    nakedly than among ourselves, but their descriptions, while
+    sometimes showing much insight, are inextricably mixed up with
+    false science and superstition.
+
+    In the _De Secretis Mulierum_, wrongly attributed to Albertus
+    Magnus, we find a chapter entitled "Signa mulieris calidae naturae
+    et quae coit libenter," which may be summarized here. "The signs,"
+    we are told, "of a woman of warm temperament, and one who
+    willingly cohabits are these: youth, an age of over 12, or
+    younger, if she has been seduced, small, high breasts, full and
+    hard, hair in the usual positions; she is bold of speech, with a
+    delicate and high voice, haughty and even cruel of disposition,
+    of good complexion, lean rather than stout, inclined to like
+    drinking. Such a woman always desires coitus, and receives
+    satisfaction in the act. The menstrual flow is not abundant nor
+    always regular. If she becomes pregnant the milk is not abundant.
+    Her perspiration is less odorous than that of the woman of
+    opposite temperament; she is fond of singing, and of moving
+    about, and delights in adornments if she has any."
+
+    Polemon, in his _Sulla Physionomia_, has given among the signs of
+    libidinous impulse: knees turned inwards, abundance of hairs on
+    the legs, squint, bright eyes, a high and strident voice, and in
+    women length of leg below the knee. Aristotle had mentioned among
+    the signs of wantonness: paleness, abundance of hair on the body,
+    thick and black hair, hairs covering the temples, and thick
+    eyelids.
+
+    In the seventeenth century Bouchet, in his _Serees_ (Troisieme
+    Seree), gave as the signs of virility which indicated that a man
+    could have children: a great voice, a thick rough black beard, a
+    large thick nose.
+
+    G. Tourdes (Art. "Aphrodisie," _Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des
+    Sciences Medicales_) thus summarized the ancient beliefs on this
+    subject: "The erotic temperament has been described as marked by
+    a lean figure, white and well-ranged teeth, a developed hairy
+    system, a characteristic voice, air, and expression, and even a
+    special odor."
+
+In approaching the question of the general physical indications of a
+special aptitude to the manifestation of vigorous detumescence, the most
+obvious preliminary would seem to be a study of the castrated. If we know
+the special peculiarities of those who by removal of the sexual glands at
+a very early age have been deprived of all ability to present the
+manifestations of detumescence, we shall probably be in possession of a
+type which is the reverse of that which we may expect in persons of a
+vigorously erotic temperament.
+
+The most general characteristics of eunuchs would appear to be an unusual
+tendency to put on fat, a notably greater length of the legs, absence of
+hair in the sexual and secondary sexual regions, a less degree of
+pigmentation, as noted both in the castrated negro and the white man, a
+puerile larynx and puerile voice. In character they are usually described
+as gentle, conciliatory, and charitable.
+
+    There can be little doubt that castration in man tends to lead to
+    lengthening of the legs (tibia and fibula) at puberty, from
+    delayed ossification of the epiphyses. The hands and feet are
+    also frequently longer and sometimes the forearms. At the same
+    time the bones are more slender. The pelvis also is narrower. The
+    eunuchs of Cairo are said to be easily seen in a crowd from their
+    tall stature. (Collineau, quoting Lortet, _Revue Mensuelle de
+    l'Ecole d'Anthropologie_, May, 1896.) The castrated Skoptzy show
+    increased stature, and, it seems, large ears, with decreased
+    chest and head (L. Pittard, _Revue Scientifique_, June 20, 1903.)
+    Fere shows that in most of these respects the eunuch resembles
+    beardless and infantile subjects. ("Les Proportions des Membres
+    et les Caracteres Sexuels," _Journal de l'Anatomie et de la
+    Physiologie_, November-December, 1897.) Similar phenomena are
+    found in animals generally. Sellheim, carefully investigating
+    castrated horses, swine, oxen and fowls, found retardation of
+    ossification, long and slender extremities, long, broad, but low
+    skull, relatively smaller pelvis and small thorax. ("Zur Lehre
+    von den Sekundaeren Geschlechtscharakteren," _Beitraege zur
+    Geburtshuelfe und Gynaekologie_, 1898, summarized in _Centralblatt
+    fuer Anthropologie_, 1900, Heft IV.)
+
+    As regards the mental qualities and moral character of the
+    castrated, Griffiths considers that there is an undue prejudice
+    against eunuchs, and refers to Narses, who was not only one of
+    the first generals of the Roman Empire, but a man of highly
+    estimable character. (_Lancet_, March 30, 1895.) Matignon, who
+    has carefully studied Chinese eunuchs, points out that they
+    occupy positions of much responsibility, and, though regarded in
+    many respects as social outcasts, possess very excellent and
+    amiable moral qualities (_Archives Cliniques de Bordeaux_, May,
+    1896.) In America Everett Flood finds that epileptics and
+    feeble-minded boys are mentally and morally benefited by
+    castration. ("Notes on the Castration of Idiot Children,"
+    _American Journal of Psychology_, January, 1899.) It is often
+    forgotten that the physical and psychic qualities associated with
+    and largely dependent on the ability to experience the impulse of
+    detumescence, while essential to the perfect man, involve many
+    egoistic, aggressive and acquisitive characteristics which are of
+    little intellectual value, and at the same time inimical to many
+    moral virtues.
+
+We have a further standard--positive this time rather than negative--to
+aid us in determining the erotic temperament: the phenomena of puberty.
+The efflorescence of puberty is essentially the manifestation of the
+ability to experience detumescence. It is therefore reasonable to suppose
+that the individuals in whom the special phenomena of puberty develop most
+markedly are those in whom detumescence is likely to be most vigorous. If
+such is the case we should expect to find the erotic temperament marked by
+developed larynx and deep voice, a considerable degree of pigmentary
+development in hair and skin, and a marked tendency to hairiness; while
+in women there should be a pronounced growth of the breasts and
+pelvis.[144]
+
+There is yet another standard by which we may measure the individual's
+aptitude for detumescence: the presence of those activities which are most
+prominently brought into play during the process of detumescence. The
+individual, that is to say, who is organically most apt to manifest the
+physiological activities which mainly make up the process of detumescence,
+is most likely to be of pronounced erotic temperament.
+
+"Erotic persons are of motor type," remark Vaschide and Vurpas, "and we
+may say generally that nearly all persons of motor type are erotic." The
+state of detumescence is one of motor and muscular energy and of great
+vascular activity, so that habitual energy of motor response and an active
+circulation may reasonably be taken to indicate an aptitude for the
+manifestation of detumescence.
+
+These three types may be said, therefore, to furnish us valuable though
+somewhat general indications. The individual who is farthest removed from
+the castrated type, who presents in fullest degree the characters which
+begin to emerge at the period of puberty, and who reveals a physiological
+aptitude for the vigorous manifestation of those activities which are
+called into action during detumescence, is most likely to be of erotic
+temperament. The most cautious description of the characteristics of this
+temperament given by modern scientific writers, unlike the more detailed
+and hazardous descriptions of the early physiognomists, will be found to
+be fairly true to the standards thus presented to us.
+
+    The man of sexual type, according to Bierent (_La Puberte_, p.
+    148), is hairy, dark and deep-voiced.
+
+    "The men most liable to satyriasis," Bouchereau states (art.
+    "Satyriasis," _Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des Sciences
+    Medicales_), "are those with vigorous nervous system, developed
+    muscles, abundant hair on body, dark complexion, and white
+    teeth."
+
+    Mantegazza, in his _Fisiologia del Piacere_, thus describes the
+    sexual temperament: "Individuals of nervous temperament, those
+    with fine and brown skins, rounded forms, large lips and very
+    prominent larynx enjoy in general much more than those with
+    opposite characteristics. A universal tradition," he adds,
+    "describes as lascivious humpbacks, dwarfs, and in general
+    persons of short stature and with long noses."
+
+    In a case of nymphomania in a young woman, described by Alibert
+    (and quoted by Laycock, _Nervous Diseases of Women_, p. 28) the
+    hips, thighs and legs were remarkably plump, while the chest and
+    arms were completely emaciated. In a somewhat similar case
+    described by Marc in his _De la Folie_ a peasant woman, who from
+    an early age had experienced sexual hyperaesthesia, so that she
+    felt spasmodic voluptuous feelings at the sight of a man, and was
+    thus the victim of solitary excesses and of spasmodic movements
+    which she could not repress, the upper part of the body was very
+    thin, the hips, legs and thighs highly developed.
+
+    In his work on _Uterine and Ovarian Inflammation_ (1862, p. 37)
+    Tilt observes: "The restless, bashful eye, and changing
+    complexion, in presence of a person of the opposite sex, and a
+    nervous restlessness of body, ever on the move, turning and
+    twisting on sofa or chair, are the best indications of sexual
+    temperament."
+
+    An extremely sensual little girl of 8, who was constantly
+    masturbating when not watched, although brought up by nuns, was
+    described by Busdraghi (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, fas. i, 1888,
+    p. 53) as having chestnut hair, bright black eyes, an elevated
+    nose, small mouth, pleasant round face, full colored cheeks, and
+    plump and healthy aspect.
+
+    A highly intelligent young Italian woman with strong and somewhat
+    perverted sexual impulses is described as of attractive
+    appearance, with olive complexion, small black almond-shaped
+    eyes, dilated pupils, oblique thin eyebrows, very thick black
+    hair, rather prominent cheek-bones, largely developed jaw, and
+    with abundant down on lower part of cheeks and on upper lip.
+    (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1899, fasc. v-vi.)
+
+    As the type of the sensual woman in word and act, led by her
+    passions to commit various sexual offenses, Ottolenghi describes
+    (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, vol. xii, fasc. v-vi, p. 496) a woman
+    of 32 who attempted to kill her lover. The daughter of parents
+    who were neurotic and themselves very erotic, she was a highly
+    intelligent and vivacious woman, with a pleasing and open face,
+    very thick dark chestnut hair, large cheek-bones, adipose
+    buttocks almost resembling those of a Hottentot, and very thick
+    pubic hair. She was very fond of salt things. Sexual inclination
+    began at the age of 7.
+
+Adler and Moll remark, very truly, that, so far at least as women are
+concerned, sexual anaesthesia or sexual proclivity cannot be unfailingly
+read on the features. Every woman desires to please, and coquetry is the
+sign of a cold, rather than of an erotic temperament.[145] It may be added
+that a considerable degree of congenital sexual anaesthesia by no means
+prevents a woman from being beautiful and attractive, though it must
+probably still always be said that, as Roubaud points out,[146] the woman
+of cold and intellectual temperament, the "femme de tete," however
+beautiful and skillful she may be, cannot compete in the struggle for love
+with the woman whose qualities are of the heart and of the emotions. But
+it seems sufficiently clear that the practical observations of skilled and
+experienced observers agree in attributing to persons of erotic type
+certain general characteristics which accord with those negative and
+positive standards we may frame on the basis of castration, of puberty,
+and of detumescence. It may be worth while to note a few of these
+characteristics briefly.
+
+The abnormal lengthening of the long bones at the age of puberty in the
+castrated is, as we have seen, very pronounced. There is little tendency
+to associate length of limb with an erotic temperament, and a certain
+amount of data as well as of more vague opinion points in the opposite
+direction. The Arabs would appear to believe that it is short rather than
+tall people in whom the sexual instinct is strongly developed, and we read
+in the _Perfumed Garden_: "Under all circumstances little women love
+coitus more and evince a stronger affection for the virile member than
+women of a large size." In his elaborate investigation of criminals Marro
+found that prostitutes and women guilty of sexual offenses, as also male
+sexual offenders, tend to be short and thick set.[147] In European
+folk-lore the thick, bull neck is regarded as a sign of strong
+sexuality.[148] Mantegazza refers to a strong sexual temperament as being
+associated with arrest or disorder of bony development, and Marro suggests
+that the proverbial salacity of rachitic individuals may be due to an
+increased activity of the sexual organs.[149] It may be added that
+acromegaly, with its excessive bony growths, tends to be associated with
+premature sexual involution.
+
+A further point which is frequently mentioned in the case of women is the
+development of the chief secondary sexual regions: the pelvis and the
+breasts. It is, indeed, almost inevitable that there should be some degree
+of correlation between the aptitude for bearing children and the aptitude
+for experiencing detumescence. The reality of such a connection is not
+only evidenced by medical observations, but receives further testimony in
+popular beliefs. In Italy women with large buttocks are considered wanton,
+and among the South Slavs they are regarded as especially fruitful.[150]
+Blumenbach asserted that precocious venery will enlarge the breasts, and
+believed that he had found evidence of this among young London
+prostitutes.[151]
+
+The association of the aptitude for detumescence with a tendency to a deep
+rather than to a high voice, both in men and women, has frequently been
+noted and has seldom been denied. The onset of puberty always affects the
+voice; in general, Bierent states, the more bass the voice is the more
+marked is the development of the sexual apparatus; "a very robust man,
+with very developed sexual organs, and very dark and abundant hairy
+system, a man of strong puberty in a word, is nearly always a bass."[152]
+The influence of sexual excitement in deepening the voice is shown by the
+rules of sexual hygiene prescribed to tenors, while a bass has less need
+to observe similar precautions. In women every phase of sexual
+life--puberty, menstruation, coitus, pregnancy--tends to affect the voice
+and always by giving it a deeper character. The deepening of the voice by
+sexual intercourse was an ancient Greek observation, and Martial refers to
+a woman's good or bad singing as an index to her recent sexual habits.
+Prostitutes tend to have a deep voice. Venturi points out that married
+women preserve a fresh voice to a more advanced age than spinsters, this
+being due to the precocious senility in the latter of an unused function.
+Such a phenomenon indicates that the relationship of detumescence to the
+deepening of the voice is not quite simple. This is further indicated by
+the fact that in robust men abstinence still further deepens the voice
+(the monk of melodrama always has a bass voice), while excessive or
+precocious sexual indulgence tends to be associated with the same kind of
+puerile voice as is found in those persons in whom pubertal development
+has not been carried very far, or who are of what Griffiths terms
+eunuchoid type. Idiot boys, who are often sexually undeveloped, tend to
+have a high voice, while idiot girls (who often manifest marked sexual
+proclivities) not infrequently have a deep voice.[153]
+
+Bright dilated eyes are among the phenomena of detumescence, and are very
+frequently noted in persons of a pronounced erotic temperament. This is,
+indeed, an ancient observation, and Burton says of people with a black,
+lively, and sparkling eye, "without question they are most amorous,"
+drawing his illustrations mostly from classic literature.[154] Tardieu
+described the erotic woman as having bright eyes, and Heywood Smith states
+that the eyes of lascivious women resemble, though in a less degree, those
+of the insane.[155] Sexual excitement is one among many
+causes--intellectual excitement, pain, a loud noise, even any sensory
+irritation--which produce dilatation of the pupils and enlargement of the
+palpebral fissure, with some protrusion of the eyeball. The influence of
+the sexual system upon the eye appears to be far less potent in men than
+in women.[156] Sexual desire is, however, by no means the only irritant
+within the sexual sphere which may thus influence the eye; morbid
+irritations may produce the same effect. Milner Fothergill, in his book on
+_Indigestion_, vividly describes the appearance of the eyes sometimes
+seen in ovarian disorder: "The glittering flash which glances out from
+some female irides is the external indication of ovarian irritation, and
+'the ovarian gleam' has features quite its own. The most marked instance
+which ever came under my notice was due to irritation in the ovaries,
+which had been forced down in front of the uterus and been fixed there by
+adhesions. Here there was little sexual proclivity, but the eyes were very
+remarkable. They flashed and glittered unceasingly, and at times perfect
+lightning bolts shot from them. Usually there is a bright glittering sheen
+in them which contrasts with the dead look in the irides of sexual excess
+or profuse uterine discharges."
+
+The activity of the glandular secretions, and especially those of the
+skin, during detumescence, would lead us to expect that such secretory
+activity is an index to an aptitude for detumescence. As a matter of fact
+it is occasionally, though not frequently, noted by medical observers. It
+is stated that the erotic temperament is characterized by a special
+odor.[157] The activity of the sweat-glands is seldom referred to by
+medical observers in describing persons of erotic temperament, although
+the descriptions of novelists not infrequently contain allusions to this
+point, and the literature of an earlier age shows that the tendency to
+perspiration, especially the moist hand, was regarded as a sure sign of a
+sensual temperament. "The moist-handed Madonna Imperia, a most rare and
+divine creature," remarks Lazarillo in Middleton's comedy _Blurt,
+Master-Constable_, to quote one of many allusions to this point in the
+Elizabethan drama.
+
+The lips are sometimes noted as red and everted, perhaps thick[158];
+Tardieu remarked that the typically erotic woman has thick red lips. This
+corresponds with the characteristic type of the satyr in classic statues
+as in later paintings; his lips are always thick and everted. Fullness,
+redness, and eversion of the lips are correlated with good breathing, the
+absence of anaemia, laughter, a well-fleshed face.
+
+    This kind of mouth indicates, perhaps, not so much a congenitally
+    erotic temperament, as an abandonment to impulse. The opposite
+    type of mouth--with inverted, thin, and retracted lips--would
+    appear to be found with especial frequency in persons who
+    habitually repress their impulses on moral grounds. Any kind of
+    effort to restrain involuntary muscular action may lead to
+    retraction of the lips: the effort to overcome anger or fear, or
+    even the resistance to a strong desire to urinate or defecate. In
+    religious young men, however, it becomes habitual and fixed. I
+    recall a small band of medical students, gathered together from a
+    large medical school, who were accustomed to meet together for
+    prayer and Bible-reading; the majority showed this type of mouth
+    to a very marked degree: pale faces, with drawn, retracted lips.
+    It may be termed the Christian or pious _facies_. It is much less
+    frequently seen in religious women (unless of masculine type),
+    doubtless because religion for women is in a much less degree
+    than for men a moral discipline.
+
+    It may be added that an interesting form of this contraction of
+    the lips, and one that is not purely repressive, is that which
+    indicates the state of muscular tension associated with the
+    impulse to guard and protect. In this form the contracted mouth
+    is the index of tenderness, and is characteristic of the mother
+    who is watching over the infant she is suckling at her breast. I
+    have observed precisely the same expression in the face of a boy
+    of 14 with a large congenital scrotal hernia; when the tumor was
+    being examined his lower lip became retracted, well marked lines
+    appearing from the angles downwards, though the upper lip
+    retained its normal expression It was precisely the tender look
+    we may see in the faces of mothers who are watching anxiously
+    over their offspring, and the emotion is evidently the same in
+    both cases: solicitude for a sensitive and tenderly guarded
+    object.
+
+The degree of pigmentation is clearly correlated with sexual vigor. "In
+general," Heusinger laid down, in 1823, "the quantity of pigment is
+proportional to the functional effectiveness of the genital organs." This
+connection is so profound that it may be traced very widely throughout the
+organic world.
+
+The connection between pigmentation and sexual activity is very ancient.
+Even leaving out of account the wedding apparel of animals, nearly always
+gorgeous in scales and plumage and hair, the sexual orifice shows a more
+or less marked tendency to pigmentation during the breeding season from
+fishes upward, while in mammals the darker pigmentation of this region is
+a constant phenomenon in sexually mature individuals.[159]
+
+In the human species both the negative standard of castration and the
+positive standard of puberty alike indicate a correlation of this kind.
+Those individuals in whom puberty never fully develops and who are
+consequently said to be affected by infantilism, reveal a relative absence
+of pigment in the sexual centers which are normally pigmented to a high
+degree.[160] Among those Asiatic races who extirpate the ovaries in young
+girls the skin remains white in the perineum, round the anus, and in the
+armpits.[161] Even in mature women who undergo ovariotomy, as Kepler
+found, the pigmentation of the nipples and areola disappears, as well as
+of the perineum and anus, the skin taking on a remarkable whiteness.
+
+Normally the sexual centers, and in a high degree the genital orifice,
+represent the maximum of pigmentation, and under some circumstances this
+is clearly visible even in infancy. Thus babies of mixed black and white
+blood may show no traces of negro ancestry at birth, but there will always
+be increased pigmentation about the external genitalia.[162] The linea
+fusca, which reaches from the pubes to the navel and occasionally to the
+ensiform cartilage, is a line of sexual pigmentation sometimes regarded as
+characteristic of pregnancy, but as Andersen, of Copenhagen, has found by
+the examination of several hundred children of both sexes, it exists in a
+slight form in about 75 per cent. of young girls, and in almost as large a
+proportion of boys. But there is no doubt that it tends to increase with
+age as well as to become marked at pregnancy. At puberty there is a
+general tendency to changes in pigmentation; thus Godin found that in 28
+per cent, adolescent changes occurred in the eyes and hair at this period,
+the hair becoming darker, though the eyes sometimes become lighter. Ammon,
+in his investigation of conscripts at the age of 20 (_post_, p. 196),
+discovered the significant fact that the eyes and hair darken _pari passu_
+with sexual development. In women, during menstruation, there is a general
+tendency to pigmentation; this is especially obvious around the eyes, and
+in some cases black rings of true pigment form in this position. Even the
+skin of the negro women of Loango sometimes becomes a few shades darker
+during menstruation.[163] During pregnancy this tendency to pigmentation
+reaches its climax. Pregnancy constantly gives rise to pigmentation of the
+face, the neck, the nipples, the abdomen, and this is especially marked in
+brunettes.
+
+This association of pigmentation and sexual aptitudes has been recognized
+in the popular lore of some peoples. Thus the Sicilians, who admire brown
+skin and have no liking either for a fair skin or light hair, believe that
+a white woman is incapable of responding to love. It is the brown woman
+who feels love; as it is said in Sicilian dialect: "Fimmina scura, fimmina
+amurusa."[164]
+
+    The dependence of pigmentation upon the sexual system is shown by
+    the fact that irritation of the genital organs by disease will
+    frequently suffice to produce a high degree of pigmentation. This
+    may the neck, the trunk, the hands. Simpson long since noted that
+    uterine irritation apart from pregnancy may produce pigmentation
+    of the areolae of the nipples (_Obstetric Works_, vol. i, p. 345).
+    Engelmann discussed the subject and gave cases, "The
+    Hystero-Neuroses," pp. 124-139, in _Gynaecological Transactions_,
+    vol. xii, 1887; and a summary of a memoir by Fouquet on this
+    subject in _La Gynecologie_, February, 1903, will be found in
+    _British Medical Journal_, March 28, 1903,
+
+Of all physical traits vigor of the hairy system has most frequently
+perhaps been regarded as the index of vigorous sexuality. In this matter
+modern medical observations are at one with popular belief and ancient
+physiognomical assertions.[165] The negative test of castration and the
+positive test of puberty point in the same direction.
+
+It is at puberty that all the hair on the body, except that on the head,
+begins to develop; indeed, the very word "puberty" has reference to this
+growth as the most obvious sign of the whole process. When castration
+takes place at an early age all this development of pubescent hair is
+arrested. When the primary sexual organs are undeveloped the sexual hair
+is also undeveloped, as in a case, recorded by Plant,[166] of a girl with
+rudimentary uterus and ovaries who had little or no axillary and pubic
+hair, although the hair of the head was long and strong.[167]
+
+    The pseudo-Michael Scot among the _Signa mulieris calidae naturae
+    et quae coit libenter_ stated that her hair, both on the head and
+    body, is thick and coarse and crisp, and Della Porta, the
+    greatest of the physiognomists, said that thickness of hair in
+    women meant wantonness. Venette, in his _Generation de l'Homme_,
+    remarked that men who have much hair on the body are most
+    amorous. At a more recent period Roubaud has said that pubic hair
+    in its quantity, color and curliness is an index of genital
+    energy. A poor pilous system, on the other hand, Roubaud regarded
+    as a probable though not an irrefragable proof of sexual
+    frigidity in women. "In the cold woman the pilous system is
+    remarkable for the languor of its vitality; the hairs are fair,
+    delicate, scarce and smooth, while in ardent natures there are
+    little curly tufts about the temples." (_Traite de
+    l'Impuissance_, pp. 124, 523.) Martineau declared (_Lecons sur
+    les Deformations Vulvaires_, p. 40) that "the more developed the
+    genital organs the more abundant the hair covering them;
+    abundance of hair appears to be in relation to the perfect
+    development of the organs." Tardieu described the typically
+    erotic woman as very hairy.
+
+    Bergh found that among 2200 young Danish prostitutes those who
+    showed an unusual extension and amount of pubic hair included
+    several women who were believed to be libidinous in a very high
+    degree. (Bergh, "Symbolae," etc., _Hospitalstidende_, August,
+    1894.) Moraglia, again, in Italy, in describing various women,
+    mostly prostitutes, of unusually strong sexual proclivities,
+    repeatedly notes very thick hair, with down on the face.
+    (_Archivio di Psichiatria_, vol. xvi, fasc. iv-v.)
+
+    Marro, also, in Italy found that abundance of hair and down is
+    especially marked in women who are guilty of infanticide (as also
+    Pasini has found), though criminal women generally, in his
+    experience, tend to have abnormally abundant hair. (_Caratteri
+    del Delinquenti_, cap. XXII.) Lombroso finds that prostitutes
+    generally tend to be hairy (_Donna Delinquente_, p. 320.)
+
+    A lad of 14, guilty of numerous crimes of violence having a
+    sexual source, is described by Arthur Macdonald in America as
+    having hair on the chest as well as all over the pubes. (A.
+    Macdonald, _Archives de L'Anthropologie Criminelle_, January,
+    1893, p. 55.) The association of hairiness with abnormal
+    sexuality in the weak-minded has been noted at Bicetre
+    (_Recherches Cliniques sur l'Epilepsie_, vol. xix, pp. 69, 77.)
+
+    Hypertrichosis universalis, a general hairiness of body, has been
+    described by Cascella in a woman with very strong sexual desires,
+    who eventually became insane. (_Revista Mensile di Psichiatria_,
+    1903, p. 408.) Bucknill and Tuke give the case of a religiously
+    minded girl, with very strong and repressed sexual desires, who
+    became insane; the only abnormal feature in her physical
+    development was the marked growth of hair over the body.
+
+    Brantome refers to a great lady known to him whose body was very
+    hairy, and quotes a saying to the effect that hairy people are
+    either rich or wanton; the lady in question, he adds, was both.
+    (Brantome, _Vie des Dames Galantes_, Discours II.)
+
+    De Sade, whose writings are now regarded as a treasure house of
+    true observations in the domain of sexual psychology, makes the
+    Rodin of _Justine_ dark, with much hair and thick eyebrows, while
+    his very sexual sister is described as dark, thin and very hairy.
+    (Duehren, _Der Marquis de Sade_, third edition, p. 440.)
+
+    A correspondent who has always taken a special interest in the
+    condition as regards hairiness of the women to whom he has been
+    attracted, has sent me notes concerning a series of 12 women. It
+    may be gathered from these notes that 5 women were neither
+    markedly sexual nor markedly hairy (either as regards head or
+    pubes), 6 cases both hairy and sexual, 1 was sexual and not
+    hairy, none were hairy and not sexual. My correspondent remarks:
+    "There may be women with scanty pubic hair possessing very strong
+    sexual emotions. My own experience is quite the opposite." He has
+    also independently reached the conclusion, arrived at by many
+    medical observers and clearly suggested by some of the facts here
+    brought together, that profuse hair frequently denotes a neurotic
+    temperament.
+
+    It may be added that Mirabeau, as we learn from an anecdote told
+    by an eyewitness and recorded by Legouve, had a very hairy chest,
+    while the same is recorded of Restif de la Bretonne.
+
+It is a very ancient and popular belief that if a hairy man is not sensual
+he is strong: _vir pilosus aut libidinosus aut fortis_. The Greeks
+insisted on the hairy nates of Hercules, and Ninon de l'Enclos, when the
+great Conde shared her bed without touching her, remarked, on seeing his
+hairy body: "Ah, Monseigneur, que vous devez etre fort!" It may be doubted
+whether there is any exact parallelism between muscular strength and
+hairiness, for strength is largely a matter of training, but there can be
+no doubt that hairiness really tends to be associated with a generally
+vigorous development of the body.
+
+Although the observations concerning hairiness of body as an index of
+vigor, whether sexual or only generally physical, are so ancient, until
+recent years no attempts have been made to demonstrate on a large scale
+whether there is actually a correlation between hairiness and sexual or
+general development of the body. Some importance, therefore, attaches to
+Ammon's careful observations of many thousand conscripts in Baden. These
+observations fully justify this ancient belief, since they show that on
+the one hand the size of the testicles, and on the other hand girth of
+chest and stature, are correlated with hairiness of body.
+
+    Ammon's observations were made on nearly 4000 conscripts of the
+    age of 20. From the point of view of the hairy system he divided
+    them, into four classes:--
+
+    I. To which 6.1 per cent, of the men belonged, with smooth
+    bodies.
+
+    II. Including 25.3 per cent., only slight hairiness.
+
+    III. 53.8 per cent., more developed hairy system, but belly,
+    breast and back smooth.
+
+    IV. 14.7 per cent., hair all over body.
+
+    V. 0.1 per cent., extreme cases of hairiness.
+
+    The beardless were 12.1 per cent., those with no axillary hair 9
+    per cent., those with no hair on pubis 0.4 per cent. This
+    corresponds with the fact that hair appears first on the pubis
+    and last on the chin.
+
+    In the first class 69 per cent, were beardless, 54 per cent,
+    without any axillary hair and 6 per cent, without pubic hair. In
+    the second class 24 per cent, were beardless, 17 per cent,
+    without axillary hair. In the third class 3 per cent, were
+    beardless and 3 per cent without axillary hair.
+
+    Below puberty the diameter of testicles is below 14 millimeters.
+    There were 13 conscripts having a testicular diameter of less
+    than 14 millimeters. These infantile individuals all belonged to
+    the first three classes and mostly to the first. The average
+    testicular diameter in the first class was nearly 24 millimeters,
+    and progressively rose in the succeeding classes to over 26
+    millimeters in the fourth.
+
+    While there was not much difference in height, the first class
+    was the shortest, the fourth the tallest. The fourth class also
+    showed the greatest chest perimeter. The cephalic index of all
+    classes was 84. (O. Ammon, "L'Infantilisme et le Feminisme au
+    Conseil de Revision," _L'Anthropologie_, May-June, 1896.)
+
+We thus see that it is quite justifiable to admit a type of person who
+possesses a more than average aptitude for detumescence. Such persons are
+more likely to be short than tall; they will show a full development of
+the secondary sexual characters; the voice will tend to be deep and the
+eyes bright; the glandular activity of the skin will probably be marked,
+the lips everted; there is a tendency to a more than average degree of
+pigmentation, and there is frequently an abnormal prevalence of hair on
+some parts of the body. While none of these signs, taken separately, can
+be said to have any necessary connection with the sexual impulse, taken
+altogether they indicate an organism that responds to the instinct of
+detumescence with special aptitude or with marked energy. In these
+respects observation, both scientific and popular, concords with the
+probabilities suggested by the three standards in this matter which have
+already been set forth.
+
+No generalization, however, can here be set down in an absolute and
+unqualified manner. There are definite reasons why this should be so.
+There is, for instance, the highly important consideration that the sexual
+impulse of the individual may be conspicuous in two quite distinct ways.
+It may assume prominence because the individual possesses a highly
+vigorous and well-nourished organism, or its prominence may be due to
+mental irritation in a very morbid individual. In the latter
+case--although occasionally the two sets of conditions are combined--most
+of the signs we might expect in the former case may be absent. Indeed, the
+sexual impulses which proceed from a morbid psychic irritability do not in
+most cases indicate any special aptitude for detumescence at all; in that
+largely lies their morbid character.
+
+Again, just in the same way that the exaggerated impulse itself may either
+be healthy or morbid, so the various characters which we have found to
+possess some value as signs of the impulse may themselves either be
+healthy or morbid. This is notably the case as regards an abnormal growth
+of hair on the body, more especially when it appears on regions where
+normally there is little or no hair. Such hypertrichosis is frequently
+degenerative in character, though still often associated with the sexual
+system. When, however, it is thus a degenerative character of sexual
+nature, having its origin in some abnormal foetal condition or later
+atrophy of the ovaries, it is no necessary indication of any aptitude for
+detumescence.
+
+    Idiots, more especially it would seem idiot girls, tend to show a
+    highly developed hairy system. Thus Voisin, when investigating
+    150 idiot and imbecile girls, found the hair long and thick and
+    tending to occupy a large surface; one girl had hair on the
+    areolae of the mamma. (J. Voisin, "Conformation des organes
+    genitaux chez les Idiots," _Annales d'Hygiene Publique_, June,
+    1894.) It should be said that in idiot boys puberty is late, and
+    the sexual organs as well as the sexual instinct frequently
+    undeveloped, while in idiot girls there is no delay in puberty,
+    and the sexual organs and instinct are frequently fully and even
+    abnormally developed.
+
+    Hegar has described an interesting case showing an association,
+    of foetal origin, between sexual anomaly and abnormal hairness.
+    In this case a girl of 16 had a uterus duplex, an infantile
+    pelvis, very slight menstruation and undeveloped breasts. She was
+    very hairy on the face, the anterior aspects of the chest and
+    abdomen, the sexual regions, and the thighs, but not specially so
+    on the rest of the body. The hairs were of lanugo-like character,
+    but dark in color. (A. Hegar, _Beitraege zur Geburtshuelfe und
+    Gynaekologie_, vol. i, p. III, 1898.) Sometimes hiruties of the
+    face and abdomen begin to appear during pregnancy, apparently
+    from disease or degeneration of the ovaries. (A case is noted in
+    _British Medical Journal_, August 2 and 16, pp. 375 and 436,
+    1902.) Laycock many years ago referred to the popular belief that
+    women who have hair on the upper lip seldom bear children, and
+    regarded this opinion as "questionless founded on fact."
+    (Laycock, _Nervous Diseases of Women_, p. 22.) When this is so,
+    we may suppose that the abnormal hairy growth is associated with
+    degeneration of the ovaries.
+
+There is another factor which enters into this question and renders the
+definition of a physical sexual type less precise than it would otherwise
+be. The sexual instinct is common to all persons, and while it seems
+probable that there is a type of person in whom sexual energies are
+predominant, it would also appear that the people who otherwise show a
+very high level of energy in life usually exhibit a more than average
+degree of energy in matters of love. The predominantly sexual type, as we
+have seen, tends to be associated with a high degree of pigmentation; the
+person specially apt for detumescence inclines to belong to the dark
+rather than to the purely fair group of the population. On the other hand,
+the active, energetic, practical man, the man who is most apt for the
+achievement of success in life, tends to belong to the fair rather than to
+the dark type.[168] Thus we have a certain conflict of tendencies, and it
+becomes possible to assert that while persons with pronounced aptitude for
+sexual detumescence tend to be dark, persons whose pronounced energy in
+sexual matters tends to ensure success are most likely to be fair.
+
+    The tendency of the fair energetic type, the type of the northern
+    European man, to sexuality may be connected with the fact that
+    the violent and criminal man who commits sexual crimes tends to
+    be fair even amid a dark population. Criminals on the whole would
+    appear to tend to be dark rather than fair; but Marro found in
+    Italy that the group of sexual offenders differed from all other
+    groups of criminals in that their hair was predominantly fair.
+    (_Caratteri del Delinquenti_, p. 374.) Ottolenghi, in the same
+    way, in examining 100 sexual offenders, found that they showed 17
+    per cent., of fair hair, though criminals generally (on a basis
+    of nearly 2000) showed only 6 per cent., and normal persons
+    (nearly 1000) 9 per cent. Similarly while the normal persons
+    showed only 20 per cent. of blue eyes and criminals generally 36
+    per cent., the sexual offenders showed 50 per cent. of blue eyes.
+    (Ottolenghi, _Archivio di Psichiatria_, fasc. vi, 1888, p. 573.)
+    Burton remarked (_Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II,
+    Mem. II, Subs. II) that in all ages most amorous young men have
+    been yellow-haired, adding, "Synesius holds every effeminate
+    fellow or adulterer is fair-haired." In folk-lore, it has been
+    noted (Kryptadia, vol. ii, p. 258), red or yellow hair is
+    sometimes regarded as a mark of sexuality.
+
+    In harmony with this fairness, sexual offenders would appear to
+    be more dolichocephalic than other criminals. In Italy Marro
+    found the foreheads of sexual offenders to be narrow, and in
+    California Draehms found that while murderers had an average
+    cephalic index of 83.5, and thieves of 80.5, that of sexual
+    offenders was 79.
+
+    On the other hand, high cheek-bones and broad faces--a condition
+    most usually found associated with brachycephaly--have sometimes
+    been noted as associated with undue or violent sexuality. Marro
+    noted the excess of prominent cheek-bones in sexual offenders,
+    and in America it has been found that unchaste girls tend to have
+    broad faces. (_Pedagogical Seminary_, December, 1896, pp. 231,
+    235.)
+
+It will be seen that, when we take a comprehensive view of the facts and
+considerations involved, it is possible to obtain a more definite and
+coherent picture of the physical signs of a marked aptitude for
+detumescence than has hitherto been usually supposed possible. But we also
+see that while the _ensemble_ of these signs is probably fairly reliable
+as an index of marked sexuality, the separate signs have no such definite
+significance, and under some circumstances their significance may even be
+reversed.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[144] See Bierent, _La Puberte_; Marro, _La Puberta_ (and enlarged French
+translation, _La Puberte_), and portions of G.S. Hall's _Adolescence_;
+also Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_ (fourth edition, revised and
+enlarged).
+
+[145] Adler, _Die Mangelhafte Geschlechtsempfindung des Weibes_, p. 174;
+Moll, "Perverse Sexualempfindung, Psychische Impotenz und Ehe" (Section
+II), in Senator and Kaminer, _Krankheiten und Ehe_.
+
+[146] Roubaud, _Traite de l'Impuissance_, p. 524.
+
+[147] Marro, _Caratteri del Delinquenti_, p. 374.
+
+[148] Kryptadia, vol. ii, p. 258.
+
+[149] Marro, _La Puberta_, p. 196. In Italy, the sensuality of the lame is
+the subject of proverbs.
+
+[150] _Archivio di Psichiatria_, 1896, p. 515; Kryptadia, vol. vi, p. 212.
+
+[151] Blumenbach, _Anthropological Treatises_, p. 248.
+
+[152] Bierent, _La Puberte_, p. 148.
+
+[153] Venturi, _Degenerazioni Psico-sessuali_, pp. 408-410.
+
+[154] _Anatomy of Melancholy_, Part III, Section II, Mem. II, Sub. II.
+
+[155] _British Gynaecological Journal_, February, 1887, p. 505.
+
+[156] Power, _Lancet_, November 26, 1887.
+
+[157] With regard to the sexual relationships of personal odor, see the
+previous volume of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection in Man," section on
+Smell.
+
+[158] In European folk-lore thick lips in a woman are sometimes regarded
+as a sign of sensuality, Kryptadia, vol. ii, p, 258.
+
+[159] The direct dependence of sexual pigmentation on the primary sexual
+glands is well illustrated by a true hermaphroditic adult finch exhibited
+at the Academy of Sciences of Amsterdam (May 31, 1890); this bird had a
+testis on the right side and an ovary on the left, and on the right side
+its plumage was of the male's colors, on the left of the female's color.
+
+[160] See. e.g., Papillault, _Bulletin Societe d'Anthropologie_, 1899, p.
+446.
+
+[161] Guinard, Art. "Castration," Richet's _Dictionnaire de Physiologie_.
+
+[162] J. Whitridge Williams, _Obstetrics_, 1903, p. 132.
+
+[163] _Zeitschrift fuer Ethnologie_, 1878, p. 19.
+
+[164] C. Pitre, _Medicina Populare Siciliana_, p. 47. In England, from
+notes sent to me by one correspondent, it would appear that the proportion
+of dark and sexually apt women to fair and sexually apt women is as 3 to
+1. The experience of others would doubtless give varying results, and in
+any case the fallacies are numerous. See, in the previous volume of these
+_Studies_, "Sexual Selection in Man," Section IV.
+
+[165] In Japan the same belief would appear to be held. In a nude figure
+representing the typical voluptuous woman by the Japanese painter Marugama
+Okio (reproduced in Ploss's _Das Weib_) the pubic and axillary hair is
+profuse, though usually sparse in Japan.
+
+[166] _Centralblatt fuer Gynaekologie_, No. 9, 1896.
+
+[167] It is important to remember that there is little correlation in this
+matter between the hair of the head and the sexual hair, if not a certain
+opposition. (See _ante_, p. 127.) According to one of the aphorisms of
+Hippocrates, repeated by Buffon, eunuchs do not become bald, and Aristotle
+seems to have believed that sexual intercourse is a cause of baldness in
+men. (Laycock, _Nervous Diseases of Women_, p. 23.)
+
+[168] For some of the evidence on this point, see Havelock Ellis, "The
+Comparative Abilities of the Fair and the Dark," _Monthly Review_, August,
+1901; cf. id., _A Study of British Genius_, Chapter X.
+
+
+
+
+THE PSYCHIC STATE IN PREGNANCY.
+
+The Relationship of Maternal and Sexual Emotion--Conception and Loss of
+Virginity--The Anciently Accepted Signs of This Condition--The Pervading
+Effects of Pregnancy on the Organism--Pigmentation--The Blood and
+Circulation--The Thyroid--Changes in the Nervous System--The Vomiting of
+Pregnancy--The Longings of Pregnant Women--Maternal Impressions--Evidence
+for and Against Their Validity--The Question Still Open--Imperfection of
+Our Knowledge--The Significance of Pregnancy.
+
+
+In analyzing the sexual impulse I have so far deliberately kept out of
+view the maternal instinct. This is necessary, for the maternal instinct
+is specific and distinct; it is directed to an aim which, however
+intimately associated it may be with that of the sexual impulse proper,
+can by no means be confounded with it. Yet the emotion of love, as it has
+finally developed in the world, is not purely of sexual origin; it is
+partly sexual, but it is also partly parental.[169]
+
+In so far as it is parental it is certainly mainly maternal. There is a
+drawing by Bronzino in the Louvre of a woman's head gazing tenderly down
+at some invisible object; is it her child or her lover? Doubtless her
+child, yet the expression is equally adequate to the emotion evoked by a
+lover. If we were here specifically dealing with the emotion of love as a
+complex whole, and not with the psychology of the sexual impulse, it would
+certainly be necessary to discuss the maternal instinct and its associated
+emotions. In any case it seems desirable to touch on the psychic state of
+pregnancy, for we are here concerned not only with emotions very closely
+connected with the sexual emotions in the narrower sense, but we here at
+last approach that state which it is the object of the whole sexual
+process to achieve.
+
+In civilized life a period of weeks, months, even years, may elapse
+between the establishment of sexual relations and the occurrence of
+conception. Under primitive conditions the loss of the virginal condition
+practically involves the pregnant condition, so that under primitive
+conditions very little allowance is made for the state, so common among
+civilized peoples, of the woman who is no longer a virgin, yet not about
+to become a mother.
+
+    There is some interest in noting the signs of loss of virginity
+    chiefly relied upon by ancient authors. In doing this it is
+    convenient to follow mainly the full summary of authorities given
+    by Schurig in his _Barthenologia_ early in the eighteenth
+    century. The ancient custom, known in classic times, of measuring
+    the neck the day after marriage was frequently practiced to
+    ascertain if a girl was or was not a virgin. There were various
+    ways of doing this. One was to measure with a thread the
+    circumference of the bride's neck before she went to bed on the
+    bridal night. If in the morning the same thread would not go
+    around her neck it was a sure sign that she had lost her
+    virginity during the night; if not, she was still a virgin or had
+    been deflowered at an earlier period. Catullus alluded to this
+    custom, which still exists, or existed until lately, in the south
+    of France. It is perfectly sound, for it rests on the intimate
+    response by congestion of the thyroid gland to sexual excitement.
+    (_Parthenologia_, p. 283; Bierent, _La Puberte_, p. 150; Havelock
+    Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition, p. 267.)
+
+    Some say, Schurig tells us, that the voice, which in the virgin
+    is shrill, becomes rougher and deeper after the first coitus. He
+    quotes Riolan's statement that it is certain that the voice of
+    those who indulge in venery is changed. On that account the
+    ancients bound down the penis of their singers, and Martial said
+    that those who wish to preserve their voices should avoid coitus.
+    Democritus who one day had greeted a girl as "maiden" on the
+    following day addressed her as "woman," while in the same way it
+    is said that Albertus Magnus, observing from his study a girl
+    going for wine for her master, knew that she had had sexual
+    intercourse by the way because on her return her voice had become
+    deeper. Here, again, the ancient belief has a solid basis, for
+    the voice and the larynx are really affected by sexual
+    conditions. (_Parthenologia_, p. 286; Marro, _La Puberte_, p.
+    303; Havelock Ellis, op. cit., pp. 271, 289.)
+
+    Others, again, Schurig proceeds, have judged that the goaty smell
+    given out in the armpits during the venereal act is also no
+    uncertain sign of defloration, such odor being perceptible in
+    those who use much venery, and not seldom in harlots and the
+    newly married, while, as Hippocrates said, it is not perceived in
+    boys and girls. (_Parthenologia_, p. 286; cf. the previous volume
+    of these _Studies_, "Sexual Selection in Man," p. 64.)
+
+    In virgins, Schurig remarks, the pubic hair is said to be long
+    and not twisted, while in women accustomed to coitus it is
+    crisper. But it is only after long and repeated coitus, some
+    authors add, that the pubic hairs become crisp. Some recent
+    observers, it may be remarked, have noted a connection between
+    sexual excitation and the condition of the pubic hair in women.
+    (Cf. the present volume, _ante_ p. 127.)
+
+    A sign to which the old authors often attached much importance
+    was furnished by the urinary stream. In the _De Secretis
+    Mulierum_, wrongly attributed to Albertus Magnus, it is laid down
+    that "the virgin urinates higher than the woman." Riolan, in his
+    _Anthropographia_, discussing the ability of virgins to ejaculate
+    urine to a height, states that Scaliger had observed women who
+    were virgins emit urine in a high jet against a wall, but that
+    married women could seldom do this. Bouaciolus also stated that
+    the urine of virgins is emitted in a small stream to a distance
+    with an acute hissing sound. (_Parthenologia_, p. 281.) A
+    folk-lore belief in the reality of this influence is evidenced by
+    the Picardy _conte_ referred to already (_ante_, p. 53), "La
+    Princesse qui pisse au dessus les Meules." There is no doubt a
+    tendency for the various stresses of sexual life to produce an
+    influence in this direction, though they act far too slowly and
+    uncertainly to be a reliable index to the presence or the absence
+    of virginity.
+
+    Another common ancient test of virginity by urination rests on a
+    psychic basis, and appears in a variety of forms which are really
+    all reducible to the same principle. Thus we are told in _De
+    Secretis Mulierum_ that to ascertain if a girl is seduced she
+    should be given to eat of powdered crocus flowers, and if she has
+    been seduced she immediately urinates. We are here concerned with
+    auto-suggestion, and it may well be believed that with nervous
+    and credulous girls this test often revealed the truth.
+
+    A further test of virginity discussed by Schurig is the presence
+    of modesty of countenance. If a woman blushes her virtue is safe.
+    In this way girls who have themselves had experience of the
+    marriage bed are said to detect the virgin. The virgin's eyes are
+    cast down and almost motionless, while she who has known a man
+    has eyes that are bright and quick. But this sign is equivocal,
+    says Schurig, for girls are different, and can simulate the
+    modesty they do not feel. Yet this indication also rests on a
+    fundamentally sound psychological basis. (See "The Evolution of
+    Modesty," in the first volume of these _Studies_.)
+
+    In his _Syllepsilogia_ (Section V, cap. I-II), published in 1731,
+    Schurig discusses further the anciently recognized signs of
+    pregnancy. The real or imaginary signs of pregnancy sought by
+    various primitive peoples of the past and present are brought
+    together by Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. i, Chapter XXVII.
+
+Both physically and psychically the occurrence of pregnancy is, however, a
+distinct event. It marks the beginning of a continuous physical process,
+which cannot fail to manifest psychic reactions. A great center of vital
+activity--practically a new center, for only the germinal form of it in
+menstruation had previously existed--has appeared and affects the whole
+organism. "From the moment that the embryo takes possession of the woman,"
+Robert Barnes puts it, "every drop of blood, every fiber, every organ, is
+affected."[170]
+
+A woman artist once observed to Dr. Stratz, that as the final aim of a
+woman is to become a mother and pregnancy is thus her blossoming time, a
+beautiful woman ought to be most beautiful when she is pregnant. That is
+so, Stratz replied, if her moment of greatest physical perfection
+corresponds with the early months of pregnancy, for with the beginning of
+pregnancy metabolism is increased, the color of the skin becomes more
+lively and delicate, the breasts firmer.[171] Pregnancy may, indeed, often
+become visible soon after conception by the brighter eye, the livelier
+glance, resulting from greater vascular activity, though later, with the
+increase of strain, the face may tend to become somewhat thin and
+distorted. The hair, Barnes states, assumes a new vigor, even though it
+may have been falling out before. The temperature rises; the weight
+increases, even apart from the growth of the foetus. The efflorescence of
+pregnancy shows itself, as in the blossoming and fecundated flower, by
+increased pigmentation.[172] The nipples with their areolae, and the
+mid-line of the belly, become darker; brown flecks (lentigo) tend to
+appear on the forehead, neck, arms, and body; while striae--at first
+blue-red, then a brilliant white--appear on the belly and thighs, though
+these are scarcely normal, for they are not seen in women with very
+elastic skins and are rare among peasants and savages.[173] The whole
+carriage of the woman tends to become changed with the development of the
+mighty seed of man planted within her; it simulates the carriage of pride
+with the arched back and protruded abdomen.[174] The pregnant woman has
+been lifted above the level of ordinary humanity to become the casket of
+an inestimable jewel.
+
+It is in the blood and the circulation that the earliest of the most
+prominent symptoms of pregnancy are to be found. The ever increasing
+development of this new focus of vascular activity involves an increased
+vascular activity in the whole organism. This activity is present almost
+from the first--a few days after the impregnation of the ovum--in the
+breasts, and quickly becomes obvious to inspection and palpation. Before a
+quite passive organ, the breast now rapidly increases in activity of
+circulation and in size, while certain characteristic changes begin to
+take place around the nipples.[175] As a result of the additional work
+imposed upon it the heart tends to become slightly hypertrophied in order
+to meet the additional strain; there may be some dilatation also.[176]
+
+    The recent investigations of Stengel and Stanton tend to show
+    that the increase of the heart's work during pregnancy is less
+    considerable than has generally been supposed, and that beyond
+    some enlargement and dilatation of the right ventricle there is
+    not usually any hypertrophy of the heart.
+
+The total quantity of blood is raised. While increased in quantity, the
+blood appears on the whole to be somewhat depreciated in quality, though
+on this point there are considerable differences of opinion. Thus, as
+regards haemoglobin, some investigators have found that the old idea as to
+the poverty of haemoglobin in pregnancy is quite unfounded; a few have even
+found that the haemoglobin is increased. Most authorities have found the
+red cells diminished, though some only slightly, while the white cells,
+and also the fibrin, are increased. But toward the end of pregnancy there
+is a tendency, perhaps due to the establishment of compensation, for the
+blood to revert to the normal condition.[177]
+
+It would appear probable, however, that the vascular phenomena of
+pregnancy are not altogether so simple as the above statement would imply.
+The activity of various glands at this time--well illustrated by the
+marked salivation which sometimes occurs--indicates that other modifying
+forces are at work, and it has been suggested that the changes in the
+maternal circulation during pregnancy may best be explained by the theory
+that there are two opposing kinds of secretion poured into the blood in
+unusual degree during pregnancy: one contracting the vessels, the other
+dilating them, one or the other sometimes gaining the upper hand.
+Suprarenal extract, when administered, has a vaso-constricting influence,
+and thyroid extract a vasodilating influence; it may be surmised that
+within the body these glands perform similar functions.[178]
+
+The important part played by the thyroid gland is indicated by its marked
+activity at the very beginning of pregnancy. We may probably associate the
+general tendency to vasodilatation during early pregnancy with the
+tendency to goitre; Freund found an increase of the thyroid in 45 per
+cent. of 50 cases. The thyroid belongs to the same class of ductless
+glands as the ovary, and, as Bland Sutton and others have insisted, the
+analogies between the thyroid and the ovary are very numerous and
+significant. It may be added that in recent years Armand Gautier has noted
+the importance of the thyroid in elaborating nucleo-proteids containing
+arsenic and iodine, which are poured into the circulation during
+menstruation and pregnancy. The whole metabolism of the body is indeed
+affected, and during the latter part of pregnancy study of the ingesta and
+egesta has shown that a storage of nitrogen and even of water is taking
+place.[179] The woman, as Pinard puts it, forms the child out of her own
+flesh, not merely out of her food; the individual is being sacrificed to
+the species.
+
+The changes in the nervous system of the pregnant woman correspond to
+those in the vascular system. There is the same increase of activity, a
+heightening of tension. Bruno Wolff, from experiments on bitches,
+concluded that the central nervous system in women is probably more easily
+excited in the pregnant than in the non-pregnant state, though he was not
+prepared to call this cerebral excitability "specific."[180] Direct
+observations on pregnant women have shown, without doubt, a heightened
+nervous irritability. Reflex action generally is increased. Neumann
+investigated the knee-jerk in 500 women during pregnancy, labor, and the
+puerperium, and in a large number found that there was a progressive
+exaggeration with the advance of pregnancy, little or no change being
+observed in the early months; sometimes when no change was observed during
+pregnancy the knee-jerk still increased during labor, reaching its maximum
+at the moment of the expulsion of the foetus; the return to the normal
+condition took place gradually during the puerperium. Tridandani found in
+pregnant women that though the superficial reflexes, with the exception of
+the abdominal, were diminished, the deep and tendon reflexes were markedly
+increased, especially that of the knee, these changes being more marked in
+primiparae than in multiparae, and more pronounced as pregnancy advanced,
+the normal condition returning with ten days after labor. Electrical
+excitability was sensibly diminished.[181]
+
+One of the first signs of high nervous tension is vomiting. As is well
+known, this phenomenon commonly appears early in pregnancy, and it is by
+many considered entirely physiological. Barnes regards it as a kind of
+safety valve, a regulating function, letting off excessive tension and
+maintaining equilibrium.[182] Vomiting is, however, a convulsion, and is
+thus the simplest form of a kind of manifestation--to which the heightened
+nervous tension of pregnancy easily lends itself--that finds its extreme
+pathological form in eclampsia. In this connection it is of interest to
+point out that the pregnant woman here manifests in the highest degree a
+tendency which is marked in women generally, for the female sex, apart
+altogether from pregnancy, is specially liable to convulsive
+phenomena.[183]
+
+    There is some slight difference of opinion among authorities as
+    to the precise nature and causation of the sickness of pregnancy.
+    Barnes, Horrocks and others regard it as physiological; but many
+    consider it pathological; this is, for instance, the opinion of
+    Giles. Graily Hewitt attributed it to flexion of the gravid
+    uterus, Kaltenbach to hysteria, and Zaborsky terms it a neurosis.
+    Whitridge Williams considers that it may be (1) reflex, or (2)
+    neurotic (when it is allied to hysteria and amenable to
+    suggestion), or (3) toxaemic. It really appears to lie on the
+    borderland between healthy and diseased manifestations. It is
+    said to be unknown to farmers and veterinary surgeons. It appears
+    to be little known among savages; it is comparatively infrequent
+    among women of the lower social classes, and, as Giles has found,
+    women who habitually menstruate in a painless and normal manner
+    suffer comparatively little from the sickness of pregnancy.
+
+    We owe a valuable study of the sickness of pregnancy to Giles,
+    who analyzed the records of 300 cases. He concluded that about
+    one-third of the pregnant women were free from sickness
+    throughout pregnancy, 45 per cent. were free during the first
+    three months. When sickness occurred it began in 70 per cent. of
+    cases in the first month, and was most frequent during the second
+    month. The duration varied from a few days to all through.
+    Between the ages of 20 and 25 sickness was least frequent, and
+    there was less sickness in the third than in any other pregnancy.
+    (This corresponds with the conclusion of Matthews Duncan that 25
+    is the most favorable age for pregnancy.) To some extent in
+    agreement with Gueniot, Giles believes that the vomiting of
+    pregnancy is "one form of manifestation of the high nervous
+    irritability of pregnancy." This high nervous tension may
+    overflow into other channels, into the vascular and excretory
+    system, causing eclampsia; into the muscular system, causing
+    chorea, or, expending itself in the brain, give rise to hysteria
+    when mild or insanity when severe. But the vagi form a very ready
+    channel for such overflow, and hence the frequency of sickness in
+    pregnancy. There are thus three main factors in the causation of
+    this phenomenon: (1) An increased nervous irritability; (2) a
+    local source of irritation; (3) a ready efferent channel for
+    nervous energy. (Arthur Giles, "Observations on the Etiology of
+    the Sickness of Pregnancy," _Transactions Obstetrical Society of
+    London_, vol. xxv, 1894.)
+
+    Martin, who regards the phenomenon as normal, points out that
+    when nausea and vomiting are absent or suddenly cease there is
+    often reason to suspect something wrong, especially the death of
+    the embryo. He also remarks that women who suffer from large
+    varicose veins are seldom troubled by the nausea of pregnancy.
+    (J.M.H. Martin, "The Vomiting of Pregnancy," _British Medical
+    Journal_, December 10, 1904.) These observations may be connected
+    with those of Evans (_American Gynaecological and Obstetrical
+    Journal_, January, 1900), who attributes primary importance to
+    the undoubtedly active factor of the irritation set up by the
+    uterus, more especially the rhythmic uterine contractions;
+    stimulation of the breasts produces active uterine contractions,
+    and Evans found that examination of the breasts sufficed to bring
+    on a severe attack of vomiting, while on another occasion this
+    was produced by a vaginal examination. Evans believes that the
+    purpose of these contractions is to facilitate the circulation of
+    the blood through the large venous sinuses, the surcharging of
+    the relatively stagnant pools with effete blood producing the
+    irritation which leads to rhythmic contractions.
+
+It is on the basis of the increased vascular and glandular activity and
+the heightened nervous tension that the special psychic phenomena of
+pregnancy develop. The best known, and perhaps the most characteristic of
+these manifestations, is that known as "longings." By this term is meant
+more or less irresistible desires for some special food or drink, which
+may be digestible or indigestible, sometimes a substance which the woman
+ordinarily likes, such as fruit, and occasionally one which, under
+ordinary circumstances, she dislikes, as in one case known to me of a
+young country woman who, when bearing her child, was always longing for
+tobacco and never happy except when she could get a pipe to smoke,
+although under ordinary circumstances, like other young women of her
+class, she was without any desire to smoke. Occasionally the longings lead
+to actions which are more unscrupulous than is common in the case of the
+same person at other times; thus in one case known to me a young woman,
+pregnant with her first child, insisted to her sister's horror on entering
+a strawberry field and eating a quantity of fruit. These "longings" in
+their extreme form may properly be considered as neurasthenic obsessions,
+but in their simple and less pronounced forms they may well be normal and
+healthy.
+
+    The old medical authors abound in narratives describing the
+    longings of pregnant women for natural and unnatural foods. This
+    affection was commonly called _pica_, sometimes _citra_ or
+    _malatia_. Schurig, whose works are a comprehensive treasure
+    house of ancient medical lore, devotes a long chapter (cap. II)
+    of his _Chylologia_, published in 1725, to pica as manifested
+    mainly, though not exclusively, in pregnant women. Some women, he
+    tells us, have been compelled to eat all sorts of earthy
+    substances, of which sand seems the most common, and one Italian
+    woman when pregnant ate several pounds of sand with much
+    satisfaction, following it up with a draught of her own urine.
+    Lime, mud, chalk, charcoal, cinders, pitch are also the desired
+    substances in other cases detailed. One pregnant woman must eat
+    bread fresh from the oven in very large quantities, and a certain
+    noble matron ate 140 sweet cakes in one day and night. Wheat and
+    various kinds of corn as well as of vegetables were the foods
+    desired by many longing women. One woman was responsible for 20
+    pounds of pepper, another ate ginger in large quantities, a third
+    kept mace under her pillow; cinnamon, salt, emulsion of almonds,
+    treacle, mushrooms were desired by others. Cherries were longed
+    for by one, and another ate 30 or 40 lemons in one night. Various
+    kinds of fish--mullet, oysters, crabs, live eels, etc.--are
+    mentioned, while other women have found delectation in lizards,
+    frogs, spiders and flies, even scorpions, lice and fleas. A
+    pregnant woman, aged 33, of sanguine temperament, ate a live fowl
+    completely with intense satisfaction. Skin, wool, cotton, thread,
+    linen, blotting paper have been desired, as well as more
+    repulsive substances, such as nasal mucus and feces (eaten with
+    bread). Vinegar, ice, and snow occur in other cases. One woman
+    stilled a desire for human flesh by biting the nates of children
+    or the arms of men. Metals are also swallowed, such as iron,
+    silver, etc. One pregnant woman wished to throw eggs in her
+    husband's face, and another to have her husband throw eggs in her
+    face.
+
+    In the next chapter of the same work Schurig describes cases of
+    acute antipathy which may arise under the same circumstances
+    (cap. III, "De Nausea seu Antipathia certorum ciborum"). The list
+    includes bread, meat, fowls, fish, eels (a very common
+    repulsion), crabs, milk, butter (very often), cheese (often),
+    honey, sugar, salt, eggs, caviar, sulphur, apples (especially
+    their odor), strawberries, mulberries, cinnamon, mace, capers,
+    pepper, onions, mustard, beetroot, rice, mint, absinthe, roses
+    (many pages are devoted to this antipathy), lilies, elder
+    flowers, musk (which sometimes caused vomiting), amber, coffee,
+    opiates, olive oil, vinegar, cats, frogs, spiders, wasps, swords.
+
+    More recently Gould and Pyle (_Anomalies and Curiosities of
+    Medicine_, p. 80) have briefly summarized some of the ancient and
+    modern records concerning the longings of pregnant women.
+
+Various theories are put forward concerning the causation of the longings
+of pregnant women, but none of these seems to furnish by itself a complete
+and adequate explanation of all cases. Thus it is said that the craving is
+the expression of a natural instinct, the system of the pregnant woman
+really requiring the food she longs for. It is quite probable that this is
+so in many cases, but it is obviously not so in the majority of cases,
+even when we confine ourselves to the longings for fairly natural foods,
+while we know so little of the special needs of the organism during
+pregnancy that the theory in any case is insusceptible of clear
+demonstration.
+
+Allied to this theory is the explanation that the longings are for things
+that counteract the tendency to nausea and sickness. Giles, however, in
+his valuable statistical study of the longings of a series of 300 pregnant
+women, has shown that the percentage of women with longings is exactly the
+same (33 per cent.) among women who had suffered at some time during
+pregnancy from sickness as among the women who had not so suffered.
+Moreover, Giles found that the period of sickness frequently bore no
+relation to the time when there were cravings, and the patient often had
+cravings after the sickness had ceased.
+
+According to another theory these longings are mainly a matter of
+auto-suggestion. The pregnant woman has received the tradition of such
+longings, persuades herself that she has such a longing, and then becomes
+convinced that, according to a popular belief, it will be bad for the
+child if the longing is not gratified. Giles considers that this process
+of auto-suggestion takes place "in a certain number, perhaps even in the
+majority of cases."[184]
+
+    The Duchess d'Abrantes, the wife of Marshal Junot, in her
+    _Memoires_ gives an amusing account of how in her first pregnancy
+    a longing was apparently imposed upon her by the anxious
+    solicitude of her own and her husband's relations. Though
+    suffering from constant nausea and sickness, she had no longings.
+    One day at dinner after the pregnancy had gone on for some months
+    her mother suddenly put down her fork, exclaiming: "I have never
+    asked you what longing you have!" She replied with truth that she
+    had none, her days and her nights being occupied with suffering.
+    "No _envie!_" said the mother, "such a thing was never heard of.
+    I must speak to your mother-in-law." The two old ladies consulted
+    anxiously and explained to the young mother how an unsatisfied
+    longing might produce a monstrous child, and the husband also now
+    began to ask her every day what she longed for. Her
+    sister-in-law, moreover, brought her all sorts of stories of
+    children born with appalling mother's marks due to this cause.
+    She became frightened and began to wonder what she most wanted,
+    but could think of nothing. At last, when eating a pastille
+    flavored with pineapple, it occurred to her that pineapple is an
+    excellent fruit, and one, moreover, which she had never seen, for
+    at that time it was extremely rare. Thereupon she began to long
+    for pineapple, and all the more when she was told that at that
+    season they could not be obtained. She now began to feel that she
+    must have pineapple or die, and her husband ran all over Paris,
+    vainly offering twenty louis for a pineapple. At last he
+    succeeded in obtaining one through the kindness of Mme.
+    Bonaparte, and drove home furiously just as his wife, always
+    talking of pineapples, had gone to bed. He entered the room with
+    the pineapple, to the great satisfaction of the Duchess's mother.
+    (In one of her own pregnancies, it appears, she longed in vain
+    for cherries in January, and the child was born with a mark on
+    her body resembling a cherry--in scientific terminology, a
+    _naevus_.) The Duchess effusively thanked her husband and wished
+    to eat of the fruit immediately, but her husband stopped her and
+    said that Corvisart, the famous physician, had told him that she
+    must on no account touch it at night, as it was extremely
+    indigestible. She promised not to do so, and spent the night in
+    caressing the pineapple. In the morning the husband came and cut
+    up the fruit, presenting it to her in a porcelain bowl. Suddenly,
+    however, there was a revulsion of feeling; she felt that she
+    could not possibly eat pineapple; persuasion was useless; the
+    fruit had to be taken away and the windows opened, for the very
+    smell of it had become odious. The Duchess adds that henceforth,
+    throughout her life, though still liking the flavor, she was only
+    able to eat pineapple by doing a sort of violence to herself.
+    (_Memories de la Duchesse d'Abrantes_, vol. iii, Chapter VIII.)
+    It should be added that, in old age, the Duchess d'Abrantes
+    appears to have become insane.
+
+The influence of suggestion must certainly be accepted as, at all events,
+increasing and emphasizing the tendency to longings. It can scarcely,
+however, be regarded as a radical and adequate explanation of the
+phenomenon generally. If it is a matter of auto-suggestion due to a
+tradition, then we should expect to find longings most frequent and most
+pronounced in multiparous women, who are best acquainted with the
+tradition and best able to experience all that is expected of a pregnant
+woman. But, as a matter of fact, the women who have borne most children
+are precisely those who are least likely to be affected by the longings
+which tradition demands they should manifest. Giles has shown that
+longings occur much more frequently in the first than in any subsequent
+pregnancy; there is a regular decrease with the increase in number of
+pregnancies until in women with ten or more children the longings scarcely
+occur at all.
+
+We must probably regard longings as based on a physiological and psychic
+tendency which is of universal extension and almost or quite normal. They
+are known throughout Europe and were known to the medical writers of
+antiquity. Old Indian as well as old Jewish physicians recognized them.
+They have been noted among many savage races to-day: among the Indians of
+North and South America, among the peoples of the Nile and the Soudan, in
+the Malay archipelago.[185] In Europe they are most common among the
+women of the people, living simple and natural lives.[186]
+
+The true normal relationship of the longings of pregnancy is with the
+impulsive and often irresistible longings for food delicacies which are
+apt to overcome children, and in girls often persist or revive through
+adolescence and even beyond. Such sudden fits of greediness belong to
+those kind of normal psychic manifestations which are on the verge of the
+abnormal into which they occasionally pass. They may occur, however, in
+healthy, well-bred, and well-behaved children who, under the stress of the
+sudden craving, will, without compunction and apparently without
+reflection, steal the food they long for or even steal from their parents
+the money to buy it. The food thus seized by a well-nigh irresistible
+craving is nearly always a fruit. Fruit is usually doled out to children
+in small quantities as a luxury, but we are descended from primitive human
+peoples and still more remote ape-like ancestors, by whom fruit was in its
+season eaten copiously, and it is not surprising that when that season
+comes round the child, more sensitive than the adult to primitive
+influences, should sometimes experience the impulse of its ancestors with
+overwhelming intensity, all the more so if, as is probable, the craving is
+to some extent the expression of a physiological need.
+
+    Sanford Bell, who has investigated the food impulses of children
+    in America, finds that girls have a greater number of likes and
+    dislikes in foods than boys of the same age, though at the same
+    time they have less dislikes to some foods than boys. The
+    proclivity for sweets and fruits shows itself as soon as a child
+    begins to eat solids. The chief fruits liked are oranges,
+    bananas, apples, peaches, and pears. This strong preference for
+    fruits lasts till the age of 13 or 14, though relatively weaker
+    from 10 to 13. In girls, however, Bell notes the significant fact
+    from our present point of view that at mid-adolescence there is a
+    revived taste for sweets and fruits. He believes that the growth
+    of children in taste in foods recapitulates the experience of the
+    race. (S. Bell, "An Introductory Study of the Psychology of
+    Foods." _Pedagogical Seminary_, March, 1904.)
+
+The heightened nervous impressionability of pregnancy would appear to
+arouse into activity those primitive impulses which are liable to occur in
+childhood and in the unmarried girl continue to the nubile age. It is a
+significant fact that the longings of pregnant women are mainly for fruit,
+and notably for so wholesome a fruit as the apple, which may very well
+have a beneficial effect on the system of the pregnant woman. Giles, in
+his tabulation of the foods longed for by 300 pregnant women, found that
+the fruit group was by far the largest, furnishing 79 cases; apples were
+far away at the head, occurring in 34 cases out of the 99 who had
+longings, while oranges followed at a distance (with 13 cases), and in the
+vegetable group tomatoes came first (with 6 cases). Several women declared
+"I could have lived on apples," "I was eating apples all day," "I used to
+sit up in bed eating apples."[187] Pregnant women appear seldom to long
+for the possession of objects outside the edible class, and it seems
+doubtful whether they have any special tendency to kleptomania. Pinard has
+pointed out that neither Lasegue nor Lunier, in their studies of
+kleptomania, have mentioned a single shop robbery committed by a pregnant
+woman.[188] Brouardel has indeed found such cases, but the object stolen
+was usually a food.
+
+A further significant fact connecting the longings of pregnant women with
+the longings of children is to be found in the fact that they occur mainly
+in young women. We have, indeed, no tabulation of the ages of pregnant
+women who have manifested longings, but Giles has clearly shown that these
+chiefly occur in primiparae, and steadily and rapidly decrease in each
+successive pregnancy. This fact, otherwise somewhat difficult of
+explanation, is natural if we look upon the longings of pregnancy as a
+revival of those of childhood. It certainly indicates also that we can by
+no means regard these longings as exclusively the expression of a
+physiological craving, for in that case they would be liable to occur in
+any pregnancy unless, indeed, it is argued that with each successive
+pregnancy the woman becomes less sensitive to her own physiological state.
+
+    There has been a frequent tendency, more especially among
+    primitive peoples, to regard a pregnant woman's longings as
+    something sacred and to be indulged, all the more, no doubt, as
+    they are usually of a simple and harmless character. In the Black
+    Forest, according to Ploss and Bartels, a pregnant woman may go
+    freely into other people's gardens and take fruit, provided she
+    eats it on the spot, and very similar privileges are accorded to
+    her elsewhere. Old English opinion, as reflected, for instance,
+    in Ben Jonson's plays (as Dr. Harriet C.B. Alexander has pointed
+    out), regards the pregnant woman as not responsible for her
+    longings, and Kiernan remarks ("Kleptomania and Collectivism,"
+    _Alienist and Neurologist_, November, 1902) that this is in "a
+    most natural and just view." In France at the Revolution a law of
+    the 28th Germinal, in the year III, to some extent admitted the
+    irresponsibility of the pregnant woman generally,--following the
+    classic precedent, by which a woman could not be brought before a
+    court of justice so long as she was pregnant,--but the Napoleonic
+    code, never tender to women, abrogated this. Pinard does not
+    consider that the longings of pregnant women are irresistible,
+    and, consequently, regards the pregnant woman as responsible.
+    This is probably the view most widely held. In any case these
+    longings seldom come up for medico-legal consideration.
+
+The phenomena of the longings of pregnancy are linked to the much more
+obscure and dubious phenomena of the influence of maternal impressions on
+the child within the womb. It is true, indeed, that there is no real
+connection whatever between these two groups of manifestations, but they
+have been so widely and for so long closely associated in the popular mind
+that it is convenient to pass directly from one to the other. The same
+name is sometimes given to the two manifestations; thus in France a
+pregnant longing is an _envie_, while a mother's mark on the child is also
+called an _envie_, because it is supposed to be due to the mother's
+unsatisfied longing.
+
+The conception of a "maternal impression" (the German _Versehen_) rests on
+the belief that a powerful mental influence working on the mother's mind
+may produce an impression, either general or definite, on the child she is
+carrying. It makes a great deal of difference whether the effect of the
+impression on the child is general, or definite and circumscribed. It is
+not difficult to believe that a general effect--even, as Sir Arthur
+Mitchell first gave good reason for believing, idiocy--may be produced on
+the child by strong and prolonged emotional influence working on the
+mother, because such general influence may be transmitted through a
+deteriorated blood-stream. But it is impossible at present to understand
+how a definite and limited influence working on the mother could produce a
+definite and limited effect on the child, for there are no channels of
+nervous communications for the passage of such influences. Our difficulty
+in conceiving of the process must, however, be put aside if the fact
+itself can be demonstrated by convincing evidence.
+
+    In order to illustrate the nature of maternal impressions, I will
+    summarize a few cases which I have collected from the best
+    medical periodical literature during the past fifteen years. I
+    have exercised no selection and in no way guarantee the
+    authenticity of the alleged facts or the alleged explanation.
+    They are merely examples to illustrate a class of cases published
+    from time to time by medical observers in medical journals of
+    high repute.
+
+    Early in pregnancy a woman found her pet rabbit killed by a cat
+    which had gnawed off the two forepaws, leaving ragged stumps; she
+    was for a long time constantly thinking of this. Her child was
+    born with deformed feet, one foot with only two toes, the other
+    three, the os calcis in both feet being either absent or little
+    developed. (G.B. Beale, Tottenham, _Lancet_, May 4, 1889).
+
+    Three months and a half before birth of the child the father, a
+    glazier, fell through the roof of a hothouse, severely cutting
+    his right arm, so that he was lying in the infirmary for a long
+    time, and it was doubtful whether the hand could be saved. The
+    child was healthy, but on the flexor surface of the radial side
+    of the right forearm just above the wrist--the same spot as the
+    father's injury--there was a naevus the size of a sixpence. (W.
+    Russell, Paisley, _Lancet_, May 11, 1889.)
+
+    At the beginning of pregnancy a woman was greatly scared by being
+    kicked over by a frightened cow she was milking; she hung on to
+    the animal's teats, but thought she would be trampled to death,
+    and was ill and nervous for weeks afterwards. The child was a
+    monster, with a fleshy substance--seeming to be prolonged from
+    the spinal cord and to represent the brain--projecting from the
+    floor of the skull. Both doctor and nurse were struck by the
+    resemblance to a cow's teats before they knew the woman's story,
+    and this was told by the woman immediately after delivery and
+    before she knew to what she had given birth. (A. Ross Paterson,
+    Reversby, Lincolnshire, _Lancet_, September 29, 1889.)
+
+    During the second month of pregnancy the mother was terrified by
+    a bullock as she was returning from market. The child reached
+    full term and was a well-developed male, stillborn. Its head
+    "exactly resembled a miniature cow's head;" the occipital bone
+    was absent, the parietals only slightly developed, the eyes were
+    placed at the top of the frontal bone, which was quite flat, with
+    each of its superior angles twisted into a rudimentary horn.
+    (J.T. Hislop, Tavistock, Devon, _Lancet_, November 1, 1890.)
+
+    When four months pregnant the mother, a multipara of 30, was
+    startled by a black and white collie dog suddenly pushing against
+    her and rushing out when she opened the door. This preyed on her
+    mind, and she felt sure her child would be marked. The whole of
+    the child's right thigh was encircled by a shining black mole,
+    studded with white hairs; there was another mole on the spine of
+    the left scapula. (C.F. Williamson, Horley, Surrey, _Lancet_,
+    October 11, 1890.)
+
+    A lady in comfortable circumstances, aged 24, not markedly
+    emotional, with one child, in all respects healthy, early in her
+    pregnancy saw a man begging whose arms and legs were "all doubled
+    up." This gave her a shock, but she hoped no ill effects would
+    follow. The child was an encephalous monster, with the
+    extremities rigidly flexed and the fingers clenched, the feet
+    almost sole to sole. In the next pregnancy she frequently passed
+    a man who was a partial cripple, but she was not unduly
+    depressed; the child was a counterpart of the last, except that
+    the head was normal. The next child was strong and well formed.
+    (C.W. Chapman, London, _Lancet_, October 18, 1890.)
+
+    When the pregnant mother was working in a hayfield her husband
+    threw at her a young hare he had found in the hay; it struck her
+    on the cheek and neck. Her daughter has on the left cheek an
+    oblong patch of soft dark hair, in color and character clearly
+    resembling the fur of a very young hare. (A. Mackay, Port Appin,
+    N.B., _Lancet_, December 19, 1891. The writer records also four
+    other cases which have happened in his experience.)
+
+    When the mother was pregnant her husband had to attend to a sow
+    who could not give birth to her pigs; he bled her freely, cutting
+    a notch out of both ears. His wife insisted on seeing the sow.
+    The helix of each ear of her child at birth was gone, for nearly
+    or quite half an inch, as if cut purposely. (R.P. Roons, _Medical
+    World_, 1894.)
+
+    A lady when pregnant was much interested in a story in which one
+    of the characters had a supernumerary digit, and this often
+    recurred to her mind. Her baby had a supernumerary digit on one
+    hand. (J. Jenkyns, Aberdeen, _British Medical Journal_, March 2,
+    1895. The writer also records another case.)
+
+    When pregnant the mother saw in the forest a new-born fawn which
+    was a double monstrosity. Her child was a similar double
+    monstrosity (_cephalothora copagus_). (Hartmann, _Muenchener
+    Medicinisches Wochenschrift_, No. 9, 1895.)
+
+    A well developed woman of 30, who had ten children in twelve
+    years, in the third month of her tenth pregnancy saw a child run
+    over by a street car, which crushed the upper and back part of
+    its head. Her own child was anencephalic and acranial, with
+    entire absence of vault of skull. (F.A. Stahl, _American Journal
+    of Obstetrics_, April, 1896.)
+
+    A healthy woman with no skin blemish had during her third
+    pregnancy a violent appetite for sunfish. During or after the
+    fourth month her husband, as a surprise, brought her some sunfish
+    alive, placing them in a pail of water in the porch. She stumbled
+    against the pail and the shock caused the fish to flap over the
+    pail and come in violent contact with her leg. The cold wriggling
+    fish produced a nervous shock, but she attached no importance to
+    this. The child (a girl) had at birth a mark of bronze pigment
+    resembling a fish with the head uppermost (photograph given) on
+    the corresponding part of the same leg. Daughter's health good;
+    throughout life she has had a strong craving for sunfish, which
+    she has sometimes eaten till she has vomited from repletion.
+    (C.F. Gardiner, Colorado Springs, _American Journal Obstetrics_,
+    February, 1898.)
+
+    The next case occurred in a bitch. A thoroughbred fox terrier
+    bitch strayed and was discovered a day or two later with her
+    right foreleg broken. The limb was set under chloroform with the
+    help of Roentgen rays, and the dog made a good recovery. Several
+    weeks later she gave birth to a puppy with a right foreleg that
+    was ill-developed and minus the paw. (J. Booth, Cork, _British
+    Medical Journal_, September 16, 1899.)
+
+    Four months before the birth of her child a woman with four
+    healthy children and no history of deformity in the family fell
+    and cut her left wrist severely against a broken bowl; she had a
+    great fright and shock. Her child, otherwise perfect, was born
+    without left hand and wrist, the stump of arm terminating at
+    lower end of radius and ulna. (G. Ainslie Johnston, Ambleside,
+    _British Medical Journal_, April 18, 1903.)
+
+The belief in the reality of the transference of strong mental or physical
+impressions on the mother into physical changes in the child she is
+bearing is very ancient and widespread. Most writers on the subject begin
+with the book of Genesis and the astute device of Jacob in influencing the
+color of his lambs by mental impressions on his ewes. But the belief
+exists among even more primitive people than the early Hebrews, and in all
+parts of the world.[189] Among the Greeks there is a trace of the belief
+in Hippocrates, the first of the world's great physicians, while Soranus,
+the most famous of ancient gynaecologists, states the matter in the most
+precise manner, with instances in proof. The belief continued to persist
+unquestioned throughout the Middle Ages. The first author who denied the
+influence of maternal impressions altogether appears to have been the
+famous anatomist, Realdus Columbus, who was a professor at Padua, Pisa,
+and Rome at the beginning of the sixteenth century. In the same century,
+however, another and not less famous Neapolitan, Della Porta, for the
+first time formulated a definite theory of maternal impressions. A little
+later, early in the seventeenth century, a philosophic physician at Padua,
+Fortunatus Licetus, took up an intermediate position which still finds,
+perhaps reasonably, a great many adherents. He recognized that a very
+frequent cause of malformation in the child is to be found in morbid
+antenatal conditions, but at the same time was not prepared to deny
+absolutely and in every case the influence of maternal impression on such
+conditions. Malebranche, the Platonic philosopher, allowed the greatest
+extension to the power of the maternal imagination. In the eighteenth
+century, however, the new spirit of free inquiry, of radical criticism,
+and unfettered logic, led to a sceptical attitude toward this ancient
+belief then flourishing vigorously.[190] In 1727, a few years after
+Malebranche's death, James Blondel, a physician of extreme acuteness, who
+had been born in Paris, was educated at Leyden, and practiced in London,
+published the first methodical and thorough attack on the doctrine of
+maternal impressions, _The Strength of Imagination of Pregnant Women
+Examined_, and exercised his great ability in ridiculing it. Haller,
+Roederer, and Soemmering followed in the steps of Blondel, and were either
+sceptical or hostile to the ancient belief. Blumenbach, however, admitted
+the influence of maternal impressions. Erasmus Darwin, as well as Goethe
+in his _Wahlverwandtschaften_, even accepted the influence of paternal
+impressions on the child. By the beginning of the nineteenth century the
+majority of physicians were inclined to relegate maternal impressions to
+the region of superstition. Yet the exceptions were of notable importance.
+Burdach, when all deductions were made, still found it necessary to retain
+the belief in maternal impressions, and Von Baer, the founder of
+embryology, also accepted it, supported by a case, occurring in his own
+sister, which he was able to investigate before the child's birth. L.W.T.
+Bischoff, also, while submitting the doctrine to acute criticism, found it
+impossible to reject maternal impressions absolutely, and he remarked that
+the number of adherents to the doctrine was showing a tendency to increase
+rather than diminish. Johannes Mueller, the founder of modern physiology in
+Germany, declared himself against it, and his influence long prevailed;
+Valentin, Rudolf Wagner, and Emil du Bois-Reymond were on the same side.
+On the other hand various eminent gynaecologists--Litzmann, Roth, Hennig,
+etc.--have argued in favor of the reality of maternal impressions.[191]
+
+The long conflict of opinion which has taken place over this opinion has
+still left the matter unsettled. The acutest critics of the ancient
+belief constantly conclude the discussion with an expression of doubt and
+uncertainty. Even if the majority of authorities are inclined to reject
+maternal impressions, the scientific eminence of those who accept them
+makes a decisive opinion difficult. The arguments against such influence
+are perfectly sound: (1) it is a primitive belief of unscientific origin;
+(2) it is impossible to conceive how such influence can operate since
+there is no nervous connection between mother and child; (3) comparatively
+few cases have been submitted to severe critical investigation; (4) it is
+absurd to ascribe developmental defects to influences which arise long
+after the foetus had assumed its definite shape[192]; (5) in any case the
+phenomenon must be rare, for William Hunter could not find a coincidence
+between maternal impressions and foetal marks through a period of several
+years, and Bischoff found no case in 11,000 deliveries. These statements
+embody the whole of the argument against maternal impressions, yet it is
+clear that they do not settle the matter. Edgar, in a manual of obstetrics
+which is widely regarded as a standard work, states that this is "yet a
+mooted question."[193] Ballantyne, again, in a discussion of this
+influence at the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society, summarizing the result of
+a year's inquiry, concluded that it is still "_sub judice_."[194] In a
+subsequent discussion of the question he has somewhat modified his
+opinion, and is inclined to deny that definite impressions on the pregnant
+woman's mind can cause similar defects in the foetus; they are "accidental
+coincidences," but he adds that a few of the cases are difficult to
+explain away. At the same time he fully believes that prolonged and
+strongly marked mental states of the mother may affect the development of
+the foetus in her uterus, causing vascular and nutritive disturbances,
+irregularities of development, and idiocy.[195]
+
+    Whether and in how far mental impressions on the mother can
+    produce definite mental and emotional disposition in the child is
+    a special aspect of the question to which scarcely any inquiry
+    has been devoted. So distinguished a biologist as Mr. A.W.
+    Wallace has, however, called attention to this point, bringing
+    forward evidence on the question and emphasizing the need of
+    further investigation. "Such transmission of mental influence,"
+    he remarks, "will hardly be held to be impossible or even very
+    improbable," (A.W. Wallace, "Prenatal Influences on Character,"
+    _Nature_, August 24, 1893.)
+
+It has already been pointed out that a large number of cases of foetal
+deformities, supposed to be due to maternal impressions, cannot possibly
+be so caused because the impression took place at a period when the
+development of the foetus must already have been decided. In this
+connection, however, it must be noted that Dabney has observed a
+relationship between the time of supposed mental impressions and the
+nature of the actual defect which is of considerable significance as an
+argument in favor of the influence of mental impressions. He tabulated 90
+carefully reported cases from recent medical literature, and found that 21
+of them were concerned with defects of structure of the lips and palate.
+In all but 2 of these 21 the defect was referred to an impression
+occurring within the first three months of pregnancy. This is an important
+point as showing that the assigned cause really falls within a period when
+a defect of development actually could produce the observed result,
+although the person reporting the cases was in many instances manifestly
+ignorant of the details of embryology and teratology. There was no such
+preponderance of early impressions among the defects of skin and hair
+which might well, so far as development is concerned, have been caused at
+a later period; here, in 7 out of 15 cases, it was distinctly stated that
+the impression was made later than the fourth month.[196]
+
+It would seem, on the whole, that while the influence of maternal
+impressions in producing definite effects on the child within the womb has
+by no means been positively demonstrated, we are not entitled to reject it
+with any positive assurance. Even if we accept it, however, it must
+remain, for the present, an inexplicable fact; the _modus operandi_ we can
+scarcely even guess at. General influences from the mother on the child we
+can easily conceive of as conveyed by the mother's blood; we can even
+suppose that the modified blood might act specifically on one particular
+kind of tissue. We can, again, as suggested by Fere, very well believe
+that the maternal emotions act upon the womb and produce various kinds and
+degrees of pressure on the child within, so that the apparently active
+movements of the foetus may be really consecutive on unconscious maternal
+excitations.[197] We may also believe that, as suggested by John Thomson,
+there are slight incooerdinations _in utero_, a kind of developmental
+neurosis, produced by some slight lack of harmony of whatever origin, and
+leading to the production of malformations.[198] We know, finally, that,
+as Fere and others have repeatedly demonstrated during recent years by
+experiments on chickens, etc., very subtle agents, even odors, may
+profoundly affect embryonic development and produce deformity. But how the
+mother's psychic disposition can, apart from heredity, affect specifically
+the physical conformation or even the psychic disposition of the child
+within her womb must remain for the present an insoluble mystery, even if
+we feel disposed to conclude that in some cases such action seems to be
+indicated.
+
+    In comprehending such a connection, however at present
+    undemonstrated, it may well be borne in mind that the
+    relationship of the mother to the child within her womb is of a
+    uniquely intimate character. It is of interest in this
+    connection to quote some remarks by an able psychologist, Dr.
+    Henry Rutgers Marshall; the remarks are not less interesting for
+    being brought forward without any connection with the question of
+    maternal impressions: "It is true that, so far as we know, the
+    nervous system of the embryo never has a direct connection with
+    the nervous system of the mother: nevertheless, as there is a
+    reciprocity of reaction between the physical body of the mother
+    and its embryonic parasite, the relation of the embryonic nervous
+    system to the nervous system of the mother is not very far
+    removed from the relation of the pre-eminent part of the nervous
+    system of a man to some minor nervous system within his body
+    which is to a marked extent dissociated from the whole neural
+    mass.
+
+    "Correspondingly, then, and within the consciousness of the
+    mother, there develops a new little minor consciousness which,
+    although but lightly integrated with the mass of her
+    consciousness, nevertheless has its part in her consciousness
+    taken as a whole, much as the psychic correspondents of the
+    action of the nerve which govern the secretions of the glands of
+    the body have their part in her consciousness taken as a whole.
+
+    "It is very much as if the optic ganglia developed fully in
+    themselves, without any closer connection with the rest of the
+    brain than existed at their first appearance. They would form a
+    little complex nervous system almost but not quite apart from the
+    brain system; and it would be difficult to deny them a
+    consciousness of their own; which would indeed form part of the
+    whole consciousness of the individual, but which would be in a
+    manner self-dependent." It must, if this is so, be said that
+    before birth, on the psychic side, the embryo's activities "form
+    part of a complex consciousness which is that of the mother and
+    embryo together." "Without subscribing to the strange stories of
+    telepathy, of the solemn apparition of a person somewhere at the
+    moment of his death a thousand miles away, of the unquiet ghost
+    haunting the scenes of its bygone hopes and endeavors, one may
+    ask" (with the author of the address in medicine at the Leicester
+    gathering of the British Medical Association, _British Medical
+    Journal_, July 29, 1905) "whether two brains cannot be so tuned
+    in sympathy as to transmit and receive a subtile transfusion of
+    mind without mediation of sense. Considering what is implied by
+    the human brain with its countless millions of cells, its
+    complexities of minute structure, its innumerable chemical
+    compositions, and the condensed forces in its microscopic and
+    ultramicroscopic elements--the whole a sort of microcosm of
+    cosmic forces to which no conceivable compound of electric
+    batteries is comparable; considering, again, that from an
+    electric station waves of energy radiate through the viewless air
+    to be caught up by a fit receiver a thousand miles distant, it is
+    not inconceivable that the human brain may send off still more
+    subtile waves to be accepted and interpreted by the fitly tuned
+    receiving brain. Is it, after all, mere fancy that a mental
+    atmosphere or effluence emanates from one person to affect
+    another, either soothing sympathetically or irritating
+    antipathically?" These remarks (like Dr. Marshall's) were made
+    without reference to maternal impressions, but it may be pointed
+    out that under no conceivable circumstance could we find a brain
+    in so virginal and receptive a state as is the child's in the
+    womb.
+
+On the whole we see that pregnancy induces a psychic state which is at
+once, in healthy persons, one of full development and vigor, and at the
+same time one which, especially in individuals who are slightly abnormal,
+is apt to involve a state of strained or overstrained nervous tension and
+to evoke various manifestations which are in many respects still
+imperfectly understood. Even the specifically sexual emotions tend to be
+heightened, more especially during the earlier period of pregnancy. In 24
+cases of pregnancy in which the point was investigated by Harry Campbell,
+sexual feeling was decidedly increased in 8, in one case (of a woman aged
+31 who had had four children) being indeed only present during pregnancy,
+when it was considerable; in only 7 cases was there diminution or
+disappearance of sexual feeling.[199] Pregnancy may produce mental
+depression;[200] but on the other hand it frequently leads to a change of
+the most favorable character in the mental and general well-being. Some
+women indeed are only well during pregnancy. It is remarkable that some
+women who habitually suffer from various nervous troubles--neuralgias,
+gastralgia, headache, insomnia--are only free from them at this moment.
+This "paradox of gestation," as Vinay has termed it, is specially marked
+in the hysterical and those suffering from slight nervous disorders, but
+it is by no means universal, so that although it is possible, Vinay
+states, to confirm the opinion of the ancients as to the beneficial
+action of marriage on hysteria, that is only true of slight cases and
+scarcely enables us to counsel marriage in hysteria.[201] Even a woman's
+intelligence is sometimes heightened by pregnancy, and Tarnier, as quoted
+by Vinay, knew many women whose intelligence, habitually somewhat obtuse,
+has only risen to the normal level during pregnancy.[202] The pregnant
+woman has reached the climax of womanhood; she has attained to that state
+toward which the periodically recurring menstrual wave has been drifting
+her at regular intervals throughout her sexual life[203]; she has achieved
+that function for which her body has been constructed, and her mental and
+emotional disposition adapted, through countless ages.
+
+And yet, as we have seen, our ignorance of the changes effected by the
+occurrence of this supremely important event--even on the physical
+side--still remains profound. Pregnancy, even for us, the critical and
+unprejudiced children of a civilized age, still remains, as for the
+children of more primitive ages, a mystery. Conception itself is a mystery
+for the primitive man, and may be produced by all sorts of subtle ways
+apart from sexual connection, even by smelling a flower.[204] The pregnant
+woman was surrounded by ceremonies, by reverence and fear, often shut up
+in a place apart.[205] Her presence, her exhalations, were of extreme
+potency; even in some parts of Europe to-day, as in the Walloon districts
+of Belgium, a pregnant woman must not kiss a child for her breath is
+dangerous, or urinate on plants for she will kill them.[206] The mystery
+has somewhat changed its form; it still remains. The future of the race is
+bound up with our efforts to fathom the mystery of pregnancy. "The early
+days of human life," it has been truly said, "are entirely one with the
+mother. On her manner of life--eating, drinking, sleeping, and
+thinking--what greatness may not hang?"[207] Schopenhauer observed, with
+misapplied horror, that there is nothing a woman is less modest about than
+the state of pregnancy, while Weininger exclaims: "Never yet has a
+pregnant woman given expression in any form--poem, memoirs, or
+gynaecological monograph--to her sensations or feelings."[208] Yet when we
+contemplate the mystery of pregnancy and all that it involves, how trivial
+all such considerations become! We are here lifted into a region where our
+highest intelligence can only lead us to adoration, for we are gazing at a
+process in which the operations of Nature become one with the divine task
+of Creation.
+
+
+FOOTNOTES:
+
+[169] See, e.g., Groos, _AEsthetische Genuss_, p. 249. "We have to admit,"
+Groos observes, "the entrance of another instinct, the impulse to tend and
+foster, so closely connected with the sexual life. It is seemingly due to
+the co-operation of this impulse that the little female bird during
+courtship is so often fed by the male like a young fledgling. In man
+'love' from the biological standpoint is also an amalgamation of two
+needs; when the tender need to protect and foster and serve is lacking the
+emotion is not quite perfect. Heine's expression, 'With my mantle I
+protect you from the storm,' has always seemed to me very characteristic."
+Sometimes the sexual impulse may undergo a complete transformation in this
+direction. "I believe there is really a tendency in women," a lady writes
+in a letter, "to allow maternal feeling to take the place of sexual
+feeling. Very often a woman's feeling for her husband becomes this (though
+he may be twenty years older than herself); sometimes it does not,
+remaining purely sex feeling. Sometimes it is for some other man she has
+this curious self-obliterating maternal feeling. It is not necessarily
+connected with sex intercourse. A prostitute, who has relations with
+dozens of men, may have it for some feeble drunken fool, who perhaps goes
+after other women. I once saw the change from sex feeling to mother
+feeling, as I call it, come almost suddenly over a woman after she had
+lived about four years with a man who was unfaithful to her. Then, when
+all real sex feeling, the hatred of the woman he followed, the desire he
+should give her love and tenderness, had all gone, came the other feeling,
+and she said to me, 'You don't understand at all; he's only my little
+baby; nothing he does can make any difference to me now.' As I grow older
+and understand women's natures better, I can see almost at once which
+relation it is a woman has to her husband, or any given man. It is this
+feeling, and not sex passion, that keeps woman from being free." Not only
+is there a sexual association in the impulse to foster and protect, there
+would appear to be a similar element also in the response to that impulse.
+Freud has especially insisted on the partly sexual character of the
+child's feelings for those who care for it and tend it and satisfy its
+needs. It is begun in earliest infancy; "whoever has seen the sated infant
+sink back from the breast, to fall asleep with flushed cheeks and happy
+smile, must say that the picture is adequate to the expression of the
+sexual satisfaction of later life." The lips, moreover, are the earliest
+erogenous zone. "There will, perhaps, be some opposition," Freud remarks
+(_Drei Abhandlungen zur Sexualtheorie_, pp. 36, 64), "to the
+identification of the child's feelings of tenderness and appreciation for
+those who tend it with sexual love, but I believe that exact psychological
+analysis will place the identity beyond doubt. The relationship of the
+child with the person who tends it is for it a continual source of sexual
+excitement and satisfaction flowing from the erogenous zones, especially
+since the fostering person--as a rule the mother--regards the child with
+emotions which proceed from her sexual life; strokes it, kisses it, rocks
+it, and very plainly treats it as a compensation for a fully valid sexual
+object." Freud remarks that girls who retain the childish character of
+their love for their parents to adult age are apt to make cold wives and
+to be sexually anaesthetic.
+
+[170] Esbach (in his _These de Paris_, published in 1876) showed that even
+the finger nails are affected in pregnancy and become measurably thinner.
+
+[171] C.H. Stratz, _Die Schoenheit des Weiblichen Koerpers_, Chapter VI.
+
+[172] Iron appears to be liberated in the maternal organism during
+pregnancy, and Wychgel has shown (_Zeitschrift fuer Geburtshuelfe und
+Gynaekologie_, bd. xlvii, Heft II) that the pigment of pregnant women
+contains iron, and that the amount of iron in the urine is increased.
+
+[173] Vinay, _Maladies de la Grossesse_, Chapter VIII; K. Hennig,
+"Exploratio Externa," _Comptes-rendus du XIIe. Congres International de
+Medecine_, vol. vi, Section XIII, pp. 144-166. A bibliography of the
+literature concerning the physiology of pregnancy, extending to ten pages,
+is appended by Pinard to his article "Grossesse," _Dictionnaire
+Encyclopedique des Sciences Medicales_.
+
+[174] Stratz, op. cit., Chapter XII.
+
+[175] W.S.A. Griffith, "The Diagnosis of Pregnancy," _British Medical
+Journal_, April 11, 1903.
+
+[176] J. Mackenzie and H.O. Nicholson, "The Heart in Pregnancy," _British
+Medical Journal_, October 8, 1904; Stengel and Stanton, "The Condition of
+the Heart in Pregnancy," _Medical Record_, May 10, 1902 and _University
+Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin_, Sept., 1904 (summarized in _British
+Medical Journal_, August 16, 1902, and Sept. 23, 1905.)
+
+[177] J. Henderson, "Maternal Blood at Term," _Journal of Obstetrics and
+Gynaecology_, February, 1902; C. Douglas, "The Blood in Pregnant Women,"
+_British Medical Journal_, March 26, 1904; W.L. Thompson, "The Blood in
+Pregnancy," _Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin_, June, 1904.
+
+[178] H.O. Nicholson, "Some Remarks on the Maternal Circulation in
+Pregnancy," _British Medical Journal_, October 3, 1903.
+
+[179] J. Morris Slemans, "Metabolism During Pregnancy," _Johns Hopkins
+Hospital Reports_, vol. xii, 1904.
+
+[180] B. Wolff, _Zentralblatt fuer Gynaekologie_, 1904, No. 26.
+
+[181] Tridandani, _Annali di Ostetrica_, March, 1900.
+
+[182] R. Barnes, "The Induction of Labor," _British Medical Journal_,
+December 22, 1894.
+
+[183] See, e.g., Havelock Ellis, _Man and Woman_, fourth edition, pp. 344,
+et seq.
+
+[184] Arthur Giles, "The Longings of Pregnant Women," _Transactions
+Obstetrical Society of London_, vol. xxxv, 1893.
+
+[185] Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, Chapter XXX.
+
+[186] Thus, in Cornwall, "to be in the longing way" is a popular synonym
+for pregnancy.
+
+[187] The apple, wherever it is known, has nearly always been a sacred or
+magic fruit (as J.F. Campbell shows, _Popular Tales of West Highlands_,
+vol. I, p. lxxv. et seq.), and the fruit of the forbidden tree which
+tempted Eve is always popularly imagined to be an apple. One may perhaps
+refer in this connection to the fact that at Rome and elsewhere the
+testicles have been called apples. I may add that we find a curious proof
+of the recognition of the feminine love of apples in an old Portuguese
+ballad, "Donna Guimar," in which a damsel puts on armour and goes to the
+wars; her sex is suspected and as a test, she is taken into an orchard,
+but Donna Guimar is too wary to fall into the trap, and turning away from
+the apples plucks a citron.
+
+[188] A. Pinard, Art. "Grossesse," _Dictionnaire Encyclopedique des
+Sciences Medicales_, p. 138. On the subject of violent, criminal and
+abnormal impulses during pregnancy, see Cumston, "Pregnancy and Crime,"
+_American Journal Obstetrics_, December, 1903.
+
+[189] See especially Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, vol. i, Chapter XXXI.
+Ballantyne in his work on the pathology of the foetus adds Loango negroes,
+the Eskimo and the ancient Japanese.
+
+[190] In 1731 Schurig, in his _Syllepsilogia_, devoted more than a hundred
+pages (cap. IX) to summarizing a vast number of curious cases of maternal
+impressions leading to birth-marks of all kinds.
+
+[191] J.W. Ballantyne has written an excellent history of the doctrine of
+maternal impressions, reprinted in his _Manual of Antenatal Pathology: The
+Embryo_, 1904, Chapter IX; he gives a bibliography of 381 items. In
+Germany the history of the question has been written by Dr. Iwan Bloch
+(under the pseudonym of Gerhard von Welsenburg), _Das Versehen der
+Frauen_, 1899. Cf., in French, G. Variot, "Origine des Prejuges Populaires
+sur les Envies," _Bulletin Societe d'Anthropologie_, Paris, June 18, 1891.
+Variot rejects the doctrine absolutely, Bloch accepts it, Ballantyne
+speaks cautiously.
+
+[192] J.G. Kiernan has shown how many of the alleged cases are negatived
+by the failure to take this fact into consideration. (_Journal of American
+Medical Association_, December 9, 1899.)
+
+[193] J. Clifton Edgar, _The Practice of Obstetrics_, second edition,
+1904, p. 296. In an important discussion of the question at the American
+Gynaecological Society in 1886, introduced by Fordyce Barker, various
+eminent gynaecologists declared in favor of the doctrine, more or less
+cautiously. (_Transactions of the American Gynaecological Society_, vol.
+xi, 1886, pp. 152-196.) Gould and Pyle, bringing forward some of the data
+on the question (_Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine_, pp. 81, _et
+seq._) state that the reality of the influence of maternal impressions
+seems fully established. On the other side, see G.W. Cook, _American
+Journal of Obstetrics_, September, 1889, and H.F. Lewis, ib., July, 1899.
+
+[194] _Transactions Edinburgh Obstetrical Society_, vol. xvii, 1892.
+
+[195] J.W. Ballantyne, _Manual of Antenatal Pathology: The Embryo_, p. 45.
+
+[196] W.C. Dabney, "Maternal Impressions," Keating's _Cyclopaedia of
+Diseases of Children_, vol. i, 1889, pp. 191-216.
+
+[197] Fere, _Sensation et Mouvement_, Chapter XIV, "Sur la Psychologie du
+Foetus."
+
+[198] J. Thomson, "Defective Co-ordination in Utero," _British Medical
+Journal_, September 6, 1902.
+
+[199] H. Campbell, _Nervous Organization of Man and Woman_, p. 206; cf.
+Moll, _Untersuchungen ueber die Libido Sexualis_, bd. i, p. 264. Many
+authorities, from Soranus of Ephesus onward, consider, however, that
+sexual relations should cease during pregnancy, and certainly during the
+later months. Cf. Brenot, _De l'influence de la copulation pendant la
+grosseisse_, 1903.
+
+[200] Bianchi terms this fairly common condition the neurasthenia of
+pregnancy.
+
+[201] Vinay, _Traite des Maladies de la Grossesse_, 1894, pp. 51, 577;
+Mongeri, "Nervenkrankungen und Schwangerschaft." _Allegemeine Zeitschrift
+fuer Psychiatrie_, bd. LVIII, Heft 5. Haig remarks (_Uric Acid_, sixth
+edition, p. 151) that during normal pregnancy diseases with excess of uric
+acid in the blood (headaches, fits, mental depression, dyspepsia, asthma)
+are absent, and considers that the common idea that women do not easily
+take colds, fevers, etc., at this time is well founded.
+
+[202] Founding his remarks on certain anatomical changes and on a
+suggestion of Engel's, Donaldson observes: "It is impossible to escape the
+conclusion that in women natural education is complete only with
+maternity, which we know to effect some slight changes in the sympathetic
+system and possibly the spinal cord, and which may be fairly laid under
+suspicion of causing more structural modifications than are at present
+recognized." H.H. Donaldson, _The Growth of the Brain_, p. 352.
+
+[203] The state of menstruation is in many respects an approximation to
+that of pregnancy; see, e.g., Edgar's _Practice of Obstetrics_, plates 6 6
+and 7, showing the resemblance of the menstrual changes in the breasts and
+the external sexual parts to the changes of pregnancy; cf. Havelock Ellis,
+_Man and Woman_, fourth edition, Chapter XI, "The Functional Periodicity
+of Woman."
+
+[204] Thus the gypsies say of an unmarried woman who becomes pregnant,
+"She has smelt the moon-flower"--a flower believed to grow on the
+so-called moon-mountain and to possess the property of impregnating by its
+smell. Ploss and Bartels, _Das Weib_, bd. I, Chapter XXVII.
+
+[205] This was a sound instinct, for it is now recognized as an extremely
+important part of puericulture that a woman should rest at all events
+during the latter part of pregnancy; see, e.g., Pinard, _Gazette des
+Hopitaux_, November 28, 1895, and _Annales de Gynecologie_, August, 1898.
+
+[206] Ploss and Bartels, op. cit., Chapter XXIX; Kryptadia, vol. viii, p.
+143.
+
+[207] Griffith Wilkin, _British Medical Journal_, April 8, 1905.
+
+[208] Weininger, _Geschlecht und Charakter_, p. 107. I may remark that a
+recent book, Ellis Meredith's _Heart of My Heart_, is devoted to a
+seemingly autobiographical account of a pregnant woman's emotions and
+ideas. The relations of maternity to intellectual work have been carefully
+and impartially investigated by Adele Gerhard and Helena Simon, who seem
+to conclude that the conflict between the inevitable claims of maternity
+and the scarcely less inevitable claims of the intellectual life cannot be
+avoided.
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.
+
+HISTORIES OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT.
+
+    HISTORY I.--The following narrative has been written by a
+    university man trained in psychology:--
+
+    So far as I have been able to learn, none of my ancestors for at
+    least three generations have suffered from any nervous or mental
+    disease; and of those more remote I can learn nothing at all. It
+    appears probable, then, that any peculiarities of my own sexual
+    development must be explained by reference to the somewhat
+    peculiar environment.
+
+    I was the first child and was, naturally, somewhat spoiled--a
+    process which tended to increase my natural tendency to
+    sentimentality. On the other hand, I was shy and undemonstrative
+    with all except my nearest relatives, and with them as well after
+    my seventh or eighth year. And here it may be well to describe my
+    "mental type," as this is probably the most important factor in
+    determining the direction of one's mental development. Of mental
+    types the "visual" is, of course, by far the most common, but in
+    my own case visual imagery was never strong or vivid, and has
+    constantly grown weaker. The dominant part has been played by
+    tactual, muscular and organic sensations, placing me as one of
+    the "tactual motor" type, with strong "verbal motor" and
+    "organic" tendencies. In reading a novel I seldom have a mental
+    picture of the character or situation, but easily imagine the
+    sensations (except the visual) and feel something of the emotions
+    described. When telling of any event I have a strong impulse to
+    make the movements described and to gesticulate. I remember
+    events in terms of movements and the words to be used in giving
+    an account of them; and in thinking of any subject I can feel the
+    movements of the larynx and, in a less degree, of the lips and
+    tongue that would be involved in putting my thoughts into words.
+    I am easily moved to emotion, even to sentimentality, but am
+    seldom if ever deeply affected and am so averse to any display of
+    my feelings that I have the reputation among my acquaintances of
+    being cold, unfeeling and unemotional. I am naturally quiet and
+    bashful to a degree, which has rendered all forms of social
+    intercourse painful through much of my life, and this in spite of
+    a real longing to associate with people on terms of intimacy. As
+    a child I was sensitive and solitary; later I became morbid as
+    well. In a character so constituted the feelings and impulses of
+    the moment are likely to rule, and such has been my constant
+    experience, though a large element of obstinacy in my character
+    has kept me from appearing impulsive, and slight influences will
+    bring about reactions which seem out of all proportion to their
+    cause. For instance, I cannot, even now, read the more erotic of
+    Boccaccio's stories without a good deal of sexual excitement and
+    restlessness, which can be relieved only by vigorous exercise or
+    masturbation.
+
+    The first ten years of my life were passed on a farm, most of the
+    time without playmates or companions of my own age.
+
+    As far back as I can remember I indulged in elaborate day-dreams
+    in which I figured as the chief character along with a few others
+    who were chiefly creatures of my imagination, but at times
+    borrowed from reality. These others were always boys until I
+    learned the proper function of the sexual organs, when girls
+    usurped the whole stage in numbers beyond the limits of a Turkish
+    harem. Even at school my day-dreams were scarcely interrupted,
+    for my shyness and timidity made me very unpopular among my
+    schoolmates, who tormented me after the fashion of small boys or
+    neglected me, as the spirit moved them. To make matters worse, I
+    was brought up under the "sheltered life system," kept carefully
+    away from the "bad boys," which category included nearly all the
+    youngsters of the community, and deluged with moral homilies and
+    tirades on things religious until I was thoroughly convinced that
+    goodness and discomfort, the right and the unpleasant, were
+    strictly synonymous; and I was kept through much of the time
+    facing the prospect of an early death, to be followed by the good
+    old orthodox hell or the equal miseries of its gorgeous
+    alternative. I may say in all seriousness that this is a
+    conservative and unexaggerated account of one phase of my early
+    life--the one, I think, that tended most strongly to make me
+    introspective and morbid. Later on, when I was trying to abandon
+    the habit of masturbation, this early training greatly increased
+    the despair I felt at each successive failure.
+
+    The first traces of sexual excitement that I can now recall
+    occurred when I was about 4 years old. I had erections quite
+    frequently and found a mild pleasure in fondling my genitals when
+    these occurred, especially just after waking in the morning. I
+    had no notion of an orgasm, and never succeeded in producing one
+    until I was 13 years of age. In the summer of my sixth year I
+    experienced pleasurable sensations in daubing my genitals with
+    oil and then fondling or rubbing them, but I abandoned this
+    amusement after getting some irritating substance into the
+    meatus. A year later my mother warned me that playing with my
+    penis would "make me very sick," but since experience had taught
+    me that this was not true, my conviction that what was forbidden
+    must necessarily be pleasant, sent me directly to my favorite
+    retreat in the barn loft to experiment. Since, however, I failed,
+    in spite of persistent effort, to produce any such pleasant
+    results as I had expected, I soon gave up my attempts for other
+    kinds of amusement.
+
+    A few months after this, in midsummer, a very sensual servant
+    girl began a series of attempts to satisfy herself sexually with
+    my help. She came nearly every day into the loft where I was
+    playing and did her best to initiate me into the mysteries of
+    sexual relationships, but I proved a sorry pupil. She would rub
+    my penis until it became erect and then, placing me upon her,
+    would insert the penis in her vulva and make movements of her
+    thighs and hips calculated to cause friction. At times she varied
+    the program by lying upon me and embracing me passionately. I can
+    remember distinctly her quick, gasping breath and convulsive
+    movements. She generally ended the seance by persuading me to
+    perform cunnilingus upon her. None of these performances were
+    intelligible to me and I invariably protested against being
+    compelled to leave my play to amuse her. Even her fondling of my
+    genitals annoyed me; and, stranger still, I preferred satisfying
+    her by cunnilingus to the attempts at coitus.
+
+    It was nearly a year later that I experienced the first
+    unmistakable manifestations of the sexual impulse--erections
+    accompanied by lustful feeling and vague desires of whose proper
+    satisfaction I had no notion whatever. It never occurred to me to
+    associate my experiences with the servant girl with these new
+    sensations. The peculiar fact about them was that they were
+    generally occasioned by the infliction of pain upon animals. I do
+    not remember how I first discovered that they could be evoked in
+    this way, but I can clearly recollect many of my efforts to
+    arouse this pleasurable excitement by abusing the dog or the
+    cats, or by prodding the calves with a nail set in the end of a
+    broom handle. I seldom manipulated my genitals at this time, and
+    when I did it was for the purpose of causing sexual excitement
+    rather than allaying it.
+
+    During this same year I got my first idea of sexual intercourse
+    by watching animals copulate; but my powers of observation must
+    have been limited, for I supposed that the penis of the male
+    entered the anus of the female. In watching the coitus of animals
+    I experienced lively sexual excitement and lustful sensations,
+    located not only in the genitals, but apparently in the anus as
+    well. I often excited, myself by imagining myself playing the
+    part of the female animal--a peculiar combination of passive
+    pederasty and bestiality. A servant girl put me to right on the
+    error of observation just mentioned, but neglected to apply the
+    principle to human animals, and I remained for another year in
+    complete ignorance of the structure of woman's sexual organs and
+    of the intercourse between man and woman. In the meantime I
+    cultivated my fancies of intercourse with animals, often still
+    perversely imagining myself taking the part of the female; and
+    the notion of such relationships gradually became so familiar as
+    to seem possible and desirable. This is especially significant in
+    view of later developments.
+
+    Up to my eleventh or twelfth year the erotic element in my
+    daydreaming varied with the seasons. In the summer it played a
+    dominant part, while in the winter it was almost entirely absent,
+    owing, it may be, to the fact that most of my time was spent
+    indoors or on long, tiresome tramps to and from school, and the
+    further fact that during the winter I saw but little of the
+    animals which had acted as a stimulus to sexual excitement. So
+    little was I troubled in winter and so ignorant was I of normal
+    intercourse that sleeping with a cousin, a girl of about my own
+    age (7 or 8 years), resulted in no addition to my knowledge of
+    things sexual.
+
+    It was early in my ninth year that I first learned something of
+    the anatomical difference between man and woman and of the
+    functions of the sexual organs in coitus. These were explained to
+    me by a young male servant, who, however, told me nothing of
+    conception or pregnancy. At first I was very little interested,
+    as it did not immediately occur to me to associate my own erotic
+    experiences with the matter of these revelations; but under the
+    faithful tuition of my new instructor I soon began to desire
+    normal coitus, and my interest in the sexual affairs of animals
+    weakened accordingly. His teachings went still further, for he
+    masturbated before me, then persuaded me to masturbate him, and
+    finally practiced coitus inter femora upon me. He also tried to
+    masturbate me, but was unable to produce an orgasm, though I
+    found the experiment mildly pleasurable.
+
+    Early in my eleventh year we left the farm and lived in the city
+    for several months. In the meantime there had been no
+    developments in my sexual life beyond what has already been
+    indicated. In the city I found so much to interest and amuse me
+    that I almost entirely forgot my erotic day-dreams and desires.
+    Though my chief playmates were two girls of about my own age I
+    never thought of attempting sexual intercourse with them, as I
+    might easily have done, for they were much wiser and more
+    experienced in these things than myself. Shortly before the end
+    of our stay in town an older schoolmate explained to me as much
+    of the process of reproduction as is usually known by a
+    precocious youngster of 12 years, but I firmly refused to credit
+    his statements. He adduced the fact of lactation in proof of the
+    correctness of his views, but I had been too thoroughly steeped
+    in supernaturalism to be very amenable to naturalistic evidence
+    of this sort and remained obdurate. But the suggestion stayed
+    with me and perplexed me not a little; when we returned to the
+    farm I began to watch the reproductive process in animals.
+
+    The following two years were decidedly unpleasant. I was growing
+    rapidly and was sluggish, awkward and stupid. At school I was
+    more unpopular than ever and seemed to have a positive genius
+    for doing the wrong thing. On the rare occasions when my
+    companions admitted me to their counsels I was a willing dupe and
+    catspaw, with the result that I was much in trouble with my
+    teachers. Being morbidly sensitive I suffered keenly under these
+    circumstances and, as my health was not at all good, I often made
+    of my frequent headaches excuses to stay at home, where I would
+    lie abed brooding over my small troubles or, more often, dreaming
+    erotic day-dreams and making repeated attempts to produce an
+    orgasm. But though these efforts were accompanied by the most
+    lustful thoughts and my imagination created situations of
+    oriental extravagance, I was 13 years old when they first met
+    with success. I remember the occasion very distinctly, the more
+    so because I thought of it much and bitterly when shortly
+    afterwards I tried to abandon a habit which the family "doctor
+    book" assured me must result in every variety of damnation. At
+    the moment, however, I was greatly surprised and gratified and
+    tried at once to repeat the delightful sensation, but was unable
+    to do so until the following day. From that time to the present I
+    think I have masturbated an average of ten times per week, and
+    this is certainly a very conservative estimate; for though up to
+    my sixteenth year I could seldom produce an orgasm more than once
+    a day I have often, during the last four or five years, produced
+    it from four to seven times per day without difficulty and this
+    for days and even weeks in succession. During these periods of
+    excessive masturbation very little liquid was ejaculated and the
+    pleasurable sensations were slight or entirely lacking.
+
+    From the time when I began masturbating regularly practically my
+    whole interest centered in things pertaining to sex. I read the
+    chapters of the family "doctor book" which treated of sexual
+    matters; my day-dreams were almost exclusively erotic; I sought
+    opportunities to talk about sex-relationships with my
+    schoolmates, with whom I was now slowly getting on better terms;
+    I collected pictures of nude women, learned a great number of
+    obscene stories, read such obscene books as I could obtain and
+    even searched the dictionary for words having a sexual
+    connotation. Up to my fifteenth year, when ejaculation of semen
+    began, there was a strong sadistic coloring to my day-dreams.
+    Through this period, too, my bashfulness in the presence of the
+    opposite sex increased until it reached the point of absurdity.
+
+    When fifteen years old I began to practice coitus inter femora on
+    my brother and continued it intermittently for about two years.
+    The experience was disappointing, for I had confidently expected
+    a great increase of pleasure over masturbation in this act; and
+    in casting about for some stronger stimulus I recurred to the
+    forgotten idea of intercourse with animals. I promptly tried to
+    put the idea to a test, but failed several times, and finally
+    succeeded, only to find that the result fell far short of my
+    expectations. Nevertheless I continued the practice irregularly
+    for about three years--or rather through that part of the three
+    years that I spent at home, for while I was at school opportunity
+    for such indulgence was lacking. Long familiarity with the idea
+    of intercourse with animals had made it impossible for me to feel
+    the disgust with the practice which it inspires in most people;
+    and even the perusal of Exodus xxii: 19 failed to make me abandon
+    it. Firmly as I believed in the Mosaic law the supremacy of the
+    sexual impulse was complete.
+
+    As early as my sixteenth year I tried to abandon "self-abuse" in
+    all its forms and have repeatedly made the same effort since that
+    time but never with more than very partial success. On two or
+    three occasions I have stopped for periods of several weeks, but
+    only to begin again and indulge more recklessly than before. The
+    deep depression which followed each failure, and often each act
+    of masturbation, I attributed solely to the loss of semen,
+    leaving out of account the fact that I expected to feel depressed
+    and the utter discouragement and self-contempt which accompanied
+    the sense of failure and weakness when, in the face of my
+    resolution, I repeatedly gave way and yielded to the temptation
+    to an act whose consequences I firmly believed must be ruinous. I
+    am now convinced that by far the greater part of this depression
+    was due to suggestion and the humiliating sense of defeat. And
+    this feeling of moral impotence, this seeming helplessness
+    against an overpowering impulse which, on the other hand, seemed
+    so trivial when viewed without passion, eventually weakened my
+    self-control to a degree guessed by no one but myself and sapped
+    the foundations of my moral life in a way which I have constant
+    occasion to deplore.
+
+    The foregoing paragraphs give, I think, a fair idea of my
+    condition when I left home for a boarding school at the beginning
+    of my seventeenth year. From this time my experiences may be said
+    to have run on in two distinct cycles--that of the summer months
+    when I was at home, and that of the remainder of the year when I
+    was at school. This fact will make some confusion and apparent
+    inconsistency in the rest of this "history" unavoidable. When I
+    left home I was shy, retiring, totally ignorant of social usage,
+    without self-confidence, unambitious, dreamy, and subject to fits
+    of melancholy. I masturbated at least once a day, though I was in
+    almost constant rebellion against the habit. In my more idle
+    moments I elaborated erotic day dreams in which there was a
+    peculiar mixture of the purely sensual and the purely ideal
+    element; which never fused in my experience, but held the field
+    alternately or mingled somewhat in the manner of air and water.
+    One person usually served as the object of my ideal attachment,
+    another as the center round which I grouped my sensual dreams and
+    desires.
+
+    At school I found more congenial companions than I had fallen in
+    with elsewhere, and the necessary contact with people of both
+    sexes gradually wore off some of the rougher corners and brought
+    a measure of self-confidence. I had two or three incipient love
+    affairs which my backwardness kept from growing serious. Out of
+    this change of environment came a sense of expansion, of escape
+    from self, which was distinctly pleasant. I still masturbated
+    regularly, but no longer experienced the former depression except
+    when at home during vacation. Relatively to the past, life was
+    now so varied and interesting that I had less and less time for
+    melancholy; and the discovery that I could lead my classes and
+    hold my own in athletic sports seemed to indicate that my past
+    fears had been exaggerated. Nevertheless I was never reconciled
+    to the habit and often rebelled at the weakness that kept me its
+    slave.
+
+    When I entered the university the effects of my useless struggle
+    with the practice of masturbation were pretty well developed. I
+    could no longer fix my attention steadily upon my work and found
+    that only by "cribbing" and "bluffing" could I keep my place at
+    the head of my classes. I was troubled not a little by the
+    shoddiness of my work, and tried again and again during the
+    course of the two years spent at this college to shake off the
+    habit. At the university I was introduced gradually to a wider
+    social circle and so far outgrew my bashfulness that I began to
+    seek the society of the opposite sex assiduously. As I gained
+    self-confidence I became reckless, getting at one time into
+    serious trouble with the authorities which came near resulting in
+    my expulsion. I became one of the more popular members of the
+    clique to which I belonged--much to my surprise and even more to
+    that of my acquaintances. The physical culture craze attacked me
+    at this time and my pet ambition was the attainment of strength
+    and agility. My bump of vanity also grew apace, but an unmeasured
+    hatred of all kinds of foppishness kept me on the safe side of
+    moderation in my dress and behavior.
+
+    During my second year of university life I had two love affairs
+    in the course of which I found that my interest in any particular
+    member of the fair sex disappeared as soon as it was returned.
+    The pursuit was fascinating enough, but I cared nothing at all
+    for the prize when once it was within reach. I may add that the
+    interest I had in the girls was purely ideal. While at this
+    school I do not think I masturbated half as often as while at the
+    preparatory school.
+
+    When I left this college for ---- University I took with me a
+    formidable catalogue of good resolutions, first among which was
+    the determination to abandon all kinds of "self-abuse." I think I
+    kept this one about a month. As I had gone from a comparatively
+    small school to one of the largest of American universities the
+    change was great and the revelations it brought me frequently
+    humiliating. I was lonesome, home-sick, and my bump of
+    self-esteem was woefully bruised; and not unnaturally I soon
+    began to seek a partial solace in day-dreams and masturbation.
+    After I had become somewhat adapted to my new environment I
+    indulged less frequently in either, and from that time to the
+    present I have masturbated very irregularly, sometimes but little
+    and again to excess.
+
+    Not long after I came to this place I met a young lady with whom
+    I soon became quite intimate. For over a year our friendship was
+    strictly platonic and then swung suddenly around to a sexual
+    basis. We were ardent lovers for a few weeks, after which I tired
+    of the game as I had before in other cases, and broke off all
+    relations with her as abruptly as was possible. Since then I have
+    almost wholly withdrawn from the society and companionship of
+    women and have almost entirely lost whatever tact and assurance I
+    once possessed in their company. Things pertaining to sexual life
+    have interested me rather more than less, but have occupied my
+    attention much less exclusively than before this episode. Though
+    I have never intended to marry, my breaking off relations with
+    this girl affected me much. At any rate it marked an abrupt
+    change in the character of my sexual experiences. The sexual
+    impulse seems to have lost its power to rouse me to action.
+    Hitherto I had practiced masturbation always under protest, as it
+    were--as the only available form of sexual satisfaction; while
+    now I resigned myself to it as all that there was to hope for in
+    that field. Of course I knew that a little effort or a little
+    money would procure natural satisfaction of my sexual needs, but
+    I also knew that I would never, under any ordinary circumstances,
+    put forth the necessary effort, and fear of venereal disease has
+    been more than enough to keep me away from houses of
+    prostitution.
+
+    Some months ago I refrained from masturbation for a period of
+    about six weeks and watched carefully for any change in my health
+    or spirits, but noticed none at all. The only impulse to
+    masturbate was occasioned by fits of restlessness accompanied by
+    erections and a mildly pleasurable feeling of fullness in the
+    penis and scrotum. I think that over 75 per cent, of my acts of
+    masturbation are provoked by these fits of restlessness and are
+    unaccompanied by fancy images, erotic thoughts, lustful desires,
+    or marked pleasure. At other times the act is occasioned by
+    erotic thoughts and images, and is accompanied by a considerable
+    degree of lustful pleasure which, however, is never so intense as
+    in my earlier experiences and has steadily decreased from the
+    first. Usually the orgasm is accompanied by a strong contraction
+    of all the voluntary muscles, particularly the extensors,
+    followed by a slight giddiness and slight feeling of exhaustion.
+    If repeated several times in the course of a single day the acts
+    are followed by dullness and lassitude; otherwise the feeling of
+    exhaustion passes away quickly and a sense of relief and quiet
+    takes its place. So natural or rather habitual has this resort
+    to masturbation as a means of relief from nervousness and
+    restlessness become that the act is almost instinctive in its
+    unconsciousness.
+
+    I am extremely sensitive to all kinds of sexual influences, and
+    have an insatiable curiosity regarding everything that pertains
+    to the sexual life of men or women. I am not, however, excited
+    sexually by conversation about sexual facts and relationships, no
+    matter what its nature, though in reading erotic literature my
+    excitement is often intense.
+
+    The tendency to day dream has never left me, but there are no
+    longer any elaborate scenes or long-continued "stories," these
+    having been replaced by vaguely imagined incidents which are
+    usually broken off before they reach a satisfactory climax. They
+    are always interrupted by the intrusion of other matters, usually
+    of more practical interest; and the long-continued habit of
+    satisfying myself by masturbation has made erotic dreams rather
+    tantalizing than pleasurable. I dream very seldom at night--at
+    least I can scarcely ever remember any dreams upon waking--and
+    practically never of sexual relations. I have not had a nocturnal
+    emission for over three years, and probably not more than
+    twenty-five in my life.
+
+    In my "love passages" with girls there has been no serious
+    thought of coitus on my part, and I have never had intercourse
+    with a woman--unless my early experiences with the servant girl
+    be called such. Like all masturbators I always idealized "love"
+    to the utter exclusion of all sensual cravings; and the notion
+    that the physical act of coitus was something degrading and
+    destructive of real love rather than its consummation was, of all
+    prejudices I have ever formed, the most difficult to escape--a
+    circumstance due, I suppose, to the fact that all I had ever been
+    taught on the subject tended to the complete divorce of what was
+    called "love" from what was stigmatized as a "base sensual
+    desire." Judging from my own experience and observation I should
+    say that "ideal love" is a mere surface feeling, bound to
+    disappear as soon as it has gained its object by arousing a
+    reciprocal interest on the part of the one to whom it is
+    directed. So little did I "materialize" the objects of my "love"
+    that I have never cared for kissing or the warm embraces in which
+    lovers usually indulge. I have never kissed but one girl, and her
+    with far too little enthusiasm to satisfy her. My last sweetheart
+    was a very passionate girl, the warmth of whose embraces was
+    somewhat torrid and, to me, both puzzling and annoying. The
+    intensity of feeling which demanded such strenuous expression was
+    beyond my knowledge of human nature. A somewhat peculiar
+    circumstance in connection with these experiences is the fact
+    that I often found myself trying to analyze my emotions with a
+    purely psychological interest while playing the part of the
+    intoxicated lover in his mistress's arms.
+
+    There is but little left to say on the subject of my sexual
+    development. During the last two or three years my knowledge of
+    the facts of the sexual life has been very greatly increased,
+    and I have become acquainted with phases of human nature which
+    were wholly unknown to me before. The part played by things
+    sexual in my life is still, I suppose, abnormally large; it is
+    undoubtedly the largest single interest, though my outer life is
+    determined almost wholly by other considerations.
+
+    Of course I know nothing of the effect which long-continued
+    masturbation may have had on my ability to perform normal coitus.
+    I do not think I am subject to any kind of sexual perversion, for
+    all my indulgence has been _faute de mieux_ and, at least since I
+    began masturbation, all my desires and erotic day-dreams have had
+    to do only with normal coitus. The mystery which surrounds the
+    sexual act seems at times to be regaining its former influence
+    and power of fascination. I have no doubt, however, but that I
+    should be greatly disillusioned should I ever perform coitus; and
+    I greatly regret that I have not been able to test this
+    conviction and so round out and complete this "history."
+
+    It may be worth while to say a word about my religious
+    experiences, as, in many cases, they are closely bound up with
+    the sexual impulse. I was never "converted," but on a dozen or
+    more occasions approached the crisis more or less closely. The
+    dominant emotion in these experiences was always fear, sometimes
+    with anger and despair intermixed in varying proportions. A
+    complete analysis of these experiences is, of course, impossible,
+    but the various pleasurable feelings of which converts spoke in
+    the revivals which I attended were a closed book to me. Following
+    my revival-meeting experiences came a few days spent in a sort of
+    moral exaltation during which I eschewed all my habits of which
+    conventional morality disapproved, save masturbation, and felt no
+    small satisfaction with my moral conditions. I became a
+    first-rate Pharisee. Toward the women who had figured in my day
+    dreams I suddenly conceived the chastest affection, resolutely
+    smothering every sensual thought and fancy when thinking of them,
+    and putting in place of these elements ideal love,
+    self-sacrifice, knightly devotion--Sunday-school Garden-of-Eden
+    pictures with a mediaeval, romantic coloring. These day-dreams
+    were always sexual, involving situations of extreme complexity
+    and monumental silliness. Masturbation was always continued and
+    usually with increased frequency. The end of these periods was
+    always abrupt and much like awaking from a dream in which the
+    dreamer has been behaving in a manner to arouse his own disgust.
+    They were followed by feelings of sheepishness and self-contempt
+    mingled with anger and a dislike of all things having to do with
+    religion. My inability to pass the conversion crisis and a
+    growing contempt for empty enthusiasm finally led me to a saner
+    attitude toward religion, from which I passed easily into
+    religious scepticism; and later the study of philosophy and
+    science, and particularly of psychology, banished the last
+    lingering remnant of faith in a supernatural agency and led me
+    to the passion for facts and indifference to values which have
+    caused me to be often called "dead to all morality."
+
+
+    HISTORY II.--C.A., aged 25, unmarried; tutor, preparing to take
+    Holy Orders:--
+
+    My paternal ancestry (which is largely Huguenot) is noteworthy
+    for its patriotism and its large families. My father, who died
+    when I was a year old, is remembered for the singular uprightness
+    and purity of his life from his earliest childhood. The
+    photograph which I have shows him as possessed of a rare classic
+    beauty of features. He was an ideal husband and father. At the
+    time of his death he was a Master of Arts and a school principal.
+    My mother is an extraordinarily neurotic woman, yet famed among
+    her friends for her great domesticity, attachment to her
+    husbands, and an almost abnormal love of babies. She has nobly
+    borne the ill-treatment of her second husband, who for several
+    years has been in a state of melancholia. My mother has been
+    "highly-wrought" all her life, and has suffered intensely from
+    fears of all kinds. As a young girl she was somnambulistic, and
+    once fell down a stairhead during sleep. In spite of her bodily
+    sufferings with indigestion, eye-strain, and depression she
+    retains her youthfulness. She has slight powers of reasoning. She
+    has had times of unconsciousness and rigidity, I have never heard
+    any mention of epilepsy. She has a horror of showing prudishness
+    in regard to the healthful manifestations of sex life, and is
+    always praising examples of what she terms "a natural woman."
+
+    I have heard that during my first year my mother detected my
+    nurse in the act of putting a morphine powder on my tongue for
+    the purpose of keeping me quiet. I was subject to convulsions at
+    this period, and narrowly escaped a permanent hernia. My family
+    tell me that from the beginning I was a well-developed and boyish
+    boy, full of mischief, impulsive, good to look upon, unusually
+    affectionate, beloved by all.
+
+    In my third year I took pleasure in crawling under the bed with
+    my boy-cousin who was nine months my senior, and after we had
+    taken down our drawers, in kissing each other's nates. I do not
+    remember which of us first thought of this pastime.
+
+    At the age of 4 I gave myself a treat by gazing upward through a
+    cellar window at the nates of a woman who was defecating from
+    several feet above into a cesspool that lay beneath. It was
+    during this summer also that I frightened myself by pulling back
+    my prepuce far enough to disclose the purple glans, which I had
+    never seen before. But this act gave me no desire to masturbate.
+
+    When 5 years old, and living in a great city, I drew indecent
+    pictures in company with a little girl and her younger brother.
+    These pictures represented men in the act of urinating. The
+    penes were drawn large, and the streams of urine plainly
+    indicated. One afternoon I induced the boy to go to the
+    bath-room, lie on his back, and allow me to perform _fellatio_ on
+    him. I did not ask him to return the favor. I remember the
+    curious tar-like smell of his clothing and the region about his
+    genitals. It is possible that I gained my knowledge of _fellatio_
+    from an unknown boy of 10, who had induced me, during the
+    preceding summer to enter a sandy lot with him, watch him
+    urinate, and then, kneeling before him, commit _fellatio_. A year
+    later, as I was walking home in the rain to our summer cottage,
+    with an open umbrella over my shoulder, a boy of 15, who was
+    leaning against our fence, exhibited a large, erect penis, and
+    when I had passed him urinated upon me and my umbrella. I never
+    saw the boy again. I felt peculiarly insulted by his act. Back of
+    the house there lived a 12-year-old boy who invited me to watch
+    him defecate in the outdoor privy, and during the act told me a
+    number of indecent stories and words which I cannot remember.
+
+    About this time I fell in love with a little Jewish boy next
+    door. Often I cried myself to sleep over the thought that perhaps
+    he was lying on a sofa alone and crying with a stomach-ache. I
+    longed to embrace him; and yet I saw little of him, and made
+    little of him when I was with him.
+
+    Living in a Western city a few months later, some girls of 12 and
+    14 led me to their barn, where they dressed themselves in boys'
+    clothing and made believe that they were cowboys. One of them
+    told me to "shut my eyes, open my mouth, and get a surprise."
+    When I opened my eyes once more a piece of hen-dung lay in my
+    mouth. I have a vague remembrance of one of the girls asking me
+    to enter a water-closet with her. She uttered some indelicate
+    phrase, but I performed no act with her. In the house where I
+    lived I once entered the bedroom of a half-grown girl while she
+    was dressing. She knelt to kiss me innocently enough, and I, by a
+    sudden impulse, ran my hand between her bare neck and her corset
+    as far as I could reach. Apparently she took no notice of my
+    movement. Although I did not masturbate, yet during this winter I
+    experienced a tickling sensation about my genitals when I placed
+    my hand beneath them as I lay on my stomach in bed. One evening I
+    pulled up my night-dress and, holding my penis in my hand, I
+    danced to and fro on the carpet. I imagined that I was one of a
+    line of naked men and women who were advancing toward another
+    similar line that faced them. I imagined myself as pleasurably
+    coming in contact with my female partner who possessed male
+    genitals.
+
+    The following summer I lived in the woods. My next-door playmate
+    was a little girl of my own age--6 years. She sat down before me
+    in the barn and exposed her genitals. This was the first time I
+    had seen female organs, or had thought for a moment that they
+    differed from my own. In great perplexity I asked the little
+    girl: "Has it been cut off?" She and I defecated in peach baskets
+    that we found in the upper part of the barn.
+
+    When I was 7 years old and back in the Eastern city I lived in
+    the house of a physician. Alone with his 3-year-old daughter one
+    day, I showed her my erect organ, and felt a delicious
+    gratification when she stroked it with the words: "Nice! Nice!" I
+    confessed my fault to my guardian that night after I had said my
+    prayers. I had complained to my mother a year before of the
+    inconvenience I found in my penis being "so long sometimes." She
+    said that she would "see about having the end taken off." But I
+    was never circumcised. Her words gave me the doubly unpleasant
+    impression that my _glans_ was to be cut off.
+
+    There came occasionally to the kitchen of Dr. W.'s house a
+    foul-mouthed Irish laundress who used coarse language to me
+    concerning urination. I loathed the woman, and yet one night I
+    dreamed that I was embracing her naked form and rolling over and
+    over with her on the bed; and in spite of my sight of female
+    genitals a few months before, I thought of her as having organs
+    of my own kind and size. At my first school I watched a
+    red-haired boy of 12 expose the penis of a 7-year-old boy as he
+    lay on his back in the bath-room. I do not remember that the
+    sight gave me sexual pleasure.
+
+    I spent the summer before I was 8 in a double house. The adopted
+    daughter of our neighbor (a neurotic, retired physician) was a
+    girl of 13 who had been taken from a poor laboring family. She
+    got me to show her my parts, touched them, and asked whether I
+    urinated from my scrotum. She also induced me to play with her
+    genitals as we sat on a sofa in the twilight, and to spank her
+    naked nates with the back of a hair-brush as she lay on a bed;
+    but from none of these performances did I derive physical
+    satisfaction. The girl E. and I took delight in "talking dirty
+    secrets," as she expressed it. Her young cousin H. (nephew of her
+    adopted mother) never heard me use the word "thing" without
+    suggestively smiling. E. recalled the pleasant hours that she had
+    spent with her cousin when they were in their night-gowns. She
+    did not particularize these sexual relations. Under the
+    board-walk the boy H. and I once defecated in bottles. Some
+    little girls who lived opposite us pulled up their dresses one
+    night and "dared" each other to dance out beyond the end of the
+    house, in full view of the road. We boys merely looked on.
+
+    I now fell passionately in love with a remarkably handsome little
+    boy of my own age. I longed to kiss and hug him, but I did not
+    dare to do so, for he was haughty and intolerant of my
+    attentions. I even allowed him to stand with one foot on me and
+    remark in a loud tone: "I am Conqueror!" I endured no end of
+    petty insults and much ill-treatment from this boy. I reached the
+    height of my passion on the night that he appeared at our
+    cottage in a tight-fitting suit of pepper-and-salt. I gloried in
+    his perfect legs and besought my guardian that she would buy me a
+    similar suit of clothes.
+
+    For the summer after I was 8 years old I lived in a cottage in a
+    country town. The servant maid M. was a young girl of 16 who
+    listened eagerly to my accounts of the "secrets" and actions in
+    which the girl E. and I had taken delight a year before. I think
+    that M. arranged a meeting between a little black-haired girl and
+    me in order that we might take a walk and play sexually with each
+    other. Just as we were starting on our walk one of my relatives
+    said that I must not leave the yard.
+
+    The little girl and I had see-sawed together and I had been
+    interested in her legs as she rose in the air. (When I was 13
+    years old and see-sawing at a picnic with a stout girl, the
+    motion of the board and the sight of her straddled form filled me
+    with longing to embrace her sexually.) One afternoon M. took me
+    to the house of an acquaintance of hers. M's brother was in the
+    room and made a number of unremembered remarks which struck me as
+    being rather "free," and M. told me later that she and the girl
+    once dressed as ballet dancers and danced before M.'s brother. I
+    felt that he was lascivious. I was always remarkably intuitive.
+
+    I fell in love with a handsome, stout, black-haired boy who lived
+    on a farm; but he was not a "farmer's son" in the common sense of
+    the word. I visited him for two or three days, and we slept with
+    each other, to my boundless joy. For his freckled girl cousin I
+    did not care the turn of my wrist, although she was a nice enough
+    little thing. One night when we three lay on a bed in the dark,
+    and neither of us boys had eyes or words for her, she silently
+    left us. He and I never committed the slightest sexual fault. I
+    left him with tears at the summer-end, and I often kissed his
+    photograph during the following winter.
+
+    In the flat-house where I began to live when I was 8 years old, I
+    once practiced mutual tickling of a very slight character with a
+    boy of my own age. We sat on chairs placed opposite to each other
+    and we inserted our fingers through the openings in our trousers.
+    Just as we were beginning to enjoy the titillation we were
+    interrupted by the approach of one of my family who, however, was
+    not quick enough to discover us. Down cellar I often saw the
+    genitals of the janitor's little girls--they were fond of lifting
+    their skirts and they did not wear drawers--but I had no desire
+    to attempt conjunction. I once caught an older friend of mine (he
+    was 13) in the act of leaving one of the girls. The pair had been
+    in a coal-compartment. The boy was buttoning his trousers and I
+    guessed what he had been doing. When I began to sleep alone in my
+    tenth year I had no desire to masturbate, and was loath to do so
+    by reason of ample warnings given me by my guardian and by the
+    family physician. One afternoon a stunted friend of mine sat down
+    in the back yard and astonished me by tying a piece of string to
+    his penis. At a large private school which I now attended I made
+    the acquaintance of the principal's son, and wondered why he had
+    such a fancy for dressing his 5-year-old sister in boy's clothes.
+    He closed the door on me while he was thus engaged. At my house
+    we went to the bath-room together, and he showed me his
+    circumcised and much-ridged penis. Neither of us made any mention
+    of masturbating.
+
+    At this period I fell slightly in love with a 5-year-old boy with
+    intensely black eyes. I would kiss him whenever we were alone,
+    but I had no wish to seduce him. I was always interested in
+    watching the urination of younger children. When I was 5 years
+    old I went on my knees to a strange little boy in order to
+    whisper in his ear an inquiry as to whether he wanted to urinate.
+    I experienced a pleasurable thrill when I was 10 years old in
+    leading a small girl cousin to the outdoor privy, in helping her
+    on and off the open seat, in buttoning and unbuttoning her
+    drawers, and in gazing at her vulva.
+
+    The summer before I was 10 I lived a wild life in the mountains.
+    My companions were a negro girl, the two daughters of a
+    clergyman, the two sons of a questionable woman hotel-keeper, and
+    the daughter of the Irish scavenger. All of these children were
+    extraordinarily sensual. Their leading pastime, from morning
+    until night, was varying forms of indecency, with the supreme
+    caress--which they termed "raising dickie"--as the most frequent
+    enjoyment. The 5-year-old daughter of the scavenger explained to
+    us how she had seen her father approaching her stout mother with
+    an erect penis, the pair standing up before the lamplight during
+    the act. This curly-headed, rosy-cheeked child handled her
+    genitals so much that they were inflamed. I once saw her sitting
+    in the road and rubbing dust against her vulva. I saw little of
+    the elder daughter of the minister (she was 12 years old). She
+    persuaded me to expose myself before her in the cellar of a
+    partially-built house. In return for my favor she allowed me to
+    look at her genitals. She did not ask for _conjunctio_. The two
+    younger daughters were my intimates. With the middle one I was
+    forever performing a weak conjunction that consisted in the
+    laying of my member against her vulva. Notwithstanding all the
+    entreaties of my little friend, I could not be persuaded to
+    protrude my penis against her vagina; and not on one occasion can
+    I remember obtaining an erection or extreme pleasure. Up in the
+    garret she straddled slanting beams with her genitals exposed,
+    and I followed her example. The negro girl and my little friend
+    both urinated on a tent floor at my request. I did not fancy the
+    odor of a girl's genitals, nor the appearance of the vulva when
+    the labia were held apart.
+
+    The following summer, when I was almost 11, I took a long walk
+    one day with my old friend, the girl E. We entered a patch of
+    woods and ate our lunch, but no sense of sexual drawing toward
+    the girl came over me and she did not offer to entice me. I
+    slept with her boy-cousin one night, and her neuropathic aunt, a
+    retired lady physician, bothered us by repeatedly creeping into
+    our room. I felt intuitively that she was watching to see whether
+    we would commit mutual masturbation--which we had no thought of
+    doing. Three years before I had opened the door of her bedroom
+    suddenly and saw E.'s naked form. The physician had been
+    examining her, E. told me later. My guardian also annoyed me by
+    repeated warnings not to play with myself.
+
+    Just before I turned 11 I was sent to a small and so-called
+    "home" boarding-school. Eight of us lived in the smaller
+    dormitory. The matron roomed downstairs. There was no resident
+    master--a serious error. We small boys were told to strip one
+    evening. We were then tied neck-to-neck and made to dance a
+    "slave-dance," which was marked by no sexuality. A boy of 15, R.,
+    one afternoon gave me the astonishing information that my father
+    had taken a part in my procreation. Up to this moment I had known
+    only of the maternal offices, information of which had been
+    beautifully supplied to me by my guardian when I was 7 years old.
+    At that time I talked freely about the coming of a baby brother
+    in a distant city; I watched the construction of baby clothes; I
+    named the newcomer, and I was momentarily disappointed when he
+    proved to be a girl. This same R., a strong boy with a large
+    penis, got into the custom of lying in bed with me just before
+    lights were put out. He would read to himself and occasionally
+    pause to pump his penis and make with his lips the sound of a
+    laboring locomotive. I felt impelled to handle his organ, for I
+    was fascinated by its size, and stiffness, and warmth. Rarely he
+    would titillate my then small and unerect penis. R. never
+    ejaculated when he was with me; hence not until my third year was
+    I acquainted with the appearance of a flow of semen. Sometimes R.
+    would stop during his dressing to manipulate his penis, but was
+    such a picture of rosy health that I doubt whether he brought
+    himself often to ejaculation. R. told me that he had been to a
+    brothel where his genitals were examined to determine whether
+    they were large enough and not diseased. He also related how he
+    "played cow" with a girl of his own age, she consenting to
+    perform _fellatio_ upon him. A dark-skinned, unwashed, pimpled
+    but fairly vigorous boy of 16, with an irritable domineering
+    manner, told me the delights of coitus with a girl in a
+    bath-house, and I overheard his conversation with another "old"
+    boy concerning the purchase of a girl in a big city for the sum
+    of five dollars. No details were given.
+
+    I will now pass to my third year, when I was 13 years old. A
+    large, well-set-up boy of 16, A., became my idol. His toleration
+    of my presence in his room filled me with endless love. When I
+    lied about a matter in which he was concerned, his denunciation
+    of me brought me to a state of shuddering and weeping
+    unspeakable. When our relations were established again A.
+    allowed me to creep into his bed after the lights were out, and
+    there I passionately embraced him, but without performing any
+    definite act. When I turned over on my side with my back to him
+    he drew my prepuce back and forth until I experienced orgasm, but
+    not ejaculation. I would return his favor by pumping his erect
+    penis, but with no ejaculation on his part. He did not propose
+    _fellatio_, and I did not think of it. One night when he was in
+    my bed I began to masturbate very slightly, whereupon he laughed,
+    saying: "So that is the way you amuse yourself!" As a matter of
+    fact the habit was not fastened upon me. He always laughed when
+    the rubbing of his finger on my exposed glans caused me to
+    shrink. Another boy, H., now began to show me his erect penis and
+    we practiced mutual manipulations. A. laughingly told me how me
+    had caught H. in the act of masturbating as he stood in the
+    bath-tub. A. told me a number of sexual stories--how he enjoyed
+    coitus in the bushes with a girl on the way home from
+    entertainments; how half a dozen boys and girls stripped in the
+    basement of a church and performed coitus on the velvet chairs
+    which stood behind the pulpit; and how he and a younger boy, who
+    camped out together, played with each other's genitals. F., a boy
+    of 11, was highly nervous, subject to timidity and tears on the
+    slightest provocation, often morose, and under treatment for
+    kidney trouble. His penis was erect whenever I saw him undress.
+    He told me that a partially idiotic man taught F. and his
+    companion how to masturbate. The man invited the boys to his tent
+    and there pumped his organ until "some white stuff came out of
+    it." F. also told me that an Indian princess in his part of the
+    country would permit coitus for fifty cents. A. sometimes slept
+    with F., and I could imagine their embraces. S., a secretive,
+    handsome boy of 13, wetted his bed with urine every night. The
+    only sign that he gave of an interest in sexuality was his
+    laughing remark concerning the coupling of rose-bugs. Of his
+    chum, my beloved C., I will speak later. My small room-mate
+    handled himself only slightly. I never had a desire to lie with
+    him, since I disliked him, nor with my first room-mate, a
+    "chunky," fiery boy of 10, whose penis interested me merely
+    because it was circumcised and almost always erect. His
+    masturbation was also so slight as not to attract any particular
+    attention. A lusty German boy, B., showed no signs of sexuality
+    until his third year, when he laughed about his newly-appearing
+    pubic hair, and told several of us openly of how he enjoyed to
+    play "a drum-beat" on his penis before going to sleep. "I don't
+    do it too much, though," he explained. He showed a mild curiosity
+    when I gave him the resume of a book on cohabitation which
+    contained illustrations of the erect penis and the female organs.
+    I had found this book in the woods and I read it eagerly during
+    my third year.
+
+    I came to the point of agreeing with A., who said: "Everyone is
+    smutty." Indeed I lived in a lustful world, and yet my mind was
+    bent also on books, and writing, and the outdoor world. I was
+    overgrown and splendidly developed, with a medium-sized penis and
+    a scant growth of pubic hair. My face wore a somewhat infantile
+    expression. My mouth was a perfect "Cupid's bow," my hair thin
+    and light. I was troubled about my snub-nose, which gave the boys
+    a great deal of amusement. As a matter of fact I exaggerated its
+    upward tendency out of my morbid self-consciousness and
+    cowardice. My imagination was extraordinarily intense, as it had
+    always been. I was sensitive to smells and sounds and colors and
+    personalities, and to the subtle influence of the night. I was
+    timid and easily moved to tears, but not from any physical
+    weakness until after. At the lower house there was the boy Z.,
+    famed for his large penis; and the older G., a boy of 15, who was
+    the leader in sexuality at his dormitory. Z. showed me his penis
+    and exposed his glans often enough, but we did not manipulate
+    each other. G. told us to notice how large a space his penis
+    occupied in his trousers, and laughed over Z.'s custom of
+    masturbating by means of a narrow vase. G.'s special lover was a
+    nervous boy of ten. It is remarkable that none of us mentioned
+    _fellatio_ or _paedicatio_. These acts may have occurred at
+    school, but not to my knowledge. We did not have much to say
+    sexually about the girls. We heard rumors of a 16-year-old, V.,
+    who had been sent away from school for coitus; and my first
+    room-mate was said to have obtained _conjunctio_ with a girl
+    under cover of the chapel shed. Once A. and I pointed a telescope
+    at the open windows of the girls' dormitory, but we saw nothing
+    to interest us. A day-scholar, J., a pale, nervous, bright boy of
+    13, took me into the study of his uncle-physician and together we
+    gloated over pictures of the sexual organs. A. was with us on one
+    occasion. J. told me how he liked to roll over and over in bed
+    with his hand placed under his scrotum. This act, he said, made
+    him imagine that he was obtaining coitus. He advised me to slide
+    my penis back and forth in the vagina whenever I should actually
+    obtain coitus. In my room at school J. once drew an imaginary map
+    of a bagnio, in which the water-closet was carefully displayed
+    _en suite_ with the bedrooms. J. and I never masturbated
+    together. Indeed, I cannot remember seeing his organ. A hulking
+    boy of 16, who lived opposite the school-grounds, became intimate
+    with J., and we three went on a walk up the railroad track. The
+    big boy, W., tried to inflame my passions by telling me how he
+    and J. had had coitus with a handsome black-haired widow in town,
+    but I remained cold.
+
+    During this year I fell in love with C., a popular, talkative,
+    witty boy of my own age, or perhaps a year younger. He fancied me
+    and we slept together one night under the most innocent
+    circumstances. I never dreamed of having sexual relations with
+    him, and yet I fairly burned with love for him. My stay at his
+    beautiful home over Sunday while his parents were away was one
+    long delight. We slept in each other's arms, but there was no
+    sexuality. En route to C.'s home he pointed with a glove to a
+    little working-girl, saying he would like to have intercourse
+    with her, but this was the only remark of the kind that ever
+    passed his lips in my presence. When undressed save for his
+    undershirt, he laughingly held his unerect organ in his hand and
+    made the motions of obtaining conjunction with an imaginary
+    partner. Once we spoke of masturbation (I could recite the
+    information of my good physician with a marvelous show of
+    virtue), and C. remarked: "Yes, doing that makes boys crazy." C.
+    finally grew tired of my deceptive, babyish nature and
+    ultra-interest in books and puzzles, but I cherished an
+    undiminished affection for him, and when he was detained at home
+    for a fortnight with a broken arm, I wrote him a passionate
+    letter, which I sobbed over and actually wetted with my tears.
+    But the fervor of my passion died at the close of the year. I
+    consider this unsullied friendship to be the only redeeming
+    feature of my sensual days at school.
+
+    Versed as I was in the warnings against masturbation, I found
+    pleasure one afternoon when I was alone in slipping my penis
+    through the open handle of a pair of scissors and in violently
+    flapping my partially erect organ until a strange, sweet thrill
+    crept over me from top to toe and a drop of clear liquid oozed
+    from my member. But I gave up the manipulation with scissors,
+    finding a greater satisfaction in masturbating while I was
+    defecating or just after it. I either pumped my organ by slipping
+    the prepuce back and forth, or I grasped the organ at its root
+    and violently jerked it back and forth. I soon began to
+    masturbate not only every time that I defecated, but also at
+    night just before I went to sleep, and sometimes early in the
+    morning. On the whole I preferred the jerking just described. I
+    always brought about ejaculation after perhaps five minutes of
+    violent exertion.
+
+    My penis became chafed at the root, but I did not especially
+    care. I remember the afternoon that I masturbated for the first
+    time while I was defecating in the school water-closet. I cannot
+    recall that at first I thought of coitus while I masturbated. On
+    one occasion I masturbated over the _vase de nuit_ after a
+    delightful afternoon of tobogganing exploration up and down the
+    mountain.
+
+    During this first year of abuse, I felt no ill effects
+    whatsoever, although I realized, in an unthinking way, that I was
+    doing wrong. But sexuality had assumed the proportion of a
+    regular feature of our school life. It was difficult for me to
+    place a "universal" view in its true perspective. I used to smile
+    at the glazed, dull morning eye of poor H., who was a stunted boy
+    of 15, and thus could not endure his losses so well as I could
+    endure them. The qualms of conscience which I suffered were lost
+    in my delight in my dawning sexual life. Sometimes I lay on my
+    stomach in bed, and by placing my hand under my scrotum,
+    according to the directions of J., brought up a pretty girl to
+    mind. Just before Sunday school G., our chief reprobate, and the
+    rest of us would hunt out what we considered to be nasty texts of
+    Scripture. The chapter concerning the whoredoms of Aholah and
+    Aholibah gave me an especial pleasure. T. mentioned the giggling
+    that occurred at prayers in the lower dormitory when the details
+    of Esau's birth were read out. A few days before G. was
+    expelled--for exactly what cause I do not know--he told me of how
+    greatly he enjoyed coitus on his grandmother's sofa with a girl
+    of fifteen. When I went home on the boat for holidays I noted the
+    large, black-haired penis of the strong boy of our school. He
+    occupied a state-room with me, but made no sexual overtures.
+
+    Since my twelfth year I had been wrapped up all summer long in a
+    boy who was six months my senior. We slept together constantly,
+    but not once did we think of obtaining mutual gratification. On
+    the contrary, we held up high ideals to each other and frowned on
+    masturbation. I took delight in saying that I never had handled
+    myself, and never would do so. Even at the height of my
+    "auto-erotic" period, I skillfully concealed my habits from all
+    my boy friends. A neurotic solo choir boy friend once spoke of
+    obtaining ejaculation, whereupon I expressed utter ignorance of
+    such an act, little hypocrite that I was. This boy told how the
+    house servants joked with him about coitus and made laughing
+    lunges at his organs.
+
+    But much as I loved my chum, my most passionate regard went out
+    in my thirteenth year to N., a chubby, blue-eyed, choir-boy of
+    12. He was a pretty boy to any eye. He was not gifted, except in
+    water-sports, and anything but popular either with girls or with
+    boys; yet I grew warm at the mention of his name. He did not care
+    a fig for me. From first to last I had no consciousness of the
+    sexual nature of my passion, and the thought of doing more than
+    embrace and kiss him in an innocent manner never crossed my mind.
+    For two summers I had nights of tossing on my bed (although I
+    almost never was sleepless for any cause) when I would see his
+    dear face and form, in and out of the swimming pool, or engaged
+    perhaps in singing or in showing his beautiful teeth. I seldom
+    was smitten with little girls, and I found myself embarrassed in
+    their company after my ninth year; yet I thought well enough of
+    their looks and ways to enjoy their company at dances. The girls
+    liked me in a platonic way, for I was accounted a good, big,
+    kind, blundering boy with a helping hand for the smallest fry.
+
+    During the summer after I was 13, I imagined myself in the early
+    morning, when I was half awake, as persuading my wife to have
+    coitus with me. In the course of my spoken words I kept my hand
+    under my scrotum.
+
+    A plump girl-cousin of my own age was visiting at my uncle's
+    during the summer after I was 13. With her I greatly desired to
+    satisfy myself, but I could not be sure that my boy cousin (5
+    years old) might not find us out, even though she should consent.
+    Once when we three were in the hay-loft a wave of lust rolled
+    over me, but I made no proposal. Night and gaslight greatly
+    increased my _libido_. On one occasion my aunt had gone to the
+    village for ice-cream, and L. and I were left alone in the
+    dining-room. I took her on my lap and had a powerful erection. I
+    almost asked her to play sexually with me in the barn, but
+    instead I spoke of an imaginary girl, the first letters of whose
+    successive names spelled an indecent word for coitus--a word
+    known to almost every Anglo-Saxon child, I fear. L. laughed, but
+    gave no sign of assent. For a neighboring girl of 15 I felt such
+    a drawing that early in the morning I would roll on the floor
+    with my erect organ in my hand in riotous imagining of coitus
+    with her. I walked with her in the woods and sat at her feet, but
+    although I felt instinctively that she would satisfy me without
+    much persuasion, yet I _could not_ ask her. One night I started
+    to church in order to walk home with her, and lead her (if
+    possible) to a field where we might gratify ourselves (I picked
+    out the exact grassy spot where we might lie); but when I was
+    almost at the church door my "moral sense" (if that is what it
+    was) rose and dragged me home again.
+
+    During the swimming hour I watched the genitals of the boys,
+    comparing them carefully in the most minute details. Circumcised
+    organs affected me as being disagreeable, and men's hairy, coarse
+    genitals I abhorred.
+
+    When 13 I became acquainted with the new mail-boy at the inn. He
+    was a city "street-boy," and got me into smoking cigarettes
+    occasionally. I did not definitely take up smoking until I was
+    16. He told me that a mason once offered him ten cents if he
+    would masturbate the man in a cellar. The boy said that he
+    refused. I slept a few times with an ill-favored boy of fine
+    parentage. He was of my own age, and I had played with him in a
+    natural way for several years, but my increasing sexual desires
+    led me to mutually masturbate with him, and even unsuccessfully
+    to attempt with him mutual paedicatio. On the morning after our
+    nights of sensuality I felt "gone" and miserable, but not
+    repentant. By afternoon I was myself again. My relations with G.
+    were purely animal, for I disliked his jealous disposition, his
+    horse-laugh, his features, his form, his withdrawn scrotum and
+    his undersized penis. At home in the evening I often found myself
+    inflamed with a mental picture of active _fellatio_ with him, but
+    I never performed this act, so far as I remember.
+
+    One of my great sexual desires was to walk along a fence on which
+    a girl was seated. In order that I might feast my eyes on her
+    pudenda she must not wear drawers.
+
+    When I turned 14 I had been, from my unusual size, in long
+    trousers for several months. I entered a private day-school and
+    progressed brilliantly in my studies. I kept up masturbation
+    almost daily, sometimes twice a day, both in the water closet and
+    in bed. I can remember ejaculating before urination in the school
+    _cabinet_. At night I often found myself longing for the return
+    of my sister, seven years my junior, in order that I might
+    embrace her in bed and fondle her genitals. I had done these
+    things during my Christmas vacation of the year before. I mildly
+    reproached myself for such incestuous desires, but they recurred
+    continually. I dreamed little. And I cannot remember the
+    character of my dreams. My waking _libido_ spent itself mostly in
+    longings to embrace (without lustful acts) the forms of little
+    boys of exquisite blonde beauty and thick hair. Narcissism may
+    have been present, for in my twelfth year I had been told that at
+    the age of 5 and 6 I was an extraordinarily beautiful little
+    creature with long, lint-white hair. The preferable age was from
+    6 to 9. My eye was alert on the streets for boys answering to
+    this description, and a street boy with long, white hair so won
+    my passion that I followed him to his home and asked his mother
+    if he might call on me and "play some games." As I did not even
+    know the boy's name and had never seen him before, I was
+    wonderingly refused. I sought in vain to find the whereabouts of
+    another long-haired street boy whom I burned to embrace and load
+    with benefits. I had a boundless desire for such a boy as this to
+    idolize me--to look into my face out of big eyes and lose himself
+    in love for me--to call me by endearing pet names--of his own
+    accord to throw his arms around my neck. This second actual boy
+    disappeared from my horizon by presumably moving away from the
+    vast city neighborhood. I took a fancy to a small boy at school,
+    who possessed the requisite delicacy, timidity, and sweetness, if
+    not the physical requisites, of my beau ideal. I walked with him
+    in the park and planned to have him at the house; but the matter
+    was not arranged. At boarding-school I had associated much with
+    younger and weaker boys, and had been ridiculed much for my
+    cowardice in sports, but at the city school I moved with my
+    equals and won their recognition. Our gymnasium director was
+    middle-aged and of an indolent disposition. He liked to recall
+    his youthful erections and to answer my sexual queries too fully,
+    and cheerfully volunteered information on brothels. Yet I doubt
+    whether he had an evil purpose in conversing with me. I thought I
+    should never dare or want to enter one. I always conjured up the
+    picture of a row of naked women from whom I could take my pick,
+    and the smell of the women I imagined to be identical with the
+    smell of my big friend A. at boarding-school. When I was
+    traveling down town on an elevated train one afternoon the
+    brakeman asked me whether I had ever been in a brothel, and told
+    me that disorderly houses abounded in my neighborhood. "I have
+    had connection with women," said this red-haired young man,
+    waving his hand in greeting to a woman who nodded at him from a
+    window, "since I was 15 years old. Not long ago a fine-looking,
+    young woman in black offered to pay all my expenses if I would
+    live with her and connect with her."
+
+    When a girl of perhaps 7, a distant cousin of mine, visited us
+    for a few days, I gratified my lust by placing my hand under her
+    genitals and swinging her to and fro. She giggled with pleasure.
+    That summer I began to experience the evil effects of the
+    masturbation which I had practiced daily for a year and a half.
+    Pimples began to break out on my chin (my complexion up to this
+    time had been white and delicate). The family ascribed my
+    condition to digestive difficulties. In playing with the boys and
+    girls I found myself seized with a terrible shyness and a
+    tendency to look down and weep. I had lost all the courage I
+    had--it had never been great--in the presence of a crowd of
+    children. I was fairly at ease with a single companion. My
+    self-consciousness was something more painful to me than I can
+    convey in words. At home I wept in my room and cursed myself for
+    a baby. I little realized the cause of my nervous collapse. Yet I
+    had too robust a frame not to be able to sleep and to play hard.
+    The sympathetic pleasure which I had found in swinging my
+    girl-cousin to and fro I now doubled by letting a 7-year-old boy
+    ride cock-horse on my feet. I experienced an erection during the
+    process, and I almost induced ejaculation when I tickled the boy
+    with my feet in the region of his genitals. To see his shrinking,
+    giggling joy gave me an exquisite sexual thrill. I longed to
+    sleep with the boy, but I was afraid of causing comment. At the
+    new and large boarding school which I entered in the fall my most
+    lustful dreams and ejaculations were concerned with standing this
+    little boy on the footboard of a bed, taking down his
+    knickerbockers, and performing _fellatio_ on him. But I dreamed
+    also of natural coitus. I fell in love with the handsome,
+    12-year-old son of the aged headmaster. The boy, O., sat next me
+    at the table, and I never tired of gazing at him. It gave me a
+    special sense of pleasure to look at him when he wore a certain
+    flowing, scarlet, four-in-hand necktie. But O. was not attracted
+    to me--for one thing I was in a disagreeably pimpled
+    condition--and I could not induce him to linger in my room nor to
+    sleep with me. My passion for O. did not diminish, and it rose to
+    its supremacy on the evening when he appeared in our hallway (he
+    roomed on the girls' side of the house and hinted at the sexual
+    sights that he saw) in a costume of white satin, lace, and wings.
+    He was ready for a costume party.
+
+    I now masturbated less frequently, for I was beginning to
+    appreciate the horrible consequences of my indulgence. I had
+    frequent pollutions, with dreams. My day was one long agony of
+    fear. How I dreaded to go to sleep in the same bed with my older
+    chum, who never made any advances beyond embracing me passively
+    _cum erectione_ while he was asleep. My day was one long agony of
+    fear. At meal time my feet constantly writhed in agony for fear
+    that the headmaster's grown up young ladies should make fun of
+    me, or that my lack of facial composure and my inability to look
+    people in the eye might be commented upon. I tingled with
+    apprehension, especially in the region of my stomach. Every nerve
+    was taut in the effort I made to appear composed. I masturbated
+    with erections over nothing. Greek recitations were for me an
+    _auto da fe_. My heart beat like a trip-hammer at the thought of
+    getting up to recite, and once on my feet my voice shook and my
+    mind wandered. I hated the thought of people behind me looking at
+    me. I rarely summoned the courage to turn my head either one way
+    or the other. I vastly admired the "bravery" of the small,
+    15-year-old boy who recited so calmly and so well. I was too
+    cowardly to play foot-ball and base-ball, and I dreaded even my
+    favorite tennis because the spectators put me in a state of
+    scared self-consciousness. Knowing my own condition, I was yet so
+    blind to it most of the time, and such a Jekyll-and-Hyde, that I
+    actually pitied a boy of 19 who was an eccentric and a scared
+    victim of masturbation. But in spite of my neuropathic condition
+    I developed intellectually. I do not touch upon this aspect of my
+    life, however, because I am trying to limit myself strictly to
+    sexual manifestations. At the present time I have not the courage
+    to continue the narrative.
+
+
+    HISTORY III.--The following narrative is written by a clergyman,
+    age 40, unmarried:--
+
+    My childhood and early boyhood were unmarked by sexual phenomena,
+    beyond occasional erections, which commenced when about 5 years
+    of age, without any exciting causes. These were accompanied by
+    some degree of excitement, of the same nature as that which I
+    experienced in later years. I was absolutely ignorant of sexual
+    matters, but always had an idea that the essential difference
+    between man and woman was to be found in the genital organs. This
+    was sometimes a matter for thought and curiosity.
+
+    Being for many years an only child I saw little of other
+    children, and formed the habit of amusing myself with making
+    things--boats, houses, etc.--and acquired a taste for science.
+    When I could read I preferred biography, history, and poetry to
+    anything else.
+
+    When I was 13 years old and at a large school I heard for the
+    first time of coitus, but very imperfectly. For a few days it
+    filled my thoughts and mind, but feeling it was too engrossing a
+    subject and one which took me off better things, I put it out of
+    my mind. Later, another boy gave me a fuller description of the
+    matter, and I began to have a great desire to know more and to be
+    old enough to practice it. I also discovered that boys
+    masturbated, and about a year after tried the experiment for
+    myself. This vice was largely indulged in by my school-fellows.
+    It never occurred to me that it was sinful, until I was nearly
+    16, when I came across a passage in Kenns's _Manual of
+    Schoolboys_, in which it was hinted such things were wrong
+    morally and spiritually. Previously I had felt it was an
+    indelicate and shameful thing, and bad for health. This last idea
+    was held as a solemn fact by all my boy friends. Gradually
+    religion began to exert an influence over my sexual nature,
+    obtaining as years passed a greater and greater restraining
+    power. It is simply impossible for me to write a history of my
+    sexual development without also describing the action which
+    Christianity has had in determining its growth. The two have been
+    so intimately bound together that my life history would not be a
+    faithful record of facts if I left religion out of it.
+
+    At school I took part, with great keenness, in cricket and
+    foot-ball, and was very ambitious to excel in everything in which
+    I took an interest, but I always had other tastes as well, which
+    were more precious to me, for example, the love for science,
+    history, and poetry. Until I was past 16 years my desire was
+    simply for coitus, girls and women attracted me only as affording
+    the means of gratifying this desire; but when I was nearly 17 I
+    began to regard girls as beautiful objects, apart from this, and
+    to desire their love and companionship. At the same time it
+    dawned upon me that life held much of joy in the love of women
+    and in domestic life--so henceforth I regarded them in a higher
+    and purer light, and apart from sexual gratification. In fact,
+    from this period till I was over 20, this idea so dominated my
+    whole being that the lower side of my nature was entirely held in
+    subjection and abeyance by it. It was rather repulsive to think
+    of girls as objects of lust. This state of mind was not brought
+    about by any romantic attachment or through any acquaintance or
+    through circumstances. I was living in great seclusion and had no
+    girl friends. After this period the lower side of my nature woke
+    up as a giant refreshed with wine, and I underwent for many years
+    a constant struggle with my nature, in which religion always
+    triumphed in the end. I never fell into fornication, though
+    sometimes into the vice of masturbation. These outbursts of
+    desire were periodic, about ten or fourteen days apart, and would
+    last several days. I must record also the fact that from the time
+    this awakening took place my ideal views of woman no longer
+    seemed incompatible with sexual relations. I noticed that at
+    about 27 there was a lessening of the desire, but that may have
+    been due to overwork and consequent nervous exhaustion. I had a
+    good deal of worry and studied daily for about eight hours. In
+    any case the impulse was strongest during the years above
+    mentioned. A little later in life, for a time, I became attached
+    to a girl, and eventually engaged. I then observed, greatly to my
+    sorrow and annoyance, that whenever I met this lady, or even
+    thought of her, erections took place. This was particularly
+    painful to me, as my thoughts were not of a lustful or impure
+    character. Sometimes sitting by her at a religious service this
+    would occur, when certainly my mind was far away from anything of
+    the kind. That was the first woman ever kissed by me, except of
+    course members of my immediate family circle. Later on my
+    thoughts turned to marriage, and there was a great longing at
+    times for this event to take place. However, as this attachment
+    afterward became the great sorrow of my life for years, it needs
+    no more comment. This closes one chapter of my history, and at
+    present I do not propose to add another, as in a great measure it
+    is only partly written. It may be well here to state that there
+    has never been in me the slightest homosexual desire; in fact it
+    has always appeared as a thing utterly inconceivable and
+    disgustingly loathsome. I am fond of the society of both men and
+    women, but on the whole prefer the latter. I have had several
+    warm and intimate though platonic friendships, and get on
+    exceedingly well with the other sex, although not a good-looking
+    man. I have always been attracted to women by their spiritual or
+    mental qualities, rather than by physical beauty, and feel
+    strongly that the latter alone would never cause me to desire
+    coitus. Unless there was an attraction other than that of the
+    flesh, I should feel that I was following simply a brute
+    instinct, and it would jar with my higher nature and cause
+    revulsion. This was not the case in my earlier years to the same
+    extent. I have often wondered whether the sexual impulse was
+    strong in me or not, but if not, there is nothing in my physical
+    state or family history to account for it. I am fairly cognizant
+    with the lives of my ancestors, being descended from two old
+    families. The sexual instinct was certainly not weak or abnormal
+    in them. Personally, I am tall and healthy, well built, but
+    sensitive and highly strung. Smell has never played any part in
+    my life as a stimulant of sexual desire, and the mere thought of
+    body odors would have a very decided effect in the opposite
+    direction. Touch and sight appeal to me strongly, and of the two
+    the former most.
+
+    I am convinced, after many years careful thought, that sexual
+    vice and perversion could be greatly reduced if the young were
+    instructed in the elements of physiology as they bear on this
+    question. Personally, had I been thus enlightened much sin would
+    have been avoided in my schoolboy days, and a perverted view of
+    sexual matters would never have arisen in my mind. It took years
+    to overcome the feeling that all such things were unclean and
+    defiling. Eventually light came to me through reading a passage
+    in a tractate on the Creed by Rufinus. He was defending the
+    doctrine, of the Incarnation against the pagan objection that it
+    was an unclean and disgusting idea that God should enter the
+    world through the womb of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and he meets
+    it by showing that God created the sexual organs, therefore the
+    objection is invalid--otherwise God would not be clean or pure,
+    having Himself designed them and their functions. This passage is
+    slight in itself, but gave birth to a line of thought which has
+    influenced me profoundly. I no longer regard sexual matters as
+    disgusting and unholy, but as intensely sacred, being the outcome
+    of the Divine Mind. Further, the Incarnation of the Saviour has
+    not only sanctioned motherhood and all that is implied by it, but
+    has eternally sanctified it as the means chosen for the
+    manifestation of God to the world. I should not obtrude my
+    theological conceptions, but for the fact that they have
+    determined my life-history in that aspect.
+
+
+    HISTORY IV.--When I was 9 years old a boy at the preparatory
+    school, which I attended, showed me the act of masturbation,
+    which he said he had practiced for a long time, and which he
+    urged me to imitate, if I wished to become a father when I grew
+    up, and married! Boy-like I believed him and tried, but the
+    sensation obtained was not a pleasant one (I suppose that I was
+    too rough with myself) and I desisted.
+
+    When I was about 12 years old, a schoolfellow told me that he had
+    seen his nurse copulating with the groom, and he and I used to
+    haunt the woods in the hope that we might see an amorous couple
+    so engaged, but without success. We often talked of the act, as
+    to how it was done. Neither he nor I had any clear ideas on the
+    subject, save as to the organs involved. I was about 15 when a
+    maidservant of the house in which I was a boarder, came to my
+    bedroom one night and taught me how to masturbate her. She said
+    that this was a good thing for me to do, and warned me never to
+    "play with myself" as it would kill me, or drive me mad. I told
+    her that I had tried it, but could not bring on a pleasurable
+    feeling, so she did it to me, and although I did not have an
+    emission, I derived great pleasure from the act. She told me that
+    it never did a boy any harm to let a girl play with his parts,
+    and promised that if I would keep the secret, she would often do
+    this for me. Naturally I promised to say nothing, and she often
+    came up to my room. Later on she used to insert my penis into her
+    vulva, while she was rubbing it, at the same time giving me a
+    pigeon kiss. This _modus operandi_ was much appreciated by me.
+    One night, after we had been together thus, I dreamt of her and
+    her maneuvers and had my first emission. I was very proud of
+    this, as I considered that I had at last attained to man's
+    estate, and told her of it. She never allowed me to insert my
+    penis into her vulva after that, alleging that she did not want
+    to have a baby.
+
+    I was about 161/2 years old when I had my first real coitus, my
+    partner in the act being a girl some two years older than I, who
+    lived near us. I enjoyed the act very much, as she permitted, nay
+    insisted on, emission _intra vaginam_, and told her that this was
+    much nicer than my amours with the maidservant which of course I
+    had confided to her. She laughed, and said: "Of course." We often
+    copulated, as long as I was at home, and then I lost sight of
+    her. Of all the women with whom I have had to do, save one, she
+    had the most copious secretion of mucus, which in those days I
+    believed was the woman's semen. Her thighs used to be wet with
+    it.
+
+    At the University I had regular relations with women of all
+    sorts, rarely missing a week. Two of them were married women, one
+    the wife of a solicitor, the other of a doctor. How proud I felt
+    of my first intrigue with a married woman! I felt that I was
+    really a man of the world now!
+
+    But though my friends used to tell me all about their love
+    affairs, and I longed to confide in them, I did not do so. This
+    was because when I went up to the University, my uncle said that
+    he would give me a word of advice and hoped that I would follow
+    it--never to give away a woman, and never to refuse to respond to
+    a woman's advances, whoever she were. To neglect this advice
+    would, he said, be foolish, and to break the rules "damned
+    ungentlemanly." I wish I had always followed advice proffered, as
+    closely as I have followed this. One night, when I was somewhat
+    disguised in liquor, as our grandfathers would have put it, I
+    picked up a girl, who was a private prostitute, if the phrase be
+    permissible. She declined copulation, and proposed other means of
+    satisfaction. I insisted, being stubborn in my cups. Had I been
+    sober I should have done as she suggested, for I have always made
+    it a point to allow the woman to choose the method of
+    gratification, and not to demand, or even suggest, anything
+    myself. I like to please women, and I have always been curious as
+    to their wants and desires, as revealed, without outside
+    influence, by themselves. The result of my refusing all methods
+    of gratification save the most ordinary was that the girl, who
+    must have known that she was not all right, but shrank from
+    saying so in so many words, gave me a gonorrhoea, which lasted
+    nine weeks and much interfered with my amours, as I naturally
+    declined to run the risk of infecting my partner, a risk which to
+    my certain knowledge many a young fellow has run, with disastrous
+    consequence to the confiding woman. As it was due to my tipsy
+    obstinacy, I could not blame the girl, but resolved never to
+    drink too much again, a resolve which I have kept, save once,
+    unbroken. In those days we youngsters thought that it was manly
+    to be able to carry one's liquor well, and did all in our power
+    to attain to the seasoned head; but I considered that the risks
+    entailed were too serious to be neglected.
+
+    I was well on in my 26th year when I met a widow with whom I fell
+    in love, with the result that I married her. She is a most
+    sensible woman, and it was her intellectual gifts which were the
+    attraction to me. In my amours intellect has never played a part.
+    She has all along been cognizant of, and lenient to, my
+    polygamous tendencies; for she recognizes the fact that whatever
+    _fredaine_ I may have on hand makes not the slightest difference
+    in my love and respect for her. Were she a more sensual woman,
+    perhaps things would be different.
+
+    In all I have had to do with 81 other women, of whose special
+    characteristics I kept a careful note at the time. Twenty-six
+    were normal women with whom my _liasons_ have lasted long, so I
+    know more about them than I do about the other fifty-five, who
+    were prostitutes, and with some of whom my dealings were but for
+    an afternoon.
+
+    The races represented have been these, for I have seen a bit of
+    the world: English, Scotch, Irish, Welsh, French, German,
+    Italian, Greek, Danish, Hungarian, Roumanian, Indian, and
+    Japanese. Taking them all round, the only difference that I found
+    between old and young women is that the older ones are less
+    selfish, and more complaisant, and less inclined to resent one's
+    being unable to attain to the height of their desire, for from
+    time to time I have been unable to "come up to the scratch" after
+    a heavy night's labor, or when I was afraid of being caught in
+    the act of coition, a fear which, in my experience, acts as a
+    stimulus to desire in women, unlike its action in men. Of all the
+    women with whom I have had to do the nicest in every way have
+    been the French women. The English women of the town drink too
+    much, and are far too keen on getting as much money as they can
+    for as little as they can, to please me. Were the London girls to
+    recognize that men do not like a tipsy woman, and that where
+    there is so much competition the person who is most skillful and
+    most polite gets the most custom, the alien invasion in Regent
+    street would soon come to an end.
+
+    Of the fifty-five prostitutes: eighteen informed me that they
+    were in the habit of masturbating; eight of their own free will,
+    without asking for reward, did _fellatio_; six asked me to do
+    _cunnilingus_, which I naturally declined to do; three proposed
+    anal coitus. Of those who did _fellatio_, two (one French and one
+    German) told me that they had taken to it because they had heard
+    that human semen was an excellent remedy against consumption,
+    which disease had carried off some of their relatives, and that
+    they had gradually come to like doing it. All who told me that
+    they masturbated, asked me whether I did so too, and two desired
+    me to show them the act, one alleging that she liked to see a man
+    do it; she had been married late in life, after a "stormy youth"
+    and had had, she said, a large experience of the male sex. They
+    all seemed to think that however much the practice of
+    self-excitement might hurt a man, and all thought that it would
+    hurt him, a woman might masturbate as often as she liked, failing
+    better means of satisfaction, as she had no such loss of
+    substance as a man.
+
+    Of the twenty-six normal women, whom I knew more intimately than
+    I did the fifty-five prostitutes, thirteen, without being
+    questioned by me, blurted out the fact that they were habitual
+    masturbators, apparently all required to think of the loved
+    person to obtain full satisfaction. _Fellatio_ was proposed, and
+    fully performed, by nine, of whom three experienced the orgasm as
+    soon as they perceived that I had attained to it. All were more
+    or less excited while doing it. One proposed anal coitus, "just
+    to see what it was like;" and three proposed _cunnilingus_, one
+    having been initiated by a girl friend, and one by her husband.
+    The third had, I believe, evolved the act out of her own inner
+    consciousness in her desire to experience pleasure with me. My
+    relations with one of the twenty-six were confined to my
+    masturbation of her, the while she did _fellatio_, as she said
+    that she "had no feeling inside down there."
+
+    With two exceptions my partings from these normal women have not
+    been tragic and all whom I have met in after life (seven) have
+    been very ready to resume relations with me, four of them having
+    made the proposal themselves.
+
+    One thing has struck me, and that is the, often great, difference
+    that exists between what a woman's looks lead one to think she
+    is, and what she is when one becomes her lover; the most sensual
+    woman that I have met might have sat for her portrait as the
+    Madonna, and she was the only one who took pleasure in hearing
+    and relating "smoking-room stories," a form of amusement which,
+    perhaps from their want of appreciation of humor and wit, women
+    do not indulge in--at least in my experience.
+
+
+    HISTORY V.--(A continuation of History III in Appendix B to the
+    previous volume.)
+
+    As I became better I commenced to dream of true love. I wondered,
+    too, if my horrible past really could be lived down and a young
+    woman come to love _me_. I took pleasure in reading love poems,
+    especially Browning's, and illustrated some with little
+    water-colors....
+
+    I was sitting in the stalls one night seeing a performance by a
+    company of English actors when one of them played so badly that I
+    thought to myself: "Why, hang it, I could play it better myself!"
+    The next minute another thought followed: "Why not try?" I came
+    out of the stalls the proverbial stage-struck youth. I was
+    sitting in the same place another night when the young man next
+    to me entered into conversation. By a strange coincidence he knew
+    a few young men, amateurs, who were going to form a company, give
+    up their situations and travel, if they could induce a few more
+    to join them and put a little money in. I made an appointment for
+    the following evening....
+
+    There were lots of meetings in bedrooms and rehearsals between
+    the beds, but ultimately I was told a school-room had been
+    engaged and a professional actress, A.F. I went to the
+    school-room and found all the boys there, and a young woman with
+    a pale, rice-powder complexion. On introduction she gazed at me
+    as if struck dumb. If she had been better-looking (I thought her
+    vulgar and puffy) I would have been flattered. I was
+    disappointed, but rather frightened (she had a stage presence) of
+    her professional ability, especially when we commenced to
+    rehearse. I had to make love to her, too, which embarrassed me.
+    She had a good profile, I noticed, and would have been better
+    looking, I thought, if she were in better condition, for she was
+    young, about my own age, twenty-three or four. We were all
+    young--enjoyed our rehearsals, and had lots of fun--but I did not
+    respond to the advances A. was evidently making to me. Finally we
+    started on our tour. As the weeks went on A.F., like the others,
+    improved wonderfully in health and appearance. If we had had
+    anything like houses it would have been a pleasant trip. My
+    strangeness did not escape the notice of the boys altogether, for
+    I was still a bit strange in mind and nerves--and deeply
+    religious, bowing my head before each meal and reading my little
+    Bible and prayer-book at odd times. I drank no alcohol. I spent a
+    good deal of time by myself of with my faithful companion A., who
+    was nearly always at my side, she and her appealing eyes. I was
+    surprised to see how quickly she had improved; she looked quite
+    attractive and ladylike some evenings at meals, but I only
+    tolerated her. I was selfish and conceited.
+
+    Things had been going on like this for a week--always playing to
+    empty houses and our money lower and lower--when A. said to our
+    other lady, Mrs. T., on a train in my presence: "I shall have to
+    give him up, I suppose; he will have nothing to do with me." Mrs.
+    T. said: "You give him up, do you?" and looked at me as if she
+    were going to try her hand. A. said "Yes," and looked at me,
+    smiling sadly. I don't know what motive prompted me--whether my
+    vanity was alarmed at her threatened desertion or that she had
+    really made some impression on me by her love, probably a little
+    of both--but I said: "No, don't; come and sit down here," making
+    way for her, and she joyfully came and nestled against me. From
+    that time I ceased to treat her with ridicule, and kissed her at
+    other times than when on the stage. I was subject still to black
+    moods, and would not speak to her for hours sometimes, but she
+    seemed content to walk with me and was infinitely patient. I had
+    heard she was living with--if not married to--an actor. I asked
+    her about him once, and she said she did not love him; she loved
+    me and had never loved before. Her face had a touching sadness;
+    her life had been unhappy and stormy, with no love and little
+    rest in it. Her face, when she had lost her dissipated look and
+    unhealthy pallor, was exquisite, delicate as a cameo. Love had
+    improved her manners, too; she was more gentle and refined. I let
+    things drift without thinking of the future, when one night
+    after the performance--I was lying on the sofa and A. was sitting
+    at my side, as usual--I suddenly thought, with the brutality that
+    characterized me in these matters--"I will ask her to let me
+    sleep with her." I still fought against any premonitory thought
+    of self-abuse, but here, I thought to myself, is a chance of
+    something better that will do me no harm and perhaps good. When
+    she understood me she turned very red and walked away, shaking
+    her head. But I let her understand that was the only way of
+    retaining me, and finally, when they had all gone to bed, she
+    gave herself to me, reluctantly and sadly; for she, too, had been
+    drifting on without thinking of anything of this sort (she hated
+    it at this time), but just living for her love of me, her first
+    true love.
+
+    Before this occurred, I must tell you, I had been so much better
+    that I sometimes felt capable of doing anything, a sense of power
+    and grasp of intellect which was combined with delicacy of
+    feeling and sensitiveness to beauty, to skies and clouds and
+    flowers. I seemed to be awakening to true manhood, to my true
+    self. And at meals, it is worth recording, I commenced to have a
+    distaste for meat.
+
+    These glimpses of a better state of things left me on cohabiting
+    with A., and for a time my gloom and black religious mania came
+    on me once more. I now thought of my promise at confirmation, and
+    it seemed to me I had offended beyond pardon. When we came to the
+    next town, however, I openly slept with A. all night, leaving my
+    own bed untouched. When we returned to Adelaide one of our party
+    remarked: "The only man who had any success with the women on the
+    tour was a Bible-reading, praying, and good, pious, confirmed
+    Christian."
+
+    A.'s nascent beauty and delicacy and improvement were gradually
+    impaired, too. My own conduct became so morose at times that,
+    besides increasing her misery, I offended the others, and
+    bickerings ensued. I heard the other actress say "He's mad; that
+    what's the matter." And I was so wrapped up in myself and my
+    religious mania that I did not mind their thinking so.
+
+    After the tour was over A. asked me to come and see her at her
+    home, and as I missed her very much I went one night to tea. She
+    had a room in her father's house to herself. A. was dressed in
+    her best and we had an affectionate meeting. After tea I asked
+    her if she were married to E. She said "No." Then I said: "Who
+    are you married to?" She commenced to cry then, and told me
+    something of her life, the saddest I ever heard. When only 17 she
+    had been courted by a young man she did not care for, but who
+    prevailed on her parents by pretending he had seduced her, but
+    wished to marry her. Strange as it may seem, A. did not know what
+    marriage meant, her mother being one of those silly women who
+    don't like talking of these things and let their daughters grow
+    up in ignorance, expecting they will learn from some one. In nine
+    cases out of ten this happens, but A. was an exception. It was
+    this, and the fact that she had not a particle of love for her
+    husband, that gave her such a hatred of coition. When her mother
+    saw the sheets the morning after the marriage she burst out
+    crying; she did not like the young man and saw she had been
+    deceived.
+
+    A.'s husband soon showed his true character; he was in reality a
+    gaol-bird. He beat her, drank, and even wanted her to go on the
+    streets to earn money for him. She left him and went home; it was
+    then she began her theatrical career by entering the ballet. At
+    intervals her husband, drunk and desperate, would waylay and
+    threaten her in the street. One day after a rehearsal he
+    attempted to stab her. She got on in spite of all, being a born
+    actress, and played small parts in traveling companies. Then E.,
+    who had also gone on the stage, courted her and she listened to
+    him, not because she cared for him, but he protected her and
+    offered her a home. She joined him; but his drunkenness and
+    sensuality were so gross that he ruined his health and he
+    attempted to maltreat A. in a nameless way. And whenever she was
+    in the family way he would leave her alone and half-conscious in
+    the cellar for days. To add to her misery she had epileptic fits.
+    Then sometimes they would be out of an engagement and starving.
+    They had been so hungry as to steal raw potatoes out of a sack
+    and eat them thus, having no fire. She would often have had
+    engagements, but E. was jealous and would not let her act without
+    him. And he beat her as her husband had done, and her health
+    became undermined. It was just after one of the forced
+    miscarriages that she joined our traveling company, and that
+    accounted for her yellow and puffy appearance. E. was now away
+    up-country with a circus, but was expected down any time. A. told
+    me a good deal of all this, between her tears, while sitting at
+    my feet, and her tone carried conviction. When I ought to have
+    gone home I persuaded her to let me stay all night. We had been
+    in bed some time when her mother knocked at the door and wanted
+    to come in for something in a chest of drawers there. "Why don't
+    you open the door, A.? Who have you got there? Hasn't that fellow
+    gone?" A. was confused and told me to get under the bed, but I
+    refused, and she covered me up with the bed clothes as well as
+    she could and opened the door. She had hid my clothes, but missed
+    one of my shoes, and her mother saw it. "Oh, A.," was all she
+    said; "you've got that fellow in bed," and went out crying.
+    "Well, Fred" (my stage name), "you've got me into a nice row," A.
+    said. She gave me my breakfast in the morning and I walked out of
+    the front door without being molested. Another night I entered
+    her window by a ladder and stayed all night. In the middle of the
+    night E. came home drunk. She would not let him in and told him
+    she would have nothing more to do with him. He attempted to break
+    in the door, when A. called to me, and hearing a man in the room
+    he went away, saying, as he went downstairs: "Oh, A.! Oh, A.!"
+    as if he thought she would not have done such a thing. He never
+    molested us after that night.
+
+    I think it was my intention, at first, to break off with A.
+    gradually. I found, however, I could not keep away from her, and
+    it commenced to be evident to me that a bachelor's life in
+    lodgings again would be dreary and lonely. And all this time the
+    fear that I had offended God troubled me more than I have said,
+    and it occurred to me (there may have been a touch of sophistry
+    in this, or not) that if I were a true husband to her for the
+    future--stuck to her and worked for her for the rest of my
+    days--perhaps it would find favor in God's sight and be an
+    atonement for my sin. Had she been free I would have married her,
+    I believe. But she began to be harassed by her mother and
+    bothered about my incessantly coming there and staying all night.
+    It ended in my telling her I would be a husband to her, and she
+    came and lived with me at my lodgings. We had one room and our
+    meals cost us sixpence each. Cheap as it was, it was a struggle
+    for me to earn money at all. I remember feeling ill and anxious
+    once, and sustaining myself by the thought of my father wheeling
+    the heavy truck up the street when he married my mother. And I
+    decided to wheel my truck, too.
+
+    A. seemed happy and her love increased, if possible; at first,
+    though, she must have found me a trying lover, for I made her
+    kneel and pray with me two or three times a day, which she did
+    with such a queer expression of face. Sometimes her feelings got
+    the better of her, and she would say: "Oh, damn it, Fred, you are
+    always praying." And then I would be shocked and she would be
+    sorry.... Coitus was frequent; she commenced to like it now....
+
+    A. was not looking well one evening when she came in, and lay
+    down on the bed. Presently she commenced to make a strange noise,
+    and I saw her eyes were closed and her hands clenched. "Ah," said
+    the landlady, who came in to help me; "she has epileptic fits."
+    When her convulsions were over she looked blankly at us, knitting
+    her brows and evidently puzzling her poor brain to remember who
+    we were. For many years it was my fate to see her looking at me
+    thus, at first stony and estranged, like a dweller in another
+    star, then half-recalling with extended hand, then forgetting
+    again with hand to mouth, then the gradual dawn of memory and
+    love, and final full recognition. "It's Fred, my Fred!" I never
+    got used to it; it always moved me to tears.... It was not to be
+    thought that we had no quarrels. I still had fits of bad temper,
+    and sometimes they came into collision with A.'s temper. It hurt
+    my vanity considerably to see how soon she relinquished the
+    respectful, patient, spaniel-bearing she had when we were
+    traveling. I said some cruel things to her and she retorted. One
+    would have thought, to hear us, that all affection was over. But
+    when the mood of rage wore itself out we would both be sorry and
+    make it up with tears, and be very happy in spite of our poverty.
+
+    I think it was lust that prevented me from striving to fulfill my
+    ambitions. A. let me do anything I liked, at all times of day or
+    night, although she seemed surprised at my proceedings sometimes,
+    for it was becoming a fever of lubricity with me. She still
+    thought only of her love. I remember her coming in one day,
+    tired, pale, perspiring, and worried--we had hardly anything in
+    the house and she had been to the theater ineffectually--and when
+    her eyes lighted on me the whole expression of her face changed,
+    softened and brightened at once, and she came and kissed me and
+    said: "It is so strange, I was thinking all sorts of nasty things
+    coming along, but as soon as I see my pet's face I feel happy--I
+    don't care for anything--I would sooner share a crust with him
+    than have all the money in the world!"
+
+    I commenced to feel libidinous curiosity to examine her--this was
+    mostly on Sundays--and she let me, blushing at first, but
+    laughing. Then I would try new positions in coitus I had heard
+    of. Still she did not enter into my mood.
+
+    She was engaged at this time to play in a pantomime and I
+    commenced to lead a miserable, jealous existence. I heard scandal
+    about her, baseless enough, but in the diseased, nervous, anxious
+    state I had brought myself to it nearly drove me mad. I would go
+    with her sometimes to visit her mother, whom I began to like. Her
+    brother I still saluted coldly. It caused me horror and jealousy
+    to see A. kissing him and letting him tickle her. In my rage,
+    when we came home, I even said that perhaps she would let him do
+    something else, naming it brutally and coarsely. I remember her
+    shame, astonishment, indignation and tears. If ever a man tried a
+    woman's love I did. But she forgave me, even that.
+
+    We went to live in a little cottage. It was in this cottage that
+    A. first showed signs of lust, and in the diseased state of my
+    mind, instead of regretting it, I encouraged her. She told me one
+    day that the orgasm very often did not occur at the same time
+    with her as with me, and that it would not unless I put my little
+    finger into the anus. This her husband taught her, and she would
+    rather have died than confess it to me when we first met. We
+    would often devote our Sundays to having a picnic as we termed
+    our lustful bouts, stimulating ourselves with wine. Her temper
+    was not improved thereby (though her fits entirely stopped for a
+    twelvemonth)--we had wordy warfares, but we made it up again
+    always with tears. Nor did I allow myself to deteriorate without
+    reactions and excursions into better things. I was always reading
+    Emerson; it was he who rescued me from orthodox Christianity and
+    taught me to trust in myself and in Nature. I have never ceased
+    this struggle towards better things to this day. There, in a
+    nutshell, is my life; I have always been defeated when
+    temptation came, but I have never ceased to struggle. I
+    determined to be more abstemious in sexual indulgence and asked
+    her to help me. She agreed willingly, for she was easily led.
+    Whenever we fell back again into excess it was my fault.
+
+    At a theatrical performance we first met a Miss T., a young
+    German who sang. She was about 25, with modest, quiet and
+    engaging manners. A. and she became very friendly. I liked her;
+    she was tall, dark and lithe, but had bad teeth.
+
+    I had been ill and at this time A. and I had a quarrel, my temper
+    suddenly breaking out in murderous frenzy. I called her names and
+    finally put her outside the house, telling her to go to her
+    mother. I suffered a very hell of remorse and misery. Everything
+    in the quiet, lonely house reminded me of her, seemed fragrant of
+    her; my anguish became so keen I could not stop in the house,
+    though I was just as wretched walking about. I kept this up for
+    two days, when I met her coming to look for me. One look was
+    enough--"A.!" "Pet!" in broken sobs--and in tears we kissed and
+    made it up. Miss T. was with her, and I greeted her, too, with
+    happy tears in my eyes. Another time, when A. was giving way to
+    _her_ temper, and one would have thought all love was dead, I
+    said "Don't you love me then?" and the word alone was a talisman,
+    her face changed, she held out her arms and began to sob
+    quietly.... She accepted an offer to travel with a small
+    theatrical company who were going up-country. She was not looking
+    well when I left and after a time I received a telegram telling
+    me to come to her at once as she was ill. Dreading all sorts of
+    things I borrowed my fare and went to her. I knew nothing of
+    women, of their point of view and different code of honor, and
+    was very far from the attitude of Guy de Maupassant who said he
+    liked women all the better for their charmingly deceitful ways.
+    A. wanted to see me and had taken the surest means to ensure my
+    coming. I was angry at first, but she looked so well and was so
+    loving that I could not be angry long.
+
+    One day when I was working the landlady came in and began talking
+    about A. and her conduct before I came. She had gone into the
+    actors' rooms at all hours, the woman said, and drank and been as
+    bad as the rest in her conversation. It was the second time a
+    married woman had run her down to me, and I commenced to think
+    there might be something in it, and suffered all my mad jealousy
+    over again. Not knowing the freedom actors and actresses allow
+    themselves on tour, without there being necessarily anything in
+    it, I worried till I thought I had nothing to do but die. And
+    then one of the great struggles of my life occurred. Walking the
+    country roads, I asked myself: "If it _is_ true, if she has been
+    unfaithful, will you forgive her and help her to arrive at her
+    best?" For a long time the answer was "No!" But perhaps my
+    striving for unity with myself had done some good, and the final
+    resolution was for forgiveness. I felt more peace of mind then,
+    and when I told a dying consumptive lodger in the house what the
+    landlady had said, he replied, "Don't you believe a word of it. I
+    know she loves you!"....
+
+    After an absence I found myself one evening in a town where A.
+    was performing. I went round to the back and they told me she had
+    gone to a room in the hotel to change for another part. I
+    followed and entered the room, with a glass of spirits I found
+    that an effeminate young actor was bringing to her. She was half
+    undressed, her beautiful arms and shoulders bare. My arrival was
+    unexpected and she looked at me surprised, I thought coldly, as I
+    reproached her for not keeping a promise she had made to me to
+    touch no alcohol during the tour, but soon her arms were round my
+    neck. She cried like a child. She was bigger and handsomer and
+    healthier. There was not only an increased strength and size, but
+    an increased delicacy and sweetness; her eyes and brows were
+    lovely; there was an indescribable bloom and fragrance on her,
+    such as the sun leaves on a peach; the traveling, country air,
+    and freedom from coitus (had I known it) had enabled her to
+    arrive at her true self, not only a beautiful woman, but a woman
+    of fascination, of wit, vivacity and universal _camaraderie_. Her
+    face was like the dawn; all my fears and jealousy left me like a
+    cloud that melts before the sun. I remember the look on her face
+    as she embraced me in bed that night. It had just the very
+    smallest touch of sensuality, but was more like some beautiful
+    child's who is being caressed by one she loves; this divine,
+    drowsy-eyed, adorable look I had never seen on her face
+    before--nor have I since.
+
+    We fell back into our old lustful ways. Later on A. became ill
+    and the black devil of epilepsy returned. I became gloomy.... A
+    restlessness and selfish brutality came over me; our love and
+    peace were gone. I persuaded A. to go to Melbourne and look out
+    for an engagement. The day before she was to sail we went to
+    Glenelg for a trip. The sea air, as often happened, precipitated
+    A.'s fits. We had gone down to the pier and A. said she felt bad.
+    I just managed to support her to the hotel before she became
+    stiff, and I made some impatient remark (for she nearly dragged
+    me down) which she heard, not being quite unconscious and said
+    half incoherently and very pitiably: "Be kind, oh, be kind!"
+    repeating it after consciousness left her. Her heart had been
+    breaking all day at the prospect of parting, and also, I expect,
+    because I was so ready to part with her. That moment was a crisis
+    in my life. I was in a murderous humor, but she looked so
+    unutterably wretched that it seemed impossible to be anything but
+    kind. I made myself speak lovingly to her, in moments of partial
+    consciousness, hired a room, carried her up, and nursed her and
+    petted her all night. The act of self-control, and forcing
+    myself to be kind whatever I felt, became a habit in time, a sort
+    of second nature.
+
+    In a few days she sailed. When she had gone I was remorseful and
+    mad with myself. How could I let her go by herself? I resolved to
+    follow her as speedily as possible, and did so.
+
+    If I remember rightly I came to the conclusion about this time
+    that we ought not to have coition unless we felt great love for
+    each other. It seemed to corroborate this to a certain extent
+    that A. always seemed more electric and pleasant to the touch
+    when we had connection for love and not for lust. Leave it to
+    Nature, I would say to myself. I began to feel how much my
+    struggles, efforts and temperate living had improved me. I had
+    more self-respect, though something of the old self-consciousness
+    was still left. I did not get better continuously, but in an
+    up-and-down zigzag. I still had moods of rage approaching madness
+    and periods of neurotic depression. Long walks decidedly helped
+    to cure me, and the sea, sun, wind, clouds and trees colored my
+    dreams at night very sweetly. I frequently dreamed I was walking
+    in orchards or forests, and a deeper, slightly melancholy but
+    potent savor, as of a diviner destiny, was on my soul.
+
+    After a long absence, during which she had frequently been ill,
+    A. joined me. I could see she was recovering from fits, which I
+    began to realize that she had more frequently in absence from me,
+    and also from drinking, perhaps. She was small and thin, but
+    fresh and sweet as honey, and all signs of fits and tempers
+    passed away from her face, so wonderful in its changes. I had
+    become so healthy through my abstinence, temperance and long
+    walks that our meeting was a new revelation to me of how
+    delicate, fragrant and divine a convalescent woman may be. She
+    was glad and surprised to see me looking so well, and if she put
+    her hand on my arm I felt a joyous thrill. I was certainly a
+    better man for abstaining and she a better woman and I determined
+    not to have connection unless we were carried away by our love.
+    As a matter of fact we did not give way to excess, though we were
+    very loving. I tried to persuade myself that we had not gone back
+    to our old ways, but I could not do so long.
+
+    Miss T. put in an appearance every day. She did not look so
+    innocent, but as it was no business of mine I did not trouble.
+    She seemed more attached to A. than ever.... A. was still very
+    loving with me, but it was an effort to me to keep up to her
+    pitch, and when A. proposed to go to Melbourne with Miss T, to
+    sell off the furniture before settling in Adelaide, I was rather
+    glad of the opportunity of abstaining from coitus and of watching
+    myself to see if I again improved. When A. and Miss T. came to
+    see me before going down to the steamer, A. was nearly crying and
+    Miss T., changed from the old welcome friend, was not only pale
+    and anxious, but looked guilty as if she had some treachery in
+    her mind; she could not meet my eye. I thought less of it then
+    than afterwards. And once more I took long walks at night and
+    rose early to catch the freshness of the mornings.
+
+    Some time before this I had read a book advocating a vegetarian
+    diet, and at this time I chanced to read Pater's beautiful "Denys
+    L'Auxerrois," the imaginary portrait of a young vine-dresser, who
+    was attractive beyond ordinary mortals and lived, until his fall
+    and deterioration, on fruit and water. The words, "a natural
+    simplicity in living" remained in my memory. I resolved to read
+    more carefully the book on scientific diet. Who can say, I
+    thought, what changes for the better may come to me if I live on
+    a strictly scientific and natural diet?
+
+    I fasted one whole day, and then had a breakfast of cherries, in
+    the middle of the day a meal of fruit, and walking in the
+    afternoon--a gray, rainy day--I felt so light, so different, and
+    the gray sky looked so sweet and familiar, that I was reminded of
+    the luminous visions of my boyhood. It was a distinct revelation.
+    This Pan-like, almost Bacchic feeling, did not last, however, nor
+    was I always able to maintain my new method of diet, though I
+    tried to do so. I made the attempt, however, but I imagine I was
+    more than usually run down. I would walk miles in the hope of
+    feeling less restless. One holiday I walked down to Glenelg,
+    having only had grapes for my dinner, and lying on the beach I
+    looked through a strong binocular glass I had borrowed at the
+    girls bathing. And the beauty of their faces in their frames of
+    hair, of their arms, of their figures, seen through their wet
+    clinging dresses, satisfied me and filled me with joy, gave me
+    for a short time that peace and content--in harmony with the
+    strong sunlight on the waves and the rhythmic surf on the
+    shore--I was seeking. The summer evenings on the pier or along
+    the beach had a peculiar savor; one felt the youth and beauty
+    there even on dark nights, the air was fragrant with them, white
+    dresses and summer hats disappearing down the beach or over the
+    sand hills. It was easy--doubtless justifiable sometimes--to put
+    a lewd construction on these disappearances; but I felt it need
+    not have been so; that it was not necessary that youth and
+    beauty, even the sexual act itself if led up to by love, should
+    be a subject of giggling and sniggering. I always left the beach
+    and its flitting summer dresses with a sigh.
+
+    A., after writing once, ceased writing at all and once more her
+    mother and I were left in a state of anxiety and suspense. At
+    last I determined to go to Melbourne to look for her, the only
+    clue I had being a remark in her letter that a certain actor was
+    giving her an engagement. In Melbourne I could not find any
+    traces of her for some days and what traces I did find of her
+    were not calculated to allay my anxious fears. One hotel-keeper
+    told me that some one of A's name had stayed there with another
+    hussy (giving Miss T's stage name): "There were nice carryings on
+    with the pair of them." I thought of Miss T's strange looks, but
+    could not imagine what hold she had on A., for A. loved me, I
+    knew. I seemed to be in an inextricable maze. I could settle to
+    nothing and was thinking of applying to the police when I heard
+    that the actor A. had mentioned had taken his company to the
+    Gippsland lakes. I followed to Sale, found the actor and was told
+    that A. was not there. "She slipped me at the last moment," he
+    said, "and remained in Melbourne." I returned to my lodgings,
+    with my anxiety and nervous restlessness increased tenfold. But
+    suddenly my fear and restlessness left me like a cloud. I felt
+    quiet, young, peaceful, able to enjoy the country, A. was
+    doubtless all right and would be able to explain her silence. I
+    undressed leisurely and happily, thinking of the stars.
+
+    The next day, Sunday, I awoke refreshed and still at peace. After
+    breakfast, hearing children's voices, I went out into the garden
+    and there was a collision of souls who somehow were affinities. A
+    young girl about twelve or younger with a fine presence and
+    handsome face fixed her eyes on me for half a minute and then
+    came and sat on my knee. She was one of those children I am
+    accustomed to call "love-children," because they are so much
+    brighter, healthier, larger and more loving than others. I always
+    imagine more love went to their making. We fell in love and she
+    said, stroking my beard, "Oh, you are pretty!" and I said, "And
+    so are you!" We were so affectionate that the servant called the
+    child away and I went for a walk, finding my little sweetheart
+    waiting for me on my return. The touch of her hand was electric
+    and her voice fresh and musical. I kissed her, but had become
+    more self-conscious since the morning and wondered if her mother
+    or the servant were looking, or even of they would appear. I was
+    not so frank and natural as my little chum. I have often thought
+    of her since. She had the breadth of forehead, the strength and
+    yet lightness of limb, together with the hands and feet, not too
+    small, that I always imagine the dwellers in Paradise will have.
+
+    I returned to Melbourne and continued trying to find A. At the
+    same time I commenced in earnest to live on fruit and brown bread
+    only, and enjoyed better tone and health every day, so that it
+    was a joy to walk down the street in the sun and exchange glances
+    with passengers a la old Walt. One day in the Botanical Gardens
+    veils seemed to be lifted off my eyes. I could look straight at
+    the sun and taking my note of color from that golden light I
+    turned my eyes on the flowers, the mown grass, the trees, and for
+    the first time perceived what a heavenly color green is, what
+    divine companions flowers are, and what a blue sky really means.
+    For half an hour I was in Paradise, and to complete my joy Nature
+    revealed to me a new and unexpected secret.
+
+    I was lying on a bench, basking, and my silk shirt coming open
+    the strong sun made its way to my breast and presently I felt a
+    totally new sensation there. I had discovered the last joy of the
+    skin. My skin, fed by healthy fruit-made blood, must have
+    functioned normally under the excitation of the sun just then
+    (for a brief space only, alas!). I cannot describe the joy, any
+    more than I could describe the taste of a peach to one who has
+    only eaten apples: it was satisfying, divine. I opened my shirt
+    wider, but the feeling only spread faintly, and indeed this
+    halcyon sunny hour terminated in a restlessness that sent me
+    walking into town to look for A.
+
+    At last I heard, not of A., but of Miss T. She was in a ballet. I
+    went round during rehearsal and while waiting entered into
+    conversation with a little chorus girl with a good face, who was
+    sewing. On my telling her whom I was seeking she stopped sewing
+    and looked at me quickly: "Oh, are you her husband? I know her.
+    _I have seen them together_." She looked as if she were going to
+    tell me something, but merely shook her old-fashioned head in a
+    mournful, indescribable way, saying "Why don't you keep your wife
+    with you?" I went to the door and presently saw Miss T. She tried
+    to avoid me, I thought, and looked more vicious than ever, but
+    after a minute's thought reluctantly told me where she and A.
+    were staying. To hide my fears and suspicions I had assumed a
+    careless demeanor, but I think I should have strangled her had
+    she refused to tell me. I hastily went to the place indicated and
+    going up the stairs (to the astonishment of the people) opened
+    the door and found myself face to face with A.--but how changed!
+    She had the hard, harlot, loveless look I detested. I felt for a
+    few minutes that I did not love her, and she regarded me coldly
+    too, but presently old habits reinstated themselves. She put out
+    her hands, very pitiably, and then was sobbing in my arms. I
+    could get nothing out of her but sobs, and to this day do not
+    know where she spent all these weeks nor why she did not write.
+    Miss T. came in after rehearsal, pale and hard-faced. I greeted
+    her politely, but was watching her, trying to puzzle out why A.
+    did not look as she usually did after long absence from coition.
+    Miss T. took another room in the same house and was soon joined
+    by another ballet girl, young and very pretty, who soon began to
+    have fits. A. was always crying until Miss T. went away with her
+    pretty friend. I knew nothing, could hardly be said to suspect
+    anything definite, and yet I pitied that pretty girl whose eyes
+    looked so helpless and appealing.
+
+    I set to work again. But I continued to live on fruit and bread,
+    and taking off my clothes I would stand up at the window in the
+    sun. A lot of prostitutes, however, who lived at the back saw me
+    and were scandalized or shocked or thought me mad. The landlady
+    heard of it and spoke to A. So I had to desist from my glorious
+    sun-baths.
+
+    We slept on a single bed, and though I did my best to avoid
+    coitus (I wanted to wait and think out some theory of it), A.,
+    who knew nothing of this, wanted to resume our old habits, and
+    finally I surrendered. But my sufferings next day were intense,
+    and I had the sense of having fallen from some high estate. My
+    thoughts were divided between two theories: one that our misery
+    was caused by our diet, more or less; the other that we had
+    fallen into some error as regards coitus, and this was becoming
+    almost a certainty with me.
+
+    There is one incident I think worthy of note which happened
+    before the "fall" just mentioned and when I was living on fruit
+    and in splendid health. At a performance I saw a girl on the
+    stage with handsome legs in tights, and once as she straightened
+    her leg the knee-cap going into position gave me such a strange
+    and keen joy--of that quality I call divine or musical--that I
+    was like one suddenly awakened to the divinity and beauty of the
+    female form. The joy was so keen and yet peaceful, familiar, and
+    subjective that I could not help comparing it to a happy chemical
+    change in the tissues of my own brain. Like the unexpected
+    functioning of my skin in the sun it was a sign of a partial
+    return to a normal condition, another glimpse of Paradise.
+
+    I stuck to my new diet and gained a fresh elation and joy in
+    life. Gradually clothes became insupportable, and I went down to
+    the beach as often as possible to take them off, and at nights,
+    beside the patient and astonished A., I would lie naked. One
+    evening, passing some grass, I looked over the fence like a gipsy
+    and felt a longing to take off my clothes and sleep in the grass
+    all night. It was of course impossible. And A. looked unhappily
+    in my face; she began to think her mother, who now thought I was
+    mad, must be right.
+
+    That night I woke up and found myself having coition. I was angry
+    and felt I had been put back in my progress, but a fever of lust
+    now came over me. I would sit under the tap and let the cold
+    water run over me to conquer the fever, but at the end of a week
+    my hopes were frustrated and I even turned against my natural
+    diet, on which I had made flesh. A., as I expected, went through
+    her usual fits, and slowly recovered. (If we had connection only
+    once she in about three weeks had a mild attack of fits; if we
+    had coition more than once the fits were more severe.) I relapsed
+    more than once and as a means of impressing my resolution for
+    future abstinence I would walk for miles in the middle of
+    pitch-black nights....
+
+    Miss T. came over to Adelaide and as I knew nothing definite
+    against her and heard that she was engaged, I thought perhaps my
+    suspicions were unfounded and was friendly. But one day in town I
+    saw her and A. on a tram going out to our cottage. Even then my
+    suspicions might not have been awakened, but I saw Miss T. say
+    something rapidly to A., and A. called out to me, "Will you be
+    coming home soon?" And I answered "No." When the tram had gone on
+    I found myself vaguely wondering what Miss T. wanted to know that
+    for, for my perceptions were becoming acute enough to understand
+    women's ways. In another minute I was walking rapidly home. When
+    I came to the door it was locked. I knocked and knocked and no
+    one came. I called out and threatened to kick in the door. Still
+    no one came. Mad with rage I commenced to put my threat into
+    execution, when the door was opened by Miss T., half-naked, in
+    her petticoats, and pale as death, but no longer defiant. "So
+    I've caught you, have I?" I _looked_, but could not trust myself
+    to speak. Wondering why A. did not appear I went into the
+    bedroom. She was lying on the bed, just as Miss T. had left her,
+    on the verge of a fit, and on seeing me she held out her hands
+    piteously, and when I stooped over her she whispered, "Send her
+    away, send her away." Then she became unconscious and going into
+    the next room I ordered Miss T. (who had managed to scramble on
+    her dress) out of the house. I spoke scornfully as if addressing
+    a dog, and she slinked out with a malignant but cowed look I hope
+    never to see on a woman's face again. What they had been doing
+    with their clothes off I do not know; women will rather die than
+    confess. When A. had recovered from her fit she denied that there
+    had been anything between them, and stuck to it doggedly, but
+    with such a forlorn look I had not the heart to prosecute my
+    inquiries.
+
+    For my part, all the efforts I had been making for so long seemed
+    for a time to be in vain; for some weeks I sank into a sort of
+    satyriasis, and even my anger against Miss T. turned to a
+    prurient curiosity. At the same time I was not always able to
+    adhere to my diet. But both as regards coition and diet I was
+    still fighting, and on the whole successfully. My fits of temper,
+    however, were excessive and my ennui became gloomy despair. One
+    day I blasphemed on crossing the Park and spoke contemptuously of
+    "God and his twopenny ha'penny revolving balls," referring to the
+    planetary system. But for long walks I should have gone mad. A.
+    was drinking in the intervals of her fits. I found half-empty
+    bottles of wine hidden away. This did not improve my temper, and
+    one day--this was when she was well and up--I struck her a heavy
+    blow on the face, and she aimed a glass decanter at me. She went
+    home to her mother and I lived alone in the cottage. I heard soon
+    afterwards that her husband had come back and that they had made
+    it up. Our parting was not, however, destined to be final.
+
+    Even out of that month's sufferings I made capital. I was better
+    after my tendency to lubricity, my gloom, rage, restlessness and
+    degradation. They had been but the irritations of convalescence.
+
+
+
+INDEX OF AUTHORS.
+
+Abrantes, duchesse d'
+Adler
+Albucasis
+Alexander, H.C.B.
+Amatus Lusitanus
+Ammon
+Andersen
+Andriezen
+Aquinas
+Aristophanes
+Aristotle
+Averroes
+Avicenna
+Aubrey
+Aulnoy, Madame d'
+
+Baer
+Ball
+Ballantyne, J.W.
+Bancroft, H.H.
+Barker, Fordyce
+Barnes, R.
+Bartholin
+Bayle
+Beale, G.B.
+Bechterew
+Beck, J.R.
+Becker
+Bell, Sir C.
+Bell, Sanford
+Belletrud
+Beneden
+Bergh
+Bianchi
+Bierent
+Binet
+Bischoff, T.L.W.
+Bloch, J.
+Blondel
+Blumenbach
+Blunt, J.J.
+Boas
+Boccaccio
+Boeteau
+Bois, J.
+Bois-Reymond, E. du
+Boelsche
+Booth, D.S.
+Booth, J.
+Bouchereau
+Bouchet
+Bourke, J.G.
+Boveri
+Brand
+Braun
+Brantome
+Brehm
+Breitenstein
+Brenier de Montmorand
+Brenot
+Brouardel
+Brown-Sequard
+Bruegelmann
+Buckman, S.S.
+Bucknill
+Bunge
+Burchard
+Burdach
+Burton, Robert
+Buschan
+Busdraghi
+
+Cabanis
+Campbell, J.F.
+Campbell, H.
+Carpenter, E.
+Casanova
+Cascella
+Castelnau
+Catullus
+Cecca
+Celsus
+Chapman, C.W.
+Charcot
+Chaucer
+Chaulant
+Chevalier
+Chidley, W.
+Cladel, J.
+Clement, of Alexandria
+Coe
+Coen
+Collineau
+Colman, W.S.
+Columbus, R.
+Cook, G.W.
+Crawley
+Cumston
+Cuvier
+Cyples
+
+Dabney
+Darwin, C.
+Darwin, E.
+Daumas
+Dearborn, G.
+Dembo
+Deniker
+Dessoir, Max
+Dickinson, R.L.
+Diderot
+Disselhorst
+Donaldson, H.H.
+Douglas, C.
+Draehms
+Duehren, E.
+Dufougere
+Dufour
+Dulaure
+Duncan, Matthews
+
+East, A.
+Edgar, Clifton
+Ellis, Havelock
+Engelmann
+Erotion
+Esbach
+Eschricht
+Espinas
+Eulenburg
+Evans
+Ezekiel
+
+Fabricius
+Fallopius
+Fere
+Fichstedt
+Flood, E.
+Florence
+Fothergill, Milner
+Frazer, J.G.
+Freud
+Freyer
+Froriep
+Fuchs
+Fuerbringer
+
+Galen
+Gardiner, C.F.
+Garnier
+Gautier, A.
+Gautier, T.
+Gellhoen
+Gerhard, A.
+Giles, A.
+Godin
+Goethe
+Goncourt, E. de
+Gopcevic
+Goron
+Gould
+Gow
+Graaf, de
+Griffiths
+Groos, K.
+Gualino
+Gueniot
+Guibaut
+Guillereau
+Guinard
+Guttceit
+
+Hack
+Haddon
+Haig
+Hall, G. Stanley
+Haller
+Hamilton, A.
+Hammond
+Hardy, Thomas
+Hartland, E.S.
+Harvey
+Hegar
+Henderson, J.
+Henle
+Hennig
+Herman
+Herodotus
+Herrick
+Heusinger
+Hewitt, Graily
+Hippocrates
+Hirst
+Hislop, J.T.
+Hoche
+Horrocks
+Howard, W.L.
+Howell
+Howitt, A.W.
+Hrdlicka
+Hughes, C.H.
+Hunter, John
+Hunter, William
+Huysmans
+Hyades
+Hyrtl
+
+Jacobi
+Jacoby, P.
+Jahn
+Janet
+Janke
+Jastreboff
+Jenkyns, J.
+Johnston, G.A.
+Johnston, Sir H.H.
+Jonson, Ben
+Juvenal
+
+Kaltenbach
+Kelly, H.
+Kepler
+Kiernan, J.G.
+Kisch
+Kleinpaul
+Kobelt
+Kocher
+Kohlbrugge
+Kolbein
+Krafft-Ebing
+Krauss
+
+Lamb, D.S.
+Landes, L. de
+Lane
+Lasegue
+Laurent, E.
+Lawrence, Sir W.
+Laycock
+Levi
+Licetus
+Liebault
+Lietaud
+Lipps
+Litzmann
+Lombroso
+Lorion
+Lortet
+Lucas, J.C.
+Lucretius
+Lunier
+Luschka
+Lusini
+Lydston
+
+Macdonald, A.
+MacGillicuddy
+McKay, A.
+Mackay, W.J.S.
+Mackenzie, J.
+Magnan
+Malebranche
+Mantegazza
+Marandon de Montyel
+Marc
+Marro
+Marshall, H.R.
+Martial
+Martin, J.M.H.
+Martineau
+Maschka
+Masterman
+Matignon
+Mattel
+McMordie
+Mercier
+Meredith, Ellis
+Middleton, T.
+Mirabeau
+Mitchell, Sir A.
+Moll
+Mongeri
+Morache
+Moraglia
+Morris, R.T.
+Morselli
+Motet
+Moulin, J. Mansell
+Mueller, J.
+Munde, P.
+
+Naecke
+Neale, R.
+Neri
+Nicholson, H.O.
+Nina Rodrigues
+
+Obici
+Onanoff
+Ottolenghi
+Ovid
+
+Pacheco
+Palfyn
+Park, Mungo
+Papillault
+Pasini
+Paterson, A.R.
+Paulini
+Paulus AEginetus
+Pearse, W.H.
+Pearson, Karl
+Pechuel-Loesche
+Pelanda
+Pennant
+Penta
+Pfaff
+Pierer
+Pillon
+Pinaeus
+Pinard
+Pitre, C.
+Pitres
+Pittard
+Plant
+Plautus
+Pliny
+Ploss
+Poehl
+Polemon
+Pollux
+Porta, Della
+Power
+Pyle
+
+Raymond
+Regis
+Regnier, H. de
+Reinach, S.
+Renooz, Celine
+Restif de la Bretonne
+Retterer, E.
+Reynolds, A.R.
+Rhys, J.
+Ribot
+Riedel
+Rimbaud
+Riolan
+Robinson, Bryan
+Robinson, Louis
+Rodin
+Roederer
+Roons, R.P.
+Rosse, Irving
+Roth, W.
+Rothe
+Roubaud
+Rousseau
+Routh, C.H.F.
+Rufus
+Russell, W.
+
+Sade, de
+Salmon, W.
+Scherzer
+Schinz
+Schmiedeberg
+Schreiner
+Schrenck-Notzing
+Schurig
+Scott, Colin
+Scripture, E.W.
+Seerley
+Seligmann
+Sellheim
+Shakespeare
+Shattock
+Shufeldt
+Silk, J.F.W.
+Simon, H.
+Simpson, Sir J.
+Sims, Marion
+Smith, Sir A.
+Smith, Haywood
+Soemmering
+Soranus
+Spigelius
+Stahl, F.A.
+Stanton
+Stendhal
+Stengel
+Stern, B.
+Stevens, Vaughan
+Stieda
+Stratz
+Stubbs
+Suidas
+Sukhanoff
+Sullivan, W.C.
+Sutherland, W.D.
+Sutton, Bland
+Swift
+
+Tarde
+Tardieu
+Tarnier
+Taxil
+Theocritus
+Thoinot
+Thompson, W.L.
+Thomson, J.
+Tilt
+Toff
+Tourdes, G.
+Tridandani
+Trochon
+
+Vahness
+Valentin
+Varigny, H de
+Variot, G.
+Varro
+Vaschide
+Vatsyayana
+Venette
+Venturi
+Vesalius
+Vinay
+Vinci, L. da
+Voigt
+Voisin, J.
+Vurpas
+
+Wagner, R.
+Waldeyer
+Walker, G.
+Wallace, A.W.
+Warton
+Wasserschleben
+Weininger, O.
+Wellhausen
+Werner
+Wernich
+West, J.P.
+Wharton
+Wilhelm, Eugen
+Wilkin, G.
+Wilkinson, A.D.
+Williams, J.W. Whitridge
+Williamson, C.F.
+Wolff, B.
+Wollstonecraft, Mary
+Wordsworth
+Wychgel
+
+Youatt
+
+Zaborsky
+Zoppi
+Zimmer
+Zola
+
+
+
+
+INDEX OF SUBJECTS.
+
+Abyssinians,
+  coitus among
+Acquired element in erotic symbolism
+Acromegaly and sexual development
+Alcohol,
+  aphrodisiac effects of
+Algolagnia,
+  in relation to scatologic symbolism
+  as a form of erotic symbolism
+Anaesthesia,
+  sexual
+Anaesthetics in relation to sexual excitement
+Anaphrodisiacs
+Animal copulation,
+  attraction of
+Animals,
+  detumescence in
+Annamites,
+  coitus among
+Antipathies of pregnant women
+Anus in relation to pubic hair
+  as an erogenous zone
+Apes,
+  sexual organs of
+  sexual congress in
+Aphrodisiacs
+Apples,
+  longings of women for
+Arabs,
+  penis in
+Artist,
+  compared to lover
+Associations of contiguity and resemblance in erotic symbolism
+Australian method of sexual congress
+Auto-suggestions,
+  longings of pregnancy as
+
+Bartholin,
+  glands of
+Beard in relation to sexual development
+Beauty,
+  the objective element in
+Bestiality
+Bladder in relation to sexual excitement
+Blood during pregnancy
+Blood-pressure during detumescence
+Breasts,
+  and erotic temperament
+  during pregnancy
+Bromide as an anaphrodisiac
+Bulbo-cavernous reflex
+
+Camphor as an anaphrodisiac
+Cantharides,
+  effects of
+Castration,
+  results of
+Celery as an aphrodisiac
+Children,
+  attracted to foot
+  to scatology
+  to copulation of animals
+  to hair
+  food impulses of
+Chinese,
+  foot-fetichism of
+Circulatory conditions during coitus
+  during pregnancy
+Clitoris
+Clothes,
+  erotic fascination of
+Coitus,
+  the phenomena of
+  the methods of
+  ethnic variations in methods of
+  respiratory and circulatory conditions during
+  interruptus as a cause of vasomotor disturbance
+  glandular activity during
+  motor activity during
+  psychic state during
+  serious effects of
+Congenital element in erotic symbolism
+Contiguity in erotic symbolism,
+  associations of
+Coprolagnia
+Coprophagia,
+  religious and sexual
+Courtship
+Crystallization,
+  Stendhal's
+
+Defile,
+  the impulse to
+Distillatio
+Dog,
+  human sexual intercourse with
+Dynamometric experiments during sexual excitement
+
+Ejaculation, the mechanism of
+Embryo
+Epilepsy and exhibitionism
+  compared to coitus
+  as a result of coitus
+Erectility during coitus
+Erogenous zone,
+  anus as
+  lips as
+Erotic intoxication
+Erotic temperament
+Eryngo as an aphrodisiac
+Ethnic variations in coitus
+Etruscans,
+  sexual significance of foot among
+Eunuchs,
+  characteristics of
+Exercise on sexual organs,
+  influence of
+Exhibitionism
+Eyes during detumescence
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+  darker at puberty
+
+Face during detumescence,
+  expression of
+Faeces as a drug
+Fecundation,
+  the phenomena of
+  artificial
+Feet as a sexual symbol,
+  uncovering
+Fellatio
+Fetichism,
+  erotic
+Flagellation
+Foot-fetichism,
+  _see_ Shoe-fetichism.
+Fuegians,
+  penis in
+Fur as a fetich
+
+Garments as fetiches
+Genital organs as fetiches
+Goat as a human sexual fetich
+Greeks,
+  sexual significance of foot among
+
+Hair as a fetich
+  despoilers of
+  pubic
+  darkens at puberty
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+  in pregnancy
+Hand as fetich
+Heart during pregnancy
+Homosexuality as a form of erotic symbolism
+Hottentot apron
+Hymen
+Hyperaesthesia, sexual
+Hypertrichosis universalis
+Hysteria
+
+Ideal coprolagnia
+Idiocy as result of maternal impressions
+Idiots,
+  sexual development of
+Impregnation without rupture of hymen
+  without conjunctions
+  artificial
+Impressions,
+  maternal
+Intellectual work,
+  relation of pregnancy to
+Intoxication,
+  erotic
+
+Japanese,
+  labia majora in
+Joy,
+  the expression of
+
+Kiss, the
+Kleptomania and pregnancy
+Knee-jerk in pregnancy
+
+Labia majora
+Labia minora
+Larynx in relation to sexual state
+Linea fusca
+Lips,
+  as an erogenous zone
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+Longings of pregnancy
+  theories of
+  as auto-suggestions
+  physiological basis of
+  relation to the longings of childhood
+
+Masochism,
+  in relation to shoe-fetichism
+  in relation to scatalogic symbolism
+  in relation to exhibitionism of nates
+  as a form of erotic symbolism
+Masturbation and pubic hair
+  hypertrophy of clitoris ascribed to
+  part played by clitoris in
+  why some theologians permitted
+  phenomena during
+Maternal element in sexual love
+Maternal impressions
+Menstruation in relation to coitus
+  metabolism during
+  in relation to sickness of pregnancy
+  compared to pregnancy
+Mental state during pregnancy
+Metabolism during pregnancy
+Mixoscopic zoophilia
+Modesty a supposed sign of virginity
+Mohammedan method of sexual congress
+Mole as a fetich
+Mongol peoples,
+  foot fetichism among various
+Mons veneris
+Mordvins,
+  foot-fetichism among
+Motor activity during coitus
+Mouth in relation to erotic temperament
+Muscular movements during coitus
+
+Nates in relation to coprolagnia
+  in relation to exhibitionism
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+Necrophilia
+Negative fetich
+Negro,
+  penis in
+  labia majora in
+  clitoris in
+  labia minora in
+  method of sexual congress among
+Nervous system during pregnancy
+Neurasthenia cordis vasomotoria
+Nipples,
+  pigmentation of
+Nudity,
+  religious
+Nutrition,
+  symbolism of
+Nymphae
+Nymphomania
+
+Obsessions of scruple
+  longings of pregnancy as
+Obsessional exhibitionism
+Odor an alleged sign of defloration
+Onion as an aphrodisiac
+Opium as an aphrodisiac
+Organs,
+  sexual
+Ova and spermatozoa,
+  union of
+Ovarian extract, effects of
+Ovaries,
+  function of
+  analogy of with thyroid
+
+Paidophilia
+Pain and erotic symbolism
+Pedicatio
+Pelvic development and erotic temperament
+Pelvic floor, variability of
+Pelvic inclination
+Penis
+Penis-fetichism
+Phallic worship
+Physiognomists and the erotic temperament
+Pica
+Pigmentation in relation to erotic temperament
+  in pregnancy
+Potatoes,
+  the supposed aphrodisiac effects of
+Precocity,
+  influence of
+Pregnancy and pigmentation
+  psychic state in
+  sexual desire during
+  relation of to intellectual work
+Presbyophilia
+Prostate
+Prostitutes,
+  external genitals of
+  stature of
+Psychic exhibitionism
+Psychic condition during coitus
+Puberty,
+  the phenomena of
+  pigmentary changes at
+Pubic hair
+Puericulture
+Pygmalionism
+
+Quadrupedal method of coitus in man
+
+Rachitic,
+  sexual tendencies of the
+Reflex, bulbo-cavernous
+Reflexes during pregnancy
+Religious scatalogic symbolism
+Resemblance in erotic symbolism,
+  associations of
+Respiration during coitus
+Responsibility of pregnant women
+Restif de la Bretonne's shoe-fetichism
+Romans,
+  sexual significance of foot among
+  methods of coitus among
+Rousseau
+Rue as an anaphrodisiac
+
+Sadism
+Saint compared to lover
+Salivation during coitus
+Satyriasis
+Scatalogic symbolism
+Scrotum
+Scruple, obsessions of
+Secretions of genital canal
+Semen,
+  alleged female
+  in coitus
+  in female genital canal
+  vital activity of
+  artificial injection of
+  constituents of
+  as a stimulant
+Sexual anaesthesia
+Sexual conjugation
+Sexual desire during pregnancy
+Sexual organs
+Sexual selection in relation to erotic symbolism
+  in relation to external sexual organs
+  the probable cause of the hymen
+Shadow as a fetich
+Shoe,
+  sexual significance of
+Shoe-fetichism frequency of
+  normal basis of
+  illustrated by Restif de la Bretonne
+  prevalence of among Chinese, etc.
+  former prevalence in Europe
+  congenital basis of
+  acquired element in
+  favored by precocity
+  relation to masochism
+  illustrative cases of
+  dynamic element in
+Sickness of pregnancy
+Skin,
+  sexual significance of
+  condition of during coitus
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+  sexual pigmentation of
+Slipper as a sexual symbol
+Smile,
+  origin of the
+Sodomy,
+  the term
+Spain,
+  sexual attractiveness of foot in
+Spermatozoa reach ova,
+  how the
+Spermin
+Sphygmanometer experiments during sexual excitement
+Stature and erotic temperament
+Stimulants
+Stuff-fetichisms
+Strychnine,
+  aphrodisiac effects of
+Suggestion in relation to longings of pregnancy
+Symbols,
+  nature of
+  of sex in language
+
+Temperament,
+  alleged erotic
+Testicular juices,
+  effects of
+Testes
+Thyroid,
+  condition during sexual excitement
+  during pregnancy
+Ticklishness in relation to stuff-fetichisms
+Tumescence in relation to detumescence
+
+Unnatural offence,
+  the term
+Urethra,
+  variability of female
+  an erogenous zone
+Urethrorrhoea ex libidine
+Urinary stream,
+  in relation to nymphae
+  an alleged index to virginity
+Urine in religious rites
+  possesses magical virtues
+  in legends
+  in medicine
+  during coitus
+Urolagnia
+Uterus
+
+Vagina
+Vaginismus
+Vasomotor conditions during coitus
+Vaudonism
+Virginity,
+  ancient diagnosis of
+Virile reflex
+Voice,
+  in relation to erotic temperament
+  in relation to virginity
+Vomiting of pregnancy
+Vulva
+Vulva-fetichism
+
+Waist,
+  origin of admiration for small
+
+Yohimbin as an aphrodisiac
+
+Zooerastia
+Zoophilia erotica
+Zoophilia non-erotic
+
+
+
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