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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex
+by Sigmund Freud
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex
+
+Author: Sigmund Freud
+
+Release Date: February 8, 2005 [EBook #14969]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THEORY OF SEX ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Joel Schlosberg and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES NO. 7
+
+THREE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF SEX
+
+_SECOND EDITION_
+_SECOND REPRINTING_
+
+BY
+
+PROF. SIGMUND FREUD, LL.D.
+VIENNA
+
+AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY
+
+A.A. BRILL, PH.B., M.D.
+CLINICAL ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY, COLUMBIA
+UNIVERSITY; ASSISTANT IN MENTAL DISEASES, BELLEVUE HOSPITAL; ASSISTANT
+VISITING PHYSICIAN, HOSPITAL FOR NERVOUS DISEASES
+
+WITH INTRODUCTION BY
+
+JAMES J. PUTNAM, M.D.
+
+NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING CO.
+NEW YORK AND WASHINGTON
+1920
+
+
+
+
+NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES
+
+Edited by
+
+Drs. SMITH ELY JELLIFFE and WM. A. WHITE
+
+Numbers Issued
+
+1. Outlines of Psychiatry. (7th Edition.) $3.00. By Dr. William A.
+     White.
+2. Studies in Paranoia. (Out of Print.) By Drs. N. Gierlich and M.
+     Friedman.
+3. The Psychology of Dementia Praecox. (Out of Print.) By Dr. C.G. Jung.
+4. Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses. (3d Edition.)
+     $3.00. By Prof. Sigmund Freud.
+5. The Wassermann Serum Diagnosis in Psychiatry. $2.00. By Dr. Felix
+     Plaut.
+6. Epidemic Poliomyelitis. New York, 1907. (Out of Print.)
+7. Three Contributions to Sexual Theory. (3d Edition.) $2.00. By Prof.
+     Sigmund Freud.
+8. Mental Mechanisms. (Out of Print.) $2.00. By Dr. Wm. A. White.
+9. Studies in Psychiatry. $2.00. New York Psychiatrical Society.
+10. Handbook of Mental Examination Methods. $2.00. (Out of Print.) By
+     Shepherd Ivory Franz.
+11. The Theory of Schizophrenic Negativism. $1.00. By Professor E.
+     Bleuler.
+12. Cerebellar Functions. $3.00. By Dr. André-Thomas.
+13. History of Prison Psychoses. $1.25. By Drs. P. Nitsche and K.
+     Wilmanns.
+14. General Paresis. $3.00. By Prof. E. Kraepelin.
+15. Dreams and Myths. $1.00. By Dr. Karl Abraham.
+16. Poliomyelitis. $3.00. By Dr. I. Wickmann.
+17. Freud's Theories of the Neuroses. $2.00. By Dr. E. Hitschmann.
+18. The Myth of the Birth of the Hero. $1.00. By Dr. Otto Rank.
+19. The Theory of Psychoanalysis. $1.50. (Out of Print.) By Dr. C.G.
+     Jung.
+20. Vagotonia. $1.00. (3d Edition.) By Drs. Eppinger and Hess.
+21. Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. $1.00. By Dr. Ricklin.
+22. The Dream Problem. $1.00. By Dr. A.E. Maeder.
+23. The Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. $1.50.
+     By Drs. O. Rank and D.H. Sachs.
+24. Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation. $1.50. By Dr.
+     Alfred Adler.
+25. The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. $1.00. By Prof. S.
+     Freud.
+26. Technique of Psychoanalysis. $2.00. By Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe.
+27. Vegetative Neurology. $2.00. By Dr. H. Higier.
+28. The Autonomic Functions and the Personality. $2.00. By Dr. Edward J.
+     Kemp.
+29. A Study of the Mental Life of the Child, $2.00. By Dr. H. Von
+     Hug-Hellmuth.
+30. Internal Secretions and the Nervous System. $1.00. By Dr. M. Laignel
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+
+NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY 3617 10th St. N.W.,
+Washington, D.C.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+                                                             PAGE
+INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION                                     v
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION                         ix
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION                           x
+  I. THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS                                     1
+ II. THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY                                   36
+III. THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY                             68
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION
+
+
+The somewhat famous "Three Essays," which Dr. Brill is here bringing to
+the attention of an English-reading public, occupy--brief as they
+are--an important position among the achievements of their author, a
+great investigator and pioneer in an important line. It is not claimed
+that the facts here gathered are altogether new. The subject of the
+sexual instinct and its aberrations has long been before the scientific
+world and the names of many effective toilers in this vast field are
+known to every student. When one passes beyond the strict domains of
+science and considers what is reported of the sexual life in folkways
+and art-lore and the history of primitive culture and in romance, the
+sources of information are immense. Freud has made considerable
+additions to this stock of knowledge, but he has done also something of
+far greater consequence than this. He has worked out, with incredible
+penetration, the part which this instinct plays in every phase of human
+life and in the development of human character, and has been able to
+establish on a firm footing the remarkable thesis that psychoneurotic
+illnesses never occur with a perfectly normal sexual life. Other sorts
+of emotions contribute to the result, but some aberration of the sexual
+life is always present, as the cause of especially insistent emotions
+and repressions.
+
+The instincts with which every child is born furnish desires or cravings
+which must be dealt with in some fashion. They may be refined
+("sublimated"), so far as is necessary and desirable, into energies of
+other sorts--as happens readily with the play-instinct--or they may
+remain as the source of perversions and inversions, and of cravings of
+new sorts substituted for those of the more primitive kinds under the
+pressure of a conventional civilization. The symptoms of the functional
+psychoneuroses represent, after a fashion, some of these distorted
+attempts to find a substitute for the imperative cravings born of the
+sexual instincts, and their form often depends, in part at least, on the
+peculiarities of the sexual life in infancy and early childhood. It is
+Freud's service to have investigated this inadequately chronicled period
+of existence with extraordinary acumen. In so doing he made it plain
+that the "perversions" and "inversions," which reappear later under such
+striking shapes, belong to the normal sexual life of the young child and
+are seen, in veiled forms, in almost every case of nervous illness.
+
+It cannot too often be repeated that these discoveries represent no
+fanciful deductions, but are the outcome of rigidly careful observations
+which any one who will sufficiently prepare himself can verify. Critics
+fret over the amount of "sexuality" that Freud finds evidence of in the
+histories of his patients, and assume that he puts it there. But such
+criticisms are evidences of misunderstandings and proofs of ignorance.
+
+Freud had learned that the amnesias of hypnosis and of hysteria were not
+absolute but relative and that in covering the lost memories, much more,
+of unexpected sort, was often found. Others, too, had gone as far as
+this, and stopped. But this investigator determined that nothing but the
+absolute impossibility of going further should make him cease from
+urging his patients into an inexorable scrutiny of the unconscious
+regions of their memories and thoughts, such as never had been made
+before. Every species of forgetfulness, even the forgetfulness of
+childhood's years, was made to yield its hidden stores of knowledge;
+dreams, even though apparently absurd, were found to be interpreters of
+a varied class of thoughts, active, although repressed as out of harmony
+with the selected life of consciousness; layer after layer, new sets of
+motives underlying motives were laid bare, and each patient's interest
+was strongly enlisted in the task of learning to know himself in order
+more truly and wisely to "sublimate" himself. Gradually other workers
+joined patiently in this laborious undertaking, which now stands, for
+those who have taken pains to comprehend it, as by far the most
+important movement in psychopathology.
+
+It must, however, be recognized that these essays, of which Dr. Brill
+has given a translation that cannot but be timely, concern a subject
+which is not only important but unpopular. Few physicians read the works
+of v. Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Moll, and others of like sort.
+The remarkable volumes of Havelock Ellis were refused publication in his
+native England. The sentiments which inspired this hostile attitude
+towards the study of the sexual life are still active, though growing
+steadily less common. One may easily believe that if the facts which
+Freud's truth-seeking researches forced him to recognize and to publish
+had not been of an unpopular sort, his rich and abundant contributions
+to observational psychology, to the significance of dreams, to the
+etiology and therapeutics of the psychoneuroses, to the interpretation
+of mythology, would have won for him, by universal acclaim, the same
+recognition among all physicians that he has received from a rapidly
+increasing band of followers and colleagues.
+
+May Dr. Brill's translation help toward this end.
+
+There are two further points on which some comments should be made. The
+first is this, that those who conscientiously desire to learn all that
+they can from Freud's remarkable contributions should not be content to
+read any one of them alone. His various publications, such as "The
+Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses,"[1] "The
+Interpretation of Dreams,"[2] "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life,"[3]
+"Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious,"[4] the analysis of the case
+of the little boy called Hans, the study of Leonardo da Vinci,[4a] and
+the various short essays in the four Sammlungen kleiner Schriften, not
+only all hang together, but supplement each other to a remarkable
+extent. Unless a course of study such as this is undertaken many critics
+may think various statements and inferences in this volume to be far
+fetched or find them too obscure for comprehension.
+
+The other point is the following: One frequently hears the
+psychoanalytic method referred to as if it was customary for those
+practicing it to exploit the sexual experiences of their patients and
+nothing more, and the insistence on the details of the sexual life,
+presented in this book, is likely to emphasize that notion. But the fact
+is, as every thoughtful inquirer is aware, that the whole progress of
+civilization, whether in the individual or the race, consists largely in
+a "sublimation" of infantile instincts, and especially certain portions
+of the sexual instinct, to other ends than those which they seemed
+designed to serve. Art and poetry are fed on this fuel and the evolution
+of character and mental force is largely of the same origin. All the
+forms which this sublimation, or the abortive attempts at sublimation,
+may take in any given case, should come out in the course of a thorough
+psychoanalysis. It is not the sexual life alone, but every interest and
+every motive, that must be inquired into by the physician who is seeking
+to obtain all the data about the patient, necessary for his reeducation
+and his cure. But all the thoughts and emotions and desires and motives
+which appear in the man or woman of adult years were once crudely
+represented in the obscure instincts of the infant, and among these
+instincts those which were concerned directly or indirectly with the
+sexual emotions, in a wide sense, are certain to be found in every case
+to have been the most important for the end-result.
+
+                                                      JAMES J. PUTNAM.
+
+BOSTON, August 23, 1910.
+
+[1] Translated by A.A. Brill, NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH
+SERIES, NO. 4.
+
+[2] Translated by A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York, and Allen &
+Unwin, London.
+
+[3] Translated by A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York.
+
+[4] Translated by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co., New York.
+
+[4a] Translated by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co., New York.
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
+
+
+Although the author is fully aware of the gaps and obscurities contained
+in this small volume, he has, nevertheless, resisted a temptation to add
+to it the results obtained from the investigations of the last five
+years, fearing that thus its unified and documentary character would be
+destroyed. He accordingly reproduces the original text with but slight
+modifications, contenting himself with the addition of a few footnotes.
+For the rest, it is his ardent wish that this book may speedily become
+antiquated--to the end that the new material brought forward in it may
+be universally accepted, while the shortcomings it displays may give
+place to juster views.
+
+VIENNA, December, 1909.
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
+
+
+After watching for ten years the reception accorded to this book and the
+effect it has produced, I wish to provide the third edition of it with
+some prefatory remarks dealing with the misunderstandings of the book
+and the demands, insusceptible of fulfillment, made against it. Let me
+emphasize in the first place that whatever is here presented is derived
+entirely from every-day medical experience which is to be made more
+profound and scientifically important through the results of
+psychoanalytic investigation. The "Three Contributions to the Theory of
+Sex" can contain nothing except what psychoanalysis obliges them to
+accept or what it succeeds in corroborating. It is therefore excluded
+that they should ever be developed into a "theory of sex," and it is
+also quite intelligible that they will assume no attitude at all towards
+some important problems of the sexual life. This should not however give
+the impression that these omitted chapters of the great theme were
+unfamiliar to the author, or that they were neglected by him as
+something of secondary importance.
+
+The dependence of this work on the psychoanalytic experiences which have
+determined the writing of it, shows itself not only in the selection but
+also in the arrangement of the material. A certain succession of stages
+was observed, the occasional factors are rendered prominent, the
+constitutional ones are left in the background, and the ontogenetic
+development receives greater consideration than the phylogenetic. For
+the occasional factors play the principal rôle in analysis, and are
+almost completely worked up in it, while the constitutional factors only
+become evident from behind as elements which have been made functional
+through experience, and a discussion of these would lead far beyond the
+working sphere of psychoanalysis.
+
+A similar connection determines the relation between ontogenesis and
+phylogenesis. Ontogenesis may be considered as a repetition of
+phylogenesis insofar as the latter has not been varied by a more recent
+experience. The phylogenetic disposition makes itself visible behind the
+ontogenetic process. But fundamentally the constitution is really the
+precipitate of a former experience of the species to which the newer
+experience of the individual being is added as the sum of the occasional
+factors.
+
+Beside its thoroughgoing dependence on psychoanalytic investigation I
+must emphasize as a character of this work of mine its intentional
+independence of biological investigation. I have carefully avoided the
+inclusion of the results of scientific investigation in general sex
+biology or of particular species of animals in this study of human
+sexual functions which is made possible by the technique of
+psychoanalysis. My aim was indeed to find out how much of the biology of
+the sexual life of man can be discovered by means of psychological
+investigation; I was able to point to additions and agreements which
+resulted from this examination, but I did not have to become confused if
+the psychoanalytic methods led in some points to views and results which
+deviated considerably from those merely based on biology.
+
+I have added many passages in this edition, but I have abstained from
+calling attention to them, as in former editions, by special marks. The
+scientific work in our sphere has at present been retarded in its
+progress, nevertheless some supplements to this work were indispensable
+if it was to remain in touch with our newer psychoanalytic literature.
+
+VIENNA, October, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS[1]
+
+
+The fact of sexual need in man and animal is expressed in biology by the
+assumption of a "sexual impulse." This impulse is made analogous to the
+impulse of taking nourishment, and to hunger. The sexual expression
+corresponding to hunger not being found colloquilly, science uses the
+expression "libido."[2]
+
+Popular conception makes definite assumptions concerning the nature and
+qualities of this sexual impulse. It is supposed to be absent during
+childhood and to commence about the time of and in connection with the
+maturing process of puberty; it is supposed that it manifests itself in
+irresistible attractions exerted by one sex upon the other, and that its
+aim is sexual union or at least such actions as would lead to union.
+
+But we have every reason to see in these assumptions a very
+untrustworthy picture of reality. On closer examination they are found
+to abound in errors, inaccuracies and hasty conclusions.
+
+If we introduce two terms and call the person from whom the sexual
+attraction emanates the _sexual object_, and the action towards which
+the impulse strives the _sexual aim_, then the scientifically examined
+experience shows us many deviations in reference to both sexual object
+and sexual aim, the relations of which to the accepted standard require
+thorough investigation.
+
+
+1. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL OBJECT
+
+The popular theory of the sexual impulse corresponds closely to the
+poetic fable of dividing the person into two halves--man and woman--who
+strive to become reunited through love. It is therefore very surprising
+to hear that there are men for whom the sexual object is not woman but
+man, and that there are women for whom it is not man but woman. Such
+_persons_ are called contrary sexuals, or better, inverts; the
+_condition_, that of inversion. The number of such individuals is
+considerable though difficult of accurate determination.[3]
+
+
+A. _Inversion_
+
+*The Behavior of Inverts.*--The above-mentioned persons behave in many
+ways quite differently.
+
+(_a_) They are absolutely inverted; _i.e._, their sexual object must be
+always of the same sex, while the opposite sex can never be to them an
+object of sexual longing, but leaves them indifferent or may even evoke
+sexual repugnance. As men they are unable, on account of this
+repugnance, to perform the normal sexual act or miss all pleasure in its
+performance.
+
+(_b_) They are amphigenously inverted (psychosexually hermaphroditic);
+_i.e._, their sexual object may belong indifferently to either the same
+or to the other sex. The inversion lacks the character of exclusiveness.
+
+(_c_) They are occasionally inverted; _i.e._, under certain external
+conditions, chief among which are the inaccessibility of the normal
+sexual object and initiation, they are able to take as the sexual
+object a person of the same sex and thus find sexual gratification.
+
+The inverted also manifest a manifold behavior in their judgment about
+the peculiarities of their sexual impulse. Some take the inversion as a
+matter of course, just as the normal person does regarding his libido,
+firmly demanding the same rights as the normal. Others, however, strive
+against the fact of their inversion and perceive in it a morbid
+compulsion.[4]
+
+Other variations concern the relations of time. The characteristics of
+the inversion in any individual may date back as far as his memory goes,
+or they may become manifest to him at a definite period before or after
+puberty.[5] The character is either retained throughout life, or it
+occasionally recedes or represents an episode on the road to normal
+development. A periodical fluctuation between the normal and the
+inverted sexual object has also been observed. Of special interest are
+those cases in which the libido changes, taking on the character of
+inversion after a painful experience with the normal sexual object.
+
+These different categories of variation generally exist independently of
+one another. In the most extreme cases it can regularly be assumed that
+the inversion has existed at all times and that the person feels
+contented with his peculiar state.
+
+Many authors will hesitate to gather into a unit all the cases
+enumerated here and will prefer to emphasize the differences rather than
+the common characters of these groups, a view which corresponds with
+their preferred judgment of inversions. But no matter what divisions may
+be set up, it cannot be overlooked that all transitions are abundantly
+met with, so that the formation of a series would seem to impose itself.
+
+*Conception of Inversion.*--The first attention bestowed upon inversion
+gave rise to the conception that it was a congenital sign of nervous
+degeneration. This harmonized with the fact that doctors first met it
+among the nervous, or among persons giving such an impression. There are
+two elements which should be considered independently in this
+conception: the congenitality, and the degeneration.
+
+*Degeneration.*--This term _degeneration_ is open to the objections
+which may be urged against the promiscuous use of this word in general.
+It has in fact become customary to designate all morbid manifestations
+not of traumatic or infectious origin as degenerative. Indeed, Magnan's
+classification of degenerates makes it possible that the highest general
+configuration of nervous accomplishment need not exclude the application
+of the concept of degeneration. Under the circumstances, it is a
+question what use and what new content the judgment of "degeneration"
+still possesses. It would seem more appropriate not to speak of
+degeneration: (1) Where there are not many marked deviations from the
+normal; (2) where the capacity for working and living do not in general
+appear markedly impaired.[6]
+
+That the inverted are not degenerates in this qualified sense can be
+seen from the following facts:
+
+1. The inversion is found among persons who otherwise show no marked
+deviation from the normal.
+
+2. It is found also among persons whose capabilities are not disturbed,
+who on the contrary are distinguished by especially high intellectual
+development and ethical culture.[7]
+
+3. If one disregards the patients of one's own practice and strives to
+comprehend a wider field of experience, he will in two directions
+encounter facts which will prevent him from assuming inversions as a
+degenerative sign.
+
+(_a_) It must be considered that inversion was a frequent manifestation
+among the ancient nations at the height of their culture. It was an
+institution endowed with important functions. (_b_) It is found to be
+unusually prevalent among savages and primitive races, whereas the term
+degeneration is generally limited to higher civilization (I. Bloch).
+Even among the most civilized nations of Europe, climate and race have a
+most powerful influence on the distribution of, and attitude toward,
+inversion.[8]
+
+*Innateness.*--Only for the first and most extreme class of inverts, as
+can be imagined, has innateness been claimed, and this from their own
+assurance that at no time in their life has their sexual impulse
+followed a different course. The fact of the existence of two other
+classes, especially of the third, is difficult to reconcile with the
+assumption of its being congenital. Hence, the propensity of those
+holding this view to separate the group of absolute inverts from the
+others results in the abandonment of the general conception of
+inversion. Accordingly in a number of cases the inversion would be of a
+congenital character, while in others it might originate from other
+causes.
+
+In contradistinction to this conception is that which assumes inversion
+to be an _acquired_ character of the sexual impulse. It is based on the
+following facts. (1) In many inverts (even absolute ones) an early
+affective sexual impression can be demonstrated, as a result of which
+the homosexual inclination developed. (2) In many others outer
+influences of a promoting and inhibiting nature can be demonstrated,
+which in earlier or later life led to a fixation of the inversion--among
+which are exclusive relations with the same sex, companionship in war,
+detention in prison, dangers of hetero-sexual intercourse, celibacy,
+sexual weakness, etc. (3) Hypnotic suggestion may remove the inversion,
+which would be surprising in that of a congenital character.
+
+In view of all this, the existence of congenital inversion can certainly
+be questioned. The objection may be made to it that a more accurate
+examination of those claimed to be congenitally inverted will probably
+show that the direction of the libido was determined by a definite
+experience of early childhood, which has not been retained in the
+conscious memory of the person, but which can be brought back to memory
+by proper influences (Havelock Ellis). According to that author
+inversion can be designated only as a frequent variation of the sexual
+impulse which may be determined by a number of external circumstances of
+life.
+
+The apparent certainty thus reached is, however, overthrown by the
+retort that manifestly there are many persons who have experienced even
+in their early youth those very sexual influences, such as seduction,
+mutual onanism, without becoming inverts, or without constantly
+remaining so. Hence, one is forced to assume that the alternatives
+congenital and acquired are either incomplete or do not cover the
+circumstances present in inversions.
+
+*Explanation of Inversion.*--The nature of inversion is explained
+neither by the assumption that it is congenital nor that it is acquired.
+In the first case, we need to be told what there is in it of the
+congenital, unless we are satisfied with the roughest explanation,
+namely, that a person brings along a congenital sexual impulse connected
+with a definite sexual object. In the second case it is a question
+whether the manifold accidental influences suffice to explain the
+acquisition unless there is something in the individual to meet them
+half way. The negation of this last factor is inadmissible according to
+our former conclusions.
+
+*The Relation of Bisexuality.*--Since the time of Frank Lydston,
+Kiernan, and Chevalier, a new series of ideas has been introduced for
+the explanation of the possibility of sexual inversion. This contains a
+new contradiction to the popular belief which assumes that a human being
+is either a man or a woman. Science shows cases in which the sexual
+characteristics appear blurred and thus the sexual distinction is made
+difficult, especially on an anatomical basis. The genitals of such
+persons unite the male and female characteristics (hermaphroditism). In
+rare cases both parts of the sexual apparatus are well developed (true
+hermaphroditism), but usually both are stunted.[9]
+
+The importance of these abnormalities lies in the fact that they
+unexpectedly facilitate the understanding of the normal formation. A
+certain degree of anatomical hermaphroditism really belongs to the
+normal. In no normally formed male or female are traces of the apparatus
+of the other sex lacking; these either continue functionless as
+rudimentary organs, or they are transformed for the purpose of assuming
+other functions.
+
+The conception which we gather from this long known anatomical fact is
+the original predisposition to bisexuality, which in the course of
+development has changed to monosexuality, leaving slight remnants of the
+stunted sex.
+
+It was natural to transfer this conception to the psychic sphere and to
+conceive the inversion in its aberrations as an expression of psychic
+hermaphroditism. In order to bring the question to a decision, it was
+only necessary to have one other circumstance, viz., a regular
+concurrence of the inversion with the psychic and somatic signs of
+hermaphroditism.
+
+But this second expectation was not realized. The relations between the
+assumed psychical and the demonstrable anatomical androgyny should never
+be conceived as being so close. There is frequently found in the
+inverted a diminution of the sexual impulse (H. Ellis) and a slight
+anatomical stunting of the organs. This, however, is found frequently
+but by no means regularly or preponderately. Thus we must recognize that
+inversion and somatic hermaphroditism are totally independent of each
+other.
+
+Great importance has also been attached to the so-called secondary and
+tertiary sex characters and their aggregate occurrence in the inverted
+has been emphasized (H. Ellis). There is much truth in this but it
+should not be forgotten that the secondary and tertiary sex
+characteristics very frequently manifest themselves in the other sex,
+thus indicating androgyny without, however, involving changes in the
+sexual object in the sense of an inversion.
+
+Psychic hermaphroditism would gain in substantiality if parallel with
+the inversion of the sexual object there should be at least a change in
+the other psychic qualities, such as in the impulses and distinguishing
+traits characteristic of the other sex. But such inversion of character
+can be expected with some regularity only in inverted women; in men the
+most perfect psychic manliness may be united with the inversion. If one
+firmly adheres to the hypothesis of a psychic hermaphroditism, one must
+add that in certain spheres its manifestations allow the recognition of
+only a very slight contrary determination. The same also holds true in
+the somatic androgyny. According to Halban, the appearance of individual
+stunted organs and secondary sex characters are quite independent of
+each other.[10]
+
+A spokesman of the masculine inverts stated the bisexual theory in its
+crudest form in the following words: "It is a female brain in a male
+body." But we do not know the characteristics of a "female brain." The
+substitution of the anatomical for the psychological is as frivolous as
+it is unjustified. The tentative explanation by v. Krafft-Ebing seems to
+be more precisely formulated than that of Ulrich but does not
+essentially differ from it. v. Krafft-Ebing thinks that the bisexual
+predisposition gives to the individual male and female brain centers as
+well as somatic sexual organs. These centers develop first towards
+puberty mostly under the influence of the independent sex glands. We
+can, however, say the same of the male and female "centers" as of the
+male and female brains; and, moreover, we do not even know whether we
+can assume for the sexual functions separate brain locations ("centers")
+such as we may assume for language.
+
+After this discussion, two notions, at all events, persist; first, that
+a bisexual predisposition is to be presumed for the inversion also, only
+we do not know of what it consists beyond the anatomical formations;
+and, second, that we are dealing with disturbances which are experienced
+by the sexual impulse during its development.[11]
+
+*The Sexual Object of Inverts.*--The theory of psychic hermaphroditism
+presupposed that the sexual object of the inverted is the reverse of the
+normal. The inverted man, like the woman, succumbs to the charms
+emanating from manly qualities of body and mind; he feels himself like a
+woman and seeks a man.
+
+But however true this may be for a great number of inverts, it by no
+means indicates the general character of inversion. There is no doubt
+that a great part of the male inverted have retained the psychic
+character of virility, that proportionately they show but little of the
+secondary characters of the other sex, and that they really look for
+real feminine psychic features in their sexual object. If that were not
+so it would be incomprehensible why masculine prostitution, in offering
+itself to inverts, copies in all its exterior, to-day as in antiquity,
+the dress and attitudes of woman. This imitation would otherwise be an
+insult to the ideal of the inverts. Among the Greeks, where the most
+manly men were found among inverts, it is quite obvious that it was not
+the masculine character of the boy which kindled the love of man, but it
+was his physical resemblance to woman as well as his feminine psychic
+qualities, such as shyness, demureness, and the need of instruction and
+help. As soon as the boy himself became a man he ceased to be a sexual
+object for men and in turn became a lover of boys. The sexual object in
+this case as in many others is therefore not of the like sex, but it
+unites both sex characters, a compromise between the impulses striving
+for the man and for the woman, but firmly conditioned by the masculinity
+of body (the genitals).[12]
+
+The conditions in the woman are more definite; here the active inverts,
+with special frequency, show the somatic and psychic characters of man
+and desire femininity in their sexual object; though even here greater
+variation will be found on more intimate investigation.
+
+*The Sexual Aim of Inverts.*--The important fact to bear in mind is that
+no uniformity of the sexual aim can be attributed to inversion.
+Intercourse per anum in men by no means goes with inversion;
+masturbation is just as frequently the exclusive aim; and the limitation
+of the sexual aim to mere effusion of feelings is here even more
+frequent than in hetero-sexual love. In women, too, the sexual aims of
+the inverted are manifold, among which contact with the mucous membrane
+of the mouth seems to be preferred.
+
+*Conclusion.*--Though from the material on hand we are by no means in a
+position satisfactorily to explain the origin of inversion, we can say
+that through this investigation we have obtained an insight which can
+become of greater significance to us than the solution of the above
+problem. Our attention is called to the fact that we have assumed a too
+close connection between the sexual impulse and the sexual object. The
+experience gained from the so called abnormal cases teaches us that a
+connection exists between the sexual impulse and the sexual object which
+we are in danger of overlooking in the uniformity of normal states where
+the impulse seems to bring with it the object. We are thus instructed to
+separate this connection between the impulse and the object. The sexual
+impulse is probably entirely independent of its object and is not
+originated by the stimuli proceeding from the object.
+
+
+B. _The Sexually Immature and Animals as Sexual Objects_
+
+Whereas those sexual inverts whose sexual object does not belong to the
+normally adapted sex, appear to the observer as a collective number of
+perhaps otherwise normal individuals, the persons who choose for their
+sexual object the sexually immature (children) are apparently from the
+first sporadic aberrations. Only exceptionally are children the
+exclusive sexual objects. They are mostly drawn into this rôle by a
+faint-hearted and impotent individual who makes use of such substitutes,
+or when an impulsive urgent desire cannot at the time secure the proper
+object. Still it throws some light on the nature of the sexual impulse,
+that it should suffer such great variation and depreciation of its
+object, a thing which hunger, adhering more energetically to its object,
+would allow only in the most extreme cases. The same may be said of
+sexual relations with animals--a thing not at all rare among
+farmers--where the sexual attraction goes beyond the limits of the
+species.
+
+For esthetic reasons one would fain attribute this and other excessive
+aberrations of the sexual impulse to the insane, but this cannot be
+done. Experience teaches that among the latter no disturbances of the
+sexual impulse can be found other than those observed among the sane, or
+among whole races and classes. Thus we find with gruesome frequency
+sexual abuse of children by teachers and servants merely because they
+have the best opportunities for it. The insane present the aforesaid
+aberration only in a somewhat intensified form; or what is of special
+significance is the fact that the aberration becomes exclusive and takes
+the place of the normal sexual gratification.
+
+This very remarkable relation of sexual variations ranging from the
+normal to the insane gives material for reflection. It seems to me that
+the fact to be explained would show that the impulses of the sexual life
+belong to those which even normally are most poorly controlled by the
+higher psychic activities. He who is in any way psychically abnormal, be
+it in social or ethical conditions, is, according to my experience,
+regularly so in his sexual life. But many are abnormal in their sexual
+life who in every other respect correspond to the average; they have
+followed the human cultural development, but sexuality remained as their
+weak point.
+
+As a general result of these discussions we come to see that, under
+numerous conditions and among a surprising number of individuals, the
+nature and value of the sexual object steps into the background. There
+is something else in the sexual impulse which is the essential and
+constant.[13]
+
+
+2. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL AIM
+
+The union of the genitals in the characteristic act of copulation is
+taken as the normal sexual aim. It serves to loosen the sexual tension
+and temporarily to quench the sexual desire (gratification analogous to
+satisfaction of hunger). Yet even in the most normal sexual process
+those additions are distinguishable, the development of which leads to
+the aberrations described as _perversions_. Thus certain intermediary
+relations to the sexual object connected with copulation, such as
+touching and looking, are recognized as preliminary to the sexual aim.
+These activities are on the one hand themselves connected with pleasure
+and on the other hand they enhance the excitement which persists until
+the definite sexual aim is reached. One definite kind of contiguity,
+consisting of mutual approximation of the mucous membranes of the lips
+in the form of a kiss, has received among the most civilized nations a
+sexual value, though the parts of the body concerned do not belong to
+the sexual apparatus but form the entrance to the digestive tract. This
+therefore supplies the factors which allow us to bring the perversions
+into relation with the normal sexual life, and which are available also
+for their classification. The perversions are either (_a_) anatomical
+_transgressions_ of the bodily regions destined for sexual union, or (_b_)
+a _lingering_ at the intermediary relations to the sexual object which
+should normally be rapidly passed on the way to the definite sexual aim.
+
+
+(_a_) _Anatomical Transgression_
+
+*Overestimation of the Sexual Object.*--The psychic estimation in which
+the sexual object as a goal of the sexual impulse shares is only in the
+rarest cases limited to the genitals; generally it embraces the whole
+body and tends to include all sensations emanating from the sexual
+object. The same overestimation spreads over the psychic sphere and
+manifests itself as a logical blinding (diminished judgment) in the face
+of the psychic attainments and perfections of the sexual object, as well
+as a blind obedience to the judgments issuing from the latter. The full
+faith of love thus becomes an important, if not the primordial source of
+authority.[14]
+
+It is this sexual overvaluation, which so ill agrees with the
+restriction of the sexual aim to the union of the genitals only, that
+assists other parts of the body to participate as sexual aims.[15] In
+the development of this most manifold anatomical overestimation there is
+an unmistakable desire towards variation, a thing denominated by Hoche
+as "excitement-hunger" (Reiz-hunger).[16]
+
+*Sexual Utilization of the Mucous Membrane of the Lips and Mouth.*--The
+significance of the factor of sexual overestimation can be best studied
+in the man, in whom alone the sexual life is accessible to
+investigation, whereas in the woman it is veiled in impenetrable
+darkness, partly in consequence of cultural stunting and partly on
+account of the conventional reticence and dishonesty of women.
+
+The employment of the mouth as a sexual organ is considered as a
+perversion if the lips (tongue) of the one are brought into contact with
+the genitals of the other, but not when the mucous membrane of the lips
+of both touch each other. In the latter exception we find the connection
+with the normal. He who abhors the former as perversions, though these
+since antiquity have been common practices among mankind, yields to a
+distinct _feeling of loathing_ which protects him from adopting such
+sexual aims. The limit of such loathing is frequently purely
+conventional; he who kisses fervently the lips of a pretty girl will
+perhaps be able to use her tooth brush only with a sense of loathing,
+though there is no reason to assume that his own oral cavity for which
+he entertains no loathing is cleaner than that of the girl. Our
+attention is here called to the factor of loathing which stands in the
+way of the libidinous overestimation of the sexual aim, but which may
+in turn be vanquished by the libido. In the loathing we may observe one
+of the forces which have brought about the restrictions of the sexual
+aim. As a rule these forces halt at the genitals; there is, however, no
+doubt that even the genitals of the other sex themselves may be an
+object of loathing. Such behavior is characteristic of all hysterics,
+especially women. The force of the sexual impulse prefers to occupy
+itself with the overcoming of this loathing (see below).
+
+*Sexual Utilization of the Anal Opening.*--It is even more obvious than
+in the former case that it is the loathing which stamps as a perversion
+the use of the anus as a sexual aim. But it should not be interpreted as
+espousing a cause when I observe that the basis of this
+loathing--namely, that this part of the body serves for the excretion
+and comes in contact with the loathsome excrement--is not more plausible
+than the basis which hysterical girls have for the disgust which they
+entertain for the male genital because it serves for urination.
+
+The sexual rôle of the mucous membrane of the anus is by no means
+limited to intercourse between men; its preference has nothing
+characteristic of the inverted feeling. On the contrary, it seems that
+the _pedicatio_ of the man owes its rôle to the analogy with the act in
+the woman, whereas among inverts it is mutual masturbation which is the
+most common sexual aim.
+
+*The Significance of Other Parts of the Body.*--Sexual infringement on
+the other parts of the body, in all its variations, offers nothing new;
+it adds nothing to our knowledge of the sexual impulse which herein only
+announces its intention to dominate the sexual object in every way.
+Besides the sexual overvaluation, a second and generally unknown factor
+may be mentioned among the anatomical transgressions. Certain parts of
+the body, like the mucous membrane of the mouth and anus, which
+repeatedly appear in such practices, lay claim as it were to be
+considered and treated as genitals. We shall hear how this claim is
+justified by the development of the sexual impulse, and how it is
+fulfilled in the symptomatology of certain morbid conditions.
+
+*Unfit Substitutes for the Sexual Object. Fetichism.*--We are especially
+impressed by those cases in which for the normal sexual object another
+is substituted which is related to it but which is totally unfit for the
+normal sexual aim. According to the scheme of the introduction we should
+have done better to mention this most interesting group of aberrations
+of the sexual impulse among the deviations in reference to the sexual
+object, but we have deferred mention of these until we became acquainted
+with the factor of sexual overestimation, upon which these
+manifestations, connected with the relinquishing of the sexual aim,
+depend.
+
+The substitute for the sexual object is generally a part of the body but
+little adapted for sexual purposes, such as the foot, or hair, or an
+inanimate object which is in demonstrable relation with the sexual
+person, and preferably with the sexuality of the same (fragments of
+clothing, white underwear). This substitution is not unjustly compared
+with the fetich in which the savage sees the embodiment of his god.
+
+The transition to the cases of fetichism, with a renunciation of a
+normal or of a perverted sexual aim, is formed by cases in which a
+fetichistic determination is demanded in the sexual object if the sexual
+aim is to be attained (definite color of hair, clothing, even physical
+blemishes). No other variation of the sexual impulse verging on the
+pathological claims our interest as much as this one, owing to the
+peculiarity occasioned by its manifestations. A certain diminution in
+the striving for the normal sexual aim may be presupposed in all these
+cases (executive weakness of the sexual apparatus).[17] The connection
+with the normal is occasioned by the psychologically necessary
+overestimation of the sexual object, which inevitably encroaches upon
+everything associatively related to it (sexual object). A certain degree
+of such fetichism therefore regularly belong to the normal, especially
+during those stages of wooing when the normal sexual aim seems
+inaccessible or its realization deferred.
+
+     "Get me a handkerchief from her bosom--a garter of my love."
+                                                        --FAUST.
+
+The case becomes pathological only when the striving for the fetich
+fixes itself beyond such determinations and takes the place of the
+normal sexual aim; or again, when the fetich disengages itself from the
+person concerned and itself becomes a sexual object. These are the
+general determinations for the transition of mere variations of the
+sexual impulse into pathological aberrations.
+
+The persistent influence of a sexual impress mostly received in early
+childhood often shows itself in the selection of a fetich, as Binet
+first asserted, and as was later proven by many illustrations,--a thing
+which may be placed parallel to the proverbial attachment to a first
+love in the normal ("On revient toujours ŕ ses premiers amours"). Such a
+connection is especially seen in cases with only fetichistic
+determinations of the sexual object. The significance of early sexual
+impressions will be met again in other places.
+
+In other cases it was mostly a symbolic thought association, unconscious
+to the person concerned, which led to the replacing of the object by
+means of a fetich. The paths of these connections can not always be
+definitely demonstrated. The foot is a very primitive sexual symbol
+already found in myths.[18] Fur is used as a fetich probably on account
+of its association with the hairiness of the mons veneris. Such
+symbolism seems often to depend on sexual experiences in childhood.[19]
+
+
+(_b_) _Fixation of Precursory Sexual Aims_
+
+*The Appearance of New Intentions.*--All the outer and inner
+determinations which impede or hold at a distance the attainment of the
+normal sexual aim, such as impotence, costliness of the sexual object,
+and dangers of the sexual act, will conceivably strengthen the
+inclination to linger at the preparatory acts and to form them into new
+sexual aims which may take the place of the normal. On closer
+investigation it is always seen that the ostensibly most peculiar of
+these new intentions have already been indicated in the normal sexual
+act.
+
+*Touching and Looking.*--At least a certain amount of touching is
+indispensable for a person in order to attain the normal sexual aim. It
+is also generally known that the touching of the skin of the sexual
+object causes much pleasure and produces a supply of new excitement.
+Hence, the lingering at the touching can hardly be considered a
+perversion if the sexual act is proceeded with.
+
+The same holds true in the end with looking which is analogous to
+touching. The manner in which the libidinous excitement is frequently
+awakened is by the optical impression, and selection takes account of
+this circumstance--if this teleological mode of thinking be
+permitted--by making the sexual object a thing of beauty. The covering
+of the body, which keeps abreast with civilization, serves to arouse
+sexual inquisitiveness, which always strives to restore for itself the
+sexual object by uncovering the hidden parts. This can be turned into
+the artistic ("sublimation") if the interest is turned from the genitals
+to the form of the body.[20] The tendency to linger at this intermediary
+sexual aim of the sexually accentuated looking is found to a certain
+degree in most normals; indeed it gives them the possibility of
+directing a certain amount of their libido to a higher artistic aim. On
+the other hand, the fondness for looking becomes a perversion (_a_) when
+it limits itself entirely to the genitals; (_b_) when it becomes connected
+with the overcoming of loathing (voyeurs and onlookers at the functions
+of excretion); and (_c_) when instead of preparing for the normal sexual
+aim it suppresses it. The latter, if I may draw conclusions from a
+single analysis, is in a most pronounced way true of exhibitionists, who
+expose their genitals so as in turn to bring to view the genitals of
+others.
+
+In the perversion which consists in striving to look and be looked at we
+are confronted with a very remarkable character which will occupy us
+even more intensively in the following aberration. The sexual aim is
+here present in twofold formation, in an _active_ and a _passive_ form.
+
+The force which is opposed to the peeping mania and through which it is
+eventually abolished is _shame_ (like the former loathing).
+
+*Sadism and Masochism.*--The desire to cause pain to the sexual object
+and its opposite, the most frequent and most significant of all
+perversions, was designated in its two forms by v. Krafft-Ebing as
+sadism or the active form, and masochism or the passive form. Other
+authors prefer the narrower term algolagnia which emphasizes the
+pleasure in pain and cruelty, whereas the terms selected by v.
+Krafft-Ebing place the pleasure secured in all kinds of humility and
+submission in the foreground.
+
+The roots of active algolagnia, sadism, can be readily demonstrable in
+the normal. The sexuality of most men shows a taint of _aggression_, it
+is a propensity to subdue, the biological significance of which lies in
+the necessity of overcoming the resistance of the sexual object by
+actions other than mere _courting_. Sadism would then correspond to an
+aggressive component of the sexual impulse which has become independent
+and exaggerated and has been brought to the foreground by displacement.
+
+The conception of sadism fluctuates in the usage of language from a mere
+active or impetuous attitude towards the sexual object to the exclusive
+attachment of the gratification to the subjection and maltreatment of
+the object. Strictly speaking only the last extreme case has a claim to
+the name of perversion.
+
+Similarly, the designation of masochism comprises all passive attitude
+to the sexual life and to the sexual object; in its most extreme form
+the gratification is connected with suffering of physical or mental pain
+at the hands of the sexual object. Masochism as a perversion seems to be
+still more remote from the normal sexual life by forming a contrast to
+it; it may be doubted whether it ever appears as a primary form or
+whether it does not more regularly originate through transformation from
+sadism. It can often be recognized that the masochism is nothing but a
+continuation of the sadism turning against one's own person in which the
+latter at first takes the place of the sexual object. Analysis of
+extreme cases of masochistic perversions show that there is a
+coöperation of a large series of factors which exaggerate and fix the
+original passive sexual attitude (castration complex, conscience).
+
+The pain which is here overcome ranks with the loathing and shame which
+were the resistances opposed to the libido.
+
+Sadism and masochism occupy a special place among the perversions, for
+the contrast of activity and passivity lying at their bases belong to
+the common traits of the sexual life.
+
+That cruelty and sexual impulse are most intimately connected is beyond
+doubt taught by the history of civilization, but in the explanation of
+this connection no one has gone beyond the accentuation of the
+aggressive factors of the libido. The aggression which is mixed with the
+sexual impulse is according to some authors a remnant of cannibalistic
+lust, a participation on the part of the domination apparatus
+(Bemächtigungsapparatus), which served also for the gratification of the
+great wants of the other, ontogenetically the older impulse.[21] It has
+also been claimed that every pain contains in itself the possibility of
+a pleasurable sensation. Let us be satisfied with the impression that
+the explanation of this perversion is by no means satisfactory and that
+it is possible that many psychic efforts unite themselves into one
+effect.
+
+The most striking peculiarity of this perversion lies in the fact that
+its active and passive forms are regularly encountered together in the
+same person. He who experiences pleasure by causing pain to others in
+sexual relations is also able to experience the pain emanating from
+sexual relations as pleasure. A sadist is simultaneously a masochist,
+though either the active or the passive side of the perversion may be
+more strongly developed and thus represent his preponderate sexual
+activity.[22]
+
+We thus see that certain perverted propensities regularly appear in
+_contrasting pairs_, a thing which, in view of the material to be
+produced later, must claim great theoretical value. It is furthermore
+clear that the existence of the contrast, sadism and masochism, can not
+readily be attributed to the mixture of aggression. On the other hand
+one may be tempted to connect such simultaneously existing contrasts
+with the united contrast of male and female in bisexuality, the
+significance of which is reduced in psychoanalysis to the contrast of
+activity and passivity.
+
+
+3. GENERAL STATEMENTS APPLICABLE TO ALL PERVERSIONS
+
+*Variation and Disease.*--The physicians who at first studied the
+_perversions_ in pronounced cases and under peculiar conditions were
+naturally inclined to attribute to them the character of a morbid or
+degenerative sign similar to the _inversions_. This view, however, is
+easier to refute in this than in the former case. Everyday experience
+has shown that most of these transgressions, at least the milder ones,
+are seldom wanting as components in the sexual life of normals who look
+upon them as upon other intimacies. Wherever the conditions are
+favorable such a perversion may for a long time be substituted by a
+normal person for the normal sexual aim or it may be placed near it. In
+no normal person does the normal sexual aim lack some designable
+perverse element, and this universality suffices in itself to prove the
+inexpediency of an opprobrious application of the name perversion. In
+the realm of the sexual life one is sure to meet with exceptional
+difficulties which are at present really unsolvable, if one wishes to
+draw a sharp line between the mere variations within physiological
+limits and morbid symptoms.
+
+Nevertheless, the quality of the new sexual aim in some of these
+perversions is such as to require special notice. Some of the
+perversions are in content so distant from the normal that we cannot
+help calling them "morbid," especially those in which the sexual
+impulse, in overcoming the resistances (shame, loathing, fear, and pain)
+has brought about surprising results (licking of feces and violation of
+cadavers). Yet even in these cases one ought not to feel certain of
+regularly finding among the perpetrators persons of pronounced
+abnormalities or insane minds. We can not lose sight of the fact that
+persons who otherwise behave normally are recorded as sick in the realm
+of the sexual life where they are dominated by the most unbridled of all
+impulses. On the other hand, a manifest abnormality in any other
+relation in life generally shows an undercurrent of abnormal sexual
+behavior.
+
+In the majority of cases we are able to find the morbid character of the
+perversion not in the content of the new sexual aim but in its relation
+to the normal. It is morbid if the perversion does not appear beside the
+normal (sexual aim and sexual object), where favorable circumstances
+promote it and unfavorable impede the normal, or if it has under all
+circumstances repressed and supplanted the normal; _the exclusiveness_
+and _fixation_ of the perversion justifies us in considering it a morbid
+symptom.
+
+*The Psychic Participation in the Perversions.*--Perhaps it is precisely
+in the most abominable perversions that we must recognize the most
+prolific psychic participation for the transformation of the sexual
+impulse. In these cases a piece of psychic work has been accomplished in
+which, in spite of its gruesome success, the value of an idealization of
+the impulse can not be disputed. The omnipotence of love nowhere perhaps
+shows itself stronger than in this one of her aberrations. The highest
+and the lowest everywhere in sexuality hang most intimately together.
+("From heaven through the world to hell.")
+
+*Two Results.*--In the study of perversions we have gained an insight
+into the fact that the sexual impulse has to struggle against certain
+psychic forces, resistances, among which shame and loathing are most
+prominent. We may presume that these forces are employed to confine the
+impulse within the accepted normal limits, and if they have become
+developed in the individual before the sexual impulse has attained its
+full strength, it is really they which have directed it in the course of
+development.[23]
+
+We have furthermore remarked that some of the examined perversions can
+be comprehended only by assuming the union of many motives. If they are
+amenable to analysis--disintegration--they must be of a composite
+nature. This may give us a hint that the sexual impulse itself may not
+be something simple, that it may on the contrary be composed of many
+components which detach themselves to form perversions. Our clinical
+observation thus calls our attention to _fusions_ which have lost their
+expression in the uniform normal behavior.
+
+
+4. THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN NEUROTICS
+
+*Psychoanalysis.*--A proper contribution to the knowledge of the sexual
+impulse in persons who are at least related to the normal can be gained
+only from one source, and is accessible only by one definite path. There
+is only one way to obtain a thorough and unerring solution of problems
+in the sexual life of so-called psychoneurotics (hysteria, obsessions,
+the wrongly-named neurasthenia, and surely also dementia prćcox, and
+paranoia), and that is by subjecting them to the psychoanalytic
+investigations propounded by J. Breuer and myself in 1893, which we
+called the "cathartic" treatment.
+
+I must repeat what I have said in my published work, that these
+psychoneuroses, as far as my experience goes, are based on sexual motive
+powers. I do not mean that the energy of the sexual impulse merely
+contributes to the forces supporting the morbid manifestations
+(symptoms), but I wish distinctly to maintain that this supplies the
+only constant and the most important source of energy in the neurosis,
+so that the sexual life of such persons manifests itself either
+exclusively, preponderately, or partially in these symptoms. As I have
+already stated in different places, the symptoms are the sexual
+activities of the patient. The proof for this assertion I have obtained
+from the psychoanalysis of hysterics and other neurotics during a period
+of twenty years, the results of which I hope to give later in a detailed
+account.
+
+Psychoanalysis removes the symptoms of hysteria on the supposition that
+they are the substitutes--the transcriptions as it were--for a series of
+emotionally accentuated psychic processes, wishes, and desires, to which
+a passage for their discharge through the conscious psychic activities
+has been cut off by a special process (repression). These thought
+formations which are restrained in the state of the unconscious strive
+for expression, that is, for _discharge_, in conformity to their
+affective value, and find such in hysteria through a process of
+_conversion_ into somatic phenomena--the hysterical symptoms. If, _lege
+artis_, and with the aid of a special technique, retrogressive
+transformations of the symptoms into the affectful and conscious
+thoughts can be effected, it then becomes possible to get the most
+accurate information about the nature and origin of these previously
+unconscious psychic formations.
+
+*Results of Psychoanalysis.*--In this manner it has been discovered that
+the symptoms represent the equivalent for the strivings which received
+their strength from the source of the sexual impulse. This fully concurs
+with what we know of the character of hysterics, which we have taken as
+models for all psycho-neurotics, before they have become diseased, and
+with what we know concerning the causes of the disease. The hysterical
+character evinces a part of sexual repression which reaches beyond the
+normal limits, an exaggeration of the resistances against the sexual
+impulse which we know as shame and loathing. It is an instinctive flight
+from intellectual occupation with the sexual problem, the consequence of
+which in pronounced cases is a complete sexual ignorance, which is
+preserved till the age of sexual maturity is attained.[24]
+
+This feature, so characteristic of hysteria, is not seldom concealed in
+crude observation by the existence of the second constitutional factor
+of hysteria, namely, the enormous development of the sexual craving. But
+the psychological analysis will always reveal it and solves the very
+contradictory enigma of hysteria by proving the existence of the
+contrasting pair, an immense sexual desire and a very exaggerated sexual
+rejection.
+
+The provocation of the disease in hysterically predisposed persons is
+brought about if in consequence of their progressive maturity or
+external conditions of life they are earnestly confronted with the real
+sexual demand. Between the pressure of the craving and the opposition of
+the sexual rejection an outlet for the disease results, which does not
+remove the conflict but seeks to elude it by transforming the libidinous
+strivings into symptoms. It is an exception only in appearance if a
+hysterical person, say a man, becomes subject to some banal emotional
+disturbance, to a conflict in the center of which there is no sexual
+interest. Psychoanalysis will regularly show that it is the sexual
+components of the conflict which make the disease possible by
+withdrawing the psychic processes from normal adjustment.
+
+*Neurosis and Perversion.*--A great part of the opposition to my
+assertion is explained by the fact that the sexuality from which I
+deduce the psychoneurotic symptoms is thought of as coincident with the
+normal sexual impulse. But psychoanalysis teaches us better than this.
+It shows that the symptoms do not by any means result at the expense
+only of the so called normal sexual impulse (at least not exclusively or
+preponderately), but they represent the converted expression of impulses
+which in a broader sense might be designated as _perverse_ if they could
+manifest themselves directly in phantasies and acts without deviating
+from consciousness. The symptoms are therefore partially formed at the
+cost of abnormal sexuality. _The neurosis is, so to say, the negative of
+the perversion._[25]
+
+The sexual impulse of the psychoneurotic shows all the aberrations which
+we have studied as variations of the normal and as manifestations of
+morbid sexual life.
+
+(_a_) In all the neurotics without exception we find feelings of inversion
+in the unconscious psychic life, fixation of libido on persons of the
+same sex. It is impossible, without a deep and searching discussion,
+adequately to appreciate the significance of this factor for the
+formation of the picture of the disease; I can only assert that the
+unconscious propensity to inversion is never wanting and is particularly
+of immense service in explaining male hysteria.[26]
+
+(_b_) All the inclinations to anatomical transgression can be demonstrated
+in psychoneurotics in the unconscious and as symptom-creators. Of
+special frequency and intensity are those which impart to the mouth and
+the mucous membrane of the anus the rôle of genitals.
+
+(_c_) The partial desires which usually appear in contrasting pairs play
+a very prominent rôle among the symptom-creators in the psychoneuroses.
+We have learned to know them as carriers of new sexual aims, such as
+peeping mania, exhibitionism, and the actively and passively formed
+impulses of cruelty. The contribution of the last is indispensable for
+the understanding of the morbid nature of the symptoms; it almost
+regularly controls some portion of the social behavior of the patient.
+The transformation of love into hatred, of tenderness into hostility,
+which is characteristic of a large number of neurotic cases and
+apparently of all cases of paranoia, takes place by means of the union
+of cruelty with the libido.
+
+The interest in these deductions will be more heightened by certain
+peculiarities of the diagnosis of facts.
+
+Alpha. There is nothing in the unconscious streams of thought of
+the neuroses which would correspond to an inclination towards fetichism;
+a circumstance which throws light on the psychological peculiarity of
+this well understood perversion.
+
+Beta. Wherever any such impulse is found in the unconscious which
+can be paired with a contrasting one, it can regularly be demonstrated
+that the latter, too, is effective. Every active perversion is here
+accompanied by its passive counterpart. He who in the unconscious is an
+exhibitionist is at the same time a voyeur, he who suffers from sadistic
+feelings as a result of repression will also show another reinforcement
+of the symptoms from the source of masochistic tendencies. The perfect
+concurrence with the behavior of the corresponding positive perversions
+is certainly very noteworthy. In the picture of the disease, however,
+the preponderant rôle is played by either one or the other of the
+opposing tendencies.
+
+Gamma. In a pronounced case of psychoneurosis we seldom find the
+development of one single perverted impulse; usually there are many and
+regularly there are traces of all perversions. The individual impulse,
+however, on account of its intensity, is independent of the development
+of the others, but the study of the positive perversions gives us the
+accurate counterpart to it.
+
+
+PARTIAL IMPULSES AND EROGENOUS ZONES
+
+Keeping in mind what we have learned from the examination of the
+positive and negative perversions, it becomes quite obvious that they
+can be referred to a number of "partial impulses," which are not,
+however, primary but are subject to further analysis. By an "impulse" we
+can understand in the first place nothing but the psychic representative
+of a continually flowing internal somatic source of excitement, in
+contradistinction to the "stimulus" which is produced by isolated
+excitements coming from without. The impulse is thus one of the concepts
+marking the limits between the psychic and the physical. The simplest
+and most obvious assumption concerning the nature of the impulses would
+be that in themselves they possess no quality but are only taken into
+account as a measure of the demand for effort in the psychic life. What
+distinguishes the impulses from one another and furnishes them with
+specific attributes is their relation to their somatic _sources_ and to
+their _aims_. The source of the impulse is an exciting process in an
+organ, and the immediate aim of the impulse lies in the elimination of
+this organic stimulus.
+
+Another preliminary assumption in the theory of the impulse which we
+cannot relinquish, states that the bodily organs furnish two kinds of
+excitements which are determined by differences of a chemical nature.
+One of these forms of excitement we designate as the specifically sexual
+and the concerned organ as the _erogenous zone_, while the sexual
+element emanating from it is the partial impulse.[27]
+
+In the perversions which claim sexual significance for the oral cavity
+and the anal opening the part played by the erogenous zone is quite
+obvious. It behaves in every way like a part of the sexual apparatus. In
+hysteria these parts of the body, as well as the tracts of mucous
+membrane proceeding from them, become the seat of new sensations and
+innervating changes in a manner similar to the real genitals when under
+the excitement of normal sexual processes.
+
+The significance of the erogenous zones in the psychoneuroses, as
+additional apparatus and substitutes for the genitals, appears to be
+most prominent in hysteria though that does not signify that it is of
+lesser validity in the other morbid forms. It is not so recognizable in
+compulsion neurosis and paranoia because here the symptom formation
+takes place in regions of the psychic apparatus which lie at a great
+distance from the central locations for bodily control. The more
+remarkable thing in the compulsion neurosis is the significance of the
+impulses which create new sexual aims and appear independently of the
+erogenous zones. Nevertheless, the eye corresponds to an erogenous zone
+in the looking and exhibition mania, while the skin takes on the same
+part in the pain and cruelty components of the sexual impulse. The skin,
+which in special parts of the body becomes differentiated as sensory
+organs and modified by the mucous membrane, is the erogenous zone,
+[Greek: kat] ex ogen.[28]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF THE MANIFEST PREPONDERANCE OF SEXUAL PERVERSIONS IN THE
+PSYCHONEUROSES
+
+The sexuality of psychoneurotics has perhaps been placed in a false
+light by the above discussions. It appears that the sexual behavior of
+the psychoneurotic approaches in predisposition to the pervert and
+deviates by just so much from the normal. Nevertheless, it is very
+possible that the constitutional disposition of these patients besides
+containing an immense amount of sexual repression and a predominant
+force of sexual impulse also possesses an unusual tendency to
+perversions in the broadest sense. However, an examination of milder
+cases shows that the last assumption is not an absolute requisite, or at
+least that in pronouncing judgment on the morbid effects one ought to
+discount the effect of one of the factors. In most psychoneurotics the
+disease first appears after puberty following the demands of the normal
+sexual life. Against these the repression above all directs itself. Or
+the disease comes on later, owing to the fact that the libido is unable
+to attain normal sexual gratification. In both cases the libido behaves
+like a stream the principal bed of which is dammed; it fills the
+collateral roads which until now perhaps have been empty. Thus the
+manifestly great (though to be sure negative) tendency to perversion in
+psychoneurotics may be collaterally conditioned; at any rate, it is
+certainly collaterally increased. The fact of the matter is that the
+sexual repression has to be added as an inner factor to such external
+ones as restriction of freedom, inaccessibility to the normal sexual
+object, dangers of the normal sexual act, etc., which cause the origin
+of perversions in individuals who might have otherwise remained normal.
+
+In individual cases of neurosis the behavior may be different; now the
+congenital force of the tendency to perversion may be more decisive and
+at other times more influence may be exerted by the collateral increase
+of the same through the deviation of the libido from the normal sexual
+aim and object. It would be unjust to construe a contrast where a
+cooperation exists. The greatest results will always be brought about by
+a neurosis if constitution and experience cooperate in the same
+direction. A pronounced constitution may perhaps be able to dispense
+with the assistance of daily impressions, while a profound disturbance
+in life may perhaps bring on a neurosis even in an average constitution.
+These views similarly hold true in the etiological significance
+of the congenital and the accidental experiences in other spheres.
+
+If, however, preference is given to the assumption that an especially
+formed tendency to perversions is characteristic of the psychoneurotic
+constitution, there is a prospect of being able to distinguish a
+multiformity of such constitutions in accordance with the congenital
+preponderance of this or that erogenous zone, or of this or that partial
+impulse. Whether there is a special relationship between the
+predisposition to perversions and the selection of the morbid picture
+has not, like many other things in this realm, been investigated.
+
+
+REFERENCE TO THE INFANTILISM OF SEXUALITY
+
+By demonstrating the perverted feelings as symptomatic formations in
+psychoneurotics, we have enormously increased the number of persons who
+can be added to the perverts. This is not only because neurotics
+represent a very large proportion of humanity, but we must consider also
+that the neuroses in all their gradations run in an uninterrupted series
+to the normal state. Moebius was quite justified in saying that we are
+all somewhat hysterical. Hence, the very wide dissemination of
+perversions urged us to assume that the predisposition to perversions is
+no rare peculiarity but must form a part of the normally accepted
+constitution.
+
+We have heard that it is a question whether perversions should be
+referred to congenital determinations or whether they originate from
+accidental experiences, just as Binet showed in fetichisms. Now we are
+forced to the conclusion that there is indeed something congenital at
+the basis of perversions, but it is something _which is congenital in
+all persons_, which as a predisposition may fluctuate in intensity and
+is brought into prominence by influences of life. We deal here with
+congenital roots in the constitution of the sexual impulse which in one
+series of cases develop into real carriers of sexual activity
+(perverts); while in other cases they undergo an insufficient
+suppression (repression), so that as morbid symptoms they are enabled to
+attract to themselves in a round-about way a considerable part of the
+sexual energy; while again in favorable cases between the two extremes
+they originate the normal sexual life through effective restrictions and
+other elaborations.
+
+But we must also remember that the assumed constitution which shows the
+roots of all perversions will be demonstrable only in the child, though
+all impulses can be manifested in it only in moderate intensity. If we
+are led to suppose that neurotics conserve the infantile state of their
+sexuality or return to it, our interest must then turn to the sexual
+life of the child, and we will then follow the play of influences which
+control the processes of development of the infantile sexuality up to
+its termination in a perversion, a neurosis or a normal sexual life.
+
+[1] The facts contained in the first "Contribution" have been gathered
+from the familiar publications of Krafft-Ebing, Moll, Moebius, Havelock
+Ellis, Schrenk-Notzing, Löwenfeld, Eulenberg, J. Bloch, and M.
+Hirschfeld, and from the later works published in the "Jahrbuch für
+sexuelle Zwischenstufen." As these publications also mention the other
+literature bearing on this subject I may forbear giving detailed
+references.
+
+The conclusions reached through the investigation of sexual inverts are
+all based on the reports of J. Sadger and on my own experience.
+
+[2] For general use the word "libido" is best translated by "craving."
+(Prof. James J. Putnam, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. IV, 6.)
+
+[3] For the difficulties entailed in the attempt to ascertain the
+proportional number of inverts compare the work of M. Hirschfeld in the
+Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1904. Cf. also Brill, The
+Conception of Homosexuality, Journal of the A.M.A., August 2, 1913.
+
+[4] Such a striving against the compulsion to inversion favors cures by
+suggestion of psychoanalysis.
+
+[5] Many have justly emphasized the fact that the autobiographic
+statements of inverts, as to the time of the appearance of their
+tendency to inversion, are untrustworthy as they may have repressed from
+memory any evidences of heterosexual feelings.
+
+Psychoanalysis has confirmed this suspicion in all cases of inversion
+accessible, and has decidedly changed their anamnesis by filling up the
+infantile amnesias.
+
+[6] With what reserve the diagnosis of degeneration should be made and
+what slight practical significance can be attributed to it can be
+gathered from the discussions of Moebius (Ueber Entartung; Grenzfragen
+des Nerven- und Seelenlebens, No. III, 1900). He says: "If we review the
+wide sphere of degeneration upon which we have here turned some light we
+can conclude without further ado that it is really of little value to
+diagnose degeneration."
+
+[7] We must agree with the spokesman of "Uranism" that some of the most
+prominent men known have been inverts and perhaps absolute inverts.
+
+[8] In the conception of inversion the pathological features have been
+Separated from the anthropological. For this credit is due to I. Bloch
+(Beiträge zur Ätiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis, 2 Teile, 1902-3), who
+has also brought into prominence the existence of inversion in the old
+civilized nations.
+
+[9] Compare the last detailed discussion of somatic hermaphroditism
+(Taruffi, Hermaphroditismus und Zeugungsunfähigkeit, German edit. by R.
+Teuscher, 1903), and the works of Neugebauer in many volumes of the
+Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen.
+
+[10] J. Halban, "Die Entstehung der Geschlechtscharaktere," Arch. für
+Gynäkologie, Bd. 70, 1903. See also there the literature on the subject.
+
+[11] According to a report in Vol. 6 of the Jahrbuch f. sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen, E. Gley is supposed to have been the first to mention
+bisexuality as an explanation of inversion. He published a paper (Les
+Abérrations de l'instinct Sexuel) in the Revue Philosophique as early as
+January, 1884. It is moreover noteworthy that the majority of authors
+who trace the inversion to bisexuality assume this factor not only for
+the inverts but also for those who have developed normally, and justly
+interpret the inversion as a result of a disturbance in development.
+Among these authors are Chevalier (Inversion Sexuelle, 1893), and v.
+Krafft-Ebing ("Zur Erklärung der konträren Sexualempfindung," Jahrbücher
+f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenheilkunde, XIII), who states that there are a
+number of observations "from which at least the virtual and continued
+existence of this second center (of the underlying sex) results." A Dr.
+Arduin (Die Frauenfrage und die sexuellen Zwischenstufen, 2d vol. of the
+Jahrbuch f. sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1900) states that "in every man
+there exist male and female elements." See also the same Jahrbuch, Bd.
+I, 1899 ("Die objektive Diagnose der Homosexualitat," by M. Hirschfeld,
+pp. 8-9). In the determination of sex, as far as heterosexual persons
+are concerned, some are disproportionately more strongly developed than
+others. G. Herman is firm in his belief "that in every woman there are
+male, and in every man there are female germs and qualities" (Genesis,
+das Gesetz der Zeugung, 9 Bd., Libido und Manie, 1903). As recently as
+1906 W. Fliess (Der Ablauf des Lebens) has claimed ownership of the idea
+of bisexuality (in the sense of double sex). Psychoanalytic
+investigation very strongly opposes the attempt to separate homosexuals
+from other persons as a group of a special nature. By also studying
+sexual excitations other than the manifestly open ones it discovers that
+all men are capable of homosexual object selection and actually
+accomplish this in the unconscious. Indeed the attachments of libidinous
+feelings to persons of the same sex play no small rôle as factors in
+normal psychic life, and as causative factors of disease they play a
+greater rôle than those belonging to the opposite sex. According to
+psychoanalysis, it rather seems that it is the independence of the
+object, selection of the sex of the object, the same free disposal over
+male and female objects, as observed in childhood, in primitive states
+and in prehistoric times, which forms the origin from which the normal
+as well as the inversion types developed, following restrictions in this
+or that direction. In the psychoanalytic sense the exclusive sexual
+interest of the man for the woman is also a problem requiring an
+explanation, and is not something that is self-evident and explainable
+on the basis of chemical attraction. The determination as to the
+definite sexual behavior does not occur until after puberty and is the
+result of a series of as yet not observable factors, some of which are
+of a constitutional, while some are of an accidental nature. Certainly
+some of these factors can turn out to be so enormous that by their
+character they influence the result. In general, however, the
+multiplicity of the determining factors is reflected by the manifoldness
+of the outcomes in the manifest sexual behavior of the person. In the
+inversion types it can be ascertained that they are altogether
+controlled by an archaic constitution and by primitive psychic
+mechanisms. The importance of the _narcissistic object selection_ and
+the _clinging_ to the erotic significance of the _anal_ zone seem to be
+their most essential characteristics. But one gains nothing by
+separating the most extreme inversion types from the others on the basis
+of such constitutional peculiarities. What is found in the latter as
+seemingly an adequate determinant can also be demonstrated only in
+lesser force in the constitution of transitional types and in manifestly
+normal persons. The differences in the results may be of a qualitative
+nature, but analysis shows that the differences in the determinants are
+only quantitative. As a remarkable factor among the accidental
+influences of the object selection, we found the sexual rejection or the
+early sexual intimidation, and our attention was also called to the fact
+that the existence of both parents plays an important rôle in the
+child's life. The disappearance of a strong father in childhood not
+infrequently favors the inversion. Finally, one might demand that the
+inversion of the sexual object should notionally be strictly separated
+from the mixing of the sex characteristics in the subject. A certain
+amount of independence is unmistakable also in this relation.
+
+[12] Although psychoanalysis has not yet given us a full explanation for
+the origin of inversion, it has revealed the psychic mechanism of its
+genesis and has essentially enriched the problems in question. In all
+the cases examined we have ascertained that the later inverts go through
+in their childhood a phase of very intense but short-lived fixation on
+the woman (usually on the mother) and after overcoming it they identify
+themselves with the woman and take themselves as the sexual object; that
+is, proceeding on a narcissistic basis, they look for young men
+resembling themselves in persons whom they wish to love as their mother
+has loved them. We have, moreover, frequently found that alleged inverts
+are by no means indifferent to the charms of women, but the excitation
+evoked by the woman is always transferred to a male object. They thus
+repeat through life the mechanism which gave origin to their inversion.
+Their obsessive striving for the man proves to be determined by their
+restless flight from the woman.
+
+[13] The most pronounced difference between the sexual life
+(Liebesleben) of antiquity and ours lies in the fact that the ancients
+placed the emphasis on the impulse itself, while we put it on its
+object. The ancients extolled the impulse and were ready to ennoble
+through it even an inferior object, while we disparage the activity of
+the impulse as such and only countenance it on account of the merits of
+the object.
+
+[14] I must mention here that the blind obedience evinced by the
+hypnotized subject to the hypnotist causes me to think that the nature
+of hypnosis is to be found in the unconscious fixation of the libido on
+the person of the hypnotizer (by means of the masochistic component of
+the sexual impulse).
+
+Ferenczi connects this character of suggestibility with the "parent
+complex" (Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und psychopathologische
+Forschungen, I, 1909).
+
+[15] Moreover, it is to be noted that sexual overvaluation does not
+become pronounced in all mechanisms of object selection, and that we
+shall later learn to know another and more direct explanation for the
+sexual rôle of the other parts of the body.
+
+[16] Further investigations lead to the conclusion that I. Bloch has
+overestimated the factor of excitement-hunger (Reizhunger). The various
+roads upon which the libido moves behave to each other from the very
+beginning like communicating pipes; the factor of collateral streaming
+must also be considered.
+
+[17] This weakness corresponds to the constitutional predisposition. The
+early sexual intimidation which pushes the person away from the normal
+sexual aim and urges him to seek a substitute, has been demonstrated by
+psychoanalysis, as an accidental determinant.
+
+[18] The shoe or slipper is accordingly a symbol for the female
+genitals.
+
+[19] Psychoanalysis has filled up the gap in the understanding of
+fetichisms by showing that the selection of the fetich depends on a
+coprophilic smell-desire which has been lost by repression. Feet and
+hair are strong smelling objects which are raised to fetiches after the
+renouncing of the now unpleasant sensation of smell. Accordingly, only
+the filthy and ill-smelling foot is the sexual object in the perversion
+which corresponds to the foot fetichism. Another contribution to the
+explanation of the fetichistic preference of the foot is found in the
+Infantile Sexual Theories (see later). The foot replaces the penis which
+is so much missed in the woman. In some cases of foot fetichism it could
+be shown that the desire for looking originally directed to the
+genitals, which wished to reach its object from below, was stopped on
+the way by prohibition and repression, and therefore adhered to the foot
+or shoe as a fetich. In conformity with infantile expectation, the
+female genital was hereby imagined as a male genital.
+
+[20] I have no doubt that the conception of the "beautiful" is rooted in
+the soil of sexual excitement and originally signified the sexual
+excitant. The more remarkable, therefore, is the fact that the genitals,
+the sight of which provokes the greatest sexual excitement, can really
+never be considered "beautiful."
+
+[21] Cf. here the later communication on the pregenital phases of the
+sexual development, in which this view is confirmed. See below,
+"Ambivalence."
+
+[22] Instead of substantiating this statement by many examples I will
+merely cite Havelock Ellis (The Sexual Impulse, 1903): "All known cases
+of sadism and masochism, even those cited by v. Krafft-Ebing, always
+show (as has already been shown by Colin, Scott, and Féré) traces of
+both groups of manifestations in the same individual."
+
+[23] On the other hand the restricting forces of the sexual
+evolution--disgust, shame, morality--must also be looked upon as
+historic precipitates of the outer inhibitions which the sexual impulse
+experienced in the psychogenesis of humanity. One can observe that they
+appear in their time during the development of the individual almost
+spontaneously at the call of education and influence.
+
+[24] Studien über Hysterie, 1895, J. Breuer tells of the patient on whom
+he first practiced the cathartic method: "The sexual factor was
+surprisingly undeveloped."
+
+[25] The well-known fancies of perverts which under favorable conditions
+are changed into contrivances, the delusional fears of paranoiacs which
+are in a hostile manner projected on others, and the unconscious fancies
+of hysterics which are discovered in their symptoms by psychoanalysis,
+agree as to content in the minutest details.
+
+[26] A psychoneurosis very often associates itself with a manifest
+inversion in which the heterosexual feeling becomes subjected to
+complete repression.--It is but just to state that the necessity of a
+general recognition of the tendency to inversion in psychoneurotics was
+first imparted to me personally by Wilh. Fliess, of Berlin, after I had
+myself discovered it in some cases.
+
+[27] It is not easy to justify here this assumption which was taken from
+a definite class of neurotic diseases. On the other hand, it would be
+impossible to assert anything definite concerning the impulses if one
+did not take the trouble of mentioning these presuppositions.
+
+[28] One should here think of Moll's assertion, who divides the sexual
+impulse into the impulses of contrectation and detumescence.
+Contrectation signifies a desire to touch the skin.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY
+
+
+It is a part of popular belief about the sexual impulse that it is
+absent in childhood and that it first appears in the period of life
+known as puberty. This, though a common error, is serious in its
+consequences and is chiefly due to our present ignorance of the
+fundamental principles of the sexual life. A comprehensive study of the
+sexual manifestations of childhood would probably reveal to us the
+existence of the essential features of the sexual impulse, and would
+make us acquainted with its development and its composition from various
+sources.
+
+*The Neglect of the Infantile.*--It is remarkable that those writers who
+endeavor to explain the qualities and reactions of the adult individual
+have given so much more attention to the ancestral period than to the
+period of the individual's own existence--that is, they have attributed
+more influence to heredity than to childhood. As a matter of fact, it
+might well be supposed that the influence of the latter period would be
+easier to understand, and that it would be entitled to more
+consideration than heredity.[1] To be sure, one occasionally finds in
+medical literature notes on the premature sexual activities of small
+children, about erections and masturbation and even actions resembling
+coitus, but these are referred to merely as exceptional occurrences, as
+curiosities, or as deterring examples of premature perversity. No author
+has to my knowledge recognized the normality of the sexual impulse in
+childhood, and in the numerous writings on the development of the child
+the chapter on "Sexual Development" is usually passed over.[2]
+
+*Infantile Amnesia.*--This remarkable negligence is due partly to
+conventional considerations, which influence the writers on account of
+their own bringing up, and partly to a psychic phenomenon which has thus
+far remained unexplained. I refer to the peculiar amnesia which veils
+from most people (not from all!) the first years of their childhood,
+usually the first six or eight years. So far it has not occurred to us
+that this amnesia ought to surprise us, though we have good reasons for
+surprise. For we are informed that in those years from which we later
+obtain nothing except a few incomprehensible memory fragments, we have
+vividly reacted to impressions, that we have manifested pain and
+pleasure like any human being, that we have evinced love, jealousy, and
+other passions as they then affected us; indeed we are told that we have
+uttered remarks which proved to grown-ups that we possessed
+understanding and a budding power of judgment. Still we know nothing of
+all this when we become older. Why does our memory lag behind all our
+other psychic activities? We really have reason to believe that at no
+time of life are we more capable of impressions and reproductions than
+during the years of childhood.[3]
+
+On the other hand we must assume, or we may convince ourselves through
+psychological observations on others, that the very impressions which we
+have forgotten have nevertheless left the deepest traces in our psychic
+life, and acted as determinants for our whole future development. We
+conclude therefore that we do not deal with a real forgetting of
+infantile impressions but rather with an amnesia similar to that
+observed in neurotics for later experiences, the nature of which
+consists in their being detained from consciousness (repression). But
+what forces bring about this repression of the infantile impressions? He
+who can solve this riddle will also explain hysterical amnesia.
+
+We shall not, however, hesitate to assert that the existence of the
+infantile amnesia gives us a new point of comparison between the psychic
+states of the child and those of the psychoneurotic. We have already
+encountered another point of comparison when confronted by the fact that
+the sexuality of the psychoneurotic preserves the infantile character or
+has returned to it. May there not be an ultimate connection between the
+infantile and the hysterical amnesias?
+
+The connection between the infantile and the hysterical amnesias is
+really more than a mere play of wit. The hysterical amnesia which serves
+the repression can only be explained by the fact that the individual
+already possesses a sum of recollections which have been withdrawn from
+conscious disposal and which by associative connection now seize that
+which is acted upon by the repelling forces of the repression emanating
+from consciousness.[4] We may say that without infantile amnesia there
+would be no hysterical amnesia.
+
+I believe that the infantile amnesia which causes the individual to look
+upon his childhood as if it were a _prehistoric_ time and conceals from
+him the beginning of his own sexual life--that this amnesia is
+responsible for the fact that one does not usually attribute any value
+to the infantile period in the development of the sexual life. One
+single observer cannot fill the gap which has been thus produced in our
+knowledge. As early as 1896 I had already emphasized the significance of
+childhood for the origin of certain important phenomena connected with
+the sexual life, and since then I have not ceased to put into the
+foreground the importance of the infantile factor for sexuality.
+
+
+THE SEXUAL LATENCY PERIOD OF CHILDHOOD AND ITS INTERRUPTIONS
+
+The extraordinary frequent discoveries of apparently abnormal and
+exceptional sexual manifestations in childhood, as well as the
+discovery of infantile reminiscences in neurotics, which were hitherto
+unconscious, allow us to sketch the following picture of the sexual
+behavior of childhood.[5]
+
+It seems certain that the newborn child brings with it the germs of
+sexual feelings which continue to develop for some time and then succumb
+to a progressive suppression, which is in turn broken through by the
+proper advances of the sexual development and which can be checked by
+individual idiosyncrasies. Nothing is known concerning the laws and
+periodicity of this oscillating course of development. It seems,
+however, that the sexual life of the child mostly manifests itself in
+the third or fourth year in some form accessible to observation.[6]
+
+*The Sexual Inhibition.*--It is during this period of total or at least
+partial latency that the psychic forces develop which later act as
+inhibitions on the sexual life, and narrow its direction like dams.
+These psychic forces are loathing, shame, and moral and esthetic ideal
+demands. We may gain the impression that the erection of these dams in
+the civilized child is the work of education; and surely education
+contributes much to it. In reality, however, this development is
+organically determined and can occasionally be produced without the help
+of education. Indeed education remains properly within its assigned
+realm only if it strictly follows the path of the organic determinant
+and impresses it somewhat cleaner and deeper.
+
+*Reaction Formation and Sublimation.*--What are the means that
+accomplish these very important constructions so significant for the
+later personal culture and normality? They are probably brought about at
+the cost of the infantile sexuality itself, the influx of which has not
+stopped even in this latency period--the energy of which indeed has been
+turned away either wholly or partially from sexual utilization and
+conducted to other aims. The historians of civilization seem to be
+unanimous in the opinion that such deviation of sexual motive powers
+from sexual aims to new aims, a process which merits the name of
+_sublimation_, has furnished powerful components for all cultural
+accomplishments. We will therefore add that the same process acts in the
+development of every individual, and that it begins to act in the sexual
+latency period.[7]
+
+We can also venture an opinion about the mechanisms of such sublimation.
+The sexual feelings of these infantile years on the one hand could not
+be utilizable, since the procreating functions are postponed,--this is
+the chief character of the latency period; on the other hand, they would
+in themselves be perverse, as they would emanate from erogenous zones
+and would be born of impulses which in the individual's course of
+development could only evoke a feeling of displeasure. They therefore
+awaken contrary forces (feelings of reaction), which in order to
+suppress such displeasure, build up the above mentioned psychic dams:
+loathing, shame, and morality.[8]
+
+*The Interruptions of the Latency Period.*--Without deluding ourselves
+as to the hypothetical nature and deficient clearness of our
+understanding regarding the infantile period of latency and delay, we
+will return to reality and state that such a utilization of the
+infantile sexuality represents an ideal bringing up from which the
+development of the individual usually deviates in some measure and often
+very considerably. A portion of the sexual manifestation which has
+withdrawn from sublimation occasionally breaks through, or a sexual
+activity remains throughout the whole duration of the latency period
+until the reinforced breaking through of the sexual impulse in puberty.
+In so far as they have paid any attention to infantile sexuality the
+educators behave as if they shared our views concerning the formation of
+the moral forces of defence at the cost of sexuality, and as if they
+knew that sexual activity makes the child uneducable; for the educators
+consider all sexual manifestations of the child as an "evil" in the face
+of which little can be accomplished. We have, however, every reason for
+directing our attention to those phenomena so much feared by the
+educators, for we expect to find in them the solution of the primitive
+formation of the sexual impulse.
+
+
+THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY
+
+For reasons which we shall discuss later we will take as a model of the
+infantile sexual manifestations thumbsucking (pleasure-sucking), to
+which the Hungarian pediatrist, Lindner, has devoted an excellent
+essay.[9]
+
+*Thumbsucking.*--Thumbsucking, which manifests itself in the nursing
+baby and which may be continued till maturity or throughout life,
+consists in a rhythmic repetition of sucking contact with the mouth (the
+lips), wherein the purpose of taking nourishment is excluded. A part of
+the lip itself, the tongue, which is another preferable skin region
+within reach, and even the big toe--may be taken as objects for sucking.
+Simultaneously, there is also a desire to grasp things, which manifests
+itself in a rhythmical pulling of the ear lobe and which may cause the
+child to grasp a part of another person (generally the ear) for the same
+purpose. The pleasure-sucking is connected with an entire exhaustion of
+attention and leads to sleep or even to a motor reaction in the form of
+an orgasm.[10] Pleasure-sucking is often combined with a rubbing contact
+with certain sensitive parts of the body, such as the breast and
+external genitals. It is by this road that many children go from
+thumb-sucking to masturbation.
+
+Lindner himself has recognized the sexual nature of this action and
+openly emphasized it. In the nursery thumbsucking is often treated in
+the same way as any other sexual "naughtiness" of the child. A very
+strong objection was raised against this view by many pediatrists and
+neurologists which in part is certainly due to the confusion of the
+terms "sexual" and "genital." This contradiction raises the difficult
+question, which cannot be rejected, namely, in what general traits do we
+wish to recognize the sexual manifestations of the child. I believe that
+the association of the manifestations into which we gained an insight
+through psychoanalytic investigation justify us in claiming thumbsucking
+as a sexual activity and in studying through it the essential features
+of the infantile sexual activity.
+
+*Autoerotism.*--It is our duty here to arrange this state of affairs
+differently. Let us insist that the most striking character of this
+sexual activity is that the impulse is not directed against other
+persons but that it gratifies itself on its own body; to use the happy
+term invented by Havelock Ellis, we will say that it is autoerotic.[11]
+
+It is, moreover, clear that the action of the thumbsucking child is
+determined by the fact that it seeks a pleasure which has already been
+experienced and is now remembered. Through the rhythmic sucking on a
+portion of the skin or mucous membrane it finds the gratification in the
+simplest way. It is also easy to conjecture on what occasions the child
+first experienced this pleasure which it now strives to renew. The first
+and most important activity in the child's life, the sucking from the
+mother's breast (or its substitute), must have acquainted it with this
+pleasure. We would say that the child's lips behaved like an _erogenous
+zone_, and that the excitement through the warm stream of milk was
+really the cause of the pleasurable sensation. To be sure, the
+gratification of the erogenous zone was at first united with the
+gratification of taking nourishment. He who sees a satiated child sink
+back from the mother's breast, and fall asleep with reddened cheeks and
+blissful smile, will have to admit that this picture remains as typical
+of the expression of sexual gratification in later life. But the desire
+for repetition of the sexual gratification is separated from the desire
+for taking nourishment; a separation which becomes unavoidable with the
+appearance of the teeth when the nourishment is no longer sucked in but
+chewed. The child does not make use of a strange object for sucking but
+prefers its own skin because it is more convenient, because it thus
+makes itself independent of the outer world which it cannot yet control,
+and because in this way it creates for itself, as it were, a second,
+even if an inferior, erogenous zone. The inferiority of this second
+region urges it later to seek the same parts, the lips of another
+person. ("It is a pity that I cannot kiss myself," might be attributed
+to it.)
+
+Not all children suck their thumbs. It may be assumed that it is found
+only in children in whom the erogenous significance of the lip-zone is
+constitutionally reënforced. Children in whom this is retained are
+habitual kissers as adults and show a tendency to perverse kissing, or
+as men they have a marked desire for drinking and smoking. But if
+repression comes into play they experience disgust for eating and evince
+hysterical vomiting. By virtue of the community of the lip-zone the
+repression encroaches upon the impulse of nourishment. Many of my female
+patients showing disturbances in eating, such as hysterical globus,
+choking sensations, and vomiting, have been energetic thumbsuckers
+during infancy.
+
+In the thumbsucking or pleasure-sucking we have already been able to
+observe the three essential characters of an infantile sexual
+manifestation. The latter has its origin in conjunction with a bodily
+function which is very important for life, it does not yet know any
+sexual object, it is _autoerotic_ and its sexual aim is under the
+control of an _erogenous zone_. Let us assume for the present that these
+characters also hold true for most of the other activities of the
+infantile sexual impulse.
+
+
+THE SEXUAL AIM OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY
+
+*The Characters of the Erogenous Zones.*--From the example of
+thumbsucking we may gather a great many points useful for the
+distinguishing of an erogenous zone. It is a portion of skin or mucous
+membrane in which the stimuli produce a feeling of pleasure of definite
+quality. There is no doubt that the pleasure-producing stimuli are
+governed by special determinants which we do not know. The rhythmic
+characters must play some part in them and this strongly suggests an
+analogy to tickling. It does not, however, appear so certain whether the
+character of the pleasurable feeling evoked by the stimulus can be
+designated as "peculiar," and in what part of this peculiarity the
+sexual factor exists. Psychology is still groping in the dark when it
+concerns matters of pleasure and pain, and the most cautious assumption
+is therefore the most advisable. We may perhaps later come upon reasons
+which seem to support the peculiar quality of the sensation of pleasure.
+
+The erogenous quality may adhere most notably to definite regions of the
+body. As is shown by the example of thumbsucking, there are predestined
+erogenous zones. But the same example also shows that any other region
+of skin or mucous membrane may assume the function of an erogenous zone;
+it must therefore carry along a certain adaptability. The production of
+the sensation of pleasure therefore depends more on the quality of the
+stimulus than on the nature of the bodily region. The thumbsucking child
+looks around on his body and selects any portion of it for
+pleasure-sucking, and becoming accustomed to it, he then prefers it. If
+he accidentally strikes upon a predestined region, such as breast,
+nipple or genitals, it naturally has the preference. A quite analogous
+tendency to displacement is again found in the symptomatology of
+hysteria. In this neurosis the repression mostly concerns the genital
+zones proper; these in turn transmit their excitation to the other
+erogenous zones, usually dormant in mature life, which then behave
+exactly like genitals. But besides this, just as in thumbsucking, any
+other region of the body may become endowed with the excitation of the
+genitals and raised to an erogenous zone. Erogenous and hysterogenous
+zones show the same characters.[12]
+
+*The Infantile Sexual Aim.*--The sexual aim of the infantile impulse
+consists in the production of gratification through the proper
+excitation of this or that selected erogenous zone. In order to leave a
+desire for its repetition this gratification must have been previously
+experienced, and we may be sure that nature has devised definite means
+so as not to leave this occurrence to mere chance. The arrangement which
+has fulfilled this purpose for the lip-zone we have already discussed;
+it is the simultaneous connection of this part of the body with the
+taking of nourishment. We shall also meet other similar mechanisms as
+sources of sexuality. The state of desire for repetition of
+gratification can be recognized through a peculiar feeling of tension
+which in itself is rather of a painful character, and through a
+centrally-determined feeling of itching or sensitiveness which is
+projected into the peripheral erogenous zone. The sexual aim may
+therefore be formulated as follows: the chief object is to substitute
+for the projected feeling of sensitiveness in the erogenous zone that
+outer stimulus which removes the feeling of sensitiveness by evoking the
+feeling of gratification. This external stimulus consists usually in a
+manipulation which is analogous to sucking.
+
+It is in full accord with our physiological knowledge if the desire
+happens to be awakened also peripherally through an actual change in the
+erogenous zone. The action is puzzling only to some extent as one
+stimulus for its suppression seems to want another applied to the same
+place.
+
+
+THE MASTURBATIC SEXUAL MANIFESTATIONS[13]
+
+It is a matter of great satisfaction to know that there is nothing
+further of greater importance to learn about the sexual activity of the
+child after the impulse of one erogenous zone has become comprehensible
+to us. The most pronounced differences are found in the action necessary
+for the gratification, which consists in sucking for the lip zone and
+which must be replaced by other muscular actions according to the
+situation and nature of the other zones.
+
+*The Activity of the Anal Zone.*--Like the lip zone the anal zone is,
+through its position, adapted to conduct the sexuality to the other
+functions of the body. It should be assumed that the erogenous
+significance of this region of the body was originally very large.
+Through psychoanalysis one finds, not without surprise, the many
+transformations that are normally undertaken with the usual excitations
+emanating from here, and that this zone often retains for life a
+considerable fragment of genital irritability.[14] The intestinal
+catarrhs so frequent during infancy produce intensive irritations in
+this zone, and we often hear it said that intestinal catarrh at this
+delicate age causes "nervousness." In later neurotic diseases they exert
+a definite influence on the symptomatic expression of the neurosis,
+placing at its disposal the whole sum of intestinal disturbances.
+Considering the erogenous significance of the anal zone which has been
+retained at least in transformation, one should not laugh at the
+hemorrhoidal influences to which the old medical literature attached so
+much weight in the explanation of neurotic states.
+
+Children utilizing the erogenous sensitiveness of the anal zone can be
+recognized by their holding back of fecal masses until through
+accumulation there result violent muscular contractions; the passage of
+these masses through the anus is apt to produce a marked irritation of
+the mucus membrane. Besides the pain this must produce also a sensation
+of pleasure. One of the surest premonitions of later eccentricity or
+nervousness is when an infant obstinately refuses to empty his bowel
+when placed on the chamber by the nurse and reserves this function at
+its own pleasure. It does not concern him that he will soil his bed; all
+he cares for is not to lose the subsidiary pleasure while defecating.
+The educators have again the right inkling when they designate children
+who withhold these functions as bad. The content of the bowel which is
+an exciting object to the sexually sensitive surface of mucous membrane
+behaves like the precursor of another organ which does not become active
+until after the phase of childhood. In addition it has other important
+meanings to the nursling. It is evidently treated as an additional part
+of the body, it represents the first "donation," the disposal of which
+expresses the pliability while the retention of it can express the
+spite of the little being towards its environment. From the idea of
+"donation" he later gains the meaning of the "babe" which according to
+one of the infantile sexual theories is acquired through eating and is
+born through the bowel.
+
+The retention of fecal masses, which is at first intentional in order to
+utilize them, as it were, for masturbatic excitation of the anal zone,
+is at least one of the roots of constipation so frequent in neuropaths.
+The whole significance of the anal zone is mirrored in the fact that
+there are but few neurotics who have not their special scatologic
+customs, ceremonies, etc., which they retain with cautious secrecy.
+
+Real masturbatic irritation of the anal zone by means of the fingers,
+evoked through either centrally or peripherally supported itching, is
+not at all rare in older children.
+
+*The Activity of the Genital Zone.*--Among the erogenous zones of the
+child's body there is one which certainly does not play the main rôle,
+and which cannot be the carrier of earliest sexual feeling--which,
+however, is destined for great things in later life. In both male and
+female it is connected with the voiding of urine (penis, clitoris), and
+in the former it is enclosed in a sack of mucous membrane, probably in
+order not to miss the irritations caused by the secretions which may
+arouse the sexual excitement at an early age. The sexual activities of
+this erogenous zone, which belongs to the real genitals, are the
+beginning of the later normal sexual life.
+
+Owing to the anatomical position, the overflowing of secretions, the
+washing and rubbing of the body, and to certain accidental excitements
+(the wandering of intestinal worms in the girl), it happens that the
+pleasurable feeling which these parts of the body are capable of
+producing makes itself noticeable to the child even during the sucking
+age, and thus awakens desire for its repetition. When we review all the
+actual arrangements, and bear in mind that the measures for cleanliness
+have the same effect as the uncleanliness itself, we can then scarcely
+mistake nature's intention, which is to establish the future primacy of
+these erogenous zones for the sexual activity through the infantile
+onanism from which hardly an individual escapes. The action of removing
+the stimulus and setting free the gratification consists in a rubbing
+contiguity with the hand or in a certain previously-formed pressure
+reflex effected by the closure of the thighs. The latter procedure seems
+to be the more primitive and is by far the more common in girls. The
+preference for the hand in boys already indicates what an important part
+of the male sexual activity will be accomplished in the future by the
+impulse to mastery (Bemächtigungstrieb).[15] It can only help towards
+clearness if I state that the infantile masturbation should be divided
+into three phases. The first phase belongs to the nursing period, the
+second to the short flourishing period of sexual activity at about the
+fourth year, only the third corresponds to the one which is often
+considered exclusively as onanism of puberty.
+
+The infantile onanism seems to disappear after a brief time, but it may
+continue uninterruptedly till puberty and thus represent the first
+marked deviation from the development desirable for civilized man. At
+some time during childhood after the nursing period, the sexual impulse
+of the genitals reawakens and continues active for some time until it is
+again suppressed, or it may continue without interruption. The possible
+relations are very diverse and can only be elucidated through a more
+precise analysis of individual cases. The details, however, of this
+_second_ infantile sexual activity leave behind the profoundest
+(unconscious) impressions in the persons's memory; if the individual
+remains healthy they determine his character and if he becomes sick
+after puberty they determine the symptomatology of his neurosis.[16] In
+the latter case it is found that this sexual period is forgotten and the
+conscious reminiscences pointing to them are displaced; I have already
+mentioned that I would like to connect the normal infantile amnesia with
+this infantile sexual activity. By psychoanalytic investigation it is
+possible to bring to consciousness the forgotten material, and thereby
+to remove a compulsion which emanates from the unconscious psychic
+material.
+
+*The Return of the Infantile Masturbation.*--The sexual excitation of
+the nursing period returns during the designated years of childhood as a
+centrally determined tickling sensation demanding onanistic
+gratification, or as a pollution-like process which, analogous to the
+pollution of maturity, may attain gratification without the aid of any
+action. The latter case is more frequent in girls and in the second half
+of childhood; its determinants are not well understood, but it often,
+though not regularly, seems to have as a basis a period of early active
+onanism. The symptomatology of this sexual manifestation is poor; the
+genital apparatus is still undeveloped and all signs are therefore
+displayed by the urinary apparatus which is, so to say, the guardian of
+the genital apparatus. Most of the so-called bladder disturbances of
+this period are of a sexual nature; whenever the enuresis nocturna does
+not represent an epileptic attack it corresponds to a pollution.
+
+The return of the sexual activity is determined by inner and outer
+causes which can be conjectured from the formation of the symptoms of
+neurotic diseases and definitely revealed by psychoanalytic
+investigations. The internal causes will be discussed later, the
+accidental outer causes attain at this time a great and permanent
+significance. As the first outer cause we have the influence of
+seduction which prematurely treats the child as a sexual object; under
+conditions favoring impressions this teaches the child the gratification
+of the genital zones, and thus usually forces it to repeat this
+gratification in onanism. Such influences can come from adults or other
+children. I cannot admit that I overestimated its frequency or its
+significance in my contributions to the etiology of hysteria,[17] though
+I did not know then that normal individuals may have the same
+experiences in their childhood, and hence placed a higher value on
+seductions than on the factors found in the sexual constitution and
+development.[18] It is quite obvious that no seduction is necessary to
+awaken the sexual life of the child, that such an awakening may come on
+spontaneously from inner sources.
+
+*Polymorphous-perverse Disposition.*--It is instructive to know that
+under the influence of seduction the child may become
+polymorphous-perverse and may be misled into all sorts of
+transgressions. This goes to show that it carries along the adaptation
+for them in its disposition. The formation of such perversions meets but
+slight resistance because the psychic dams against sexual
+transgressions, such as shame, loathing and morality--which depend on
+the age of the child--are not yet erected or are only in the process of
+formation. In this respect the child perhaps does not behave differently
+from the average uncultured woman in whom the same polymorphous-perverse
+disposition exists. Such a woman may remain sexually normal under usual
+conditions, but under the guidance of a clever seducer she will find
+pleasure in every perversion and will retain the same as her sexual
+activity. The same polymorphous or infantile disposition fits the
+prostitute for her professional activity, and in the enormous number of
+prostitutes and of women to whom we must attribute an adaptation for
+prostitution, even if they do not follow this calling, it is absolutely
+impossible not to recognize in their uniform disposition for all
+perversions the universal and primitive human.
+
+*Partial Impulses.*--For the rest, the influence of seduction does not
+aid us in unravelling the original relations of the sexual impulse, but
+rather confuses our understanding of the same, inasmuch as it
+prematurely supplies the child with the sexual object at a time when the
+infantile sexual impulse does not yet evince any desire for it. We must
+admit, however, that the infantile sexual life, though mainly under the
+control of erogenous zones, also shows components in which from the very
+beginning other persons are regarded as sexual objects. Among these we
+have the impulses for looking and showing off, and for cruelty, which
+manifest themselves somewhat independently of the erogenous zones and
+which only later enter into intimate relationship with the sexual life;
+but along with the erogenous sexual activity they are noticeable even in
+the infantile years as separate and independent strivings. The little
+child is above all shameless, and during its early years it evinces
+definite pleasure in displaying its body and especially its sexual
+organs. A counterpart to this desire which is to be considered as
+perverse, the curiosity to see other persons' genitals, probably appears
+first in the later years of childhood when the hindrance of the feeling
+of shame has already reached a certain development. Under the influence
+of seduction the looking perversion may attain great importance for the
+sexual life of the child. Still, from my investigations of the childhood
+years of normal and neurotic patients, I must conclude that the impulse
+for looking can appear in the child as a spontaneous sexual
+manifestation. Small children, whose attention has once been directed to
+their own genitals--usually by masturbation--are wont to progress in
+this direction without outside interference, and to develop a vivid
+interest in the genitals of their playmates. As the occasion for the
+gratification of such curiosity is generally afforded during the
+gratification of both excrementitious needs, such children become
+_voyeurs_ and are zealous spectators at the voiding of urine and feces
+of others, After this tendency has been repressed, the curiosity to see
+the genitals of others (one's own or those of the other sex) remains as
+a tormenting desire which in some neurotic cases furnishes the strongest
+motive power for the formation of symptoms.
+
+The cruelty component of the sexual impulse develops in the child with
+still greater independence of those sexual activities which are
+connected with erogenous zones. Cruelty is especially near the childish
+character, since the inhibition which restrains the impulse to mastery
+before it causes pain to others--that is, the capacity for
+sympathy--develops comparatively late. As we know, a thorough
+psychological analysis of this impulse has not as yet been successfully
+accomplished; we may assume that the cruel feelings emanate from the
+impulse to mastery and appear at a period in the sexual life before the
+genitals have taken on their later rôle. It then dominates a phase of
+the sexual life, which we shall later describe as the pregenital
+organization. Children who are distinguished for evincing especial
+cruelty to animals and playmates may be justly suspected of intensive
+and premature sexual activity in the erogenous zones; and in a
+simultaneous prematurity of all sexual impulses, the erogenous sexual
+activity surely seems to be primary. The absence of the barrier of
+sympathy carries with it the danger that the connections between cruelty
+and the erogenous impulses formed in childhood cannot be broken in later
+life.
+
+An erogenous source of the passive impulse for cruelty (masochism) is
+found in the painful irritation of the gluteal region which is familiar
+to all educators since the confessions of J.J. Rousseau. This has justly
+caused them to demand that physical punishment, which usually concerns
+this part of the body, should be withheld from all children in whom the
+libido might be forced into collateral roads by the later demands of
+cultural education.[19]
+
+
+THE INFANTILE SEXUAL INVESTIGATION
+
+*Inquisitiveness.*--At the same time when the sexual life of the child
+reaches its first bloom, from the age of three to the age of five, it
+also evinces the beginning of that activity which is ascribed to the
+impulse for knowledge and investigation. The desire for knowledge can
+neither be added to the elementary components of the impulses nor can it
+be altogether subordinated under sexuality. Its activity corresponds on
+the one hand to a sublimating mode of acquisition and on the other hand
+it labors with the energy of the desire for looking. Its relations to
+the sexual life, however, are of particular importance, for we have
+learned from psychoanalysis that the inquisitiveness of children is
+attracted to the sexual problems unusually early and in an unexpectedly
+intensive manner, indeed it perhaps may first be awakened by the sexual
+problems.
+
+*The Riddle of the Sphinx.*--It is not theoretical but practical
+interests which start the work of the investigation activity in the
+child. The threat to the conditions of his existence through the actual
+or expected arrival of a new child, the fear of the loss in care and
+love which is connected with this event, cause the child to become
+thoughtful and sagacious. Corresponding with the history of this
+awakening, the first problem with which it occupies itself is not the
+question as to the difference between the sexes, but the riddle: from
+where do children come? In a distorted form, which can easily be
+unraveled, this is the same riddle which was given by the Theban Sphinx.
+The fact of the two sexes is usually first accepted by the child without
+struggle and hesitation. It is quite natural for the male child to
+presuppose in all persons it knows a genital like his own, and to find
+it impossible to harmonize the lack of it with his conception of others.
+
+*The Castration Complex.*--This conviction is energetically adhered to
+by the boy and tenaciously defended against the contradictions which
+soon result, and are only given up after severe internal struggles
+(castration complex). The substitutive formations of this lost penis of
+the woman play a great part in the formation of many perversions.
+
+The assumption of the same (male) genital in all persons is the first of
+the remarkable and consequential infantile sexual theories. It is of
+little help to the child when biological science agrees with his
+preconceptions and recognizes the feminine clitoris as the real
+substitute for the penis. The little girl does not react with similar
+refusals when she sees the differently formed genital of the boy. She
+is immediately prepared to recognize it, and soon becomes envious of the
+penis; this envy reaches its highest point in the consequentially
+important wish that she also should be a boy.
+
+*Birth Theories.*--Many people can remember distinctly how intensely
+they interested themselves, in the prepubescent period, in the question
+where children came from. The anatomical solutions at that time read
+very differently; the children come out of the breast or are cut out of
+the body, or the navel opens itself to let them out. Outside of analysis
+one only seldom remembers the investigation corresponding to the early
+childhood years; it had long merged into repression but its results were
+thoroughly uniform. One gets children by eating something special (as in
+the fairy tale) and they are born through the bowel like a passage.
+These infantile theories recall the structures in the animal kingdom,
+especially do they recall the cloaca of the types which stand lower than
+the mammals.
+
+*Sadistic Conception of the Sexual Act.*--If children of so delicate an
+age become spectators of the sexual act between grown-ups, for which an
+occasion is furnished by the conviction of the grown-ups that little
+children cannot understand anything sexual, they cannot help conceiving
+the sexual act as a kind of maltreating or overpowering, that is, it
+impresses them in a sadistic sense. Psychoanalysis also teaches us that
+such an early childhood impression contributes much to the disposition
+for a later sadistic displacement of the sexual aim. Besides this
+children also occupy themselves with the problem of what the sexual act
+consists in or, as they grasp it, of what marriage consists, and seek
+the solution of the mystery mostly in an association to which the
+functions of urination and defecation give occasion.
+
+*The Typical Failure of the Infantile Sexual Investigation.*--It can be
+stated in general about the infantile sexual theories that they are
+reproductions of the child's own sexual constitution, and that despite
+their grotesque mistakes they evince more understanding of the sexual
+processes than is credited to their creators. Children also perceive the
+pregnancy of the mother and know how to interpret it correctly; the
+stork fable is very often related before auditors who confront it with a
+deep, but mostly mute suspicion. But as two elements remain unknown to
+the infantile sexual investigation, namely, the rôle of the propagating
+semen and the female genital opening--precisely the same points in which
+the infantile organization is still backward--the effort of the
+infantile investigator regularly remains fruitless, and ends in a
+renunciation which not infrequently leaves a lasting injury to the
+desire for knowledge. The sexual investigation of these early childhood
+years is always conducted alone, it signifies the first step towards
+independent orientation in the world, and causes a marked estrangement
+between the child and the persons of his environment who formerly
+enjoyed its full confidence.
+
+*The Phases of Development of the Sexual Organization.*--As
+characteristics of the infantile sexuality we have hitherto emphasized
+the fact that it is essentially autoerotic (it finds its object in its
+own body), and that its individual partial impulses, which on the whole
+are unconnected and independent of one another, are striving for the
+acquisition of pleasure. The end of this development forms the so-called
+normal sexual life of the adult in which the acquisition of pleasure has
+been put into the service of the function of propagation, and the
+partial impulses, under the primacy of one single erogenous zone, have
+formed a firm organization for the attainment of the sexual aim in a
+strange sexual object.
+
+*Pregenital Organizations.*--The study, with the help of
+psychoanalysis, of the inhibitions and disturbances in this course of
+development now permits us to recognize additions and primary stages of
+such organization of the partial impulses which likewise furnish a sort
+of sexual regime. These phases of the sexual organization normally will
+pass over smoothly and will only be recognizable by slight indications.
+Only in pathological cases do they become active and discernible to
+coarse observation.
+
+Organizations of the sexual life in which the genital zones have not yet
+assumed the dominating rôle we would call the _pregenital_ phase. So far
+we have become acquainted with two of them which recall reversions to
+early animal states.
+
+One of the first of such pregenital sexual organizations is the _oral_,
+or if we wish, the cannibalistic. Here the sexual activity is not yet
+separated from the taking of nourishment, and the contrasts within the
+same not yet differentiated. The object of the one activity is also that
+of the other, the sexual aim consists in the _incorporating_ into one's
+own body of the object, it is the prototype of that which later plays
+such an important psychic rôle as _identification_. As a remnant of this
+fictitious phase of organization forced on us by pathology we can
+consider thumbsucking. Here the sexual activity became separated from
+the nourishment activity and the strange object was given up in favor of
+one from his own body.
+
+A second pregenital phase is the sadistic-anal organization. Here the
+contrasts which run through the whole sexual life are already developed,
+but cannot yet be designated as _masculine_ and _feminine_, but must be
+called _active_ and _passive_. The activity is supplied by the
+musculature of the body through the mastery impulse; the erogenous
+mucous membrane of the bowel manifests itself above all as an organ with
+a passive sexual aim, for both strivings there are objects present,
+which however do not merge together. Besides them there are other
+partial impulses which are active in an autoerotic manner. The sexual
+polarity and the strange object can thus already be demonstrated in this
+phase. The organization and subordination under the function of
+propagation are still lacking.
+
+*Ambivalence.*--This form of the sexual organization could be retained
+throughout life and continue to draw to itself a large part of the
+sexual activity. The prevalence of sadism and the rôle of the cloaca of
+the anal zone stamps it with an exquisitely archaic impression. As
+another characteristic belonging to it we can mention the fact that the
+contrasting pair of impulses are developed in almost the same manner, a
+behavior which was designated by Bleuler with the happy name of
+_ambivalence_.
+
+The assumption of the pregenital organizations of the sexual life is
+based on the analysis of the neuroses and hardly deserves any
+consideration without a knowledge of the same. We may expect that
+continued analytic efforts will furnish us with still more disclosures
+concerning the structure and development of the normal sexual function.
+
+To complete the picture of the infantile sexual life one must add that
+frequently or regularly an object selection takes place even in
+childhood which is as characteristic as the one we have represented for
+the phase of development of puberty. This object selection proceeds in
+such a manner that all the sexual strivings proceed in the direction of
+one person in whom they wish to attain their aim. This is then the
+nearest approach to the definitive formation of the sexual life after
+puberty, that is possible in childhood. It differs from the latter only
+in the fact that the collection of the partial impulses and their
+subordination to the primacy of the genitals is very imperfectly or not
+at all accomplished in childhood. The establishment of this primacy in
+the service of propagation is therefore the last phase through which the
+sexual organization passes.
+
+*The Two Periods of Object Selection.*--That the object selection takes
+place in two periods, or in two shifts, can be spoken of as a typical
+occurrence. The first shift has its origin between the age of three and
+five years, and is brought to a stop or to retrogression by the latency
+period; it is characterized by the infantile nature of its sexual aims.
+The second shift starts with puberty and determines the definitive
+formation of the sexual life.
+
+The fact of the double object selection which is essentially due to the
+effect of the latency period, becomes most significant for the
+disturbance of this terminal state. The results of the infantile object
+selection reach into the later period; they are either preserved as such
+or are even refreshed at the time of puberty. But due to the development
+of the repression which takes place between the two phases they turn out
+as unutilizable. The sexual aims have become softened and now represent
+what we can designate as the _tender_ streams of the sexual life. Only
+psychoanalytic investigation can demonstrate that behind this
+tenderness, such as honoring and esteeming, there is concealed the old
+sexual strivings of the infantile partial impulses which have now become
+useless. The object selection of the pubescent period must renounce the
+infantile objects and begin anew as a sensuous stream. The fact that the
+two streams do not meet often enough has as a result that one of the
+ideals of the sexual life, namely, the union of all desires in one
+object, can not be attained.
+
+
+THE SOURCES OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY
+
+In our effort to follow up the origins of the sexual impulse, we have
+thus far found that the sexual excitement originates (_a_) as an imitation
+of a gratification which has been experienced in conjunction with other
+organic processes; (_b_) through the appropriate peripheral stimulation of
+erogenous zones; (_c_) and as an expression of some "impulse," like the
+looking and cruelty impulses, the origin of which we do not yet fully
+understand. The psychoanalytic investigation of later life which leads
+back to childhood and the contemporary observation of the child itself
+coöperate to reveal to us still other regularly-flowing sources of the
+sexual excitement. The observation of childhood has the disadvantage of
+treating easily misunderstood material, while psychoanalysis is made
+difficult by the fact that it can reach its objects and conclusions only
+by great detours; still the united efforts of both methods achieve a
+sufficient degree of positive understanding.
+
+In investigating the erogenous zones we have already found that these
+skin regions merely show the special exaggeration of a form of
+sensitiveness which is to a certain degree found over the whole surface
+of the skin. It will therefore not surprise us to learn that certain
+forms of general sensitiveness in the skin can be ascribed to very
+distinct erogenous action. Among these we will above all mention the
+temperature sensitiveness; this will perhaps prepare us for the
+understanding of the therapeutic effects of warm baths.
+
+*Mechanical Excitation.*--We must, moreover, describe here the
+production of sexual excitation by means of rhythmic mechanical shaking
+of the body. There are three kinds of exciting influences: those acting
+on the sensory apparatus of the vestibular nerves, those acting on the
+skin, and those acting on the deep parts, such as the muscles and
+joints. The sexual excitation produced by these influences seems to be
+of a pleasurable nature--it is worth emphasizing that for some time we
+shall continue to use indiscriminately the terms "sexual excitement" and
+"gratification" leaving the search for an explanation of the terms to a
+later time--and that the pleasure is produced by mechanical stimulation
+is proved by the fact that children are so fond of play involving
+passive motion, like swinging or flying in the air, and repeatedly
+demand its repetition.[20] As we know, rocking is regularly used in
+putting restless children to sleep. The shaking sensation experienced in
+wagons and railroad trains exerts such a fascinating influence on older
+children, that all boys, at least at one time in their lives, want to
+become conductors and drivers. They are wont to ascribe to railroad
+activities an extraordinary and mysterious interest, and during the age
+of phantastic activity (shortly before puberty) they utilize these as a
+nucleus for exquisite sexual symbolisms. The desire to connect railroad
+travelling with sexuality apparently originates from the pleasurable
+character of the sensation of motion. When the repression later sets in
+and changes so many of the childish likes into their opposites, these
+same persons as adolescents and adults then react to the rocking and
+rolling with nausea and become terribly exhausted by a railroad journey,
+or they show a tendency to attacks of anxiety during the journey, and by
+becoming obsessed with railroad phobia they protect themselves against a
+repetition of the painful experiences.
+
+This also fits in with the not as yet understood fact that the
+concurrence of fear with mechanical shaking produces the severest
+hysterical forms of traumatic neurosis. It may at least be assumed that
+inasmuch as even a slight intensity of these influences becomes a source
+of sexual excitement, the action of an excessive amount of the same will
+produce a profound disorder in the sexual mechanism.
+
+*Muscular Activity.*--It is well known that the child has need for
+strong muscular activity, from the gratification of which it draws
+extraordinary pleasure. Whether this pleasure has anything to do with
+sexuality, whether it includes in itself sexual satisfaction? or can be
+the occasion of sexual excitement; all this may be refuted by critical
+consideration, which will probably be directed also to the position
+taken above that the pleasure in the sensations of passive movement are
+of sexual character or that they are sexually exciting. The fact
+remains, however, that a number of persons report that they experienced
+the first signs of excitement in their genitals during fighting or
+wrestling with playmates, in which situation, besides the general
+muscular exertion, there is an intensive contact with the opponent's
+skin which also becomes effective. The desire for muscular contest with
+a definite person, like the desire for word contest in later years, is a
+good sign that the object selection has been directed toward this
+person. "Was sich liebt, das neckt sich."[21] In the promotion of sexual
+excitement through muscular activity we might recognize one of the
+sources of the sadistic impulse. The infantile connection between
+fighting and sexual excitement acts in many persons as a determinant for
+the future preferred course of their sexual impulse.[22]
+
+*Affective Processes.*--The other sources of sexual excitement in the
+child are open to less doubt. Through contemporary observations, as well
+as through later investigations, it is easy to ascertain that all more
+intensive affective processes, even excitements of a terrifying nature,
+encroach upon sexuality; this can at all events furnish us with a
+contribution to the understanding of the pathogenic action of such
+emotions. In the school child, fear of a coming examination or exertion
+expended in the solution of a difficult task can become significant for
+the breaking through of sexual manifestations as well as for his
+relations to the school, inasmuch as under such excitements a sensation
+often occurs urging him to touch the genitals, or leading to a
+pollution-like process with all its disagreeable consequences. The
+behavior of children at school, which is so often mysterious to the
+teacher, ought surely to be considered in relation with their
+germinating sexuality. The sexually-exciting influence of some painful
+affects, such as fear, shuddering, and horror, is felt by a great many
+people throughout life and readily explains why so many seek
+opportunities to experience such sensations, provided that certain
+accessory circumstances (as under imaginary circumstances in reading, or
+in the theater) suppress the earnestness of the painful feeling.
+
+If we might assume that the same erogenous action also reaches the
+intensive painful feelings, especially if the pain be toned down or held
+at a distance by a subsidiary determination, this relation would then
+contain the main roots of the masochistic-sadistic impulse, into the
+manifold composition of which we are gaining a gradual insight.
+
+*Intellectual Work.*--Finally, is is evident that mental application or
+the concentration of attention on an intellectual accomplishment will
+result, especially often in youthful persons, but in older persons as
+well, in a simultaneous sexual excitement, which may be looked upon as
+the only justified basis for the otherwise so doubtful etiology of
+nervous disturbances from mental "overwork."
+
+If we now, in conclusion, review the evidences and indications of the
+sources of the infantile sexual excitement, which have been reported
+neither completely nor exhaustively, we may lay down the following
+general laws as suggested or established. It seems to be provided in the
+most generous manner that the process of sexual excitement--the nature
+of which certainly remains quite mysterious to us--should be set in
+motion. The factor making this provision in a more or less direct way is
+the excitation of the sensible surfaces of the skin and sensory organs,
+while the most immediate exciting influences are exerted on certain
+parts which are designated as erogenous zones. The criterion in all
+these sources of sexual excitement is really the quality of the stimuli,
+though the factor of intensity (in pain) is not entirely unimportant.
+But in addition to this there are arrangements in the organism which
+induce sexual excitement as a subsidiary action in a large number of
+inner processes as soon as the intensity of these processes has risen
+above certain quantitative limits. What we have designated as the
+partial impulses of sexuality are either directly derived from these
+inner sources of sexual excitation or composed of contributions from
+such sources and from erogenous zones. It is possible that nothing of
+any considerable significance occurs in the organism that does not
+contribute its components to the excitement of the sexual impulse.
+
+It seems to me at present impossible to shed more light and certainty on
+these general propositions, and for this I hold two factors responsible;
+first, the novelty of this manner of investigation, and secondly, the
+fact that the nature of the sexual excitement is entirely unfamiliar to
+us. Nevertheless, I will not forbear speaking about two points which
+promise to open wide prospects in the future.
+
+*Diverse Sexual Constitutions.*--(_a_) We have considered above the
+possibility of establishing the manifold character of congenital sexual
+constitutions through the diverse formation of the erogenous zones; we
+may now attempt to do the same in dealing with the indirect sources of
+sexual excitement. We may assume that, although these different sources
+furnish contributions in all individuals, they are not all equally
+strong in all persons; and that a further contribution to the
+differentiation of the diverse sexual constitution will be found in the
+preferred developments of the individual sources of sexual excitement.
+
+*The Paths of Opposite Influences.*--(_b_) Since we are now dropping the
+figurative manner of expression hitherto employed, by which we spoke of
+_sources_ of sexual excitement, we may now assume that all the
+connecting ways leading from other functions to sexuality must also be
+passable in the reverse direction. For example, if the lip zone, the
+common possession of both functions, is responsible for the fact that
+the sexual gratification originates during the taking of nourishment,
+the same factor offers also an explanation for the disturbances in the
+taking of nourishment if the erogenous functions of the common zone are
+disturbed. As soon as we know that concentration of attention may
+produce sexual excitement, it is quite natural to assume that acting on
+the same path, but in a contrary direction, the state of sexual
+excitement will be able to influence the availability of the voluntary
+attention. A good part of the symptomatology of the neuroses which I
+trace to disturbance of sexual processes manifests itself in
+disturbances of the other non-sexual bodily functions, and this hitherto
+incomprehensible action becomes less mysterious if it only represents
+the counterpart of the influences controlling the production of the
+sexual excitement.
+
+However the same paths through which sexual disturbances encroach upon
+the other functions of the body must in health be supposed to serve
+another important function. It must be through these paths that the
+attraction of the sexual motive-powers to other than sexual aims, the
+sublimation of sexuality, is accomplished. We must conclude with the
+admission that very little is definitely known concerning the paths
+beyond the fact that they exist, and that they are probably passable in
+both directions.
+
+[1] For it is really impossible to have a correct knowledge of the part
+belonging to heredity without first understanding the part belonging to
+the infantile.
+
+[2] This assertion on revision seemed even to myself so bold that I
+decided to test its correctness by again reviewing the literature. The
+result of this second review did not warrant any change in my original
+statement. The scientific elaboration of the physical as well as the
+psychic phenomena of the infantile sexuality is still in its initial
+stages. One author (S. Bell, "A Preliminary Study of the Emotions of
+Love Between the Sexes," American Journal of Psychology, XIII, 1902)
+says: "I know of no scientist who has given a careful analysis of the
+emotion as it is seen in the adolescent." The only attention given to
+somatic sexual manifestations occurring before the age of puberty was in
+connection with degenerative manifestations, and these were referred to
+as a sign of degeneration. A chapter on the sexual life of children is
+not to be found in all the representative psychologies of this age which
+I have read. Among these works I can mention the following: Preyer;
+Baldwin (The Development of the Mind in the Child and in the Race,
+1898); Pérez (L'enfant de 3-7 ans, 1894); Strümpel (Die pädagogische
+Pathologie, 1899); Karl Groos (Das Seelenleben des Kindes, 1904); Th.
+Heller (Grundriss der Heilpädagogic, 1904); Sully (Observations
+Concerning Childhood, 1897). The best impression of the present
+situation of this sphere can be obtained from the journal Die
+Kinderfehler (issued since 1896). On the other hand one gains the
+impression that the existence of love in childhood is in no need of
+demonstration. Pérez (l.c.) speaks for it; K. Groos (Die Spiele der
+Menschen, 1899) states that some children are very early subject to
+sexual emotions, and show a desire to touch the other sex (p. 336); S.
+Bell observed the earliest appearance of sex-love in a child during the
+middle part of its third year. See also Havelock Ellis, The Sexual
+Impulse, Appendix II.
+
+The above-mentioned judgment concerning the literature of infantile
+sexuality no longer holds true since the appearance of the great and
+important work of G. Stanley Hall (Adolescence, Its Psychology and its
+Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion,
+and Education, 2 vols., New York, 1908). The recent book of A. Moll, Das
+Sexualleben des Kindes, Berlin, 1909, offers no occasion for such a
+modification. See, on the other hand, Bleuler, Sexuelle abnormitäten der
+Kinder (Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für
+Schulgesundheitspflege, IX, 1908). A book by Mrs. Dr. H.v. Hug-Hellmuth,
+Aus dem Seelenleben des Kindes (1913), has taken full account of the
+neglected sexual factors. [Translated in Monograph Series.]
+
+[3] I have attempted to solve the problems presented by the earliest
+infantile recollections in a paper, "Über Deckerinnerungen"
+(Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, VI, 1899). Cf. also The
+Psychopathology of Everyday Life, The Macmillan Co., New York, and
+Unwin, London.
+
+[4] One cannot understand the mechanism of repression when one takes
+into consideration only one of the two cooperating processes. As a
+comparison one may think of the way the tourist is despatched to the top
+of the great pyramid of Gizeh; he is pushed from one side and pulled
+from the other.
+
+[5] The use of the latter material is justified by the fact that the
+years of childhood of those who are later neurotics need not necessarily
+differ from those who are later normal except in intensity and
+distinctness.
+
+[6] An anatomic analogy to the behavior of the infantile sexual function
+formulated by me is perhaps given by Bayer (Deutsches Archiv für
+klinische Medizin, Bd. 73) who claims that the internal genitals
+(uterus) are regularly larger in newborn than in older children.
+However, Halban's conception, that after birth there is also an
+involution of the other parts of the sexual apparatus, has not been
+verified. According to Halban (Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe u.
+Gynäkologie, LIII, 1904) this process of involution ends after a few
+weeks of extra-uterine life.
+
+[7] The expression "sexual latency period" (sexuelle latenz-periode) I
+have borrowed from W. Fliess.
+
+[8] In the case here discussed the sublimation of the sexual motive
+powers proceed on the road of reaction formations. But in general it is
+necessary to separate from each other sublimation and reaction formation
+as two diverse processes. Sublimation may also result through other and
+simpler mechanisms.
+
+[9] Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde, N.F., XIV, 1879.
+
+[10] This already shows what holds true for the whole life, namely, that
+sexual gratification is the best hypnotic. Most nervous insomnias are
+traced to lack of sexual gratification. It is also known that
+unscrupulous nurses calm crying children to sleep by stroking their
+genitals.
+
+[11] Ellis spoils, however, the sense of his invented term by comprising
+under the phenomena of autoerotism the whole of hysteria and
+masturbation in its full extent.
+
+[12] Further reflection and observation lead me to attribute the quality
+of erogenity to all parts of the body and inner organs. See later on
+narcism.
+
+[13] Compare here the very comprehensive but confusing literature on
+onanism, _e.g._, Rohleder, Die Masturbation, 1899. Cf. also the
+pamphlet, "Die Onanie," which contains the discussion of the Vienna
+Psychoanalytic Society, Wiesbaden, 1912.
+
+[14] Compare here the essay on "Charakter und Analerotic" in the
+Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre, Zweite Folge, 1909. Cf.
+also Brill, Psychanalysis, Chap. XIII, Anal Eroticism and Character,
+W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
+
+[15] Unusual techniques in the performance of onanism seem to point to
+the influence of a prohibition against onanism which has been overcome.
+
+[16] Why neurotics, when conscience stricken, regularly connect it with
+their onanistic activity, as was only recently recognized by Bleuler, is
+a problem which still awaits an exhaustive analysis.
+
+[17] Freud, Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses, 3d
+edition, translated by A.A. Brill, N.Y. Nerv. and Ment. Dis. Pub. Co.
+Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph, Series No. 4.
+
+[18] Havelock Ellis, in an appendix to his study on the Sexual Impulse,
+1903, gives a number of autobiographic reports of normal persons
+treating their first sexual feelings in childhood and the causes of the
+same. These reports naturally show the deficiency due to infantile
+amnesia; they do not cover the prehistoric time in the sexual life and
+therefore must be supplemented by psychoanalysis of individuals who
+became neurotic. Notwithstanding this these reports are valuable in more
+than one respect, and information of a similar nature has urged me to
+modify my etiological assumption as mentioned in the text.
+
+[19] The above-mentioned assertions concerning the infantile sexuality
+were justified in 1905, in the main through the results of
+psychoanalytic investigations in adults. Direct observation of the child
+could not at the time be utilized to its full extent and resulted only
+in individual indications and valuable confirmations. Since then it has
+become possible through the analysis of some cases of nervous disease in
+the delicate age of childhood to gain a direct understanding of the
+infantile psychosexuality (Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und
+psychopathologische Forschungen, Bd. 1, 2, 1909). I can point with
+satisfaction to the fact that direct observation has fully confirmed the
+conclusion drawn from psychoanalysis, and thus furnishes good evidence
+for the reliability of the latter method of investigation.
+
+Moreover, the "Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy" (Jahrbuch,
+Bd. 1) has taught us something new for which psychoanalysis had not
+prepared us, to wit, that sexual symbolism, the representation of the
+sexual by non-sexual objects and relations--reaches back into the years
+when the child is first learning to master the language. My attention
+has also been directed to a deficiency in the above-cited statement
+which for the sake of clearness described any conceivable separation
+between the two phases of autoerotism and object love as a temporal
+separation. From the cited analysis (as well as from the above-mentioned
+work of Bell) we learn that children from three to five are capable of
+evincing a very strong object-selection which is accompanied by strong
+affects.
+
+[20] Some persons can recall that the contact of the moving air in
+swinging caused them direct sexual pleasure in the genitals.
+
+[21] "Those who love each other tease each other."
+
+[22] The analyses of neurotic disturbances of walking and of agoraphobia
+remove all doubt as to the sexual nature of the pleasure of motion. As
+everybody knows modern cultural education utilizes sports to a great
+extent in order to turn away the youth from sexual activity; it would be
+more proper to say that it replaces the sexual pleasure by motion
+pleasure, and forces the sexual activity back upon one of its autoerotic
+components.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY
+
+
+With the beginning of puberty the changes set in which transform the
+infantile sexual life into its definite normal form. Hitherto the sexual
+impulse has been preponderantly autoerotic; it now finds the sexual
+object. Thus far it has manifested itself in single impulses and in
+erogenous zones seeking a certain pleasure as a single sexual aim. A new
+sexual aim now appears for the production of which all partial impulses
+coöperate, while the erogenous zones subordinate themselves to the
+primacy of the genital zone.[1] As the new sexual aim assigns very
+different functions to the two sexes their sexual developments now part
+company. The sexual development of the man is more consistent and easier
+to understand, while in the woman there even appears a form of
+regression. The normality of the sexual life is guaranteed only by the
+exact concurrence of the two streams directed to the sexual object and
+sexual aim. It is like the piercing of a tunnel from opposite sides.
+
+The new sexual aim in the man consists in the discharging of the sexual
+products; it is not contradictory to the former sexual aim, that of
+obtaining pleasure; on the contrary, the highest amount of pleasure is
+connected with this final act in the sexual process. The sexual impulse
+now enters into the service of the function of propagation; it becomes,
+so to say, altruistic. If this transformation is to succeed its process
+must be adjusted to the original dispositions and all the peculiarities
+of the impulses.
+
+Just as on every other occasion where new connections and compositions
+are to be formed in complicated mechanisms, here, too, there is a
+possibility for morbid disturbance if the new order of things does not
+get itself established. All morbid disturbances of the sexual life may
+justly be considered as inhibitions of development.
+
+
+THE PRIMACY OF THE GENITAL ZONES AND THE FORE-PLEASURE
+
+From the course of development as described we can clearly see the issue
+and the end aim. The intermediary transitions are still quite obscure
+and many a riddle will have to be solved in them.
+
+The most striking process of puberty has been selected as its most
+characteristic; it is the manifest growth of the external genitals which
+have shown a relative inhibition of growth during the latency period of
+childhood. Simultaneously the inner genitals develop to such an extent
+as to be able to furnish sexual products or to receive them for the
+purpose of forming a new living being. A most complicated apparatus is
+thus formed which waits to be claimed.
+
+This apparatus can be set in motion by stimuli, and observation teaches
+that the stimuli can affect it in three ways: from the outer world
+through the familiar erogenous zones; from the inner organic world by
+ways still to be investigated; and from the psychic life, which merely
+represents a depository of external impressions and a receptacle of
+inner excitations. The same result follows in all three cases, namely, a
+state which can be designated as "sexual excitation" and which manifests
+itself in psychic and somatic signs. The psychic sign consists in a
+peculiar feeling of tension of a most urgent character, and among the
+manifold somatic signs the many changes in the genitals stand first.
+They have a definite meaning, that of readiness; they constitute a
+preparation for the sexual act (the erection of the penis and the
+glandular activity of the vagina).
+
+*The Sexual Tension*--The character of the tension of sexual excitation
+is connected with a problem the solution of which is as difficult as it
+would be important for the conception of the sexual process. Despite all
+divergence of opinion regarding it in psychology, I must firmly maintain
+that a feeling of tension must carry with it the character of
+displeasure. For me it is conclusive that such a feeling carries with it
+the impulse to alter the psychic situation, and acts incitingly, which
+is quite contrary to the nature of perceived pleasure. But if we ascribe
+the tension of the sexual excitation to the feelings of displeasure we
+encounter the fact that it is undoubtedly pleasurably perceived. The
+tension produced by sexual excitation is everywhere accompanied by
+pleasure; even in the preparatory changes of the genitals there is a
+distinct feeling of satisfaction. What relation is there between this
+unpleasant tension and this feeling of pleasure?
+
+Everything relating to the problem of pleasure and pain touches one of
+the weakest spots of present-day psychology. We shall try if possible to
+learn something from the determinations of the case in question and to
+avoid encroaching on the problem as a whole. Let us first glance at the
+manner in which the erogenous zones adjust themselves to the new order
+of things. An important rôle devolves upon them in the preparation of
+the sexual excitation. The eye which is very remote from the sexual
+object is most often in position, during the relations of object wooing,
+to become attracted by that particular quality of excitation, the motive
+of which we designate as beauty in the sexual object. The excellencies
+of the sexual object are therefore also called "attractions." This
+attraction is on the one hand already connected with pleasure, and on
+the other hand it either results in an increase of the sexual excitation
+or in an evocation of the same where it is still wanting. The effect is
+the same if the excitation of another erogenous zone, _e.g._, the
+touching hand, is added to it. There is on the one hand the feeling of
+pleasure which soon becomes enhanced by the pleasure from the
+preparatory changes, and on the other hand there is a further increase
+of the sexual tension which soon changes into a most distinct feeling of
+displeasure if it cannot proceed to more pleasure. Another case will
+perhaps be clearer; let us, for example, take the case where an
+erogenous zone, like a woman's breast, is excited by touching in a
+person who is not sexually excited at the time. This touching in itself
+evokes a feeling of pleasure, but it is also best adapted to awaken
+sexual excitement which demands still more pleasure. How it happens that
+the perceived pleasure evokes the desire for greater pleasure, that is
+the real problem.
+
+*Fore-pleasure Mechanism.*--But the rôle which devolves upon the
+erogenous zones is clear. What applies to one applies to all. They are
+all utilized to furnish a certain amount of pleasure through their own
+proper excitation, which increases the tension, and which is in turn
+destined to produce the necessary motor energy in order to bring to a
+conclusion the sexual act. The last part but one of this act is again a
+suitable excitation of an erogenous zone; _i.e._, the genital zone
+proper of the glans penis is excited by the object most fit for it, the
+mucous membrane of the vagina, and through the pleasure furnished by
+this excitation it now produces reflexly the motor energy which conveys
+to the surface the sexual substance. This last pleasure is highest in
+its intensity, and differs from the earliest ones in its mechanism. It
+is altogether produced through discharge, it is altogether gratification
+pleasure and the tension of the libido temporarily dies away with it.
+
+It does not seem to me unjustified to fix by name the distinction in the
+nature of these pleasures, the one through the excitation of the
+erogenous zones, and the other through the discharge of the sexual
+substance. In contradistinction to the end-pleasure, or pleasure of
+gratification of sexual activity, we can properly designate the first as
+_fore-pleasure_. The fore-pleasure is then the same as that furnished by
+the infantile sexual impulse, though on a reduced scale; while the
+_end-pleasure_ is new and is probably connected with determinations
+which first appear at puberty. The formula for the new function of the
+erogenous zones reads as follows: they are utilized for the purpose of
+making possible the production of the greater pleasure of gratification
+by means of the fore-pleasure which is gained from them as in infantile
+life.
+
+I have recently been able to elucidate another example from a quite
+different realm of the psychic life, in which likewise a greater feeling
+of pleasure is achieved by means of a lesser feeling of pleasure which
+thereby acts as an alluring premium. We had there also the opportunity
+of entering more deeply into the nature of pleasure.[2]
+
+*Dangers of the Fore-pleasure.*--However the connection of fore-pleasure
+with the infantile life is strengthened by the pathogenic rôle which may
+devolve upon it. In the mechanism through which the fore-pleasure is
+expressed there exists an obvious danger to the attainment of the normal
+sexual aim. This occurs if it happens that there is too much
+fore-pleasure and too little tension in any part of the preparatory
+sexual process. The motive power for the further continuation of the
+sexual process then escapes, the whole road becomes shortened, and the
+preparatory action in question takes the place of the normal sexual aim.
+Experience shows that such a hurtful condition is determined by the fact
+that the erogenous zone concerned or the corresponding partial impulse
+has already contributed an unusual amount of pleasure in infantile life.
+If other factors favoring fixation are added a compulsion readily
+results for the later life which prevents the fore-pleasure from
+arranging itself into a new combination. Indeed, the mechanism of many
+perversions is of such a nature; they merely represent a lingering at a
+preparatory act of the sexual process.
+
+The failure of the function of the sexual mechanism through the fault of
+the fore-pleasure is generally avoided if the primacy of the genital
+zones has also already been sketched out in infantile life. The
+preparations of the second half of childhood (from the eighth year to
+puberty) really seem to favor this. During these years the genital zones
+behave almost as at the age of maturity; they are the seat of exciting
+sensations and of preparatory changes if any kind of pleasure is
+experienced through the gratification of other erogenous zones; although
+this effect remains aimless, _i.e._, it contributes nothing towards the
+continuation of the sexual process. Besides the pleasure of
+gratification a certain amount of sexual tension appears even in
+infancy, though it is less constant and less abundant. We can now
+understand also why in the discussion of the sources of sexuality we had
+a perfectly good reason for saying that the process in question acts as
+sexual gratification as well as sexual excitement. We note that on our
+way towards the truth we have at first enormously exaggerated the
+distinctions between the infantile and the mature sexual life, and we
+therefore supplement what has been said with a correction. The infantile
+manifestations of sexuality determine not only the deviations from the
+normal sexual life but also the normal formations of the same.
+
+
+THE PROBLEM OF SEXUAL EXCITEMENT
+
+It remains entirely unexplained whence the sexual tension comes which
+originates simultaneously with the gratification of erogenous zones and
+what is its nature. The obvious supposition that this tension originates
+in some way from the pleasure itself is not only improbable in itself
+but untenable, inasmuch as during the greatest pleasure which is
+connected with the voiding of sexual substance there is no production of
+tension but rather a removal of all tension. Hence, pleasure and sexual
+tension can be only indirectly connected.
+
+*The Rôle of the Sexual Substance.*--Aside from the fact that only the
+discharge of the sexual substance can normally put an end to the sexual
+excitement, there are other essential facts which bring the sexual
+tension into relation with the sexual products. In a life of continence
+the sexual activity is wont to discharge the sexual substance at night
+during pleasurable dream hallucinations of a sexual act, this discharge
+coming at changing but not at entirely capricious intervals; and the
+following interpretation of this process--the nocturnal pollution--can
+hardly be rejected, viz., that the sexual tension which brings about a
+substitute for the sexual act by the short hallucinatory road is a
+function of the accumulated semen in the reservoirs for the sexual
+products. Experiences with the exhaustibility of the sexual mechanism
+speak for the same thing. Where there is no stock of semen it is not
+only impossible to accomplish the sexual act, but there is also a lack
+of excitability in the erogenous zones, the suitable excitation of which
+can evoke no pleasure. We thus discover incidentally that a certain
+amount of sexual tension is itself necessary for the excitability of the
+erogenous zones.
+
+One would thus be forced to the assumption, which if I am not mistaken
+is quite generally adopted, that the accumulation of sexual substance
+produces and maintains the sexual tension. The pressure of these
+products on the walls of their receptacles acts as an excitant on the
+spinal center, the state of which is then perceived by the higher
+centers which then produce in consciousness the familiar feeling of
+tension. If the excitation of erogenous zones increases the sexual
+tension, it can only be due to the fact that the erogenous zones are
+connected with these centers by previously formed anatomical
+connections. They increase there the tone of the excitation, and with
+sufficient sexual tension they set in motion the sexual act, and with
+insufficient tension they merely stimulate a production of the sexual
+substance.
+
+The weakness of the theory which one finds adopted, _e.g._, in v.
+Krafft-Ebing's description of the sexual process, lies in the fact that
+it has been formed for the sexual activity of the mature man and pays
+too little heed to three kinds of relations which should also have been
+elucidated. We refer to the relations as found in the child, in the
+woman, and in the castrated male. In none of the three cases can we
+speak of an accumulation of sexual products in the same sense as in the
+man, which naturally renders difficult the general application of this
+scheme; still it may be admitted without any further ado that ways can
+be found to justify the subordination of even these cases. Nevertheless
+one should be cautious about burdening the factor of accumulation of
+sexual products with actions which it seems incapable of supporting.
+
+*Overestimation of the Internal Genitals.*--That sexual excitement can
+be independent to a considerable extent of the production of sexual
+substance seems to be shown by observations on castrated males, in whom
+the libido sometimes escapes the injury caused by the operation,
+although the opposite behavior, which is really the motive for the
+operation, is usually the rule. It is therefore not at all surprising,
+as C. Rieger puts it, that the loss of the male germ glands in maturer
+age should exert no new influence on the psychic life of the individual.
+The germ glands are really not the sexuality, and the experience with
+castrated males only verifies what we had long before learned from the
+removal of the ovaries, namely that it is impossible to do away with the
+sexual character by removing the germ glands. To be sure, castration
+performed at a tender age, before puberty, comes nearer to this aim, but
+it would seem in this case that besides the loss of the sexual glands we
+must also consider the inhibition of development and other factors
+which are connected with that loss.
+
+*Chemical Theories.*--The truth remains, however, that we are unable to
+give any information about the nature of the sexual excitement for the
+reason that we do not know with what organ or organs sexuality is
+connected, since we have seen that the sexual glands have been
+overestimated in this significance. Since surprising discoveries have
+taught us the important rôle of the thyroid gland in sexuality, we may
+assume that the knowledge of the essential factors of sexuality are
+still withheld from us. One who feels the need of filling up the large
+gap in our knowledge with a preliminary assumption may formulate for
+himself the following theory based on the active substances found in the
+thyroid. Through the appropriate excitement of erogenous zones, as well
+as through other conditions under which sexual excitement originates, a
+material which is universally distributed in the organism becomes
+disintegrated, the decomposing products of which supply a specific
+stimulus to the organs of reproduction or to the spinal center connected
+with them. Such a transformation of a toxic stimulus in a particular
+organic stimulus we are already familiar with from other toxic products
+introduced into the body from without. To treat, if only hypothetically,
+the complexities of the pure toxic and the physiologic stimulations
+which result in the sexual processes is not now our appropriate task. To
+be sure, I attach no value to this special assumption and I shall be
+quite ready to give it up in favor of another, provided its original
+character, the emphasis on the sexual chemism, were preserved. For this
+apparently arbitrary statement is supported by a fact which, though
+little heeded, is most noteworthy. The neuroses which can be traced only
+to disturbances of the sexual life show the greatest clinical
+resemblance to the phenomena of intoxication and abstinence which result
+from the habitual introduction of pleasure-producing poisonous
+substances (alkaloids.)
+
+
+THE THEORY OF THE LIBIDO
+
+These assumptions concerning the chemical basis of the sexual excitement
+are in full accord with the auxiliary conception which we formed for the
+purpose of mastering the psychic manifestations of the sexual life. We
+have determined the concept of _libido_ as that of a force of variable
+quantity which has the capacity of measuring processes and
+transformations in the spheres of sexual excitement. This libido we
+distinguished from the energy which is to be generally adjudged to the
+psychic processes with reference to its special origin and thus we
+attribute to it also a qualitative character. In separating libidinous
+from other psychic energy we give expression to the assumption that the
+sexual processes of the organism are differentiated from the nutritional
+processes through a special chemism. The analyses of perversions and
+psychoneuroses have taught us that this sexual excitement is furnished
+not only from the so-called sexual parts alone but from all organs of
+the body. We thus formulate for ourselves the concept of a
+libido-quantum whose psychic representative we designate as the
+ego-libido; the production, increase, distribution and displacement of
+this ego-libido will offer the possible explanation for the observed
+psycho-sexual phenomena.
+
+But this ego-libido becomes conveniently accessible to psychoanalytic
+study only when the psychic energy is employed on sexual objects, that
+is when it becomes object libido. Then we see it as it concentrates and
+fixes itself on objects, or as it leaves those objects and passes over
+to others from which positions it directs the individual's sexual
+activity, that is, it leads to partial and temporary extinction of the
+libido. Psychoanalysis of the so-called transference neuroses (hysteria
+and compulsion neurosis) offers us here a reliable insight.
+
+Concerning the fates of the object libido we also state that it is
+withdrawn from the object, that it is preserved floating in special
+states of tension and is finally taken back into the ego, so that it
+again becomes ego-libido. In contradistinction to the object-libido we
+also call the ego-libido narcissistic libido. From psychoanalysis we
+look over the boundary which we are not permitted to pass into the
+activity of the narcissistic libido and thus form an idea of the
+relations between the two. The narcissistic or ego-libido appears to us
+as the great reservoir from which the energy for the investment of the
+object is sent out and into which it is drawn back again, while the
+narcissistic libido investment of the ego appears to us as the realized
+primitive state in the first childhood, which only becomes hidden by the
+later emissions of the libido, and is retained at the bottom behind
+them.
+
+The task of a theory of libido of neurotic and psychotic disturbances
+would have for its object to express in terms of the libido-economy all
+observed phenomena and disclosed processes. It is easy to divine that
+the greater significance would attach thereby to the destinies of the
+ego-libido, especially where it would be the question of explaining the
+deeper psychotic disturbances. The difficulty then lies in the fact that
+the means of our investigation, psychoanalysis, at present gives us
+definite information only concerning the transformation of the
+object-libido, but cannot distinguish without further study the
+ego-libido from the other effective energies in the ego.[3]
+
+
+DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MAN AND WOMAN
+
+It is known that the sharp differentiation of the male and female
+character originates at puberty, and it is the resulting difference
+which, more than any other factor, decisively influences the later
+development of personality. To be sure, the male and female dispositions
+are easily recognizable even in infantile life; thus the development of
+sexual inhibitions (shame, loathing, sympathy, etc.) ensues earlier and
+with less resistance in the little girl than in the little boy. The
+tendency to sexual repression certainly seems much greater, and where
+partial impulses of sexuality are noticed they show a preference for the
+passive form. But, the autoerotic activity of the erogenous zones is the
+same in both sexes, and it is this agreement that removes the
+possibility of a sex differentiation in childhood as it appears after
+puberty. In respect to the autoerotic and masturbatic sexual
+manifestations, it may be asserted that the sexuality of the little girl
+has entirely a male character. Indeed, if one could give a more definite
+content to the terms "masculine and feminine," one might advance the
+opinion that _the libido is regularly and lawfully of a masculine
+nature, whether in the man or in the woman; and if we consider its
+object, this may be either the man or the woman_.[4]
+
+Since becoming acquainted with the aspect of bisexuality I hold this
+factor as here decisive, and I believe that without taking into account
+the factor of bisexuality it will hardly be possible to understand the
+actually observed sexual manifestations in man and woman.
+
+*The Leading Zones in Man and Woman.*--Further than this I can only add
+the following. The chief erogenous zone in the female child is the
+clitoris, which is homologous to the male penis. All I have been able to
+discover concerning masturbation in little girls concerned the clitoris
+and not those other external genitals which are so important for the
+later sexual functions. With few exceptions I myself doubt whether the
+female child can be seduced to anything but clitoris masturbation. The
+frequent spontaneous discharges of sexual excitement in little girls
+manifest themselves in a twitching of the clitoris, and its frequent
+erections enable the girl to understand correctly even without any
+instruction the sexual manifestations of the other sex; they simply
+transfer to the boys the sensations of their own sexual processes.
+
+If one wishes to understand how the little girl becomes a woman, he must
+follow up the further destinies of this clitoris excitation. Puberty,
+which brings to the boy a great advance of libido, distinguishes itself
+in the girl by a new wave of repression which especially concerns the
+clitoris sexuality. It is a part of the male sexual life that sinks into
+repression. The reënforcement of the sexual inhibitions produced in the
+woman by the repression of puberty causes a stimulus in the libido of
+the man and forces it to increase its capacity; with the height of the
+libido there is a rise in the overestimation of the sexual, which can be
+present in its full force only when the woman refuses and denies her
+sexuality. If the sexual act is finally submitted to and the clitoris
+becomes excited its rôle is then to conduct the excitement to the
+adjacent female parts, and in this it acts like a chip of pine wood
+which is utilized to set fire to the harder wood. It often takes some
+time for this transference to be accomplished; during which the young
+wife remains anesthetic. This anesthesia may become permanent if the
+clitoris zone refuses to give up its excitability; a condition brought
+on by abundant activities in infantile life. It is known that anesthesia
+in women is often only apparent and local. They are anesthetic at the
+vaginal entrance but not at all unexcitable through the clitoris or even
+through other zones. Besides these erogenous causes of anesthesia there
+are also psychic causes likewise determined by the repression.
+
+If the transference of the erogenous excitability from the clitoris to
+the vagina has succeeded, the woman has thus changed her leading zone
+for the future sexual activity; the man on the other hand retains his
+from childhood. The main determinants for the woman's preference for the
+neuroses, especially for hysteria, lie in this change of the leading
+zone as well as in the repression of puberty. These determinants are
+therefore most intimately connected with the nature of femininity.
+
+
+THE OBJECT-FINDING
+
+While the primacy of the genital zones is being established through the
+processes of puberty, and the erected penis in the man imperiously
+points towards the new sexual aim, _i.e._, towards the penetration of a
+cavity which excites the genital zone, the object-finding, for which
+also preparations have been made since early childhood, becomes
+consummated on the psychic side. While the very incipient sexual
+gratifications are still connected with the taking of nourishment, the
+sexual impulse has a sexual object outside its own body in his mother's
+breast. This object it loses later, perhaps at the very time when it
+becomes possible for the child to form a general picture of the person
+to whom the organ granting him the gratification belongs. The sexual
+impulse later regularly becomes autoerotic, and only after overcoming
+the latency period is there a resumption of the original relation. It is
+not without good reason that the suckling of the child at its mother's
+breast has become a model for every amour. The object-finding is really
+a re-finding.[5]
+
+*The Sexual Object of the Nursing Period.*--However, even after the
+separation of the sexual activity from the taking of nourishment, there
+still remains from this first and most important of all sexual relations
+an important share, which prepares the object selection and assists in
+reestablishing the lost happiness. Throughout the latency period the
+child learns to love other persons who assist it in its helplessness and
+gratify its wants; all this follows the model and is a continuation of
+the child's infantile relations to his wet nurse. One may perhaps
+hesitate to identify the tender feelings and esteem of the child for his
+foster-parents with sexual love; I believe, however, that a more
+thorough psychological investigation will establish this identity beyond
+any doubt. The intercourse between the child and its foster-parents is
+for the former an inexhaustible source of sexual excitation and
+gratification of erogenous zones, especially since the parents--or as a
+rule the mother--supplies the child with feelings which originate from
+her own sexual life; she pats it, kisses it, and rocks it, plainly
+taking it as a substitute for a full-valued sexual object.[6] The mother
+would probably be terrified if it were explained to her that all her
+tenderness awakens the sexual impulse of her child and prepares its
+future intensity. She considers her actions as asexually "pure" love,
+for she carefully avoids causing more irritation to the genitals of the
+child than is indispensable in caring for the body. But as we know the
+sexual impulse is not awakened by the excitation of genital zones alone.
+What we call tenderness will some day surely manifest its influence on
+the genital zones also. If the mother better understood the high
+significance of the sexual impulse for the whole psychic life and for
+all ethical and psychic activities, the enlightenment would spare her
+all reproaches. By teaching the child to love she only fulfills her
+function; for the child should become a fit man with energetic sexual
+needs, and accomplish in life all that the impulse urges the man to do.
+Of course, too much parental tenderness becomes harmful because it
+accelerates the sexual maturity, and also because it "spoils" the child
+and makes it unfit to temporarily renounce love or be satisfied with a
+smaller amount of love in later life. One of the surest premonitions of
+later nervousness is the fact that the child shows itself insatiable in
+its demands for parental tenderness; on the other hand, neuropathic
+parents, who usually display a boundless tenderness, often with their
+caressing awaken in the child a disposition for neurotic diseases. This
+example at least shows that neuropathic parents have nearer ways than
+inheritance by which they can transfer their disturbances to their
+children.
+
+*Infantile Fear.*--The children themselves behave from their early
+childhood as if their attachment to their foster-parents were of the
+nature of sexual love. The fear of children is originally nothing but an
+expression for the fact that they miss the beloved person. They
+therefore meet every stranger with fear, they are afraid of the dark
+because they cannot see the beloved person, and are calmed if they can
+grasp that person's hand. The effect of childish fears and of the
+terrifying stories told by nurses is overestimated if one blames the
+latter for producing the fear in children. Children who are predisposed
+to fear absorb these stories, which make no impression whatever upon
+others; and only such children are predisposed to fear whose sexual
+impulse is excessive or prematurely developed, or has become exigent
+through pampering. The child behaves here like the adult, that is, it
+changes its libido into fear when it cannot bring it to gratification,
+and the grown-up who becomes neurotic on account of ungratified libido
+behaves in his anxiety like a child; he fears when he is alone, _i.e._,
+without a person of whose love he believes himself sure, and who can
+calm his fears by means of the most childish measures.[7]
+
+*Incest Barriers.*--If the tenderness of the parents for the child has
+luckily failed to awaken the sexual impulse of the child prematurely,
+_i.e._, before the physical determinations for puberty appear, and if
+that awakening has not gone so far as to cause an unmistakable breaking
+through of the psychic excitement into the genital system, it can then
+fulfill its task and direct the child at the age of maturity in the
+selection of the sexual object. It would, of course, be most natural for
+the child to select as the sexual object that person whom it has loved
+since childhood with, so to speak, a suppressed libido.[8] But owing to
+the delay of sexual maturity time has been gained for the erection
+beside the sexual inhibitions of the incest barrier, that moral
+prescription which explicitly excludes from the object selection the
+beloved person of infancy or blood relation. The observance of this
+barrier is above all a demand of cultural society which must guard
+against the absorption by the family of those interests which it needs
+for the production of higher social units. Society, therefore, uses
+every means to loosen those family ties in every individual, especially
+in the boy, which are authoritative in childhood only.[9]
+
+The object selection, however, is first accomplished in the imagination,
+and the sexual life of the maturing youth has hardly any escape except
+indulgence in phantasies or ideas which are not destined to be brought
+to execution. In the phantasies of all persons the infantile
+inclinations, now reënforced by somatic emphasis, reappear, and among
+them one finds in regular frequency and in the first place the sexual
+feeling of the child for the parents. This has usually already been
+differentiated by the sexual attraction, the attraction of the son for
+the mother and of the daughter for the father.[10] Simultaneously with
+the overcoming and rejection of these distinctly incestuous phantasies
+there occurs one of the most important as well as one of the most
+painful psychic accomplishments of puberty; it is the breaking away from
+the parental authority, through which alone is formed that opposition
+between the new and old generations which is so important for cultural
+progress. Many persons are detained at each of the stations in the
+course of development through which the individual must pass; and
+accordingly there are persons who never overcome the parental authority
+and never, or very imperfectly, withdraw their affection from their
+parents. They are mostly girls, who, to the delight of their parents,
+retain their full infantile love far beyond puberty, and it is
+instructive to find that in their married life these girls are incapable
+of fulfilling their duties to their husbands. They make cold wives and
+remain sexually anesthetic. This shows that the apparently non-sexual
+love for the parents and the sexual love are nourished from the same
+source, _i.e._, that the first merely corresponds to an infantile
+fixation of the libido.
+
+The nearer we come to the deeper disturbances of the psychosexual
+development the more easily we can recognize the evident significance of
+the incestuous object-selection. As a result of sexual rejection there
+remains in the unconscious of the psychoneurotic a great part or the
+whole of the psychosexual activity for object finding. Girls with an
+excessive need for affection and an equal horror for the real demands of
+the sexual life experience an uncontrollable temptation on the one hand
+to realize in life the ideal of the asexual love and on the other hand
+to conceal their libido under an affection which they may manifest
+without self reproach; this they do by clinging for life to the
+infantile attraction for their parents or brothers or sisters which has
+been repressed in puberty. With the help of the symptoms and other
+morbid manifestations, psychoanalysis can trace their unconscious
+thoughts and translate them into the conscious, and thus easily show to
+such persons that they are in love with their consanguinous relations in
+the popular meaning of the term. Likewise when a once healthy person
+falls sick after an unhappy love affair, the mechanism of the disease
+can distinctly be explained as a return of his libido to the persons
+preferred in his infancy.
+
+*The After Effects of the Infantile Object Selection.*--Even those who
+have happily eluded the incestuous fixation of their libido have not
+completely escaped its influence. It is a distinct echo of this phase of
+development that the first serious love of the young man is often for a
+mature woman and that of the girl for an older man equipped with
+authority--_i.e._, for persons who can revive in them the picture of the
+mother and father. Generally speaking object selection unquestionably
+takes place by following more freely these prototypes. The man seeks
+above all the memory picture of his mother as it has dominated him since
+the beginning of childhood; this is quite consistent with the fact that
+the mother, if still living, strives against this, her renewal, and
+meets it with hostility. In view of this significance of the infantile
+relation to the parents for the later selection of the sexual object, it
+is easy to understand that every disturbance of this infantile relation
+brings to a head the most serious results for the sexual life after
+puberty. Jealousy of the lover, too, never lacks the infantile sources
+or at least the infantile reinforcement. Quarrels between parents and
+unhappy marital relations between the same determine the severest
+predispositions for disturbed sexual development or neurotic diseases in
+the children.
+
+The infantile desire for the parents is, to be sure, the most important,
+but not the only trace revived in puberty which points the way to the
+object selection. Other dispositions of the same origin permit the man,
+still supported by his infancy, to develop more than one single sexual
+series and to form different determinations for the object
+selection.[11]
+
+*Prevention of Inversion.*--One of the tasks imposed in the object
+selection consists in not missing the opposite sex. This, as we know, is
+not solved without some difficulty. The first feelings after puberty
+often enough go astray, though not with any permanent injury. Dessoir
+has called attention to the normality of the enthusiastic friendships
+formed by boys and girls with their own sex. The greatest force which
+guards against a permanent inversion of the sexual object is surely the
+attraction exerted by the opposite sex characters on each other. For
+this we can give no explanation in connection with this discussion. This
+factor, however, does not in itself suffice to exclude the inversion;
+besides this there are surely many other supporting factors. Above all,
+there is the authoritative inhibition of society; experience shows that
+where the inversion is not considered a crime it fully corresponds to
+the sexual inclinations of many persons. Moreover, it may be assumed
+that in the man the infantile memories of the mother's tenderness, as
+well as that of other females who cared for him as a child,
+energetically assist in directing his selection to the woman, while the
+early sexual intimidation experienced through the father and the
+attitude of rivalry existing between them deflects the boy from the same
+sex. Both factors also hold true in the case of the girl whose sexual
+activity is under the special care of the mother. This results in a
+hostile relation to the same sex which decisively influences the object
+selection in the normal sense. The bringing up of boys by male persons
+(slaves in the ancient times) seems to favor homosexuality; the
+frequency of inversion in the present day nobility is probably explained
+by their employment of male servants, and by the scant care that mothers
+of that class give to their children. It happens in some hysterics that
+one of the parents has disappeared (through death, divorce, or
+estrangement), thus permitting the remaining parent to absorb all the
+love of the child, and in this way establishing the determinations for
+the sex of the person to be selected later as the sexual object; thus a
+permanent inversion is made possible.
+
+
+SUMMARY
+
+It is now time to attempt a summing-up. We have started from the
+aberrations of the sexual impulse in reference to its object and aim and
+have encountered the question whether these originate from a congenital
+predisposition, or whether they are acquired in consequence of
+influences from life. The answer to this question was reached through an
+examination of the relations of the sexual life of psychoneurotics, a
+numerous group not very remote from the normal. This examination has
+been made through psychoanalytic investigations. We have thus found that
+a tendency to all perversions might be demonstrated in these persons in
+the form of unconscious forces revealing themselves as symptom creators
+and we could say that the neurosis is, as it were, the negative of the
+perversion. In view of the now recognized great diffusion of tendencies
+to perversion the idea forced itself upon us that the disposition to
+perversions is the primitive and universal disposition of the human
+sexual impulse, from which the normal sexual behavior develops in
+consequence of organic changes and psychic inhibitions in the course of
+maturity. We hoped to be able to demonstrate the original disposition in
+the infantile life; among the forces restraining the direction of the
+sexual impulse we have mentioned shame, loathing and sympathy, and the
+social constructions of morality and authority. We have thus been forced
+to perceive in every fixed aberration from the normal sexual life a
+fragment of inhibited development and infantilism. The significance of
+the variations of the original dispositions had to be put into the
+foreground, but between them and the influences of life we had to assume
+a relation of coöperation and not of opposition. On the other hand, as
+the original disposition must have been a complex one, the sexual
+impulse itself appeared to us as something composed of many factors,
+which in the perversions becomes separated, as it were, into its
+components. The perversions, thus prove themselves to be on the one hand
+inhibitions, and on the other dissociations from the normal development.
+Both conceptions became united in the assumption that the sexual impulse
+of the adult due to the composition of the diverse feelings of the
+infantile life became formed into one unit, one striving, with one
+single aim.
+
+We also added an explanation for the preponderance of perversive
+tendencies in the psychoneurotics by recognizing in these tendencies
+collateral fillings of side branches caused by the shifting of the main
+river bed through repression, and we then turned our examination to the
+sexual life of the infantile period.[12] We found it regrettable that
+the existence of a sexual life in infancy has been disputed, and that
+the sexual manifestations which have been often observed in children
+have been described as abnormal occurrences. It rather seemed to us that
+the child brings along into the world germs of sexual activity and that
+even while taking nourishment it at the same time also enjoys a sexual
+gratification which it then seeks again to procure for itself through
+the familiar activity of "thumbsucking." The sexual activity of the
+child, however, does not develop in the same measure as its other
+functions, but merges first into the so-called latency period from the
+age of three to the age of five years. The production of sexual
+excitation by no means ceases at this period but continues and furnishes
+a stock of energy, the greater part of which is utilized for aims other
+than sexual; namely, on the one hand for the delivery of sexual
+components for social feelings, and on the other hand (by means of
+repression and reaction formation) for the erection of the future sexual
+barriers. Accordingly, the forces which are destined to hold the sexual
+impulse in certain tracks are built up in infancy at the expense of the
+greater part of the perverse sexual feelings and with the assistance of
+education. Another part of the infantile sexual manifestations escapes
+this utilization and may manifest itself as sexual activity. It can then
+be discovered that the sexual excitation of the child flows from diverse
+sources. Above all gratifications originate through the adapted sensible
+excitation of so-called erogenous zones. For these probably any skin
+region or sensory organ may serve; but there are certain distinguished
+erogenous zones the excitation of which by certain organic mechanisms is
+assured from the beginning. Moreover, sexual excitation originates in
+the organism, as it were, as a by-product in a great number of
+processes, as soon as they attain a certain intensity; this especially
+takes place in all strong emotional excitements even if they be of a
+painful nature. The excitations from all these sources do not yet unite,
+but they pursue their aim individually--this aim consisting merely in
+the gaining of a certain pleasure. The sexual impulse of childhood is
+therefore objectless or _autoerotic_.
+
+Still during infancy the erogenous zone of the genitals begins to make
+itself noticeable, either by the fact that like any other erogenous zone
+it furnishes gratification through a suitable sensible stimulus, or
+because in some incomprehensible way the gratification from other
+sources causes at the same time the sexual excitement which has a
+special connection with the genital zone. We found cause to regret that
+a sufficient explanation of the relations between sexual gratification
+and sexual excitement, as well as between the activity of the genital
+zone and the remaining sources of sexuality, was not to be attained.
+
+We were unable to state what amount of sexual activity in childhood
+might be designated as normal to the extent of being incapable of
+further development. The character of the sexual manifestation showed
+itself to be preponderantly masturbatic. We, moreover, verified from
+experience the belief that the external influences of seduction, might
+produce premature breaches in the latency period leading as far as the
+suppression of the same, and that the sexual impulse of the child really
+shows itself to be polymorphous-perverse; furthermore, that every such
+premature sexual activity impairs the educability of the child.
+
+Despite the incompleteness of our examinations of the infantile sexual
+life we were subsequently forced to attempt to study the serious changes
+produced by the appearance of puberty. We selected two of the same as
+criteria, namely, the subordination of all other sources of the sexual
+feeling to the primacy of the genital zones, and the process of object
+finding. Both of them are already developed in childhood. The first is
+accomplished through the mechanism of utilizing the fore-pleasure,
+whereby all other independent sexual acts which are connected with
+pleasure and excitement become preparatory acts for the new sexual aim,
+the voiding of the sexual products, the attainment of which under
+enormous pleasure puts an end to the sexual feeling. At the same time we
+had to consider the differentiation of the sexual nature of man and
+woman, and we found that in order to become a woman a new repression is
+required which abolishes a piece of infantile masculinity, and prepares
+the woman for the change of the leading genital zones. Lastly, we found
+the object selection, tracing it through infancy to its revival in
+puberty; we also found indications of sexual inclinations on the part of
+the child for the parents and foster-parents, which, however, were
+turned away from these persons to others resembling them by the incest
+barriers which had been erected in the meantime. Let us finally add that
+during the transition period of puberty the somatic and psychic
+processes of development proceed side by side, but separately, until
+with the breaking through of an intense psychic love-stimulus for the
+innervation of the genitals, the normally demanded unification of the
+erotic function is established.
+
+*The Factors Disturbing the Development.*--As we have already shown by
+different examples, every step on this long road of development may
+become a point of fixation and every joint in this complicated structure
+may afford opportunity for a dissociation of the sexual impulse. It
+still remains for us to review the various inner and outer factors which
+disturb the development, and to mention the part of the mechanism
+affected by the disturbance emanating from them. The factors which we
+mention here in a series cannot, of course, all be in themselves of
+equal validity and we must expect to meet with difficulties in the
+assigning to the individual factors their due importance.
+
+*Constitution and Heredity.*--In the first place, we must mention here
+the congenital _variation of the sexual constitution_, upon which the
+greatest weight probably falls, but the existence of which, as may be
+easily understood, can be established only through its later
+manifestations and even then not always with great certainty. We
+understand by it a preponderance of one or another of the manifold
+sources of the sexual excitement, and we believe that such a difference
+of disposition must always come to expression in the final result, even
+if it should remain within normal limits. Of course, we can also imagine
+certain variations of the original disposition that even without further
+aid must necessarily lead to the formation of an abnormal sexual life.
+One can call these "degenerative" and consider them as an expression of
+hereditary deterioration. In this connection I have to report a
+remarkable fact. In more than half of the severe cases of hysteria,
+compulsion neuroses, etc., which I have treated by psychotherapy, I have
+succeeded in positively demonstrating that their fathers have gone
+through an attack of syphilis before marriage; they have either suffered
+from tabes or general paresis, or there was a definite history of lues.
+I expressly add that the children who were later neurotic showed
+absolutely no signs of hereditary lues, so that the abnormal sexual
+constitution was to be considered as the last off-shoot of the luetic
+heredity. As far as it is now from my thoughts to put down a descent
+from syphilitic parents as a regular and indispensable etiological
+determination of the neuropathic constitution, I nevertheless maintain
+that the coincidence observed by me is not accidental and not without
+significance.
+
+The hereditary relations of the positive perverts are not so well known
+because they know how to avoid inquiry. Still there is reason to believe
+that the same holds true in the perversions as in the neuroses. We often
+find perversions and psychoneuroses in the different sexes of the same
+family, so distributed that the male members, or one of them, is a
+positive pervert, while the females, following the repressive tendencies
+of their sex, are negative perverts or hysterics. This is a good example
+of the substantial relations between the two disturbances which I have
+discovered.
+
+*Further Elaboration.*--It cannot, however, be maintained that the
+structure of the sexual life is rendered finally complete by the
+addition of the diverse components of the sexual constitution. On the
+contrary, qualifications continue to appear and new possibilities
+result, depending upon the fate experienced by the sexual streams
+originating from the individual sources. This _further elaboration_ is
+evidently the final and decisive one while the constitution described as
+uniform may lead to three final issues. If all the dispositions assumed
+to be abnormal retain their relative proportion, and are strengthened
+with maturity, the ultimate result can only be a perverse sexual life.
+The analysis of such abnormally constituted dispositions has not yet
+been thoroughly undertaken, but we already know cases that can be
+readily explained in the light of these theories. Authors believe, for
+example, that a whole series of fixation perversions must necessarily
+have had as their basis a congenital weakness of the sexual impulse. The
+statement seems to me untenable in this form, but it becomes ingenious
+if it refers to a constitutional weakness of one factor in the sexual
+impulse, namely, the genital zone, which later in the interests of
+propagation accepts as a function the sum of the individual sexual
+activities. In this case the summation which is demanded in puberty must
+fail and the strongest of the other sexual components continues its
+activity as a perversion.[13]
+
+*Repression.*--Another issue results if in the course of development
+certain powerful components experience a _repression_--which we must
+carefully note is not a suspension. The excitations in question are
+produced as usual but are prevented from attaining their aim by psychic
+hindrances, and are driven off into many other paths until they express
+themselves in a symptom. The result can be an almost normal sexual
+life--usually a limited one--but supplemented by psychoneurotic disease.
+It is these cases that become so familiar to us through the
+psychoanalytic investigation of neurotics. The sexual life of such
+persons begins like that of perverts, a considerable part of their
+childhood is filled up with perverse sexual activity which occasionally
+extends far beyond the period of maturity, but owing to inner reasons a
+repressive change then results--usually before puberty, but now and then
+even much later--and from this point on without any extinction of the
+old feelings there appears a neurosis instead of a perversion. One may
+recall here the saying, "Junge Hure, alte Betschwester,"--only here
+youth has turned out to be much too short. The relieving of the
+perversion by the neurosis in the life of the same person, as well as
+the above mentioned distribution of perversion and hysteria in different
+persons of the same family, must be placed side by side with the fact
+that the neurosis is the negative of the perversion.
+
+*Sublimation.*--The third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositions
+is made possible by the process of "sublimation," through which the
+powerful excitations from individual sources of sexuality are discharged
+and utilized in other spheres, so that a considerable increase of
+psychic capacity results from an, in itself dangerous, predisposition.
+This forms one the sources of artistic activity, and, according as such
+sublimation is complete or incomplete, the analysis of the character of
+highly gifted, especially of artistically disposed persons, will show
+any proportionate, blending between productive ability, perversion, and
+neurosis. A sub-species of sublimation is the suppression through
+_reaction-formation_, which, as we have found, begins even in the
+latency period of infancy, only to continue throughout life in
+favorable cases. What we call the _character_ of a person is built up to
+a great extent from the material of sexual excitations; it is composed
+of impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation, and of such
+constructions as are destined to suppress effectually those perverse
+feelings which are recognized as useless. The general perverse sexual
+disposition of childhood can therefore be esteemed as a source of a
+number of our virtues, insofar as it incites their creation through the
+formation of reactions.[14]
+
+*Accidental Experiences.*--All other influences lose in significance
+when compared with the sexual discharges, shifts of repressions, and
+sublimations; the inner determinations for the last two processes are
+totally unknown to us. He who includes repressions and sublimations
+among constitutional predispositions, and considers them as the living
+manifestations of the same, has surely the right to maintain that the
+final structure of the sexual life is above all the result of the
+congenital constitution. No intelligent person, however, will dispute
+that in such a coöperation of factors there is also room for the
+modifying influences of occasional factors derived from experience in
+childhood and later on.
+
+It is not easy to estimate the effectiveness of the constitutional and
+of the occasional factors in their relation to each other. Theory is
+always inclined to overestimate the first while therapeutic practice
+renders prominent the significance of the latter. By no means should it
+be forgotten that between the two there exists a relation of coöperation
+and not of exclusion. The constitutional factor must wait for
+experiences which bring it to the surface, while the occasional needs
+the support of the constitutional factor in order to become effective.
+For the majority of cases one can imagine a so-called "etiological
+group" in which the declining intensities of one factor become balanced
+by the rise in the others, but there is no reason to deny the existence
+of extremes at the ends of the group.
+
+It would be still more in harmony with psychoanalytic investigation if
+the experiences of early childhood would get a place of preference among
+the occasional factors. The one etiological group then becomes split up
+into two which may be designated as the dispositional and the definitive
+groups. Constitution and occasional infantile experiences are just as
+coöperative in the first as disposition and later traumatic experiences
+in the second group. All the factors which injure the sexual development
+show their effect in that they produce a _regression_, or a return to a
+former phase of development.
+
+We may now continue with our task of enumerating the factors which have
+become known to us as influential for the sexual development, whether
+they be active forces or merely manifestations of the same.
+
+*Prematurity.*--Such a factor is the spontaneous sexual _prematurity_
+which can be definitely demonstrated at least in the etiology of the
+neuroses, though in itself it is as little adequate for causation as the
+other factors. It manifests itself in a breaking through, shortening, or
+suspending of the infantile latency period and becomes a cause of
+disturbances inasmuch as it provokes sexual manifestations which, either
+on account of the unready state of the sexual inhibitions or because of
+the undeveloped state of the genital system, can only carry along the
+character of perversions. These tendencies to perversion may either
+remain as such, or after the repression sets in they may become motive
+powers for neurotic symptoms; at all events, the sexual prematurity
+renders difficult the desirable later control of the sexual impulse by
+the higher psychic influences, and enhances the compulsive-like
+character which even without this prematurity would be claimed by the
+psychic representatives of the impulse. Sexual prematurity often runs
+parallel with premature intellectual development; it is found as such in
+the infantile history of the most distinguished and most productive
+individuals, and in such connection it does not seem to act as
+pathogenically as when appearing isolated.
+
+*Temporal Factors.*--Just like prematurity, other factors, which under
+the designation of _temporal_ can be added to prematurity, also demand
+consideration. It seems to be phylogenetically established in what
+sequence the individual impulsive feelings become active, and how long
+they can manifest themselves before they succumb to the influence of a
+newly appearing active impulse or to a typical repression. But both in
+this temporal succession as well as in the duration of the same,
+variations seem to occur, which must exercise a definite influence on
+the experience. It cannot be a matter of indifference whether a certain
+stream appears earlier or later than its counterstream, for the effect
+of a repression cannot be made retrogressive; a temporal deviation in
+the composition of the components regularly produces a change in the
+result. On the other hand impulsive feelings which appear with special
+intensity often come to a surprisingly rapid end, as in the case of the
+heterosexual attachment of the later manifest homosexuals. The strivings
+of childhood which manifest themselves most impetuously do not justify
+the fear that they will lastingly dominate the character of the
+grown-up; one has as much right to expect that they will disappear in
+order to make room for their counterparts. (Harsh masters do not rule
+long.) To what one may attribute such temporal confusions of the
+processes of development we are hardly able to suggest. A view is opened
+here to a deeper phalanx of biological, and perhaps also historical
+problems, which we have not yet approached within fighting distance.
+
+*Adhesion.*--The significance of all premature sexual manifestations is
+enhanced by a psychic factor of unknown origin which at present can be
+put down only as a psychological preliminary. I believe that it is the
+_heightened adhesion_ or _fixedness_ of these impressions of the sexual
+life which in later neurotics, as well as in perverts, must be added for
+the completion of the other facts; for the same premature sexual
+manifestations in other persons cannot impress themselves deeply enough
+to repeat themselves compulsively and to succeed in prescribing the way
+for the sexual impulse throughout later life. Perhaps a part of the
+explanation for this adhesion lies in another psychic factor which we
+cannot miss in the causation of the neuroses, namely, in the
+preponderance which in the psychic life falls to the share of memory
+traces as compared with recent impressions. This factor is apparently
+dependent on the intellectual development and grows with the growth of
+personal culture. In contrast to this the savage has been characterized
+as "the unfortunate child of the moment."[15] Owing to the oppositional
+relation existing between culture and the free development of sexuality,
+the results of which may be traced far into the formation of our life,
+the problem how the sexual life of the child evolves is of very little
+importance for the later life in the lower stages of culture and
+civilization, and of very great importance in the higher.
+
+*Fixation.*--The influence of the psychic factors just mentioned favored
+the development of the accidentally experienced impulses of the
+infantile sexuality. The latter (especially in the form of seductions
+through other children or through adults) produce the material which,
+with the help of the former, may become fixed as a permanent
+disturbance. A considerable number of the deviations from the normal
+sexual life observed later have been thus established in neurotics and
+perverts from the beginning through the impressions received during the
+alleged sexually free period of childhood. The causation is produced by
+the responsiveness of the constitution, the prematurity, the quality of
+heightened adhesion, and the accidental excitement of the sexual impulse
+through outside influence.
+
+The unsatisfactory conclusions which have resulted from this
+investigation of the disturbances of the sexual life is due to the fact
+that we as yet know too little concerning the biological processes in
+which the nature of sexuality consists to form from our isolated
+examinations a satisfactory theory for the explanation of either the
+normal or the pathological.
+
+[1] The differences will be emphasized in the schematic representation
+given in the text. To what extent the infantile sexuality approaches the
+definitive sexual organization through its object selection has been
+discussed before (p. 60).
+
+[2] See my work, Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious, translated by
+A.A. Brill, Moffat Yard Pub. Co., New York: "The fore-pleasure gained by
+the technique of wit is utilized for the purpose of setting free a
+greater pleasure by the removal of inner inhibitions."
+
+[3] Cf. Zur Einführung des Narzismus, Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, VI,
+1913.
+
+[4] It is necessary to make clear that the conceptions "masculine" and
+"feminine," whose content seems so unequivocal to the ordinary meaning,
+belong to the most confused terms in science and can be cut up into at
+least three paths. One uses masculine and feminine at times in the sense
+of activity and passivity, again, in the biological sense, and then also
+in the sociological sense. The first of these three meanings is the
+essential one and the only one utilizable in psychoanalysis. It agrees
+with the masculine designation of the libido in the text above, for the
+libido is always active even when it is directed to a passive aim. The
+second, the biological significance of masculine and feminine, is the
+one which permits the clearest determination. Masculine and feminine are
+here characterized by the presence of semen or ovum and through the
+functions emanating from them. The activity and its secondary
+manifestations, like stronger developed muscles, aggression, a greater
+intensity of libido, are as a rule soldered to the biological
+masculinity but not necessarily connected with it, for there are species
+of animals in whom these qualities are attributed to the female. The
+third, the sociological meaning, receives its content through the
+observation of the actual existing male and female individuals. The
+result of this in man is that there is no pure masculinity or feminity
+either in the biological or psychological sense. On the contrary every
+individual person shows a mixture of his own biological sex
+characteristics with the biological traits of the other sex and a union
+of activity and passivity; this is the case whether these psychological
+characteristic features depend on the biological or whether they are
+independent of it.
+
+[5] Psychoanalysis teaches that there are two paths of object-finding;
+the first is the one discussed in the text which is guided by the early
+infantile prototypes. The second is the narcissistic which seeks its own
+ego and finds it in the other. The latter is of particularly great
+significance for the pathological outcomes, but does not fit into the
+connection treated here.
+
+[6] Those to whom this conception appears "wicked" may read Havelock
+Ellis's treatise on the relations between mother and child which
+expresses almost the same ideas (The Sexual Impulse, p. 16).
+
+[7] For the explanation of the origin of the infantile fear I am
+indebted to a three-year-old boy whom I once heard calling from a dark
+room: "Aunt, talk to me, I am afraid because it is dark." "How will that
+help you," answered the aunt; "you cannot see anyhow." "That's nothing,"
+answered the child; "if some one talks then it becomes light."--He was,
+as we see, not afraid of the darkness but he was afraid because he
+missed the person he loved, and he could promise to calm down as soon as
+he was assured of her presence.
+
+[8] Cf. here what was said on page 83 concerning the object selection of
+the child; the "tender stream."
+
+[9] The incest barrier probably belongs to the historical acquisitions
+of humanity and like other moral taboos it must be fixed in many
+individuals through organic heredity. (Cf. my work, Totem and Taboo,
+1913.) Psychoanalytic studies show, however, how intensively the
+individual struggles with the incest temptations during his development
+and how frequently he puts them into phantasies and even into reality.
+
+[10] Compare the description concerning the inevitable relation in the
+Oedipus legend (The Interpretation of Dreams, p. 222, translated by A.A.
+Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York, and Allen & Unwin, London).
+
+[11] Innumerable peculiarities of the human love-life as well as the
+compulsiveness of being in love itself can surely only be understood
+through a reference to childhood or as an effective remnant of the same.
+
+[12] This was true not only of the "negative" tendencies to perversion
+appearing in the neurosis, but also of the so-called positive
+perversions. The latter are not only to be attributed to the fixation of
+the infantile tendencies, but also to regression to these tendencies
+owing to the misplacement of other paths of the sexual stream. Hence the
+positive perversions are also accessible to psychoanalytic therapy. (Cf.
+the works of Sadger, Ferenczi, and Brill.)
+
+[13] Here one often sees that at first a normal sexual stream begins at
+the age of puberty, but owing to its inner weakness it breaks down at
+the first outer hindrance and then changes from regression, to perverse
+fixation.
+
+[14] That keen observer of human nature, E. Zola, describes a girl in
+his book, La Joie de vivre, who in cheerful self renunciation offers all
+she has in possession or expectation, her fortune and her life's hopes
+to those she loves without thought of return. The childhood of this girl
+was dominated by an insatiable desire for love which whenever she was
+depreciated caused her to merge into a fit of cruelty.
+
+[15] It is possible that the heightened adhesion is only the result of a
+special intensive somatic sexual manifestation of former years.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Aberrations (see Perversions)
+  a fragment of inhibited development, 89
+  Sexual, 1, 13, 14
+  shown by the psychoneurotic, 29
+  with animals, 13
+
+Absolute Inversion (sexual object of the same sex), 2
+
+Activity and Passivity in sexual aim in exhibitionism, 21
+  of Sadism and Masochism, 23
+  precursors and masculine and feminine, 59
+
+Activity, Muscular, 63
+
+Adhesion, heightened, or fixedness of impressions of sexual life, 99
+  may be only result of a special intensive somatic sexual manifestation of former years, 99
+
+Affective Processes, 64
+  pathogenic action of, 64
+  value of unconscious thought formation, 27
+
+Aggression, Sadism and Masochism not attributable to mixture of, 24
+  taint of, shown by sexuality of most men, 22
+
+Agoraphobia and neurotic disturbances of walking, 64, note 22
+
+Aims of impulses distinguish them from one another, 31
+
+Algolagnia, 22
+
+Alkaloids, introduction of, analogous in neuroses and phenomena of intoxication and abstinence, 76
+
+Ambivalence, 59
+
+Amnesia, Infantile, 37
+  connected with infantile sexual activity, 51
+  and hysterical compared, 39
+
+Amphigenous inversion, 2
+
+Anal Erotic, 10, note 11
+  Zone, activity of, 47
+    erogenous significance of, 48
+    masturbatic irritation of, 49
+
+Androgyny, 8
+
+Anesthesia, causes of, are partly psychic, 81
+  continuance of, caused by retention of clitoris excitability, 81
+  of newly married women, 80
+  of wives due to parent complex, 85
+  of women often only apparent and local, 81
+  of women only at vaginal entrance, 81
+
+Animals as sexual objects, 13
+
+Anus (see also Anal)
+  as aim of inverts, 12; 17
+  especially frequent example of transgression, 29
+  part played by erogenous zone in, 32
+
+Anxiety on railroads, 63
+
+Archaic constitution, 10, note 11
+
+Arduin, Dr., 9, note 11
+
+Attractions connected with pleasure, 70
+
+Autoerotism, the gratification of sexual impulse on own body, 43
+  separation of, from object love, not temporal, 55, note 19
+  essential, of infantile sexuality, 58
+  of erogenous zones, same in boy and girl, 79
+  regular, of sexual impulse, 81
+
+
+Baths, warm, therapeutic effects of, 62
+
+Bayer, 40, note 6
+
+Beautiful, concept of, 21
+  a quality of excitation, 70
+
+Bell, S., 37,
+  note 2; 55,
+  note 19
+
+Binet; 19; 34
+
+Birth theories, 57
+
+Bisexuality, Relation of, 7
+  as explanation of inversion, 9, note 11
+    Sadism and Masochism, 24
+  necessary to understanding of sexual in man and woman, 80
+
+Bladder, disturbances of childhood sexual in nature, 51
+
+Bleuler, 37, note 2; 60
+
+Bloch, I., 1, note 1; 5; 16
+
+Breast, rubbing of, 43
+  woman's, as erogenous zone, 71
+
+
+Cadavers, 25
+
+Cannibalistic pregenital phase, 59
+
+Castration complex, 22; 56
+  of males does not always injure sexual libido, 75
+
+Catarrh, intestinal, produces irritations in anal zone, 48
+
+Cathartic treatment, 26
+
+Character built up from the material of sexual excitations, 96
+  composed of impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation, 96
+  of individual determined by infantile sexual activity, 50
+
+Chemical theories of sexual excitement, 76
+
+Chevalier, 7; 9, note 11
+
+Childish, see Infantile
+
+Children and neurotics compared, 38
+  as sexual objects, 13
+  cruelty especially characteristic of, 30
+  educability of, impaired by premature sexual activity, 91
+  impressionability of, 38
+  in school, behavior of and germinating sexuality, 64
+  sexual life of, 40
+
+Clitoris, chief erogenous zone in female child, 80
+  erection of, in little girls, 80
+  excitability retained causes continuance of anesthesia, 81
+  excitation, destinies of, 80
+    conducts excitement to adjacent female parts, 80
+    transfer of, to other parts, takes time, 80
+  sexuality is a part of male sexual life, 80
+  sexuality repressed in girl at puberty, 80
+
+Coitus, 36
+
+Colin, 23
+
+Complex, castration, 22; 56
+  Oedipus, 85
+  parent, 15, note 14
+    strongest in girls, 85
+
+Compulsion emanating from unconscious psychic material, 51
+  inversion is perceived as a morbid, 3
+  neurosis, 32
+  psychoanalysis enlightens ego libido, 77
+  from fixation on erogenous zones in infancy, 77
+
+Congeniality in inversions, 4
+  of perversions in all persons, 34
+
+Conscience, 22
+
+Constitutional factor, relation of, to occasional 96
+
+Contrary Sexuals, 2
+
+Conversion, 27
+
+Coprophilic smell desire, 20, note 19
+
+Copulation, 14
+
+Courting, 22
+
+Craving, best English word for libido, 1, note 2
+
+Cruelty and sexual impulse most intimately connected, 23
+  as component of infantile sexual life regarding others as sexual objects, 53
+  especially near the childish character, 54
+  partial desires as carriers of impulses of, 30
+
+Culture and sex, 41
+
+
+Dangers of fore-pleasure, 72
+
+Degeneration, nervous, 4
+  high ethical culture in, 5
+
+Dementia prćcox, 26
+
+Desire, coprophilic smell, 20, note 19
+  for knowledge, 55
+  immense sexual, in hysteria, 28
+  partial, 29
+
+Dessoir, 87
+
+Donation, idea of, 48; 49
+
+Drinking, desire for, in former thumbsuckers, 44
+
+
+Ear lobe pulling, 42
+
+Eating, sexuality of, 66
+
+Ego-Libido (see Libido)
+
+Ellis, H., 1, note 1; 6; 8; 23; 43; 52, note 18
+
+End Pleasure (see Gratification, Orgasm, Pleasure)
+  new to age after puberty, 72
+
+Enuresis nocturna corresponds to a pollution, 51
+
+Erection of clitoris in little girls, 80
+  of penis, a somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69
+
+Erogenous action of pain, 65
+  functions, disturbance of, in lip zone, 66
+  significance of anal zone, 48
+  zones, partial impulses and, 31
+    significance of in psychoneuroses, 32
+    preponderance of special, in psychoneuroses, 34
+    source of sexual feelings of infantile years, 41
+    lips as, 44
+    characters of, 45
+    predestined, 46
+    show same characters as hysterogenous, 46
+    any part of body may become, 46, note 12
+    significance of anal zone, 48
+    premature activity in, indicated by cruelty, 54
+    parts of skin called, 65
+    one of three ways of stimulation of sexual apparatus, 69
+    their manner of adjustment to new order, 70
+    rôle of, in preparing sexual excitation, 70
+    increase tension, 71
+    make possible the gratification pleasure, 72
+    contribute unusual pleasure in infantile life, 72
+    connected anatomically with centers producing tension, 74
+    autoerotism of, same in boy and girl, 79
+    chief, in female child is the clitoris, 80
+    changed from clitoris to vagina, mark of womanhood, 81
+    change of leading, determines woman's preference for neuroses, 81
+    gratified by intercourse between child and foster parents, 82
+
+Etiological group, 97
+  composed of dispositional and definitive groups, 97
+
+Eulenberg, 1, note 1
+
+Excitement enhanced by preliminary activities, 14
+    hunger, 16
+  influences, three kinds of, 62
+  sexual, nature of, entirely unfamiliar, 66
+    prepared by erogenous zones, 70
+    result of any of three kinds of stimuli, 69
+
+Exhibitionism (see Looking, Peeping, Voyeur)
+  as a perversion, 21
+  partial desires as carriers of, 30
+  the eye as erogenous zone in, 32
+  as component of infantile sexual life, 53
+
+Eye as erogenous zone, 32; 70
+
+
+Faith, 15
+
+Father, sexual intimidation experienced through, averts inversion, 88
+
+Fear, infantile, 83
+    only expresses child's missing beloved person, 83
+  influence of, sexually exciting, 64
+  of being alone alike in child and neurotic, 84
+  of dark, infantile, 83
+  of grown up neurotic like that of children, 84
+  only children with excessive sexual impulse disposed to, 83
+  sought as sexual excitement, 64
+
+Feces, licking of, 25
+  retention of, a source of pleasure, 48
+    a cause of constipation, 49
+
+Feelings, perverted, 34
+
+Female (see Masculine and Feminine)
+
+Female child, entirely made character of in autoerotism and masturbation, 79
+
+Féré, 23
+
+Ferenczi, 15, note 14
+
+Fetichism, 18
+  Binet's findings in, 34
+  nothing in unconscious streams of thought inclining to, 30
+  of foot, 20, note 19
+
+Fixation, 99
+  of impulses accidentally experienced, 99
+
+Fliess, W., 10, note 11; 29, note 26; 41, note 7
+
+Foot, as unfit substitute for sexual object, 18
+  fetichism of, 20, note 19
+
+Fore-Pleasure, connection of, with infantile life strengthened by pathogenic rôle, 72
+  dangers of, 72
+  is that of excitation of erogenous zones, 72
+  mechanism contains danger to attainment of normal sexual aim, 72
+  primacy of genital zones and the, 69
+  same as that furnished by infantile sexual impulse, 72
+  too much endangers attainment of normal sexual aim, 72
+
+Fur, 19
+
+Fusions, 26
+  activity of, 49
+
+
+Genital zone, primacy of, 69
+  external, in woman, so important for later sexual functions, 80
+  overestimation of internal, 75
+  gratification of, 52
+
+Genitals, erogenous zones behave like real, in hysteria, 32
+  looking only at, becomes a perversion, 21
+  male, in all persons, the infantile sexual theory, 56
+  mouth and anus playing rôle of, 29
+  opening of female, unknown to children, 58
+  primacy of, intended by nature, 50
+  rubbed by children while pleasure sucking, 43
+  sexual impulse of reawakens, 50
+  touching of, caused by strong excitements in children, 64
+
+Gley, E., 9, note 11
+
+Globus, hysterical, in former thumbsuckers, 45
+
+Gratification pleasure of orgasm, 71
+  sexual, 3; 14
+  picture of, in suckling, 44
+  relation of, to sexual excitement not explained, 91
+  the best hypnotic, 43
+
+Groos, K., 37, note 2
+
+
+Hair, 18
+
+Halban, 8
+
+Hall, G.S., 37, note 2
+
+Hemorrhoids and neurotic states, 48
+
+Heredity, 36
+
+Herman, G., 10, note 11
+
+Hermaphrodites, psychosexual, 2; 7
+  anatomical, 7
+
+Hetero-sexual feelings, 3, note 5; 29, note 26
+  intercourse, dangers of, fix inversions, 6
+
+Hirschfeld, M., 1, note 1; 9, note 11
+
+Hoche, 16
+
+Homosexual, 2
+  among Greeks, 11
+  favored by bringing up of boys by men, 88
+  inclination resulting in inversion, 6
+  in men, 11
+  in women, 12
+  object selection accomplished by all men in the unconscious, 10, note 11
+
+Hug-Hellmuth, Mrs. Dr. H., 37, note 2
+
+Hunger and sex compared, 1
+  excitement, 16
+
+Hypnosis (suggestion), 3, note 4
+  obedience in, shows nature of, to be fixation on hypnotizer, 15, note 14
+  removes inversion, 6
+
+Hysteria, immense sexual desire in, 28
+  male, explained by propensity to inversion, 29
+  many cases of have syphilitic fathers, 93
+  preference for, in women determined by change of leading erogenous zone, 81
+    determined by repression of puberty, 81
+  psychoanalysis in, 26
+  of, enlightens the ego-libido, 77
+    removes symptoms of, 27
+  seduction as frequent cause of, 52
+  some cases of, conditioned by disappearance of one parent, 88
+  symptomatology of, tendency to displacement in, 46
+
+Hysterical globus, 45
+  vomiting, 44; 45
+
+Hysterogenous zones show same characteristics as erogenous, 46
+
+
+Ideal of sexual life, the union of all desires in one object, 61
+
+Identification as development out of oral pregenital sexual organization, 59
+
+Immature as sexual objects, 13
+
+Impotence, 20
+
+Impulse development, 9
+  partial, 31
+    independent of each other, strive for pleasure, 58
+  sexual, 1
+    acquired, 5
+  to mastery, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, 50
+
+Incest barriers, 84
+  object selection significant in psychosexual disturbances, 86
+  phantasies rejected, 85
+  temptations, struggle of the individual with, 85, note 9
+
+Infantile amnesia, 37
+    and infantile sexual activity, 51
+  attraction for parents, etc., repressed in puberty, 86
+  desire for parents, 87
+  factor for sexuality, 39
+  fear, 83; 84, note 7
+  fixation of libido, 86
+  in sexuality, 34
+    conserved by neurotics, 35
+  masturbation, 51
+  neglect of the, 36
+  object selection, after effects of, 86
+  onanism almost universal, 50
+  relations to parents, produces serious results to sexual life, 87
+      cause of jealousy of lover, 87
+    wet nurse, 82
+  reminiscences in neurotics, 40
+  sexual activity, 50
+    aim, 45; 46
+    excitement generously provided for, 65
+    impulse same as adult fore-pleasure, 72
+    investigation, failure of, 57
+  sexuality, 36
+    manifestations of, 42
+    determines normal, 73
+    source of, 61
+  sexual life, 53
+
+Influences, opposite, paths of, 66
+
+Inhibitions (see Shame, Loathing, Sympathy) 26, note 23
+  sexual, 40
+    develop earlier in girl, 78
+  study of, 58
+
+Innateness, 5
+
+Inner organic world, one of three stimulants of sexual apparatus, 69
+
+Inquisitiveness, 55
+  of children attracted to sexual problems, 56
+
+Intentions, Appearance of New, 20
+
+Intellectual work, 65
+
+Intensity of stimulus, a factor in sexual excitement, 65
+
+Intestinal catarrh in neurosis, 48
+
+Inversion, amphigenous, 2
+  influence of climate and race on, 5
+  conception of, 4
+  congeniality of, 4
+  corresponds to sexual inclinations of many persons, 88
+  effect of father on, 11, note 11
+  explanation of, 6; 10, note 11
+  extreme cases of, 3
+  feelings of, in all neurotics, 29
+  frequent in ancient times, 5
+  permanent, made possible by a disappearance of one parent, 88
+  prevention of, 87
+  time of, 3
+
+Inverts, behavior of, 2; 3
+  psychic manliness in, 8
+  sexual object of, 10
+  aim of, 12
+
+Investigation, infantile sexual, 55
+  conducted alone, 58
+  is first step at independent orientation, 58
+  causes estrangement from persons, 58
+
+Itching, feeling of, projected into peripheral erogenous zone, 47
+
+
+Kiernan, 7
+
+Kinderfehler, Die (periodical), 37, note 2
+
+Kissing (see Mouth, Oral)
+  as perversion, 15
+  habitual, in former thumbsuckers, 44
+  in female inverts, 12
+
+Knowledge, desire for, coöperates with energy of desire for looking, 56
+  not wholly sexual, 55
+  relations to sexual life of particular importance to, 56
+
+Krafft-Ebing, 1, note 1; 9, and note 11; 22; 23
+  weakness of his description of sexual process, 75
+
+
+Latency Period, Sexual in Childhood, 39; 40
+  interruptions of, 41
+
+Leading Zone in man and woman, 80
+  in female child is the clitoris, 80
+
+Libido as term for sexual feeling corresponding to hunger, 1
+  of inverts, 3
+  direction of, determined by experience in early childhood, 6
+  attachment of, to persons of same sex, 10, note 11
+  fixation of, on hypnotizer, 15, note 14
+  amount of directed to artistic aim, 21
+  aggressive factor of, in sadism, 23
+  strivings of, transformed into symptoms, 28
+  fixation of, on persons of same sex, 29
+  union of cruelty with, in neurotics and paranoiacs, 30
+  of psychoneurotics unable to obtain normal sexual gratification, 33
+  of children in corporal punishment, 55
+  tension of, dies away at orgasm, 71
+  sometimes escapes injury in castration, 75
+  Theory of, 77
+  a force of variable quantity capable of measuring sexual processes, 77
+  a concept auxiliary to chemical theory, 77
+  energy has a qualitative character, 77
+    has special chemism different from nutritional processes, 77
+  quantum psychically represented by ego-libido, 77
+  production, increase, distribution and displacement of the Ego-, explains psychosexual phenomena, 77
+  accessibility of the Ego- to psychoanalysis, 77
+  the Ego- becomes Object-Libido, 77
+  fate of the Object- is to be withdrawn from the object, 77
+    is to be preserved floating in special states of tension, 77
+    is to be finally taken back into the Ego, 77
+  The Ego- is called the narcissistic Libido, 78
+    greater significance of, in psychotic disturbances, 78
+  is regularly of a masculine character in man and woman, 79
+  the object of may be either man or woman, 79
+  of child, when ungratified is changed into fear, 84
+  suppressed, of love of child to parents, 84
+  infantile fixation of, causes sexual love for parents, 86
+  girls conceal, under affection for family, 86
+  return of, to persons preferred in infancy, 86
+  incestuous fixation of, not completely escaped, 86
+
+Lindner, 42; 43
+
+Lingering at intermediary relations, 15; 20
+  at preparatory act of sexual process is mechanism of many perversions, 73
+
+Lip as erogenous zone, 44
+  sexual utilization of mucous membrane of, 16
+  sucking of, 42
+  zone is responsible for sexual gratification during eating, 66
+
+Loathing, feeling of, protects individual from improper sexual aims, 16; 17
+  overcoming of, at sight of excretion, produces voyeurs, 21
+  and Shame in Masochism, 23
+    in Inversions, 25
+  as psychic force inhibiting sexual life, 40
+
+Looking (see Peeping, Voyeurs)
+  as addition to normal sexual process, 14
+  Lingering at Touching and, 20
+  as a perversion, 21
+  and exhibition mania, the eye an erogenous zone in, 32
+  as component of infantile sexual life with others as object, 53
+
+Love, omnipotence of, 25
+  and hate, 30
+  temporary renouncement of, in child, 83
+  smaller amount of, than mother love to satisfy individual in later life, 83
+  non-sexual and sexual, for parents, nourished from same source, 86
+  sexual, corresponds to an infantile fixation of the Libido, 86
+  -life, peculiarities of, understood only through childhood, 87, note 11
+
+Löwenfeld, 1, note 1
+
+Lydston, F., 7
+
+
+Magnan's classification, 4
+
+Man (see Bisexuality, Masculine and Feminine)
+  sexual development of, more consistent and easier to understand, 68
+  differentiation between, and woman, 78
+
+Masculine and feminine, 79
+  as activity and passivity, 79, note 4
+  biological significance of, permits clearest determination, 79 note 4
+  in sociological sense, 79, note 4
+    no pure, in either biological or sociological sense, 79, note 4
+
+Masochism, in relation between hypnotized and hypnotist, 15, note 14
+  and Sadism, 21
+  originates through transformation from Sadism, 22
+  and Sadism occupy special place among perversions, 23
+  reinforced by Sadism in exhibitionism, 30
+  source of, in painful irritation of gluteal region, 55
+  -Sadism impulse rooted in erogenous action of pain, 65
+
+Mastery, impulse to, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, 50
+  source of cruelty in children, 54
+  supplies activity, 59
+
+Masturbatic sexual manifestations, 47
+  excitation of anal zone, 49
+  irritation of anal zone, 49
+  sexual manifestations have same male character in boy and girl, 79
+
+Masturbation frequently the exclusive aim in inversion, 12
+  in small children, 36
+  thumb-sucking and, 43
+  infantile, has three phases, 50
+    return of, 51
+  in little girls concerns clitoris only, 80
+
+Mechanical excitation, 62
+
+Memory traces preponderate over recent impressions in causation of neuroses, 99
+
+Moebius, 1, note 1; 4, note 6; 34
+
+Moll, 1, note 1; 32; 37, note 1
+
+Morality as a psychic dam, 41
+
+Mother, fixation on, in inverts, 11, note 12
+  image helps males avert inversions, 88
+  image helps females avert inversions, 88
+
+Motion, pleasure of, sexual in nature, 64, note 22
+
+Mouth (see Lip, Oral)
+  Sexual Utilization of Mucous Membrane of Lips and, 16
+  as a frequent example of transgression, 29
+  as an erogenous zone, 31
+
+Muscular activity, pleasure from, 63
+
+
+Narcissism in object selection, 10, note 11
+  as identification with mother, 12, note 12
+
+Narcissistic Libido a name for Ego-Libido, 78
+  a reservoir of energy for investment of object, 78
+  investment of ego a realized primitive state, 78
+
+Nausea on railroads, 63
+
+Neurosis and perversion, 28
+  the negative of a perversion, 29; 89
+  intestinal catarrh in, 48
+  symptomatology of, traced to disturbance of sexual processes, 67
+  a factor in the causation of, is preponderance of memory traces, 99
+
+Neurotics and children compared, 38
+  infantile reminiscences in, 40
+  scatologic customs of, 49
+  diseases, disposition for, awakened by over tender parents, 83
+  have nearer ways than tenderness to transfer their disturbances to their children, 38
+  fixedness of impressions of sexual life in, 99
+
+Nursing Period, Sexual Object of, 82
+
+
+Object finding, 81
+    is consummated on psychic side at anatomical puberty, 81
+    is really a re-finding (of the mother), 82
+    two paths of, shown by psychoanalysis, 82, note 5
+  selection must avoid beloved person of infancy, 84
+    first accomplished in imagination, 85
+    incestuous, significant in psychosexual disturbances, 86
+    after effects of infantile, 86
+    follows prototypes of parents, 86
+
+Obsessions explained only through psychoanalysis, 26
+
+Occasional inversion, 2
+
+Oedipus Complex, 85
+
+Onanism (see Masturbation)
+  mutual, not producing inversion, 6
+  infantile, almost universal, 50
+  unusual techniques in, show prohibition overcome, 50, note 15
+  infantile, disappears soon, 50
+  connected by conscience-stricken neurotics with their neurosis, 51, note 16
+  gratification in infantile masturbation, 51
+  early active, as determinant of pollution-like process, 51
+
+Opposite Influences, Paths of, 66
+
+Oral (see Lip, Mouth)
+  pregenital sexual organization, 59
+
+Organizations, Pregenital, 54; 58
+
+Orgasm, thumb-sucking leading to, 43
+
+Overestimation of the Sexual Object, 15
+
+Overwork, nervous disturbances of mental, caused by simultaneous sexual excitement, 65
+
+
+Pain ranks with loathing and shame, 23
+
+Pain sought by many persons, 64
+  toned down has erogenous action, 65
+  a factor in sexual excitement, 65
+
+Paranoia, knowledge of sexual impulse in, gained only through psychoanalysis, 26
+  delusional fears in, based on perversions, 29, note 25
+  union of cruelty with libido in, 30
+  significance of erogenous zones in, 32
+
+Parent complex, 15, note 14
+  strongest in girls, 85
+  result of boundless tenderness of parents, 83
+
+Partial desires, 29
+  impulses and erogenous zones, 31; 34; 53; 59
+    show passive form in girls, 79
+
+Passivity (see Activity)
+  sexual aim present in exhibitionism in active and passive form, 21
+  active and passive forms of Sadism-Masochism, 23
+
+Pedicatio, 17
+
+Peeping (see Exhibitionism, Looking, Voyeurs)
+  as perversion, 21
+  force opposed to, is shame, 21
+  mania, partial desires as carriers of, 30
+  as strongest motive power for formation of neurotic symptoms, 54
+
+Penis, envy of in girls, 37
+  erection of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69
+
+Pérez, 37, note 2
+
+Perversions, as additions to normal sexual processes, 14
+  brought into relation with normal sexual life, 15
+  mouth as sexual organ in, 16
+  Sadism-Masochism the most significant of, 22
+  general statements applicable to, 24
+  exclusiveness and fixation of, 25
+  psychic participation in, 25
+  and neurosis, 28; 29
+  fetichisms as, 30
+  positive, 31
+  preponderance of sexual, in psychoneuroses, 32
+  sexual impulse of psychoneurotics possesses unusual tendency to, 33
+  relation of predisposition to, and morbid picture, 34
+  formation of, 52
+  of prostitutes, 53
+  part played in, by castration complex, 22
+  mechanism of many, represents a lingering at a preparatory act, 73
+  the neuroses the negative of the, 89
+  disposition to, universal, 89
+  as inhibitions and dissociations from normal development, 89
+  negative appearing in neurosis, 89, note 12
+  positive and negative in the same family, 94
+  resulting from the strongest of other sexual components, 94
+  of childhood as source of some virtues, 96
+
+Phantasies the only escape of the maturing youth, 85
+  of the individual in struggle with incest temptation, 85, note 9
+  of all persons contain infantile inclinations, 85
+  distinctly incestuous, rejected, 85
+
+Pleasure sucking, 42; 43
+  relation of feeling of, to unpleasant tension, 70
+  relations of, the weakest spot in present day psychology, 70
+  the last, of sexual acts differs earlier pleasures, 71
+    produced through discharge, 71
+    is altogether gratification pleasure, 71
+  nature of, more deeply entered into in the study of wit, 72
+
+Pollution, process similar to, in infancy, 51
+    caused by strong excitements in children, 64
+  nocturnal, due to accumulation of semen, 74
+
+Polymorphous-perverse disposition, 52
+
+Precursory Sexual Aims, 20
+
+Predisposition, bisexual, 9
+
+Pregenital organization as phase of sexual life, 54; 58
+  phase of organization of sexual life, 59
+    sadistic-anal, 59
+  organizations, assumption of, based on analysis of neuroses, 60
+
+Prematurity, spontaneous sexual, a factor influential for sexual development, 97
+  shown in breaking through, shortening or suspending of infantile latency period, 97
+  becomes cause of disturbances in provoking sexual manifestations having character of perversions, 97
+  sexual, runs parallel with intellectual prematurity, 98
+
+Prevention of inversion, 87
+
+Primacy of the Genitals, 50; 69
+  attained at puberty, 68
+  already sketched out in infantile life, 73
+  for propagation, the last phase of sexual organization, 60
+
+Primitive Psychic Mechanisms, 10, note 11
+
+Prostitute fitted for her activity by polymorphous-perverse disposition, 53
+
+Psychic participation in perversions, 25
+  life one of three stimuli of sexual apparatus, 69
+  sign of sexual excitation a feeling of tension, 69
+  accomplishment of puberty is breaking away from parental authority, 85
+
+Psychoanalysis, cures by, 3
+  of homosexuals, 10, note 11
+  reveals psychic mechanism of genesis of inversion, 11, note 12
+
+Psychoanalysis, 26
+  shows early intimidation from normal sexual aims, 18, note 17
+  explains fetichism, 20, note 19
+  reduces bisexuality to activity and passivity, 24
+  reduces symptoms of hysteria, 27
+  unconscious phantasies revealed by, 29, note 25
+  of thumb-sucking, 43
+  of anal zone, 47
+  brings forgotten material to consciousness, 51
+  of infantile sexuality, 55, note 19
+  and inquisitiveness of children, 56
+  and pregenital organizations, 58
+  and tenderness of sexual life, 61
+  novelty of, 66
+  of transference psychoses, 77
+  gives at present definite information only about transformations of object-libido, 78
+  cannot distinguish ego-libido from other effective energies, 78
+  shows two paths of object finding, 82, note 5
+  shows individual struggle with incest temptations, 85, note 9
+  positive perversions accessible to therapy of, 90, note 12
+
+Psychoneuroses based on sexual motive powers, 26
+  associated with manifest inversions, 29, note 26
+  traces of all perversions in, 30
+  significance of erogenous zones in, 32
+  preponderance of special erogenous zones in, 34
+
+Psychoneurotics, sexual life of, explained only through psychoanalysis, 26
+  Sexual Activities of, 27
+  disease of, appears after puberty, 33
+  constitution of, tendency to inversions in, 34
+  sexuality of preserves infantile character, 39
+
+Psychosexual hermaphrodites show indifference to which sex their object belongs, 2
+  not paralleled by other psychic qualities, 8
+  phenomena explained by nature of ego-libido, 77
+  development, disturbances of, show incestuous object selection, 86
+
+Puberty not the time of the beginning of the sexual impulse, 1; 36
+  relation of, to inversion, 3
+  definite sexual behavior not determined till after, 10, note 11
+  Transformations of, 68
+  most striking process of, the growth of the genitals, 69
+
+
+Railroad activities, sexual element in, 62
+
+Reaction formation, 40
+    and sublimation two diverse processes, 41
+  feelings of, 41
+  formation begins in latency period, 95
+
+Reading as source of sexual excitement through fear, 64
+
+Regression appears in sex development of woman, 68
+  produced by factors injuring sexual development, 97
+
+Repression of certain powerful components, 94
+  not a suspension, 95
+  result of, an almost normal sexual life, 95
+
+Repression, inner determinations of, unknown, 96
+  effect of, cannot be made retrogressive, 98
+  a special process cutting off conscious discharge of wishes, 27
+
+Repression of heterosexual feeling in psychoneurosis, 29, note 26
+  Sadism resulting from shows masochistic tendencies, 30
+  immense amount, in inverts, 33
+  congenital roots of sexual impulse undergo insufficient, 35
+  of impressions of childhood, 38
+  sexual, greater in girl, 79
+  new wave of, distinguishes puberty of girl, 80
+  determines psychic causes of anesthesia, 81
+  of puberty determines woman's preference for neuroses, 81
+  a new, required, abolishing a piece of infantile masculinity, 92
+
+Resistances, shame, loathing, fear and pain as, 25
+
+Rhythm in sucking analogous to tickling, 45
+  of mechanical shaking of the body produces sexual excitation, 62
+
+Riddle of the Sphinx, 56
+
+Rieger, C., 75
+
+Rohleder, 47, note 13
+
+Rousseau, J.J., 55
+
+
+Sadger, J., 1
+
+Sadism (see Masochism)
+  and Masochism, 21
+    occupy special place among perversions, 23
+  conception of, fluctuates, 22
+  attributable to bisexuality, 24
+  resulting from repression paralleled by Masochism, 30
+  attributed by children to sexual act, 57
+  prevalence of, 60
+  -Masochism impulse, rooted in erogenous action of pain, 65
+
+Sadistic-anal pregenital sexual organization, 59
+
+Sadistic impulse from muscular activity, 64
+
+Scatologic customs of neurotics, 49
+
+Schrenk-Notzing, 1, note 1
+
+Scott, 23
+
+Secondary sex characteristics, 8
+
+Seduction does not necessarily produce inverts, 6
+  treating child as a sexual object, 51
+  as outer cause of return of sexual activity in childhood, 51
+  not necessary to awaken sexual life of child, 52
+  does not explain original relations of sexual impulse, 53
+
+Semen, rôle of, unknown to children, 58
+
+Sex characteristics, Secondary and Tertiary, 8
+  culture and, 41
+
+Sexual Aberrations, 1
+    a transition of variations of sexual impulse to the pathological, 19
+  act, theories of children as to, 57
+  activities, of psychoneurotics, 27
+    premature, of children, impair educability, 91
+  activities, infantile leave profoundest impressions, 50
+  aim abandoned in childhood, 40
+    at puberty different in the two sexes, 68
+    Deviation in Reference to, 14
+    distinction between, and sexual object, 1
+    Fixation of Precursory, 20
+    in man the discharge of the sexual products, 68
+    of infantile impulse, 46
+    of infantile sexuality, 45
+    of Inverts, 12
+    perversion may be substituted for, by normal person, 24
+    should be restricted to union of genitals, 16
+  apparatus, weakness of, 18
+  constitutions, diverse, 66
+    variation of, 93
+  contrary, 2
+  development of man easier to understand, than woman's, 68
+  disturbances, paths of, a means of sublimation, 67
+    serviceable in health, 67
+  excitation of nursing period, 51
+    is one result of three ways of stimulation of the sexual apparatus, 69
+  excitement originates
+    (_a_) as imitation of a previous gratification, 61
+    (_b_) as a stimulation of erogenous zones, 61
+    (_c_) as the expression of some impulse, 61
+    sources of, tested by quality of stimulus, 65
+    inner sources of, 65
+    nature of, unfamiliar to us, 66
+    indirect source of, not equally strong in all persons, 66
+    influences availability of voluntary attention, 67
+    problem of, 73
+    normally ended only by discharge of semen, 74
+    independent of an accumulation of sexual substance, 75
+    furnished not only from so-called sexual parts, 77
+    intercourse between parents and child an inexhaustible source of, 82
+  gratification found by inverts in object of same sex, 3
+  impression, 5
+  Impulse, 1
+    acquired, 5
+    too close connection of, with object assumed, 12
+    entirely independent of its object, 13
+    most poorly controlled of all by higher psychic activities, 14
+    alone was extolled by the ancients, 14, note 13
+    Masochism in, causes unconscious fixation of libido on the hypnotist, 15, note 14
+    closely connected with cruelty, 23
+    the source of symptoms of neuroses, 27
+    perverse, converted expression of, 29
+    in psychoneuroses, 33
+    ignorance of essential features of, 36
+    becomes altruistic, 68
+    regularly becomes autoerotic, 81
+    not awakened, 82
+    of genitals reawakens, 50
+    primitive formation of, 42
+  inhibition, 40
+  inversion, 2
+    presupposes that sexual object is reverse of normal, 10
+  inverts, 1, note 1
+  investigation, infantile, 55
+  latency period, in childhood, 39
+  life of children, 40
+    shows components regarding others as sexual objects, 53
+    tender streams of, 61
+    normality of guaranteed by concurrence of two streams, 68
+    all disturbances of, as inhibitions of development, 69
+    development of, of children unimportant in lower stages of culture and important in higher, 99
+  love shown by children towards parents at an early date, 83
+  manifestations in childhood, exceptional, 39
+    the masturbatic, 47
+  object is the person from whom the sexual attraction emanates, 1
+    Deviation in Reference to the, 2
+    inaccessibility of, leads to occasional inversion, 3
+    of inverts, 10
+    male inverts look for real feminine psychic features in, 11
+    female active inverts look for femininity in, 12
+    the sexually immature and animals as, 13
+    emphasis placed by moderns on the, 14, note 13
+    lingering at intermediary relations to, one of the perversions, 15
+  object, overestimation of the, 15
+    unfit substitutes for, 18
+    selection in very young children, 55, note 19
+    found at puberty, 68
+    and aim concurrent in normal sexual life, 68
+    in mother's breast, 81
+    lost when infant forms general picture of person, 81
+    of nursing period, 82
+  organization, pregenital oral, 59
+  overestimation of, rises only when woman refuses, 80
+  process, motive power for, escapes in fore-pleasure, 72
+  rejection leaves in unconscious of neurotic the psychosexual activity for object finding, 86
+  satisfaction from muscular activity, 63
+  substance, rôle of, 74
+  symbolism of forms of motion, 63
+  tension loosened by copulation, 14
+    implies feeling of displeasure, 70
+    carries impulse to alter psychic situation, 70
+    appears even in infancy, 73
+    does not originate in pleasure, 74
+    and pleasure only indirectly connected, 74
+    a certain amount of, necessary for the excitability of the erogenous zones, 74
+  theories, infantile, are reproductions of child's sexual constitution, 57
+
+Sexuality as the weak point of the otherwise normal, 14
+  infantilism of, 34
+  infantile factor in, 39
+  infantile, manifestations of, 42
+  sexual aim of infantile, 45
+  germinating, affecting children's behavior in school, 64
+  encroached upon by all intensive affective processes, 64
+  partial impulses of, 65
+  of eating, 66
+  ways between, and other functions traversible in both directions, 66
+  does not consist entirely in male germ glands, 75
+  of clitoris repressed in girl at puberty, 80
+
+Sexuals, Contrary, 2
+
+Shame is a force opposed to the peeping mania, 21
+  as a resistance opposed to the libido, 23, 25
+  as force acting as an inhibition on sexual life, 40
+
+Shoe as a symbol of female genital, 19, note 18
+
+Skin as erogenous zone, 32
+  as factor of sexual excitement, 65
+
+Sleep caused by pleasure-sucking, 43
+
+Smell desire, coprophilic, 20, note 19
+
+Smoking, desire for in former thumb-suckers, 44
+
+Sphinx, Riddle of, 56
+
+Sports turn youth away from sexual activity, 64
+
+Stimulus produced by isolated excitements coming from without, 31
+  outer, removing sensitiveness with gratification, 47
+  quality of, as criterion of sources of sexual excitement, 65
+  can set in motion complicated sexual apparatus, 69
+  affects the sexual apparatus in three ways, 69
+
+Sublimation, artistic, 21
+  Reaction Formation and, 40
+  a deviation of sexual motive powers from sexual aims, 41
+  and reaction formation two diverse processes, 41, note 8
+  desire for knowledge corresponds to, 55
+  effected on paths by which sexual disturbances encroach upon other functions of the body, 67
+  makes possible a third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositions, 95
+  inner processes of, totally unknown, 96
+
+Sucking, see Thumb-sucking,--
+
+Symbolism of fetichism, 19, 20
+  sexual, of early childhood, 55, note 19
+
+Symptomatology of neurotic determined by infantile sexual activity, 50
+  of pollution-like process, 51
+  of neuroses traced to disturbance of the sexual processes, 67
+    manifested in disturbances of other non-sexual bodily functions, 67
+
+Symptoms, creators of, are unconscious forces, 89
+  of psychoneuroses are the sexual activities of the patient, 27
+
+Syphilis in fathers of more than half the cases of hysteria, compulsion-neurosis, etc., treated by Freud, 93
+
+
+Temperature sensitiveness, as result of distinct erogenous action, 62
+
+Temporal Factors, 98
+
+Tension, sexual, loosened by copulation, 14, 70
+    feeling of, 46
+      the psychic sign of sexual excitation, 69
+  unpleasant, relation of, to feeling of pleasure, 70
+  increase in changing to displeasure, 71
+  increased by functions of erogenous zones, 71
+  of libido dies away at orgasm, 71
+  too little, endangers attainment of sexual aim, 72
+
+Tertiary sex characteristics, 8
+
+Theatre as source of sexual excitement through fear, 64
+
+Thumb-sucking as model of infantile sexual manifestations, 42
+  a sexual activity, 43
+  as remnant of oral phase of pregenital sexual organization, 59
+
+Thyroid gland, rôle of, in sexuality, 76
+
+Tickling analogous to rhythmic sucking, 45
+  demanding onanistic gratification, 51
+
+Toe, sucking of, 42
+
+Tongue, sucking of, 42
+
+Touching as preliminary to sexual aim, 14
+  and looking, 20
+  hand as addition to attraction of sexual object, 70
+
+Transference neuroses, 77
+  of erogenous excitability from clitoris to vagina, 81
+
+Transformation of puberty, 68
+  success of, dependent on adjustment to dispositions and impulses, 68
+
+Transgressions, anatomical, 15
+  especially frequent, are those to mouth and anus, 29
+
+
+Ulrich, 9
+
+Unconscious, all neurotics have feelings of inversion in, 29
+  nothing in, corresponds to fetichism, 30
+  psychic material is the source of compulsions, 51
+  forces revealing themselves as symptom creators, 89
+
+Uranism, 5, note 7
+
+Urinary apparatus, the guardian of the genital, 51
+
+
+Vagina, glandular activity of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69
+
+Vomiting, hysterical, evinced after repression of thumb-sucking, 44
+
+Voyeurs (see Looking, Peeping, Exhibitionism)
+  as examples of overcoming of loathing, 21
+  exhibitionists are at the same time, 30
+  children become, 54
+
+
+Wishes, symptoms of hysteria are substitutes for, 27
+
+Wit as source of greater knowledge of pleasure, 72
+
+Woman (see Masculine and feminine)
+  regression in sex development of, 68
+  differentiation between man and, 78
+
+Work, intellectual, as sexual excitement, 65
+
+
+Zola, 96
+
+Zone, chief erogenous, in female child is the clitoris, 80
+
+Zones, erogenous, 31
+    characters of, 45
+    predestined, 46
+  lips as erogenous, 44
+  all parts of body may become erogenous, 46
+  genital, gratification of, taught by seduction, 52
+  erogenous, premature activity of, indicated by cruelty, 54
+    parts of skin called, 65
+  lip, responsible for sexual gratification during eating, 66
+  primacy of genital, 69
+  erogenous, prepare sexual excitement, 70
+  leading, in man and woman, 80
+
+
+
+
+Volume VII                  July, 1920                  Number 3
+
+The Psychoanalytic Review
+
+A Journal Devoted to an Understanding of Human Conduct
+
+EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY
+
+WILLIAM A. WHITE, M.D., and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONTENTS
+
+ORIGINAL ARTICLES
+     *Freud's Concept of the "Censorship".* W.H.R. RIVERS.
+     *Psychology of War and Schizophrenia.* E.W. LAZELL.
+     *The Paraphrenic's Inaccessibility.* M.K. ISHAM.
+TRANSLATION
+     *Psychological Psychiatry.* H.F. DELGADO.
+ABSTRACTS. *Book Reviews*
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Issued Quarterly: $6.00 per Volume,
+Single Numbers, $1.75
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+41 NORTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, PA.,
+and
+3617 10th ST., N.W., WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+Serial No. 27
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Entered as Second-Class Matter October 25, 1913, at the Post Office at
+Lancaster, Pennsylvania under the Act of March 3, 1879.
+
+
+
+
+Publishers of
+
+The Psychoanalytic Review
+
+A Journal Devoted to the Understanding of Human Conduct
+
+Edited by WILLIAM A. WHITE, M.D., and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D. Leading
+Articles Which Have Appeared in Previous Volumes
+
+VOL. I. (Beginning November, 1913.)
+
+The Theory of Psychoanalysis. C.G. Jung.
+Psychoanalysis of Self-Mutilation. L.E. Emerson.
+Blindness as a Wish. T.H. Ames.
+The Technique of Psychoanalysis. S.E. Jelliffe.
+Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. Riklin.
+Character and the Neuroses. Trigant Burrow.
+The Wildisbush Crucified Saint. Theodore Schroeder.
+The Pragmatic Advantage of Freudo-Analysis. Knight Dunlap.
+Moon Myth in Medicine. William A. White.
+The Sadism of Oscar Wilde's "Salome." Isador H. Coriat.
+Psychoanalysis and Hospitals. L.E. Emerson.
+The Dream as a Simple Wishfulfillment in the Negro. John E. Lind.
+
+VOL. II. (Beginning January, 1915.)
+
+The Principles of Pain-Pleasure and Reality. Paul Federn.
+The Unconscious. William A. White.
+A Plea for a Broader Standpoint in Psychoanalysis. Meyer Solomon.
+Contributions to the Pathology of Everyday Life; Their Relation to
+     Abnormal Mental Phenomena. Robert Stewart Miller.
+The Integrative Functions of the Nervous System Applied to Some
+     Reactions in Human Behavior and their Attending Psychic Functions.
+     Edward J. Kempf.
+A Manic-Depressive Upset Presenting Frank Wish-Realization Construction.
+     Ralph Reed.
+Psychoanalytic Parallels. William A. White.
+Rôle of Sexual Complex in Dementia Prćcox. James C. Hassall.
+Psycho-Genetics of Androcratic Evolution. Theodore Schroeder.
+Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. Otto Rank and
+     Hans Sachs.
+Some Studies in the Psychopathology of Acute Dissociation of the
+     Personality. Edward J. Kempf.
+Psychoanalysis. Arthur H. Ring.
+A Philosophy for Psychoanalysis. L.E. Emerson.
+
+VOL. III. (Beginning January, 1916.)
+
+Symbolism. William A. White.
+The Work of Alfred Adler, Considered with Especial Reference to that of
+     Freud. James J. Putnam.
+Art in the Insane. L. Grimberg.
+Retaliation Dreams. Hansell Crenshaw.
+History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. Sigmund Freud.
+Clinical Cases Exhibiting Unconscious Defence Reactions. Francis H.
+     Shockley.
+Processes of Recovery in Schizophrenics. H. Bertschinger.
+Freud and Sociology. Ernest R. Groves.
+The Ontogenetic Against the Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of
+     the Colored Race. Arrah B. Evarts.
+Discomfiture and Evil Spirits. Elsie Clews Parsons.
+Two Very Definite Wish-Fulfillment Dreams. C.B. Burr.
+
+VOL. IV. (Beginning January, 1917.)
+
+Individuality and Introversion. William A. White.
+A Study of a Severe Case of Compulsion Neurosis. H.W. Frink.
+A Summary of Material on the Topical Community of Primitive and
+     Pathological Symbols ("Archeopathic" Symbols), F.L. Wells.
+A Literary Forerunner of Freud. Helen Williston Brown.
+The Technique of Dream Interpretation. Wilhelm Steckel.
+The Social and Sexual Behavior of Infrahuman Primates with some
+     Comparable Facts in Human Behavior. Edw. J. Kempf.
+Pain as a Reaction of Defence. H.B. Moyle.
+Some Statistical Results of the Psychoanalytic Treatment of
+     Psychoneuroses. Isador H. Coriat. The Rôle of Animals in the
+     Unconscious. S.E. Jelliffe and L. Brink.
+The Genesis and Meaning of Homosexuality. Trigant Burrow.
+Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of the Negro. John E. Lind.
+Freudian Elements in the Animism of the Niger Delta. E.R. Groves.
+The Mechanism of Transference. William A. White.
+The Future of Psychoanalysis. Isador H. Coriat.
+Hermaphroditic Dreams. Isador H. Coriat.
+The Psychology of "The Yellow Jacket." E.J. Kempf.
+Heredity and Self-Conceit. Mabel Stevens.
+The Long Handicap. Helen R. Hull.
+
+VOL. V. (Beginning January, 1918.)
+
+Analysis of a Case of Manic-Depressive Psychosis Showing well-marked
+     Regressive Stages. Lucile Dooley.
+Reactions to Personal Names. C.P. Oberndorf.
+A Study of the Mental Life of the Child. H. von Hug-Hellmuth.
+An Interpretation of Certain Symbolisms. J.J. Putnam.
+Charles Darwin--The Affective Source of His Inspiration and Anxiety
+     Neurosis. Edw. J. Kempf.
+The Origin of the Incest-Awe. Trigant Burrow.
+Compulsion and Freedom: The Fantasy of the Willow Tree. S.E. Jelliffe
+     and L. Brink.
+A Case of Childhood Conflicts with Prominent Reference to the Urinary
+     System: with some General Considerations on Urinary Symptoms in the
+     Psychoneuroses and Psychoses. C. Macfie Campbell.
+The Hound of Heaven. Thomas Vernon Moore.
+A Lace Creation Revealing an Incest Fantasy. Arrah B. Evarts.
+Nephew and Maternal Uncle: A Motive of Early Literature in the Light of
+     Freudian Psychology. Albert K. Weinberg.
+
+All the leading foreign psychoanalytic journals are regularly
+abstracted, and all books dealing with psychoanalysis are reviewed.
+
+Issued Quarterly: $5.00 per Volume.
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+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Three Contributions to the Theory of
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+<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1">
+<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex, by Sigmund Freud</title>
+</head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex
+by Sigmund Freud
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex
+
+Author: Sigmund Freud
+
+Release Date: February 8, 2005 [EBook #14969]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THEORY OF SEX ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Joel Schlosberg and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+<a name="pi"></a>
+<center><h5>NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES NO. 7</h5>
+<h1>THREE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF SEX</h1>
+<h4><i>SECOND EDITION</i><br>
+<i>SECOND REPRINTING</i></h4>
+<h6>BY</h6>
+<h3>PROF. SIGMUND FREUD, LL.D.</h3>
+<h6>VIENNA</h6>
+<h5>AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY</h5>
+<h3>A.A. BRILL, PH.B., M.D.</h3>
+<h6>CLINICAL ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY, COLUMBIA
+UNIVERSITY; ASSISTANT IN MENTAL DISEASES, BELLEVUE HOSPITAL; ASSISTANT
+VISITING PHYSICIAN, HOSPITAL FOR NERVOUS DISEASES</h6>
+<h5>WITH INTRODUCTION BY</h5>
+<h3>JAMES J. PUTNAM, M.D.</h3>
+<h4>NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING CO.</h4>
+<h5>NEW YORK AND WASHINGTON<br>
+1920</h5></center>
+
+<hr>
+
+<a name="pii"></a>
+
+<center><h3>NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES</h3>
+<h5>Edited by<br>
+Drs. SMITH ELY JELLIFFE and WM. A. WHITE<br>
+Numbers Issued</h5></center>
+<ol>
+<li><b>Outlines of Psychiatry.</b> (7th Edition.) <b>$3.00. By Dr. William A. White.</b>
+<li><b>Studies in Paranoia.</b> (Out of Print.) <b>By Drs. N. Gierlich and M. Friedman.</b>
+<li><b>The Psychology of Dementia Praecox.</b> (Out of Print.) <b>By Dr. C.G. Jung.</b>
+<li><b>Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses.</b> (3d Edition.) <b>$3.00. By Prof. Sigmund Freud.</b>
+<li><b>The Wassermann Serum Diagnosis in Psychiatry. $2.00. By Dr. Felix Plaut.</b>
+<li><b>Epidemic Poliomyelitis. New York, 1907.</b> (Out of Print.)
+<li><b>Three Contributions to Sexual Theory.</b> (3d Edition.) <b>$2.00. By Prof. Sigmund Freud.</b>
+<li><b>Mental Mechanisms.</b> (Out of Print.) <b>$2.00. By Dr. Wm. A. White.</b>
+<li><b>Studies in Psychiatry. $2.00. New York Psychiatrical Society.</b>
+<li><b>Handbook of Mental Examination Methods. $2.00.</b> (Out of Print.) <b>By Shepherd Ivory Franz.</b>
+<li><b>The Theory of Schizophrenic Negativism. $1.00. By Professor E. Bleuler.</b>
+<li><b>Cerebellar Functions. $3.00. By Dr. André-Thomas.</b>
+<li><b>History of Prison Psychoses. $1.25. By Drs. P. Nitsche and K. Wilmanns.</b>
+<li><b>General Paresis. $3.00. By Prof. E. Kraepelin.</b>
+<li><b>Dreams and Myths. $1.00. By Dr. Karl Abraham.</b>
+<li><b>Poliomyelitis. $3.00. By Dr. I. Wickmann.</b>
+<li><b>Freud's Theories of the Neuroses. $2.00. By Dr. E. Hitschmann.</b>
+<li><b>The Myth of the Birth of the Hero. $1.00. By Dr. Otto Rank.</b>
+<li><b>The Theory of Psychoanalysis. $1.50.</b> (Out of Print.) <b>By Dr. C.G. Jung.</b>
+<li><b>Vagotonia. $1.00.</b> (3d Edition.) <b>By Drs. Eppinger and Hess.</b>
+<li><b>Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. $1.00. By Dr. Ricklin.</b>
+<li><b>The Dream Problem. $1.00. By Dr. A.E. Maeder.</b>
+<li><b>The Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. $1.50. By Drs. O. Rank and D.H. Sachs.</b>
+<li><b>Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation. $1.50. By Dr. Alfred Adler.</b>
+<li><b>The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. $1.00. By Prof. S. Freud.</b>
+<li><b>Technique of Psychoanalysis. $2.00. By Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe.</b>
+<li><b>Vegetative Neurology. $2.00. By Dr. H. Higier.</b>
+<li><b>The Autonomic Functions and the Personality. $2.00. By Dr. Edward J. Kemp.</b>
+<li><b>A Study of the Mental Life of the Child, $2.00. By Dr. H. Von Hug-Hellmuth.</b>
+<li><b>Internal Secretions and the Nervous System. $1.00. By Dr. M. Laignel Lavastine.</b>
+<li><b>Sleep Walking and Moon Walking. $2.00. By Dr. J. Sadger.</b>
+</ol>
+<center><h5>NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY<br>
+3617 10th St. N.W., Washington, D.C.</h5></center>
+
+<hr>
+
+<a name="piii"></a>
+
+<center><h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2></center>
+
+<table width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;</td><td align="right">PAGE</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#pv">INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION</a></td><td align="right">v</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#pix">AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION</a></td><td align="right">ix</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#px">AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION</a></td><td align="right">x</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="#p1">I. THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS</a></td><td align="right">1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td>&nbsp;<a href="#p36">II. THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY</a></td><td align="right">36</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><a href="#p68">III. THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY</a></td><td align="right">68</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<a name="piv"></a>
+<a name="pv"></a>
+
+<br>
+
+<center><h2>INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION</h2></center>
+
+<p>The somewhat famous "Three Essays," which Dr. Brill is here bringing to
+the attention of an English-reading public, occupy&mdash;brief as they
+are&mdash;an important position among the achievements of their author, a
+great investigator and pioneer in an important line. It is not claimed
+that the facts here gathered are altogether new. The subject of the
+sexual instinct and its aberrations has long been before the scientific
+world and the names of many effective toilers in this vast field are
+known to every student. When one passes beyond the strict domains of
+science and considers what is reported of the sexual life in folkways
+and art-lore and the history of primitive culture and in romance, the
+sources of information are immense. Freud has made considerable
+additions to this stock of knowledge, but he has done also something of
+far greater consequence than this. He has worked out, with incredible
+penetration, the part which this instinct plays in every phase of human
+life and in the development of human character, and has been able to
+establish on a firm footing the remarkable thesis that psychoneurotic
+illnesses never occur with a perfectly normal sexual life. Other sorts
+of emotions contribute to the result, but some aberration of the sexual
+life is always present, as the cause of especially insistent emotions
+and repressions.</p>
+
+<p>The instincts with which every child is born furnish desires or cravings
+which must be dealt with in some fashion. They may be refined
+("sublimated"), so far as is necessary and desirable, into energies of
+other sorts&mdash;as happens readily with the play-instinct&mdash;or they may
+remain as the source of perversions and inversions, and of cravings of
+new sorts substituted for those of the more primitive kinds under the
+pressure of a conventional <a name="pvi">civilization</a>.
+The symptoms of the functional psychoneuroses represent, after a
+fashion, some of these distorted attempts to find a substitute for the
+imperative cravings born of the sexual instincts, and their form often
+depends, in part at least, on the peculiarities of the sexual life in
+infancy and early childhood. It is Freud's service to have investigated
+this inadequately chronicled period of existence with extraordinary
+acumen. In so doing he made it plain that the "perversions" and
+"inversions," which reappear later under such striking shapes, belong to
+the normal sexual life of the young child and are seen, in veiled forms,
+in almost every case of nervous illness.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot too often be repeated that these discoveries represent no
+fanciful deductions, but are the outcome of rigidly careful observations
+which any one who will sufficiently prepare himself can verify. Critics
+fret over the amount of "sexuality" that Freud finds evidence of in the
+histories of his patients, and assume that he puts it there. But such
+criticisms are evidences of misunderstandings and proofs of ignorance.</p>
+
+<p>Freud had learned that the amnesias of hypnosis and of hysteria were not
+absolute but relative and that in covering the lost memories, much more,
+of unexpected sort, was often found. Others, too, had gone as far as
+this, and stopped. But this investigator determined that nothing but the
+absolute impossibility of going further should make him cease from
+urging his patients into an inexorable scrutiny of the unconscious
+regions of their memories and thoughts, such as never had been made
+before. Every species of forgetfulness, even the forgetfulness of
+childhood's years, was made to yield its hidden stores of knowledge;
+dreams, even though apparently absurd, were found to be interpreters of
+a varied class of thoughts, active, although repressed as out of harmony
+with the selected life of consciousness; layer after layer, new sets of
+motives underlying motives were laid bare, and each patient's interest
+was strongly enlisted in the task of learning to know <a name="pvii">himself</a>
+in order more truly and wisely to "sublimate" himself. Gradually other
+workers joined patiently in this laborious undertaking, which now
+stands, for those who have taken pains to comprehend it, as by far the
+most important movement in psychopathology.</p>
+
+<p>It must, however, be recognized that these essays, of which Dr. Brill
+has given a translation that cannot but be timely, concern a subject
+which is not only important but unpopular. Few physicians read the works
+of v. Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Moll, and others of like sort.
+The remarkable volumes of Havelock Ellis were refused publication in his
+native England. The sentiments which inspired this hostile attitude
+towards the study of the sexual life are still active, though growing
+steadily less common. One may easily believe that if the facts which
+Freud's truth-seeking researches forced him to recognize and to publish
+had not been of an unpopular sort, his rich and abundant contributions
+to observational psychology, to the significance of dreams, to the
+etiology and therapeutics of the psychoneuroses, to the interpretation
+of mythology, would have won for him, by universal acclaim, the same
+recognition among all physicians that he has received from a rapidly
+increasing band of followers and colleagues.</p>
+
+<p>May Dr. Brill's translation help toward this end.</p>
+
+<p>There are two further points on which some comments should be made. The
+first is this, that those who conscientiously desire to learn all that
+they can from Freud's remarkable contributions should not be content to
+read any one of them alone. His various publications, such as "The
+Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses,"<a href="#pviin1">[1]</a> "The
+Interpretation of Dreams,"<a href="#pviin2">[2]</a> "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life,"<a href="#pviin3">[3]</a>
+"Wit and its Relation to <a name="pviii">the</a>
+Unconscious,"<a href="#pviiin4">[4]</a> the analysis of the case of the little boy called Hans,
+the study of Leonardo da Vinci,<a href="#pviiin4a">[4a]</a> and the various short essays in the
+four Sammlungen kleiner Schriften, not only all hang together, but
+supplement each other to a remarkable extent. Unless a course of study
+such as this is undertaken many critics may think various statements and
+inferences in this volume to be far fetched or find them too obscure for
+comprehension.</p>
+
+<p>The other point is the following: One frequently hears the
+psychoanalytic method referred to as if it was customary for those
+practicing it to exploit the sexual experiences of their patients and
+nothing more, and the insistence on the details of the sexual life,
+presented in this book, is likely to emphasize that notion. But the fact
+is, as every thoughtful inquirer is aware, that the whole progress of
+civilization, whether in the individual or the race, consists largely in
+a "sublimation" of infantile instincts, and especially certain portions
+of the sexual instinct, to other ends than those which they seemed
+designed to serve. Art and poetry are fed on this fuel and the evolution
+of character and mental force is largely of the same origin. All the
+forms which this sublimation, or the abortive attempts at sublimation,
+may take in any given case, should come out in the course of a thorough
+psychoanalysis. It is not the sexual life alone, but every interest and
+every motive, that must be inquired into by the physician who is seeking
+to obtain all the data about the patient, necessary for his reeducation
+and his cure. But all the thoughts and emotions and desires and motives
+which appear in the man or woman of adult years were once crudely
+represented in the obscure instincts of the infant, and among these
+instincts those which were concerned directly or indirectly with the
+sexual emotions, in a wide sense, are certain to be found in every case
+to have been the most important for the end-result.</p>
+
+<p align="right">JAMES J. PUTNAM.</p>
+
+<p><small>BOSTON, August 23, 1910.</small></p>
+
+<a name="pviin1"></a><p><small><a href="#pvii">Note 1</a>: Translated by
+A.A. Brill, NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES, NO.
+4.</small></p>
+
+<a name="pviin2"></a><p><small><a href="#pvii">Note 2</a>: Translated by
+A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York, and Allen &amp; Unwin,
+London.</small></p>
+
+<a name="pviin3"></a><p><small><a href="#pvii">Note 3</a>: Translated by
+A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York.</small></p>
+
+<a name="pviiin4"></a><p><small><a href="#pviii">Note 4</a>: Translated
+by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard &amp; Co., New York.</small></p>
+
+<a name="pviiin4a"></a><p><small><a href="#pviii">Note 4a</a>: Translated
+by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard &amp; Co., New York.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<a name="pix"></a>
+
+<center><h2>AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION</h2></center>
+
+<p>Although the author is fully aware of the gaps and obscurities contained
+in this small volume, he has, nevertheless, resisted a temptation to add
+to it the results obtained from the investigations of the last five
+years, fearing that thus its unified and documentary character would be
+destroyed. He accordingly reproduces the original text with but slight
+modifications, contenting himself with the addition of a few footnotes.
+For the rest, it is his ardent wish that this book may speedily become
+antiquated&mdash;to the end that the new material brought forward in it may
+be universally accepted, while the shortcomings it displays may give
+place to juster views.</p>
+
+<p><small>VIENNA, December, 1909.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<a name="px"></a>
+<a name="pxi"></a>
+
+<center><h2>AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION</h2></center>
+
+<p>After watching for ten years the reception accorded to this book and the
+effect it has produced, I wish to provide the third edition of it with
+some prefatory remarks dealing with the misunderstandings of the book
+and the demands, insusceptible of fulfillment, made against it. Let me
+emphasize in the first place that whatever is here presented is derived
+entirely from every-day medical experience which is to be made more
+profound and scientifically important through the results of
+psychoanalytic investigation. The "Three Contributions to the Theory of
+Sex" can contain nothing except what psychoanalysis obliges them to
+accept or what it succeeds in corroborating. It is therefore excluded
+that they should ever be developed into a "theory of sex," and it is
+also quite intelligible that they will assume no attitude at all towards
+some important problems of the sexual life. This should not however give
+the impression that these omitted chapters of the great theme were
+unfamiliar to the author, or that they were neglected by him as
+something of secondary importance.</p>
+
+<p>The dependence of this work on the psychoanalytic experiences which have
+determined the writing of it, shows itself not only in the selection but
+also in the arrangement of the material. A certain succession of stages
+was observed, the occasional factors are rendered prominent, the
+constitutional ones are left in the background, and the ontogenetic
+development receives greater consideration than the phylogenetic. For
+the occasional factors play the principal rôle in analysis, and are
+almost completely worked up in it, while the constitutional factors only
+become evident from behind as elements which have been made functional
+through <a name="pxii">experience</a>,
+and a discussion of these would lead far beyond the working sphere of
+psychoanalysis.</p>
+
+<p>A similar connection determines the relation between ontogenesis and
+phylogenesis. Ontogenesis may be considered as a repetition of
+phylogenesis insofar as the latter has not been varied by a more recent
+experience. The phylogenetic disposition makes itself visible behind the
+ontogenetic process. But fundamentally the constitution is really the
+precipitate of a former experience of the species to which the newer
+experience of the individual being is added as the sum of the occasional
+factors.</p>
+
+<p>Beside its thoroughgoing dependence on psychoanalytic investigation I
+must emphasize as a character of this work of mine its intentional
+independence of biological investigation. I have carefully avoided the
+inclusion of the results of scientific investigation in general sex
+biology or of particular species of animals in this study of human
+sexual functions which is made possible by the technique of
+psychoanalysis. My aim was indeed to find out how much of the biology of
+the sexual life of man can be discovered by means of psychological
+investigation; I was able to point to additions and agreements which
+resulted from this examination, but I did not have to become confused if
+the psychoanalytic methods led in some points to views and results which
+deviated considerably from those merely based on biology.</p>
+
+<p>I have added many passages in this edition, but I have abstained from
+calling attention to them, as in former editions, by special marks. The
+scientific work in our sphere has at present been retarded in its
+progress, nevertheless some supplements to this work were indispensable
+if it was to remain in touch with our newer psychoanalytic literature.</p>
+
+<p><small>VIENNA, October, 1914.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<a name="p1"></a>
+
+<center><h2>I</h2>
+<h2>THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS<a href="#p1n1">[1]</a></h2></center>
+
+<p>The fact of sexual need in man and animal is expressed in biology by the
+assumption of a "sexual impulse." This impulse is made analogous to the
+impulse of taking nourishment, and to hunger. The sexual expression
+corresponding to hunger not being found colloquilly, science uses the
+expression "libido."<a href="#p1n2">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p>Popular conception makes definite assumptions concerning the nature and
+qualities of this sexual impulse. It is supposed to be absent during
+childhood and to commence about the time of and in connection with the
+maturing process of puberty; it is supposed that it manifests itself in
+irresistible attractions exerted by one sex upon the other, and that its
+aim is sexual union or at least such actions as would lead to union.</p>
+
+<p>But we have every reason to see in these assumptions a very
+untrustworthy picture of reality. On closer examination they are found
+to abound in errors, inaccuracies and hasty conclusions.</p>
+
+<p>If we introduce two terms and call the person from whom the sexual
+attraction emanates the <i>sexual object</i>, and the action towards which
+the impulse strives the <i>sexual aim</i>, then the scientifically examined
+experience shows us many deviations in <a name="p2">reference</a> to
+both sexual object and sexual aim, the relations of which to the
+accepted standard require thorough investigation.</p>
+
+
+<center><h3>1. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL OBJECT</h3></center>
+
+<p>The popular theory of the sexual impulse corresponds closely to the
+poetic fable of dividing the person into two halves&mdash;man and woman&mdash;who
+strive to become reunited through love. It is therefore very surprising
+to hear that there are men for whom the sexual object is not woman but
+man, and that there are women for whom it is not man but woman. Such
+<i>persons</i> are called contrary sexuals, or better, inverts; the
+<i>condition</i>, that of inversion. The number of such individuals is
+considerable though difficult of accurate determination.<a href="#p2n3">[3]</a></p>
+
+
+<center><h4>A. <i>Inversion</i></h4></center>
+
+<p><b>The Behavior of Inverts.</b>&mdash;The above-mentioned persons behave in many
+ways quite differently.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>a</i>) They are absolutely inverted; <i>i.e.</i>, their sexual object must be
+always of the same sex, while the opposite sex can never be to them an
+object of sexual longing, but leaves them indifferent or may even evoke
+sexual repugnance. As men they are unable, on account of this
+repugnance, to perform the normal sexual act or miss all pleasure in its
+performance.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>b</i>) They are amphigenously inverted (psychosexually hermaphroditic);
+<i>i.e.</i>, their sexual object may belong indifferently to either the same
+or to the other sex. The inversion lacks the character of exclusiveness.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>c</i>) They are occasionally inverted; <i>i.e.</i>, under certain external
+conditions, chief among which are the inaccessibility of the normal <a name="p3">sexual</a>
+object and initiation, they are able to take as the sexual object a
+person of the same sex and thus find sexual gratification.</p>
+
+<p>The inverted also manifest a manifold behavior in their judgment about
+the peculiarities of their sexual impulse. Some take the inversion as a
+matter of course, just as the normal person does regarding his libido,
+firmly demanding the same rights as the normal. Others, however, strive
+against the fact of their inversion and perceive in it a morbid
+compulsion.<a href="#p3n4">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>Other variations concern the relations of time. The characteristics of
+the inversion in any individual may date back as far as his memory goes,
+or they may become manifest to him at a definite period before or after
+puberty.<a href="#p3n5">[5]</a> The character is either retained throughout life, or it
+occasionally recedes or represents an episode on the road to normal
+development. A periodical fluctuation between the normal and the
+inverted sexual object has also been observed. Of special interest are
+those cases in which the libido changes, taking on the character of
+inversion after a painful experience with the normal sexual object.</p>
+
+<p>These different categories of variation generally exist independently of
+one another. In the most extreme cases it can regularly be assumed that
+the inversion has existed at all times and that the person feels
+contented with his peculiar state.</p>
+
+<p>Many authors will hesitate to gather into a unit all the cases
+enumerated here and will prefer to emphasize the differences rather than
+the common characters of these groups, a view which corresponds with
+their preferred judgment of inversions. But no matter what divisions may
+be set up, it cannot be overlooked <a name="p4">that</a> all
+transitions are abundantly met with, so that the formation of a series
+would seem to impose itself.</p>
+
+<p><b>Conception of Inversion.</b>&mdash;The first attention bestowed upon inversion
+gave rise to the conception that it was a congenital sign of nervous
+degeneration. This harmonized with the fact that doctors first met it
+among the nervous, or among persons giving such an impression. There are
+two elements which should be considered independently in this
+conception: the congenitality, and the degeneration.</p>
+
+<p><b>Degeneration.</b>&mdash;This term <i>degeneration</i> is open to the objections
+which may be urged against the promiscuous use of this word in general.
+It has in fact become customary to designate all morbid manifestations
+not of traumatic or infectious origin as degenerative. Indeed, Magnan's
+classification of degenerates makes it possible that the highest general
+configuration of nervous accomplishment need not exclude the application
+of the concept of degeneration. Under the circumstances, it is a
+question what use and what new content the judgment of "degeneration"
+still possesses. It would seem more appropriate not to speak of
+degeneration: (1) Where there are not many marked deviations from the
+normal; (2) where the capacity for working and living do not in general
+appear markedly impaired.<a href="#p4n6">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p>That the inverted are not degenerates in this qualified sense can be
+seen from the following facts:</p>
+
+<p>1. The inversion is found among persons who otherwise show no marked
+deviation from the normal.</p>
+
+<p>2. It is found also among persons whose capabilities are not <a name="p5">disturbed</a>,
+who on the contrary are distinguished by especially high intellectual
+development and ethical culture.<a href="#p5n7">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>3. If one disregards the patients of one's own practice and strives to
+comprehend a wider field of experience, he will in two directions
+encounter facts which will prevent him from assuming inversions as a
+degenerative sign.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>a</i>) It must be considered that inversion was a frequent manifestation
+among the ancient nations at the height of their culture. It was an
+institution endowed with important functions. (<i>b</i>) It is found to be
+unusually prevalent among savages and primitive races, whereas the term
+degeneration is generally limited to higher civilization (I. Bloch).
+Even among the most civilized nations of Europe, climate and race have a
+most powerful influence on the distribution of, and attitude toward,
+inversion.<a href="#p5n8">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Innateness.</b>&mdash;Only for the first and most extreme class of inverts, as
+can be imagined, has innateness been claimed, and this from their own
+assurance that at no time in their life has their sexual impulse
+followed a different course. The fact of the existence of two other
+classes, especially of the third, is difficult to reconcile with the
+assumption of its being congenital. Hence, the propensity of those
+holding this view to separate the group of absolute inverts from the
+others results in the abandonment of the general conception of
+inversion. Accordingly in a number of cases the inversion would be of a
+congenital character, while in others it might originate from other
+causes.</p>
+
+<p>In contradistinction to this conception is that which assumes inversion
+to be an <i>acquired</i> character of the sexual impulse. It is based on the
+following facts. (1) In many inverts (even <a name="p6">absolute</a>
+ones) an early affective sexual impression can be demonstrated, as a
+result of which the homosexual inclination developed. (2) In many others
+outer influences of a promoting and inhibiting nature can be
+demonstrated, which in earlier or later life led to a fixation of the
+inversion&mdash;among which are exclusive relations with the same sex,
+companionship in war, detention in prison, dangers of hetero-sexual
+intercourse, celibacy, sexual weakness, etc. (3) Hypnotic suggestion may
+remove the inversion, which would be surprising in that of a congenital
+character.</p>
+
+<p>In view of all this, the existence of congenital inversion can certainly
+be questioned. The objection may be made to it that a more accurate
+examination of those claimed to be congenitally inverted will probably
+show that the direction of the libido was determined by a definite
+experience of early childhood, which has not been retained in the
+conscious memory of the person, but which can be brought back to memory
+by proper influences (Havelock Ellis). According to that author
+inversion can be designated only as a frequent variation of the sexual
+impulse which may be determined by a number of external circumstances of
+life.</p>
+
+<p>The apparent certainty thus reached is, however, overthrown by the
+retort that manifestly there are many persons who have experienced even
+in their early youth those very sexual influences, such as seduction,
+mutual onanism, without becoming inverts, or without constantly
+remaining so. Hence, one is forced to assume that the alternatives
+congenital and acquired are either incomplete or do not cover the
+circumstances present in inversions.</p>
+
+<p><b>Explanation of Inversion.</b>&mdash;The nature of inversion is explained
+neither by the assumption that it is congenital nor that it is acquired.
+In the first case, we need to be told what there is in it of the
+congenital, unless we are satisfied with the roughest explanation,
+namely, that a person brings along a congenital sexual impulse connected
+with a definite sexual object. In the <a name="p7">second</a>
+case it is a question whether the manifold accidental influences suffice
+to explain the acquisition unless there is something in the individual
+to meet them half way. The negation of this last factor is inadmissible
+according to our former conclusions.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Relation of Bisexuality.</b>&mdash;Since the time of Frank Lydston,
+Kiernan, and Chevalier, a new series of ideas has been introduced for
+the explanation of the possibility of sexual inversion. This contains a
+new contradiction to the popular belief which assumes that a human being
+is either a man or a woman. Science shows cases in which the sexual
+characteristics appear blurred and thus the sexual distinction is made
+difficult, especially on an anatomical basis. The genitals of such
+persons unite the male and female characteristics (hermaphroditism). In
+rare cases both parts of the sexual apparatus are well developed (true
+hermaphroditism), but usually both are stunted.<a href="#p7n9">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>The importance of these abnormalities lies in the fact that they
+unexpectedly facilitate the understanding of the normal formation. A
+certain degree of anatomical hermaphroditism really belongs to the
+normal. In no normally formed male or female are traces of the apparatus
+of the other sex lacking; these either continue functionless as
+rudimentary organs, or they are transformed for the purpose of assuming
+other functions.</p>
+
+<p>The conception which we gather from this long known anatomical fact is
+the original predisposition to bisexuality, which in the course of
+development has changed to monosexuality, leaving slight remnants of the
+stunted sex.</p>
+
+<p>It was natural to transfer this conception to the psychic sphere and to
+conceive the inversion in its aberrations as an expression of psychic
+hermaphroditism. In order to bring the question to a decision, it was
+only necessary to have one other circumstance, <a name="p8">viz.</a>, a
+regular concurrence of the inversion with the psychic and somatic signs
+of hermaphroditism.</p>
+
+<p>But this second expectation was not realized. The relations between the
+assumed psychical and the demonstrable anatomical androgyny should never
+be conceived as being so close. There is frequently found in the
+inverted a diminution of the sexual impulse (H. Ellis) and a slight
+anatomical stunting of the organs. This, however, is found frequently
+but by no means regularly or preponderately. Thus we must recognize that
+inversion and somatic hermaphroditism are totally independent of each
+other.</p>
+
+<p>Great importance has also been attached to the so-called secondary and
+tertiary sex characters and their aggregate occurrence in the inverted
+has been emphasized (H. Ellis). There is much truth in this but it
+should not be forgotten that the secondary and tertiary sex
+characteristics very frequently manifest themselves in the other sex,
+thus indicating androgyny without, however, involving changes in the
+sexual object in the sense of an inversion.</p>
+
+<p>Psychic hermaphroditism would gain in substantiality if parallel with
+the inversion of the sexual object there should be at least a change in
+the other psychic qualities, such as in the impulses and distinguishing
+traits characteristic of the other sex. But such inversion of character
+can be expected with some regularity only in inverted women; in men the
+most perfect psychic manliness may be united with the inversion. If one
+firmly adheres to the hypothesis of a psychic hermaphroditism, one must
+add that in certain spheres its manifestations allow the recognition of
+only a very slight contrary determination. The same also holds true in
+the somatic androgyny. According to Halban, the appearance of individual
+stunted organs and secondary sex characters are quite independent of
+each other.<a href="#p8n10">[10]</a></p>
+
+<p>A spokesman of the masculine inverts stated the bisexual <a name="p9">theory</a>
+in its crudest form in the following words: "It is a female brain in a
+male body." But we do not know the characteristics of a "female brain."
+The substitution of the anatomical for the psychological is as frivolous
+as it is unjustified. The tentative explanation by v. Krafft-Ebing seems
+to be more precisely formulated than that of Ulrich but does not
+essentially differ from it. v. Krafft-Ebing thinks that the bisexual
+predisposition gives to the individual male and female brain centers as
+well as somatic sexual organs. These centers develop first towards
+puberty mostly under the influence of the independent sex glands. We
+can, however, say the same of the male and female "centers" as of the
+male and female brains; and, moreover, we do not even know whether we
+can assume for the sexual functions separate brain locations ("centers")
+such as we may assume for language.</p>
+
+<p>After this discussion, two notions, at all events, persist; first, that
+a bisexual predisposition is to be presumed for the inversion also, only
+we do not know of what it consists beyond the anatomical formations;
+and, second, that we are dealing with disturbances which are experienced
+by the sexual impulse during its development.<a href="#p9n11">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="p10"></a><b>The Sexual Object of Inverts.</b>&mdash;The theory of psychic hermaphroditism
+presupposed that the sexual object of the inverted is the reverse of the
+normal. The inverted man, like the woman, succumbs to the charms
+emanating from manly qualities of body and mind; he feels himself like a
+woman and seeks a man.</p>
+
+<p><a name="p11">But</a> however true this may be for a great number of inverts, it by no
+means indicates the general character of inversion. There is no doubt
+that a great part of the male inverted have retained the psychic
+character of virility, that proportionately they show but little of the
+secondary characters of the other sex, and that they really look for
+real feminine psychic features in their sexual object. If that were not
+so it would be incomprehensible why masculine prostitution, in offering
+itself to inverts, copies in all its exterior, to-day as in antiquity,
+the dress and attitudes of woman. This imitation would otherwise be an
+insult to the ideal of the inverts. Among the Greeks, where the most
+manly men were found among inverts, it is quite obvious that it was not
+the masculine character of the boy which kindled the love of man, but it
+was his physical resemblance to woman as well as his feminine psychic
+qualities, such as shyness, demureness, and the need of instruction and
+help. As soon as the boy himself became a man he ceased to be a sexual
+object for men and in turn became a lover of boys. The sexual object in
+this case as in many others is therefore not of the like sex, but it
+unites both sex characters, a compromise between the impulses striving
+for the man and for the woman, but firmly conditioned by the masculinity
+of body (the genitals).<a href="#p11n12">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="p12">The</a> conditions in the woman are more definite; here
+the active inverts, with special frequency, show the somatic and psychic
+characters of man and desire femininity in their sexual object; though
+even here greater variation will be found on more intimate
+investigation.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Sexual Aim of Inverts.</b>&mdash;The important fact to bear in mind is that
+no uniformity of the sexual aim can be attributed to inversion.
+Intercourse per anum in men by no means goes with inversion;
+masturbation is just as frequently the exclusive aim; and the limitation
+of the sexual aim to mere effusion of feelings is here even more
+frequent than in hetero-sexual love. In women, too, the sexual aims of
+the inverted are manifold, among which contact with the mucous membrane
+of the mouth seems to be preferred.</p>
+
+<p><b>Conclusion.</b>&mdash;Though from the material on hand we are by no means in a
+position satisfactorily to explain the origin of inversion, we can say
+that through this investigation we have obtained an insight which can
+become of greater significance to us than the solution of the above
+problem. Our attention is called to the fact that we have assumed a too
+close connection between the sexual impulse and the sexual object. The
+experience gained from the so called abnormal cases teaches us that a
+connection exists between the sexual impulse and the sexual object which
+we are in danger of overlooking in the uniformity of normal states where
+the impulse seems to bring with it the object. We are thus instructed to
+separate this connection between the <a name="p13">impulse</a>
+and the object. The sexual impulse is probably entirely independent of
+its object and is not originated by the stimuli proceeding from the
+object.</p>
+
+
+<center><h4>B. <i>The Sexually Immature and Animals as Sexual Objects</i></h4></center>
+
+<p>Whereas those sexual inverts whose sexual object does not belong to the
+normally adapted sex, appear to the observer as a collective number of
+perhaps otherwise normal individuals, the persons who choose for their
+sexual object the sexually immature (children) are apparently from the
+first sporadic aberrations. Only exceptionally are children the
+exclusive sexual objects. They are mostly drawn into this rôle by a
+faint-hearted and impotent individual who makes use of such substitutes,
+or when an impulsive urgent desire cannot at the time secure the proper
+object. Still it throws some light on the nature of the sexual impulse,
+that it should suffer such great variation and depreciation of its
+object, a thing which hunger, adhering more energetically to its object,
+would allow only in the most extreme cases. The same may be said of
+sexual relations with animals&mdash;a thing not at all rare among
+farmers&mdash;where the sexual attraction goes beyond the limits of the
+species.</p>
+
+<p>For esthetic reasons one would fain attribute this and other excessive
+aberrations of the sexual impulse to the insane, but this cannot be
+done. Experience teaches that among the latter no disturbances of the
+sexual impulse can be found other than those observed among the sane, or
+among whole races and classes. Thus we find with gruesome frequency
+sexual abuse of children by teachers and servants merely because they
+have the best opportunities for it. The insane present the aforesaid
+aberration only in a somewhat intensified form; or what is of special
+significance is the fact that the aberration becomes exclusive and takes
+the place of the normal sexual gratification.</p>
+
+<p>This very remarkable relation of sexual variations ranging <a
+name="p14">from</a> the normal to the insane gives material for
+reflection. It seems to me that the fact to be explained would show that
+the impulses of the sexual life belong to those which even normally are
+most poorly controlled by the higher psychic activities. He who is in
+any way psychically abnormal, be it in social or ethical conditions, is,
+according to my experience, regularly so in his sexual life. But many
+are abnormal in their sexual life who in every other respect correspond
+to the average; they have followed the human cultural development, but
+sexuality remained as their weak point.</p>
+
+<p>As a general result of these discussions we come to see that, under
+numerous conditions and among a surprising number of individuals, the
+nature and value of the sexual object steps into the background. There
+is something else in the sexual impulse which is the essential and
+constant.<a href="#p14n13">[13]</a></p>
+
+
+<center><h3>2. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL AIM</h3></center>
+
+<p>The union of the genitals in the characteristic act of copulation is
+taken as the normal sexual aim. It serves to loosen the sexual tension
+and temporarily to quench the sexual desire (gratification analogous to
+satisfaction of hunger). Yet even in the most normal sexual process
+those additions are distinguishable, the development of which leads to
+the aberrations described as <i>perversions</i>. Thus certain intermediary
+relations to the sexual object connected with copulation, such as
+touching and looking, are recognized as preliminary to the sexual aim.
+These activities are on the one hand themselves connected with pleasure
+and on the other hand they enhance the excitement which persists until
+the <a name="p15">definite</a> sexual aim is reached.
+One definite kind of contiguity, consisting of mutual approximation of
+the mucous membranes of the lips in the form of a kiss, has received
+among the most civilized nations a sexual value, though the parts of the
+body concerned do not belong to the sexual apparatus but form the
+entrance to the digestive tract. This therefore supplies the factors
+which allow us to bring the perversions into relation with the normal
+sexual life, and which are available also for their classification. The
+perversions are either (<i>a</i>) anatomical <i>transgressions</i> of the bodily
+regions destined for sexual union, or (<i>b</i>) a <i>lingering</i> at the
+intermediary relations to the sexual object which should normally be
+rapidly passed on the way to the definite sexual aim.</p>
+
+
+<center><h4>(<i>a</i>) <i>Anatomical Transgression</i></h4></center>
+
+<p><b>Overestimation of the Sexual Object.</b>&mdash;The psychic estimation in which
+the sexual object as a goal of the sexual impulse shares is only in the
+rarest cases limited to the genitals; generally it embraces the whole
+body and tends to include all sensations emanating from the sexual
+object. The same overestimation spreads over the psychic sphere and
+manifests itself as a logical blinding (diminished judgment) in the face
+of the psychic attainments and perfections of the sexual object, as well
+as a blind obedience to the judgments issuing from the latter. The full
+faith of love thus becomes an important, if not the primordial source of
+authority.<a href="#p15n14">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is this sexual overvaluation, which so ill agrees with the <a
+name="p16">restriction</a> of the sexual aim to the union of the
+genitals only, that assists other parts of the body to participate as
+sexual aims.<a href="#p16n15">[15]</a> In the development of this most
+manifold anatomical overestimation there is an unmistakable desire
+towards variation, a thing denominated by Hoche as "excitement-hunger"
+(Reiz-hunger).<a href="#p16n16">[16]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Sexual Utilization of the Mucous Membrane of the Lips and Mouth.</b>&mdash;The
+significance of the factor of sexual overestimation can be best studied
+in the man, in whom alone the sexual life is accessible to
+investigation, whereas in the woman it is veiled in impenetrable
+darkness, partly in consequence of cultural stunting and partly on
+account of the conventional reticence and dishonesty of women.</p>
+
+<p>The employment of the mouth as a sexual organ is considered as a
+perversion if the lips (tongue) of the one are brought into contact with
+the genitals of the other, but not when the mucous membrane of the lips
+of both touch each other. In the latter exception we find the connection
+with the normal. He who abhors the former as perversions, though these
+since antiquity have been common practices among mankind, yields to a
+distinct <i>feeling of loathing</i> which protects him from adopting such
+sexual aims. The limit of such loathing is frequently purely
+conventional; he who kisses fervently the lips of a pretty girl will
+perhaps be able to use her tooth brush only with a sense of loathing,
+though there is no reason to assume that his own oral cavity for which
+he entertains no loathing is cleaner than that of the girl. Our
+attention is here called to the factor of loathing which stands in the
+way of the libidinous overestimation of the sexual aim, <a name="p17">but</a>
+which may in turn be vanquished by the libido. In the loathing we may
+observe one of the forces which have brought about the restrictions of
+the sexual aim. As a rule these forces halt at the genitals; there is,
+however, no doubt that even the genitals of the other sex themselves may
+be an object of loathing. Such behavior is characteristic of all
+hysterics, especially women. The force of the sexual impulse prefers to
+occupy itself with the overcoming of this loathing (see below).</p>
+
+<p><b>Sexual Utilization of the Anal Opening.</b>&mdash;It is even more obvious than
+in the former case that it is the loathing which stamps as a perversion
+the use of the anus as a sexual aim. But it should not be interpreted as
+espousing a cause when I observe that the basis of this
+loathing&mdash;namely, that this part of the body serves for the excretion
+and comes in contact with the loathsome excrement&mdash;is not more plausible
+than the basis which hysterical girls have for the disgust which they
+entertain for the male genital because it serves for urination.</p>
+
+<p>The sexual rôle of the mucous membrane of the anus is by no means
+limited to intercourse between men; its preference has nothing
+characteristic of the inverted feeling. On the contrary, it seems that
+the <i>pedicatio</i> of the man owes its rôle to the analogy with the act in
+the woman, whereas among inverts it is mutual masturbation which is the
+most common sexual aim.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Significance of Other Parts of the Body.</b>&mdash;Sexual infringement on
+the other parts of the body, in all its variations, offers nothing new;
+it adds nothing to our knowledge of the sexual impulse which herein only
+announces its intention to dominate the sexual object in every way.
+Besides the sexual overvaluation, a second and generally unknown factor
+may be mentioned among the anatomical transgressions. Certain parts of
+the body, like the mucous membrane of the mouth and anus, which
+repeatedly appear in such practices, lay claim as it were to be
+considered and treated as genitals. We shall hear how this <a name="p18">claim</a> is
+justified by the development of the sexual impulse, and how it is
+fulfilled in the symptomatology of certain morbid conditions.</p>
+
+<p><b>Unfit Substitutes for the Sexual Object. Fetichism.</b>&mdash;We are especially
+impressed by those cases in which for the normal sexual object another
+is substituted which is related to it but which is totally unfit for the
+normal sexual aim. According to the scheme of the introduction we should
+have done better to mention this most interesting group of aberrations
+of the sexual impulse among the deviations in reference to the sexual
+object, but we have deferred mention of these until we became acquainted
+with the factor of sexual overestimation, upon which these
+manifestations, connected with the relinquishing of the sexual aim,
+depend.</p>
+
+<p>The substitute for the sexual object is generally a part of the body but
+little adapted for sexual purposes, such as the foot, or hair, or an
+inanimate object which is in demonstrable relation with the sexual
+person, and preferably with the sexuality of the same (fragments of
+clothing, white underwear). This substitution is not unjustly compared
+with the fetich in which the savage sees the embodiment of his god.</p>
+
+<p>The transition to the cases of fetichism, with a renunciation of a
+normal or of a perverted sexual aim, is formed by cases in which a
+fetichistic determination is demanded in the sexual object if the sexual
+aim is to be attained (definite color of hair, clothing, even physical
+blemishes). No other variation of the sexual impulse verging on the
+pathological claims our interest as much as this one, owing to the
+peculiarity occasioned by its manifestations. A certain diminution in
+the striving for the normal sexual aim may be presupposed in all these
+cases (executive weakness of the sexual apparatus).<a href="#p18n17">[17]</a> The connection
+with the normal is <a name="p19">occasioned</a>
+by the psychologically necessary overestimation of the sexual object,
+which inevitably encroaches upon everything associatively related to it
+(sexual object). A certain degree of such fetichism therefore regularly
+belong to the normal, especially during those stages of wooing when the
+normal sexual aim seems inaccessible or its realization deferred.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>"Get me a handkerchief from her bosom&mdash;a garter of my love."</p>
+<p align="right">&mdash;FAUST.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The case becomes pathological only when the striving for the fetich
+fixes itself beyond such determinations and takes the place of the
+normal sexual aim; or again, when the fetich disengages itself from the
+person concerned and itself becomes a sexual object. These are the
+general determinations for the transition of mere variations of the
+sexual impulse into pathological aberrations.</p>
+
+<p>The persistent influence of a sexual impress mostly received in early
+childhood often shows itself in the selection of a fetich, as Binet
+first asserted, and as was later proven by many illustrations,&mdash;a thing
+which may be placed parallel to the proverbial attachment to a first
+love in the normal ("On revient toujours ŕ ses premiers amours"). Such a
+connection is especially seen in cases with only fetichistic
+determinations of the sexual object. The significance of early sexual
+impressions will be met again in other places.</p>
+
+<p>In other cases it was mostly a symbolic thought association, unconscious
+to the person concerned, which led to the replacing of the object by
+means of a fetich. The paths of these connections can not always be
+definitely demonstrated. The foot is a very primitive sexual symbol
+already found in myths.<a href="#p19n18">[18]</a> Fur is used as a fetich probably on account
+of its association with the <a name="p20">hairiness</a>
+of the mons veneris. Such symbolism seems often to depend on sexual
+experiences in childhood.<a href="#p20n19">[19]</a></p>
+
+
+<center><h4>(<i>b</i>) <i>Fixation of Precursory Sexual Aims</i></h4></center>
+
+<p><b>The Appearance of New Intentions.</b>&mdash;All the outer and inner
+determinations which impede or hold at a distance the attainment of the
+normal sexual aim, such as impotence, costliness of the sexual object,
+and dangers of the sexual act, will conceivably strengthen the
+inclination to linger at the preparatory acts and to form them into new
+sexual aims which may take the place of the normal. On closer
+investigation it is always seen that the ostensibly most peculiar of
+these new intentions have already been indicated in the normal sexual
+act.</p>
+
+<p><b>Touching and Looking.</b>&mdash;At least a certain amount of touching is
+indispensable for a person in order to attain the normal sexual aim. It
+is also generally known that the touching of the skin of the sexual
+object causes much pleasure and produces a supply of new excitement.
+Hence, the lingering at the touching can hardly be considered a
+perversion if the sexual act is proceeded with.</p>
+
+<p>The same holds true in the end with looking which is analogous to
+touching. The manner in which the libidinous excitement is <a
+name="p21">frequently</a> awakened is by the optical impression, and
+selection takes account of this circumstance&mdash;if this teleological
+mode of thinking be permitted&mdash;by making the sexual object a thing
+of beauty. The covering of the body, which keeps abreast with
+civilization, serves to arouse sexual inquisitiveness, which always
+strives to restore for itself the sexual object by uncovering the hidden
+parts. This can be turned into the artistic ("sublimation") if the
+interest is turned from the genitals to the form of the body.<a
+href="#p21n20">[20]</a> The tendency to linger at this intermediary
+sexual aim of the sexually accentuated looking is found to a certain
+degree in most normals; indeed it gives them the possibility of
+directing a certain amount of their libido to a higher artistic aim. On
+the other hand, the fondness for looking becomes a perversion (<i>a</i>) when
+it limits itself entirely to the genitals; (<i>b</i>) when it becomes
+connected with the overcoming of loathing (voyeurs and onlookers at the
+functions of excretion); and (<i>c</i>) when instead of preparing for the
+normal sexual aim it suppresses it. The latter, if I may draw
+conclusions from a single analysis, is in a most pronounced way true of
+exhibitionists, who expose their genitals so as in turn to bring to view
+the genitals of others.</p>
+
+<p>In the perversion which consists in striving to look and be looked at we
+are confronted with a very remarkable character which will occupy us
+even more intensively in the following aberration. The sexual aim is
+here present in twofold formation, in an <i>active</i> and a <i>passive</i> form.</p>
+
+<p>The force which is opposed to the peeping mania and through which it is
+eventually abolished is <i>shame</i> (like the former loathing).</p>
+
+<p><b>Sadism and Masochism.</b>&mdash;The desire to cause pain to the sexual object
+and its opposite, the most frequent and most <a name="p22">significant</a>
+of all perversions, was designated in its two forms by v. Krafft-Ebing
+as sadism or the active form, and masochism or the passive form. Other
+authors prefer the narrower term algolagnia which emphasizes the
+pleasure in pain and cruelty, whereas the terms selected by v.
+Krafft-Ebing place the pleasure secured in all kinds of humility and
+submission in the foreground.</p>
+
+<p>The roots of active algolagnia, sadism, can be readily demonstrable in
+the normal. The sexuality of most men shows a taint of <i>aggression</i>, it
+is a propensity to subdue, the biological significance of which lies in
+the necessity of overcoming the resistance of the sexual object by
+actions other than mere <i>courting</i>. Sadism would then correspond to an
+aggressive component of the sexual impulse which has become independent
+and exaggerated and has been brought to the foreground by displacement.</p>
+
+<p>The conception of sadism fluctuates in the usage of language from a mere
+active or impetuous attitude towards the sexual object to the exclusive
+attachment of the gratification to the subjection and maltreatment of
+the object. Strictly speaking only the last extreme case has a claim to
+the name of perversion.</p>
+
+<p>Similarly, the designation of masochism comprises all passive attitude
+to the sexual life and to the sexual object; in its most extreme form
+the gratification is connected with suffering of physical or mental pain
+at the hands of the sexual object. Masochism as a perversion seems to be
+still more remote from the normal sexual life by forming a contrast to
+it; it may be doubted whether it ever appears as a primary form or
+whether it does not more regularly originate through transformation from
+sadism. It can often be recognized that the masochism is nothing but a
+continuation of the sadism turning against one's own person in which the
+latter at first takes the place of the sexual object. Analysis of
+extreme cases of masochistic perversions show that there is a
+coöperation of a large series of factors which exaggerate and fix the
+original passive sexual attitude (castration complex, conscience).</p>
+
+<p><a name="p23">The</a> pain which is here overcome ranks with the loathing and shame which
+were the resistances opposed to the libido.</p>
+
+<p>Sadism and masochism occupy a special place among the perversions, for
+the contrast of activity and passivity lying at their bases belong to
+the common traits of the sexual life.</p>
+
+<p>That cruelty and sexual impulse are most intimately connected is beyond
+doubt taught by the history of civilization, but in the explanation of
+this connection no one has gone beyond the accentuation of the
+aggressive factors of the libido. The aggression which is mixed with the
+sexual impulse is according to some authors a remnant of cannibalistic
+lust, a participation on the part of the domination apparatus
+(Bemächtigungsapparatus), which served also for the gratification of the
+great wants of the other, ontogenetically the older impulse.<a href="#p23n21">[21]</a> It has
+also been claimed that every pain contains in itself the possibility of
+a pleasurable sensation. Let us be satisfied with the impression that
+the explanation of this perversion is by no means satisfactory and that
+it is possible that many psychic efforts unite themselves into one
+effect.</p>
+
+<p>The most striking peculiarity of this perversion lies in the fact that
+its active and passive forms are regularly encountered together in the
+same person. He who experiences pleasure by causing pain to others in
+sexual relations is also able to experience the pain emanating from
+sexual relations as pleasure. A sadist is simultaneously a masochist,
+though either the active or the passive side of the perversion may be
+more strongly developed and thus represent his preponderate sexual
+activity.<a href="#p23n22">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p>We thus see that certain perverted propensities regularly <a
+name="p24">appear</a> in <i>contrasting pairs</i>, a thing which, in view of
+the material to be produced later, must claim great theoretical value.
+It is furthermore clear that the existence of the contrast, sadism and
+masochism, can not readily be attributed to the mixture of aggression.
+On the other hand one may be tempted to connect such simultaneously
+existing contrasts with the united contrast of male and female in
+bisexuality, the significance of which is reduced in psychoanalysis to
+the contrast of activity and passivity.</p>
+
+
+<center><h3>3. GENERAL STATEMENTS APPLICABLE TO ALL PERVERSIONS</h3></center>
+
+<p><b>Variation and Disease.</b>&mdash;The physicians who at first studied the
+<i>perversions</i> in pronounced cases and under peculiar conditions were
+naturally inclined to attribute to them the character of a morbid or
+degenerative sign similar to the <i>inversions</i>. This view, however, is
+easier to refute in this than in the former case. Everyday experience
+has shown that most of these transgressions, at least the milder ones,
+are seldom wanting as components in the sexual life of normals who look
+upon them as upon other intimacies. Wherever the conditions are
+favorable such a perversion may for a long time be substituted by a
+normal person for the normal sexual aim or it may be placed near it. In
+no normal person does the normal sexual aim lack some designable
+perverse element, and this universality suffices in itself to prove the
+inexpediency of an opprobrious application of the name perversion. In
+the realm of the sexual life one is sure to meet with exceptional
+difficulties which are at present really unsolvable, if one wishes to
+draw a sharp line between the mere variations within physiological
+limits and morbid symptoms.</p>
+
+<p>Nevertheless, the quality of the new sexual aim in some of these
+perversions is such as to require special notice. Some of the
+perversions are in content so distant from the normal that we cannot
+help calling them "morbid," especially those in which <a name="p25">the</a>
+sexual impulse, in overcoming the resistances (shame, loathing, fear,
+and pain) has brought about surprising results (licking of feces and
+violation of cadavers). Yet even in these cases one ought not to feel
+certain of regularly finding among the perpetrators persons of
+pronounced abnormalities or insane minds. We can not lose sight of the
+fact that persons who otherwise behave normally are recorded as sick in
+the realm of the sexual life where they are dominated by the most
+unbridled of all impulses. On the other hand, a manifest abnormality in
+any other relation in life generally shows an undercurrent of abnormal
+sexual behavior.</p>
+
+<p>In the majority of cases we are able to find the morbid character of the
+perversion not in the content of the new sexual aim but in its relation
+to the normal. It is morbid if the perversion does not appear beside the
+normal (sexual aim and sexual object), where favorable circumstances
+promote it and unfavorable impede the normal, or if it has under all
+circumstances repressed and supplanted the normal; <i>the exclusiveness</i>
+and <i>fixation</i> of the perversion justifies us in considering it a morbid
+symptom.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Psychic Participation in the Perversions.</b>&mdash;Perhaps it is precisely
+in the most abominable perversions that we must recognize the most
+prolific psychic participation for the transformation of the sexual
+impulse. In these cases a piece of psychic work has been accomplished in
+which, in spite of its gruesome success, the value of an idealization of
+the impulse can not be disputed. The omnipotence of love nowhere perhaps
+shows itself stronger than in this one of her aberrations. The highest
+and the lowest everywhere in sexuality hang most intimately together.
+("From heaven through the world to hell.")</p>
+
+<p><b>Two Results.</b>&mdash;In the study of perversions we have gained an insight
+into the fact that the sexual impulse has to struggle against certain
+psychic forces, resistances, among which shame and loathing are most
+prominent. We may presume that these forces are <a name="p26">employed</a>
+to confine the impulse within the accepted normal limits, and if they
+have become developed in the individual before the sexual impulse has
+attained its full strength, it is really they which have directed it in
+the course of development.<a href="#p26n23">[23]</a></p>
+
+<p>We have furthermore remarked that some of the examined perversions can
+be comprehended only by assuming the union of many motives. If they are
+amenable to analysis&mdash;disintegration&mdash;they must be of a composite
+nature. This may give us a hint that the sexual impulse itself may not
+be something simple, that it may on the contrary be composed of many
+components which detach themselves to form perversions. Our clinical
+observation thus calls our attention to <i>fusions</i> which have lost their
+expression in the uniform normal behavior.</p>
+
+
+<center><h3>4. THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN NEUROTICS</h3></center>
+
+<p><b>Psychoanalysis.</b>&mdash;A proper contribution to the knowledge of the sexual
+impulse in persons who are at least related to the normal can be gained
+only from one source, and is accessible only by one definite path. There
+is only one way to obtain a thorough and unerring solution of problems
+in the sexual life of so-called psychoneurotics (hysteria, obsessions,
+the wrongly-named neurasthenia, and surely also dementia prćcox, and
+paranoia), and that is by subjecting them to the psychoanalytic
+investigations propounded by J. Breuer and myself in 1893, which we
+called the "cathartic" treatment.</p>
+
+<p>I must repeat what I have said in my published work, that these
+psychoneuroses, as far as my experience goes, are based on sexual motive
+powers. I do not mean that the energy of the sexual <a name="p27">impulse</a>
+merely contributes to the forces supporting the morbid manifestations
+(symptoms), but I wish distinctly to maintain that this supplies the
+only constant and the most important source of energy in the neurosis,
+so that the sexual life of such persons manifests itself either
+exclusively, preponderately, or partially in these symptoms. As I have
+already stated in different places, the symptoms are the sexual
+activities of the patient. The proof for this assertion I have obtained
+from the psychoanalysis of hysterics and other neurotics during a period
+of twenty years, the results of which I hope to give later in a detailed
+account.</p>
+
+<p>Psychoanalysis removes the symptoms of hysteria on the supposition that
+they are the substitutes&mdash;the transcriptions as it were&mdash;for a series of
+emotionally accentuated psychic processes, wishes, and desires, to which
+a passage for their discharge through the conscious psychic activities
+has been cut off by a special process (repression). These thought
+formations which are restrained in the state of the unconscious strive
+for expression, that is, for <i>discharge</i>, in conformity to their
+affective value, and find such in hysteria through a process of
+<i>conversion</i> into somatic phenomena&mdash;the hysterical symptoms. If, <i>lege
+artis</i>, and with the aid of a special technique, retrogressive
+transformations of the symptoms into the affectful and conscious
+thoughts can be effected, it then becomes possible to get the most
+accurate information about the nature and origin of these previously
+unconscious psychic formations.</p>
+
+<p><b>Results of Psychoanalysis.</b>&mdash;In this manner it has been
+discovered that the symptoms represent the equivalent for the strivings
+which received their strength from the source of the sexual impulse.
+This fully concurs with what we know of the character of hysterics,
+which we have taken as models for all psycho-neurotics, before they have
+become diseased, and with what we know concerning the causes of the
+disease. The hysterical character evinces a part of sexual repression
+which reaches beyond the <a name="p28">normal</a> limits, an
+exaggeration of the resistances against the sexual impulse which we know
+as shame and loathing. It is an instinctive flight from intellectual
+occupation with the sexual problem, the consequence of which in
+pronounced cases is a complete sexual ignorance, which is preserved till
+the age of sexual maturity is attained.<a href="#p28n24">[24]</a></p>
+
+<p>This feature, so characteristic of hysteria, is not seldom concealed in
+crude observation by the existence of the second constitutional factor
+of hysteria, namely, the enormous development of the sexual craving. But
+the psychological analysis will always reveal it and solves the very
+contradictory enigma of hysteria by proving the existence of the
+contrasting pair, an immense sexual desire and a very exaggerated sexual
+rejection.</p>
+
+<p>The provocation of the disease in hysterically predisposed persons is
+brought about if in consequence of their progressive maturity or
+external conditions of life they are earnestly confronted with the real
+sexual demand. Between the pressure of the craving and the opposition of
+the sexual rejection an outlet for the disease results, which does not
+remove the conflict but seeks to elude it by transforming the libidinous
+strivings into symptoms. It is an exception only in appearance if a
+hysterical person, say a man, becomes subject to some banal emotional
+disturbance, to a conflict in the center of which there is no sexual
+interest. Psychoanalysis will regularly show that it is the sexual
+components of the conflict which make the disease possible by
+withdrawing the psychic processes from normal adjustment.</p>
+
+<p><b>Neurosis and Perversion.</b>&mdash;A great part of the opposition to my
+assertion is explained by the fact that the sexuality from which I
+deduce the psychoneurotic symptoms is thought of as coincident with the
+normal sexual impulse. But psychoanalysis teaches us better than this.
+It shows that the symptoms do not <a name="p29">by</a> any
+means result at the expense only of the so called normal sexual impulse
+(at least not exclusively or preponderately), but they represent the
+converted expression of impulses which in a broader sense might be
+designated as <i>perverse</i> if they could manifest themselves directly in
+phantasies and acts without deviating from consciousness. The symptoms
+are therefore partially formed at the cost of abnormal sexuality. <i>The
+neurosis is, so to say, the negative of the perversion.</i><a href="#p29n25">[25]</a></p>
+
+<p>The sexual impulse of the psychoneurotic shows all the aberrations which
+we have studied as variations of the normal and as manifestations of
+morbid sexual life.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>a</i>) In all the neurotics without exception we find feelings of inversion
+in the unconscious psychic life, fixation of libido on persons of the
+same sex. It is impossible, without a deep and searching discussion,
+adequately to appreciate the significance of this factor for the
+formation of the picture of the disease; I can only assert that the
+unconscious propensity to inversion is never wanting and is particularly
+of immense service in explaining male hysteria.<a href="#p29n26">[26]</a></p>
+
+<p>(<i>b</i>) All the inclinations to anatomical transgression can be demonstrated
+in psychoneurotics in the unconscious and as symptom-creators. Of
+special frequency and intensity are those which impart to the mouth and
+the mucous membrane of the anus the rôle of genitals.</p>
+
+<p>(<i>c</i>) The partial desires which usually appear in contrasting <a
+name="p30">pairs</a> play a very prominent rôle among the
+symptom-creators in the psychoneuroses. We have learned to know them as
+carriers of new sexual aims, such as peeping mania, exhibitionism, and
+the actively and passively formed impulses of cruelty. The contribution
+of the last is indispensable for the understanding of the morbid nature
+of the symptoms; it almost regularly controls some portion of the social
+behavior of the patient. The transformation of love into hatred, of
+tenderness into hostility, which is characteristic of a large number of
+neurotic cases and apparently of all cases of paranoia, takes place by
+means of the union of cruelty with the libido.</p>
+
+<p>The interest in these deductions will be more heightened by certain
+peculiarities of the diagnosis of facts.</p>
+
+<p>&#945;. There is nothing in the unconscious streams of thought of
+the neuroses which would correspond to an inclination towards fetichism;
+a circumstance which throws light on the psychological peculiarity of
+this well understood perversion.</p>
+
+<p>&#946;. Wherever any such impulse is found in the unconscious which
+can be paired with a contrasting one, it can regularly be demonstrated
+that the latter, too, is effective. Every active perversion is here
+accompanied by its passive counterpart. He who in the unconscious is an
+exhibitionist is at the same time a voyeur, he who suffers from sadistic
+feelings as a result of repression will also show another reinforcement
+of the symptoms from the source of masochistic tendencies. The perfect
+concurrence with the behavior of the corresponding positive perversions
+is certainly very noteworthy. In the picture of the disease, however,
+the preponderant rôle is played by either one or the other of the
+opposing tendencies.</p>
+
+<p>&#947;. In a pronounced case of psychoneurosis we seldom find the
+development of one single perverted impulse; usually there are many and
+regularly there are traces of all perversions. The individual impulse,
+however, on account of its intensity, is <a name="p31">independent</a>
+of the development of the others, but the study of the positive
+perversions gives us the accurate counterpart to it.</p>
+
+
+<center><h3>PARTIAL IMPULSES AND EROGENOUS ZONES</h3></center>
+
+<p>Keeping in mind what we have learned from the examination of the
+positive and negative perversions, it becomes quite obvious that they
+can be referred to a number of "partial impulses," which are not,
+however, primary but are subject to further analysis. By an "impulse" we
+can understand in the first place nothing but the psychic representative
+of a continually flowing internal somatic source of excitement, in
+contradistinction to the "stimulus" which is produced by isolated
+excitements coming from without. The impulse is thus one of the concepts
+marking the limits between the psychic and the physical. The simplest
+and most obvious assumption concerning the nature of the impulses would
+be that in themselves they possess no quality but are only taken into
+account as a measure of the demand for effort in the psychic life. What
+distinguishes the impulses from one another and furnishes them with
+specific attributes is their relation to their somatic <i>sources</i> and to
+their <i>aims</i>. The source of the impulse is an exciting process in an
+organ, and the immediate aim of the impulse lies in the elimination of
+this organic stimulus.</p>
+
+<p>Another preliminary assumption in the theory of the impulse which we
+cannot relinquish, states that the bodily organs furnish two kinds of
+excitements which are determined by differences of a chemical nature.
+One of these forms of excitement we designate as the specifically sexual
+and the concerned organ as the <i>erogenous zone</i>, while the sexual
+element emanating from it is the partial impulse.<a href="#p31n27">[27]</a></p>
+
+<p>In the perversions which claim sexual significance for the oral <a
+name="p32">cavity</a> and the anal opening the part played by the
+erogenous zone is quite obvious. It behaves in every way like a part of
+the sexual apparatus. In hysteria these parts of the body, as well as
+the tracts of mucous membrane proceeding from them, become the seat of
+new sensations and innervating changes in a manner similar to the real
+genitals when under the excitement of normal sexual processes.</p>
+
+<p>The significance of the erogenous zones in the psychoneuroses, as
+additional apparatus and substitutes for the genitals, appears to be
+most prominent in hysteria though that does not signify that it is of
+lesser validity in the other morbid forms. It is not so recognizable in
+compulsion neurosis and paranoia because here the symptom formation
+takes place in regions of the psychic apparatus which lie at a great
+distance from the central locations for bodily control. The more
+remarkable thing in the compulsion neurosis is the significance of the
+impulses which create new sexual aims and appear independently of the
+erogenous zones. Nevertheless, the eye corresponds to an erogenous zone
+in the looking and exhibition mania, while the skin takes on the same
+part in the pain and cruelty components of the sexual impulse. The skin,
+which in special parts of the body becomes differentiated as sensory
+organs and modified by the mucous membrane, is the erogenous zone,
+&#954;&#945;&#964; ex ogen.<a href="#p32n28">[28]</a></p>
+
+
+<center><h3>EXPLANATION OF THE MANIFEST PREPONDERANCE OF SEXUAL PERVERSIONS IN THE
+PSYCHONEUROSES</h3></center>
+
+<p>The sexuality of psychoneurotics has perhaps been placed in a false
+light by the above discussions. It appears that the sexual behavior of
+the psychoneurotic approaches in predisposition to the pervert and
+deviates by just so much from the normal. Nevertheless, it is very
+possible that the constitutional disposition <a name="p33">of</a> these
+patients besides containing an immense amount of sexual repression and a
+predominant force of sexual impulse also possesses an unusual tendency
+to perversions in the broadest sense. However, an examination of milder
+cases shows that the last assumption is not an absolute requisite, or at
+least that in pronouncing judgment on the morbid effects one ought to
+discount the effect of one of the factors. In most psychoneurotics the
+disease first appears after puberty following the demands of the normal
+sexual life. Against these the repression above all directs itself. Or
+the disease comes on later, owing to the fact that the libido is unable
+to attain normal sexual gratification. In both cases the libido behaves
+like a stream the principal bed of which is dammed; it fills the
+collateral roads which until now perhaps have been empty. Thus the
+manifestly great (though to be sure negative) tendency to perversion in
+psychoneurotics may be collaterally conditioned; at any rate, it is
+certainly collaterally increased. The fact of the matter is that the
+sexual repression has to be added as an inner factor to such external
+ones as restriction of freedom, inaccessibility to the normal sexual
+object, dangers of the normal sexual act, etc., which cause the origin
+of perversions in individuals who might have otherwise remained normal.</p>
+
+<p>In individual cases of neurosis the behavior may be different; now
+the congenital force of the tendency to perversion may be more decisive
+and at other times more influence may be exerted by the collateral
+increase of the same through the deviation of the libido from the normal
+sexual aim and object. It would be unjust to construe a contrast where a
+cooperation exists. The greatest results will always be brought about by
+a neurosis if constitution and experience cooperate in the same
+direction. A pronounced constitution may perhaps be able to dispense
+with the assistance of daily impressions, while a profound disturbance
+in life may perhaps bring on a neurosis even in an average constitution.
+These views similarly hold true in the etiological <a
+name="p34">significance</a> of the congenital and the accidental
+experiences in other spheres.</p>
+
+<p>If, however, preference is given to the assumption that an especially
+formed tendency to perversions is characteristic of the psychoneurotic
+constitution, there is a prospect of being able to distinguish a
+multiformity of such constitutions in accordance with the congenital
+preponderance of this or that erogenous zone, or of this or that partial
+impulse. Whether there is a special relationship between the
+predisposition to perversions and the selection of the morbid picture
+has not, like many other things in this realm, been investigated.</p>
+
+
+<center><h3>REFERENCE TO THE INFANTILISM OF SEXUALITY</h3></center>
+
+<p>By demonstrating the perverted feelings as symptomatic formations in
+psychoneurotics, we have enormously increased the number of persons who
+can be added to the perverts. This is not only because neurotics
+represent a very large proportion of humanity, but we must consider also
+that the neuroses in all their gradations run in an uninterrupted series
+to the normal state. Moebius was quite justified in saying that we are
+all somewhat hysterical. Hence, the very wide dissemination of
+perversions urged us to assume that the predisposition to perversions is
+no rare peculiarity but must form a part of the normally accepted
+constitution.</p>
+
+<p>We have heard that it is a question whether perversions should be
+referred to congenital determinations or whether they originate from
+accidental experiences, just as Binet showed in fetichisms. Now we are
+forced to the conclusion that there is indeed something congenital at
+the basis of perversions, but it is something <i>which is congenital in
+all persons</i>, which as a predisposition may fluctuate in intensity and
+is brought into prominence by influences of life. We deal here with
+congenital roots in the constitution of the sexual impulse which in one
+series of cases <a name="p35">develop</a>
+into real carriers of sexual activity (perverts); while in other cases
+they undergo an insufficient suppression (repression), so that as morbid
+symptoms they are enabled to attract to themselves in a round-about way
+a considerable part of the sexual energy; while again in favorable cases
+between the two extremes they originate the normal sexual life through
+effective restrictions and other elaborations.</p>
+
+<p>But we must also remember that the assumed constitution which shows the
+roots of all perversions will be demonstrable only in the child, though
+all impulses can be manifested in it only in moderate intensity. If we
+are led to suppose that neurotics conserve the infantile state of their
+sexuality or return to it, our interest must then turn to the sexual
+life of the child, and we will then follow the play of influences which
+control the processes of development of the infantile sexuality up to
+its termination in a perversion, a neurosis or a normal sexual life.</p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p1n1"></a><a href="#p1">Note 1</a>: The facts contained
+in the first "Contribution" have been gathered from the familiar
+publications of Krafft-Ebing, Moll, Moebius, Havelock Ellis,
+Schrenk-Notzing, Löwenfeld, Eulenberg, J. Bloch, and M. Hirschfeld, and
+from the later works published in the "Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen." As these publications also mention the other literature
+bearing on this subject I may forbear giving detailed
+references.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>The conclusions reached through the investigation of sexual
+inverts are all based on the reports of J. Sadger and on my own
+experience.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p1n2"></a><a href="#p1">Note 2</a>: For general use the
+word "libido" is best translated by "craving." (Prof. James J. Putnam,
+Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. IV, 6.)</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p2n3"></a><a href="#p2">Note 3</a>: For the difficulties
+entailed in the attempt to ascertain the proportional number of inverts
+compare the work of M. Hirschfeld in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen, 1904. Cf. also Brill, The Conception of Homosexuality,
+Journal of the A.M.A., August 2, 1913.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p3n4"></a><a href="#p3">Note 4</a>: Such a striving
+against the compulsion to inversion favors cures by suggestion of
+psychoanalysis.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p3n5"></a><a href="#p3">Note 5</a>: Many have justly
+emphasized the fact that the autobiographic statements of inverts, as to
+the time of the appearance of their tendency to inversion, are
+untrustworthy as they may have repressed from memory any evidences of
+heterosexual feelings.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>Psychoanalysis has confirmed this suspicion in all cases of inversion
+accessible, and has decidedly changed their anamnesis by filling up the
+infantile amnesias.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p4n6"></a><a href="#p4">Note 6</a>: With what reserve the diagnosis of degeneration should be
+made and what slight practical significance can be attributed to it can
+be gathered from the discussions of Moebius (Ueber Entartung;
+Grenzfragen des Nerven- und Seelenlebens, No. III, 1900). He says: "If
+we review the wide sphere of degeneration upon which we have here turned
+some light we can conclude without further ado that it is really of
+little value to diagnose degeneration."</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p5n7"></a><a href="#p5">Note 7</a>: We must agree with the spokesman of "Uranism" that some of
+the most prominent men known have been inverts and perhaps absolute
+inverts.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p5n8"></a><a href="#p5">Note 8</a>: In the conception of inversion the pathological features
+have been Separated from the anthropological. For this credit is due to
+I. Bloch (Beiträge zur Ätiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis, 2 Teile,
+1902-3), who has also brought into prominence the existence of inversion
+in the old civilized nations.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p7n9"></a><a href="#p7">Note 9</a>: Compare the last detailed discussion of somatic
+hermaphroditism (Taruffi, Hermaphroditismus und Zeugungsunfähigkeit,
+German edit. by R. Teuscher, 1903), and the works of Neugebauer in many
+volumes of the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p8n10"></a><a href="#p8">Note 10</a>: J. Halban, "Die Entstehung der Geschlechtscharaktere,"
+Arch. für Gynäkologie, Bd. 70, 1903. See also there the literature on
+the subject.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p9n11"></a><a href="#p9">Note 11</a>: According to a report in Vol. 6 of the Jahrbuch f.
+sexuelle Zwischenstufen, E. Gley is supposed to have been the first to
+mention bisexuality as an explanation of inversion. He published a paper
+(Les Abérrations de l'instinct Sexuel) in the Revue Philosophique as
+early as January, 1884. It is moreover noteworthy that the majority of
+authors who trace the inversion to bisexuality assume this factor not
+only for the inverts but also for those who have developed normally, and
+justly interpret the inversion as a result of a disturbance in
+development. Among these authors are Chevalier (Inversion Sexuelle,
+1893), and v. Krafft-Ebing ("Zur Erklärung der konträren
+Sexualempfindung," Jahrbücher f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenheilkunde, XIII),
+who states that there are a number of observations "from which at least
+the virtual and continued existence of this second center (of the
+underlying sex) results." A Dr. Arduin (Die Frauenfrage und die
+sexuellen Zwischenstufen, 2d vol. of the Jahrbuch f. sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen, 1900) states that "in every man there exist male and
+female elements." See also the same Jahrbuch, Bd. I, 1899 ("Die
+objektive Diagnose der Homosexualitat," by M. Hirschfeld, pp. 8-9). In
+the determination of sex, as far as heterosexual persons are
+<a name="p10n11">concerned</a>, some are disproportionately more strongly
+developed than others. G. Herman is firm in his belief "that in every
+woman there are male, and in every man there are female germs and
+qualities" (Genesis, das Gesetz der Zeugung, 9 Bd., Libido und Manie,
+1903). As recently as 1906 W. Fliess (Der Ablauf des Lebens) has claimed
+ownership of the idea of bisexuality (in the sense of double sex).
+Psychoanalytic investigation very strongly opposes the attempt to
+separate homosexuals from other persons as a group of a special nature.
+By also studying sexual excitations other than the manifestly open ones
+it discovers that all men are capable of homosexual object selection and
+actually accomplish this in the unconscious. Indeed the attachments of
+libidinous feelings to persons of the same sex play no small rôle as
+factors in normal psychic life, and as causative factors of disease they
+play a greater rôle than those belonging to the opposite sex. According
+to psychoanalysis, it rather seems that it is the independence of the
+object, selection of the sex of the object, the same free disposal over
+male and female objects, as observed in childhood, in primitive states
+and in prehistoric times, which forms the origin from which the normal
+as well as the inversion types developed, following restrictions in this
+or that direction. In the psychoanalytic sense the exclusive sexual
+interest of the man for the woman is also a problem requiring an
+explanation, and is not something that is self-evident and explainable
+on the basis of chemical attraction. The determination as to the
+definite sexual behavior does not occur until after puberty and is the
+result of a series of as yet not observable factors, some of which are
+of a constitutional, while some are of an accidental nature. Certainly
+some of these factors can turn out to be so enormous that by their
+character they influence the result. In general, however, the
+multiplicity of the determining factors is reflected by the manifoldness
+of the outcomes in the manifest sexual behavior of the person. In the
+inversion types it can be ascertained that they are altogether
+controlled by an archaic constitution and by primitive psychic
+mechanisms. The importance of the <i>narcissistic object selection</i> and
+the <i>clinging</i> to the erotic significance of the <i>anal</i> zone seem to be
+their most essential characteristics. But one gains nothing by
+separating the most extreme inversion types from the others on the basis
+of such constitutional peculiarities. What is found in the latter as
+seemingly an adequate determinant can also be demonstrated only in
+lesser force in the constitution of transitional types and in manifestly
+normal persons. The differences in the results may be of a qualitative
+nature, but analysis shows that the differences in the determinants
+are only quantitative. As a remarkable factor among the
+accidental influences of the object selection, we found the sexual
+rejection or the early sexual intimidation, and our attention was also
+called to the fact that the existence of both parents plays an important
+rôle in the child's life. The disappearance of a strong father in
+childhood not infrequently favors the inversion. Finally, one might
+demand that the inversion of the sexual object should notionally be
+strictly separated from the mixing of the sex characteristics in the
+subject. A certain amount of independence is unmistakable also in this
+relation.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p11n12"></a><a href="#p11">Note 12</a>: Although psychoanalysis has not yet given us a full
+explanation for the origin of inversion, it has revealed the psychic
+mechanism of its genesis and has essentially enriched the problems in
+question. In all the cases examined we have ascertained that the later
+inverts go through in their childhood a phase of very intense but
+short-lived fixation on the woman (usually on the mother) and after
+overcoming it they identify <a name="p12n12">themselves</a> with the woman and take themselves as the sexual
+object; that is, proceeding on a narcissistic basis, they look for young
+men resembling themselves in persons whom they wish to love as their
+mother has loved them. We have, moreover, frequently found that alleged
+inverts are by no means indifferent to the charms of women, but the
+excitation evoked by the woman is always transferred to a male object.
+They thus repeat through life the mechanism which gave origin to their
+inversion. Their obsessive striving for the man proves to be determined
+by their restless flight from the woman.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p14n13"></a><a href="#p14">Note 13</a>: The most pronounced difference between the sexual life
+(Liebesleben) of antiquity and ours lies in the fact that the ancients
+placed the emphasis on the impulse itself, while we put it on its
+object. The ancients extolled the impulse and were ready to ennoble
+through it even an inferior object, while we disparage the activity of
+the impulse as such and only countenance it on account of the merits of
+the object.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p15n14"></a><a href="#p15">Note 14</a>: I must mention here that the blind obedience evinced by
+the hypnotized subject to the hypnotist causes me to think that the
+nature of hypnosis is to be found in the unconscious fixation of the
+libido on the person of the hypnotizer (by means of the masochistic
+component of the sexual impulse).</small></p>
+
+<p><small>Ferenczi connects this character of suggestibility with the "parent
+complex" (Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und psychopathologische
+Forschungen, I, 1909).</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p16n15"></a><a href="#p16">Note 15</a>: Moreover, it is to be noted that sexual overvaluation does
+not become pronounced in all mechanisms of object selection, and that we
+shall later learn to know another and more direct explanation for the
+sexual rôle of the other parts of the body.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p16n16"></a><a href="#p16">Note 16</a>: Further investigations lead to the conclusion that I.
+Bloch has overestimated the factor of excitement-hunger (Reizhunger).
+The various roads upon which the libido moves behave to each other from
+the very beginning like communicating pipes; the factor of collateral
+streaming must also be considered.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p18n17"></a><a href="#p18">Note 17</a>: This weakness corresponds to the constitutional
+predisposition. The early sexual intimidation which pushes the person
+away from the normal sexual aim and urges him to seek a substitute, has
+been demonstrated by psychoanalysis, as an accidental determinant.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p19n18"></a><a href="#p19">Note 18</a>: The shoe or slipper is accordingly a symbol for the female
+genitals.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p20n19"></a><a href="#p20">Note 19</a>: Psychoanalysis has filled up the gap in the understanding
+of fetichisms by showing that the selection of the fetich depends on a
+coprophilic smell-desire which has been lost by repression. Feet and
+hair are strong smelling objects which are raised to fetiches after the
+renouncing of the now unpleasant sensation of smell. Accordingly, only
+the filthy and ill-smelling foot is the sexual object in the perversion
+which corresponds to the foot fetichism. Another contribution to the
+explanation of the fetichistic preference of the foot is found in the
+Infantile Sexual Theories (see later). The foot replaces the penis which
+is so much missed in the woman. In some cases of foot fetichism it could
+be shown that the desire for looking originally directed to the
+genitals, which wished to reach its object from below, was stopped on
+the way by prohibition and repression, and therefore adhered to the foot
+or shoe as a fetich. In conformity with infantile expectation, the
+female genital was hereby imagined as a male genital.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p21n20"></a><a href="#p21">Note 20</a>: I have no doubt that the conception of the "beautiful" is
+rooted in the soil of sexual excitement and originally signified the
+sexual excitant. The more remarkable, therefore, is the fact that the
+genitals, the sight of which provokes the greatest sexual excitement,
+can really never be considered "beautiful."</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p23n21"></a><a href="#p23">Note 21</a>: Cf. here the later communication on the pregenital phases
+of the sexual development, in which this view is confirmed. See below,
+"Ambivalence."</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p23n22"></a><a href="#p23">Note 22</a>: Instead of substantiating this statement by many examples
+I will merely cite Havelock Ellis (The Sexual Impulse, 1903): "All known
+cases of sadism and masochism, even those cited by v. Krafft-Ebing,
+always show (as has already been shown by Colin, Scott, and Féré) traces
+of both groups of manifestations in the same individual."</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p26n23"></a><a href="#p26">Note 23</a>: On the other hand the restricting forces of the sexual
+evolution&mdash;disgust, shame, morality&mdash;must also be looked upon as
+historic precipitates of the outer inhibitions which the sexual impulse
+experienced in the psychogenesis of humanity. One can observe that they
+appear in their time during the development of the individual almost
+spontaneously at the call of education and influence.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p28n24"></a><a href="#p28">Note 24</a>: Studien über Hysterie, 1895, J. Breuer tells of the
+patient on whom he first practiced the cathartic method: "The sexual
+factor was surprisingly undeveloped."</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p29n25"></a><a href="#p29">Note 25</a>: The well-known fancies of perverts which under favorable
+conditions are changed into contrivances, the delusional fears of
+paranoiacs which are in a hostile manner projected on others, and the
+unconscious fancies of hysterics which are discovered in their symptoms
+by psychoanalysis, agree as to content in the minutest details.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p29n26"></a><a href="#p29">Note 26</a>: A psychoneurosis very often associates itself with a
+manifest inversion in which the heterosexual feeling becomes subjected
+to complete repression.&mdash;It is but just to state that the necessity of a
+general recognition of the tendency to inversion in psychoneurotics was
+first imparted to me personally by Wilh. Fliess, of Berlin, after I had
+myself discovered it in some cases.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p31n27"></a><a href="#p31">Note 27</a>: It is not easy to justify here this assumption which was
+taken from a definite class of neurotic diseases. On the other hand, it
+would be impossible to assert anything definite concerning the impulses
+if one did not take the trouble of mentioning these presuppositions.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p32n28"></a><a href="#p32">Note 28</a>: One should here think of Moll's assertion, who divides the
+sexual impulse into the impulses of contrectation and detumescence.
+Contrectation signifies a desire to touch the skin.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+<a name="p36"></a>
+<center><h2>II</h2>
+<h2>THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY</h2></center>
+
+<p>It is a part of popular belief about the sexual impulse that it is
+absent in childhood and that it first appears in the period of life
+known as puberty. This, though a common error, is serious in its
+consequences and is chiefly due to our present ignorance of the
+fundamental principles of the sexual life. A comprehensive study of the
+sexual manifestations of childhood would probably reveal to us the
+existence of the essential features of the sexual impulse, and would
+make us acquainted with its development and its composition from various
+sources.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Neglect of the Infantile.</b>&mdash;It is remarkable that those writers who
+endeavor to explain the qualities and reactions of the adult individual
+have given so much more attention to the ancestral period than to the
+period of the individual's own existence&mdash;that is, they have attributed
+more influence to heredity than to childhood. As a matter of fact, it
+might well be supposed that the influence of the latter period would be
+easier to understand, and that it would be entitled to more
+consideration than heredity.<a href="#p36n1">[1]</a> To be sure, one
+occasionally finds in medical literature notes on the premature sexual
+activities of small children, about erections and masturbation and even
+actions resembling coitus, but these are referred to merely as
+exceptional occurrences, as curiosities, or as deterring examples of
+premature perversity. No author has to my knowledge recognized the
+normality of the sexual impulse in childhood, and in the numerous
+writings on the <a name="p37">development</a> of the child the chapter on
+"Sexual Development" is usually passed over.<a href="#p37n2">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Infantile Amnesia.</b>&mdash;This remarkable negligence is due partly to
+conventional considerations, which influence the writers on account of
+their own bringing up, and partly to a psychic phenomenon which has thus
+far remained unexplained. I refer to <a name="p38">the</a> peculiar
+amnesia which veils from most people (not from all!) the first years of
+their childhood, usually the first six or eight years. So far it has not
+occurred to us that this amnesia ought to surprise us, though we have
+good reasons for surprise. For we are informed that in those years from
+which we later obtain nothing except a few incomprehensible memory
+fragments, we have vividly reacted to impressions, that we have
+manifested pain and pleasure like any human being, that we have evinced
+love, jealousy, and other passions as they then affected us; indeed we
+are told that we have uttered remarks which proved to grown-ups that we
+possessed understanding and a budding power of judgment. Still we know
+nothing of all this when we become older. Why does our memory lag behind
+all our other psychic activities? We really have reason to believe that
+at no time of life are we more capable of impressions and reproductions
+than during the years of childhood.<a href="#p38n3">[3]</a></p>
+
+<p>On the other hand we must assume, or we may convince ourselves through
+psychological observations on others, that the very impressions which we
+have forgotten have nevertheless left the deepest traces in our psychic
+life, and acted as determinants for our whole future development. We
+conclude therefore that we do not deal with a real forgetting of
+infantile impressions but rather with an amnesia similar to that
+observed in neurotics for later experiences, the nature of which
+consists in their being detained from consciousness (repression). But
+what forces bring about this repression of the infantile impressions? He
+who can solve this riddle will also explain hysterical amnesia.</p>
+
+<p>We shall not, however, hesitate to assert that the existence of the
+infantile amnesia gives us a new point of comparison between the psychic
+states of the child and those of the psychoneurotic. <a name="p39">We</a>
+have already encountered another point of comparison when confronted by
+the fact that the sexuality of the psychoneurotic preserves the
+infantile character or has returned to it. May there not be an ultimate
+connection between the infantile and the hysterical amnesias?</p>
+
+<p>The connection between the infantile and the hysterical amnesias is
+really more than a mere play of wit. The hysterical amnesia which serves
+the repression can only be explained by the fact that the individual
+already possesses a sum of recollections which have been withdrawn from
+conscious disposal and which by associative connection now seize that
+which is acted upon by the repelling forces of the repression emanating
+from consciousness.<a href="#p39n4">[4]</a> We may say that without
+infantile amnesia there would be no hysterical amnesia.</p>
+
+<p>I believe that the infantile amnesia which causes the individual to look
+upon his childhood as if it were a <i>prehistoric</i> time and conceals from
+him the beginning of his own sexual life&mdash;that this amnesia is
+responsible for the fact that one does not usually attribute any value
+to the infantile period in the development of the sexual life. One
+single observer cannot fill the gap which has been thus produced in our
+knowledge. As early as 1896 I had already emphasized the significance of
+childhood for the origin of certain important phenomena connected with
+the sexual life, and since then I have not ceased to put into the
+foreground the importance of the infantile factor for sexuality.</p>
+
+<center><h3>THE SEXUAL LATENCY PERIOD OF CHILDHOOD AND ITS INTERRUPTIONS</h3></center>
+
+<p>The extraordinary frequent discoveries of apparently abnormal and
+exceptional sexual manifestations in childhood, as well as <a
+name="p40">the</a> discovery of infantile reminiscences in neurotics,
+which were hitherto unconscious, allow us to sketch the following
+picture of the sexual behavior of childhood.<a href="#p40n5">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p>It seems certain that the newborn child brings with it the germs of
+sexual feelings which continue to develop for some time and then succumb
+to a progressive suppression, which is in turn broken through by the
+proper advances of the sexual development and which can be checked by
+individual idiosyncrasies. Nothing is known concerning the laws and
+periodicity of this oscillating course of development. It seems,
+however, that the sexual life of the child mostly manifests itself in
+the third or fourth year in some form accessible to observation.<a
+href="#p40n6">[6]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>The Sexual Inhibition.</b>&mdash;It is during this period of total or at least
+partial latency that the psychic forces develop which later act as
+inhibitions on the sexual life, and narrow its direction like dams.
+These psychic forces are loathing, shame, and moral and esthetic ideal
+demands. We may gain the impression that the erection of these dams in
+the civilized child is the work of education; and surely education
+contributes much to it. In reality, however, this development is
+organically determined and can occasionally be produced without the help
+of education. Indeed education remains properly within its assigned
+realm only if it strictly follows the path of the organic determinant
+and impresses it somewhat cleaner and deeper.</p>
+
+<p><b>Reaction Formation and Sublimation.</b>&mdash;What are the means <a
+name="p41">that</a> accomplish these very important constructions so
+significant for the later personal culture and normality? They are
+probably brought about at the cost of the infantile sexuality itself,
+the influx of which has not stopped even in this latency
+period&mdash;the energy of which indeed has been turned away either
+wholly or partially from sexual utilization and conducted to other aims.
+The historians of civilization seem to be unanimous in the opinion that
+such deviation of sexual motive powers from sexual aims to new aims, a
+process which merits the name of <i>sublimation</i>, has furnished powerful
+components for all cultural accomplishments. We will therefore add that
+the same process acts in the development of every individual, and that
+it begins to act in the sexual latency period.<a
+href="#p41n7">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p>We can also venture an opinion about the mechanisms of such sublimation.
+The sexual feelings of these infantile years on the one hand could not
+be utilizable, since the procreating functions are postponed,&mdash;this is
+the chief character of the latency period; on the other hand, they would
+in themselves be perverse, as they would emanate from erogenous zones
+and would be born of impulses which in the individual's course of
+development could only evoke a feeling of displeasure. They therefore
+awaken contrary forces (feelings of reaction), which in order to
+suppress such displeasure, build up the above mentioned psychic dams:
+loathing, shame, and morality.<a href="#p41n8">[8]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>The Interruptions of the Latency Period.</b>&mdash;Without deluding
+ourselves as to the hypothetical nature and deficient clearness of our
+understanding regarding the infantile period of latency and delay, we
+will return to reality and state that such a utilization <a
+name="p42">of</a> the infantile sexuality represents an ideal bringing
+up from which the development of the individual usually deviates in some
+measure and often very considerably. A portion of the sexual
+manifestation which has withdrawn from sublimation occasionally breaks
+through, or a sexual activity remains throughout the whole duration of
+the latency period until the reinforced breaking through of the sexual
+impulse in puberty. In so far as they have paid any attention to
+infantile sexuality the educators behave as if they shared our views
+concerning the formation of the moral forces of defence at the cost of
+sexuality, and as if they knew that sexual activity makes the child
+uneducable; for the educators consider all sexual manifestations of the
+child as an "evil" in the face of which little can be accomplished. We
+have, however, every reason for directing our attention to those
+phenomena so much feared by the educators, for we expect to find in them
+the solution of the primitive formation of the sexual impulse.</p>
+
+<center><h3>THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY</h3></center>
+
+<p>For reasons which we shall discuss later we will take as a model of the
+infantile sexual manifestations thumbsucking (pleasure-sucking), to
+which the Hungarian pediatrist, Lindner, has devoted an excellent
+essay.<a href="#p42n9">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Thumbsucking.</b>&mdash;Thumbsucking, which manifests itself in the nursing
+baby and which may be continued till maturity or throughout life,
+consists in a rhythmic repetition of sucking contact with the mouth (the
+lips), wherein the purpose of taking nourishment is excluded. A part of
+the lip itself, the tongue, which is another preferable skin region
+within reach, and even the big toe&mdash;may be taken as objects for sucking.
+Simultaneously, there is also a desire to grasp things, which manifests
+itself in a rhythmical pulling of the ear lobe and which may cause the
+child to grasp a part of another person (generally the ear) for the same
+<a name="p43">purpose</a>. The pleasure-sucking is connected with an
+entire exhaustion of attention and leads to sleep or even to a motor
+reaction in the form of an orgasm.<a href="#p43n10">[10]</a>
+Pleasure-sucking is often combined with a rubbing contact with certain
+sensitive parts of the body, such as the breast and external genitals.
+It is by this road that many children go from thumb-sucking to
+masturbation.</p>
+
+<p>Lindner himself has recognized the sexual nature of this action and
+openly emphasized it. In the nursery thumbsucking is often treated in
+the same way as any other sexual "naughtiness" of the child. A very
+strong objection was raised against this view by many pediatrists and
+neurologists which in part is certainly due to the confusion of the
+terms "sexual" and "genital." This contradiction raises the difficult
+question, which cannot be rejected, namely, in what general traits do we
+wish to recognize the sexual manifestations of the child. I believe that
+the association of the manifestations into which we gained an insight
+through psychoanalytic investigation justify us in claiming thumbsucking
+as a sexual activity and in studying through it the essential features
+of the infantile sexual activity.</p>
+
+<p><b>Autoerotism.</b>&mdash;It is our duty here to arrange this state of affairs
+differently. Let us insist that the most striking character of this
+sexual activity is that the impulse is not directed against other
+persons but that it gratifies itself on its own body; to use the happy
+term invented by Havelock Ellis, we will say that it is autoerotic.<a
+href="#p43n11">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p>It is, moreover, clear that the action of the thumbsucking child is
+determined by the fact that it seeks a pleasure which has already been
+experienced and is now remembered. Through the rhythmic <a
+name="p44">sucking</a> on a portion of the skin or mucous membrane it
+finds the gratification in the simplest way. It is also easy to
+conjecture on what occasions the child first experienced this pleasure
+which it now strives to renew. The first and most important activity in
+the child's life, the sucking from the mother's breast (or its
+substitute), must have acquainted it with this pleasure. We would say
+that the child's lips behaved like an <i>erogenous zone</i>, and that the
+excitement through the warm stream of milk was really the cause of the
+pleasurable sensation. To be sure, the gratification of the erogenous
+zone was at first united with the gratification of taking nourishment.
+He who sees a satiated child sink back from the mother's breast, and
+fall asleep with reddened cheeks and blissful smile, will have to admit
+that this picture remains as typical of the expression of sexual
+gratification in later life. But the desire for repetition of the sexual
+gratification is separated from the desire for taking nourishment; a
+separation which becomes unavoidable with the appearance of the teeth
+when the nourishment is no longer sucked in but chewed. The child does
+not make use of a strange object for sucking but prefers its own skin
+because it is more convenient, because it thus makes itself independent
+of the outer world which it cannot yet control, and because in this way
+it creates for itself, as it were, a second, even if an inferior,
+erogenous zone. The inferiority of this second region urges it later to
+seek the same parts, the lips of another person. ("It is a pity that I
+cannot kiss myself," might be attributed to it.)</p>
+
+<p>Not all children suck their thumbs. It may be assumed that it is found
+only in children in whom the erogenous significance of the lip-zone is
+constitutionally reënforced. Children in whom this is retained are
+habitual kissers as adults and show a tendency to perverse kissing, or
+as men they have a marked desire for drinking and smoking. But if
+repression comes into play they experience disgust for eating and evince
+hysterical vomiting. By <a name="p45">virtue</a> of the community of the
+lip-zone the repression encroaches upon the impulse of nourishment. Many
+of my female patients showing disturbances in eating, such as hysterical
+globus, choking sensations, and vomiting, have been energetic
+thumbsuckers during infancy.</p>
+
+<p>In the thumbsucking or pleasure-sucking we have already been able to
+observe the three essential characters of an infantile sexual
+manifestation. The latter has its origin in conjunction with a bodily
+function which is very important for life, it does not yet know any
+sexual object, it is <i>autoerotic</i> and its sexual aim is under the
+control of an <i>erogenous zone</i>. Let us assume for the present that these
+characters also hold true for most of the other activities of the
+infantile sexual impulse.</p>
+
+
+<center><h3>THE SEXUAL AIM OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY</h3></center>
+
+<p><b>The Characters of the Erogenous Zones.</b>&mdash;From the example of
+thumbsucking we may gather a great many points useful for the
+distinguishing of an erogenous zone. It is a portion of skin or mucous
+membrane in which the stimuli produce a feeling of pleasure of definite
+quality. There is no doubt that the pleasure-producing stimuli are
+governed by special determinants which we do not know. The rhythmic
+characters must play some part in them and this strongly suggests an
+analogy to tickling. It does not, however, appear so certain whether the
+character of the pleasurable feeling evoked by the stimulus can be
+designated as "peculiar," and in what part of this peculiarity the
+sexual factor exists. Psychology is still groping in the dark when it
+concerns matters of pleasure and pain, and the most cautious assumption
+is therefore the most advisable. We may perhaps later come upon reasons
+which seem to support the peculiar quality of the sensation of pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>The erogenous quality may adhere most notably to definite regions of the
+body. As is shown by the example of <a name="p46">thumbsucking</a>,
+there are predestined erogenous zones. But the same example also shows
+that any other region of skin or mucous membrane may assume the function
+of an erogenous zone; it must therefore carry along a certain
+adaptability. The production of the sensation of pleasure therefore
+depends more on the quality of the stimulus than on the nature of the
+bodily region. The thumbsucking child looks around on his body and
+selects any portion of it for pleasure-sucking, and becoming accustomed
+to it, he then prefers it. If he accidentally strikes upon a predestined
+region, such as breast, nipple or genitals, it naturally has the
+preference. A quite analogous tendency to displacement is again found in
+the symptomatology of hysteria. In this neurosis the repression mostly
+concerns the genital zones proper; these in turn transmit their
+excitation to the other erogenous zones, usually dormant in mature life,
+which then behave exactly like genitals. But besides this, just as in
+thumbsucking, any other region of the body may become endowed with the
+excitation of the genitals and raised to an erogenous zone. Erogenous
+and hysterogenous zones show the same characters.<a href="#p46n12">[12]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>The Infantile Sexual Aim.</b>&mdash;The sexual aim of the infantile impulse
+consists in the production of gratification through the proper
+excitation of this or that selected erogenous zone. In order to leave a
+desire for its repetition this gratification must have been previously
+experienced, and we may be sure that nature has devised definite means
+so as not to leave this occurrence to mere chance. The arrangement which
+has fulfilled this purpose for the lip-zone we have already discussed;
+it is the simultaneous connection of this part of the body with the
+taking of nourishment. We shall also meet other similar mechanisms as
+sources of sexuality. The state of desire for repetition of
+gratification can be recognized through a peculiar feeling of tension
+which in itself is rather of a painful character, and through a <a
+name="p47">centrally-determined</a> feeling of itching or sensitiveness
+which is projected into the peripheral erogenous zone. The sexual aim
+may therefore be formulated as follows: the chief object is to
+substitute for the projected feeling of sensitiveness in the erogenous
+zone that outer stimulus which removes the feeling of sensitiveness by
+evoking the feeling of gratification. This external stimulus consists
+usually in a manipulation which is analogous to sucking.</p>
+
+<p>It is in full accord with our physiological knowledge if the desire
+happens to be awakened also peripherally through an actual change in the
+erogenous zone. The action is puzzling only to some extent as one
+stimulus for its suppression seems to want another applied to the same
+place.</p>
+
+<center><h3>THE MASTURBATIC SEXUAL MANIFESTATIONS<a href="#p47n13">[13]</a></h3></center>
+
+<p>It is a matter of great satisfaction to know that there is nothing
+further of greater importance to learn about the sexual activity of the
+child after the impulse of one erogenous zone has become comprehensible
+to us. The most pronounced differences are found in the action necessary
+for the gratification, which consists in sucking for the lip zone and
+which must be replaced by other muscular actions according to the
+situation and nature of the other zones.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Activity of the Anal Zone.</b>&mdash;Like the lip zone the anal zone is,
+through its position, adapted to conduct the sexuality to the other
+functions of the body. It should be assumed that the erogenous
+significance of this region of the body was originally very large.
+Through psychoanalysis one finds, not without surprise, the many
+transformations that are normally undertaken with the usual excitations
+emanating from here, and that this zone often retains for life a
+considerable fragment of genital <a name="p48">irritability</a>.<a
+href="#p48n14">[14]</a> The intestinal catarrhs so frequent during
+infancy produce intensive irritations in this zone, and we often hear it
+said that intestinal catarrh at this delicate age causes "nervousness."
+In later neurotic diseases they exert a definite influence on the
+symptomatic expression of the neurosis, placing at its disposal the
+whole sum of intestinal disturbances. Considering the erogenous
+significance of the anal zone which has been retained at least in
+transformation, one should not laugh at the hemorrhoidal influences to
+which the old medical literature attached so much weight in the
+explanation of neurotic states.</p>
+
+<p>Children utilizing the erogenous sensitiveness of the anal zone can be
+recognized by their holding back of fecal masses until through
+accumulation there result violent muscular contractions; the passage of
+these masses through the anus is apt to produce a marked irritation of
+the mucus membrane. Besides the pain this must produce also a sensation
+of pleasure. One of the surest premonitions of later eccentricity or
+nervousness is when an infant obstinately refuses to empty his bowel
+when placed on the chamber by the nurse and reserves this function at
+its own pleasure. It does not concern him that he will soil his bed; all
+he cares for is not to lose the subsidiary pleasure while defecating.
+The educators have again the right inkling when they designate children
+who withhold these functions as bad. The content of the bowel which is
+an exciting object to the sexually sensitive surface of mucous membrane
+behaves like the precursor of another organ which does not become active
+until after the phase of childhood. In addition it has other important
+meanings to the nursling. It is evidently treated as an additional part
+of the body, it represents the first "donation," the disposal of which
+expresses the pliability while the retention of it can express the <a
+name="p49">spite</a> of the little being towards its environment. From the
+idea of "donation" he later gains the meaning of the "babe" which
+according to one of the infantile sexual theories is acquired through
+eating and is born through the bowel.</p>
+
+<p>The retention of fecal masses, which is at first intentional in order to
+utilize them, as it were, for masturbatic excitation of the anal zone,
+is at least one of the roots of constipation so frequent in neuropaths.
+The whole significance of the anal zone is mirrored in the fact that
+there are but few neurotics who have not their special scatologic
+customs, ceremonies, etc., which they retain with cautious secrecy.</p>
+
+<p>Real masturbatic irritation of the anal zone by means of the fingers,
+evoked through either centrally or peripherally supported itching, is
+not at all rare in older children.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Activity of the Genital Zone.</b>&mdash;Among the erogenous zones of the
+child's body there is one which certainly does not play the main rôle,
+and which cannot be the carrier of earliest sexual feeling&mdash;which,
+however, is destined for great things in later life. In both male and
+female it is connected with the voiding of urine (penis, clitoris), and
+in the former it is enclosed in a sack of mucous membrane, probably in
+order not to miss the irritations caused by the secretions which may
+arouse the sexual excitement at an early age. The sexual activities of
+this erogenous zone, which belongs to the real genitals, are the
+beginning of the later normal sexual life.</p>
+
+<p>Owing to the anatomical position, the overflowing of secretions, the
+washing and rubbing of the body, and to certain accidental excitements
+(the wandering of intestinal worms in the girl), it happens that the
+pleasurable feeling which these parts of the body are capable of
+producing makes itself noticeable to the child even during the sucking
+age, and thus awakens desire for its repetition. When we review all the
+actual arrangements, and bear in mind that the measures for cleanliness
+have the same <a name="p50">effect</a> as the uncleanliness itself, we can
+then scarcely mistake nature's intention, which is to establish the
+future primacy of these erogenous zones for the sexual activity through
+the infantile onanism from which hardly an individual escapes. The
+action of removing the stimulus and setting free the gratification
+consists in a rubbing contiguity with the hand or in a certain
+previously-formed pressure reflex effected by the closure of the thighs.
+The latter procedure seems to be the more primitive and is by far the
+more common in girls. The preference for the hand in boys already
+indicates what an important part of the male sexual activity will be
+accomplished in the future by the impulse to mastery
+(Bemächtigungstrieb).<a href="#p50n15">[15]</a> It can only help towards
+clearness if I state that the infantile masturbation should be divided
+into three phases. The first phase belongs to the nursing period, the
+second to the short flourishing period of sexual activity at about the
+fourth year, only the third corresponds to the one which is often
+considered exclusively as onanism of puberty.</p>
+
+<p>The infantile onanism seems to disappear after a brief time, but it
+may continue uninterruptedly till puberty and thus represent the first
+marked deviation from the development desirable for civilized man. At
+some time during childhood after the nursing period, the sexual impulse
+of the genitals reawakens and continues active for some time until it is
+again suppressed, or it may continue without interruption. The possible
+relations are very diverse and can only be elucidated through a more
+precise analysis of individual cases. The details, however, of this
+<i>second</i> infantile sexual activity leave behind the profoundest
+(unconscious) impressions in the persons's memory; if the individual
+remains healthy they determine his character and if he becomes sick
+after puberty they determine the symptomatology of his <a
+name="p51">neurosis</a>.<a href="#p51n16">[16]</a> In the latter case
+it is found that this sexual period is forgotten and the conscious
+reminiscences pointing to them are displaced; I have already mentioned
+that I would like to connect the normal infantile amnesia with this
+infantile sexual activity. By psychoanalytic investigation it is
+possible to bring to consciousness the forgotten material, and thereby
+to remove a compulsion which emanates from the unconscious psychic
+material.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Return of the Infantile Masturbation.</b>&mdash;The sexual excitation of
+the nursing period returns during the designated years of childhood as a
+centrally determined tickling sensation demanding onanistic
+gratification, or as a pollution-like process which, analogous to the
+pollution of maturity, may attain gratification without the aid of any
+action. The latter case is more frequent in girls and in the second half
+of childhood; its determinants are not well understood, but it often,
+though not regularly, seems to have as a basis a period of early active
+onanism. The symptomatology of this sexual manifestation is poor; the
+genital apparatus is still undeveloped and all signs are therefore
+displayed by the urinary apparatus which is, so to say, the guardian of
+the genital apparatus. Most of the so-called bladder disturbances of
+this period are of a sexual nature; whenever the enuresis nocturna does
+not represent an epileptic attack it corresponds to a pollution.</p>
+
+<p>The return of the sexual activity is determined by inner and outer
+causes which can be conjectured from the formation of the symptoms of
+neurotic diseases and definitely revealed by psychoanalytic
+investigations. The internal causes will be discussed later, the
+accidental outer causes attain at this time a great and permanent
+significance. As the first outer cause we have the influence of
+seduction which prematurely treats the child as a <a name="p52">sexual</a>
+object; under conditions favoring impressions this teaches the child the
+gratification of the genital zones, and thus usually forces it to repeat
+this gratification in onanism. Such influences can come from adults or
+other children. I cannot admit that I overestimated its frequency or its
+significance in my contributions to the etiology of hysteria,<a
+href="#p52n17">[17]</a> though I did not know then that normal
+individuals may have the same experiences in their childhood, and hence
+placed a higher value on seductions than on the factors found in the
+sexual constitution and development.<a href="#p52n18">[18]</a> It is
+quite obvious that no seduction is necessary to awaken the sexual life
+of the child, that such an awakening may come on spontaneously from
+inner sources.</p>
+
+<p><b>Polymorphous-perverse Disposition.</b>&mdash;It is instructive to know that
+under the influence of seduction the child may become
+polymorphous-perverse and may be misled into all sorts of
+transgressions. This goes to show that it carries along the adaptation
+for them in its disposition. The formation of such perversions meets but
+slight resistance because the psychic dams against sexual
+transgressions, such as shame, loathing and morality&mdash;which depend on
+the age of the child&mdash;are not yet erected or are only in the process of
+formation. In this respect the child perhaps does not behave differently
+from the average uncultured woman in whom the same polymorphous-perverse
+disposition exists. Such a woman may remain sexually normal under usual
+conditions, <a name="p53">but</a> under the guidance of a clever seducer
+she will find pleasure in every perversion and will retain the same as
+her sexual activity. The same polymorphous or infantile disposition fits
+the prostitute for her professional activity, and in the enormous number
+of prostitutes and of women to whom we must attribute an adaptation for
+prostitution, even if they do not follow this calling, it is absolutely
+impossible not to recognize in their uniform disposition for all
+perversions the universal and primitive human.</p>
+
+<p><b>Partial Impulses.</b>&mdash;For the rest, the influence of seduction does not
+aid us in unravelling the original relations of the sexual impulse, but
+rather confuses our understanding of the same, inasmuch as it
+prematurely supplies the child with the sexual object at a time when the
+infantile sexual impulse does not yet evince any desire for it. We must
+admit, however, that the infantile sexual life, though mainly under the
+control of erogenous zones, also shows components in which from the very
+beginning other persons are regarded as sexual objects. Among these we
+have the impulses for looking and showing off, and for cruelty, which
+manifest themselves somewhat independently of the erogenous zones and
+which only later enter into intimate relationship with the sexual life;
+but along with the erogenous sexual activity they are noticeable even in
+the infantile years as separate and independent strivings. The little
+child is above all shameless, and during its early years it evinces
+definite pleasure in displaying its body and especially its sexual
+organs. A counterpart to this desire which is to be considered as
+perverse, the curiosity to see other persons' genitals, probably appears
+first in the later years of childhood when the hindrance of the feeling
+of shame has already reached a certain development. Under the influence
+of seduction the looking perversion may attain great importance for the
+sexual life of the child. Still, from my investigations of the childhood
+years of normal and neurotic patients, I must conclude that the impulse
+for looking can appear in the child as a <a name="p54">spontaneous</a>
+sexual manifestation. Small children, whose attention has once been
+directed to their own genitals&mdash;usually by masturbation&mdash;are wont to
+progress in this direction without outside interference, and to develop
+a vivid interest in the genitals of their playmates. As the occasion for
+the gratification of such curiosity is generally afforded during the
+gratification of both excrementitious needs, such children become
+<i>voyeurs</i> and are zealous spectators at the voiding of urine and feces
+of others, After this tendency has been repressed, the curiosity to see
+the genitals of others (one's own or those of the other sex) remains as
+a tormenting desire which in some neurotic cases furnishes the strongest
+motive power for the formation of symptoms.</p>
+
+<p>The cruelty component of the sexual impulse develops in the child with
+still greater independence of those sexual activities which are
+connected with erogenous zones. Cruelty is especially near the childish
+character, since the inhibition which restrains the impulse to mastery
+before it causes pain to others&mdash;that is, the capacity for
+sympathy&mdash;develops comparatively late. As we know, a thorough
+psychological analysis of this impulse has not as yet been successfully
+accomplished; we may assume that the cruel feelings emanate from the
+impulse to mastery and appear at a period in the sexual life before the
+genitals have taken on their later rôle. It then dominates a phase of
+the sexual life, which we shall later describe as the pregenital
+organization. Children who are distinguished for evincing especial
+cruelty to animals and playmates may be justly suspected of intensive
+and premature sexual activity in the erogenous zones; and in a
+simultaneous prematurity of all sexual impulses, the erogenous sexual
+activity surely seems to be primary. The absence of the barrier of
+sympathy carries with it the danger that the connections between cruelty
+and the erogenous impulses formed in childhood cannot be broken in later
+life.</p>
+
+<p>An erogenous source of the passive impulse for cruelty <a
+name="p55">(masochism)</a> is found in the painful irritation of the
+gluteal region which is familiar to all educators since the confessions
+of J.J. Rousseau. This has justly caused them to demand that physical
+punishment, which usually concerns this part of the body, should be
+withheld from all children in whom the libido might be forced into
+collateral roads by the later demands of cultural education.<a
+href="#p55n19">[19]</a></p>
+
+<center><h3>THE INFANTILE SEXUAL INVESTIGATION</h3></center>
+
+<p><b>Inquisitiveness.</b>&mdash;At the same time when the sexual life of the child
+reaches its first bloom, from the age of three to the age of five, it
+also evinces the beginning of that activity which is ascribed to the
+impulse for knowledge and investigation. The desire for knowledge can
+neither be added to the elementary components of the impulses nor can it
+be altogether subordinated under sexuality. Its activity corresponds on
+the one hand to a sublimating mode of acquisition and on the other hand
+it labors with <a name="p56">the</a> energy of the desire for looking. Its
+relations to the sexual life, however, are of particular importance, for
+we have learned from psychoanalysis that the inquisitiveness of children
+is attracted to the sexual problems unusually early and in an
+unexpectedly intensive manner, indeed it perhaps may first be awakened
+by the sexual problems.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Riddle of the Sphinx.</b>&mdash;It is not theoretical but practical
+interests which start the work of the investigation activity in the
+child. The threat to the conditions of his existence through the actual
+or expected arrival of a new child, the fear of the loss in care and
+love which is connected with this event, cause the child to become
+thoughtful and sagacious. Corresponding with the history of this
+awakening, the first problem with which it occupies itself is not the
+question as to the difference between the sexes, but the riddle: from
+where do children come? In a distorted form, which can easily be
+unraveled, this is the same riddle which was given by the Theban Sphinx.
+The fact of the two sexes is usually first accepted by the child without
+struggle and hesitation. It is quite natural for the male child to
+presuppose in all persons it knows a genital like his own, and to find
+it impossible to harmonize the lack of it with his conception of others.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Castration Complex.</b>&mdash;This conviction is energetically adhered to
+by the boy and tenaciously defended against the contradictions which
+soon result, and are only given up after severe internal struggles
+(castration complex). The substitutive formations of this lost penis of
+the woman play a great part in the formation of many perversions.</p>
+
+<p>The assumption of the same (male) genital in all persons is the first of
+the remarkable and consequential infantile sexual theories. It is of
+little help to the child when biological science agrees with his
+preconceptions and recognizes the feminine clitoris as the real
+substitute for the penis. The little girl does not react with similar
+refusals when she sees the differently formed <a name="p57">genital</a> of
+the boy. She is immediately prepared to recognize it, and soon becomes
+envious of the penis; this envy reaches its highest point in the
+consequentially important wish that she also should be a boy.</p>
+
+<p><b>Birth Theories.</b>&mdash;Many people can remember distinctly how intensely
+they interested themselves, in the prepubescent period, in the question
+where children came from. The anatomical solutions at that time read
+very differently; the children come out of the breast or are cut out of
+the body, or the navel opens itself to let them out. Outside of analysis
+one only seldom remembers the investigation corresponding to the early
+childhood years; it had long merged into repression but its results were
+thoroughly uniform. One gets children by eating something special (as in
+the fairy tale) and they are born through the bowel like a passage.
+These infantile theories recall the structures in the animal kingdom,
+especially do they recall the cloaca of the types which stand lower than
+the mammals.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sadistic Conception of the Sexual Act.</b>&mdash;If children of so delicate an
+age become spectators of the sexual act between grown-ups, for which an
+occasion is furnished by the conviction of the grown-ups that little
+children cannot understand anything sexual, they cannot help conceiving
+the sexual act as a kind of maltreating or overpowering, that is, it
+impresses them in a sadistic sense. Psychoanalysis also teaches us that
+such an early childhood impression contributes much to the disposition
+for a later sadistic displacement of the sexual aim. Besides this
+children also occupy themselves with the problem of what the sexual act
+consists in or, as they grasp it, of what marriage consists, and seek
+the solution of the mystery mostly in an association to which the
+functions of urination and defecation give occasion.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Typical Failure of the Infantile Sexual Investigation.</b>&mdash;It
+can be stated in general about the infantile sexual theories that they
+are reproductions of the child's own sexual constitution, and <a
+name="p58">that</a> despite their grotesque mistakes they evince more
+understanding of the sexual processes than is credited to their
+creators. Children also perceive the pregnancy of the mother and know
+how to interpret it correctly; the stork fable is very often related
+before auditors who confront it with a deep, but mostly mute suspicion.
+But as two elements remain unknown to the infantile sexual
+investigation, namely, the rôle of the propagating semen and the female
+genital opening&mdash;precisely the same points in which the infantile
+organization is still backward&mdash;the effort of the infantile
+investigator regularly remains fruitless, and ends in a renunciation
+which not infrequently leaves a lasting injury to the desire for
+knowledge. The sexual investigation of these early childhood years is
+always conducted alone, it signifies the first step towards independent
+orientation in the world, and causes a marked estrangement between the
+child and the persons of his environment who formerly enjoyed its full
+confidence.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Phases of Development of the Sexual Organization.</b>&mdash;As
+characteristics of the infantile sexuality we have hitherto emphasized
+the fact that it is essentially autoerotic (it finds its object in its
+own body), and that its individual partial impulses, which on the whole
+are unconnected and independent of one another, are striving for the
+acquisition of pleasure. The end of this development forms the so-called
+normal sexual life of the adult in which the acquisition of pleasure has
+been put into the service of the function of propagation, and the
+partial impulses, under the primacy of one single erogenous zone, have
+formed a firm organization for the attainment of the sexual aim in a
+strange sexual object.</p>
+
+<p><b>Pregenital Organizations.</b>&mdash;The study, with the help of psychoanalysis,
+of the inhibitions and disturbances in this course of development now
+permits us to recognize additions and primary stages of such
+organization of the partial impulses which likewise furnish a sort of
+sexual regime. These phases of the <a name="p59">sexual</a> organization
+normally will pass over smoothly and will only be recognizable by slight
+indications. Only in pathological cases do they become active and
+discernible to coarse observation.</p>
+
+<p>Organizations of the sexual life in which the genital zones have not yet
+assumed the dominating rôle we would call the <i>pregenital</i> phase. So far
+we have become acquainted with two of them which recall reversions to
+early animal states.</p>
+
+<p>One of the first of such pregenital sexual organizations is the <i>oral</i>,
+or if we wish, the cannibalistic. Here the sexual activity is not yet
+separated from the taking of nourishment, and the contrasts within the
+same not yet differentiated. The object of the one activity is also that
+of the other, the sexual aim consists in the <i>incorporating</i> into one's
+own body of the object, it is the prototype of that which later plays
+such an important psychic rôle as <i>identification</i>. As a remnant of this
+fictitious phase of organization forced on us by pathology we can
+consider thumbsucking. Here the sexual activity became separated from
+the nourishment activity and the strange object was given up in favor of
+one from his own body.</p>
+
+<p>A second pregenital phase is the sadistic-anal organization. Here the
+contrasts which run through the whole sexual life are already developed,
+but cannot yet be designated as <i>masculine</i> and <i>feminine</i>, but must be
+called <i>active</i> and <i>passive</i>. The activity is supplied by the
+musculature of the body through the mastery impulse; the erogenous
+mucous membrane of the bowel manifests itself above all as an organ with
+a passive sexual aim, for both strivings there are objects present,
+which however do not merge together. Besides them there are other
+partial impulses which are active in an autoerotic manner. The sexual
+polarity and the strange object can thus already be demonstrated in this
+phase. The organization and subordination under the function of
+propagation are still lacking.</p>
+
+<p><b>Ambivalence.</b>&mdash;This form of the sexual organization could be <a
+name="p60">retained</a> throughout life and continue to draw to itself a
+large part of the sexual activity. The prevalence of sadism and the rôle
+of the cloaca of the anal zone stamps it with an exquisitely archaic
+impression. As another characteristic belonging to it we can mention the
+fact that the contrasting pair of impulses are developed in almost the
+same manner, a behavior which was designated by Bleuler with the happy
+name of <i>ambivalence</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The assumption of the pregenital organizations of the sexual life is
+based on the analysis of the neuroses and hardly deserves any
+consideration without a knowledge of the same. We may expect that
+continued analytic efforts will furnish us with still more disclosures
+concerning the structure and development of the normal sexual function.</p>
+
+<p>To complete the picture of the infantile sexual life one must add that
+frequently or regularly an object selection takes place even in
+childhood which is as characteristic as the one we have represented for
+the phase of development of puberty. This object selection proceeds in
+such a manner that all the sexual strivings proceed in the direction of
+one person in whom they wish to attain their aim. This is then the
+nearest approach to the definitive formation of the sexual life after
+puberty, that is possible in childhood. It differs from the latter only
+in the fact that the collection of the partial impulses and their
+subordination to the primacy of the genitals is very imperfectly or not
+at all accomplished in childhood. The establishment of this primacy in
+the service of propagation is therefore the last phase through which the
+sexual organization passes.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Two Periods of Object Selection.</b>&mdash;That the object selection takes
+place in two periods, or in two shifts, can be spoken of as a typical
+occurrence. The first shift has its origin between the age of three and
+five years, and is brought to a stop or to retrogression by the latency
+period; it is characterized by the infantile nature of its sexual aims.
+The second shift starts with puberty and determines the definitive
+formation of the sexual life.</p>
+
+<p><a name="p61">The</a> fact of the double object selection which is
+essentially due to the effect of the latency period, becomes most
+significant for the disturbance of this terminal state. The results of
+the infantile object selection reach into the later period; they are
+either preserved as such or are even refreshed at the time of puberty.
+But due to the development of the repression which takes place between
+the two phases they turn out as unutilizable. The sexual aims have
+become softened and now represent what we can designate as the <i>tender</i>
+streams of the sexual life. Only psychoanalytic investigation can
+demonstrate that behind this tenderness, such as honoring and esteeming,
+there is concealed the old sexual strivings of the infantile partial
+impulses which have now become useless. The object selection of the
+pubescent period must renounce the infantile objects and begin anew as a
+sensuous stream. The fact that the two streams do not meet often enough
+has as a result that one of the ideals of the sexual life, namely, the
+union of all desires in one object, can not be attained.</p>
+
+
+<center><h3>THE SOURCES OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY</h3></center>
+
+<p>In our effort to follow up the origins of the sexual impulse, we have
+thus far found that the sexual excitement originates (<i>a</i>) as an imitation
+of a gratification which has been experienced in conjunction with other
+organic processes; (<i>b</i>) through the appropriate peripheral stimulation of
+erogenous zones; (<i>c</i>) and as an expression of some "impulse," like the
+looking and cruelty impulses, the origin of which we do not yet fully
+understand. The psychoanalytic investigation of later life which leads
+back to childhood and the contemporary observation of the child itself
+coöperate to reveal to us still other regularly-flowing sources of the
+sexual excitement. The observation of childhood has the disadvantage of
+treating easily misunderstood material, while psychoanalysis is made
+difficult by the fact that it can reach its objects and conclusions only
+by great detours; still the united efforts of <a name="p62">both</a>
+methods achieve a sufficient degree of positive understanding.</p>
+
+<p>In investigating the erogenous zones we have already found that these
+skin regions merely show the special exaggeration of a form of
+sensitiveness which is to a certain degree found over the whole surface
+of the skin. It will therefore not surprise us to learn that certain
+forms of general sensitiveness in the skin can be ascribed to very
+distinct erogenous action. Among these we will above all mention the
+temperature sensitiveness; this will perhaps prepare us for the
+understanding of the therapeutic effects of warm baths.</p>
+
+<p><b>Mechanical Excitation.</b>&mdash;We must, moreover, describe here the
+production of sexual excitation by means of rhythmic mechanical shaking
+of the body. There are three kinds of exciting influences: those acting
+on the sensory apparatus of the vestibular nerves, those acting on the
+skin, and those acting on the deep parts, such as the muscles and
+joints. The sexual excitation produced by these influences seems to be
+of a pleasurable nature&mdash;it is worth emphasizing that for some time we
+shall continue to use indiscriminately the terms "sexual excitement" and
+"gratification" leaving the search for an explanation of the terms to a
+later time&mdash;and that the pleasure is produced by mechanical stimulation
+is proved by the fact that children are so fond of play involving
+passive motion, like swinging or flying in the air, and repeatedly
+demand its repetition.<a href="#p62n20">[20]</a> As we know, rocking is
+regularly used in putting restless children to sleep. The shaking
+sensation experienced in wagons and railroad trains exerts such a
+fascinating influence on older children, that all boys, at least at one
+time in their lives, want to become conductors and drivers. They are
+wont to ascribe to railroad activities an extraordinary and mysterious
+interest, and during the age of phantastic activity (shortly before
+puberty) they utilize these as a nucleus for <a name="p63">exquisite</a>
+sexual symbolisms. The desire to connect railroad travelling with
+sexuality apparently originates from the pleasurable character of the
+sensation of motion. When the repression later sets in and changes so
+many of the childish likes into their opposites, these same persons as
+adolescents and adults then react to the rocking and rolling with nausea
+and become terribly exhausted by a railroad journey, or they show a
+tendency to attacks of anxiety during the journey, and by becoming
+obsessed with railroad phobia they protect themselves against a
+repetition of the painful experiences.</p>
+
+<p>This also fits in with the not as yet understood fact that the
+concurrence of fear with mechanical shaking produces the severest
+hysterical forms of traumatic neurosis. It may at least be assumed that
+inasmuch as even a slight intensity of these influences becomes a source
+of sexual excitement, the action of an excessive amount of the same will
+produce a profound disorder in the sexual mechanism.</p>
+
+<p><b>Muscular Activity.</b>&mdash;It is well known that the child has need for
+strong muscular activity, from the gratification of which it draws
+extraordinary pleasure. Whether this pleasure has anything to do with
+sexuality, whether it includes in itself sexual satisfaction? or can be
+the occasion of sexual excitement; all this may be refuted by critical
+consideration, which will probably be directed also to the position
+taken above that the pleasure in the sensations of passive movement are
+of sexual character or that they are sexually exciting. The fact
+remains, however, that a number of persons report that they experienced
+the first signs of excitement in their genitals during fighting or
+wrestling with playmates, in which situation, besides the general
+muscular exertion, there is an intensive contact with the opponent's
+skin which also becomes effective. The desire for muscular contest with
+a definite person, like the desire for word contest in later years, is a
+good sign that the object selection has been directed toward this <a
+name="p64">person</a>. "Was sich liebt, das neckt sich."<a
+href="#p64n21">[21]</a> In the promotion of sexual excitement through
+muscular activity we might recognize one of the sources of the sadistic
+impulse. The infantile connection between fighting and sexual excitement
+acts in many persons as a determinant for the future preferred course of
+their sexual impulse.<a href="#p64n22">[22]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Affective Processes.</b>&mdash;The other sources of sexual excitement in the
+child are open to less doubt. Through contemporary observations, as well
+as through later investigations, it is easy to ascertain that all more
+intensive affective processes, even excitements of a terrifying nature,
+encroach upon sexuality; this can at all events furnish us with a
+contribution to the understanding of the pathogenic action of such
+emotions. In the school child, fear of a coming examination or exertion
+expended in the solution of a difficult task can become significant for
+the breaking through of sexual manifestations as well as for his
+relations to the school, inasmuch as under such excitements a sensation
+often occurs urging him to touch the genitals, or leading to a
+pollution-like process with all its disagreeable consequences. The
+behavior of children at school, which is so often mysterious to the
+teacher, ought surely to be considered in relation with their
+germinating sexuality. The sexually-exciting influence of some painful
+affects, such as fear, shuddering, and horror, is felt by a great many
+people throughout life and readily explains why so many seek
+opportunities to experience such sensations, provided that certain
+accessory circumstances (as under imaginary circumstances in reading, or
+in the theater) suppress the earnestness of the painful feeling.</p>
+
+<p><a name="p65">If</a> we might assume that the same erogenous action also reaches the
+intensive painful feelings, especially if the pain be toned down or held
+at a distance by a subsidiary determination, this relation would then
+contain the main roots of the masochistic-sadistic impulse, into the
+manifold composition of which we are gaining a gradual insight.</p>
+
+<p><b>Intellectual Work.</b>&mdash;Finally, is is evident that mental application or
+the concentration of attention on an intellectual accomplishment will
+result, especially often in youthful persons, but in older persons as
+well, in a simultaneous sexual excitement, which may be looked upon as
+the only justified basis for the otherwise so doubtful etiology of
+nervous disturbances from mental "overwork."</p>
+
+<p>If we now, in conclusion, review the evidences and indications of the
+sources of the infantile sexual excitement, which have been reported
+neither completely nor exhaustively, we may lay down the following
+general laws as suggested or established. It seems to be provided in the
+most generous manner that the process of sexual excitement&mdash;the nature
+of which certainly remains quite mysterious to us&mdash;should be set in
+motion. The factor making this provision in a more or less direct way is
+the excitation of the sensible surfaces of the skin and sensory organs,
+while the most immediate exciting influences are exerted on certain
+parts which are designated as erogenous zones. The criterion in all
+these sources of sexual excitement is really the quality of the stimuli,
+though the factor of intensity (in pain) is not entirely unimportant.
+But in addition to this there are arrangements in the organism which
+induce sexual excitement as a subsidiary action in a large number of
+inner processes as soon as the intensity of these processes has risen
+above certain quantitative limits. What we have designated as the
+partial impulses of sexuality are either directly derived from these
+inner sources of sexual excitation or composed of contributions from
+such sources and from <a name="p66">erogenous</a> zones. It is possible
+that nothing of any considerable significance occurs in the organism
+that does not contribute its components to the excitement of the sexual
+impulse.</p>
+
+<p>It seems to me at present impossible to shed more light and certainty on
+these general propositions, and for this I hold two factors responsible;
+first, the novelty of this manner of investigation, and secondly, the
+fact that the nature of the sexual excitement is entirely unfamiliar to
+us. Nevertheless, I will not forbear speaking about two points which
+promise to open wide prospects in the future.</p>
+
+<p><b>Diverse Sexual Constitutions.</b>&mdash;(<i>a</i>) We have considered above the
+possibility of establishing the manifold character of congenital sexual
+constitutions through the diverse formation of the erogenous zones; we
+may now attempt to do the same in dealing with the indirect sources of
+sexual excitement. We may assume that, although these different sources
+furnish contributions in all individuals, they are not all equally
+strong in all persons; and that a further contribution to the
+differentiation of the diverse sexual constitution will be found in the
+preferred developments of the individual sources of sexual excitement.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Paths of Opposite Influences.</b>&mdash;(<i>b</i>) Since we are now
+dropping the figurative manner of expression hitherto employed, by which
+we spoke of <i>sources</i> of sexual excitement, we may now assume that all
+the connecting ways leading from other functions to sexuality must also
+be passable in the reverse direction. For example, if the lip zone, the
+common possession of both functions, is responsible for the fact that
+the sexual gratification originates during the taking of nourishment,
+the same factor offers also an explanation for the disturbances in the
+taking of nourishment if the erogenous functions of the common zone are
+disturbed. As soon as we know that concentration of attention may
+produce sexual excitement, it is quite natural to assume that acting on
+the same path, but in a contrary direction, the state of <a
+name="p67">sexual</a> excitement will be able to influence the
+availability of the voluntary attention. A good part of the
+symptomatology of the neuroses which I trace to disturbance of sexual
+processes manifests itself in disturbances of the other non-sexual
+bodily functions, and this hitherto incomprehensible action becomes less
+mysterious if it only represents the counterpart of the influences
+controlling the production of the sexual excitement.</p>
+
+<p>However the same paths through which sexual disturbances encroach upon
+the other functions of the body must in health be supposed to serve
+another important function. It must be through these paths that the
+attraction of the sexual motive-powers to other than sexual aims, the
+sublimation of sexuality, is accomplished. We must conclude with the
+admission that very little is definitely known concerning the paths
+beyond the fact that they exist, and that they are probably passable in
+both directions.</p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p36n1"></a><a href="#p36">Note 1</a>: For it is really
+impossible to have a correct knowledge of the part belonging to heredity
+without first understanding the part belonging to the infantile.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p37n2"></a><a href="#p37">Note 2</a>: This assertion on revision seemed even to myself so bold
+that I decided to test its correctness by again reviewing the
+literature. The result of this second review did not warrant any change
+in my original statement. The scientific elaboration of the physical as
+well as the psychic phenomena of the infantile sexuality is still in its
+initial stages. One author (S. Bell, "A Preliminary Study of the
+Emotions of Love Between the Sexes," American Journal of Psychology,
+XIII, 1902) says: "I know of no scientist who has given a careful
+analysis of the emotion as it is seen in the adolescent." The only
+attention given to somatic sexual manifestations occurring before the
+age of puberty was in connection with degenerative manifestations, and
+these were referred to as a sign of degeneration. A chapter on the
+sexual life of children is not to be found in all the representative
+psychologies of this age which I have read. Among these works I can
+mention the following: Preyer; Baldwin (The Development of the Mind in
+the Child and in the Race, 1898); Pérez (L'enfant de 3-7 ans, 1894);
+Strümpel (Die pädagogische Pathologie, 1899); Karl Groos (Das
+Seelenleben des Kindes, 1904); Th. Heller (Grundriss der Heilpädagogic,
+1904); Sully (Observations Concerning Childhood, 1897). The best
+impression of the present situation of this sphere can be obtained from
+the journal Die Kinderfehler (issued since 1896). On the other hand one
+gains the impression that the existence of love in childhood is in no
+need of demonstration. Pérez (l.c.) speaks for it; K. Groos (Die Spiele
+der Menschen, 1899) states that some children are very early subject to
+sexual emotions, and show a desire to touch the other sex (p. 336); S.
+Bell observed the earliest appearance of sex-love in a child during the
+middle part of its third year. See also Havelock Ellis, The Sexual
+Impulse, Appendix II.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>The above-mentioned judgment concerning the literature of infantile
+sexuality no longer holds true since the appearance of the great and
+important work of G. Stanley Hall (Adolescence, Its Psychology and its
+Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion,
+and Education, 2 vols., New York, 1908). The recent book of A. Moll, Das
+Sexualleben des Kindes, Berlin, 1909, offers no occasion for such a
+modification. See, on the other hand, Bleuler, Sexuelle abnormitäten der
+Kinder (Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für
+Schulgesundheitspflege, IX, 1908). A book by Mrs. Dr. H.v. Hug-Hellmuth,
+Aus dem Seelenleben des Kindes (1913), has taken full account of the
+neglected sexual factors. [Translated in Monograph Series.]</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p38n3"></a><a href="#p38">Note 3</a>: I have attempted to solve the problems presented by the
+earliest infantile recollections in a paper, "Über Deckerinnerungen"
+(Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, VI, 1899). Cf. also The
+Psychopathology of Everyday Life, The Macmillan Co., New York, and
+Unwin, London.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p39n4"></a><a href="#p39">Note 4</a>: One cannot understand the mechanism of repression when one
+takes into consideration only one of the two cooperating processes. As a
+comparison one may think of the way the tourist is despatched to the top
+of the great pyramid of Gizeh; he is pushed from one side and pulled
+from the other.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p40n5"></a><a href="#p40">Note 5</a>: The use of the latter
+material is justified by the fact that the years of childhood of those
+who are later neurotics need not necessarily differ from those who are
+later normal except in intensity and distinctness.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p40n6"></a><a href="#p40">Note 6</a>: An anatomic analogy to
+the behavior of the infantile sexual function formulated by me is
+perhaps given by Bayer (Deutsches Archiv für klinische Medizin, Bd. 73)
+who claims that the internal genitals (uterus) are regularly larger in
+newborn than in older children. However, Halban's conception, that after
+birth there is also an involution of the other parts of the sexual
+apparatus, has not been verified. According to Halban (Zeitschrift für
+Geburtshilfe u. Gynäkologie, LIII, 1904) this process of involution ends
+after a few weeks of extra-uterine life.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p41n7"></a><a href="#p41">Note 7</a>: The expression "sexual
+latency period" (sexuelle latenz-periode) I have borrowed from W.
+Fliess.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p41n8"></a><a href="#p41">Note 8</a>: In the case here
+discussed the sublimation of the sexual motive powers proceed on the
+road of reaction formations. But in general it is necessary to separate
+from each other sublimation and reaction formation as two diverse
+processes. Sublimation may also result through other and simpler
+mechanisms.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p42n9"></a><a href="#p42">Note 9</a>: Jahrbuch für
+Kinderheilkunde, N.F., XIV, 1879.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p43n10"></a><a href="#p43">Note 10</a>: This already shows
+what holds true for the whole life, namely, that sexual gratification is
+the best hypnotic. Most nervous insomnias are traced to lack of sexual
+gratification. It is also known that unscrupulous nurses calm crying
+children to sleep by stroking their genitals.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p43n11"></a><a href="#p43">Note 11</a>: Ellis spoils, however,
+the sense of his invented term by comprising under the phenomena of
+autoerotism the whole of hysteria and masturbation in its full extent.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p46n12"></a><a href="#p46">Note 12</a>: Further reflection and
+observation lead me to attribute the quality of erogenity to all parts
+of the body and inner organs. See later on narcism.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p47n13"></a><a href="#p47">Note 13</a>: Compare here the very
+comprehensive but confusing literature on onanism, <i>e.g.</i>, Rohleder, Die
+Masturbation, 1899. Cf. also the pamphlet, "Die Onanie," which contains
+the discussion of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, Wiesbaden, 1912.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p48n14"></a><a href="#p48">Note 14</a>: Compare here the essay on "Charakter und Analerotic" in
+the Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre, Zweite Folge, 1909.
+Cf. also Brill, Psychanalysis, Chap. XIII, Anal Eroticism and Character,
+W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p50n15"></a><a href="#p50">Note 15</a>: Unusual techniques in the performance of onanism seem to
+point to the influence of a prohibition against onanism which has been
+overcome.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p51n16"></a><a href="#p51">Note 16</a>: Why neurotics, when conscience stricken, regularly connect
+it with their onanistic activity, as was only recently recognized by
+Bleuler, is a problem which still awaits an exhaustive analysis.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p52n17"></a><a href="#p52">Note 17</a>: Freud, Selected Papers
+on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses, 3d edition, translated by A.A.
+Brill, N.Y. Nerv. and Ment. Dis. Pub. Co. Nervous and Mental Disease
+Monograph, Series No. 4.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p52n18"></a><a href="#p52">Note 18</a>: Havelock Ellis, in an
+appendix to his study on the Sexual Impulse, 1903, gives a number of
+autobiographic reports of normal persons treating their first sexual
+feelings in childhood and the causes of the same. These reports
+naturally show the deficiency due to infantile amnesia; they do not
+cover the prehistoric time in the sexual life and therefore must be
+supplemented by psychoanalysis of individuals who became neurotic.
+Notwithstanding this these reports are valuable in more than one
+respect, and information of a similar nature has urged me to modify my
+etiological assumption as mentioned in the text.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p55n19"></a><a href="#p55">Note 19</a>: The above-mentioned assertions concerning the infantile
+sexuality were justified in 1905, in the main through the results of
+psychoanalytic investigations in adults. Direct observation of the child
+could not at the time be utilized to its full extent and resulted only
+in individual indications and valuable confirmations. Since then it has
+become possible through the analysis of some cases of nervous disease in
+the delicate age of childhood to gain a direct understanding of the
+infantile psychosexuality (Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und
+psychopathologische Forschungen, Bd. 1, 2, 1909). I can point with
+satisfaction to the fact that direct observation has fully confirmed the
+conclusion drawn from psychoanalysis, and thus furnishes good evidence
+for the reliability of the latter method of investigation.</small></p>
+
+<p><small>Moreover, the "Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy" (Jahrbuch,
+Bd. 1) has taught us something new for which psychoanalysis had not
+prepared us, to wit, that sexual symbolism, the representation of the
+sexual by non-sexual objects and relations&mdash;reaches back into the years
+when the child is first learning to master the language. My attention
+has also been directed to a deficiency in the above-cited statement
+which for the sake of clearness described any conceivable separation
+between the two phases of autoerotism and object love as a temporal
+separation. From the cited analysis (as well as from the above-mentioned
+work of Bell) we learn that children from three to five are capable of
+evincing a very strong object-selection which is accompanied by strong
+affects.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p62n20"></a><a href="#p62">Note 20</a>: Some persons can
+recall that the contact of the moving air in swinging caused them direct
+sexual pleasure in the genitals.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p64n21"></a><a href="#p64">Note 21</a>: "Those who love each
+other tease each other."</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p64n22"></a><a href="#p64">Note 22</a>: The analyses of
+neurotic disturbances of walking and of agoraphobia remove all doubt as
+to the sexual nature of the pleasure of motion. As everybody knows
+modern cultural education utilizes sports to a great extent in order to
+turn away the youth from sexual activity; it would be more proper to say
+that it replaces the sexual pleasure by motion pleasure, and forces the
+sexual activity back upon one of its autoerotic components.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<a name="p68"></a>
+<center><h2>III</h2>
+<h2>THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY</h2></center>
+
+
+<p>With the beginning of puberty the changes set in which transform the
+infantile sexual life into its definite normal form. Hitherto the sexual
+impulse has been preponderantly autoerotic; it now finds the sexual
+object. Thus far it has manifested itself in single impulses and in
+erogenous zones seeking a certain pleasure as a single sexual aim. A new
+sexual aim now appears for the production of which all partial impulses
+coöperate, while the erogenous zones subordinate themselves to the
+primacy of the genital zone.<a href="#p68n1">[1]</a> As the new sexual
+aim assigns very different functions to the two sexes their sexual
+developments now part company. The sexual development of the man is more
+consistent and easier to understand, while in the woman there even
+appears a form of regression. The normality of the sexual life is
+guaranteed only by the exact concurrence of the two streams directed to
+the sexual object and sexual aim. It is like the piercing of a tunnel
+from opposite sides.</p>
+
+<p>The new sexual aim in the man consists in the discharging of the sexual
+products; it is not contradictory to the former sexual aim, that of
+obtaining pleasure; on the contrary, the highest amount of pleasure is
+connected with this final act in the sexual process. The sexual impulse
+now enters into the service of the function of propagation; it becomes,
+so to say, altruistic. If this transformation is to succeed its process
+must be adjusted to the original dispositions and all the peculiarities
+of the impulses.</p>
+
+<p><a name="p69">Just</a> as on every other occasion where new connections and
+compositions are to be formed in complicated mechanisms, here, too,
+there is a possibility for morbid disturbance if the new order of things
+does not get itself established. All morbid disturbances of the sexual
+life may justly be considered as inhibitions of development.</p>
+
+<center><h3>THE PRIMACY OF THE GENITAL ZONES AND THE FORE-PLEASURE</h3></center>
+
+<p>From the course of development as described we can clearly see the issue
+and the end aim. The intermediary transitions are still quite obscure
+and many a riddle will have to be solved in them.</p>
+
+<p>The most striking process of puberty has been selected as its most
+characteristic; it is the manifest growth of the external genitals which
+have shown a relative inhibition of growth during the latency period of
+childhood. Simultaneously the inner genitals develop to such an extent
+as to be able to furnish sexual products or to receive them for the
+purpose of forming a new living being. A most complicated apparatus is
+thus formed which waits to be claimed.</p>
+
+<p>This apparatus can be set in motion by stimuli, and observation teaches
+that the stimuli can affect it in three ways: from the outer world
+through the familiar erogenous zones; from the inner organic world by
+ways still to be investigated; and from the psychic life, which merely
+represents a depository of external impressions and a receptacle of
+inner excitations. The same result follows in all three cases, namely, a
+state which can be designated as "sexual excitation" and which manifests
+itself in psychic and somatic signs. The psychic sign consists in a
+peculiar feeling of tension of a most urgent character, and among the
+manifold somatic signs the many changes in the genitals stand first.
+They have a definite meaning, that of readiness; they constitute a
+preparation for the sexual act (the erection of the penis and the
+glandular activity of the vagina).</p>
+
+<p><a name="p70"></a><b>The Sexual Tension</b>&mdash;The character of the tension of
+sexual excitation is connected with a problem the solution of which is
+as difficult as it would be important for the conception of the sexual
+process. Despite all divergence of opinion regarding it in psychology, I
+must firmly maintain that a feeling of tension must carry with it the
+character of displeasure. For me it is conclusive that such a feeling
+carries with it the impulse to alter the psychic situation, and acts
+incitingly, which is quite contrary to the nature of perceived pleasure.
+But if we ascribe the tension of the sexual excitation to the feelings
+of displeasure we encounter the fact that it is undoubtedly pleasurably
+perceived. The tension produced by sexual excitation is everywhere
+accompanied by pleasure; even in the preparatory changes of the genitals
+there is a distinct feeling of satisfaction. What relation is there
+between this unpleasant tension and this feeling of pleasure?</p>
+
+<p>Everything relating to the problem of pleasure and pain touches one of
+the weakest spots of present-day psychology. We shall try if possible to
+learn something from the determinations of the case in question and to
+avoid encroaching on the problem as a whole. Let us first glance at the
+manner in which the erogenous zones adjust themselves to the new order
+of things. An important rôle devolves upon them in the preparation of
+the sexual excitation. The eye which is very remote from the sexual
+object is most often in position, during the relations of object wooing,
+to become attracted by that particular quality of excitation, the motive
+of which we designate as beauty in the sexual object. The excellencies
+of the sexual object are therefore also called "attractions." This
+attraction is on the one hand already connected with pleasure, and on
+the other hand it either results in an increase of the sexual excitation
+or in an evocation of the same where it is still wanting. The effect is
+the same if the excitation of another erogenous zone, <i>e.g.</i>, the
+touching hand, is added to it. There is on the one hand the feeling of
+pleasure <a name="p71">which</a> soon becomes enhanced by the pleasure
+from the preparatory changes, and on the other hand there is a further
+increase of the sexual tension which soon changes into a most distinct
+feeling of displeasure if it cannot proceed to more pleasure. Another
+case will perhaps be clearer; let us, for example, take the case where
+an erogenous zone, like a woman's breast, is excited by touching in a
+person who is not sexually excited at the time. This touching in itself
+evokes a feeling of pleasure, but it is also best adapted to awaken
+sexual excitement which demands still more pleasure. How it happens that
+the perceived pleasure evokes the desire for greater pleasure, that is
+the real problem.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fore-pleasure Mechanism.</b>&mdash;But the rôle which devolves upon the
+erogenous zones is clear. What applies to one applies to all. They are
+all utilized to furnish a certain amount of pleasure through their own
+proper excitation, which increases the tension, and which is in turn
+destined to produce the necessary motor energy in order to bring to a
+conclusion the sexual act. The last part but one of this act is again a
+suitable excitation of an erogenous zone; <i>i.e.</i>, the genital zone
+proper of the glans penis is excited by the object most fit for it, the
+mucous membrane of the vagina, and through the pleasure furnished by
+this excitation it now produces reflexly the motor energy which conveys
+to the surface the sexual substance. This last pleasure is highest in
+its intensity, and differs from the earliest ones in its mechanism. It
+is altogether produced through discharge, it is altogether gratification
+pleasure and the tension of the libido temporarily dies away with it.</p>
+
+<p>It does not seem to me unjustified to fix by name the distinction in the
+nature of these pleasures, the one through the excitation of the
+erogenous zones, and the other through the discharge of the sexual
+substance. In contradistinction to the end-pleasure, or pleasure of
+gratification of sexual activity, we <a name="p72">can</a> properly
+designate the first as <i>fore-pleasure</i>. The fore-pleasure is then the
+same as that furnished by the infantile sexual impulse, though on a
+reduced scale; while the <i>end-pleasure</i> is new and is probably connected
+with determinations which first appear at puberty. The formula for the
+new function of the erogenous zones reads as follows: they are utilized
+for the purpose of making possible the production of the greater
+pleasure of gratification by means of the fore-pleasure which is gained
+from them as in infantile life.</p>
+
+<p>I have recently been able to elucidate another example from a quite
+different realm of the psychic life, in which likewise a greater feeling
+of pleasure is achieved by means of a lesser feeling of pleasure which
+thereby acts as an alluring premium. We had there also the opportunity
+of entering more deeply into the nature of pleasure.<a href="#p72n2">[2]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Dangers of the Fore-pleasure.</b>&mdash;However the connection of fore-pleasure
+with the infantile life is strengthened by the pathogenic rôle which may
+devolve upon it. In the mechanism through which the fore-pleasure is
+expressed there exists an obvious danger to the attainment of the normal
+sexual aim. This occurs if it happens that there is too much
+fore-pleasure and too little tension in any part of the preparatory
+sexual process. The motive power for the further continuation of the
+sexual process then escapes, the whole road becomes shortened, and the
+preparatory action in question takes the place of the normal sexual aim.
+Experience shows that such a hurtful condition is determined by the fact
+that the erogenous zone concerned or the corresponding partial impulse
+has already contributed an unusual amount of pleasure in infantile life.
+If other factors favoring fixation are added a compulsion readily
+results for the later life <a name="p73">which</a> prevents the
+fore-pleasure from arranging itself into a new combination. Indeed, the
+mechanism of many perversions is of such a nature; they merely represent
+a lingering at a preparatory act of the sexual process.</p>
+
+<p>The failure of the function of the sexual mechanism through the fault of
+the fore-pleasure is generally avoided if the primacy of the genital
+zones has also already been sketched out in infantile life. The
+preparations of the second half of childhood (from the eighth year to
+puberty) really seem to favor this. During these years the genital zones
+behave almost as at the age of maturity; they are the seat of exciting
+sensations and of preparatory changes if any kind of pleasure is
+experienced through the gratification of other erogenous zones; although
+this effect remains aimless, <i>i.e.</i>, it contributes nothing towards the
+continuation of the sexual process. Besides the pleasure of
+gratification a certain amount of sexual tension appears even in
+infancy, though it is less constant and less abundant. We can now
+understand also why in the discussion of the sources of sexuality we had
+a perfectly good reason for saying that the process in question acts as
+sexual gratification as well as sexual excitement. We note that on our
+way towards the truth we have at first enormously exaggerated the
+distinctions between the infantile and the mature sexual life, and we
+therefore supplement what has been said with a correction. The infantile
+manifestations of sexuality determine not only the deviations from the
+normal sexual life but also the normal formations of the same.</p>
+
+<center><h3>THE PROBLEM OF SEXUAL EXCITEMENT</h3></center>
+
+<p>It remains entirely unexplained whence the sexual tension comes which
+originates simultaneously with the gratification of erogenous zones and
+what is its nature. The obvious supposition that this tension originates
+in some way from the pleasure itself is not only improbable in itself
+but untenable, inasmuch as during <a name="p74">the</a> greatest pleasure which is
+connected with the voiding of sexual substance there is no production of
+tension but rather a removal of all tension. Hence, pleasure and sexual
+tension can be only indirectly connected.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Rôle of the Sexual Substance.</b>&mdash;Aside from the fact that only the
+discharge of the sexual substance can normally put an end to the sexual
+excitement, there are other essential facts which bring the sexual
+tension into relation with the sexual products. In a life of continence
+the sexual activity is wont to discharge the sexual substance at night
+during pleasurable dream hallucinations of a sexual act, this discharge
+coming at changing but not at entirely capricious intervals; and the
+following interpretation of this process&mdash;the nocturnal pollution&mdash;can
+hardly be rejected, viz., that the sexual tension which brings about a
+substitute for the sexual act by the short hallucinatory road is a
+function of the accumulated semen in the reservoirs for the sexual
+products. Experiences with the exhaustibility of the sexual mechanism
+speak for the same thing. Where there is no stock of semen it is not
+only impossible to accomplish the sexual act, but there is also a lack
+of excitability in the erogenous zones, the suitable excitation of which
+can evoke no pleasure. We thus discover incidentally that a certain
+amount of sexual tension is itself necessary for the excitability of the
+erogenous zones.</p>
+
+<p>One would thus be forced to the assumption, which if I am not mistaken
+is quite generally adopted, that the accumulation of sexual substance
+produces and maintains the sexual tension. The pressure of these
+products on the walls of their receptacles acts as an excitant on the
+spinal center, the state of which is then perceived by the higher
+centers which then produce in consciousness the familiar feeling of
+tension. If the excitation of erogenous zones increases the sexual
+tension, it can only be due to the fact that the erogenous zones are
+connected with these centers by previously formed anatomical
+connections. They <a name="p75">increase</a> there the tone of the
+excitation, and with sufficient sexual tension they set in motion the
+sexual act, and with insufficient tension they merely stimulate a
+production of the sexual substance.</p>
+
+<p>The weakness of the theory which one finds adopted, <i>e.g.</i>, in v.
+Krafft-Ebing's description of the sexual process, lies in the fact that
+it has been formed for the sexual activity of the mature man and pays
+too little heed to three kinds of relations which should also have been
+elucidated. We refer to the relations as found in the child, in the
+woman, and in the castrated male. In none of the three cases can we
+speak of an accumulation of sexual products in the same sense as in the
+man, which naturally renders difficult the general application of this
+scheme; still it may be admitted without any further ado that ways can
+be found to justify the subordination of even these cases. Nevertheless
+one should be cautious about burdening the factor of accumulation of
+sexual products with actions which it seems incapable of supporting.</p>
+
+<p><b>Overestimation of the Internal Genitals.</b>&mdash;That sexual excitement can
+be independent to a considerable extent of the production of sexual
+substance seems to be shown by observations on castrated males, in whom
+the libido sometimes escapes the injury caused by the operation,
+although the opposite behavior, which is really the motive for the
+operation, is usually the rule. It is therefore not at all surprising,
+as C. Rieger puts it, that the loss of the male germ glands in maturer
+age should exert no new influence on the psychic life of the individual.
+The germ glands are really not the sexuality, and the experience with
+castrated males only verifies what we had long before learned from the
+removal of the ovaries, namely that it is impossible to do away with the
+sexual character by removing the germ glands. To be sure, castration
+performed at a tender age, before puberty, comes nearer to this aim, but
+it would seem in this case that besides the loss of the sexual glands we
+must also consider the inhibition of <a name="p76">development</a> and
+other factors which are connected with that loss.</p>
+
+<p><b>Chemical Theories.</b>&mdash;The truth remains, however, that we are unable to
+give any information about the nature of the sexual excitement for the
+reason that we do not know with what organ or organs sexuality is
+connected, since we have seen that the sexual glands have been
+overestimated in this significance. Since surprising discoveries have
+taught us the important rôle of the thyroid gland in sexuality, we may
+assume that the knowledge of the essential factors of sexuality are
+still withheld from us. One who feels the need of filling up the large
+gap in our knowledge with a preliminary assumption may formulate for
+himself the following theory based on the active substances found in the
+thyroid. Through the appropriate excitement of erogenous zones, as well
+as through other conditions under which sexual excitement originates, a
+material which is universally distributed in the organism becomes
+disintegrated, the decomposing products of which supply a specific
+stimulus to the organs of reproduction or to the spinal center connected
+with them. Such a transformation of a toxic stimulus in a particular
+organic stimulus we are already familiar with from other toxic products
+introduced into the body from without. To treat, if only hypothetically,
+the complexities of the pure toxic and the physiologic stimulations
+which result in the sexual processes is not now our appropriate task. To
+be sure, I attach no value to this special assumption and I shall be
+quite ready to give it up in favor of another, provided its original
+character, the emphasis on the sexual chemism, were preserved. For this
+apparently arbitrary statement is supported by a fact which, though
+little heeded, is most noteworthy. The neuroses which can be traced only
+to disturbances of the sexual life show the greatest clinical
+resemblance to the phenomena of intoxication and abstinence which result
+from the habitual introduction of pleasure-producing poisonous
+substances (alkaloids.)</p>
+
+<a name="p77"></a><center><h3>THE THEORY OF THE LIBIDO</h3></center>
+
+<p>These assumptions concerning the chemical basis of the sexual excitement
+are in full accord with the auxiliary conception which we formed for the
+purpose of mastering the psychic manifestations of the sexual life. We
+have determined the concept of <i>libido</i> as that of a force of variable
+quantity which has the capacity of measuring processes and
+transformations in the spheres of sexual excitement. This libido we
+distinguished from the energy which is to be generally adjudged to the
+psychic processes with reference to its special origin and thus we
+attribute to it also a qualitative character. In separating libidinous
+from other psychic energy we give expression to the assumption that the
+sexual processes of the organism are differentiated from the nutritional
+processes through a special chemism. The analyses of perversions and
+psychoneuroses have taught us that this sexual excitement is furnished
+not only from the so-called sexual parts alone but from all organs of
+the body. We thus formulate for ourselves the concept of a
+libido-quantum whose psychic representative we designate as the
+ego-libido; the production, increase, distribution and displacement of
+this ego-libido will offer the possible explanation for the observed
+psycho-sexual phenomena.</p>
+
+<p>But this ego-libido becomes conveniently accessible to psychoanalytic
+study only when the psychic energy is employed on sexual objects, that
+is when it becomes object libido. Then we see it as it concentrates and
+fixes itself on objects, or as it leaves those objects and passes over
+to others from which positions it directs the individual's sexual
+activity, that is, it leads to partial and temporary extinction of the
+libido. Psychoanalysis of the so-called transference neuroses (hysteria
+and compulsion neurosis) offers us here a reliable insight.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the fates of the object libido we also state that it is
+withdrawn from the object, that it is preserved floating in special
+states of tension and is finally taken back into the ego, <a
+name="p78">so</a> that it again becomes ego-libido. In
+contradistinction to the object-libido we also call the ego-libido
+narcissistic libido. From psychoanalysis we look over the boundary which
+we are not permitted to pass into the activity of the narcissistic
+libido and thus form an idea of the relations between the two. The
+narcissistic or ego-libido appears to us as the great reservoir from
+which the energy for the investment of the object is sent out and into
+which it is drawn back again, while the narcissistic libido investment
+of the ego appears to us as the realized primitive state in the first
+childhood, which only becomes hidden by the later emissions of the
+libido, and is retained at the bottom behind them.</p>
+
+<p>The task of a theory of libido of neurotic and psychotic disturbances
+would have for its object to express in terms of the libido-economy all
+observed phenomena and disclosed processes. It is easy to divine that
+the greater significance would attach thereby to the destinies of the
+ego-libido, especially where it would be the question of explaining the
+deeper psychotic disturbances. The difficulty then lies in the fact that
+the means of our investigation, psychoanalysis, at present gives us
+definite information only concerning the transformation of the
+object-libido, but cannot distinguish without further study the
+ego-libido from the other effective energies in the ego.<a
+href="#p78n3">[3]</a></p>
+
+<center><h3>DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MAN AND WOMAN</h3></center>
+
+<p>It is known that the sharp differentiation of the male and female
+character originates at puberty, and it is the resulting difference
+which, more than any other factor, decisively influences the later
+development of personality. To be sure, the male and female dispositions
+are easily recognizable even in infantile life; thus the development of
+sexual inhibitions (shame, loathing, sympathy, etc.) ensues earlier and
+with less resistance in the little girl than in the little boy. The
+tendency to sexual <a name="p79">repression</a> certainly seems much
+greater, and where partial impulses of sexuality are noticed they show a
+preference for the passive form. But, the autoerotic activity of the
+erogenous zones is the same in both sexes, and it is this agreement that
+removes the possibility of a sex differentiation in childhood as it
+appears after puberty. In respect to the autoerotic and masturbatic
+sexual manifestations, it may be asserted that the sexuality of the
+little girl has entirely a male character. Indeed, if one could give a
+more definite content to the terms "masculine and feminine," one might
+advance the opinion that <i>the libido is regularly and lawfully of a
+masculine nature, whether in the man or in the woman; and if we consider
+its object, this may be either the man or the woman</i>.<a
+href="#p79n4">[4]</a></p>
+
+<p>Since becoming acquainted with the aspect of bisexuality I hold this
+factor as here decisive, and I believe that without taking <a
+name="p80">into</a> account the factor of bisexuality it will hardly be
+possible to understand the actually observed sexual manifestations in
+man and woman.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Leading Zones in Man and Woman.</b>&mdash;Further than this I can only add
+the following. The chief erogenous zone in the female child is the
+clitoris, which is homologous to the male penis. All I have been able to
+discover concerning masturbation in little girls concerned the clitoris
+and not those other external genitals which are so important for the
+later sexual functions. With few exceptions I myself doubt whether the
+female child can be seduced to anything but clitoris masturbation. The
+frequent spontaneous discharges of sexual excitement in little girls
+manifest themselves in a twitching of the clitoris, and its frequent
+erections enable the girl to understand correctly even without any
+instruction the sexual manifestations of the other sex; they simply
+transfer to the boys the sensations of their own sexual processes.</p>
+
+<p>If one wishes to understand how the little girl becomes a woman, he must
+follow up the further destinies of this clitoris excitation. Puberty,
+which brings to the boy a great advance of libido, distinguishes itself
+in the girl by a new wave of repression which especially concerns the
+clitoris sexuality. It is a part of the male sexual life that sinks into
+repression. The reënforcement of the sexual inhibitions produced in the
+woman by the repression of puberty causes a stimulus in the libido of
+the man and forces it to increase its capacity; with the height of the
+libido there is a rise in the overestimation of the sexual, which can be
+present in its full force only when the woman refuses and denies her
+sexuality. If the sexual act is finally submitted to and the clitoris
+becomes excited its rôle is then to conduct the excitement to the
+adjacent female parts, and in this it acts like a chip of pine wood
+which is utilized to set fire to the harder wood. It often takes some
+time for this transference to be accomplished; during which the young
+wife remains anesthetic. <a name="p81">This</a> anesthesia may become
+permanent if the clitoris zone refuses to give up its excitability; a
+condition brought on by abundant activities in infantile life. It is
+known that anesthesia in women is often only apparent and local. They
+are anesthetic at the vaginal entrance but not at all unexcitable
+through the clitoris or even through other zones. Besides these
+erogenous causes of anesthesia there are also psychic causes likewise
+determined by the repression.</p>
+
+<p>If the transference of the erogenous excitability from the clitoris to
+the vagina has succeeded, the woman has thus changed her leading zone
+for the future sexual activity; the man on the other hand retains his
+from childhood. The main determinants for the woman's preference for the
+neuroses, especially for hysteria, lie in this change of the leading
+zone as well as in the repression of puberty. These determinants are
+therefore most intimately connected with the nature of femininity.</p>
+
+<center><h3>THE OBJECT-FINDING</h3></center>
+
+<p>While the primacy of the genital zones is being established through the
+processes of puberty, and the erected penis in the man imperiously
+points towards the new sexual aim, <i>i.e.</i>, towards the penetration of a
+cavity which excites the genital zone, the object-finding, for which
+also preparations have been made since early childhood, becomes
+consummated on the psychic side. While the very incipient sexual
+gratifications are still connected with the taking of nourishment, the
+sexual impulse has a sexual object outside its own body in his mother's
+breast. This object it loses later, perhaps at the very time when it
+becomes possible for the child to form a general picture of the person
+to whom the organ granting him the gratification belongs. The sexual
+impulse later regularly becomes autoerotic, and only after overcoming
+the latency period is there a resumption of the original relation. It is
+not without good reason that the suckling of the <a name="p82">child</a>
+at its mother's breast has become a model for every amour. The
+object-finding is really a re-finding.<a href="#p82n5">[5]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>The Sexual Object of the Nursing Period.</b>&mdash;However, even after the
+separation of the sexual activity from the taking of nourishment, there
+still remains from this first and most important of all sexual relations
+an important share, which prepares the object selection and assists in
+reestablishing the lost happiness. Throughout the latency period the
+child learns to love other persons who assist it in its helplessness and
+gratify its wants; all this follows the model and is a continuation of
+the child's infantile relations to his wet nurse. One may perhaps
+hesitate to identify the tender feelings and esteem of the child for his
+foster-parents with sexual love; I believe, however, that a more
+thorough psychological investigation will establish this identity beyond
+any doubt. The intercourse between the child and its foster-parents is
+for the former an inexhaustible source of sexual excitation and
+gratification of erogenous zones, especially since the parents&mdash;or as a
+rule the mother&mdash;supplies the child with feelings which originate from
+her own sexual life; she pats it, kisses it, and rocks it, plainly
+taking it as a substitute for a full-valued sexual object.<a
+href="#p82n6">[6]</a> The mother would probably be terrified if it were
+explained to her that all her tenderness awakens the sexual impulse of
+her child and prepares its future intensity. She considers her actions
+as asexually "pure" love, for she carefully avoids causing more
+irritation to the genitals of the child than is indispensable in caring
+for the body. But as we know the sexual impulse is not awakened by the
+excitation of genital zones alone. <a name="p83">What</a> we call
+tenderness will some day surely manifest its influence on the genital
+zones also. If the mother better understood the high significance of the
+sexual impulse for the whole psychic life and for all ethical and
+psychic activities, the enlightenment would spare her all reproaches. By
+teaching the child to love she only fulfills her function; for the child
+should become a fit man with energetic sexual needs, and accomplish in
+life all that the impulse urges the man to do. Of course, too much
+parental tenderness becomes harmful because it accelerates the sexual
+maturity, and also because it "spoils" the child and makes it unfit to
+temporarily renounce love or be satisfied with a smaller amount of love
+in later life. One of the surest premonitions of later nervousness is
+the fact that the child shows itself insatiable in its demands for
+parental tenderness; on the other hand, neuropathic parents, who usually
+display a boundless tenderness, often with their caressing awaken in the
+child a disposition for neurotic diseases. This example at least shows
+that neuropathic parents have nearer ways than inheritance by which they
+can transfer their disturbances to their children.</p>
+
+<p><b>Infantile Fear.</b>&mdash;The children themselves behave from their early
+childhood as if their attachment to their foster-parents were of the
+nature of sexual love. The fear of children is originally nothing but an
+expression for the fact that they miss the beloved person. They
+therefore meet every stranger with fear, they are afraid of the dark
+because they cannot see the beloved person, and are calmed if they can
+grasp that person's hand. The effect of childish fears and of the
+terrifying stories told by nurses is overestimated if one blames the
+latter for producing the fear in children. Children who are predisposed
+to fear absorb these stories, which make no impression whatever upon
+others; and only such children are predisposed to fear whose sexual
+impulse is excessive or prematurely developed, or has become exigent
+through pampering. The child behaves here like the adult, that <a
+name="p84">is</a>, it changes its libido into fear when it cannot bring it
+to gratification, and the grown-up who becomes neurotic on account of
+ungratified libido behaves in his anxiety like a child; he fears when he
+is alone, <i>i.e.</i>, without a person of whose love he believes himself
+sure, and who can calm his fears by means of the most childish
+measures.<a href="#p84n7">[7]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Incest Barriers.</b>&mdash;If the tenderness of the parents for the child has
+luckily failed to awaken the sexual impulse of the child prematurely,
+<i>i.e.</i>, before the physical determinations for puberty appear, and if
+that awakening has not gone so far as to cause an unmistakable breaking
+through of the psychic excitement into the genital system, it can then
+fulfill its task and direct the child at the age of maturity in the
+selection of the sexual object. It would, of course, be most natural for
+the child to select as the sexual object that person whom it has loved
+since childhood with, so to speak, a suppressed libido.<a
+href="#p84n8">[8]</a> But owing to the delay of sexual maturity time has
+been gained for the erection beside the sexual inhibitions of the incest
+barrier, that moral prescription which explicitly excludes from the
+object selection the beloved person of infancy or blood relation. The
+observance of this barrier is above all a demand of cultural society
+which must guard against the absorption by the family of those interests
+which it needs for the production of higher social units. Society,
+therefore, uses every means to loosen those family ties in every <a
+name="p85">individual</a>, especially in the boy, which are authoritative
+in childhood only.<a href="#p85n9">[9]</a></p>
+
+<p>The object selection, however, is first accomplished in the imagination,
+and the sexual life of the maturing youth has hardly any escape except
+indulgence in phantasies or ideas which are not destined to be brought
+to execution. In the phantasies of all persons the infantile
+inclinations, now reënforced by somatic emphasis, reappear, and among
+them one finds in regular frequency and in the first place the sexual
+feeling of the child for the parents. This has usually already been
+differentiated by the sexual attraction, the attraction of the son for
+the mother and of the daughter for the father.<a href="#p85n10">[10]</a>
+Simultaneously with the overcoming and rejection of these distinctly
+incestuous phantasies there occurs one of the most important as well as
+one of the most painful psychic accomplishments of puberty; it is the
+breaking away from the parental authority, through which alone is formed
+that opposition between the new and old generations which is so
+important for cultural progress. Many persons are detained at each of
+the stations in the course of development through which the individual
+must pass; and accordingly there are persons who never overcome the
+parental authority and never, or very imperfectly, withdraw their
+affection from their parents. They are mostly girls, who, to the delight
+of their parents, retain their full infantile love far beyond puberty,
+and it is instructive to find that in their married life these girls are
+incapable of fulfilling their duties to their husbands. They make cold
+wives and remain sexually anesthetic. This shows that the apparently <a
+name="p86">non-sexual</a> love for the parents and the sexual love are
+nourished from the same source, <i>i.e.</i>, that the first merely
+corresponds to an infantile fixation of the libido.</p>
+
+<p>The nearer we come to the deeper disturbances of the psychosexual
+development the more easily we can recognize the evident significance of
+the incestuous object-selection. As a result of sexual rejection there
+remains in the unconscious of the psychoneurotic a great part or the
+whole of the psychosexual activity for object finding. Girls with an
+excessive need for affection and an equal horror for the real demands of
+the sexual life experience an uncontrollable temptation on the one hand
+to realize in life the ideal of the asexual love and on the other hand
+to conceal their libido under an affection which they may manifest
+without self reproach; this they do by clinging for life to the
+infantile attraction for their parents or brothers or sisters which has
+been repressed in puberty. With the help of the symptoms and other
+morbid manifestations, psychoanalysis can trace their unconscious
+thoughts and translate them into the conscious, and thus easily show to
+such persons that they are in love with their consanguinous relations in
+the popular meaning of the term. Likewise when a once healthy person
+falls sick after an unhappy love affair, the mechanism of the disease
+can distinctly be explained as a return of his libido to the persons
+preferred in his infancy.</p>
+
+<p><b>The After Effects of the Infantile Object Selection.</b>&mdash;Even those who
+have happily eluded the incestuous fixation of their libido have not
+completely escaped its influence. It is a distinct echo of this phase of
+development that the first serious love of the young man is often for a
+mature woman and that of the girl for an older man equipped with
+authority&mdash;<i>i.e.</i>, for persons who can revive in them the picture of the
+mother and father. Generally speaking object selection unquestionably
+takes place by following more freely these prototypes. The man seeks
+above all the memory picture of his mother as it has dominated him since
+<a name="p87">the</a> beginning of childhood; this is quite consistent
+with the fact that the mother, if still living, strives against this,
+her renewal, and meets it with hostility. In view of this significance
+of the infantile relation to the parents for the later selection of the
+sexual object, it is easy to understand that every disturbance of this
+infantile relation brings to a head the most serious results for the
+sexual life after puberty. Jealousy of the lover, too, never lacks the
+infantile sources or at least the infantile reinforcement. Quarrels
+between parents and unhappy marital relations between the same determine
+the severest predispositions for disturbed sexual development or
+neurotic diseases in the children.</p>
+
+<p>The infantile desire for the parents is, to be sure, the most important,
+but not the only trace revived in puberty which points the way to the
+object selection. Other dispositions of the same origin permit the man,
+still supported by his infancy, to develop more than one single sexual
+series and to form different determinations for the object
+selection.<a href="#p87n11">[11]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Prevention of Inversion.</b>&mdash;One of the tasks imposed in the object
+selection consists in not missing the opposite sex. This, as we know, is
+not solved without some difficulty. The first feelings after puberty
+often enough go astray, though not with any permanent injury. Dessoir
+has called attention to the normality of the enthusiastic friendships
+formed by boys and girls with their own sex. The greatest force which
+guards against a permanent inversion of the sexual object is surely the
+attraction exerted by the opposite sex characters on each other. For
+this we can give no explanation in connection with this discussion. This
+factor, however, does not in itself suffice to exclude the inversion;
+besides this there are surely many other supporting factors. Above all,
+there is the authoritative inhibition of society; experience shows that
+where the inversion is not considered a crime <a name="p88">it</a> fully
+corresponds to the sexual inclinations of many persons. Moreover, it may
+be assumed that in the man the infantile memories of the mother's
+tenderness, as well as that of other females who cared for him as a
+child, energetically assist in directing his selection to the woman,
+while the early sexual intimidation experienced through the father and
+the attitude of rivalry existing between them deflects the boy from the
+same sex. Both factors also hold true in the case of the girl whose
+sexual activity is under the special care of the mother. This results in
+a hostile relation to the same sex which decisively influences the
+object selection in the normal sense. The bringing up of boys by male
+persons (slaves in the ancient times) seems to favor homosexuality; the
+frequency of inversion in the present day nobility is probably explained
+by their employment of male servants, and by the scant care that mothers
+of that class give to their children. It happens in some hysterics that
+one of the parents has disappeared (through death, divorce, or
+estrangement), thus permitting the remaining parent to absorb all the
+love of the child, and in this way establishing the determinations for
+the sex of the person to be selected later as the sexual object; thus a
+permanent inversion is made possible.</p>
+
+<center><h3>SUMMARY</h3></center>
+
+<p>It is now time to attempt a summing-up. We have started from the
+aberrations of the sexual impulse in reference to its object and aim and
+have encountered the question whether these originate from a congenital
+predisposition, or whether they are acquired in consequence of
+influences from life. The answer to this question was reached through an
+examination of the relations of the sexual life of psychoneurotics, a
+numerous group not very remote from the normal. This examination has
+been made through psychoanalytic investigations. We have thus found that
+a tendency to all perversions might be demonstrated in these <a
+name="p89">persons</a> in the form of unconscious forces revealing
+themselves as symptom creators and we could say that the neurosis is, as
+it were, the negative of the perversion. In view of the now recognized
+great diffusion of tendencies to perversion the idea forced itself upon
+us that the disposition to perversions is the primitive and universal
+disposition of the human sexual impulse, from which the normal sexual
+behavior develops in consequence of organic changes and psychic
+inhibitions in the course of maturity. We hoped to be able to
+demonstrate the original disposition in the infantile life; among the
+forces restraining the direction of the sexual impulse we have mentioned
+shame, loathing and sympathy, and the social constructions of morality
+and authority. We have thus been forced to perceive in every fixed
+aberration from the normal sexual life a fragment of inhibited
+development and infantilism. The significance of the variations of the
+original dispositions had to be put into the foreground, but between
+them and the influences of life we had to assume a relation of
+coöperation and not of opposition. On the other hand, as the original
+disposition must have been a complex one, the sexual impulse itself
+appeared to us as something composed of many factors, which in the
+perversions becomes separated, as it were, into its components. The
+perversions, thus prove themselves to be on the one hand inhibitions,
+and on the other dissociations from the normal development. Both
+conceptions became united in the assumption that the sexual impulse of
+the adult due to the composition of the diverse feelings of the
+infantile life became formed into one unit, one striving, with one
+single aim.</p>
+
+<p>We also added an explanation for the preponderance of perversive
+tendencies in the psychoneurotics by recognizing in these tendencies
+collateral fillings of side branches caused by the shifting of the main
+river bed through repression, and we then turned our examination to the
+sexual life of the infantile period.<a href="#p89n12">[12]</a> We <a
+name="p90">found</a> it regrettable that the existence of a sexual life in
+infancy has been disputed, and that the sexual manifestations which have
+been often observed in children have been described as abnormal
+occurrences. It rather seemed to us that the child brings along into the
+world germs of sexual activity and that even while taking nourishment it
+at the same time also enjoys a sexual gratification which it then seeks
+again to procure for itself through the familiar activity of
+"thumbsucking." The sexual activity of the child, however, does not
+develop in the same measure as its other functions, but merges first
+into the so-called latency period from the age of three to the age of
+five years. The production of sexual excitation by no means ceases at
+this period but continues and furnishes a stock of energy, the greater
+part of which is utilized for aims other than sexual; namely, on the one
+hand for the delivery of sexual components for social feelings, and on
+the other hand (by means of repression and reaction formation) for the
+erection of the future sexual barriers. Accordingly, the forces which
+are destined to hold the sexual impulse in certain tracks are built up
+in infancy at the expense of the greater part of the perverse sexual
+feelings and with the assistance of education. Another part of the
+infantile sexual manifestations escapes this utilization and may
+manifest itself as sexual activity. It can then be discovered that the
+sexual excitation of the child flows from diverse sources. Above all
+gratifications originate through the adapted sensible excitation of
+so-called erogenous zones. For these probably any skin region or sensory
+organ may serve; but there are certain distinguished erogenous zones the
+excitation of which by certain organic mechanisms is assured from the
+beginning. Moreover, sexual excitation originates in the organism, as <a
+name="p91">it</a> were, as a by-product in a great number of processes, as
+soon as they attain a certain intensity; this especially takes place in
+all strong emotional excitements even if they be of a painful nature.
+The excitations from all these sources do not yet unite, but they pursue
+their aim individually&mdash;this aim consisting merely in the gaining of a
+certain pleasure. The sexual impulse of childhood is therefore
+objectless or <i>autoerotic</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Still during infancy the erogenous zone of the genitals begins to make
+itself noticeable, either by the fact that like any other erogenous zone
+it furnishes gratification through a suitable sensible stimulus, or
+because in some incomprehensible way the gratification from other
+sources causes at the same time the sexual excitement which has a
+special connection with the genital zone. We found cause to regret that
+a sufficient explanation of the relations between sexual gratification
+and sexual excitement, as well as between the activity of the genital
+zone and the remaining sources of sexuality, was not to be attained.</p>
+
+<p>We were unable to state what amount of sexual activity in childhood
+might be designated as normal to the extent of being incapable of
+further development. The character of the sexual manifestation showed
+itself to be preponderantly masturbatic. We, moreover, verified from
+experience the belief that the external influences of seduction, might
+produce premature breaches in the latency period leading as far as the
+suppression of the same, and that the sexual impulse of the child really
+shows itself to be polymorphous-perverse; furthermore, that every such
+premature sexual activity impairs the educability of the child.</p>
+
+<p>Despite the incompleteness of our examinations of the infantile sexual
+life we were subsequently forced to attempt to study the serious changes
+produced by the appearance of puberty. We selected two of the same as
+criteria, namely, the subordination of all other sources of the sexual
+feeling to the primacy of the genital zones, and the process of object
+finding. Both of them <a name="p92">are</a> already developed in
+childhood. The first is accomplished through the mechanism of utilizing
+the fore-pleasure, whereby all other independent sexual acts which are
+connected with pleasure and excitement become preparatory acts for the
+new sexual aim, the voiding of the sexual products, the attainment of
+which under enormous pleasure puts an end to the sexual feeling. At the
+same time we had to consider the differentiation of the sexual nature of
+man and woman, and we found that in order to become a woman a new
+repression is required which abolishes a piece of infantile masculinity,
+and prepares the woman for the change of the leading genital zones.
+Lastly, we found the object selection, tracing it through infancy to its
+revival in puberty; we also found indications of sexual inclinations on
+the part of the child for the parents and foster-parents, which,
+however, were turned away from these persons to others resembling them
+by the incest barriers which had been erected in the meantime. Let us
+finally add that during the transition period of puberty the somatic and
+psychic processes of development proceed side by side, but separately,
+until with the breaking through of an intense psychic love-stimulus for
+the innervation of the genitals, the normally demanded unification of
+the erotic function is established.</p>
+
+<p><b>The Factors Disturbing the Development.</b>&mdash;As we have already shown by
+different examples, every step on this long road of development may
+become a point of fixation and every joint in this complicated structure
+may afford opportunity for a dissociation of the sexual impulse. It
+still remains for us to review the various inner and outer factors which
+disturb the development, and to mention the part of the mechanism
+affected by the disturbance emanating from them. The factors which we
+mention here in a series cannot, of course, all be in themselves of
+equal validity and we must expect to meet with difficulties in the
+assigning to the individual factors their due importance.</p>
+
+<p><a name="p93"></a><b>Constitution and Heredity.</b>&mdash;In the first place, we must mention here
+the congenital <i>variation of the sexual constitution</i>, upon which the
+greatest weight probably falls, but the existence of which, as may be
+easily understood, can be established only through its later
+manifestations and even then not always with great certainty. We
+understand by it a preponderance of one or another of the manifold
+sources of the sexual excitement, and we believe that such a difference
+of disposition must always come to expression in the final result, even
+if it should remain within normal limits. Of course, we can also imagine
+certain variations of the original disposition that even without further
+aid must necessarily lead to the formation of an abnormal sexual life.
+One can call these "degenerative" and consider them as an expression of
+hereditary deterioration. In this connection I have to report a
+remarkable fact. In more than half of the severe cases of hysteria,
+compulsion neuroses, etc., which I have treated by psychotherapy, I have
+succeeded in positively demonstrating that their fathers have gone
+through an attack of syphilis before marriage; they have either suffered
+from tabes or general paresis, or there was a definite history of lues.
+I expressly add that the children who were later neurotic showed
+absolutely no signs of hereditary lues, so that the abnormal sexual
+constitution was to be considered as the last off-shoot of the luetic
+heredity. As far as it is now from my thoughts to put down a descent
+from syphilitic parents as a regular and indispensable etiological
+determination of the neuropathic constitution, I nevertheless maintain
+that the coincidence observed by me is not accidental and not without
+significance.</p>
+
+<p>The hereditary relations of the positive perverts are not so well known
+because they know how to avoid inquiry. Still there is reason to believe
+that the same holds true in the perversions as in the neuroses. We often
+find perversions and psychoneuroses in the different sexes of the same
+family, so distributed that the <a name="p94">male</a>
+members, or one of them, is a positive pervert, while the females,
+following the repressive tendencies of their sex, are negative perverts
+or hysterics. This is a good example of the substantial relations
+between the two disturbances which I have discovered.</p>
+
+<p><b>Further Elaboration.</b>&mdash;It cannot, however, be maintained that the
+structure of the sexual life is rendered finally complete by the
+addition of the diverse components of the sexual constitution. On the
+contrary, qualifications continue to appear and new possibilities
+result, depending upon the fate experienced by the sexual streams
+originating from the individual sources. This <i>further elaboration</i> is
+evidently the final and decisive one while the constitution described as
+uniform may lead to three final issues. If all the dispositions assumed
+to be abnormal retain their relative proportion, and are strengthened
+with maturity, the ultimate result can only be a perverse sexual life.
+The analysis of such abnormally constituted dispositions has not yet
+been thoroughly undertaken, but we already know cases that can be
+readily explained in the light of these theories. Authors believe, for
+example, that a whole series of fixation perversions must necessarily
+have had as their basis a congenital weakness of the sexual impulse. The
+statement seems to me untenable in this form, but it becomes ingenious
+if it refers to a constitutional weakness of one factor in the sexual
+impulse, namely, the genital zone, which later in the interests of
+propagation accepts as a function the sum of the individual sexual
+activities. In this case the summation which is demanded in puberty must
+fail and the strongest of the other sexual components continues its
+activity as a perversion.<a href="#p94n13">[13]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Repression.</b>&mdash;Another issue results if in the course of development
+certain powerful components experience a <i>repression</i>&mdash;which <a
+name="p95">we</a> must carefully note is not a suspension. The excitations
+in question are produced as usual but are prevented from attaining their
+aim by psychic hindrances, and are driven off into many other paths
+until they express themselves in a symptom. The result can be an almost
+normal sexual life&mdash;usually a limited one&mdash;but supplemented by
+psychoneurotic disease. It is these cases that become so familiar to us
+through the psychoanalytic investigation of neurotics. The sexual life
+of such persons begins like that of perverts, a considerable part of
+their childhood is filled up with perverse sexual activity which
+occasionally extends far beyond the period of maturity, but owing to
+inner reasons a repressive change then results&mdash;usually before puberty,
+but now and then even much later&mdash;and from this point on without any
+extinction of the old feelings there appears a neurosis instead of a
+perversion. One may recall here the saying, "Junge Hure, alte
+Betschwester,"&mdash;only here youth has turned out to be much too short. The
+relieving of the perversion by the neurosis in the life of the same
+person, as well as the above mentioned distribution of perversion and
+hysteria in different persons of the same family, must be placed side by
+side with the fact that the neurosis is the negative of the perversion.</p>
+
+<p><b>Sublimation.</b>&mdash;The third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositions
+is made possible by the process of "sublimation," through which the
+powerful excitations from individual sources of sexuality are discharged
+and utilized in other spheres, so that a considerable increase of
+psychic capacity results from an, in itself dangerous, predisposition.
+This forms one the sources of artistic activity, and, according as such
+sublimation is complete or incomplete, the analysis of the character of
+highly gifted, especially of artistically disposed persons, will show
+any proportionate, blending between productive ability, perversion, and
+neurosis. A sub-species of sublimation is the suppression through
+<i>reaction-formation</i>, which, as we have found, begins even in the
+latency <a name="p96">period</a> of infancy, only to continue throughout
+life in favorable cases. What we call the <i>character</i> of a person is
+built up to a great extent from the material of sexual excitations; it
+is composed of impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation,
+and of such constructions as are destined to suppress effectually those
+perverse feelings which are recognized as useless. The general perverse
+sexual disposition of childhood can therefore be esteemed as a source of
+a number of our virtues, insofar as it incites their creation through
+the formation of reactions.<a href="#p96n14">[14]</a></p>
+
+<p><b>Accidental Experiences.</b>&mdash;All other influences lose in significance
+when compared with the sexual discharges, shifts of repressions, and
+sublimations; the inner determinations for the last two processes are
+totally unknown to us. He who includes repressions and sublimations
+among constitutional predispositions, and considers them as the living
+manifestations of the same, has surely the right to maintain that the
+final structure of the sexual life is above all the result of the
+congenital constitution. No intelligent person, however, will dispute
+that in such a coöperation of factors there is also room for the
+modifying influences of occasional factors derived from experience in
+childhood and later on.</p>
+
+<p>It is not easy to estimate the effectiveness of the constitutional and
+of the occasional factors in their relation to each other. Theory is
+always inclined to overestimate the first while therapeutic practice
+renders prominent the significance of the latter. By no means should it
+be forgotten that between the two there exists a relation of coöperation
+and not of exclusion. The constitutional factor must wait for
+experiences which bring it to the <a name="p97">surface</a>, while the
+occasional needs the support of the constitutional factor in order to
+become effective. For the majority of cases one can imagine a so-called
+"etiological group" in which the declining intensities of one factor
+become balanced by the rise in the others, but there is no reason to
+deny the existence of extremes at the ends of the group.</p>
+
+<p>It would be still more in harmony with psychoanalytic investigation if
+the experiences of early childhood would get a place of preference among
+the occasional factors. The one etiological group then becomes split up
+into two which may be designated as the dispositional and the definitive
+groups. Constitution and occasional infantile experiences are just as
+coöperative in the first as disposition and later traumatic experiences
+in the second group. All the factors which injure the sexual development
+show their effect in that they produce a <i>regression</i>, or a return to a
+former phase of development.</p>
+
+<p>We may now continue with our task of enumerating the factors which have
+become known to us as influential for the sexual development, whether
+they be active forces or merely manifestations of the same.</p>
+
+<p><b>Prematurity.</b>&mdash;Such a factor is the spontaneous sexual <i>prematurity</i>
+which can be definitely demonstrated at least in the etiology of the
+neuroses, though in itself it is as little adequate for causation as the
+other factors. It manifests itself in a breaking through, shortening, or
+suspending of the infantile latency period and becomes a cause of
+disturbances inasmuch as it provokes sexual manifestations which, either
+on account of the unready state of the sexual inhibitions or because of
+the undeveloped state of the genital system, can only carry along the
+character of perversions. These tendencies to perversion may either
+remain as such, or after the repression sets in they may become motive
+powers for neurotic symptoms; at all events, the sexual prematurity
+renders difficult the desirable later control of the <a name="p98">sexual</a>
+impulse by the higher psychic influences, and enhances the
+compulsive-like character which even without this prematurity would be
+claimed by the psychic representatives of the impulse. Sexual
+prematurity often runs parallel with premature intellectual development;
+it is found as such in the infantile history of the most distinguished
+and most productive individuals, and in such connection it does not seem
+to act as pathogenically as when appearing isolated.</p>
+
+<p><b>Temporal Factors.</b>&mdash;Just like prematurity, other factors, which under
+the designation of <i>temporal</i> can be added to prematurity, also demand
+consideration. It seems to be phylogenetically established in what
+sequence the individual impulsive feelings become active, and how long
+they can manifest themselves before they succumb to the influence of a
+newly appearing active impulse or to a typical repression. But both in
+this temporal succession as well as in the duration of the same,
+variations seem to occur, which must exercise a definite influence on
+the experience. It cannot be a matter of indifference whether a certain
+stream appears earlier or later than its counterstream, for the effect
+of a repression cannot be made retrogressive; a temporal deviation in
+the composition of the components regularly produces a change in the
+result. On the other hand impulsive feelings which appear with special
+intensity often come to a surprisingly rapid end, as in the case of the
+heterosexual attachment of the later manifest homosexuals. The strivings
+of childhood which manifest themselves most impetuously do not justify
+the fear that they will lastingly dominate the character of the
+grown-up; one has as much right to expect that they will disappear in
+order to make room for their counterparts. (Harsh masters do not rule
+long.) To what one may attribute such temporal confusions of the
+processes of development we are hardly able to suggest. A view is opened
+here to a deeper phalanx of biological, and perhaps also historical
+problems, which we have not yet approached within fighting distance.</p>
+
+<p><a name="p99"></a><b>Adhesion.</b>&mdash;The significance of all premature sexual
+manifestations is enhanced by a psychic factor of unknown origin which
+at present can be put down only as a psychological preliminary. I
+believe that it is the <i>heightened adhesion</i> or <i>fixedness</i> of these
+impressions of the sexual life which in later neurotics, as well as in
+perverts, must be added for the completion of the other facts; for the
+same premature sexual manifestations in other persons cannot impress
+themselves deeply enough to repeat themselves compulsively and to
+succeed in prescribing the way for the sexual impulse throughout later
+life. Perhaps a part of the explanation for this adhesion lies in
+another psychic factor which we cannot miss in the causation of the
+neuroses, namely, in the preponderance which in the psychic life falls
+to the share of memory traces as compared with recent impressions. This
+factor is apparently dependent on the intellectual development and grows
+with the growth of personal culture. In contrast to this the savage has
+been characterized as "the unfortunate child of the moment."<a
+href="#p99n15">[15]</a> Owing to the oppositional relation existing
+between culture and the free development of sexuality, the results of
+which may be traced far into the formation of our life, the problem how
+the sexual life of the child evolves is of very little importance for
+the later life in the lower stages of culture and civilization, and of
+very great importance in the higher.</p>
+
+<p><b>Fixation.</b>&mdash;The influence of the psychic factors just mentioned favored
+the development of the accidentally experienced impulses of the
+infantile sexuality. The latter (especially in the form of seductions
+through other children or through adults) produce the material which,
+with the help of the former, may become fixed as a permanent
+disturbance. A considerable number of the deviations from the normal
+sexual life observed later have been thus established in neurotics and
+perverts from the beginning through the impressions received during the
+alleged sexually free period <a name="p100">of</a> childhood. The
+causation is produced by the responsiveness of the constitution, the
+prematurity, the quality of heightened adhesion, and the accidental
+excitement of the sexual impulse through outside influence.</p>
+
+<p>The unsatisfactory conclusions which have resulted from this
+investigation of the disturbances of the sexual life is due to the fact
+that we as yet know too little concerning the biological processes in
+which the nature of sexuality consists to form from our isolated
+examinations a satisfactory theory for the explanation of either the
+normal or the pathological.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><small><a name="p68n1"></a><a href="#p68">Note 1</a>: The differences will be
+emphasized in the schematic representation given in the text. To what
+extent the infantile sexuality approaches the definitive sexual
+organization through its object selection has been discussed before (<a
+href="#p60">p. 60</a>).</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p72n2"></a><a href="#p72">Note 2</a>: See my work, Wit and its
+Relation to the Unconscious, translated by A.A. Brill, Moffat Yard Pub.
+Co., New York: "The fore-pleasure gained by the technique of wit is
+utilized for the purpose of setting free a greater pleasure by the
+removal of inner inhibitions."</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p78n3"></a><a href="#p78">Note 3</a>: Cf. Zur Einführung des
+Narzismus, Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, VI, 1913.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p79n4"></a><a href="#p79">Note 4</a>: It is necessary to make clear that the conceptions
+"masculine" and "feminine," whose content seems so unequivocal to the
+ordinary meaning, belong to the most confused terms in science and can
+be cut up into at least three paths. One uses masculine and feminine at
+times in the sense of activity and passivity, again, in the biological
+sense, and then also in the sociological sense. The first of these three
+meanings is the essential one and the only one utilizable in
+psychoanalysis. It agrees with the masculine designation of the libido
+in the text above, for the libido is always active even when it is
+directed to a passive aim. The second, the biological significance of
+masculine and feminine, is the one which permits the clearest
+determination. Masculine and feminine are here characterized by the
+presence of semen or ovum and through the functions emanating from them.
+The activity and its secondary manifestations, like stronger developed
+muscles, aggression, a greater intensity of libido, are as a rule
+soldered to the biological masculinity but not necessarily connected
+with it, for there are species of animals in whom these qualities are
+attributed to the female. The third, the sociological meaning, receives
+its content through the observation of the actual existing male and
+female individuals. The result of this in man is that there is no pure
+masculinity or feminity either in the biological or psychological sense.
+On the contrary every individual person shows a mixture of his own
+biological sex characteristics with the biological traits of the other
+sex and a union of activity and passivity; this is the case whether
+these psychological characteristic features depend on the biological or
+whether they are independent of it.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p82n5"></a><a href="#p82">Note 5</a>: Psychoanalysis teaches
+that there are two paths of object-finding; the first is the one
+discussed in the text which is guided by the early infantile prototypes.
+The second is the narcissistic which seeks its own ego and finds it in
+the other. The latter is of particularly great significance for the
+pathological outcomes, but does not fit into the connection treated
+here.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p82n6"></a><a href="#p82">Note 6</a>: Those to whom this
+conception appears "wicked" may read Havelock Ellis's treatise on the
+relations between mother and child which expresses almost the same ideas
+(The Sexual Impulse, p. 16).</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p84n7"></a><a href="#p84">Note 7</a>: For the explanation of the origin of the infantile fear I
+am indebted to a three-year-old boy whom I once heard calling from a
+dark room: "Aunt, talk to me, I am afraid because it is dark." "How will
+that help you," answered the aunt; "you cannot see anyhow." "That's
+nothing," answered the child; "if some one talks then it becomes
+light."&mdash;He was, as we see, not afraid of the darkness but he was afraid
+because he missed the person he loved, and he could promise to calm down
+as soon as he was assured of her presence.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p84n8"></a><a href="#p84">Note 8</a>: Cf. here what was said on page 83 concerning the object
+selection of the child; the "tender stream."</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p85n9"></a><a href="#p85">Note 9</a>: The incest barrier
+probably belongs to the historical acquisitions of humanity and like
+other moral taboos it must be fixed in many individuals through organic
+heredity. (Cf. my work, Totem and Taboo, 1913.) Psychoanalytic studies
+show, however, how intensively the individual struggles with the incest
+temptations during his development and how frequently he puts them into
+phantasies and even into reality.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p85n10"></a><a href="#p85">Note 10</a>: Compare the
+description concerning the inevitable relation in the Oedipus legend
+(The Interpretation of Dreams, p. 222, translated by A.A. Brill, The
+Macmillan Co., New York, and Allen &amp; Unwin, London).</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p87n11"></a><a href="#p87">Note 11</a>: Innumerable
+peculiarities of the human love-life as well as the compulsiveness of
+being in love itself can surely only be understood through a reference
+to childhood or as an effective remnant of the same.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p89n12"></a><a href="#p89">Note 12</a>: This was true not
+only of the "negative" tendencies to perversion appearing in the
+neurosis, but also of the so-called positive perversions. <a
+name="p90n12">The</a> latter are not only to be attributed to the fixation
+of the infantile tendencies, but also to regression to these tendencies
+owing to the misplacement of other paths of the sexual stream. Hence the
+positive perversions are also accessible to psychoanalytic therapy. (Cf.
+the works of Sadger, Ferenczi, and Brill.)</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p94n13"></a><a href="#p94">Note 13</a>: Here one often sees
+that at first a normal sexual stream begins at the age of puberty, but
+owing to its inner weakness it breaks down at the first outer hindrance
+and then changes from regression, to perverse fixation.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p96n14"></a><a href="#p96">Note 14</a>: That keen observer
+of human nature, E. Zola, describes a girl in his book, La Joie de
+vivre, who in cheerful self renunciation offers all she has in
+possession or expectation, her fortune and her life's hopes to those she
+loves without thought of return. The childhood of this girl was
+dominated by an insatiable desire for love which whenever she was
+depreciated caused her to merge into a fit of cruelty.</small></p>
+
+<p><small><a name="p99n15"></a><a href="#p99">Note 15</a>: It is possible that
+the heightened adhesion is only the result of a special intensive
+somatic sexual manifestation of former years.</small></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<a name="p101"></a>
+<center><h2>INDEX</h2></center>
+
+<p>Aberrations (see <a href="#perversions">Perversions</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;a fragment of inhibited development, <a href="#p89">89</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Sexual, <a href="#p1">1</a>, <a href="#p13">13</a>, <a href="#p14">14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;shown by the psychoneurotic, <a href="#p29">29</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;with animals, <a href="#p13">13</a></p>
+
+<p>Absolute Inversion (sexual object of the same sex), <a href="#p2">2</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="activity">Activity</a> and Passivity in sexual aim in exhibitionism, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of Sadism and Masochism, <a href="#p23">23</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;precursors and masculine and feminine, <a href="#p59">59</a></p>
+
+<p>Activity, Muscular, <a href="#p63">63</a></p>
+
+<p>Adhesion, heightened, or fixedness of impressions of sexual life, <a href="#p99">99</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;may be only result of a special intensive somatic sexual manifestation of former years, <a href="#p99">99</a></p>
+
+<p>Affective Processes, <a href="#p64">64</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;pathogenic action of, <a href="#p64">64</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;value of unconscious thought formation, <a href="#p27">27</a></p>
+
+<p>Aggression, Sadism and Masochism not attributable to mixture of, <a href="#p24">24</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;taint of, shown by sexuality of most men, <a href="#p22">22</a></p>
+
+<p>Agoraphobia and neurotic disturbances of walking, <a href="#p64n22">64, note 22</a></p>
+
+<p>Aims of impulses distinguish them from one another, <a href="#p31">31</a></p>
+
+<p>Algolagnia, <a href="#p22">22</a></p>
+
+<p>Alkaloids, introduction of, analogous in neuroses and phenomena of intoxication and abstinence, <a href="#p76">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Ambivalence, <a href="#p59">59</a></p>
+
+<p>Amnesia, Infantile, <a href="#p37">37</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;connected with infantile sexual activity, <a href="#p51">51</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;and hysterical compared, <a href="#p39">39</a></p>
+
+<p>Amphigenous inversion, <a href="#p2">2</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="anal">Anal</a> Erotic, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Zone, activity of, <a href="#p47">47</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;erogenous significance of, <a href="#p48">48</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;masturbatic irritation of, <a href="#p49">49</a></p>
+
+<p>Androgyny, <a href="#p8">8</a></p>
+
+<p>Anesthesia, causes of, are partly psychic, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;continuance of, caused by retention of clitoris excitability, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of newly married women, <a href="#p80">80</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of wives due to parent complex, <a href="#p85">85</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of women often only apparent and local, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of women only at vaginal entrance, <a href="#p81">81</a></p>
+
+<p>Animals as sexual objects, <a href="#p13">13</a></p>
+
+<p>Anus (see also <a href="#anal">Anal</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as aim of inverts, <a href="#p12">12</a>; <a href="#p17">17</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;especially frequent example of transgression, <a href="#p29">29</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;part played by erogenous zone in, <a href="#p32">32</a></p>
+
+<p>Anxiety on railroads, <a href="#p63">63</a></p>
+
+<p>Archaic constitution, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a></p>
+
+<p>Arduin, Dr., <a href="#p9n11">9, note 11</a></p>
+
+<p>Attractions connected with pleasure, <a href="#p70">70</a></p>
+
+<p>Autoerotism, the gratification of sexual impulse on own body, <a href="#p43">43</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;separation of, from object love, not temporal, <a href="#p55n19">55, note 19</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;essential, of infantile sexuality, <a href="#p58">58</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of erogenous zones, same in boy and girl, <a href="#p79">79</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;regular, of sexual impulse, <a href="#p81">81</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Baths, warm, therapeutic effects of, <a href="#p62">62</a></p>
+
+
+<a name="p102"></a>
+
+
+<p>Bayer, <a href="#p40n6">40, note 6</a></p>
+
+<p>Beautiful, concept of, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;a quality of excitation, <a href="#p70">70</a></p>
+
+<p>Bell, S., <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a>; <a href="#p55n19">55, note 19</a></p>
+
+<p>Binet; <a href="#p19">19</a>; <a href="#p34">34</a></p>
+
+<p>Birth theories, <a href="#p57">57</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="bisexuality">Bisexuality</a>, Relation of, <a href="#p7">7</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as explanation of inversion, <a href="#p9n11">9, note 11</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sadism and Masochism, <a href="#p24">24</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;necessary to understanding of sexual in man and woman, <a href="#p80">80</a></p>
+
+<p>Bladder, disturbances of childhood sexual in nature, <a href="#p51">51</a></p>
+
+<p>Bleuler, <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a>; <a href="#p60">60</a></p>
+
+<p>Bloch, I., <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a>; <a href="#p5">5</a>; <a href="#p16">16</a></p>
+
+<p>Breast, rubbing of, <a href="#p43">43</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;woman's, as erogenous zone, <a href="#p71">71</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Cadavers, <a href="#p25">25</a></p>
+
+<p>Cannibalistic pregenital phase, <a href="#p59">59</a></p>
+
+<p>Castration complex, <a href="#p22">22</a>; <a href="#p56">56</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of males does not always injure sexual libido, <a href="#p75">75</a></p>
+
+<p>Catarrh, intestinal, produces irritations in anal zone, <a href="#p48">48</a></p>
+
+<p>Cathartic treatment, <a href="#p26">26</a></p>
+
+<p>Character built up from the material of sexual excitations, <a href="#p96">96</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;composed of impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation, <a href="#p96">96</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of individual determined by infantile sexual activity, <a href="#p50">50</a></p>
+
+<p>Chemical theories of sexual excitement, <a href="#p76">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Chevalier, <a href="#p7">7</a>; <a href="#p9n11">9, note 11</a></p>
+
+<p>Childish, see <a href="#infantile">Infantile</a></p>
+
+<p>Children and neurotics compared, <a href="#p38">38</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as sexual objects, <a href="#p13">13</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;cruelty especially characteristic of, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;educability of, impaired by premature sexual activity, <a href="#p91">91</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;impressionability of, <a href="#p38">38</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;in school, behavior of and germinating sexuality, <a href="#p64">64</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual life of, <a href="#p40">40</a></p>
+
+<p>Clitoris, chief erogenous zone in female child, <a href="#p80">80</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;erection of, in little girls, <a href="#p80">80</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;excitability retained causes continuance of anesthesia, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;excitation, destinies of, <a href="#p80">80</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;conducts excitement to adjacent female parts, <a href="#p80">80</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;transfer of, to other parts, takes time, <a href="#p80">80</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexuality is a part of male sexual life, <a href="#p80">80</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexuality repressed in girl at puberty, <a href="#p80">80</a></p>
+
+<p>Coitus, <a href="#p36">36</a></p>
+
+<p>Colin, <a href="#p23">23</a></p>
+
+<p>Complex, castration, <a href="#p22">22</a>; <a href="#p56">56</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Oedipus, <a href="#p85">85</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;parent, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;strongest in girls, <a href="#p85">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Compulsion emanating from unconscious psychic material, <a href="#p51">51</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;inversion is perceived as a morbid, <a href="#p3">3</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;neurosis, <a href="#p32">32</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;psychoanalysis enlightens ego libido, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;from fixation on erogenous zones in infancy, <a href="#p77">77</a></p>
+
+<p>Congeniality in inversions, <a href="#p4">4</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of perversions in all persons, <a href="#p34">34</a></p>
+
+<p>Conscience, <a href="#p22">22</a></p>
+
+<p>Constitutional factor, relation of, to occasional <a href="#p96">96</a></p>
+
+<p>Contrary Sexuals, <a href="#p2">2</a></p>
+
+<p>Conversion, <a href="#p27">27</a></p>
+
+<p>Coprophilic smell desire, <a href="#p20n19">20, note 19</a></p>
+
+<p>Copulation, <a href="#p14">14</a></p>
+
+<p>Courting, <a href="#p22">22</a></p>
+
+<p>Craving, best English word for libido, <a href="#p1n2">1, note 2</a></p>
+
+
+<a name="p103"></a>
+
+
+<p>Cruelty and sexual impulse most intimately connected, <a href="#p23">23</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as component of infantile sexual life regarding others as sexual objects, <a href="#p53">53</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;especially near the childish character, <a href="#p54">54</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;partial desires as carriers of impulses of, <a href="#p30">30</a></p>
+
+<p>Culture and sex, <a href="#p41">41</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Dangers of fore-pleasure, <a href="#p72">72</a></p>
+
+<p>Degeneration, nervous, <a href="#p4">4</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;high ethical culture in, <a href="#p5">5</a></p>
+
+<p>Dementia prćcox, <a href="#p26">26</a></p>
+
+<p>Desire, coprophilic smell, <a href="#p20n19">20, note 19</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;for knowledge, <a href="#p55">55</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;immense sexual, in hysteria, <a href="#p28">28</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;partial, <a href="#p19">29</a></p>
+
+<p>Dessoir, <a href="#p87">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Donation, idea of, <a href="#p48">48</a>; <a href="#p49">49</a></p>
+
+<p>Drinking, desire for, in former thumbsuckers, <a href="#p44">44</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Ear lobe pulling, <a href="#p42">42</a></p>
+
+<p>Eating, sexuality of, <a href="#p66">66</a></p>
+
+<p>Ego-Libido (see <a href="#libido">Libido</a>)</p>
+
+<p>Ellis, H., <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a>; <a href="#p6">6</a>; <a href="#p8">8</a>; <a href="#p23">23</a>; <a href="#p43">43</a>; <a href="#p52n18">52, note 18</a></p>
+
+<p>End Pleasure (see <a href="#gratification">Gratification</a>, <a href="#orgasm">Orgasm</a>, <a href="#pleasure">Pleasure</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;new to age after puberty, <a href="#p72">72</a></p>
+
+<p>Enuresis nocturna corresponds to a pollution, <a href="#p51">51</a></p>
+
+<p>Erection of clitoris in little girls, <a href="#p80">80</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of penis, a somatic sign of sexual excitation, <a href="#p69">69</a></p>
+
+<p>Erogenous action of pain, <a href="#p65">65</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;functions, disturbance of, in lip zone, <a href="#p66">66</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;significance of anal zone, <a href="#p48">48</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;zones, partial impulses and, <a href="#p31">31</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;significance of in psychoneuroses, <a href="#p32">32</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;preponderance of special, in psychoneuroses, <a href="#p34">34</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;source of sexual feelings of infantile years, <a href="#p41">41</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lips as, <a href="#p44">44</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;characters of, <a href="#p45">45</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;predestined, <a href="#p46">46</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;show same characters as hysterogenous, <a href="#p46">46</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;any part of body may become, <a href="#p46n12">46, note 12</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;significance of anal zone, <a href="#p48">48</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;premature activity in, indicated by cruelty, <a href="#p54">54</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;parts of skin called, <a href="#p65">65</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;one of three ways of stimulation of sexual apparatus, <a href="#p69">69</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;their manner of adjustment to new order, <a href="#p70">70</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;rôle of, in preparing sexual excitation, <a href="#p70">70</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;increase tension, <a href="#p71">71</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;make possible the gratification pleasure, <a href="#p72">72</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;contribute unusual pleasure in infantile life, <a href="#p72">72</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;connected anatomically with centers producing tension, <a href="#p74">74</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;autoerotism of, same in boy and girl, <a href="#p79">79</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;chief, in female child is the clitoris, <a href="#p80">80</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;changed from clitoris to vagina, mark of womanhood, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;change of leading, determines woman's preference for neuroses, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;gratified by intercourse between child and foster parents, <a href="#p82">82</a></p>
+
+<p>Etiological group, <a href="#p97">97</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;composed of dispositional and definitive groups, <a href="#p97">97</a></p>
+
+<a name="p104"></a>
+
+
+
+<p>Eulenberg, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a></p>
+
+<p>Excitement enhanced by preliminary activities, <a href="#p14">14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;hunger, <a href="#p16">16</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;influences, three kinds of, <a href="#p62">62</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual, nature of, entirely unfamiliar, <a href="#p66">66</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;prepared by erogenous zones, <a href="#p70">70</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;result of any of three kinds of stimuli, <a href="#p69">69</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a> (see <a href="#looking">Looking</a>, <a href="#peeping">Peeping</a>, <a href="#voyeurs">Voyeur</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as a perversion, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;partial desires as carriers of, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;the eye as erogenous zone in, <a href="#p32">32</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as component of infantile sexual life, <a href="#p53">53</a></p>
+
+<p>Eye as erogenous zone, <a href="#p32">32</a>; <a href="#p70">70</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Faith, <a href="#p15">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Father, sexual intimidation experienced through, averts inversion, <a href="#p88">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Fear, infantile, <a href="#p83">83</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;only expresses child's missing beloved person, <a href="#p83">83</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;influence of, sexually exciting, <a href="#p64">64</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of being alone alike in child and neurotic, <a href="#p84">84</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of dark, infantile, <a href="#p83">83</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of grown up neurotic like that of children, <a href="#p84">84</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;only children with excessive sexual impulse disposed to, <a href="#p83">83</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sought as sexual excitement, <a href="#p64">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Feces, licking of, <a href="#p25">25</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;retention of, a source of pleasure, <a href="#p48">48</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a cause of constipation, <a href="#p49">49</a></p>
+
+<p>Feelings, perverted, <a href="#p34">34</a></p>
+
+<p>Female (see <a href="#maf">Masculine and Feminine</a>)</p>
+
+<p>Female child, entirely made character of in autoerotism and masturbation, <a href="#p79">79</a></p>
+
+<p>Féré, <a href="#p23">23</a></p>
+
+<p>Ferenczi, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a></p>
+
+<p>Fetichism, <a href="#p18">18</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Binet's findings in, <a href="#p34">34</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;nothing in unconscious streams of thought inclining to, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of foot, <a href="#p20n19">20, note 19</a></p>
+
+<p>Fixation, <a href="#p99">99</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of impulses accidentally experienced, <a href="#p99">99</a></p>
+
+<p>Fliess, W., <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a>; <a href="#p29n26">29, note 26</a>; <a href="#p41n7">41, note 7</a></p>
+
+<p>Foot, as unfit substitute for sexual object, <a href="#p18">18</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;fetichism of, <a href="#p20n19">20, note 19</a></p>
+
+<p>Fore-Pleasure, connection of, with infantile life strengthened by pathogenic rôle, <a href="#p72">72</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;dangers of, <a href="#p72">72</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;is that of excitation of erogenous zones, <a href="#p72">72</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;mechanism contains danger to attainment of normal sexual aim, <a href="#p72">72</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;primacy of genital zones and the, <a href="#p69">69</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;same as that furnished by infantile sexual impulse, <a href="#p72">72</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;too much endangers attainment of normal sexual aim, <a href="#p72">72</a></p>
+
+<p>Fur, <a href="#p19">19</a></p>
+
+<p>Fusions, <a href="#p26">26</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;activity of, <a href="#p49">49</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Genital zone, primacy of, <a href="#p69">69</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;external, in woman, so important for later sexual functions, <a href="#p80">80</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;overestimation of internal, <a href="#p75">75</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;gratification of, <a href="#p52">52</a></p>
+
+<p>Genitals, erogenous zones behave like real, in hysteria, <a href="#p32">32</a><br>
+<a name="p105"></a>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;looking only at, becomes a perversion, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;male, in all persons, the infantile sexual theory, <a href="#p56">56</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;mouth and anus playing rôle of, <a href="#p29">29</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;opening of female, unknown to children, <a href="#p58">58</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;primacy of, intended by nature, <a href="#p50">50</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;rubbed by children while pleasure sucking, <a href="#p43">43</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual impulse of reawakens, <a href="#p50">50</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;touching of, caused by strong excitements in children, <a href="#p64">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Gley, E., <a href="#p9n11">9, note 11</a></p>
+
+<p>Globus, hysterical, in former thumbsuckers, <a href="#p45">45</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="gratification">Gratification</a> pleasure of orgasm, <a href="#p71">71</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual, <a href="#p3">3</a>; <a href="#p14">14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;picture of, in suckling, <a href="#p44">44</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;relation of, to sexual excitement not explained, <a href="#p91">91</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;the best hypnotic, <a href="#p43">43</a></p>
+
+<p>Groos, K., <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Hair, <a href="#p18">18</a></p>
+
+<p>Halban, <a href="#p8">8</a></p>
+
+<p>Hall, G.S., <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a></p>
+
+<p>Hemorrhoids and neurotic states, <a href="#p48">48</a></p>
+
+<p>Heredity, <a href="#p36">36</a></p>
+
+<p>Herman, G., <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a></p>
+
+<p>Hermaphrodites, psychosexual, <a href="#p2">2</a>; <a href="#p7">7</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;anatomical, <a href="#p7">7</a></p>
+
+<p>Hetero-sexual feelings, <a href="#p3n5">3, note 5</a>; <a href="#p29n26">29, note 26</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;intercourse, dangers of, fix inversions, <a href="#p6">6</a></p>
+
+<p>Hirschfeld, M., <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a>; <a href="#p9n11">9, note 11</a></p>
+
+<p>Hoche, <a href="#p16">16</a></p>
+
+<p>Homosexual, <a href="#p2">2</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;among Greeks, <a href="#p11">11</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;favored by bringing up of boys by men, <a href="#p88">88</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;inclination resulting in inversion, <a href="#p6">6</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;in men, <a href="#p11">11</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;in women, <a href="#p12">12</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;object selection accomplished by all men in the unconscious, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a></p>
+
+<p>Hug-Hellmuth, Mrs. Dr. H., <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a></p>
+
+<p>Hunger and sex compared, <a href="#p1">1</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;excitement, <a href="#p16">16</a></p>
+
+<p>Hypnosis (suggestion), <a href="#p3n4">3, note 4</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;obedience in, shows nature of, to be fixation on hypnotizer, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;removes inversion, <a href="#p6">6</a></p>
+
+<p>Hysteria, immense sexual desire in, <a href="#p28">28</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;male, explained by propensity to inversion, <a href="#p29">29</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;many cases of have syphilitic fathers, <a href="#p93">93</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;preference for, in women determined by change of leading erogenous zone, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;determined by repression of puberty, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;psychoanalysis in, <a href="#p26">26</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of, enlightens the ego-libido, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;removes symptoms of, <a href="#p27">27</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;seduction as frequent cause of, <a href="#p52">52</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;some cases of, conditioned by disappearance of one parent, <a href="#p88">88</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;symptomatology of, tendency to displacement in, <a href="#p46">46</a></p>
+
+<p>Hysterical globus, <a href="#p45">45</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;vomiting, <a href="#p44">44</a>; <a href="#p45">45</a></p>
+
+<p>Hysterogenous zones show same characteristics as erogenous, <a href="#p46">46</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Ideal of sexual life, the union of all desires in one object, <a href="#p61">61</a></p>
+
+<p>Identification as development out of <a name="p106">oral</a> pregenital sexual organization, <a href="#p59">59</a></p>
+
+<p>Immature as sexual objects, <a href="#p13">13</a></p>
+
+<p>Impotence, <a href="#p20">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Impulse development, <a href="#p9">9</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;partial, <a href="#p31">31</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;independent of each other, strive for pleasure, <a href="#p58">58</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual, <a href="#p1">1</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acquired, <a href="#p5">5</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;to mastery, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, <a href="#p50">50</a></p>
+
+<p>Incest barriers, <a href="#p84">84</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;object selection significant in psychosexual disturbances, <a href="#p86">86</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;phantasies rejected, <a href="#p85">85</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;temptations, struggle of the individual with, <a href="#p85n9">85, note 9</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="infantile">Infantile</a> amnesia, <a href="#p37">37</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and infantile sexual activity, <a href="#p51">51</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;attraction for parents, etc., repressed in puberty, <a href="#p86">86</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;desire for parents, <a href="#p87">87</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;factor for sexuality, <a href="#p39">39</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;fear, <a href="#p83">83</a>; <a href="#p84n7">84, note 7</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;fixation of libido, <a href="#p86">86</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;in sexuality, <a href="#p34">34</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;conserved by neurotics, <a href="#p35">35</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;masturbation, <a href="#p51">51</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;neglect of the, <a href="#p36">36</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;object selection, after effects of, <a href="#p86">86</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;onanism almost universal, <a href="#p50">50</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;relations to parents, produces serious results to sexual life, <a href="#p87">87</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; cause of jealousy of lover, <a href="#p87">87</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;wet nurse, <a href="#p82">82</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;reminiscences in neurotics, <a href="#p40">40</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual activity, <a href="#p50">50</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;aim, <a href="#p45">45</a>; <a href="#p46">46</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;excitement generously provided for, <a href="#p65">65</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;impulse same as adult fore-pleasure, <a href="#p72">72</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;investigation, failure of, <a href="#p57">57</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexuality, <a href="#p36">36</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;manifestations of, <a href="#p42">42</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;determines normal, <a href="#p73">73</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;source of, <a href="#p61">61</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual life, <a href="#p53">53</a></p>
+
+<p>Influences, opposite, paths of, <a href="#p66">66</a></p>
+
+<p>Inhibitions (see <a href="#shame">Shame</a>, <a href="#loathing">Loathing</a>, Sympathy) <a href="#p26n23">26, note 23</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual, <a href="#p40">40</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;develop earlier in girl, <a href="#p78">78</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;study of, <a href="#p58">58</a></p>
+
+<p>Innateness, <a href="#p5">5</a></p>
+
+<p>Inner organic world, one of three stimulants of sexual apparatus, <a href="#p69">69</a></p>
+
+<p>Inquisitiveness, <a href="#p55">55</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of children attracted to sexual problems, <a href="#p56">56</a></p>
+
+<p>Intentions, Appearance of New, <a href="#p20">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Intellectual work, <a href="#p65">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Intensity of stimulus, a factor in sexual excitement, <a href="#p65">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Intestinal catarrh in neurosis, <a href="#p48">48</a></p>
+
+<p>Inversion, amphigenous, <a href="#p2">2</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;influence of climate and race on, <a href="#p5">5</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;conception of, <a href="#p4">4</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;congeniality of, <a href="#p4">4</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;corresponds to sexual inclinations of many persons, <a href="#p88">88</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;effect of father on, <a href="#p11n12">11, note 11</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;explanation of, <a href="#p6">6</a>; <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;extreme cases of, <a href="#p3">3</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;feelings of, in all neurotics, <a href="#p29">29</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;frequent in ancient times, <a href="#p5">5</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;permanent, made possible by a disappearance of one parent, <a href="#p88">88</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;prevention of, <a href="#p87">87</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;time of, <a href="#p3">3</a></p>
+
+<p>Inverts, behavior of, <a href="#p2">2</a>; <a href="#p3">3</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;psychic manliness in, <a href="#p8">8</a><br>
+<a name="p107"></a>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual object of, <a href="#p10">10</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;aim of, <a href="#p12">12</a></p>
+
+<p>Investigation, infantile sexual, <a href="#p55">55</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;conducted alone, <a href="#p58">58</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;is first step at independent orientation, <a href="#p58">58</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;causes estrangement from persons, <a href="#p58">58</a></p>
+
+<p>Itching, feeling of, projected into peripheral erogenous zone, <a href="#p47">47</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Kiernan, <a href="#p7">7</a></p>
+
+<p>Kinderfehler, Die (periodical), <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a></p>
+
+<p>Kissing (see <a href="#mouth">Mouth</a>, <a href="#oral">Oral</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as perversion, <a href="#p15">15</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;habitual, in former thumbsuckers, <a href="#p44">44</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;in female inverts, <a href="#p12">12</a></p>
+
+<p>Knowledge, desire for, coöperates with energy of desire for looking, <a href="#p56">56</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;not wholly sexual, <a href="#p55">55</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;relations to sexual life of particular importance to, <a href="#p56">56</a></p>
+
+<p>Krafft-Ebing, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a>; <a href="#p9">9</a>, and <a href="#p9n11">note 11</a>; <a href="#p22">22</a>; <a href="#p23">23</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;weakness of his description of sexual process, <a href="#p75">75</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Latency Period, Sexual in Childhood, <a href="#p39">39</a>; <a href="#p40">40</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;interruptions of, <a href="#p41">41</a></p>
+
+<p>Leading Zone in man and woman, <a href="#p80">80</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;in female child is the clitoris, <a href="#p80">80</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="libido">Libido</a> as term for sexual feeling corresponding to hunger, <a href="#p1">1</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of inverts, <a href="#p3">3</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;direction of, determined by experience in early childhood, <a href="#p6">6</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;attachment of, to persons of same sex, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;fixation of, on hypnotizer, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;amount of directed to artistic aim, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;aggressive factor of, in sadism, <a href="#p23">23</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;strivings of, transformed into symptoms, <a href="#p28">28</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;fixation of, on persons of same sex, <a href="#p29">29</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;union of cruelty with, in neurotics and paranoiacs, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of psychoneurotics unable to obtain normal sexual gratification, <a href="#p33">33</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of children in corporal punishment, <a href="#p55">55</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;tension of, dies away at orgasm, <a href="#p71">71</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sometimes escapes injury in castration, <a href="#p75">75</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Theory of, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;a force of variable quantity capable of measuring sexual processes, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;a concept auxiliary to chemical theory, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;energy has a qualitative character, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;has special chemism different from nutritional processes, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;quantum psychically represented by ego-libido, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;production, increase, distribution and displacement of the Ego-, explains psychosexual phenomena, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;accessibility of the Ego- to psychoanalysis, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;the Ego- becomes Object-Libido, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;fate of the Object- is to be withdrawn from the object, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is to be preserved floating <a name="p108">in</a> special states of tension, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is to be finally taken back into the Ego, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;The Ego- is called the narcissistic Libido, <a href="#p78">78</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;greater significance of, in psychotic disturbances, <a href="#p78">78</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;is regularly of a masculine character in man and woman, <a href="#p79">79</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;the object of may be either man or woman, <a href="#p79">79</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of child, when ungratified is changed into fear, <a href="#p84">84</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;suppressed, of love of child to parents, <a href="#p84">84</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;infantile fixation of, causes sexual love for parents, <a href="#p86">86</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;girls conceal, under affection for family, <a href="#p86">86</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;return of, to persons preferred in infancy, <a href="#p86">86</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;incestuous fixation of, not completely escaped, <a href="#p86">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Lindner, <a href="#p42">42</a>; <a href="#p43">43</a></p>
+
+<p>Lingering at intermediary relations, <a href="#p15">15</a>; <a href="#p20">20</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;at preparatory act of sexual process is mechanism of many perversions, <a href="#p73">73</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="lip">Lip</a> as erogenous zone, <a href="#p44">44</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual utilization of mucous membrane of, <a href="#p16">16</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sucking of, <a href="#p42">42</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;zone is responsible for sexual gratification during eating, <a href="#p66">66</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="loathing">Loathing</a>, feeling of, protects individual from improper sexual aims, <a href="#p16">16</a>; <a href="#p17">17</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;overcoming of, at sight of excretion, produces voyeurs, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;and Shame in Masochism, <a href="#p23">23</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in Inversions, <a href="#p25">25</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as psychic force inhibiting sexual life, <a href="#p40">40</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="looking">Looking</a> (see <a href="#peeping">Peeping</a>, <a href="#voyeurs">Voyeurs</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as addition to normal sexual process, <a href="#p14">14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Lingering at Touching and, <a href="#p20">20</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as a perversion, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;and exhibition mania, the eye an erogenous zone in, <a href="#p32">32</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as component of infantile sexual life with others as object, <a href="#p53">53</a></p>
+
+<p>Love, omnipotence of, <a href="#p25">25</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;and hate, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;temporary renouncement of, in child, <a href="#p83">83</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;smaller amount of, than mother love to satisfy individual in later life, <a href="#p83">83</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;non-sexual and sexual, for parents, nourished from same source, <a href="#p86">86</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual, corresponds to an infantile fixation of the Libido, <a href="#p86">86</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;-life, peculiarities of, understood only through childhood, <a href="#p87n11">87, note 11</a></p>
+
+<p>Löwenfeld, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a></p>
+
+<p>Lydston, F., <a href="#p7">7</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Magnan's classification, <a href="#p4">4</a></p>
+
+<p>Man (see <a href="#bisexuality">Bisexuality</a>, <a href="#maf">Masculine and Feminine</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual development of, more consistent and easier to understand, <a href="#p68">68</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;differentiation between, and woman, <a href="#p78">78</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="maf">Masculine</a> and feminine, <a href="#p79">79</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as activity and passivity, <a href="#p79n4">79, note 4</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;biological significance of, permits clearest determination, <a href="#p79n4">79 note 4</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;in sociological sense, <a href="#p79n4">79 note 4</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;no pure, in either <a name="p109">biological</a> or sociological sense, <a href="#p79n4">79 note 4</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="masochism">Masochism</a>, in relation between hypnotized and hypnotist, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;and Sadism, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;originates through transformation from Sadism, <a href="#p22">22</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;and Sadism occupy special place among perversions, <a href="#p23">23</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;reinforced by Sadism in exhibitionism, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;source of, in painful irritation of gluteal region, <a href="#p55">55</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;-Sadism impulse rooted in erogenous action of pain, <a href="#p65">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Mastery, impulse to, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, <a href="#p50">50</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;source of cruelty in children, <a href="#p54">54</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;supplies activity, <a href="#p59">59</a></p>
+
+<p>Masturbatic sexual manifestations, <a href="#p47">47</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;excitation of anal zone, <a href="#p49">49</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;irritation of anal zone, <a href="#p49">49</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual manifestations have same male character in boy and girl, <a href="#p79">79</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="masturbation">Masturbation</a> frequently the exclusive aim in inversion, <a href="#p12">12</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;in small children, <a href="#p36">36</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;thumb-sucking and, <a href="#p43">43</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;infantile, has three phases, <a href="#p50">50</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;return of, <a href="#p51">51</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;in little girls concerns clitoris only, <a href="#p80">80</a></p>
+
+<p>Mechanical excitation, <a href="#p62">62</a></p>
+
+<p>Memory traces preponderate over recent impressions in causation of neuroses, <a href="#p99">99</a></p>
+
+<p>Moebius, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a>; <a href="#p4n6">4, note 6</a>; <a href="#p34">34</a></p>
+
+<p>Moll, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a>; <a href="#p32">32</a>; <a href="#p32n28">37, note 1</a></p>
+
+<p>Morality as a psychic dam, <a href="#p41">41</a></p>
+
+<p>Mother, fixation on, in inverts, <a href="#p11n12">11, note 12</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;image helps males avert inversions, <a href="#p88">88</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;image helps females avert inversions, <a href="#p88">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Motion, pleasure of, sexual in nature, <a href="#p64n22">64, note 22</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="mouth">Mouth</a> (see <a href="#lip">Lip</a>, <a href="#oral">Oral</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Sexual Utilization of Mucous Membrane of Lips and, <a href="#p16">16</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as a frequent example of transgression, <a href="#p29">29</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as an erogenous zone, <a href="#p31">31</a></p>
+
+<p>Muscular activity, pleasure from, <a href="#p63">63</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Narcissism in object selection, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as identification with mother, <a href="#p12n12">12, note 12</a></p>
+
+<p>Narcissistic Libido a name for Ego-Libido, <a href="#p78">78</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;a reservoir of energy for investment of object, <a href="#p78">78</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;investment of ego a realized primitive state, <a href="#p78">78</a></p>
+
+<p>Nausea on railroads, <a href="#p63">63</a></p>
+
+<p>Neurosis and perversion, <a href="#p28">28</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;the negative of a perversion, <a href="#p29">29</a>; <a href="#p89">89</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;intestinal catarrh in, <a href="#p48">48</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;symptomatology of, traced to disturbance of sexual processes, <a href="#p67">67</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;a factor in the causation of, is preponderance of memory traces, <a href="#p99">99</a></p>
+
+<p>Neurotics and children compared, <a href="#p38">38</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;infantile reminiscences in, <a href="#p40">40</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;scatologic customs of, <a href="#p49">49</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;diseases, disposition for, awakened by over tender parents, <a href="#p83">83</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;have nearer ways than tenderness to transfer their disturbances to their children, <a href="#p38">38</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;fixedness of impressions of sexual life in, <a href="#p99">99</a></p>
+
+<p>Nursing Period, Sexual Object of, <a href="#p82">82</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<a name="p110"></a>
+
+
+<p>Object finding, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is consummated on psychic side at anatomical puberty, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is really a re-finding (of the mother), <a href="#p82">82</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;two paths of, shown by psychoanalysis, <a href="#p82n5">82, note 5</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;selection must avoid beloved person of infancy, <a href="#p84">84</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;first accomplished in imagination, <a href="#p85">85</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;incestuous, significant in psychosexual disturbances, <a href="#p86">86</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;after effects of infantile, <a href="#p86">86</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;follows prototypes of parents, <a href="#p86">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Obsessions explained only through psychoanalysis, <a href="#p26">26</a></p>
+
+<p>Occasional inversion, <a href="#p2">2</a></p>
+
+<p>Oedipus Complex, <a href="#p85">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Onanism (see <a href="#masturbation">Masturbation</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;mutual, not producing inversion, <a href="#p6">6</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;infantile, almost universal, <a href="#p50">50</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;unusual techniques in, show prohibition overcome, <a href="#p50n15">50, note 15</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;infantile, disappears soon, <a href="#p50">50</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;connected by conscience-stricken neurotics with their neurosis, <a href="#p51n16">51, note 16</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;gratification in infantile masturbation, <a href="#p51">51</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;early active, as determinant of pollution-like process, <a href="#p51">51</a></p>
+
+<p>Opposite Influences, Paths of, <a href="#p66">66</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="oral">Oral</a> (see <a href="#lip">Lip</a>, <a href="#mouth">Mouth</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;pregenital sexual organization, <a href="#p59">59</a></p>
+
+<p>Organizations, Pregenital, <a href="#p54">54</a>; <a href="#p58">58</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="orgasm">Orgasm</a>, thumb-sucking leading to, <a href="#p43">43</a></p>
+
+<p>Overestimation of the Sexual Object, <a href="#p15">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Overwork, nervous disturbances of mental, caused by simultaneous sexual excitement, <a href="#p65">65</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Pain ranks with loathing and shame, <a href="#p23">23</a></p>
+
+<p>Pain sought by many persons, <a href="#p64">64</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;toned down has erogenous action, <a href="#p65">65</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;a factor in sexual excitement, <a href="#p65">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Paranoia, knowledge of sexual impulse in, gained only through psychoanalysis, <a href="#p26">26</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;delusional fears in, based on perversions, <a href="#p29n25">29, note 25</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;union of cruelty with libido in, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;significance of erogenous zones in, <a href="#p32">32</a></p>
+
+<p>Parent complex, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;strongest in girls, <a href="#p85">85</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;result of boundless tenderness of parents, <a href="#p83">83</a></p>
+
+<p>Partial desires, <a href="#p29">29</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;impulses and erogenous zones, <a href="#p31">31</a>; <a href="#p34">34</a>; <a href="#p53">53</a>; <a href="#p59">59</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;show passive form in girls, <a href="#p79">79</a></p>
+
+<p>Passivity (see <a href="#activity">Activity</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual aim present in exhibitionism in active and passive form, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;active and passive forms of Sadism-Masochism, <a href="#p23">23</a></p>
+
+<p>Pedicatio, <a href="#p17">17</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="peeping">Peeping</a> (see <a href="#exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a>, <a href="#looking">Looking</a>, <a href="#voyeurs">Voyeurs</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as perversion, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;force opposed to, is shame, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;mania, partial desires as carriers of, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as strongest motive power for formation of neurotic symptoms, <a href="#p54">54</a></p>
+
+<p>Penis, envy of in girls, <a href="#p37">37</a><br>
+<a name="p111"></a>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;erection of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, <a href="#p69">69</a></p>
+
+<p>Pérez, <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="perversions">Perversions</a>, as additions to normal sexual processes, <a href="#p14">14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;brought into relation with normal sexual life, <a href="#p15">15</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;mouth as sexual organ in, <a href="#p16">16</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Sadism-Masochism the most significant of, <a href="#p22">22</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;general statements applicable to, <a href="#p24">24</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;exclusiveness and fixation of, <a href="#p25">25</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;psychic participation in, <a href="#p25">25</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;and neurosis, <a href="#p28">28</a>; <a href="#p29">29</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;fetichisms as, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;positive, <a href="#p31">31</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;preponderance of sexual, in psychoneuroses, <a href="#p32">32</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual impulse of psychoneurotics possesses unusual tendency to, <a href="#p33">33</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;relation of predisposition to, and morbid picture, <a href="#p34">34</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;formation of, <a href="#p52">52</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of prostitutes, <a href="#p53">53</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;part played in, by castration complex, <a href="#p22">22</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;mechanism of many, represents a lingering at a preparatory act, <a href="#p73">73</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;the neuroses the negative of the, <a href="#p89">89</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;disposition to, universal, <a href="#p89">89</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as inhibitions and dissociations from normal development, <a href="#p89">89</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;negative appearing in neurosis, <a href="#p89n12">89, note 12</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;positive and negative in the same family, <a href="#p94">94</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;resulting from the strongest of other sexual components, <a href="#p94">94</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of childhood as source of some virtues, <a href="#p96">96</a></p>
+
+<p>Phantasies the only escape of the maturing youth, <a href="#p85">85</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of the individual in struggle with incest temptation, <a href="#p85n9">85, note 9</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of all persons contain infantile inclinations, <a href="#p85">85</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;distinctly incestuous, rejected, <a href="#p85">85</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="pleasure">Pleasure</a> sucking, <a href="#p42">42</a>; <a href="#p43">43</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;relation of feeling of, to unpleasant tension, <a href="#p70">70</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;relations of, the weakest spot in present day psychology, <a href="#p70">70</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;the last, of sexual acts differs earlier pleasures, <a href="#p71">71</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;produced through discharge, <a href="#p71">71</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is altogether gratification pleasure, <a href="#p71">71</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;nature of, more deeply entered into in the study of wit, <a href="#p72">72</a></p>
+
+<p>Pollution, process similar to, in infancy, <a href="#p51">51</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;caused by strong excitements in children, <a href="#p64">64</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;nocturnal, due to accumulation of semen, <a href="#p74">74</a></p>
+
+<p>Polymorphous-perverse disposition, <a href="#p52">52</a></p>
+
+<p>Precursory Sexual Aims, <a href="#p20">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Predisposition, bisexual, <a href="#p9">9</a></p>
+
+<p>Pregenital organization as phase of sexual life, <a href="#p54">54</a>; <a href="#p58">58</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;phase of organization of sexual life, <a href="#p59">59</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sadistic-anal, <a href="#p59">59</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;organizations, assumption of, based on analysis of neuroses, <a href="#p60">60</a></p>
+
+<p>Prematurity, spontaneous sexual, a factor influential for sexual development, <a href="#p97">97</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;shown in breaking through, shortening or suspending of infantile latency period, <a href="#p97">97</a><br>
+<a name="p112"></a>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;becomes cause of disturbances in provoking sexual manifestations having character of perversions, <a href="#p97">97</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual, runs parallel with intellectual prematurity, <a href="#p98">98</a></p>
+
+<p>Prevention of inversion, <a href="#p87">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Primacy of the Genitals, <a href="#p50">50</a>; <a href="#p69">69</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;attained at puberty, <a href="#p68">68</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;already sketched out in infantile life, <a href="#p73">73</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;for propagation, the last phase of sexual organization, <a href="#p60">60</a></p>
+
+<p>Primitive Psychic Mechanisms, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a></p>
+
+<p>Prostitute fitted for her activity by polymorphous-perverse disposition, <a href="#p53">53</a></p>
+
+<p>Psychic participation in perversions, <a href="#p25">25</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;life one of three stimuli of sexual apparatus, <a href="#p69">69</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sign of sexual excitation a feeling of tension, <a href="#p69">69</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;accomplishment of puberty is breaking away from parental authority, <a href="#p85">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Psychoanalysis, cures by, <a href="#p3">3</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of homosexuals, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;reveals psychic mechanism of genesis of inversion, <a href="#p11n12">11, note 12</a></p>
+
+<p>Psychoanalysis, <a href="#p26">26</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;shows early intimidation from normal sexual aims, <a href="#p18n17">18, note 17</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;explains fetichism, <a href="#p20n19">20, note 19</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;reduces bisexuality to activity and passivity, <a href="#p24">24</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;reduces symptoms of hysteria, <a href="#p27">27</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;unconscious phantasies revealed by, <a href="#p29n25">29, note 25</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of thumb-sucking, <a href="#p43">43</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of anal zone, <a href="#p47">47</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;brings forgotten material to consciousness, <a href="#p51">51</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of infantile sexuality, <a href="#p55n19">55, note 19</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;and inquisitiveness of children, <a href="#p56">56</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;and pregenital organizations, <a href="#p58">58</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;and tenderness of sexual life, <a href="#p61">61</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;novelty of, <a href="#p66">66</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of transference psychoses, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;gives at present definite information only about transformations of object-libido, <a href="#p78">78</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;cannot distinguish ego-libido from other effective energies, <a href="#p78">78</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;shows two paths of object finding, <a href="#p82n5">82, note 5</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;shows individual struggle with incest temptations, <a href="#p85n9">85, note 9</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;positive perversions accessible to therapy of, <a href="#p90n12">90, note 12</a></p>
+
+<p>Psychoneuroses based on sexual motive powers, <a href="#p26">26</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;associated with manifest inversions, <a href="#p29n26">29, note 26</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;traces of all perversions in, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;significance of erogenous zones in, <a href="#p32">32</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;preponderance of special erogenous zones in, <a href="#p34">34</a></p>
+
+<p>Psychoneurotics, sexual life of, explained only through psychoanalysis, <a href="#p26">26</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Sexual Activities of, <a href="#p27">27</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;disease of, appears after puberty, <a href="#p33">33</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;constitution of, tendency to inversions in, <a href="#p34">34</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexuality of preserves infantile character, <a href="#p39">39</a></p>
+
+<p>Psychosexual hermaphrodites show indifference to which sex their object belongs, <a href="#p2">2</a><br>
+<a name="p113"></a>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;not paralleled by other psychic qualities, <a href="#p8">8</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;phenomena explained by nature of ego-libido, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;development, disturbances of, show incestuous object selection, <a href="#p86">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Puberty not the time of the beginning of the sexual impulse, <a href="#p1">1</a>; <a href="#p36">36</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;relation of, to inversion, <a href="#p3">3</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;definite sexual behavior not determined till after, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Transformations of, <a href="#p68">68</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;most striking process of, the growth of the genitals, <a href="#p69">69</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Railroad activities, sexual element in, <a href="#p62">62</a></p>
+
+<p>Reaction formation, <a href="#p40">40</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and sublimation two diverse processes, <a href="#p41">41</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;feelings of, <a href="#p41">41</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;formation begins in latency period, <a href="#p95">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Reading as source of sexual excitement through fear, <a href="#p64">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Regression appears in sex development of woman, <a href="#p68">68</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;produced by factors injuring sexual development, <a href="#p97">97</a></p>
+
+<p>Repression of certain powerful components, <a href="#p94">94</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;not a suspension, <a href="#p95">95</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;result of, an almost normal sexual life, <a href="#p95">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Repression, inner determinations of, unknown, <a href="#p96">96</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;effect of, cannot be made retrogressive, <a href="#p98">98</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;a special process cutting off conscious discharge of wishes, <a href="#p27">27</a></p>
+
+<p>Repression of heterosexual feeling in psychoneurosis, <a href="#p29n26">29, note 26</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Sadism resulting from shows masochistic tendencies, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;immense amount, in inverts, <a href="#p33">33</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;congenital roots of sexual impulse undergo insufficient, <a href="#p35">35</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of impressions of childhood, <a href="#p38">38</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual, greater in girl, <a href="#p79">79</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;new wave of, distinguishes puberty of girl, <a href="#p80">80</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;determines psychic causes of anesthesia, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of puberty determines woman's preference for neuroses, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;a new, required, abolishing a piece of infantile masculinity, <a href="#p92">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Resistances, shame, loathing, fear and pain as, <a href="#p25">25</a></p>
+
+<p>Rhythm in sucking analogous to tickling, <a href="#p45">45</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of mechanical shaking of the body produces sexual excitation, <a href="#p62">62</a></p>
+
+<p>Riddle of the Sphinx, <a href="#p56">56</a></p>
+
+<p>Rieger, C., <a href="#p75">75</a></p>
+
+<p>Rohleder, <a href="#p47n13">47, note 13</a></p>
+
+<p>Rousseau, J.J., <a href="#p55">55</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Sadger, J., <a href="#p1">1</a></p>
+
+<p>Sadism (see <a href="#masochism">Masochism</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;and Masochism, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;occupy special place among perversions, <a href="#p23">23</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;conception of, fluctuates, <a href="#p22">22</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;attributable to bisexuality, <a href="#p24">24</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;resulting from repression paralleled by Masochism, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;attributed by children to sexual act, <a href="#p57">57</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;prevalence of, <a href="#p60">60</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;-Masochism impulse, rooted in erogenous action of pain, <a href="#p65">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Sadistic-anal pregenital sexual organization, <a href="#p59">59</a></p>
+
+<a name="p114"></a>
+
+<p>Sadistic impulse from muscular activity, <a href="#p64">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Scatologic customs of neurotics, <a href="#p49">49</a></p>
+
+<p>Schrenk-Notzing, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a></p>
+
+<p>Scott, <a href="#p23">23</a></p>
+
+<p>Secondary sex characteristics, <a href="#p8">8</a></p>
+
+<p>Seduction does not necessarily produce inverts, <a href="#p6">6</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;treating child as a sexual object, <a href="#p51">51</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as outer cause of return of sexual activity in childhood, <a href="#p51">51</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;not necessary to awaken sexual life of child, <a href="#p52">52</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;does not explain original relations of sexual impulse, <a href="#p53">53</a></p>
+
+<p>Semen, rôle of, unknown to children, <a href="#p58">58</a></p>
+
+<p>Sex characteristics, Secondary and Tertiary, <a href="#p8">8</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;culture and, <a href="#p41">41</a></p>
+
+<p>Sexual Aberrations, <a href="#p1">1</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a transition of variations of sexual impulse to the pathological, <a href="#p19">19</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;act, theories of children as to, <a href="#p57">57</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;activities, of psychoneurotics, <a href="#p27">27</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;premature, of children, impair educability, <a href="#p91">91</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;activities, infantile leave profoundest impressions, <a href="#p50">50</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;aim abandoned in childhood, <a href="#p40">40</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;at puberty different in the two sexes, <a href="#p68">68</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deviation in Reference to, <a href="#p14">14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;distinction between, and sexual object, <a href="#p1">1</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Fixation of Precursory, <a href="#p20">20</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in man the discharge of the sexual products, <a href="#p68">68</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of infantile impulse, <a href="#p46">46</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of infantile sexuality, <a href="#p45">45</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of Inverts, <a href="#p12">12</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;perversion may be substituted for, by normal person, <a href="#p24">24</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;should be restricted to union of genitals, <a href="#p16">16</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;apparatus, weakness of, <a href="#p18">18</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;constitutions, diverse, <a href="#p66">66</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;variation of, <a href="#p93">93</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;contrary, <a href="#p2">2</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;development of man easier to understand, than woman's, <a href="#p68">68</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;disturbances, paths of, a means of sublimation, <a href="#p67">67</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;serviceable in health, <a href="#p67">67</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;excitation of nursing period, <a href="#p51">51</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;is one result of three ways of stimulation of the sexual apparatus, <a href="#p69">69</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;excitement originates<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<i>a</i>) as imitation of a previous gratification, <a href="#p61">61</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<i>b</i>) as a stimulation of erogenous zones, <a href="#p61">61</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;(<i>c</i>) as the expression of some impulse, <a href="#p61">61</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;sources of, tested by quality of stimulus, <a href="#p65">65</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;inner sources of, <a href="#p65">65</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;nature of, unfamiliar to us, <a href="#p66">66</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;indirect source of, not equally strong in all persons, <a href="#p66">66</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;influences availability of voluntary attention, <a href="#p67">67</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;problem of, <a href="#p73">73</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;normally ended only by discharge of semen, <a href="#p74">74</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;independent of an accumulation of sexual substance, <a href="#p75">75</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;furnished not only from so-called sexual parts, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;intercourse between parents <a name="p115">and</a> child an inexhaustible source of, <a href="#p82">82</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;gratification found by inverts in object of same sex, <a href="#p3">3</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;impression, <a href="#p5">5</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Impulse, <a href="#p1">1</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;acquired, <a href="#p5">5</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;too close connection of, with object assumed, <a href="#p12">12</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;entirely independent of its object, <a href="#p13">13</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;most poorly controlled of all by higher psychic activities, <a href="#p14">14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;alone was extolled by the ancients, <a href="#p14n13">14, note 13</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Masochism in, causes unconscious fixation of libido on the hypnotist, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;closely connected with cruelty, <a href="#p23">23</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the source of symptoms of neuroses, <a href="#p27">27</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;perverse, converted expression of, <a href="#p29">29</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in psychoneuroses, <a href="#p33">33</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ignorance of essential features of, <a href="#p36">36</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;becomes altruistic, <a href="#p68">68</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;regularly becomes autoerotic, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;not awakened, <a href="#p82">82</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of genitals reawakens, <a href="#p50">50</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;primitive formation of, <a href="#p42">42</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;inhibition, <a href="#p40">40</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;inversion, <a href="#p2">2</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;presupposes that sexual object is reverse of normal, <a href="#p10">10</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;inverts, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;investigation, infantile, <a href="#p55">55</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;latency period, in childhood, <a href="#p39">39</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;life of children, <a href="#p40">40</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;shows components regarding others as sexual objects, <a href="#p53">53</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;tender streams of, <a href="#p61">61</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;normality of guaranteed by concurrence of two streams, <a href="#p68">68</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;all disturbances of, as inhibitions of development, <a href="#p69">69</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;development of, of children unimportant in lower stages of culture and important in higher, <a href="#p99">99</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;love shown by children towards parents at an early date, <a href="#p83">83</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;manifestations in childhood, exceptional, <a href="#p39">39</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the masturbatic, <a href="#p47">47</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;object is the person from whom the sexual attraction emanates, <a href="#p1">1</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Deviation in Reference to the, <a href="#p2">2</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;inaccessibility of, leads to occasional inversion, <a href="#p3">3</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of inverts, <a href="#p10">10</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;male inverts look for real feminine psychic features in, <a href="#p11">11</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;female active inverts look for femininity in, <a href="#p12">12</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;the sexually immature and animals as, <a href="#p13">13</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;emphasis placed by moderns on the, <a href="#p14n13">14, note 13</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lingering at intermediary relations to, one of the perversions, <a href="#p15">15</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;object, overestimation of the, <a href="#p15">15</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;unfit substitutes for, <a href="#p18">18</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;selection in very young children, <a href="#p55n19">55, note 19</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;found at puberty, <a href="#p68">68</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and aim concurrent in normal sexual life, <a href="#p68">68</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;in mother's breast, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;lost when infant forms <a name="p116">general</a> picture of person, <a href="#p81">81</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;of nursing period, <a href="#p82">82</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;organization, pregenital oral, <a href="#p59">59</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;overestimation of, rises only when woman refuses, <a href="#p80">80</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;process, motive power for, escapes in fore-pleasure, <a href="#p72">72</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;rejection leaves in unconscious of neurotic the psychosexual activity for object finding, <a href="#p86">86</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;satisfaction from muscular activity, <a href="#p63">63</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;substance, rôle of, <a href="#p74">74</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;symbolism of forms of motion, <a href="#p63">63</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;tension loosened by copulation, <a href="#p14">14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;implies feeling of displeasure, <a href="#p70">70</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;carries impulse to alter psychic situation, <a href="#p70">70</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;appears even in infancy, <a href="#p73">73</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;does not originate in pleasure, <a href="#p74">74</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;and pleasure only indirectly connected, <a href="#p74">74</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;a certain amount of, necessary for the excitability of the erogenous zones, <a href="#p74">74</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;theories, infantile, are reproductions of child's sexual constitution, <a href="#p57">57</a></p>
+
+<p>Sexuality as the weak point of the otherwise normal, <a href="#p14">14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;infantilism of, <a href="#p34">34</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;infantile factor in, <a href="#p39">39</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;infantile, manifestations of, <a href="#p42">42</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual aim of infantile, <a href="#p45">45</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;germinating, affecting children's behavior in school, <a href="#p64">64</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;encroached upon by all intensive affective processes, <a href="#p64">64</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;partial impulses of, <a href="#p65">65</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of eating, <a href="#p66">66</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;ways between, and other functions traversible in both directions, <a href="#p66">66</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;does not consist entirely in male germ glands, <a href="#p75">75</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of clitoris repressed in girl at puberty, <a href="#p80">80</a></p>
+
+<p>Sexuals, Contrary, <a href="#p2">2</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="shame">Shame</a> is a force opposed to the peeping mania, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as a resistance opposed to the libido, <a href="#p23">23</a>, <a href="#p25">25</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as force acting as an inhibition on sexual life, <a href="#p40">40</a></p>
+
+<p>Shoe as a symbol of female genital, <a href="#p19n18">19, note 18</a></p>
+
+<p>Skin as erogenous zone, <a href="#p32">32</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as factor of sexual excitement, <a href="#p65">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Sleep caused by pleasure-sucking, <a href="#p43">43</a></p>
+
+<p>Smell desire, coprophilic, <a href="#p20n19">20, note 19</a></p>
+
+<p>Smoking, desire for in former thumb-suckers, <a href="#p44">44</a></p>
+
+<p>Sphinx, Riddle of, <a href="#p56">56</a></p>
+
+<p>Sports turn youth away from sexual activity, <a href="#p64">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Stimulus produced by isolated excitements coming from without, <a href="#p31">31</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;outer, removing sensitiveness with gratification, <a href="#p47">47</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;quality of, as criterion of sources of sexual excitement, <a href="#p65">65</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;can set in motion complicated sexual apparatus, <a href="#p69">69</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;affects the sexual apparatus in three ways, <a href="#p69">69</a></p>
+
+<p>Sublimation, artistic, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;Reaction Formation and, <a href="#p40">40</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;a deviation of sexual motive powers from sexual aims, <a href="#p41">41</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;and reaction formation two diverse processes, <a href="#p41n8">41, note 8</a><br>
+<a name="p117"></a>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;desire for knowledge corresponds to, <a href="#p55">55</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;effected on paths by which sexual disturbances encroach upon other functions of the body, <a href="#p67">67</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;makes possible a third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositions, <a href="#p95">95</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;inner processes of, totally unknown, <a href="#p96">96</a></p>
+
+<p>Sucking, see <a href="#thumbsucking">Thumb-sucking</a>,&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>Symbolism of fetichism, <a href="#p19">19</a>, <a href="#p20">20</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;sexual, of early childhood, <a href="#p55n19">55, note 19</a></p>
+
+<p>Symptomatology of neurotic determined by infantile sexual activity, <a href="#p50">50</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of pollution-like process, <a href="#p51">51</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of neuroses traced to disturbance of the sexual processes, <a href="#p67">67</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;manifested in disturbances of other non-sexual bodily functions, <a href="#p67">67</a></p>
+
+<p>Symptoms, creators of, are unconscious forces, <a href="#p89">89</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of psychoneuroses are the sexual activities of the patient, <a href="#p27">27</a></p>
+
+<p>Syphilis in fathers of more than half the cases of hysteria, compulsion-neurosis, etc., treated by Freud, <a href="#p93">93</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Temperature sensitiveness, as result of distinct erogenous action, <a href="#p62">62</a></p>
+
+<p>Temporal Factors, <a href="#p98">98</a></p>
+
+<p>Tension, sexual, loosened by copulation, <a href="#p14">14</a>, <a href="#p70">70</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;feeling of, <a href="#p46">46</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; the psychic sign of sexual excitation, <a href="#p69">69</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;unpleasant, relation of, to feeling of pleasure, <a href="#p70">70</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;increase in changing to displeasure, <a href="#p71">71</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;increased by functions of erogenous zones, <a href="#p71">71</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of libido dies away at orgasm, <a href="#p71">71</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;too little, endangers attainment of sexual aim, <a href="#p72">72</a></p>
+
+<p>Tertiary sex characteristics, <a href="#p8">8</a></p>
+
+<p>Theatre as source of sexual excitement through fear, <a href="#p64">64</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="thumbsucking">Thumb-sucking</a> as model of infantile sexual manifestations, <a href="#p42">42</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;a sexual activity, <a href="#p43">43</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as remnant of oral phase of pregenital sexual organization, <a href="#p59">59</a></p>
+
+<p>Thyroid gland, rôle of, in sexuality, <a href="#p76">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Tickling analogous to rhythmic sucking, <a href="#p45">45</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;demanding onanistic gratification, <a href="#p51">51</a></p>
+
+<p>Toe, sucking of, <a href="#p42">42</a></p>
+
+<p>Tongue, sucking of, <a href="#p42">42</a></p>
+
+<p>Touching as preliminary to sexual aim, <a href="#p14">14</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;and looking, <a href="#p20">20</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;hand as addition to attraction of sexual object, <a href="#p70">70</a></p>
+
+<p>Transference neuroses, <a href="#p77">77</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;of erogenous excitability from clitoris to vagina, <a href="#p81">81</a></p>
+
+<p>Transformation of puberty, <a href="#p68">68</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;success of, dependent on adjustment to dispositions and impulses, <a href="#p68">68</a></p>
+
+<p>Transgressions, anatomical, <a href="#p15">15</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;especially frequent, are those to mouth and anus, <a href="#p29">29</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Ulrich, <a href="#p9">9</a></p>
+
+<p>Unconscious, all neurotics have feelings of inversion in, <a href="#p29">29</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;nothing in, corresponds to fetichism, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+<a name="p118"></a>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;psychic material is the source of compulsions, <a href="#p51">51</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;forces revealing themselves as symptom creators, <a href="#p89">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Uranism, <a href="#p5n7">5, note 7</a></p>
+
+<p>Urinary apparatus, the guardian of the genital, <a href="#p51">51</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Vagina, glandular activity of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, <a href="#p69">69</a></p>
+
+<p>Vomiting, hysterical, evinced after repression of thumb-sucking, <a href="#p44">44</a></p>
+
+<p><a name="voyeurs">Voyeurs</a> (see <a href="#looking">Looking</a>, <a href="#peeping">Peeping</a>, <a href="#exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;as examples of overcoming of loathing, <a href="#p21">21</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;exhibitionists are at the same time, <a href="#p30">30</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;children become, <a href="#p54">54</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Wishes, symptoms of hysteria are substitutes for, <a href="#p27">27</a></p>
+
+<p>Wit as source of greater knowledge of pleasure, <a href="#p72">72</a></p>
+
+<p>Woman (see <a href="#maf">Masculine and feminine</a>)<br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;regression in sex development of, <a href="#p68">68</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;differentiation between man and, <a href="#p78">78</a></p>
+
+<p>Work, intellectual, as sexual excitement, <a href="#p65">65</a></p>
+
+<br>
+
+<p>Zola, <a href="#p96">96</a></p>
+
+<p>Zone, chief erogenous, in female child is the clitoris, <a href="#p80">80</a></p>
+
+<p>Zones, erogenous, <a href="#p31">31</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;characters of, <a href="#p45">45</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;predestined, <a href="#p46">46</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;lips as erogenous, <a href="#p44">44</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;all parts of body may become erogenous, <a href="#p46">46</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;genital, gratification of, taught by seduction, <a href="#p52">52</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;erogenous, premature activity of, indicated by cruelty, <a href="#p54">54</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;parts of skin called, <a href="#p65">65</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;lip, responsible for sexual gratification during eating, <a href="#p66">66</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;primacy of genital, <a href="#p69">69</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;erogenous, prepare sexual excitement, <a href="#p70">70</a><br>
+&nbsp;&nbsp;leading, in man and woman, <a href="#p80">80</a></p>
+
+<br>
+<hr>
+
+<a name="p119"></a>
+<table width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td><b>Volume VII</b></td>
+<td align="center"><b>July, 1920</b></td>
+<td align="right"><b>Number 3</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<center>
+<h1>The Psychoanalytic Review</h1>
+<h3>A Journal Devoted to an
+Understanding of Human Conduct</h3>
+<h6>EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY</h6>
+<h5>WILLIAM A. WHITE, M.D., and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D.</h5></center>
+<hr>
+<center><h3>CONTENTS</h3></center>
+<p><b>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</b></p>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Freud's Concept of the "Censorship".</b> W.H.R. RIVERS.
+<li><b>Psychology of War and Schizophrenia.</b> E.W. LAZELL.
+<li><b>The Paraphrenic's Inaccessibility.</b> M.K. ISHAM.
+</ul>
+<p><b>TRANSLATION</b></p>
+<ul>
+<li><b>Psychological Psychiatry.</b> H.F. DELGADO.
+</ul>
+<p><b>ABSTRACTS. Book Reviews</b></p>
+<hr>
+<center><h3>Issued Quarterly: $6.00 per Volume,<br>
+Single Numbers, $1.75<br>
+Foreign, $6.60</h3></center>
+<hr>
+<center><h5>NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY</h5>
+<h6>41 NORTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, PA.,<br>
+and<br>
+3617 10th ST., N.W., WASHINGTON, D. C.<br>
+Serial No. 27</h6></center>
+<hr>
+<center><h6>Entered as Second-Class Matter October 25, 1913, at the Post Office at
+Lancaster, Pennsylvania under the Act of March 3, 1879.</h6></center>
+
+<hr>
+
+<a name="p120"></a>
+<a name="p121"></a>
+<center><h3>Publishers of</h3>
+<h1>The Psychoanalytic Review</h1>
+<h5>A Journal Devoted to the Understanding of Human Conduct</h5></center>
+
+<center><p>Edited by<br>
+WILLIAM A. WHITE, M.D., and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D.<br>
+Leading Articles Which Have Appeared in Previous Volumes</p></center>
+
+<center><p>VOL. I. (Beginning November, 1913.)</p></center>
+
+<ul>
+<li>The Theory of Psychoanalysis. C.G. Jung.
+<li>Psychoanalysis of Self-Mutilation. L.E. Emerson.
+<li>Blindness as a Wish. T.H. Ames.
+<li>The Technique of Psychoanalysis. S.E. Jelliffe.
+<li>Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. Riklin.
+<li>Character and the Neuroses. Trigant Burrow.
+<li>The Wildisbush Crucified Saint. Theodore Schroeder.
+<li>The Pragmatic Advantage of Freudo-Analysis. Knight Dunlap.
+<li>Moon Myth in Medicine. William A. White.
+<li>The Sadism of Oscar Wilde's "Salome." Isador H. Coriat.
+<li>Psychoanalysis and Hospitals. L.E. Emerson.
+<li>The Dream as a Simple Wishfulfillment in the Negro. John E. Lind.
+</ul>
+<center><p>VOL. II. (Beginning January, 1915.)</p></center>
+<ul>
+<li>The Principles of Pain-Pleasure and Reality. Paul Federn.
+<li>The Unconscious. William A. White.
+<li>A Plea for a Broader Standpoint in Psychoanalysis. Meyer Solomon.
+<li>Contributions to the Pathology of Everyday Life; Their Relation to
+Abnormal Mental Phenomena. Robert Stewart Miller.
+<li>The Integrative Functions of the Nervous System Applied to Some
+Reactions in Human Behavior and their Attending Psychic Functions.
+Edward J. Kempf.
+<li>A Manic-Depressive Upset Presenting Frank Wish-Realization Construction.
+Ralph Reed.
+<li>Psychoanalytic Parallels. William A. White.
+<li>Rôle of Sexual Complex in Dementia Prćcox. James C. Hassall.
+<li>Psycho-Genetics of Androcratic Evolution. Theodore Schroeder.
+<li>Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. Otto Rank and
+Hans Sachs.
+<li>Some Studies in the Psychopathology of Acute Dissociation of the
+Personality. Edward J. Kempf.
+<li>Psychoanalysis. Arthur H. Ring.
+<li>A Philosophy for Psychoanalysis. L.E. Emerson.
+</ul>
+<center><p>VOL. III. (Beginning January, 1916.)</p></center>
+<ul>
+<li>Symbolism. William A. White.
+<li>The Work of Alfred Adler, Considered with Especial Reference to that of
+Freud. James J. Putnam.
+<li>Art in the Insane. L. Grimberg.
+<li>Retaliation Dreams. Hansell Crenshaw.
+<li>History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. Sigmund Freud.
+<li>Clinical Cases Exhibiting Unconscious Defence Reactions. Francis H.
+Shockley.
+<li>Processes of Recovery in Schizophrenics. H. Bertschinger.
+<li>Freud and Sociology. Ernest R. Groves.
+<a name="p122"></a>
+<li>The Ontogenetic Against the Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of
+the Colored Race. Arrah B. Evarts.
+<li>Discomfiture and Evil Spirits. Elsie Clews Parsons.
+<li>Two Very Definite Wish-Fulfillment Dreams. C.B. Burr.
+</ul>
+<center><p>VOL. IV. (Beginning January, 1917.)</p></center>
+<ul>
+<li>Individuality and Introversion. William A. White.
+<li>A Study of a Severe Case of Compulsion Neurosis. H.W. Frink.
+<li>A Summary of Material on the Topical Community of Primitive and
+Pathological Symbols ("Archeopathic" Symbols), F.L. Wells.
+<li>A Literary Forerunner of Freud. Helen Williston Brown.
+<li>The Technique of Dream Interpretation. Wilhelm Steckel.
+<li>The Social and Sexual Behavior of Infrahuman Primates with some
+Comparable Facts in Human Behavior. Edw. J. Kempf.
+<li>Pain as a Reaction of Defence. H.B. Moyle.
+<li>Some Statistical Results of the Psychoanalytic Treatment of
+Psychoneuroses. Isador H. Coriat. The Rôle of Animals in the
+Unconscious. S.E. Jelliffe and L. Brink.
+<li>The Genesis and Meaning of Homosexuality. Trigant Burrow.
+<li>Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of the Negro. John E. Lind.
+<li>Freudian Elements in the Animism of the Niger Delta. E.R. Groves.
+<li>The Mechanism of Transference. William A. White.
+<li>The Future of Psychoanalysis. Isador H. Coriat.
+<li>Hermaphroditic Dreams. Isador H. Coriat.
+<li>The Psychology of "The Yellow Jacket." E.J. Kempf.
+<li>Heredity and Self-Conceit. Mabel Stevens.
+<li>The Long Handicap. Helen R. Hull.
+</ul>
+<center><p>VOL. V. (Beginning January, 1918.)</p></center>
+<ul>
+<li>Analysis of a Case of Manic-Depressive Psychosis Showing well-marked
+Regressive Stages. Lucile Dooley.
+<li>Reactions to Personal Names. C.P. Oberndorf.
+<li>A Study of the Mental Life of the Child. H. von Hug-Hellmuth.
+<li>An Interpretation of Certain Symbolisms. J.J. Putnam.
+<li>Charles Darwin&mdash;The Affective Source of His Inspiration and Anxiety
+Neurosis. Edw. J. Kempf.
+<li>The Origin of the Incest-Awe. Trigant Burrow.
+<li>Compulsion and Freedom: The Fantasy of the Willow Tree. S.E. Jelliffe
+and L. Brink.
+<li>A Case of Childhood Conflicts with Prominent Reference to the Urinary
+System: with some General Considerations on Urinary Symptoms in the
+Psychoneuroses and Psychoses. C. Macfie Campbell.
+<li>The Hound of Heaven. Thomas Vernon Moore.
+<li>A Lace Creation Revealing an Incest Fantasy. Arrah B. Evarts.
+<li>Nephew and Maternal Uncle: A Motive of Early Literature in the Light of
+Freudian Psychology. Albert K. Weinberg.
+</ul>
+<p>All the leading foreign psychoanalytic journals are regularly
+abstracted, and all books dealing with psychoanalysis are reviewed.</p>
+
+<center><p>Issued Quarterly: $5.00 per Volume.</p>
+<table width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td>Single Copies: $1.50</td>
+<td align="right">Foreign, $5.60.</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+<h3>Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company</h3>
+<table width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td><b>3617 Tenth Street, N.W.</b></td>
+<td align="right"><b>WASHINGTON, D.C.</b></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</center>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
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+</pre>
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex
+by Sigmund Freud
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex
+
+Author: Sigmund Freud
+
+Release Date: February 8, 2005 [EBook #14969]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THEORY OF SEX ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Joel Schlosberg and the PG Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES NO. 7
+
+THREE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF SEX
+
+_SECOND EDITION_
+_SECOND REPRINTING_
+
+BY
+
+PROF. SIGMUND FREUD, LL.D.
+VIENNA
+
+AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY
+
+A.A. BRILL, PH.B., M.D.
+CLINICAL ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY, COLUMBIA
+UNIVERSITY; ASSISTANT IN MENTAL DISEASES, BELLEVUE HOSPITAL; ASSISTANT
+VISITING PHYSICIAN, HOSPITAL FOR NERVOUS DISEASES
+
+WITH INTRODUCTION BY
+
+JAMES J. PUTNAM, M.D.
+
+NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING CO.
+NEW YORK AND WASHINGTON
+1920
+
+
+
+
+NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES
+
+Edited by
+
+Drs. SMITH ELY JELLIFFE and WM. A. WHITE
+
+Numbers Issued
+
+1. Outlines of Psychiatry. (7th Edition.) $3.00. By Dr. William A.
+     White.
+2. Studies in Paranoia. (Out of Print.) By Drs. N. Gierlich and M.
+     Friedman.
+3. The Psychology of Dementia Praecox. (Out of Print.) By Dr. C.G. Jung.
+4. Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses. (3d Edition.)
+     $3.00. By Prof. Sigmund Freud.
+5. The Wassermann Serum Diagnosis in Psychiatry. $2.00. By Dr. Felix
+     Plaut.
+6. Epidemic Poliomyelitis. New York, 1907. (Out of Print.)
+7. Three Contributions to Sexual Theory. (3d Edition.) $2.00. By Prof.
+     Sigmund Freud.
+8. Mental Mechanisms. (Out of Print.) $2.00. By Dr. Wm. A. White.
+9. Studies in Psychiatry. $2.00. New York Psychiatrical Society.
+10. Handbook of Mental Examination Methods. $2.00. (Out of Print.) By
+     Shepherd Ivory Franz.
+11. The Theory of Schizophrenic Negativism. $1.00. By Professor E.
+     Bleuler.
+12. Cerebellar Functions. $3.00. By Dr. Andre-Thomas.
+13. History of Prison Psychoses. $1.25. By Drs. P. Nitsche and K.
+     Wilmanns.
+14. General Paresis. $3.00. By Prof. E. Kraepelin.
+15. Dreams and Myths. $1.00. By Dr. Karl Abraham.
+16. Poliomyelitis. $3.00. By Dr. I. Wickmann.
+17. Freud's Theories of the Neuroses. $2.00. By Dr. E. Hitschmann.
+18. The Myth of the Birth of the Hero. $1.00. By Dr. Otto Rank.
+19. The Theory of Psychoanalysis. $1.50. (Out of Print.) By Dr. C.G.
+     Jung.
+20. Vagotonia. $1.00. (3d Edition.) By Drs. Eppinger and Hess.
+21. Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. $1.00. By Dr. Ricklin.
+22. The Dream Problem. $1.00. By Dr. A.E. Maeder.
+23. The Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. $1.50.
+     By Drs. O. Rank and D.H. Sachs.
+24. Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation. $1.50. By Dr.
+     Alfred Adler.
+25. The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. $1.00. By Prof. S.
+     Freud.
+26. Technique of Psychoanalysis. $2.00. By Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe.
+27. Vegetative Neurology. $2.00. By Dr. H. Higier.
+28. The Autonomic Functions and the Personality. $2.00. By Dr. Edward J.
+     Kemp.
+29. A Study of the Mental Life of the Child, $2.00. By Dr. H. Von
+     Hug-Hellmuth.
+30. Internal Secretions and the Nervous System. $1.00. By Dr. M. Laignel
+     Lavastine.
+31. Sleep Walking and Moon Walking. $2.00. By Dr. J. Sadger.
+
+NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY 3617 10th St. N.W.,
+Washington, D.C.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS
+
+                                                             PAGE
+INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION                                     v
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION                         ix
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION                           x
+  I. THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS                                     1
+ II. THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY                                   36
+III. THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY                             68
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION
+
+
+The somewhat famous "Three Essays," which Dr. Brill is here bringing to
+the attention of an English-reading public, occupy--brief as they
+are--an important position among the achievements of their author, a
+great investigator and pioneer in an important line. It is not claimed
+that the facts here gathered are altogether new. The subject of the
+sexual instinct and its aberrations has long been before the scientific
+world and the names of many effective toilers in this vast field are
+known to every student. When one passes beyond the strict domains of
+science and considers what is reported of the sexual life in folkways
+and art-lore and the history of primitive culture and in romance, the
+sources of information are immense. Freud has made considerable
+additions to this stock of knowledge, but he has done also something of
+far greater consequence than this. He has worked out, with incredible
+penetration, the part which this instinct plays in every phase of human
+life and in the development of human character, and has been able to
+establish on a firm footing the remarkable thesis that psychoneurotic
+illnesses never occur with a perfectly normal sexual life. Other sorts
+of emotions contribute to the result, but some aberration of the sexual
+life is always present, as the cause of especially insistent emotions
+and repressions.
+
+The instincts with which every child is born furnish desires or cravings
+which must be dealt with in some fashion. They may be refined
+("sublimated"), so far as is necessary and desirable, into energies of
+other sorts--as happens readily with the play-instinct--or they may
+remain as the source of perversions and inversions, and of cravings of
+new sorts substituted for those of the more primitive kinds under the
+pressure of a conventional civilization. The symptoms of the functional
+psychoneuroses represent, after a fashion, some of these distorted
+attempts to find a substitute for the imperative cravings born of the
+sexual instincts, and their form often depends, in part at least, on the
+peculiarities of the sexual life in infancy and early childhood. It is
+Freud's service to have investigated this inadequately chronicled period
+of existence with extraordinary acumen. In so doing he made it plain
+that the "perversions" and "inversions," which reappear later under such
+striking shapes, belong to the normal sexual life of the young child and
+are seen, in veiled forms, in almost every case of nervous illness.
+
+It cannot too often be repeated that these discoveries represent no
+fanciful deductions, but are the outcome of rigidly careful observations
+which any one who will sufficiently prepare himself can verify. Critics
+fret over the amount of "sexuality" that Freud finds evidence of in the
+histories of his patients, and assume that he puts it there. But such
+criticisms are evidences of misunderstandings and proofs of ignorance.
+
+Freud had learned that the amnesias of hypnosis and of hysteria were not
+absolute but relative and that in covering the lost memories, much more,
+of unexpected sort, was often found. Others, too, had gone as far as
+this, and stopped. But this investigator determined that nothing but the
+absolute impossibility of going further should make him cease from
+urging his patients into an inexorable scrutiny of the unconscious
+regions of their memories and thoughts, such as never had been made
+before. Every species of forgetfulness, even the forgetfulness of
+childhood's years, was made to yield its hidden stores of knowledge;
+dreams, even though apparently absurd, were found to be interpreters of
+a varied class of thoughts, active, although repressed as out of harmony
+with the selected life of consciousness; layer after layer, new sets of
+motives underlying motives were laid bare, and each patient's interest
+was strongly enlisted in the task of learning to know himself in order
+more truly and wisely to "sublimate" himself. Gradually other workers
+joined patiently in this laborious undertaking, which now stands, for
+those who have taken pains to comprehend it, as by far the most
+important movement in psychopathology.
+
+It must, however, be recognized that these essays, of which Dr. Brill
+has given a translation that cannot but be timely, concern a subject
+which is not only important but unpopular. Few physicians read the works
+of v. Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Moll, and others of like sort.
+The remarkable volumes of Havelock Ellis were refused publication in his
+native England. The sentiments which inspired this hostile attitude
+towards the study of the sexual life are still active, though growing
+steadily less common. One may easily believe that if the facts which
+Freud's truth-seeking researches forced him to recognize and to publish
+had not been of an unpopular sort, his rich and abundant contributions
+to observational psychology, to the significance of dreams, to the
+etiology and therapeutics of the psychoneuroses, to the interpretation
+of mythology, would have won for him, by universal acclaim, the same
+recognition among all physicians that he has received from a rapidly
+increasing band of followers and colleagues.
+
+May Dr. Brill's translation help toward this end.
+
+There are two further points on which some comments should be made. The
+first is this, that those who conscientiously desire to learn all that
+they can from Freud's remarkable contributions should not be content to
+read any one of them alone. His various publications, such as "The
+Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses,"[1] "The
+Interpretation of Dreams,"[2] "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life,"[3]
+"Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious,"[4] the analysis of the case
+of the little boy called Hans, the study of Leonardo da Vinci,[4a] and
+the various short essays in the four Sammlungen kleiner Schriften, not
+only all hang together, but supplement each other to a remarkable
+extent. Unless a course of study such as this is undertaken many critics
+may think various statements and inferences in this volume to be far
+fetched or find them too obscure for comprehension.
+
+The other point is the following: One frequently hears the
+psychoanalytic method referred to as if it was customary for those
+practicing it to exploit the sexual experiences of their patients and
+nothing more, and the insistence on the details of the sexual life,
+presented in this book, is likely to emphasize that notion. But the fact
+is, as every thoughtful inquirer is aware, that the whole progress of
+civilization, whether in the individual or the race, consists largely in
+a "sublimation" of infantile instincts, and especially certain portions
+of the sexual instinct, to other ends than those which they seemed
+designed to serve. Art and poetry are fed on this fuel and the evolution
+of character and mental force is largely of the same origin. All the
+forms which this sublimation, or the abortive attempts at sublimation,
+may take in any given case, should come out in the course of a thorough
+psychoanalysis. It is not the sexual life alone, but every interest and
+every motive, that must be inquired into by the physician who is seeking
+to obtain all the data about the patient, necessary for his reeducation
+and his cure. But all the thoughts and emotions and desires and motives
+which appear in the man or woman of adult years were once crudely
+represented in the obscure instincts of the infant, and among these
+instincts those which were concerned directly or indirectly with the
+sexual emotions, in a wide sense, are certain to be found in every case
+to have been the most important for the end-result.
+
+                                                      JAMES J. PUTNAM.
+
+BOSTON, August 23, 1910.
+
+[1] Translated by A.A. Brill, NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH
+SERIES, NO. 4.
+
+[2] Translated by A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York, and Allen &
+Unwin, London.
+
+[3] Translated by A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York.
+
+[4] Translated by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co., New York.
+
+[4a] Translated by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co., New York.
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
+
+
+Although the author is fully aware of the gaps and obscurities contained
+in this small volume, he has, nevertheless, resisted a temptation to add
+to it the results obtained from the investigations of the last five
+years, fearing that thus its unified and documentary character would be
+destroyed. He accordingly reproduces the original text with but slight
+modifications, contenting himself with the addition of a few footnotes.
+For the rest, it is his ardent wish that this book may speedily become
+antiquated--to the end that the new material brought forward in it may
+be universally accepted, while the shortcomings it displays may give
+place to juster views.
+
+VIENNA, December, 1909.
+
+
+
+
+AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
+
+
+After watching for ten years the reception accorded to this book and the
+effect it has produced, I wish to provide the third edition of it with
+some prefatory remarks dealing with the misunderstandings of the book
+and the demands, insusceptible of fulfillment, made against it. Let me
+emphasize in the first place that whatever is here presented is derived
+entirely from every-day medical experience which is to be made more
+profound and scientifically important through the results of
+psychoanalytic investigation. The "Three Contributions to the Theory of
+Sex" can contain nothing except what psychoanalysis obliges them to
+accept or what it succeeds in corroborating. It is therefore excluded
+that they should ever be developed into a "theory of sex," and it is
+also quite intelligible that they will assume no attitude at all towards
+some important problems of the sexual life. This should not however give
+the impression that these omitted chapters of the great theme were
+unfamiliar to the author, or that they were neglected by him as
+something of secondary importance.
+
+The dependence of this work on the psychoanalytic experiences which have
+determined the writing of it, shows itself not only in the selection but
+also in the arrangement of the material. A certain succession of stages
+was observed, the occasional factors are rendered prominent, the
+constitutional ones are left in the background, and the ontogenetic
+development receives greater consideration than the phylogenetic. For
+the occasional factors play the principal role in analysis, and are
+almost completely worked up in it, while the constitutional factors only
+become evident from behind as elements which have been made functional
+through experience, and a discussion of these would lead far beyond the
+working sphere of psychoanalysis.
+
+A similar connection determines the relation between ontogenesis and
+phylogenesis. Ontogenesis may be considered as a repetition of
+phylogenesis insofar as the latter has not been varied by a more recent
+experience. The phylogenetic disposition makes itself visible behind the
+ontogenetic process. But fundamentally the constitution is really the
+precipitate of a former experience of the species to which the newer
+experience of the individual being is added as the sum of the occasional
+factors.
+
+Beside its thoroughgoing dependence on psychoanalytic investigation I
+must emphasize as a character of this work of mine its intentional
+independence of biological investigation. I have carefully avoided the
+inclusion of the results of scientific investigation in general sex
+biology or of particular species of animals in this study of human
+sexual functions which is made possible by the technique of
+psychoanalysis. My aim was indeed to find out how much of the biology of
+the sexual life of man can be discovered by means of psychological
+investigation; I was able to point to additions and agreements which
+resulted from this examination, but I did not have to become confused if
+the psychoanalytic methods led in some points to views and results which
+deviated considerably from those merely based on biology.
+
+I have added many passages in this edition, but I have abstained from
+calling attention to them, as in former editions, by special marks. The
+scientific work in our sphere has at present been retarded in its
+progress, nevertheless some supplements to this work were indispensable
+if it was to remain in touch with our newer psychoanalytic literature.
+
+VIENNA, October, 1914.
+
+
+
+
+I
+
+THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS[1]
+
+
+The fact of sexual need in man and animal is expressed in biology by the
+assumption of a "sexual impulse." This impulse is made analogous to the
+impulse of taking nourishment, and to hunger. The sexual expression
+corresponding to hunger not being found colloquilly, science uses the
+expression "libido."[2]
+
+Popular conception makes definite assumptions concerning the nature and
+qualities of this sexual impulse. It is supposed to be absent during
+childhood and to commence about the time of and in connection with the
+maturing process of puberty; it is supposed that it manifests itself in
+irresistible attractions exerted by one sex upon the other, and that its
+aim is sexual union or at least such actions as would lead to union.
+
+But we have every reason to see in these assumptions a very
+untrustworthy picture of reality. On closer examination they are found
+to abound in errors, inaccuracies and hasty conclusions.
+
+If we introduce two terms and call the person from whom the sexual
+attraction emanates the _sexual object_, and the action towards which
+the impulse strives the _sexual aim_, then the scientifically examined
+experience shows us many deviations in reference to both sexual object
+and sexual aim, the relations of which to the accepted standard require
+thorough investigation.
+
+
+1. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL OBJECT
+
+The popular theory of the sexual impulse corresponds closely to the
+poetic fable of dividing the person into two halves--man and woman--who
+strive to become reunited through love. It is therefore very surprising
+to hear that there are men for whom the sexual object is not woman but
+man, and that there are women for whom it is not man but woman. Such
+_persons_ are called contrary sexuals, or better, inverts; the
+_condition_, that of inversion. The number of such individuals is
+considerable though difficult of accurate determination.[3]
+
+
+A. _Inversion_
+
+*The Behavior of Inverts.*--The above-mentioned persons behave in many
+ways quite differently.
+
+(_a_) They are absolutely inverted; _i.e._, their sexual object must be
+always of the same sex, while the opposite sex can never be to them an
+object of sexual longing, but leaves them indifferent or may even evoke
+sexual repugnance. As men they are unable, on account of this
+repugnance, to perform the normal sexual act or miss all pleasure in its
+performance.
+
+(_b_) They are amphigenously inverted (psychosexually hermaphroditic);
+_i.e._, their sexual object may belong indifferently to either the same
+or to the other sex. The inversion lacks the character of exclusiveness.
+
+(_c_) They are occasionally inverted; _i.e._, under certain external
+conditions, chief among which are the inaccessibility of the normal
+sexual object and initiation, they are able to take as the sexual
+object a person of the same sex and thus find sexual gratification.
+
+The inverted also manifest a manifold behavior in their judgment about
+the peculiarities of their sexual impulse. Some take the inversion as a
+matter of course, just as the normal person does regarding his libido,
+firmly demanding the same rights as the normal. Others, however, strive
+against the fact of their inversion and perceive in it a morbid
+compulsion.[4]
+
+Other variations concern the relations of time. The characteristics of
+the inversion in any individual may date back as far as his memory goes,
+or they may become manifest to him at a definite period before or after
+puberty.[5] The character is either retained throughout life, or it
+occasionally recedes or represents an episode on the road to normal
+development. A periodical fluctuation between the normal and the
+inverted sexual object has also been observed. Of special interest are
+those cases in which the libido changes, taking on the character of
+inversion after a painful experience with the normal sexual object.
+
+These different categories of variation generally exist independently of
+one another. In the most extreme cases it can regularly be assumed that
+the inversion has existed at all times and that the person feels
+contented with his peculiar state.
+
+Many authors will hesitate to gather into a unit all the cases
+enumerated here and will prefer to emphasize the differences rather than
+the common characters of these groups, a view which corresponds with
+their preferred judgment of inversions. But no matter what divisions may
+be set up, it cannot be overlooked that all transitions are abundantly
+met with, so that the formation of a series would seem to impose itself.
+
+*Conception of Inversion.*--The first attention bestowed upon inversion
+gave rise to the conception that it was a congenital sign of nervous
+degeneration. This harmonized with the fact that doctors first met it
+among the nervous, or among persons giving such an impression. There are
+two elements which should be considered independently in this
+conception: the congenitality, and the degeneration.
+
+*Degeneration.*--This term _degeneration_ is open to the objections
+which may be urged against the promiscuous use of this word in general.
+It has in fact become customary to designate all morbid manifestations
+not of traumatic or infectious origin as degenerative. Indeed, Magnan's
+classification of degenerates makes it possible that the highest general
+configuration of nervous accomplishment need not exclude the application
+of the concept of degeneration. Under the circumstances, it is a
+question what use and what new content the judgment of "degeneration"
+still possesses. It would seem more appropriate not to speak of
+degeneration: (1) Where there are not many marked deviations from the
+normal; (2) where the capacity for working and living do not in general
+appear markedly impaired.[6]
+
+That the inverted are not degenerates in this qualified sense can be
+seen from the following facts:
+
+1. The inversion is found among persons who otherwise show no marked
+deviation from the normal.
+
+2. It is found also among persons whose capabilities are not disturbed,
+who on the contrary are distinguished by especially high intellectual
+development and ethical culture.[7]
+
+3. If one disregards the patients of one's own practice and strives to
+comprehend a wider field of experience, he will in two directions
+encounter facts which will prevent him from assuming inversions as a
+degenerative sign.
+
+(_a_) It must be considered that inversion was a frequent manifestation
+among the ancient nations at the height of their culture. It was an
+institution endowed with important functions. (_b_) It is found to be
+unusually prevalent among savages and primitive races, whereas the term
+degeneration is generally limited to higher civilization (I. Bloch).
+Even among the most civilized nations of Europe, climate and race have a
+most powerful influence on the distribution of, and attitude toward,
+inversion.[8]
+
+*Innateness.*--Only for the first and most extreme class of inverts, as
+can be imagined, has innateness been claimed, and this from their own
+assurance that at no time in their life has their sexual impulse
+followed a different course. The fact of the existence of two other
+classes, especially of the third, is difficult to reconcile with the
+assumption of its being congenital. Hence, the propensity of those
+holding this view to separate the group of absolute inverts from the
+others results in the abandonment of the general conception of
+inversion. Accordingly in a number of cases the inversion would be of a
+congenital character, while in others it might originate from other
+causes.
+
+In contradistinction to this conception is that which assumes inversion
+to be an _acquired_ character of the sexual impulse. It is based on the
+following facts. (1) In many inverts (even absolute ones) an early
+affective sexual impression can be demonstrated, as a result of which
+the homosexual inclination developed. (2) In many others outer
+influences of a promoting and inhibiting nature can be demonstrated,
+which in earlier or later life led to a fixation of the inversion--among
+which are exclusive relations with the same sex, companionship in war,
+detention in prison, dangers of hetero-sexual intercourse, celibacy,
+sexual weakness, etc. (3) Hypnotic suggestion may remove the inversion,
+which would be surprising in that of a congenital character.
+
+In view of all this, the existence of congenital inversion can certainly
+be questioned. The objection may be made to it that a more accurate
+examination of those claimed to be congenitally inverted will probably
+show that the direction of the libido was determined by a definite
+experience of early childhood, which has not been retained in the
+conscious memory of the person, but which can be brought back to memory
+by proper influences (Havelock Ellis). According to that author
+inversion can be designated only as a frequent variation of the sexual
+impulse which may be determined by a number of external circumstances of
+life.
+
+The apparent certainty thus reached is, however, overthrown by the
+retort that manifestly there are many persons who have experienced even
+in their early youth those very sexual influences, such as seduction,
+mutual onanism, without becoming inverts, or without constantly
+remaining so. Hence, one is forced to assume that the alternatives
+congenital and acquired are either incomplete or do not cover the
+circumstances present in inversions.
+
+*Explanation of Inversion.*--The nature of inversion is explained
+neither by the assumption that it is congenital nor that it is acquired.
+In the first case, we need to be told what there is in it of the
+congenital, unless we are satisfied with the roughest explanation,
+namely, that a person brings along a congenital sexual impulse connected
+with a definite sexual object. In the second case it is a question
+whether the manifold accidental influences suffice to explain the
+acquisition unless there is something in the individual to meet them
+half way. The negation of this last factor is inadmissible according to
+our former conclusions.
+
+*The Relation of Bisexuality.*--Since the time of Frank Lydston,
+Kiernan, and Chevalier, a new series of ideas has been introduced for
+the explanation of the possibility of sexual inversion. This contains a
+new contradiction to the popular belief which assumes that a human being
+is either a man or a woman. Science shows cases in which the sexual
+characteristics appear blurred and thus the sexual distinction is made
+difficult, especially on an anatomical basis. The genitals of such
+persons unite the male and female characteristics (hermaphroditism). In
+rare cases both parts of the sexual apparatus are well developed (true
+hermaphroditism), but usually both are stunted.[9]
+
+The importance of these abnormalities lies in the fact that they
+unexpectedly facilitate the understanding of the normal formation. A
+certain degree of anatomical hermaphroditism really belongs to the
+normal. In no normally formed male or female are traces of the apparatus
+of the other sex lacking; these either continue functionless as
+rudimentary organs, or they are transformed for the purpose of assuming
+other functions.
+
+The conception which we gather from this long known anatomical fact is
+the original predisposition to bisexuality, which in the course of
+development has changed to monosexuality, leaving slight remnants of the
+stunted sex.
+
+It was natural to transfer this conception to the psychic sphere and to
+conceive the inversion in its aberrations as an expression of psychic
+hermaphroditism. In order to bring the question to a decision, it was
+only necessary to have one other circumstance, viz., a regular
+concurrence of the inversion with the psychic and somatic signs of
+hermaphroditism.
+
+But this second expectation was not realized. The relations between the
+assumed psychical and the demonstrable anatomical androgyny should never
+be conceived as being so close. There is frequently found in the
+inverted a diminution of the sexual impulse (H. Ellis) and a slight
+anatomical stunting of the organs. This, however, is found frequently
+but by no means regularly or preponderately. Thus we must recognize that
+inversion and somatic hermaphroditism are totally independent of each
+other.
+
+Great importance has also been attached to the so-called secondary and
+tertiary sex characters and their aggregate occurrence in the inverted
+has been emphasized (H. Ellis). There is much truth in this but it
+should not be forgotten that the secondary and tertiary sex
+characteristics very frequently manifest themselves in the other sex,
+thus indicating androgyny without, however, involving changes in the
+sexual object in the sense of an inversion.
+
+Psychic hermaphroditism would gain in substantiality if parallel with
+the inversion of the sexual object there should be at least a change in
+the other psychic qualities, such as in the impulses and distinguishing
+traits characteristic of the other sex. But such inversion of character
+can be expected with some regularity only in inverted women; in men the
+most perfect psychic manliness may be united with the inversion. If one
+firmly adheres to the hypothesis of a psychic hermaphroditism, one must
+add that in certain spheres its manifestations allow the recognition of
+only a very slight contrary determination. The same also holds true in
+the somatic androgyny. According to Halban, the appearance of individual
+stunted organs and secondary sex characters are quite independent of
+each other.[10]
+
+A spokesman of the masculine inverts stated the bisexual theory in its
+crudest form in the following words: "It is a female brain in a male
+body." But we do not know the characteristics of a "female brain." The
+substitution of the anatomical for the psychological is as frivolous as
+it is unjustified. The tentative explanation by v. Krafft-Ebing seems to
+be more precisely formulated than that of Ulrich but does not
+essentially differ from it. v. Krafft-Ebing thinks that the bisexual
+predisposition gives to the individual male and female brain centers as
+well as somatic sexual organs. These centers develop first towards
+puberty mostly under the influence of the independent sex glands. We
+can, however, say the same of the male and female "centers" as of the
+male and female brains; and, moreover, we do not even know whether we
+can assume for the sexual functions separate brain locations ("centers")
+such as we may assume for language.
+
+After this discussion, two notions, at all events, persist; first, that
+a bisexual predisposition is to be presumed for the inversion also, only
+we do not know of what it consists beyond the anatomical formations;
+and, second, that we are dealing with disturbances which are experienced
+by the sexual impulse during its development.[11]
+
+*The Sexual Object of Inverts.*--The theory of psychic hermaphroditism
+presupposed that the sexual object of the inverted is the reverse of the
+normal. The inverted man, like the woman, succumbs to the charms
+emanating from manly qualities of body and mind; he feels himself like a
+woman and seeks a man.
+
+But however true this may be for a great number of inverts, it by no
+means indicates the general character of inversion. There is no doubt
+that a great part of the male inverted have retained the psychic
+character of virility, that proportionately they show but little of the
+secondary characters of the other sex, and that they really look for
+real feminine psychic features in their sexual object. If that were not
+so it would be incomprehensible why masculine prostitution, in offering
+itself to inverts, copies in all its exterior, to-day as in antiquity,
+the dress and attitudes of woman. This imitation would otherwise be an
+insult to the ideal of the inverts. Among the Greeks, where the most
+manly men were found among inverts, it is quite obvious that it was not
+the masculine character of the boy which kindled the love of man, but it
+was his physical resemblance to woman as well as his feminine psychic
+qualities, such as shyness, demureness, and the need of instruction and
+help. As soon as the boy himself became a man he ceased to be a sexual
+object for men and in turn became a lover of boys. The sexual object in
+this case as in many others is therefore not of the like sex, but it
+unites both sex characters, a compromise between the impulses striving
+for the man and for the woman, but firmly conditioned by the masculinity
+of body (the genitals).[12]
+
+The conditions in the woman are more definite; here the active inverts,
+with special frequency, show the somatic and psychic characters of man
+and desire femininity in their sexual object; though even here greater
+variation will be found on more intimate investigation.
+
+*The Sexual Aim of Inverts.*--The important fact to bear in mind is that
+no uniformity of the sexual aim can be attributed to inversion.
+Intercourse per anum in men by no means goes with inversion;
+masturbation is just as frequently the exclusive aim; and the limitation
+of the sexual aim to mere effusion of feelings is here even more
+frequent than in hetero-sexual love. In women, too, the sexual aims of
+the inverted are manifold, among which contact with the mucous membrane
+of the mouth seems to be preferred.
+
+*Conclusion.*--Though from the material on hand we are by no means in a
+position satisfactorily to explain the origin of inversion, we can say
+that through this investigation we have obtained an insight which can
+become of greater significance to us than the solution of the above
+problem. Our attention is called to the fact that we have assumed a too
+close connection between the sexual impulse and the sexual object. The
+experience gained from the so called abnormal cases teaches us that a
+connection exists between the sexual impulse and the sexual object which
+we are in danger of overlooking in the uniformity of normal states where
+the impulse seems to bring with it the object. We are thus instructed to
+separate this connection between the impulse and the object. The sexual
+impulse is probably entirely independent of its object and is not
+originated by the stimuli proceeding from the object.
+
+
+B. _The Sexually Immature and Animals as Sexual Objects_
+
+Whereas those sexual inverts whose sexual object does not belong to the
+normally adapted sex, appear to the observer as a collective number of
+perhaps otherwise normal individuals, the persons who choose for their
+sexual object the sexually immature (children) are apparently from the
+first sporadic aberrations. Only exceptionally are children the
+exclusive sexual objects. They are mostly drawn into this role by a
+faint-hearted and impotent individual who makes use of such substitutes,
+or when an impulsive urgent desire cannot at the time secure the proper
+object. Still it throws some light on the nature of the sexual impulse,
+that it should suffer such great variation and depreciation of its
+object, a thing which hunger, adhering more energetically to its object,
+would allow only in the most extreme cases. The same may be said of
+sexual relations with animals--a thing not at all rare among
+farmers--where the sexual attraction goes beyond the limits of the
+species.
+
+For esthetic reasons one would fain attribute this and other excessive
+aberrations of the sexual impulse to the insane, but this cannot be
+done. Experience teaches that among the latter no disturbances of the
+sexual impulse can be found other than those observed among the sane, or
+among whole races and classes. Thus we find with gruesome frequency
+sexual abuse of children by teachers and servants merely because they
+have the best opportunities for it. The insane present the aforesaid
+aberration only in a somewhat intensified form; or what is of special
+significance is the fact that the aberration becomes exclusive and takes
+the place of the normal sexual gratification.
+
+This very remarkable relation of sexual variations ranging from the
+normal to the insane gives material for reflection. It seems to me that
+the fact to be explained would show that the impulses of the sexual life
+belong to those which even normally are most poorly controlled by the
+higher psychic activities. He who is in any way psychically abnormal, be
+it in social or ethical conditions, is, according to my experience,
+regularly so in his sexual life. But many are abnormal in their sexual
+life who in every other respect correspond to the average; they have
+followed the human cultural development, but sexuality remained as their
+weak point.
+
+As a general result of these discussions we come to see that, under
+numerous conditions and among a surprising number of individuals, the
+nature and value of the sexual object steps into the background. There
+is something else in the sexual impulse which is the essential and
+constant.[13]
+
+
+2. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL AIM
+
+The union of the genitals in the characteristic act of copulation is
+taken as the normal sexual aim. It serves to loosen the sexual tension
+and temporarily to quench the sexual desire (gratification analogous to
+satisfaction of hunger). Yet even in the most normal sexual process
+those additions are distinguishable, the development of which leads to
+the aberrations described as _perversions_. Thus certain intermediary
+relations to the sexual object connected with copulation, such as
+touching and looking, are recognized as preliminary to the sexual aim.
+These activities are on the one hand themselves connected with pleasure
+and on the other hand they enhance the excitement which persists until
+the definite sexual aim is reached. One definite kind of contiguity,
+consisting of mutual approximation of the mucous membranes of the lips
+in the form of a kiss, has received among the most civilized nations a
+sexual value, though the parts of the body concerned do not belong to
+the sexual apparatus but form the entrance to the digestive tract. This
+therefore supplies the factors which allow us to bring the perversions
+into relation with the normal sexual life, and which are available also
+for their classification. The perversions are either (_a_) anatomical
+_transgressions_ of the bodily regions destined for sexual union, or (_b_)
+a _lingering_ at the intermediary relations to the sexual object which
+should normally be rapidly passed on the way to the definite sexual aim.
+
+
+(_a_) _Anatomical Transgression_
+
+*Overestimation of the Sexual Object.*--The psychic estimation in which
+the sexual object as a goal of the sexual impulse shares is only in the
+rarest cases limited to the genitals; generally it embraces the whole
+body and tends to include all sensations emanating from the sexual
+object. The same overestimation spreads over the psychic sphere and
+manifests itself as a logical blinding (diminished judgment) in the face
+of the psychic attainments and perfections of the sexual object, as well
+as a blind obedience to the judgments issuing from the latter. The full
+faith of love thus becomes an important, if not the primordial source of
+authority.[14]
+
+It is this sexual overvaluation, which so ill agrees with the
+restriction of the sexual aim to the union of the genitals only, that
+assists other parts of the body to participate as sexual aims.[15] In
+the development of this most manifold anatomical overestimation there is
+an unmistakable desire towards variation, a thing denominated by Hoche
+as "excitement-hunger" (Reiz-hunger).[16]
+
+*Sexual Utilization of the Mucous Membrane of the Lips and Mouth.*--The
+significance of the factor of sexual overestimation can be best studied
+in the man, in whom alone the sexual life is accessible to
+investigation, whereas in the woman it is veiled in impenetrable
+darkness, partly in consequence of cultural stunting and partly on
+account of the conventional reticence and dishonesty of women.
+
+The employment of the mouth as a sexual organ is considered as a
+perversion if the lips (tongue) of the one are brought into contact with
+the genitals of the other, but not when the mucous membrane of the lips
+of both touch each other. In the latter exception we find the connection
+with the normal. He who abhors the former as perversions, though these
+since antiquity have been common practices among mankind, yields to a
+distinct _feeling of loathing_ which protects him from adopting such
+sexual aims. The limit of such loathing is frequently purely
+conventional; he who kisses fervently the lips of a pretty girl will
+perhaps be able to use her tooth brush only with a sense of loathing,
+though there is no reason to assume that his own oral cavity for which
+he entertains no loathing is cleaner than that of the girl. Our
+attention is here called to the factor of loathing which stands in the
+way of the libidinous overestimation of the sexual aim, but which may
+in turn be vanquished by the libido. In the loathing we may observe one
+of the forces which have brought about the restrictions of the sexual
+aim. As a rule these forces halt at the genitals; there is, however, no
+doubt that even the genitals of the other sex themselves may be an
+object of loathing. Such behavior is characteristic of all hysterics,
+especially women. The force of the sexual impulse prefers to occupy
+itself with the overcoming of this loathing (see below).
+
+*Sexual Utilization of the Anal Opening.*--It is even more obvious than
+in the former case that it is the loathing which stamps as a perversion
+the use of the anus as a sexual aim. But it should not be interpreted as
+espousing a cause when I observe that the basis of this
+loathing--namely, that this part of the body serves for the excretion
+and comes in contact with the loathsome excrement--is not more plausible
+than the basis which hysterical girls have for the disgust which they
+entertain for the male genital because it serves for urination.
+
+The sexual role of the mucous membrane of the anus is by no means
+limited to intercourse between men; its preference has nothing
+characteristic of the inverted feeling. On the contrary, it seems that
+the _pedicatio_ of the man owes its role to the analogy with the act in
+the woman, whereas among inverts it is mutual masturbation which is the
+most common sexual aim.
+
+*The Significance of Other Parts of the Body.*--Sexual infringement on
+the other parts of the body, in all its variations, offers nothing new;
+it adds nothing to our knowledge of the sexual impulse which herein only
+announces its intention to dominate the sexual object in every way.
+Besides the sexual overvaluation, a second and generally unknown factor
+may be mentioned among the anatomical transgressions. Certain parts of
+the body, like the mucous membrane of the mouth and anus, which
+repeatedly appear in such practices, lay claim as it were to be
+considered and treated as genitals. We shall hear how this claim is
+justified by the development of the sexual impulse, and how it is
+fulfilled in the symptomatology of certain morbid conditions.
+
+*Unfit Substitutes for the Sexual Object. Fetichism.*--We are especially
+impressed by those cases in which for the normal sexual object another
+is substituted which is related to it but which is totally unfit for the
+normal sexual aim. According to the scheme of the introduction we should
+have done better to mention this most interesting group of aberrations
+of the sexual impulse among the deviations in reference to the sexual
+object, but we have deferred mention of these until we became acquainted
+with the factor of sexual overestimation, upon which these
+manifestations, connected with the relinquishing of the sexual aim,
+depend.
+
+The substitute for the sexual object is generally a part of the body but
+little adapted for sexual purposes, such as the foot, or hair, or an
+inanimate object which is in demonstrable relation with the sexual
+person, and preferably with the sexuality of the same (fragments of
+clothing, white underwear). This substitution is not unjustly compared
+with the fetich in which the savage sees the embodiment of his god.
+
+The transition to the cases of fetichism, with a renunciation of a
+normal or of a perverted sexual aim, is formed by cases in which a
+fetichistic determination is demanded in the sexual object if the sexual
+aim is to be attained (definite color of hair, clothing, even physical
+blemishes). No other variation of the sexual impulse verging on the
+pathological claims our interest as much as this one, owing to the
+peculiarity occasioned by its manifestations. A certain diminution in
+the striving for the normal sexual aim may be presupposed in all these
+cases (executive weakness of the sexual apparatus).[17] The connection
+with the normal is occasioned by the psychologically necessary
+overestimation of the sexual object, which inevitably encroaches upon
+everything associatively related to it (sexual object). A certain degree
+of such fetichism therefore regularly belong to the normal, especially
+during those stages of wooing when the normal sexual aim seems
+inaccessible or its realization deferred.
+
+     "Get me a handkerchief from her bosom--a garter of my love."
+                                                        --FAUST.
+
+The case becomes pathological only when the striving for the fetich
+fixes itself beyond such determinations and takes the place of the
+normal sexual aim; or again, when the fetich disengages itself from the
+person concerned and itself becomes a sexual object. These are the
+general determinations for the transition of mere variations of the
+sexual impulse into pathological aberrations.
+
+The persistent influence of a sexual impress mostly received in early
+childhood often shows itself in the selection of a fetich, as Binet
+first asserted, and as was later proven by many illustrations,--a thing
+which may be placed parallel to the proverbial attachment to a first
+love in the normal ("On revient toujours a ses premiers amours"). Such a
+connection is especially seen in cases with only fetichistic
+determinations of the sexual object. The significance of early sexual
+impressions will be met again in other places.
+
+In other cases it was mostly a symbolic thought association, unconscious
+to the person concerned, which led to the replacing of the object by
+means of a fetich. The paths of these connections can not always be
+definitely demonstrated. The foot is a very primitive sexual symbol
+already found in myths.[18] Fur is used as a fetich probably on account
+of its association with the hairiness of the mons veneris. Such
+symbolism seems often to depend on sexual experiences in childhood.[19]
+
+
+(_b_) _Fixation of Precursory Sexual Aims_
+
+*The Appearance of New Intentions.*--All the outer and inner
+determinations which impede or hold at a distance the attainment of the
+normal sexual aim, such as impotence, costliness of the sexual object,
+and dangers of the sexual act, will conceivably strengthen the
+inclination to linger at the preparatory acts and to form them into new
+sexual aims which may take the place of the normal. On closer
+investigation it is always seen that the ostensibly most peculiar of
+these new intentions have already been indicated in the normal sexual
+act.
+
+*Touching and Looking.*--At least a certain amount of touching is
+indispensable for a person in order to attain the normal sexual aim. It
+is also generally known that the touching of the skin of the sexual
+object causes much pleasure and produces a supply of new excitement.
+Hence, the lingering at the touching can hardly be considered a
+perversion if the sexual act is proceeded with.
+
+The same holds true in the end with looking which is analogous to
+touching. The manner in which the libidinous excitement is frequently
+awakened is by the optical impression, and selection takes account of
+this circumstance--if this teleological mode of thinking be
+permitted--by making the sexual object a thing of beauty. The covering
+of the body, which keeps abreast with civilization, serves to arouse
+sexual inquisitiveness, which always strives to restore for itself the
+sexual object by uncovering the hidden parts. This can be turned into
+the artistic ("sublimation") if the interest is turned from the genitals
+to the form of the body.[20] The tendency to linger at this intermediary
+sexual aim of the sexually accentuated looking is found to a certain
+degree in most normals; indeed it gives them the possibility of
+directing a certain amount of their libido to a higher artistic aim. On
+the other hand, the fondness for looking becomes a perversion (_a_) when
+it limits itself entirely to the genitals; (_b_) when it becomes connected
+with the overcoming of loathing (voyeurs and onlookers at the functions
+of excretion); and (_c_) when instead of preparing for the normal sexual
+aim it suppresses it. The latter, if I may draw conclusions from a
+single analysis, is in a most pronounced way true of exhibitionists, who
+expose their genitals so as in turn to bring to view the genitals of
+others.
+
+In the perversion which consists in striving to look and be looked at we
+are confronted with a very remarkable character which will occupy us
+even more intensively in the following aberration. The sexual aim is
+here present in twofold formation, in an _active_ and a _passive_ form.
+
+The force which is opposed to the peeping mania and through which it is
+eventually abolished is _shame_ (like the former loathing).
+
+*Sadism and Masochism.*--The desire to cause pain to the sexual object
+and its opposite, the most frequent and most significant of all
+perversions, was designated in its two forms by v. Krafft-Ebing as
+sadism or the active form, and masochism or the passive form. Other
+authors prefer the narrower term algolagnia which emphasizes the
+pleasure in pain and cruelty, whereas the terms selected by v.
+Krafft-Ebing place the pleasure secured in all kinds of humility and
+submission in the foreground.
+
+The roots of active algolagnia, sadism, can be readily demonstrable in
+the normal. The sexuality of most men shows a taint of _aggression_, it
+is a propensity to subdue, the biological significance of which lies in
+the necessity of overcoming the resistance of the sexual object by
+actions other than mere _courting_. Sadism would then correspond to an
+aggressive component of the sexual impulse which has become independent
+and exaggerated and has been brought to the foreground by displacement.
+
+The conception of sadism fluctuates in the usage of language from a mere
+active or impetuous attitude towards the sexual object to the exclusive
+attachment of the gratification to the subjection and maltreatment of
+the object. Strictly speaking only the last extreme case has a claim to
+the name of perversion.
+
+Similarly, the designation of masochism comprises all passive attitude
+to the sexual life and to the sexual object; in its most extreme form
+the gratification is connected with suffering of physical or mental pain
+at the hands of the sexual object. Masochism as a perversion seems to be
+still more remote from the normal sexual life by forming a contrast to
+it; it may be doubted whether it ever appears as a primary form or
+whether it does not more regularly originate through transformation from
+sadism. It can often be recognized that the masochism is nothing but a
+continuation of the sadism turning against one's own person in which the
+latter at first takes the place of the sexual object. Analysis of
+extreme cases of masochistic perversions show that there is a
+cooeperation of a large series of factors which exaggerate and fix the
+original passive sexual attitude (castration complex, conscience).
+
+The pain which is here overcome ranks with the loathing and shame which
+were the resistances opposed to the libido.
+
+Sadism and masochism occupy a special place among the perversions, for
+the contrast of activity and passivity lying at their bases belong to
+the common traits of the sexual life.
+
+That cruelty and sexual impulse are most intimately connected is beyond
+doubt taught by the history of civilization, but in the explanation of
+this connection no one has gone beyond the accentuation of the
+aggressive factors of the libido. The aggression which is mixed with the
+sexual impulse is according to some authors a remnant of cannibalistic
+lust, a participation on the part of the domination apparatus
+(Bemaechtigungsapparatus), which served also for the gratification of the
+great wants of the other, ontogenetically the older impulse.[21] It has
+also been claimed that every pain contains in itself the possibility of
+a pleasurable sensation. Let us be satisfied with the impression that
+the explanation of this perversion is by no means satisfactory and that
+it is possible that many psychic efforts unite themselves into one
+effect.
+
+The most striking peculiarity of this perversion lies in the fact that
+its active and passive forms are regularly encountered together in the
+same person. He who experiences pleasure by causing pain to others in
+sexual relations is also able to experience the pain emanating from
+sexual relations as pleasure. A sadist is simultaneously a masochist,
+though either the active or the passive side of the perversion may be
+more strongly developed and thus represent his preponderate sexual
+activity.[22]
+
+We thus see that certain perverted propensities regularly appear in
+_contrasting pairs_, a thing which, in view of the material to be
+produced later, must claim great theoretical value. It is furthermore
+clear that the existence of the contrast, sadism and masochism, can not
+readily be attributed to the mixture of aggression. On the other hand
+one may be tempted to connect such simultaneously existing contrasts
+with the united contrast of male and female in bisexuality, the
+significance of which is reduced in psychoanalysis to the contrast of
+activity and passivity.
+
+
+3. GENERAL STATEMENTS APPLICABLE TO ALL PERVERSIONS
+
+*Variation and Disease.*--The physicians who at first studied the
+_perversions_ in pronounced cases and under peculiar conditions were
+naturally inclined to attribute to them the character of a morbid or
+degenerative sign similar to the _inversions_. This view, however, is
+easier to refute in this than in the former case. Everyday experience
+has shown that most of these transgressions, at least the milder ones,
+are seldom wanting as components in the sexual life of normals who look
+upon them as upon other intimacies. Wherever the conditions are
+favorable such a perversion may for a long time be substituted by a
+normal person for the normal sexual aim or it may be placed near it. In
+no normal person does the normal sexual aim lack some designable
+perverse element, and this universality suffices in itself to prove the
+inexpediency of an opprobrious application of the name perversion. In
+the realm of the sexual life one is sure to meet with exceptional
+difficulties which are at present really unsolvable, if one wishes to
+draw a sharp line between the mere variations within physiological
+limits and morbid symptoms.
+
+Nevertheless, the quality of the new sexual aim in some of these
+perversions is such as to require special notice. Some of the
+perversions are in content so distant from the normal that we cannot
+help calling them "morbid," especially those in which the sexual
+impulse, in overcoming the resistances (shame, loathing, fear, and pain)
+has brought about surprising results (licking of feces and violation of
+cadavers). Yet even in these cases one ought not to feel certain of
+regularly finding among the perpetrators persons of pronounced
+abnormalities or insane minds. We can not lose sight of the fact that
+persons who otherwise behave normally are recorded as sick in the realm
+of the sexual life where they are dominated by the most unbridled of all
+impulses. On the other hand, a manifest abnormality in any other
+relation in life generally shows an undercurrent of abnormal sexual
+behavior.
+
+In the majority of cases we are able to find the morbid character of the
+perversion not in the content of the new sexual aim but in its relation
+to the normal. It is morbid if the perversion does not appear beside the
+normal (sexual aim and sexual object), where favorable circumstances
+promote it and unfavorable impede the normal, or if it has under all
+circumstances repressed and supplanted the normal; _the exclusiveness_
+and _fixation_ of the perversion justifies us in considering it a morbid
+symptom.
+
+*The Psychic Participation in the Perversions.*--Perhaps it is precisely
+in the most abominable perversions that we must recognize the most
+prolific psychic participation for the transformation of the sexual
+impulse. In these cases a piece of psychic work has been accomplished in
+which, in spite of its gruesome success, the value of an idealization of
+the impulse can not be disputed. The omnipotence of love nowhere perhaps
+shows itself stronger than in this one of her aberrations. The highest
+and the lowest everywhere in sexuality hang most intimately together.
+("From heaven through the world to hell.")
+
+*Two Results.*--In the study of perversions we have gained an insight
+into the fact that the sexual impulse has to struggle against certain
+psychic forces, resistances, among which shame and loathing are most
+prominent. We may presume that these forces are employed to confine the
+impulse within the accepted normal limits, and if they have become
+developed in the individual before the sexual impulse has attained its
+full strength, it is really they which have directed it in the course of
+development.[23]
+
+We have furthermore remarked that some of the examined perversions can
+be comprehended only by assuming the union of many motives. If they are
+amenable to analysis--disintegration--they must be of a composite
+nature. This may give us a hint that the sexual impulse itself may not
+be something simple, that it may on the contrary be composed of many
+components which detach themselves to form perversions. Our clinical
+observation thus calls our attention to _fusions_ which have lost their
+expression in the uniform normal behavior.
+
+
+4. THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN NEUROTICS
+
+*Psychoanalysis.*--A proper contribution to the knowledge of the sexual
+impulse in persons who are at least related to the normal can be gained
+only from one source, and is accessible only by one definite path. There
+is only one way to obtain a thorough and unerring solution of problems
+in the sexual life of so-called psychoneurotics (hysteria, obsessions,
+the wrongly-named neurasthenia, and surely also dementia praecox, and
+paranoia), and that is by subjecting them to the psychoanalytic
+investigations propounded by J. Breuer and myself in 1893, which we
+called the "cathartic" treatment.
+
+I must repeat what I have said in my published work, that these
+psychoneuroses, as far as my experience goes, are based on sexual motive
+powers. I do not mean that the energy of the sexual impulse merely
+contributes to the forces supporting the morbid manifestations
+(symptoms), but I wish distinctly to maintain that this supplies the
+only constant and the most important source of energy in the neurosis,
+so that the sexual life of such persons manifests itself either
+exclusively, preponderately, or partially in these symptoms. As I have
+already stated in different places, the symptoms are the sexual
+activities of the patient. The proof for this assertion I have obtained
+from the psychoanalysis of hysterics and other neurotics during a period
+of twenty years, the results of which I hope to give later in a detailed
+account.
+
+Psychoanalysis removes the symptoms of hysteria on the supposition that
+they are the substitutes--the transcriptions as it were--for a series of
+emotionally accentuated psychic processes, wishes, and desires, to which
+a passage for their discharge through the conscious psychic activities
+has been cut off by a special process (repression). These thought
+formations which are restrained in the state of the unconscious strive
+for expression, that is, for _discharge_, in conformity to their
+affective value, and find such in hysteria through a process of
+_conversion_ into somatic phenomena--the hysterical symptoms. If, _lege
+artis_, and with the aid of a special technique, retrogressive
+transformations of the symptoms into the affectful and conscious
+thoughts can be effected, it then becomes possible to get the most
+accurate information about the nature and origin of these previously
+unconscious psychic formations.
+
+*Results of Psychoanalysis.*--In this manner it has been discovered that
+the symptoms represent the equivalent for the strivings which received
+their strength from the source of the sexual impulse. This fully concurs
+with what we know of the character of hysterics, which we have taken as
+models for all psycho-neurotics, before they have become diseased, and
+with what we know concerning the causes of the disease. The hysterical
+character evinces a part of sexual repression which reaches beyond the
+normal limits, an exaggeration of the resistances against the sexual
+impulse which we know as shame and loathing. It is an instinctive flight
+from intellectual occupation with the sexual problem, the consequence of
+which in pronounced cases is a complete sexual ignorance, which is
+preserved till the age of sexual maturity is attained.[24]
+
+This feature, so characteristic of hysteria, is not seldom concealed in
+crude observation by the existence of the second constitutional factor
+of hysteria, namely, the enormous development of the sexual craving. But
+the psychological analysis will always reveal it and solves the very
+contradictory enigma of hysteria by proving the existence of the
+contrasting pair, an immense sexual desire and a very exaggerated sexual
+rejection.
+
+The provocation of the disease in hysterically predisposed persons is
+brought about if in consequence of their progressive maturity or
+external conditions of life they are earnestly confronted with the real
+sexual demand. Between the pressure of the craving and the opposition of
+the sexual rejection an outlet for the disease results, which does not
+remove the conflict but seeks to elude it by transforming the libidinous
+strivings into symptoms. It is an exception only in appearance if a
+hysterical person, say a man, becomes subject to some banal emotional
+disturbance, to a conflict in the center of which there is no sexual
+interest. Psychoanalysis will regularly show that it is the sexual
+components of the conflict which make the disease possible by
+withdrawing the psychic processes from normal adjustment.
+
+*Neurosis and Perversion.*--A great part of the opposition to my
+assertion is explained by the fact that the sexuality from which I
+deduce the psychoneurotic symptoms is thought of as coincident with the
+normal sexual impulse. But psychoanalysis teaches us better than this.
+It shows that the symptoms do not by any means result at the expense
+only of the so called normal sexual impulse (at least not exclusively or
+preponderately), but they represent the converted expression of impulses
+which in a broader sense might be designated as _perverse_ if they could
+manifest themselves directly in phantasies and acts without deviating
+from consciousness. The symptoms are therefore partially formed at the
+cost of abnormal sexuality. _The neurosis is, so to say, the negative of
+the perversion._[25]
+
+The sexual impulse of the psychoneurotic shows all the aberrations which
+we have studied as variations of the normal and as manifestations of
+morbid sexual life.
+
+(_a_) In all the neurotics without exception we find feelings of inversion
+in the unconscious psychic life, fixation of libido on persons of the
+same sex. It is impossible, without a deep and searching discussion,
+adequately to appreciate the significance of this factor for the
+formation of the picture of the disease; I can only assert that the
+unconscious propensity to inversion is never wanting and is particularly
+of immense service in explaining male hysteria.[26]
+
+(_b_) All the inclinations to anatomical transgression can be demonstrated
+in psychoneurotics in the unconscious and as symptom-creators. Of
+special frequency and intensity are those which impart to the mouth and
+the mucous membrane of the anus the role of genitals.
+
+(_c_) The partial desires which usually appear in contrasting pairs play
+a very prominent role among the symptom-creators in the psychoneuroses.
+We have learned to know them as carriers of new sexual aims, such as
+peeping mania, exhibitionism, and the actively and passively formed
+impulses of cruelty. The contribution of the last is indispensable for
+the understanding of the morbid nature of the symptoms; it almost
+regularly controls some portion of the social behavior of the patient.
+The transformation of love into hatred, of tenderness into hostility,
+which is characteristic of a large number of neurotic cases and
+apparently of all cases of paranoia, takes place by means of the union
+of cruelty with the libido.
+
+The interest in these deductions will be more heightened by certain
+peculiarities of the diagnosis of facts.
+
+Alpha. There is nothing in the unconscious streams of thought of
+the neuroses which would correspond to an inclination towards fetichism;
+a circumstance which throws light on the psychological peculiarity of
+this well understood perversion.
+
+Beta. Wherever any such impulse is found in the unconscious which
+can be paired with a contrasting one, it can regularly be demonstrated
+that the latter, too, is effective. Every active perversion is here
+accompanied by its passive counterpart. He who in the unconscious is an
+exhibitionist is at the same time a voyeur, he who suffers from sadistic
+feelings as a result of repression will also show another reinforcement
+of the symptoms from the source of masochistic tendencies. The perfect
+concurrence with the behavior of the corresponding positive perversions
+is certainly very noteworthy. In the picture of the disease, however,
+the preponderant role is played by either one or the other of the
+opposing tendencies.
+
+Gamma. In a pronounced case of psychoneurosis we seldom find the
+development of one single perverted impulse; usually there are many and
+regularly there are traces of all perversions. The individual impulse,
+however, on account of its intensity, is independent of the development
+of the others, but the study of the positive perversions gives us the
+accurate counterpart to it.
+
+
+PARTIAL IMPULSES AND EROGENOUS ZONES
+
+Keeping in mind what we have learned from the examination of the
+positive and negative perversions, it becomes quite obvious that they
+can be referred to a number of "partial impulses," which are not,
+however, primary but are subject to further analysis. By an "impulse" we
+can understand in the first place nothing but the psychic representative
+of a continually flowing internal somatic source of excitement, in
+contradistinction to the "stimulus" which is produced by isolated
+excitements coming from without. The impulse is thus one of the concepts
+marking the limits between the psychic and the physical. The simplest
+and most obvious assumption concerning the nature of the impulses would
+be that in themselves they possess no quality but are only taken into
+account as a measure of the demand for effort in the psychic life. What
+distinguishes the impulses from one another and furnishes them with
+specific attributes is their relation to their somatic _sources_ and to
+their _aims_. The source of the impulse is an exciting process in an
+organ, and the immediate aim of the impulse lies in the elimination of
+this organic stimulus.
+
+Another preliminary assumption in the theory of the impulse which we
+cannot relinquish, states that the bodily organs furnish two kinds of
+excitements which are determined by differences of a chemical nature.
+One of these forms of excitement we designate as the specifically sexual
+and the concerned organ as the _erogenous zone_, while the sexual
+element emanating from it is the partial impulse.[27]
+
+In the perversions which claim sexual significance for the oral cavity
+and the anal opening the part played by the erogenous zone is quite
+obvious. It behaves in every way like a part of the sexual apparatus. In
+hysteria these parts of the body, as well as the tracts of mucous
+membrane proceeding from them, become the seat of new sensations and
+innervating changes in a manner similar to the real genitals when under
+the excitement of normal sexual processes.
+
+The significance of the erogenous zones in the psychoneuroses, as
+additional apparatus and substitutes for the genitals, appears to be
+most prominent in hysteria though that does not signify that it is of
+lesser validity in the other morbid forms. It is not so recognizable in
+compulsion neurosis and paranoia because here the symptom formation
+takes place in regions of the psychic apparatus which lie at a great
+distance from the central locations for bodily control. The more
+remarkable thing in the compulsion neurosis is the significance of the
+impulses which create new sexual aims and appear independently of the
+erogenous zones. Nevertheless, the eye corresponds to an erogenous zone
+in the looking and exhibition mania, while the skin takes on the same
+part in the pain and cruelty components of the sexual impulse. The skin,
+which in special parts of the body becomes differentiated as sensory
+organs and modified by the mucous membrane, is the erogenous zone,
+[Greek: kat] ex ogen.[28]
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF THE MANIFEST PREPONDERANCE OF SEXUAL PERVERSIONS IN THE
+PSYCHONEUROSES
+
+The sexuality of psychoneurotics has perhaps been placed in a false
+light by the above discussions. It appears that the sexual behavior of
+the psychoneurotic approaches in predisposition to the pervert and
+deviates by just so much from the normal. Nevertheless, it is very
+possible that the constitutional disposition of these patients besides
+containing an immense amount of sexual repression and a predominant
+force of sexual impulse also possesses an unusual tendency to
+perversions in the broadest sense. However, an examination of milder
+cases shows that the last assumption is not an absolute requisite, or at
+least that in pronouncing judgment on the morbid effects one ought to
+discount the effect of one of the factors. In most psychoneurotics the
+disease first appears after puberty following the demands of the normal
+sexual life. Against these the repression above all directs itself. Or
+the disease comes on later, owing to the fact that the libido is unable
+to attain normal sexual gratification. In both cases the libido behaves
+like a stream the principal bed of which is dammed; it fills the
+collateral roads which until now perhaps have been empty. Thus the
+manifestly great (though to be sure negative) tendency to perversion in
+psychoneurotics may be collaterally conditioned; at any rate, it is
+certainly collaterally increased. The fact of the matter is that the
+sexual repression has to be added as an inner factor to such external
+ones as restriction of freedom, inaccessibility to the normal sexual
+object, dangers of the normal sexual act, etc., which cause the origin
+of perversions in individuals who might have otherwise remained normal.
+
+In individual cases of neurosis the behavior may be different; now the
+congenital force of the tendency to perversion may be more decisive and
+at other times more influence may be exerted by the collateral increase
+of the same through the deviation of the libido from the normal sexual
+aim and object. It would be unjust to construe a contrast where a
+cooperation exists. The greatest results will always be brought about by
+a neurosis if constitution and experience cooperate in the same
+direction. A pronounced constitution may perhaps be able to dispense
+with the assistance of daily impressions, while a profound disturbance
+in life may perhaps bring on a neurosis even in an average constitution.
+These views similarly hold true in the etiological significance
+of the congenital and the accidental experiences in other spheres.
+
+If, however, preference is given to the assumption that an especially
+formed tendency to perversions is characteristic of the psychoneurotic
+constitution, there is a prospect of being able to distinguish a
+multiformity of such constitutions in accordance with the congenital
+preponderance of this or that erogenous zone, or of this or that partial
+impulse. Whether there is a special relationship between the
+predisposition to perversions and the selection of the morbid picture
+has not, like many other things in this realm, been investigated.
+
+
+REFERENCE TO THE INFANTILISM OF SEXUALITY
+
+By demonstrating the perverted feelings as symptomatic formations in
+psychoneurotics, we have enormously increased the number of persons who
+can be added to the perverts. This is not only because neurotics
+represent a very large proportion of humanity, but we must consider also
+that the neuroses in all their gradations run in an uninterrupted series
+to the normal state. Moebius was quite justified in saying that we are
+all somewhat hysterical. Hence, the very wide dissemination of
+perversions urged us to assume that the predisposition to perversions is
+no rare peculiarity but must form a part of the normally accepted
+constitution.
+
+We have heard that it is a question whether perversions should be
+referred to congenital determinations or whether they originate from
+accidental experiences, just as Binet showed in fetichisms. Now we are
+forced to the conclusion that there is indeed something congenital at
+the basis of perversions, but it is something _which is congenital in
+all persons_, which as a predisposition may fluctuate in intensity and
+is brought into prominence by influences of life. We deal here with
+congenital roots in the constitution of the sexual impulse which in one
+series of cases develop into real carriers of sexual activity
+(perverts); while in other cases they undergo an insufficient
+suppression (repression), so that as morbid symptoms they are enabled to
+attract to themselves in a round-about way a considerable part of the
+sexual energy; while again in favorable cases between the two extremes
+they originate the normal sexual life through effective restrictions and
+other elaborations.
+
+But we must also remember that the assumed constitution which shows the
+roots of all perversions will be demonstrable only in the child, though
+all impulses can be manifested in it only in moderate intensity. If we
+are led to suppose that neurotics conserve the infantile state of their
+sexuality or return to it, our interest must then turn to the sexual
+life of the child, and we will then follow the play of influences which
+control the processes of development of the infantile sexuality up to
+its termination in a perversion, a neurosis or a normal sexual life.
+
+[1] The facts contained in the first "Contribution" have been gathered
+from the familiar publications of Krafft-Ebing, Moll, Moebius, Havelock
+Ellis, Schrenk-Notzing, Loewenfeld, Eulenberg, J. Bloch, and M.
+Hirschfeld, and from the later works published in the "Jahrbuch fuer
+sexuelle Zwischenstufen." As these publications also mention the other
+literature bearing on this subject I may forbear giving detailed
+references.
+
+The conclusions reached through the investigation of sexual inverts are
+all based on the reports of J. Sadger and on my own experience.
+
+[2] For general use the word "libido" is best translated by "craving."
+(Prof. James J. Putnam, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. IV, 6.)
+
+[3] For the difficulties entailed in the attempt to ascertain the
+proportional number of inverts compare the work of M. Hirschfeld in the
+Jahrbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1904. Cf. also Brill, The
+Conception of Homosexuality, Journal of the A.M.A., August 2, 1913.
+
+[4] Such a striving against the compulsion to inversion favors cures by
+suggestion of psychoanalysis.
+
+[5] Many have justly emphasized the fact that the autobiographic
+statements of inverts, as to the time of the appearance of their
+tendency to inversion, are untrustworthy as they may have repressed from
+memory any evidences of heterosexual feelings.
+
+Psychoanalysis has confirmed this suspicion in all cases of inversion
+accessible, and has decidedly changed their anamnesis by filling up the
+infantile amnesias.
+
+[6] With what reserve the diagnosis of degeneration should be made and
+what slight practical significance can be attributed to it can be
+gathered from the discussions of Moebius (Ueber Entartung; Grenzfragen
+des Nerven- und Seelenlebens, No. III, 1900). He says: "If we review the
+wide sphere of degeneration upon which we have here turned some light we
+can conclude without further ado that it is really of little value to
+diagnose degeneration."
+
+[7] We must agree with the spokesman of "Uranism" that some of the most
+prominent men known have been inverts and perhaps absolute inverts.
+
+[8] In the conception of inversion the pathological features have been
+Separated from the anthropological. For this credit is due to I. Bloch
+(Beitraege zur Aetiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis, 2 Teile, 1902-3), who
+has also brought into prominence the existence of inversion in the old
+civilized nations.
+
+[9] Compare the last detailed discussion of somatic hermaphroditism
+(Taruffi, Hermaphroditismus und Zeugungsunfaehigkeit, German edit. by R.
+Teuscher, 1903), and the works of Neugebauer in many volumes of the
+Jahrbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen.
+
+[10] J. Halban, "Die Entstehung der Geschlechtscharaktere," Arch. fuer
+Gynaekologie, Bd. 70, 1903. See also there the literature on the subject.
+
+[11] According to a report in Vol. 6 of the Jahrbuch f. sexuelle
+Zwischenstufen, E. Gley is supposed to have been the first to mention
+bisexuality as an explanation of inversion. He published a paper (Les
+Aberrations de l'instinct Sexuel) in the Revue Philosophique as early as
+January, 1884. It is moreover noteworthy that the majority of authors
+who trace the inversion to bisexuality assume this factor not only for
+the inverts but also for those who have developed normally, and justly
+interpret the inversion as a result of a disturbance in development.
+Among these authors are Chevalier (Inversion Sexuelle, 1893), and v.
+Krafft-Ebing ("Zur Erklaerung der kontraeren Sexualempfindung," Jahrbuecher
+f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenheilkunde, XIII), who states that there are a
+number of observations "from which at least the virtual and continued
+existence of this second center (of the underlying sex) results." A Dr.
+Arduin (Die Frauenfrage und die sexuellen Zwischenstufen, 2d vol. of the
+Jahrbuch f. sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1900) states that "in every man
+there exist male and female elements." See also the same Jahrbuch, Bd.
+I, 1899 ("Die objektive Diagnose der Homosexualitat," by M. Hirschfeld,
+pp. 8-9). In the determination of sex, as far as heterosexual persons
+are concerned, some are disproportionately more strongly developed than
+others. G. Herman is firm in his belief "that in every woman there are
+male, and in every man there are female germs and qualities" (Genesis,
+das Gesetz der Zeugung, 9 Bd., Libido und Manie, 1903). As recently as
+1906 W. Fliess (Der Ablauf des Lebens) has claimed ownership of the idea
+of bisexuality (in the sense of double sex). Psychoanalytic
+investigation very strongly opposes the attempt to separate homosexuals
+from other persons as a group of a special nature. By also studying
+sexual excitations other than the manifestly open ones it discovers that
+all men are capable of homosexual object selection and actually
+accomplish this in the unconscious. Indeed the attachments of libidinous
+feelings to persons of the same sex play no small role as factors in
+normal psychic life, and as causative factors of disease they play a
+greater role than those belonging to the opposite sex. According to
+psychoanalysis, it rather seems that it is the independence of the
+object, selection of the sex of the object, the same free disposal over
+male and female objects, as observed in childhood, in primitive states
+and in prehistoric times, which forms the origin from which the normal
+as well as the inversion types developed, following restrictions in this
+or that direction. In the psychoanalytic sense the exclusive sexual
+interest of the man for the woman is also a problem requiring an
+explanation, and is not something that is self-evident and explainable
+on the basis of chemical attraction. The determination as to the
+definite sexual behavior does not occur until after puberty and is the
+result of a series of as yet not observable factors, some of which are
+of a constitutional, while some are of an accidental nature. Certainly
+some of these factors can turn out to be so enormous that by their
+character they influence the result. In general, however, the
+multiplicity of the determining factors is reflected by the manifoldness
+of the outcomes in the manifest sexual behavior of the person. In the
+inversion types it can be ascertained that they are altogether
+controlled by an archaic constitution and by primitive psychic
+mechanisms. The importance of the _narcissistic object selection_ and
+the _clinging_ to the erotic significance of the _anal_ zone seem to be
+their most essential characteristics. But one gains nothing by
+separating the most extreme inversion types from the others on the basis
+of such constitutional peculiarities. What is found in the latter as
+seemingly an adequate determinant can also be demonstrated only in
+lesser force in the constitution of transitional types and in manifestly
+normal persons. The differences in the results may be of a qualitative
+nature, but analysis shows that the differences in the determinants are
+only quantitative. As a remarkable factor among the accidental
+influences of the object selection, we found the sexual rejection or the
+early sexual intimidation, and our attention was also called to the fact
+that the existence of both parents plays an important role in the
+child's life. The disappearance of a strong father in childhood not
+infrequently favors the inversion. Finally, one might demand that the
+inversion of the sexual object should notionally be strictly separated
+from the mixing of the sex characteristics in the subject. A certain
+amount of independence is unmistakable also in this relation.
+
+[12] Although psychoanalysis has not yet given us a full explanation for
+the origin of inversion, it has revealed the psychic mechanism of its
+genesis and has essentially enriched the problems in question. In all
+the cases examined we have ascertained that the later inverts go through
+in their childhood a phase of very intense but short-lived fixation on
+the woman (usually on the mother) and after overcoming it they identify
+themselves with the woman and take themselves as the sexual object; that
+is, proceeding on a narcissistic basis, they look for young men
+resembling themselves in persons whom they wish to love as their mother
+has loved them. We have, moreover, frequently found that alleged inverts
+are by no means indifferent to the charms of women, but the excitation
+evoked by the woman is always transferred to a male object. They thus
+repeat through life the mechanism which gave origin to their inversion.
+Their obsessive striving for the man proves to be determined by their
+restless flight from the woman.
+
+[13] The most pronounced difference between the sexual life
+(Liebesleben) of antiquity and ours lies in the fact that the ancients
+placed the emphasis on the impulse itself, while we put it on its
+object. The ancients extolled the impulse and were ready to ennoble
+through it even an inferior object, while we disparage the activity of
+the impulse as such and only countenance it on account of the merits of
+the object.
+
+[14] I must mention here that the blind obedience evinced by the
+hypnotized subject to the hypnotist causes me to think that the nature
+of hypnosis is to be found in the unconscious fixation of the libido on
+the person of the hypnotizer (by means of the masochistic component of
+the sexual impulse).
+
+Ferenczi connects this character of suggestibility with the "parent
+complex" (Jahrbuch fuer Psychoanalytische und psychopathologische
+Forschungen, I, 1909).
+
+[15] Moreover, it is to be noted that sexual overvaluation does not
+become pronounced in all mechanisms of object selection, and that we
+shall later learn to know another and more direct explanation for the
+sexual role of the other parts of the body.
+
+[16] Further investigations lead to the conclusion that I. Bloch has
+overestimated the factor of excitement-hunger (Reizhunger). The various
+roads upon which the libido moves behave to each other from the very
+beginning like communicating pipes; the factor of collateral streaming
+must also be considered.
+
+[17] This weakness corresponds to the constitutional predisposition. The
+early sexual intimidation which pushes the person away from the normal
+sexual aim and urges him to seek a substitute, has been demonstrated by
+psychoanalysis, as an accidental determinant.
+
+[18] The shoe or slipper is accordingly a symbol for the female
+genitals.
+
+[19] Psychoanalysis has filled up the gap in the understanding of
+fetichisms by showing that the selection of the fetich depends on a
+coprophilic smell-desire which has been lost by repression. Feet and
+hair are strong smelling objects which are raised to fetiches after the
+renouncing of the now unpleasant sensation of smell. Accordingly, only
+the filthy and ill-smelling foot is the sexual object in the perversion
+which corresponds to the foot fetichism. Another contribution to the
+explanation of the fetichistic preference of the foot is found in the
+Infantile Sexual Theories (see later). The foot replaces the penis which
+is so much missed in the woman. In some cases of foot fetichism it could
+be shown that the desire for looking originally directed to the
+genitals, which wished to reach its object from below, was stopped on
+the way by prohibition and repression, and therefore adhered to the foot
+or shoe as a fetich. In conformity with infantile expectation, the
+female genital was hereby imagined as a male genital.
+
+[20] I have no doubt that the conception of the "beautiful" is rooted in
+the soil of sexual excitement and originally signified the sexual
+excitant. The more remarkable, therefore, is the fact that the genitals,
+the sight of which provokes the greatest sexual excitement, can really
+never be considered "beautiful."
+
+[21] Cf. here the later communication on the pregenital phases of the
+sexual development, in which this view is confirmed. See below,
+"Ambivalence."
+
+[22] Instead of substantiating this statement by many examples I will
+merely cite Havelock Ellis (The Sexual Impulse, 1903): "All known cases
+of sadism and masochism, even those cited by v. Krafft-Ebing, always
+show (as has already been shown by Colin, Scott, and Fere) traces of
+both groups of manifestations in the same individual."
+
+[23] On the other hand the restricting forces of the sexual
+evolution--disgust, shame, morality--must also be looked upon as
+historic precipitates of the outer inhibitions which the sexual impulse
+experienced in the psychogenesis of humanity. One can observe that they
+appear in their time during the development of the individual almost
+spontaneously at the call of education and influence.
+
+[24] Studien ueber Hysterie, 1895, J. Breuer tells of the patient on whom
+he first practiced the cathartic method: "The sexual factor was
+surprisingly undeveloped."
+
+[25] The well-known fancies of perverts which under favorable conditions
+are changed into contrivances, the delusional fears of paranoiacs which
+are in a hostile manner projected on others, and the unconscious fancies
+of hysterics which are discovered in their symptoms by psychoanalysis,
+agree as to content in the minutest details.
+
+[26] A psychoneurosis very often associates itself with a manifest
+inversion in which the heterosexual feeling becomes subjected to
+complete repression.--It is but just to state that the necessity of a
+general recognition of the tendency to inversion in psychoneurotics was
+first imparted to me personally by Wilh. Fliess, of Berlin, after I had
+myself discovered it in some cases.
+
+[27] It is not easy to justify here this assumption which was taken from
+a definite class of neurotic diseases. On the other hand, it would be
+impossible to assert anything definite concerning the impulses if one
+did not take the trouble of mentioning these presuppositions.
+
+[28] One should here think of Moll's assertion, who divides the sexual
+impulse into the impulses of contrectation and detumescence.
+Contrectation signifies a desire to touch the skin.
+
+
+
+
+II
+
+THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY
+
+
+It is a part of popular belief about the sexual impulse that it is
+absent in childhood and that it first appears in the period of life
+known as puberty. This, though a common error, is serious in its
+consequences and is chiefly due to our present ignorance of the
+fundamental principles of the sexual life. A comprehensive study of the
+sexual manifestations of childhood would probably reveal to us the
+existence of the essential features of the sexual impulse, and would
+make us acquainted with its development and its composition from various
+sources.
+
+*The Neglect of the Infantile.*--It is remarkable that those writers who
+endeavor to explain the qualities and reactions of the adult individual
+have given so much more attention to the ancestral period than to the
+period of the individual's own existence--that is, they have attributed
+more influence to heredity than to childhood. As a matter of fact, it
+might well be supposed that the influence of the latter period would be
+easier to understand, and that it would be entitled to more
+consideration than heredity.[1] To be sure, one occasionally finds in
+medical literature notes on the premature sexual activities of small
+children, about erections and masturbation and even actions resembling
+coitus, but these are referred to merely as exceptional occurrences, as
+curiosities, or as deterring examples of premature perversity. No author
+has to my knowledge recognized the normality of the sexual impulse in
+childhood, and in the numerous writings on the development of the child
+the chapter on "Sexual Development" is usually passed over.[2]
+
+*Infantile Amnesia.*--This remarkable negligence is due partly to
+conventional considerations, which influence the writers on account of
+their own bringing up, and partly to a psychic phenomenon which has thus
+far remained unexplained. I refer to the peculiar amnesia which veils
+from most people (not from all!) the first years of their childhood,
+usually the first six or eight years. So far it has not occurred to us
+that this amnesia ought to surprise us, though we have good reasons for
+surprise. For we are informed that in those years from which we later
+obtain nothing except a few incomprehensible memory fragments, we have
+vividly reacted to impressions, that we have manifested pain and
+pleasure like any human being, that we have evinced love, jealousy, and
+other passions as they then affected us; indeed we are told that we have
+uttered remarks which proved to grown-ups that we possessed
+understanding and a budding power of judgment. Still we know nothing of
+all this when we become older. Why does our memory lag behind all our
+other psychic activities? We really have reason to believe that at no
+time of life are we more capable of impressions and reproductions than
+during the years of childhood.[3]
+
+On the other hand we must assume, or we may convince ourselves through
+psychological observations on others, that the very impressions which we
+have forgotten have nevertheless left the deepest traces in our psychic
+life, and acted as determinants for our whole future development. We
+conclude therefore that we do not deal with a real forgetting of
+infantile impressions but rather with an amnesia similar to that
+observed in neurotics for later experiences, the nature of which
+consists in their being detained from consciousness (repression). But
+what forces bring about this repression of the infantile impressions? He
+who can solve this riddle will also explain hysterical amnesia.
+
+We shall not, however, hesitate to assert that the existence of the
+infantile amnesia gives us a new point of comparison between the psychic
+states of the child and those of the psychoneurotic. We have already
+encountered another point of comparison when confronted by the fact that
+the sexuality of the psychoneurotic preserves the infantile character or
+has returned to it. May there not be an ultimate connection between the
+infantile and the hysterical amnesias?
+
+The connection between the infantile and the hysterical amnesias is
+really more than a mere play of wit. The hysterical amnesia which serves
+the repression can only be explained by the fact that the individual
+already possesses a sum of recollections which have been withdrawn from
+conscious disposal and which by associative connection now seize that
+which is acted upon by the repelling forces of the repression emanating
+from consciousness.[4] We may say that without infantile amnesia there
+would be no hysterical amnesia.
+
+I believe that the infantile amnesia which causes the individual to look
+upon his childhood as if it were a _prehistoric_ time and conceals from
+him the beginning of his own sexual life--that this amnesia is
+responsible for the fact that one does not usually attribute any value
+to the infantile period in the development of the sexual life. One
+single observer cannot fill the gap which has been thus produced in our
+knowledge. As early as 1896 I had already emphasized the significance of
+childhood for the origin of certain important phenomena connected with
+the sexual life, and since then I have not ceased to put into the
+foreground the importance of the infantile factor for sexuality.
+
+
+THE SEXUAL LATENCY PERIOD OF CHILDHOOD AND ITS INTERRUPTIONS
+
+The extraordinary frequent discoveries of apparently abnormal and
+exceptional sexual manifestations in childhood, as well as the
+discovery of infantile reminiscences in neurotics, which were hitherto
+unconscious, allow us to sketch the following picture of the sexual
+behavior of childhood.[5]
+
+It seems certain that the newborn child brings with it the germs of
+sexual feelings which continue to develop for some time and then succumb
+to a progressive suppression, which is in turn broken through by the
+proper advances of the sexual development and which can be checked by
+individual idiosyncrasies. Nothing is known concerning the laws and
+periodicity of this oscillating course of development. It seems,
+however, that the sexual life of the child mostly manifests itself in
+the third or fourth year in some form accessible to observation.[6]
+
+*The Sexual Inhibition.*--It is during this period of total or at least
+partial latency that the psychic forces develop which later act as
+inhibitions on the sexual life, and narrow its direction like dams.
+These psychic forces are loathing, shame, and moral and esthetic ideal
+demands. We may gain the impression that the erection of these dams in
+the civilized child is the work of education; and surely education
+contributes much to it. In reality, however, this development is
+organically determined and can occasionally be produced without the help
+of education. Indeed education remains properly within its assigned
+realm only if it strictly follows the path of the organic determinant
+and impresses it somewhat cleaner and deeper.
+
+*Reaction Formation and Sublimation.*--What are the means that
+accomplish these very important constructions so significant for the
+later personal culture and normality? They are probably brought about at
+the cost of the infantile sexuality itself, the influx of which has not
+stopped even in this latency period--the energy of which indeed has been
+turned away either wholly or partially from sexual utilization and
+conducted to other aims. The historians of civilization seem to be
+unanimous in the opinion that such deviation of sexual motive powers
+from sexual aims to new aims, a process which merits the name of
+_sublimation_, has furnished powerful components for all cultural
+accomplishments. We will therefore add that the same process acts in the
+development of every individual, and that it begins to act in the sexual
+latency period.[7]
+
+We can also venture an opinion about the mechanisms of such sublimation.
+The sexual feelings of these infantile years on the one hand could not
+be utilizable, since the procreating functions are postponed,--this is
+the chief character of the latency period; on the other hand, they would
+in themselves be perverse, as they would emanate from erogenous zones
+and would be born of impulses which in the individual's course of
+development could only evoke a feeling of displeasure. They therefore
+awaken contrary forces (feelings of reaction), which in order to
+suppress such displeasure, build up the above mentioned psychic dams:
+loathing, shame, and morality.[8]
+
+*The Interruptions of the Latency Period.*--Without deluding ourselves
+as to the hypothetical nature and deficient clearness of our
+understanding regarding the infantile period of latency and delay, we
+will return to reality and state that such a utilization of the
+infantile sexuality represents an ideal bringing up from which the
+development of the individual usually deviates in some measure and often
+very considerably. A portion of the sexual manifestation which has
+withdrawn from sublimation occasionally breaks through, or a sexual
+activity remains throughout the whole duration of the latency period
+until the reinforced breaking through of the sexual impulse in puberty.
+In so far as they have paid any attention to infantile sexuality the
+educators behave as if they shared our views concerning the formation of
+the moral forces of defence at the cost of sexuality, and as if they
+knew that sexual activity makes the child uneducable; for the educators
+consider all sexual manifestations of the child as an "evil" in the face
+of which little can be accomplished. We have, however, every reason for
+directing our attention to those phenomena so much feared by the
+educators, for we expect to find in them the solution of the primitive
+formation of the sexual impulse.
+
+
+THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY
+
+For reasons which we shall discuss later we will take as a model of the
+infantile sexual manifestations thumbsucking (pleasure-sucking), to
+which the Hungarian pediatrist, Lindner, has devoted an excellent
+essay.[9]
+
+*Thumbsucking.*--Thumbsucking, which manifests itself in the nursing
+baby and which may be continued till maturity or throughout life,
+consists in a rhythmic repetition of sucking contact with the mouth (the
+lips), wherein the purpose of taking nourishment is excluded. A part of
+the lip itself, the tongue, which is another preferable skin region
+within reach, and even the big toe--may be taken as objects for sucking.
+Simultaneously, there is also a desire to grasp things, which manifests
+itself in a rhythmical pulling of the ear lobe and which may cause the
+child to grasp a part of another person (generally the ear) for the same
+purpose. The pleasure-sucking is connected with an entire exhaustion of
+attention and leads to sleep or even to a motor reaction in the form of
+an orgasm.[10] Pleasure-sucking is often combined with a rubbing contact
+with certain sensitive parts of the body, such as the breast and
+external genitals. It is by this road that many children go from
+thumb-sucking to masturbation.
+
+Lindner himself has recognized the sexual nature of this action and
+openly emphasized it. In the nursery thumbsucking is often treated in
+the same way as any other sexual "naughtiness" of the child. A very
+strong objection was raised against this view by many pediatrists and
+neurologists which in part is certainly due to the confusion of the
+terms "sexual" and "genital." This contradiction raises the difficult
+question, which cannot be rejected, namely, in what general traits do we
+wish to recognize the sexual manifestations of the child. I believe that
+the association of the manifestations into which we gained an insight
+through psychoanalytic investigation justify us in claiming thumbsucking
+as a sexual activity and in studying through it the essential features
+of the infantile sexual activity.
+
+*Autoerotism.*--It is our duty here to arrange this state of affairs
+differently. Let us insist that the most striking character of this
+sexual activity is that the impulse is not directed against other
+persons but that it gratifies itself on its own body; to use the happy
+term invented by Havelock Ellis, we will say that it is autoerotic.[11]
+
+It is, moreover, clear that the action of the thumbsucking child is
+determined by the fact that it seeks a pleasure which has already been
+experienced and is now remembered. Through the rhythmic sucking on a
+portion of the skin or mucous membrane it finds the gratification in the
+simplest way. It is also easy to conjecture on what occasions the child
+first experienced this pleasure which it now strives to renew. The first
+and most important activity in the child's life, the sucking from the
+mother's breast (or its substitute), must have acquainted it with this
+pleasure. We would say that the child's lips behaved like an _erogenous
+zone_, and that the excitement through the warm stream of milk was
+really the cause of the pleasurable sensation. To be sure, the
+gratification of the erogenous zone was at first united with the
+gratification of taking nourishment. He who sees a satiated child sink
+back from the mother's breast, and fall asleep with reddened cheeks and
+blissful smile, will have to admit that this picture remains as typical
+of the expression of sexual gratification in later life. But the desire
+for repetition of the sexual gratification is separated from the desire
+for taking nourishment; a separation which becomes unavoidable with the
+appearance of the teeth when the nourishment is no longer sucked in but
+chewed. The child does not make use of a strange object for sucking but
+prefers its own skin because it is more convenient, because it thus
+makes itself independent of the outer world which it cannot yet control,
+and because in this way it creates for itself, as it were, a second,
+even if an inferior, erogenous zone. The inferiority of this second
+region urges it later to seek the same parts, the lips of another
+person. ("It is a pity that I cannot kiss myself," might be attributed
+to it.)
+
+Not all children suck their thumbs. It may be assumed that it is found
+only in children in whom the erogenous significance of the lip-zone is
+constitutionally reenforced. Children in whom this is retained are
+habitual kissers as adults and show a tendency to perverse kissing, or
+as men they have a marked desire for drinking and smoking. But if
+repression comes into play they experience disgust for eating and evince
+hysterical vomiting. By virtue of the community of the lip-zone the
+repression encroaches upon the impulse of nourishment. Many of my female
+patients showing disturbances in eating, such as hysterical globus,
+choking sensations, and vomiting, have been energetic thumbsuckers
+during infancy.
+
+In the thumbsucking or pleasure-sucking we have already been able to
+observe the three essential characters of an infantile sexual
+manifestation. The latter has its origin in conjunction with a bodily
+function which is very important for life, it does not yet know any
+sexual object, it is _autoerotic_ and its sexual aim is under the
+control of an _erogenous zone_. Let us assume for the present that these
+characters also hold true for most of the other activities of the
+infantile sexual impulse.
+
+
+THE SEXUAL AIM OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY
+
+*The Characters of the Erogenous Zones.*--From the example of
+thumbsucking we may gather a great many points useful for the
+distinguishing of an erogenous zone. It is a portion of skin or mucous
+membrane in which the stimuli produce a feeling of pleasure of definite
+quality. There is no doubt that the pleasure-producing stimuli are
+governed by special determinants which we do not know. The rhythmic
+characters must play some part in them and this strongly suggests an
+analogy to tickling. It does not, however, appear so certain whether the
+character of the pleasurable feeling evoked by the stimulus can be
+designated as "peculiar," and in what part of this peculiarity the
+sexual factor exists. Psychology is still groping in the dark when it
+concerns matters of pleasure and pain, and the most cautious assumption
+is therefore the most advisable. We may perhaps later come upon reasons
+which seem to support the peculiar quality of the sensation of pleasure.
+
+The erogenous quality may adhere most notably to definite regions of the
+body. As is shown by the example of thumbsucking, there are predestined
+erogenous zones. But the same example also shows that any other region
+of skin or mucous membrane may assume the function of an erogenous zone;
+it must therefore carry along a certain adaptability. The production of
+the sensation of pleasure therefore depends more on the quality of the
+stimulus than on the nature of the bodily region. The thumbsucking child
+looks around on his body and selects any portion of it for
+pleasure-sucking, and becoming accustomed to it, he then prefers it. If
+he accidentally strikes upon a predestined region, such as breast,
+nipple or genitals, it naturally has the preference. A quite analogous
+tendency to displacement is again found in the symptomatology of
+hysteria. In this neurosis the repression mostly concerns the genital
+zones proper; these in turn transmit their excitation to the other
+erogenous zones, usually dormant in mature life, which then behave
+exactly like genitals. But besides this, just as in thumbsucking, any
+other region of the body may become endowed with the excitation of the
+genitals and raised to an erogenous zone. Erogenous and hysterogenous
+zones show the same characters.[12]
+
+*The Infantile Sexual Aim.*--The sexual aim of the infantile impulse
+consists in the production of gratification through the proper
+excitation of this or that selected erogenous zone. In order to leave a
+desire for its repetition this gratification must have been previously
+experienced, and we may be sure that nature has devised definite means
+so as not to leave this occurrence to mere chance. The arrangement which
+has fulfilled this purpose for the lip-zone we have already discussed;
+it is the simultaneous connection of this part of the body with the
+taking of nourishment. We shall also meet other similar mechanisms as
+sources of sexuality. The state of desire for repetition of
+gratification can be recognized through a peculiar feeling of tension
+which in itself is rather of a painful character, and through a
+centrally-determined feeling of itching or sensitiveness which is
+projected into the peripheral erogenous zone. The sexual aim may
+therefore be formulated as follows: the chief object is to substitute
+for the projected feeling of sensitiveness in the erogenous zone that
+outer stimulus which removes the feeling of sensitiveness by evoking the
+feeling of gratification. This external stimulus consists usually in a
+manipulation which is analogous to sucking.
+
+It is in full accord with our physiological knowledge if the desire
+happens to be awakened also peripherally through an actual change in the
+erogenous zone. The action is puzzling only to some extent as one
+stimulus for its suppression seems to want another applied to the same
+place.
+
+
+THE MASTURBATIC SEXUAL MANIFESTATIONS[13]
+
+It is a matter of great satisfaction to know that there is nothing
+further of greater importance to learn about the sexual activity of the
+child after the impulse of one erogenous zone has become comprehensible
+to us. The most pronounced differences are found in the action necessary
+for the gratification, which consists in sucking for the lip zone and
+which must be replaced by other muscular actions according to the
+situation and nature of the other zones.
+
+*The Activity of the Anal Zone.*--Like the lip zone the anal zone is,
+through its position, adapted to conduct the sexuality to the other
+functions of the body. It should be assumed that the erogenous
+significance of this region of the body was originally very large.
+Through psychoanalysis one finds, not without surprise, the many
+transformations that are normally undertaken with the usual excitations
+emanating from here, and that this zone often retains for life a
+considerable fragment of genital irritability.[14] The intestinal
+catarrhs so frequent during infancy produce intensive irritations in
+this zone, and we often hear it said that intestinal catarrh at this
+delicate age causes "nervousness." In later neurotic diseases they exert
+a definite influence on the symptomatic expression of the neurosis,
+placing at its disposal the whole sum of intestinal disturbances.
+Considering the erogenous significance of the anal zone which has been
+retained at least in transformation, one should not laugh at the
+hemorrhoidal influences to which the old medical literature attached so
+much weight in the explanation of neurotic states.
+
+Children utilizing the erogenous sensitiveness of the anal zone can be
+recognized by their holding back of fecal masses until through
+accumulation there result violent muscular contractions; the passage of
+these masses through the anus is apt to produce a marked irritation of
+the mucus membrane. Besides the pain this must produce also a sensation
+of pleasure. One of the surest premonitions of later eccentricity or
+nervousness is when an infant obstinately refuses to empty his bowel
+when placed on the chamber by the nurse and reserves this function at
+its own pleasure. It does not concern him that he will soil his bed; all
+he cares for is not to lose the subsidiary pleasure while defecating.
+The educators have again the right inkling when they designate children
+who withhold these functions as bad. The content of the bowel which is
+an exciting object to the sexually sensitive surface of mucous membrane
+behaves like the precursor of another organ which does not become active
+until after the phase of childhood. In addition it has other important
+meanings to the nursling. It is evidently treated as an additional part
+of the body, it represents the first "donation," the disposal of which
+expresses the pliability while the retention of it can express the
+spite of the little being towards its environment. From the idea of
+"donation" he later gains the meaning of the "babe" which according to
+one of the infantile sexual theories is acquired through eating and is
+born through the bowel.
+
+The retention of fecal masses, which is at first intentional in order to
+utilize them, as it were, for masturbatic excitation of the anal zone,
+is at least one of the roots of constipation so frequent in neuropaths.
+The whole significance of the anal zone is mirrored in the fact that
+there are but few neurotics who have not their special scatologic
+customs, ceremonies, etc., which they retain with cautious secrecy.
+
+Real masturbatic irritation of the anal zone by means of the fingers,
+evoked through either centrally or peripherally supported itching, is
+not at all rare in older children.
+
+*The Activity of the Genital Zone.*--Among the erogenous zones of the
+child's body there is one which certainly does not play the main role,
+and which cannot be the carrier of earliest sexual feeling--which,
+however, is destined for great things in later life. In both male and
+female it is connected with the voiding of urine (penis, clitoris), and
+in the former it is enclosed in a sack of mucous membrane, probably in
+order not to miss the irritations caused by the secretions which may
+arouse the sexual excitement at an early age. The sexual activities of
+this erogenous zone, which belongs to the real genitals, are the
+beginning of the later normal sexual life.
+
+Owing to the anatomical position, the overflowing of secretions, the
+washing and rubbing of the body, and to certain accidental excitements
+(the wandering of intestinal worms in the girl), it happens that the
+pleasurable feeling which these parts of the body are capable of
+producing makes itself noticeable to the child even during the sucking
+age, and thus awakens desire for its repetition. When we review all the
+actual arrangements, and bear in mind that the measures for cleanliness
+have the same effect as the uncleanliness itself, we can then scarcely
+mistake nature's intention, which is to establish the future primacy of
+these erogenous zones for the sexual activity through the infantile
+onanism from which hardly an individual escapes. The action of removing
+the stimulus and setting free the gratification consists in a rubbing
+contiguity with the hand or in a certain previously-formed pressure
+reflex effected by the closure of the thighs. The latter procedure seems
+to be the more primitive and is by far the more common in girls. The
+preference for the hand in boys already indicates what an important part
+of the male sexual activity will be accomplished in the future by the
+impulse to mastery (Bemaechtigungstrieb).[15] It can only help towards
+clearness if I state that the infantile masturbation should be divided
+into three phases. The first phase belongs to the nursing period, the
+second to the short flourishing period of sexual activity at about the
+fourth year, only the third corresponds to the one which is often
+considered exclusively as onanism of puberty.
+
+The infantile onanism seems to disappear after a brief time, but it may
+continue uninterruptedly till puberty and thus represent the first
+marked deviation from the development desirable for civilized man. At
+some time during childhood after the nursing period, the sexual impulse
+of the genitals reawakens and continues active for some time until it is
+again suppressed, or it may continue without interruption. The possible
+relations are very diverse and can only be elucidated through a more
+precise analysis of individual cases. The details, however, of this
+_second_ infantile sexual activity leave behind the profoundest
+(unconscious) impressions in the persons's memory; if the individual
+remains healthy they determine his character and if he becomes sick
+after puberty they determine the symptomatology of his neurosis.[16] In
+the latter case it is found that this sexual period is forgotten and the
+conscious reminiscences pointing to them are displaced; I have already
+mentioned that I would like to connect the normal infantile amnesia with
+this infantile sexual activity. By psychoanalytic investigation it is
+possible to bring to consciousness the forgotten material, and thereby
+to remove a compulsion which emanates from the unconscious psychic
+material.
+
+*The Return of the Infantile Masturbation.*--The sexual excitation of
+the nursing period returns during the designated years of childhood as a
+centrally determined tickling sensation demanding onanistic
+gratification, or as a pollution-like process which, analogous to the
+pollution of maturity, may attain gratification without the aid of any
+action. The latter case is more frequent in girls and in the second half
+of childhood; its determinants are not well understood, but it often,
+though not regularly, seems to have as a basis a period of early active
+onanism. The symptomatology of this sexual manifestation is poor; the
+genital apparatus is still undeveloped and all signs are therefore
+displayed by the urinary apparatus which is, so to say, the guardian of
+the genital apparatus. Most of the so-called bladder disturbances of
+this period are of a sexual nature; whenever the enuresis nocturna does
+not represent an epileptic attack it corresponds to a pollution.
+
+The return of the sexual activity is determined by inner and outer
+causes which can be conjectured from the formation of the symptoms of
+neurotic diseases and definitely revealed by psychoanalytic
+investigations. The internal causes will be discussed later, the
+accidental outer causes attain at this time a great and permanent
+significance. As the first outer cause we have the influence of
+seduction which prematurely treats the child as a sexual object; under
+conditions favoring impressions this teaches the child the gratification
+of the genital zones, and thus usually forces it to repeat this
+gratification in onanism. Such influences can come from adults or other
+children. I cannot admit that I overestimated its frequency or its
+significance in my contributions to the etiology of hysteria,[17] though
+I did not know then that normal individuals may have the same
+experiences in their childhood, and hence placed a higher value on
+seductions than on the factors found in the sexual constitution and
+development.[18] It is quite obvious that no seduction is necessary to
+awaken the sexual life of the child, that such an awakening may come on
+spontaneously from inner sources.
+
+*Polymorphous-perverse Disposition.*--It is instructive to know that
+under the influence of seduction the child may become
+polymorphous-perverse and may be misled into all sorts of
+transgressions. This goes to show that it carries along the adaptation
+for them in its disposition. The formation of such perversions meets but
+slight resistance because the psychic dams against sexual
+transgressions, such as shame, loathing and morality--which depend on
+the age of the child--are not yet erected or are only in the process of
+formation. In this respect the child perhaps does not behave differently
+from the average uncultured woman in whom the same polymorphous-perverse
+disposition exists. Such a woman may remain sexually normal under usual
+conditions, but under the guidance of a clever seducer she will find
+pleasure in every perversion and will retain the same as her sexual
+activity. The same polymorphous or infantile disposition fits the
+prostitute for her professional activity, and in the enormous number of
+prostitutes and of women to whom we must attribute an adaptation for
+prostitution, even if they do not follow this calling, it is absolutely
+impossible not to recognize in their uniform disposition for all
+perversions the universal and primitive human.
+
+*Partial Impulses.*--For the rest, the influence of seduction does not
+aid us in unravelling the original relations of the sexual impulse, but
+rather confuses our understanding of the same, inasmuch as it
+prematurely supplies the child with the sexual object at a time when the
+infantile sexual impulse does not yet evince any desire for it. We must
+admit, however, that the infantile sexual life, though mainly under the
+control of erogenous zones, also shows components in which from the very
+beginning other persons are regarded as sexual objects. Among these we
+have the impulses for looking and showing off, and for cruelty, which
+manifest themselves somewhat independently of the erogenous zones and
+which only later enter into intimate relationship with the sexual life;
+but along with the erogenous sexual activity they are noticeable even in
+the infantile years as separate and independent strivings. The little
+child is above all shameless, and during its early years it evinces
+definite pleasure in displaying its body and especially its sexual
+organs. A counterpart to this desire which is to be considered as
+perverse, the curiosity to see other persons' genitals, probably appears
+first in the later years of childhood when the hindrance of the feeling
+of shame has already reached a certain development. Under the influence
+of seduction the looking perversion may attain great importance for the
+sexual life of the child. Still, from my investigations of the childhood
+years of normal and neurotic patients, I must conclude that the impulse
+for looking can appear in the child as a spontaneous sexual
+manifestation. Small children, whose attention has once been directed to
+their own genitals--usually by masturbation--are wont to progress in
+this direction without outside interference, and to develop a vivid
+interest in the genitals of their playmates. As the occasion for the
+gratification of such curiosity is generally afforded during the
+gratification of both excrementitious needs, such children become
+_voyeurs_ and are zealous spectators at the voiding of urine and feces
+of others, After this tendency has been repressed, the curiosity to see
+the genitals of others (one's own or those of the other sex) remains as
+a tormenting desire which in some neurotic cases furnishes the strongest
+motive power for the formation of symptoms.
+
+The cruelty component of the sexual impulse develops in the child with
+still greater independence of those sexual activities which are
+connected with erogenous zones. Cruelty is especially near the childish
+character, since the inhibition which restrains the impulse to mastery
+before it causes pain to others--that is, the capacity for
+sympathy--develops comparatively late. As we know, a thorough
+psychological analysis of this impulse has not as yet been successfully
+accomplished; we may assume that the cruel feelings emanate from the
+impulse to mastery and appear at a period in the sexual life before the
+genitals have taken on their later role. It then dominates a phase of
+the sexual life, which we shall later describe as the pregenital
+organization. Children who are distinguished for evincing especial
+cruelty to animals and playmates may be justly suspected of intensive
+and premature sexual activity in the erogenous zones; and in a
+simultaneous prematurity of all sexual impulses, the erogenous sexual
+activity surely seems to be primary. The absence of the barrier of
+sympathy carries with it the danger that the connections between cruelty
+and the erogenous impulses formed in childhood cannot be broken in later
+life.
+
+An erogenous source of the passive impulse for cruelty (masochism) is
+found in the painful irritation of the gluteal region which is familiar
+to all educators since the confessions of J.J. Rousseau. This has justly
+caused them to demand that physical punishment, which usually concerns
+this part of the body, should be withheld from all children in whom the
+libido might be forced into collateral roads by the later demands of
+cultural education.[19]
+
+
+THE INFANTILE SEXUAL INVESTIGATION
+
+*Inquisitiveness.*--At the same time when the sexual life of the child
+reaches its first bloom, from the age of three to the age of five, it
+also evinces the beginning of that activity which is ascribed to the
+impulse for knowledge and investigation. The desire for knowledge can
+neither be added to the elementary components of the impulses nor can it
+be altogether subordinated under sexuality. Its activity corresponds on
+the one hand to a sublimating mode of acquisition and on the other hand
+it labors with the energy of the desire for looking. Its relations to
+the sexual life, however, are of particular importance, for we have
+learned from psychoanalysis that the inquisitiveness of children is
+attracted to the sexual problems unusually early and in an unexpectedly
+intensive manner, indeed it perhaps may first be awakened by the sexual
+problems.
+
+*The Riddle of the Sphinx.*--It is not theoretical but practical
+interests which start the work of the investigation activity in the
+child. The threat to the conditions of his existence through the actual
+or expected arrival of a new child, the fear of the loss in care and
+love which is connected with this event, cause the child to become
+thoughtful and sagacious. Corresponding with the history of this
+awakening, the first problem with which it occupies itself is not the
+question as to the difference between the sexes, but the riddle: from
+where do children come? In a distorted form, which can easily be
+unraveled, this is the same riddle which was given by the Theban Sphinx.
+The fact of the two sexes is usually first accepted by the child without
+struggle and hesitation. It is quite natural for the male child to
+presuppose in all persons it knows a genital like his own, and to find
+it impossible to harmonize the lack of it with his conception of others.
+
+*The Castration Complex.*--This conviction is energetically adhered to
+by the boy and tenaciously defended against the contradictions which
+soon result, and are only given up after severe internal struggles
+(castration complex). The substitutive formations of this lost penis of
+the woman play a great part in the formation of many perversions.
+
+The assumption of the same (male) genital in all persons is the first of
+the remarkable and consequential infantile sexual theories. It is of
+little help to the child when biological science agrees with his
+preconceptions and recognizes the feminine clitoris as the real
+substitute for the penis. The little girl does not react with similar
+refusals when she sees the differently formed genital of the boy. She
+is immediately prepared to recognize it, and soon becomes envious of the
+penis; this envy reaches its highest point in the consequentially
+important wish that she also should be a boy.
+
+*Birth Theories.*--Many people can remember distinctly how intensely
+they interested themselves, in the prepubescent period, in the question
+where children came from. The anatomical solutions at that time read
+very differently; the children come out of the breast or are cut out of
+the body, or the navel opens itself to let them out. Outside of analysis
+one only seldom remembers the investigation corresponding to the early
+childhood years; it had long merged into repression but its results were
+thoroughly uniform. One gets children by eating something special (as in
+the fairy tale) and they are born through the bowel like a passage.
+These infantile theories recall the structures in the animal kingdom,
+especially do they recall the cloaca of the types which stand lower than
+the mammals.
+
+*Sadistic Conception of the Sexual Act.*--If children of so delicate an
+age become spectators of the sexual act between grown-ups, for which an
+occasion is furnished by the conviction of the grown-ups that little
+children cannot understand anything sexual, they cannot help conceiving
+the sexual act as a kind of maltreating or overpowering, that is, it
+impresses them in a sadistic sense. Psychoanalysis also teaches us that
+such an early childhood impression contributes much to the disposition
+for a later sadistic displacement of the sexual aim. Besides this
+children also occupy themselves with the problem of what the sexual act
+consists in or, as they grasp it, of what marriage consists, and seek
+the solution of the mystery mostly in an association to which the
+functions of urination and defecation give occasion.
+
+*The Typical Failure of the Infantile Sexual Investigation.*--It can be
+stated in general about the infantile sexual theories that they are
+reproductions of the child's own sexual constitution, and that despite
+their grotesque mistakes they evince more understanding of the sexual
+processes than is credited to their creators. Children also perceive the
+pregnancy of the mother and know how to interpret it correctly; the
+stork fable is very often related before auditors who confront it with a
+deep, but mostly mute suspicion. But as two elements remain unknown to
+the infantile sexual investigation, namely, the role of the propagating
+semen and the female genital opening--precisely the same points in which
+the infantile organization is still backward--the effort of the
+infantile investigator regularly remains fruitless, and ends in a
+renunciation which not infrequently leaves a lasting injury to the
+desire for knowledge. The sexual investigation of these early childhood
+years is always conducted alone, it signifies the first step towards
+independent orientation in the world, and causes a marked estrangement
+between the child and the persons of his environment who formerly
+enjoyed its full confidence.
+
+*The Phases of Development of the Sexual Organization.*--As
+characteristics of the infantile sexuality we have hitherto emphasized
+the fact that it is essentially autoerotic (it finds its object in its
+own body), and that its individual partial impulses, which on the whole
+are unconnected and independent of one another, are striving for the
+acquisition of pleasure. The end of this development forms the so-called
+normal sexual life of the adult in which the acquisition of pleasure has
+been put into the service of the function of propagation, and the
+partial impulses, under the primacy of one single erogenous zone, have
+formed a firm organization for the attainment of the sexual aim in a
+strange sexual object.
+
+*Pregenital Organizations.*--The study, with the help of
+psychoanalysis, of the inhibitions and disturbances in this course of
+development now permits us to recognize additions and primary stages of
+such organization of the partial impulses which likewise furnish a sort
+of sexual regime. These phases of the sexual organization normally will
+pass over smoothly and will only be recognizable by slight indications.
+Only in pathological cases do they become active and discernible to
+coarse observation.
+
+Organizations of the sexual life in which the genital zones have not yet
+assumed the dominating role we would call the _pregenital_ phase. So far
+we have become acquainted with two of them which recall reversions to
+early animal states.
+
+One of the first of such pregenital sexual organizations is the _oral_,
+or if we wish, the cannibalistic. Here the sexual activity is not yet
+separated from the taking of nourishment, and the contrasts within the
+same not yet differentiated. The object of the one activity is also that
+of the other, the sexual aim consists in the _incorporating_ into one's
+own body of the object, it is the prototype of that which later plays
+such an important psychic role as _identification_. As a remnant of this
+fictitious phase of organization forced on us by pathology we can
+consider thumbsucking. Here the sexual activity became separated from
+the nourishment activity and the strange object was given up in favor of
+one from his own body.
+
+A second pregenital phase is the sadistic-anal organization. Here the
+contrasts which run through the whole sexual life are already developed,
+but cannot yet be designated as _masculine_ and _feminine_, but must be
+called _active_ and _passive_. The activity is supplied by the
+musculature of the body through the mastery impulse; the erogenous
+mucous membrane of the bowel manifests itself above all as an organ with
+a passive sexual aim, for both strivings there are objects present,
+which however do not merge together. Besides them there are other
+partial impulses which are active in an autoerotic manner. The sexual
+polarity and the strange object can thus already be demonstrated in this
+phase. The organization and subordination under the function of
+propagation are still lacking.
+
+*Ambivalence.*--This form of the sexual organization could be retained
+throughout life and continue to draw to itself a large part of the
+sexual activity. The prevalence of sadism and the role of the cloaca of
+the anal zone stamps it with an exquisitely archaic impression. As
+another characteristic belonging to it we can mention the fact that the
+contrasting pair of impulses are developed in almost the same manner, a
+behavior which was designated by Bleuler with the happy name of
+_ambivalence_.
+
+The assumption of the pregenital organizations of the sexual life is
+based on the analysis of the neuroses and hardly deserves any
+consideration without a knowledge of the same. We may expect that
+continued analytic efforts will furnish us with still more disclosures
+concerning the structure and development of the normal sexual function.
+
+To complete the picture of the infantile sexual life one must add that
+frequently or regularly an object selection takes place even in
+childhood which is as characteristic as the one we have represented for
+the phase of development of puberty. This object selection proceeds in
+such a manner that all the sexual strivings proceed in the direction of
+one person in whom they wish to attain their aim. This is then the
+nearest approach to the definitive formation of the sexual life after
+puberty, that is possible in childhood. It differs from the latter only
+in the fact that the collection of the partial impulses and their
+subordination to the primacy of the genitals is very imperfectly or not
+at all accomplished in childhood. The establishment of this primacy in
+the service of propagation is therefore the last phase through which the
+sexual organization passes.
+
+*The Two Periods of Object Selection.*--That the object selection takes
+place in two periods, or in two shifts, can be spoken of as a typical
+occurrence. The first shift has its origin between the age of three and
+five years, and is brought to a stop or to retrogression by the latency
+period; it is characterized by the infantile nature of its sexual aims.
+The second shift starts with puberty and determines the definitive
+formation of the sexual life.
+
+The fact of the double object selection which is essentially due to the
+effect of the latency period, becomes most significant for the
+disturbance of this terminal state. The results of the infantile object
+selection reach into the later period; they are either preserved as such
+or are even refreshed at the time of puberty. But due to the development
+of the repression which takes place between the two phases they turn out
+as unutilizable. The sexual aims have become softened and now represent
+what we can designate as the _tender_ streams of the sexual life. Only
+psychoanalytic investigation can demonstrate that behind this
+tenderness, such as honoring and esteeming, there is concealed the old
+sexual strivings of the infantile partial impulses which have now become
+useless. The object selection of the pubescent period must renounce the
+infantile objects and begin anew as a sensuous stream. The fact that the
+two streams do not meet often enough has as a result that one of the
+ideals of the sexual life, namely, the union of all desires in one
+object, can not be attained.
+
+
+THE SOURCES OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY
+
+In our effort to follow up the origins of the sexual impulse, we have
+thus far found that the sexual excitement originates (_a_) as an imitation
+of a gratification which has been experienced in conjunction with other
+organic processes; (_b_) through the appropriate peripheral stimulation of
+erogenous zones; (_c_) and as an expression of some "impulse," like the
+looking and cruelty impulses, the origin of which we do not yet fully
+understand. The psychoanalytic investigation of later life which leads
+back to childhood and the contemporary observation of the child itself
+cooeperate to reveal to us still other regularly-flowing sources of the
+sexual excitement. The observation of childhood has the disadvantage of
+treating easily misunderstood material, while psychoanalysis is made
+difficult by the fact that it can reach its objects and conclusions only
+by great detours; still the united efforts of both methods achieve a
+sufficient degree of positive understanding.
+
+In investigating the erogenous zones we have already found that these
+skin regions merely show the special exaggeration of a form of
+sensitiveness which is to a certain degree found over the whole surface
+of the skin. It will therefore not surprise us to learn that certain
+forms of general sensitiveness in the skin can be ascribed to very
+distinct erogenous action. Among these we will above all mention the
+temperature sensitiveness; this will perhaps prepare us for the
+understanding of the therapeutic effects of warm baths.
+
+*Mechanical Excitation.*--We must, moreover, describe here the
+production of sexual excitation by means of rhythmic mechanical shaking
+of the body. There are three kinds of exciting influences: those acting
+on the sensory apparatus of the vestibular nerves, those acting on the
+skin, and those acting on the deep parts, such as the muscles and
+joints. The sexual excitation produced by these influences seems to be
+of a pleasurable nature--it is worth emphasizing that for some time we
+shall continue to use indiscriminately the terms "sexual excitement" and
+"gratification" leaving the search for an explanation of the terms to a
+later time--and that the pleasure is produced by mechanical stimulation
+is proved by the fact that children are so fond of play involving
+passive motion, like swinging or flying in the air, and repeatedly
+demand its repetition.[20] As we know, rocking is regularly used in
+putting restless children to sleep. The shaking sensation experienced in
+wagons and railroad trains exerts such a fascinating influence on older
+children, that all boys, at least at one time in their lives, want to
+become conductors and drivers. They are wont to ascribe to railroad
+activities an extraordinary and mysterious interest, and during the age
+of phantastic activity (shortly before puberty) they utilize these as a
+nucleus for exquisite sexual symbolisms. The desire to connect railroad
+travelling with sexuality apparently originates from the pleasurable
+character of the sensation of motion. When the repression later sets in
+and changes so many of the childish likes into their opposites, these
+same persons as adolescents and adults then react to the rocking and
+rolling with nausea and become terribly exhausted by a railroad journey,
+or they show a tendency to attacks of anxiety during the journey, and by
+becoming obsessed with railroad phobia they protect themselves against a
+repetition of the painful experiences.
+
+This also fits in with the not as yet understood fact that the
+concurrence of fear with mechanical shaking produces the severest
+hysterical forms of traumatic neurosis. It may at least be assumed that
+inasmuch as even a slight intensity of these influences becomes a source
+of sexual excitement, the action of an excessive amount of the same will
+produce a profound disorder in the sexual mechanism.
+
+*Muscular Activity.*--It is well known that the child has need for
+strong muscular activity, from the gratification of which it draws
+extraordinary pleasure. Whether this pleasure has anything to do with
+sexuality, whether it includes in itself sexual satisfaction? or can be
+the occasion of sexual excitement; all this may be refuted by critical
+consideration, which will probably be directed also to the position
+taken above that the pleasure in the sensations of passive movement are
+of sexual character or that they are sexually exciting. The fact
+remains, however, that a number of persons report that they experienced
+the first signs of excitement in their genitals during fighting or
+wrestling with playmates, in which situation, besides the general
+muscular exertion, there is an intensive contact with the opponent's
+skin which also becomes effective. The desire for muscular contest with
+a definite person, like the desire for word contest in later years, is a
+good sign that the object selection has been directed toward this
+person. "Was sich liebt, das neckt sich."[21] In the promotion of sexual
+excitement through muscular activity we might recognize one of the
+sources of the sadistic impulse. The infantile connection between
+fighting and sexual excitement acts in many persons as a determinant for
+the future preferred course of their sexual impulse.[22]
+
+*Affective Processes.*--The other sources of sexual excitement in the
+child are open to less doubt. Through contemporary observations, as well
+as through later investigations, it is easy to ascertain that all more
+intensive affective processes, even excitements of a terrifying nature,
+encroach upon sexuality; this can at all events furnish us with a
+contribution to the understanding of the pathogenic action of such
+emotions. In the school child, fear of a coming examination or exertion
+expended in the solution of a difficult task can become significant for
+the breaking through of sexual manifestations as well as for his
+relations to the school, inasmuch as under such excitements a sensation
+often occurs urging him to touch the genitals, or leading to a
+pollution-like process with all its disagreeable consequences. The
+behavior of children at school, which is so often mysterious to the
+teacher, ought surely to be considered in relation with their
+germinating sexuality. The sexually-exciting influence of some painful
+affects, such as fear, shuddering, and horror, is felt by a great many
+people throughout life and readily explains why so many seek
+opportunities to experience such sensations, provided that certain
+accessory circumstances (as under imaginary circumstances in reading, or
+in the theater) suppress the earnestness of the painful feeling.
+
+If we might assume that the same erogenous action also reaches the
+intensive painful feelings, especially if the pain be toned down or held
+at a distance by a subsidiary determination, this relation would then
+contain the main roots of the masochistic-sadistic impulse, into the
+manifold composition of which we are gaining a gradual insight.
+
+*Intellectual Work.*--Finally, is is evident that mental application or
+the concentration of attention on an intellectual accomplishment will
+result, especially often in youthful persons, but in older persons as
+well, in a simultaneous sexual excitement, which may be looked upon as
+the only justified basis for the otherwise so doubtful etiology of
+nervous disturbances from mental "overwork."
+
+If we now, in conclusion, review the evidences and indications of the
+sources of the infantile sexual excitement, which have been reported
+neither completely nor exhaustively, we may lay down the following
+general laws as suggested or established. It seems to be provided in the
+most generous manner that the process of sexual excitement--the nature
+of which certainly remains quite mysterious to us--should be set in
+motion. The factor making this provision in a more or less direct way is
+the excitation of the sensible surfaces of the skin and sensory organs,
+while the most immediate exciting influences are exerted on certain
+parts which are designated as erogenous zones. The criterion in all
+these sources of sexual excitement is really the quality of the stimuli,
+though the factor of intensity (in pain) is not entirely unimportant.
+But in addition to this there are arrangements in the organism which
+induce sexual excitement as a subsidiary action in a large number of
+inner processes as soon as the intensity of these processes has risen
+above certain quantitative limits. What we have designated as the
+partial impulses of sexuality are either directly derived from these
+inner sources of sexual excitation or composed of contributions from
+such sources and from erogenous zones. It is possible that nothing of
+any considerable significance occurs in the organism that does not
+contribute its components to the excitement of the sexual impulse.
+
+It seems to me at present impossible to shed more light and certainty on
+these general propositions, and for this I hold two factors responsible;
+first, the novelty of this manner of investigation, and secondly, the
+fact that the nature of the sexual excitement is entirely unfamiliar to
+us. Nevertheless, I will not forbear speaking about two points which
+promise to open wide prospects in the future.
+
+*Diverse Sexual Constitutions.*--(_a_) We have considered above the
+possibility of establishing the manifold character of congenital sexual
+constitutions through the diverse formation of the erogenous zones; we
+may now attempt to do the same in dealing with the indirect sources of
+sexual excitement. We may assume that, although these different sources
+furnish contributions in all individuals, they are not all equally
+strong in all persons; and that a further contribution to the
+differentiation of the diverse sexual constitution will be found in the
+preferred developments of the individual sources of sexual excitement.
+
+*The Paths of Opposite Influences.*--(_b_) Since we are now dropping the
+figurative manner of expression hitherto employed, by which we spoke of
+_sources_ of sexual excitement, we may now assume that all the
+connecting ways leading from other functions to sexuality must also be
+passable in the reverse direction. For example, if the lip zone, the
+common possession of both functions, is responsible for the fact that
+the sexual gratification originates during the taking of nourishment,
+the same factor offers also an explanation for the disturbances in the
+taking of nourishment if the erogenous functions of the common zone are
+disturbed. As soon as we know that concentration of attention may
+produce sexual excitement, it is quite natural to assume that acting on
+the same path, but in a contrary direction, the state of sexual
+excitement will be able to influence the availability of the voluntary
+attention. A good part of the symptomatology of the neuroses which I
+trace to disturbance of sexual processes manifests itself in
+disturbances of the other non-sexual bodily functions, and this hitherto
+incomprehensible action becomes less mysterious if it only represents
+the counterpart of the influences controlling the production of the
+sexual excitement.
+
+However the same paths through which sexual disturbances encroach upon
+the other functions of the body must in health be supposed to serve
+another important function. It must be through these paths that the
+attraction of the sexual motive-powers to other than sexual aims, the
+sublimation of sexuality, is accomplished. We must conclude with the
+admission that very little is definitely known concerning the paths
+beyond the fact that they exist, and that they are probably passable in
+both directions.
+
+[1] For it is really impossible to have a correct knowledge of the part
+belonging to heredity without first understanding the part belonging to
+the infantile.
+
+[2] This assertion on revision seemed even to myself so bold that I
+decided to test its correctness by again reviewing the literature. The
+result of this second review did not warrant any change in my original
+statement. The scientific elaboration of the physical as well as the
+psychic phenomena of the infantile sexuality is still in its initial
+stages. One author (S. Bell, "A Preliminary Study of the Emotions of
+Love Between the Sexes," American Journal of Psychology, XIII, 1902)
+says: "I know of no scientist who has given a careful analysis of the
+emotion as it is seen in the adolescent." The only attention given to
+somatic sexual manifestations occurring before the age of puberty was in
+connection with degenerative manifestations, and these were referred to
+as a sign of degeneration. A chapter on the sexual life of children is
+not to be found in all the representative psychologies of this age which
+I have read. Among these works I can mention the following: Preyer;
+Baldwin (The Development of the Mind in the Child and in the Race,
+1898); Perez (L'enfant de 3-7 ans, 1894); Struempel (Die paedagogische
+Pathologie, 1899); Karl Groos (Das Seelenleben des Kindes, 1904); Th.
+Heller (Grundriss der Heilpaedagogic, 1904); Sully (Observations
+Concerning Childhood, 1897). The best impression of the present
+situation of this sphere can be obtained from the journal Die
+Kinderfehler (issued since 1896). On the other hand one gains the
+impression that the existence of love in childhood is in no need of
+demonstration. Perez (l.c.) speaks for it; K. Groos (Die Spiele der
+Menschen, 1899) states that some children are very early subject to
+sexual emotions, and show a desire to touch the other sex (p. 336); S.
+Bell observed the earliest appearance of sex-love in a child during the
+middle part of its third year. See also Havelock Ellis, The Sexual
+Impulse, Appendix II.
+
+The above-mentioned judgment concerning the literature of infantile
+sexuality no longer holds true since the appearance of the great and
+important work of G. Stanley Hall (Adolescence, Its Psychology and its
+Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion,
+and Education, 2 vols., New York, 1908). The recent book of A. Moll, Das
+Sexualleben des Kindes, Berlin, 1909, offers no occasion for such a
+modification. See, on the other hand, Bleuler, Sexuelle abnormitaeten der
+Kinder (Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fuer
+Schulgesundheitspflege, IX, 1908). A book by Mrs. Dr. H.v. Hug-Hellmuth,
+Aus dem Seelenleben des Kindes (1913), has taken full account of the
+neglected sexual factors. [Translated in Monograph Series.]
+
+[3] I have attempted to solve the problems presented by the earliest
+infantile recollections in a paper, "Ueber Deckerinnerungen"
+(Monatsschrift fuer Psychiatrie und Neurologie, VI, 1899). Cf. also The
+Psychopathology of Everyday Life, The Macmillan Co., New York, and
+Unwin, London.
+
+[4] One cannot understand the mechanism of repression when one takes
+into consideration only one of the two cooperating processes. As a
+comparison one may think of the way the tourist is despatched to the top
+of the great pyramid of Gizeh; he is pushed from one side and pulled
+from the other.
+
+[5] The use of the latter material is justified by the fact that the
+years of childhood of those who are later neurotics need not necessarily
+differ from those who are later normal except in intensity and
+distinctness.
+
+[6] An anatomic analogy to the behavior of the infantile sexual function
+formulated by me is perhaps given by Bayer (Deutsches Archiv fuer
+klinische Medizin, Bd. 73) who claims that the internal genitals
+(uterus) are regularly larger in newborn than in older children.
+However, Halban's conception, that after birth there is also an
+involution of the other parts of the sexual apparatus, has not been
+verified. According to Halban (Zeitschrift fuer Geburtshilfe u.
+Gynaekologie, LIII, 1904) this process of involution ends after a few
+weeks of extra-uterine life.
+
+[7] The expression "sexual latency period" (sexuelle latenz-periode) I
+have borrowed from W. Fliess.
+
+[8] In the case here discussed the sublimation of the sexual motive
+powers proceed on the road of reaction formations. But in general it is
+necessary to separate from each other sublimation and reaction formation
+as two diverse processes. Sublimation may also result through other and
+simpler mechanisms.
+
+[9] Jahrbuch fuer Kinderheilkunde, N.F., XIV, 1879.
+
+[10] This already shows what holds true for the whole life, namely, that
+sexual gratification is the best hypnotic. Most nervous insomnias are
+traced to lack of sexual gratification. It is also known that
+unscrupulous nurses calm crying children to sleep by stroking their
+genitals.
+
+[11] Ellis spoils, however, the sense of his invented term by comprising
+under the phenomena of autoerotism the whole of hysteria and
+masturbation in its full extent.
+
+[12] Further reflection and observation lead me to attribute the quality
+of erogenity to all parts of the body and inner organs. See later on
+narcism.
+
+[13] Compare here the very comprehensive but confusing literature on
+onanism, _e.g._, Rohleder, Die Masturbation, 1899. Cf. also the
+pamphlet, "Die Onanie," which contains the discussion of the Vienna
+Psychoanalytic Society, Wiesbaden, 1912.
+
+[14] Compare here the essay on "Charakter und Analerotic" in the
+Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre, Zweite Folge, 1909. Cf.
+also Brill, Psychanalysis, Chap. XIII, Anal Eroticism and Character,
+W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.
+
+[15] Unusual techniques in the performance of onanism seem to point to
+the influence of a prohibition against onanism which has been overcome.
+
+[16] Why neurotics, when conscience stricken, regularly connect it with
+their onanistic activity, as was only recently recognized by Bleuler, is
+a problem which still awaits an exhaustive analysis.
+
+[17] Freud, Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses, 3d
+edition, translated by A.A. Brill, N.Y. Nerv. and Ment. Dis. Pub. Co.
+Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph, Series No. 4.
+
+[18] Havelock Ellis, in an appendix to his study on the Sexual Impulse,
+1903, gives a number of autobiographic reports of normal persons
+treating their first sexual feelings in childhood and the causes of the
+same. These reports naturally show the deficiency due to infantile
+amnesia; they do not cover the prehistoric time in the sexual life and
+therefore must be supplemented by psychoanalysis of individuals who
+became neurotic. Notwithstanding this these reports are valuable in more
+than one respect, and information of a similar nature has urged me to
+modify my etiological assumption as mentioned in the text.
+
+[19] The above-mentioned assertions concerning the infantile sexuality
+were justified in 1905, in the main through the results of
+psychoanalytic investigations in adults. Direct observation of the child
+could not at the time be utilized to its full extent and resulted only
+in individual indications and valuable confirmations. Since then it has
+become possible through the analysis of some cases of nervous disease in
+the delicate age of childhood to gain a direct understanding of the
+infantile psychosexuality (Jahrbuch fuer psychoanalytische und
+psychopathologische Forschungen, Bd. 1, 2, 1909). I can point with
+satisfaction to the fact that direct observation has fully confirmed the
+conclusion drawn from psychoanalysis, and thus furnishes good evidence
+for the reliability of the latter method of investigation.
+
+Moreover, the "Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy" (Jahrbuch,
+Bd. 1) has taught us something new for which psychoanalysis had not
+prepared us, to wit, that sexual symbolism, the representation of the
+sexual by non-sexual objects and relations--reaches back into the years
+when the child is first learning to master the language. My attention
+has also been directed to a deficiency in the above-cited statement
+which for the sake of clearness described any conceivable separation
+between the two phases of autoerotism and object love as a temporal
+separation. From the cited analysis (as well as from the above-mentioned
+work of Bell) we learn that children from three to five are capable of
+evincing a very strong object-selection which is accompanied by strong
+affects.
+
+[20] Some persons can recall that the contact of the moving air in
+swinging caused them direct sexual pleasure in the genitals.
+
+[21] "Those who love each other tease each other."
+
+[22] The analyses of neurotic disturbances of walking and of agoraphobia
+remove all doubt as to the sexual nature of the pleasure of motion. As
+everybody knows modern cultural education utilizes sports to a great
+extent in order to turn away the youth from sexual activity; it would be
+more proper to say that it replaces the sexual pleasure by motion
+pleasure, and forces the sexual activity back upon one of its autoerotic
+components.
+
+
+
+
+III
+
+THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY
+
+
+With the beginning of puberty the changes set in which transform the
+infantile sexual life into its definite normal form. Hitherto the sexual
+impulse has been preponderantly autoerotic; it now finds the sexual
+object. Thus far it has manifested itself in single impulses and in
+erogenous zones seeking a certain pleasure as a single sexual aim. A new
+sexual aim now appears for the production of which all partial impulses
+cooeperate, while the erogenous zones subordinate themselves to the
+primacy of the genital zone.[1] As the new sexual aim assigns very
+different functions to the two sexes their sexual developments now part
+company. The sexual development of the man is more consistent and easier
+to understand, while in the woman there even appears a form of
+regression. The normality of the sexual life is guaranteed only by the
+exact concurrence of the two streams directed to the sexual object and
+sexual aim. It is like the piercing of a tunnel from opposite sides.
+
+The new sexual aim in the man consists in the discharging of the sexual
+products; it is not contradictory to the former sexual aim, that of
+obtaining pleasure; on the contrary, the highest amount of pleasure is
+connected with this final act in the sexual process. The sexual impulse
+now enters into the service of the function of propagation; it becomes,
+so to say, altruistic. If this transformation is to succeed its process
+must be adjusted to the original dispositions and all the peculiarities
+of the impulses.
+
+Just as on every other occasion where new connections and compositions
+are to be formed in complicated mechanisms, here, too, there is a
+possibility for morbid disturbance if the new order of things does not
+get itself established. All morbid disturbances of the sexual life may
+justly be considered as inhibitions of development.
+
+
+THE PRIMACY OF THE GENITAL ZONES AND THE FORE-PLEASURE
+
+From the course of development as described we can clearly see the issue
+and the end aim. The intermediary transitions are still quite obscure
+and many a riddle will have to be solved in them.
+
+The most striking process of puberty has been selected as its most
+characteristic; it is the manifest growth of the external genitals which
+have shown a relative inhibition of growth during the latency period of
+childhood. Simultaneously the inner genitals develop to such an extent
+as to be able to furnish sexual products or to receive them for the
+purpose of forming a new living being. A most complicated apparatus is
+thus formed which waits to be claimed.
+
+This apparatus can be set in motion by stimuli, and observation teaches
+that the stimuli can affect it in three ways: from the outer world
+through the familiar erogenous zones; from the inner organic world by
+ways still to be investigated; and from the psychic life, which merely
+represents a depository of external impressions and a receptacle of
+inner excitations. The same result follows in all three cases, namely, a
+state which can be designated as "sexual excitation" and which manifests
+itself in psychic and somatic signs. The psychic sign consists in a
+peculiar feeling of tension of a most urgent character, and among the
+manifold somatic signs the many changes in the genitals stand first.
+They have a definite meaning, that of readiness; they constitute a
+preparation for the sexual act (the erection of the penis and the
+glandular activity of the vagina).
+
+*The Sexual Tension*--The character of the tension of sexual excitation
+is connected with a problem the solution of which is as difficult as it
+would be important for the conception of the sexual process. Despite all
+divergence of opinion regarding it in psychology, I must firmly maintain
+that a feeling of tension must carry with it the character of
+displeasure. For me it is conclusive that such a feeling carries with it
+the impulse to alter the psychic situation, and acts incitingly, which
+is quite contrary to the nature of perceived pleasure. But if we ascribe
+the tension of the sexual excitation to the feelings of displeasure we
+encounter the fact that it is undoubtedly pleasurably perceived. The
+tension produced by sexual excitation is everywhere accompanied by
+pleasure; even in the preparatory changes of the genitals there is a
+distinct feeling of satisfaction. What relation is there between this
+unpleasant tension and this feeling of pleasure?
+
+Everything relating to the problem of pleasure and pain touches one of
+the weakest spots of present-day psychology. We shall try if possible to
+learn something from the determinations of the case in question and to
+avoid encroaching on the problem as a whole. Let us first glance at the
+manner in which the erogenous zones adjust themselves to the new order
+of things. An important role devolves upon them in the preparation of
+the sexual excitation. The eye which is very remote from the sexual
+object is most often in position, during the relations of object wooing,
+to become attracted by that particular quality of excitation, the motive
+of which we designate as beauty in the sexual object. The excellencies
+of the sexual object are therefore also called "attractions." This
+attraction is on the one hand already connected with pleasure, and on
+the other hand it either results in an increase of the sexual excitation
+or in an evocation of the same where it is still wanting. The effect is
+the same if the excitation of another erogenous zone, _e.g._, the
+touching hand, is added to it. There is on the one hand the feeling of
+pleasure which soon becomes enhanced by the pleasure from the
+preparatory changes, and on the other hand there is a further increase
+of the sexual tension which soon changes into a most distinct feeling of
+displeasure if it cannot proceed to more pleasure. Another case will
+perhaps be clearer; let us, for example, take the case where an
+erogenous zone, like a woman's breast, is excited by touching in a
+person who is not sexually excited at the time. This touching in itself
+evokes a feeling of pleasure, but it is also best adapted to awaken
+sexual excitement which demands still more pleasure. How it happens that
+the perceived pleasure evokes the desire for greater pleasure, that is
+the real problem.
+
+*Fore-pleasure Mechanism.*--But the role which devolves upon the
+erogenous zones is clear. What applies to one applies to all. They are
+all utilized to furnish a certain amount of pleasure through their own
+proper excitation, which increases the tension, and which is in turn
+destined to produce the necessary motor energy in order to bring to a
+conclusion the sexual act. The last part but one of this act is again a
+suitable excitation of an erogenous zone; _i.e._, the genital zone
+proper of the glans penis is excited by the object most fit for it, the
+mucous membrane of the vagina, and through the pleasure furnished by
+this excitation it now produces reflexly the motor energy which conveys
+to the surface the sexual substance. This last pleasure is highest in
+its intensity, and differs from the earliest ones in its mechanism. It
+is altogether produced through discharge, it is altogether gratification
+pleasure and the tension of the libido temporarily dies away with it.
+
+It does not seem to me unjustified to fix by name the distinction in the
+nature of these pleasures, the one through the excitation of the
+erogenous zones, and the other through the discharge of the sexual
+substance. In contradistinction to the end-pleasure, or pleasure of
+gratification of sexual activity, we can properly designate the first as
+_fore-pleasure_. The fore-pleasure is then the same as that furnished by
+the infantile sexual impulse, though on a reduced scale; while the
+_end-pleasure_ is new and is probably connected with determinations
+which first appear at puberty. The formula for the new function of the
+erogenous zones reads as follows: they are utilized for the purpose of
+making possible the production of the greater pleasure of gratification
+by means of the fore-pleasure which is gained from them as in infantile
+life.
+
+I have recently been able to elucidate another example from a quite
+different realm of the psychic life, in which likewise a greater feeling
+of pleasure is achieved by means of a lesser feeling of pleasure which
+thereby acts as an alluring premium. We had there also the opportunity
+of entering more deeply into the nature of pleasure.[2]
+
+*Dangers of the Fore-pleasure.*--However the connection of fore-pleasure
+with the infantile life is strengthened by the pathogenic role which may
+devolve upon it. In the mechanism through which the fore-pleasure is
+expressed there exists an obvious danger to the attainment of the normal
+sexual aim. This occurs if it happens that there is too much
+fore-pleasure and too little tension in any part of the preparatory
+sexual process. The motive power for the further continuation of the
+sexual process then escapes, the whole road becomes shortened, and the
+preparatory action in question takes the place of the normal sexual aim.
+Experience shows that such a hurtful condition is determined by the fact
+that the erogenous zone concerned or the corresponding partial impulse
+has already contributed an unusual amount of pleasure in infantile life.
+If other factors favoring fixation are added a compulsion readily
+results for the later life which prevents the fore-pleasure from
+arranging itself into a new combination. Indeed, the mechanism of many
+perversions is of such a nature; they merely represent a lingering at a
+preparatory act of the sexual process.
+
+The failure of the function of the sexual mechanism through the fault of
+the fore-pleasure is generally avoided if the primacy of the genital
+zones has also already been sketched out in infantile life. The
+preparations of the second half of childhood (from the eighth year to
+puberty) really seem to favor this. During these years the genital zones
+behave almost as at the age of maturity; they are the seat of exciting
+sensations and of preparatory changes if any kind of pleasure is
+experienced through the gratification of other erogenous zones; although
+this effect remains aimless, _i.e._, it contributes nothing towards the
+continuation of the sexual process. Besides the pleasure of
+gratification a certain amount of sexual tension appears even in
+infancy, though it is less constant and less abundant. We can now
+understand also why in the discussion of the sources of sexuality we had
+a perfectly good reason for saying that the process in question acts as
+sexual gratification as well as sexual excitement. We note that on our
+way towards the truth we have at first enormously exaggerated the
+distinctions between the infantile and the mature sexual life, and we
+therefore supplement what has been said with a correction. The infantile
+manifestations of sexuality determine not only the deviations from the
+normal sexual life but also the normal formations of the same.
+
+
+THE PROBLEM OF SEXUAL EXCITEMENT
+
+It remains entirely unexplained whence the sexual tension comes which
+originates simultaneously with the gratification of erogenous zones and
+what is its nature. The obvious supposition that this tension originates
+in some way from the pleasure itself is not only improbable in itself
+but untenable, inasmuch as during the greatest pleasure which is
+connected with the voiding of sexual substance there is no production of
+tension but rather a removal of all tension. Hence, pleasure and sexual
+tension can be only indirectly connected.
+
+*The Role of the Sexual Substance.*--Aside from the fact that only the
+discharge of the sexual substance can normally put an end to the sexual
+excitement, there are other essential facts which bring the sexual
+tension into relation with the sexual products. In a life of continence
+the sexual activity is wont to discharge the sexual substance at night
+during pleasurable dream hallucinations of a sexual act, this discharge
+coming at changing but not at entirely capricious intervals; and the
+following interpretation of this process--the nocturnal pollution--can
+hardly be rejected, viz., that the sexual tension which brings about a
+substitute for the sexual act by the short hallucinatory road is a
+function of the accumulated semen in the reservoirs for the sexual
+products. Experiences with the exhaustibility of the sexual mechanism
+speak for the same thing. Where there is no stock of semen it is not
+only impossible to accomplish the sexual act, but there is also a lack
+of excitability in the erogenous zones, the suitable excitation of which
+can evoke no pleasure. We thus discover incidentally that a certain
+amount of sexual tension is itself necessary for the excitability of the
+erogenous zones.
+
+One would thus be forced to the assumption, which if I am not mistaken
+is quite generally adopted, that the accumulation of sexual substance
+produces and maintains the sexual tension. The pressure of these
+products on the walls of their receptacles acts as an excitant on the
+spinal center, the state of which is then perceived by the higher
+centers which then produce in consciousness the familiar feeling of
+tension. If the excitation of erogenous zones increases the sexual
+tension, it can only be due to the fact that the erogenous zones are
+connected with these centers by previously formed anatomical
+connections. They increase there the tone of the excitation, and with
+sufficient sexual tension they set in motion the sexual act, and with
+insufficient tension they merely stimulate a production of the sexual
+substance.
+
+The weakness of the theory which one finds adopted, _e.g._, in v.
+Krafft-Ebing's description of the sexual process, lies in the fact that
+it has been formed for the sexual activity of the mature man and pays
+too little heed to three kinds of relations which should also have been
+elucidated. We refer to the relations as found in the child, in the
+woman, and in the castrated male. In none of the three cases can we
+speak of an accumulation of sexual products in the same sense as in the
+man, which naturally renders difficult the general application of this
+scheme; still it may be admitted without any further ado that ways can
+be found to justify the subordination of even these cases. Nevertheless
+one should be cautious about burdening the factor of accumulation of
+sexual products with actions which it seems incapable of supporting.
+
+*Overestimation of the Internal Genitals.*--That sexual excitement can
+be independent to a considerable extent of the production of sexual
+substance seems to be shown by observations on castrated males, in whom
+the libido sometimes escapes the injury caused by the operation,
+although the opposite behavior, which is really the motive for the
+operation, is usually the rule. It is therefore not at all surprising,
+as C. Rieger puts it, that the loss of the male germ glands in maturer
+age should exert no new influence on the psychic life of the individual.
+The germ glands are really not the sexuality, and the experience with
+castrated males only verifies what we had long before learned from the
+removal of the ovaries, namely that it is impossible to do away with the
+sexual character by removing the germ glands. To be sure, castration
+performed at a tender age, before puberty, comes nearer to this aim, but
+it would seem in this case that besides the loss of the sexual glands we
+must also consider the inhibition of development and other factors
+which are connected with that loss.
+
+*Chemical Theories.*--The truth remains, however, that we are unable to
+give any information about the nature of the sexual excitement for the
+reason that we do not know with what organ or organs sexuality is
+connected, since we have seen that the sexual glands have been
+overestimated in this significance. Since surprising discoveries have
+taught us the important role of the thyroid gland in sexuality, we may
+assume that the knowledge of the essential factors of sexuality are
+still withheld from us. One who feels the need of filling up the large
+gap in our knowledge with a preliminary assumption may formulate for
+himself the following theory based on the active substances found in the
+thyroid. Through the appropriate excitement of erogenous zones, as well
+as through other conditions under which sexual excitement originates, a
+material which is universally distributed in the organism becomes
+disintegrated, the decomposing products of which supply a specific
+stimulus to the organs of reproduction or to the spinal center connected
+with them. Such a transformation of a toxic stimulus in a particular
+organic stimulus we are already familiar with from other toxic products
+introduced into the body from without. To treat, if only hypothetically,
+the complexities of the pure toxic and the physiologic stimulations
+which result in the sexual processes is not now our appropriate task. To
+be sure, I attach no value to this special assumption and I shall be
+quite ready to give it up in favor of another, provided its original
+character, the emphasis on the sexual chemism, were preserved. For this
+apparently arbitrary statement is supported by a fact which, though
+little heeded, is most noteworthy. The neuroses which can be traced only
+to disturbances of the sexual life show the greatest clinical
+resemblance to the phenomena of intoxication and abstinence which result
+from the habitual introduction of pleasure-producing poisonous
+substances (alkaloids.)
+
+
+THE THEORY OF THE LIBIDO
+
+These assumptions concerning the chemical basis of the sexual excitement
+are in full accord with the auxiliary conception which we formed for the
+purpose of mastering the psychic manifestations of the sexual life. We
+have determined the concept of _libido_ as that of a force of variable
+quantity which has the capacity of measuring processes and
+transformations in the spheres of sexual excitement. This libido we
+distinguished from the energy which is to be generally adjudged to the
+psychic processes with reference to its special origin and thus we
+attribute to it also a qualitative character. In separating libidinous
+from other psychic energy we give expression to the assumption that the
+sexual processes of the organism are differentiated from the nutritional
+processes through a special chemism. The analyses of perversions and
+psychoneuroses have taught us that this sexual excitement is furnished
+not only from the so-called sexual parts alone but from all organs of
+the body. We thus formulate for ourselves the concept of a
+libido-quantum whose psychic representative we designate as the
+ego-libido; the production, increase, distribution and displacement of
+this ego-libido will offer the possible explanation for the observed
+psycho-sexual phenomena.
+
+But this ego-libido becomes conveniently accessible to psychoanalytic
+study only when the psychic energy is employed on sexual objects, that
+is when it becomes object libido. Then we see it as it concentrates and
+fixes itself on objects, or as it leaves those objects and passes over
+to others from which positions it directs the individual's sexual
+activity, that is, it leads to partial and temporary extinction of the
+libido. Psychoanalysis of the so-called transference neuroses (hysteria
+and compulsion neurosis) offers us here a reliable insight.
+
+Concerning the fates of the object libido we also state that it is
+withdrawn from the object, that it is preserved floating in special
+states of tension and is finally taken back into the ego, so that it
+again becomes ego-libido. In contradistinction to the object-libido we
+also call the ego-libido narcissistic libido. From psychoanalysis we
+look over the boundary which we are not permitted to pass into the
+activity of the narcissistic libido and thus form an idea of the
+relations between the two. The narcissistic or ego-libido appears to us
+as the great reservoir from which the energy for the investment of the
+object is sent out and into which it is drawn back again, while the
+narcissistic libido investment of the ego appears to us as the realized
+primitive state in the first childhood, which only becomes hidden by the
+later emissions of the libido, and is retained at the bottom behind
+them.
+
+The task of a theory of libido of neurotic and psychotic disturbances
+would have for its object to express in terms of the libido-economy all
+observed phenomena and disclosed processes. It is easy to divine that
+the greater significance would attach thereby to the destinies of the
+ego-libido, especially where it would be the question of explaining the
+deeper psychotic disturbances. The difficulty then lies in the fact that
+the means of our investigation, psychoanalysis, at present gives us
+definite information only concerning the transformation of the
+object-libido, but cannot distinguish without further study the
+ego-libido from the other effective energies in the ego.[3]
+
+
+DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MAN AND WOMAN
+
+It is known that the sharp differentiation of the male and female
+character originates at puberty, and it is the resulting difference
+which, more than any other factor, decisively influences the later
+development of personality. To be sure, the male and female dispositions
+are easily recognizable even in infantile life; thus the development of
+sexual inhibitions (shame, loathing, sympathy, etc.) ensues earlier and
+with less resistance in the little girl than in the little boy. The
+tendency to sexual repression certainly seems much greater, and where
+partial impulses of sexuality are noticed they show a preference for the
+passive form. But, the autoerotic activity of the erogenous zones is the
+same in both sexes, and it is this agreement that removes the
+possibility of a sex differentiation in childhood as it appears after
+puberty. In respect to the autoerotic and masturbatic sexual
+manifestations, it may be asserted that the sexuality of the little girl
+has entirely a male character. Indeed, if one could give a more definite
+content to the terms "masculine and feminine," one might advance the
+opinion that _the libido is regularly and lawfully of a masculine
+nature, whether in the man or in the woman; and if we consider its
+object, this may be either the man or the woman_.[4]
+
+Since becoming acquainted with the aspect of bisexuality I hold this
+factor as here decisive, and I believe that without taking into account
+the factor of bisexuality it will hardly be possible to understand the
+actually observed sexual manifestations in man and woman.
+
+*The Leading Zones in Man and Woman.*--Further than this I can only add
+the following. The chief erogenous zone in the female child is the
+clitoris, which is homologous to the male penis. All I have been able to
+discover concerning masturbation in little girls concerned the clitoris
+and not those other external genitals which are so important for the
+later sexual functions. With few exceptions I myself doubt whether the
+female child can be seduced to anything but clitoris masturbation. The
+frequent spontaneous discharges of sexual excitement in little girls
+manifest themselves in a twitching of the clitoris, and its frequent
+erections enable the girl to understand correctly even without any
+instruction the sexual manifestations of the other sex; they simply
+transfer to the boys the sensations of their own sexual processes.
+
+If one wishes to understand how the little girl becomes a woman, he must
+follow up the further destinies of this clitoris excitation. Puberty,
+which brings to the boy a great advance of libido, distinguishes itself
+in the girl by a new wave of repression which especially concerns the
+clitoris sexuality. It is a part of the male sexual life that sinks into
+repression. The reenforcement of the sexual inhibitions produced in the
+woman by the repression of puberty causes a stimulus in the libido of
+the man and forces it to increase its capacity; with the height of the
+libido there is a rise in the overestimation of the sexual, which can be
+present in its full force only when the woman refuses and denies her
+sexuality. If the sexual act is finally submitted to and the clitoris
+becomes excited its role is then to conduct the excitement to the
+adjacent female parts, and in this it acts like a chip of pine wood
+which is utilized to set fire to the harder wood. It often takes some
+time for this transference to be accomplished; during which the young
+wife remains anesthetic. This anesthesia may become permanent if the
+clitoris zone refuses to give up its excitability; a condition brought
+on by abundant activities in infantile life. It is known that anesthesia
+in women is often only apparent and local. They are anesthetic at the
+vaginal entrance but not at all unexcitable through the clitoris or even
+through other zones. Besides these erogenous causes of anesthesia there
+are also psychic causes likewise determined by the repression.
+
+If the transference of the erogenous excitability from the clitoris to
+the vagina has succeeded, the woman has thus changed her leading zone
+for the future sexual activity; the man on the other hand retains his
+from childhood. The main determinants for the woman's preference for the
+neuroses, especially for hysteria, lie in this change of the leading
+zone as well as in the repression of puberty. These determinants are
+therefore most intimately connected with the nature of femininity.
+
+
+THE OBJECT-FINDING
+
+While the primacy of the genital zones is being established through the
+processes of puberty, and the erected penis in the man imperiously
+points towards the new sexual aim, _i.e._, towards the penetration of a
+cavity which excites the genital zone, the object-finding, for which
+also preparations have been made since early childhood, becomes
+consummated on the psychic side. While the very incipient sexual
+gratifications are still connected with the taking of nourishment, the
+sexual impulse has a sexual object outside its own body in his mother's
+breast. This object it loses later, perhaps at the very time when it
+becomes possible for the child to form a general picture of the person
+to whom the organ granting him the gratification belongs. The sexual
+impulse later regularly becomes autoerotic, and only after overcoming
+the latency period is there a resumption of the original relation. It is
+not without good reason that the suckling of the child at its mother's
+breast has become a model for every amour. The object-finding is really
+a re-finding.[5]
+
+*The Sexual Object of the Nursing Period.*--However, even after the
+separation of the sexual activity from the taking of nourishment, there
+still remains from this first and most important of all sexual relations
+an important share, which prepares the object selection and assists in
+reestablishing the lost happiness. Throughout the latency period the
+child learns to love other persons who assist it in its helplessness and
+gratify its wants; all this follows the model and is a continuation of
+the child's infantile relations to his wet nurse. One may perhaps
+hesitate to identify the tender feelings and esteem of the child for his
+foster-parents with sexual love; I believe, however, that a more
+thorough psychological investigation will establish this identity beyond
+any doubt. The intercourse between the child and its foster-parents is
+for the former an inexhaustible source of sexual excitation and
+gratification of erogenous zones, especially since the parents--or as a
+rule the mother--supplies the child with feelings which originate from
+her own sexual life; she pats it, kisses it, and rocks it, plainly
+taking it as a substitute for a full-valued sexual object.[6] The mother
+would probably be terrified if it were explained to her that all her
+tenderness awakens the sexual impulse of her child and prepares its
+future intensity. She considers her actions as asexually "pure" love,
+for she carefully avoids causing more irritation to the genitals of the
+child than is indispensable in caring for the body. But as we know the
+sexual impulse is not awakened by the excitation of genital zones alone.
+What we call tenderness will some day surely manifest its influence on
+the genital zones also. If the mother better understood the high
+significance of the sexual impulse for the whole psychic life and for
+all ethical and psychic activities, the enlightenment would spare her
+all reproaches. By teaching the child to love she only fulfills her
+function; for the child should become a fit man with energetic sexual
+needs, and accomplish in life all that the impulse urges the man to do.
+Of course, too much parental tenderness becomes harmful because it
+accelerates the sexual maturity, and also because it "spoils" the child
+and makes it unfit to temporarily renounce love or be satisfied with a
+smaller amount of love in later life. One of the surest premonitions of
+later nervousness is the fact that the child shows itself insatiable in
+its demands for parental tenderness; on the other hand, neuropathic
+parents, who usually display a boundless tenderness, often with their
+caressing awaken in the child a disposition for neurotic diseases. This
+example at least shows that neuropathic parents have nearer ways than
+inheritance by which they can transfer their disturbances to their
+children.
+
+*Infantile Fear.*--The children themselves behave from their early
+childhood as if their attachment to their foster-parents were of the
+nature of sexual love. The fear of children is originally nothing but an
+expression for the fact that they miss the beloved person. They
+therefore meet every stranger with fear, they are afraid of the dark
+because they cannot see the beloved person, and are calmed if they can
+grasp that person's hand. The effect of childish fears and of the
+terrifying stories told by nurses is overestimated if one blames the
+latter for producing the fear in children. Children who are predisposed
+to fear absorb these stories, which make no impression whatever upon
+others; and only such children are predisposed to fear whose sexual
+impulse is excessive or prematurely developed, or has become exigent
+through pampering. The child behaves here like the adult, that is, it
+changes its libido into fear when it cannot bring it to gratification,
+and the grown-up who becomes neurotic on account of ungratified libido
+behaves in his anxiety like a child; he fears when he is alone, _i.e._,
+without a person of whose love he believes himself sure, and who can
+calm his fears by means of the most childish measures.[7]
+
+*Incest Barriers.*--If the tenderness of the parents for the child has
+luckily failed to awaken the sexual impulse of the child prematurely,
+_i.e._, before the physical determinations for puberty appear, and if
+that awakening has not gone so far as to cause an unmistakable breaking
+through of the psychic excitement into the genital system, it can then
+fulfill its task and direct the child at the age of maturity in the
+selection of the sexual object. It would, of course, be most natural for
+the child to select as the sexual object that person whom it has loved
+since childhood with, so to speak, a suppressed libido.[8] But owing to
+the delay of sexual maturity time has been gained for the erection
+beside the sexual inhibitions of the incest barrier, that moral
+prescription which explicitly excludes from the object selection the
+beloved person of infancy or blood relation. The observance of this
+barrier is above all a demand of cultural society which must guard
+against the absorption by the family of those interests which it needs
+for the production of higher social units. Society, therefore, uses
+every means to loosen those family ties in every individual, especially
+in the boy, which are authoritative in childhood only.[9]
+
+The object selection, however, is first accomplished in the imagination,
+and the sexual life of the maturing youth has hardly any escape except
+indulgence in phantasies or ideas which are not destined to be brought
+to execution. In the phantasies of all persons the infantile
+inclinations, now reenforced by somatic emphasis, reappear, and among
+them one finds in regular frequency and in the first place the sexual
+feeling of the child for the parents. This has usually already been
+differentiated by the sexual attraction, the attraction of the son for
+the mother and of the daughter for the father.[10] Simultaneously with
+the overcoming and rejection of these distinctly incestuous phantasies
+there occurs one of the most important as well as one of the most
+painful psychic accomplishments of puberty; it is the breaking away from
+the parental authority, through which alone is formed that opposition
+between the new and old generations which is so important for cultural
+progress. Many persons are detained at each of the stations in the
+course of development through which the individual must pass; and
+accordingly there are persons who never overcome the parental authority
+and never, or very imperfectly, withdraw their affection from their
+parents. They are mostly girls, who, to the delight of their parents,
+retain their full infantile love far beyond puberty, and it is
+instructive to find that in their married life these girls are incapable
+of fulfilling their duties to their husbands. They make cold wives and
+remain sexually anesthetic. This shows that the apparently non-sexual
+love for the parents and the sexual love are nourished from the same
+source, _i.e._, that the first merely corresponds to an infantile
+fixation of the libido.
+
+The nearer we come to the deeper disturbances of the psychosexual
+development the more easily we can recognize the evident significance of
+the incestuous object-selection. As a result of sexual rejection there
+remains in the unconscious of the psychoneurotic a great part or the
+whole of the psychosexual activity for object finding. Girls with an
+excessive need for affection and an equal horror for the real demands of
+the sexual life experience an uncontrollable temptation on the one hand
+to realize in life the ideal of the asexual love and on the other hand
+to conceal their libido under an affection which they may manifest
+without self reproach; this they do by clinging for life to the
+infantile attraction for their parents or brothers or sisters which has
+been repressed in puberty. With the help of the symptoms and other
+morbid manifestations, psychoanalysis can trace their unconscious
+thoughts and translate them into the conscious, and thus easily show to
+such persons that they are in love with their consanguinous relations in
+the popular meaning of the term. Likewise when a once healthy person
+falls sick after an unhappy love affair, the mechanism of the disease
+can distinctly be explained as a return of his libido to the persons
+preferred in his infancy.
+
+*The After Effects of the Infantile Object Selection.*--Even those who
+have happily eluded the incestuous fixation of their libido have not
+completely escaped its influence. It is a distinct echo of this phase of
+development that the first serious love of the young man is often for a
+mature woman and that of the girl for an older man equipped with
+authority--_i.e._, for persons who can revive in them the picture of the
+mother and father. Generally speaking object selection unquestionably
+takes place by following more freely these prototypes. The man seeks
+above all the memory picture of his mother as it has dominated him since
+the beginning of childhood; this is quite consistent with the fact that
+the mother, if still living, strives against this, her renewal, and
+meets it with hostility. In view of this significance of the infantile
+relation to the parents for the later selection of the sexual object, it
+is easy to understand that every disturbance of this infantile relation
+brings to a head the most serious results for the sexual life after
+puberty. Jealousy of the lover, too, never lacks the infantile sources
+or at least the infantile reinforcement. Quarrels between parents and
+unhappy marital relations between the same determine the severest
+predispositions for disturbed sexual development or neurotic diseases in
+the children.
+
+The infantile desire for the parents is, to be sure, the most important,
+but not the only trace revived in puberty which points the way to the
+object selection. Other dispositions of the same origin permit the man,
+still supported by his infancy, to develop more than one single sexual
+series and to form different determinations for the object
+selection.[11]
+
+*Prevention of Inversion.*--One of the tasks imposed in the object
+selection consists in not missing the opposite sex. This, as we know, is
+not solved without some difficulty. The first feelings after puberty
+often enough go astray, though not with any permanent injury. Dessoir
+has called attention to the normality of the enthusiastic friendships
+formed by boys and girls with their own sex. The greatest force which
+guards against a permanent inversion of the sexual object is surely the
+attraction exerted by the opposite sex characters on each other. For
+this we can give no explanation in connection with this discussion. This
+factor, however, does not in itself suffice to exclude the inversion;
+besides this there are surely many other supporting factors. Above all,
+there is the authoritative inhibition of society; experience shows that
+where the inversion is not considered a crime it fully corresponds to
+the sexual inclinations of many persons. Moreover, it may be assumed
+that in the man the infantile memories of the mother's tenderness, as
+well as that of other females who cared for him as a child,
+energetically assist in directing his selection to the woman, while the
+early sexual intimidation experienced through the father and the
+attitude of rivalry existing between them deflects the boy from the same
+sex. Both factors also hold true in the case of the girl whose sexual
+activity is under the special care of the mother. This results in a
+hostile relation to the same sex which decisively influences the object
+selection in the normal sense. The bringing up of boys by male persons
+(slaves in the ancient times) seems to favor homosexuality; the
+frequency of inversion in the present day nobility is probably explained
+by their employment of male servants, and by the scant care that mothers
+of that class give to their children. It happens in some hysterics that
+one of the parents has disappeared (through death, divorce, or
+estrangement), thus permitting the remaining parent to absorb all the
+love of the child, and in this way establishing the determinations for
+the sex of the person to be selected later as the sexual object; thus a
+permanent inversion is made possible.
+
+
+SUMMARY
+
+It is now time to attempt a summing-up. We have started from the
+aberrations of the sexual impulse in reference to its object and aim and
+have encountered the question whether these originate from a congenital
+predisposition, or whether they are acquired in consequence of
+influences from life. The answer to this question was reached through an
+examination of the relations of the sexual life of psychoneurotics, a
+numerous group not very remote from the normal. This examination has
+been made through psychoanalytic investigations. We have thus found that
+a tendency to all perversions might be demonstrated in these persons in
+the form of unconscious forces revealing themselves as symptom creators
+and we could say that the neurosis is, as it were, the negative of the
+perversion. In view of the now recognized great diffusion of tendencies
+to perversion the idea forced itself upon us that the disposition to
+perversions is the primitive and universal disposition of the human
+sexual impulse, from which the normal sexual behavior develops in
+consequence of organic changes and psychic inhibitions in the course of
+maturity. We hoped to be able to demonstrate the original disposition in
+the infantile life; among the forces restraining the direction of the
+sexual impulse we have mentioned shame, loathing and sympathy, and the
+social constructions of morality and authority. We have thus been forced
+to perceive in every fixed aberration from the normal sexual life a
+fragment of inhibited development and infantilism. The significance of
+the variations of the original dispositions had to be put into the
+foreground, but between them and the influences of life we had to assume
+a relation of cooeperation and not of opposition. On the other hand, as
+the original disposition must have been a complex one, the sexual
+impulse itself appeared to us as something composed of many factors,
+which in the perversions becomes separated, as it were, into its
+components. The perversions, thus prove themselves to be on the one hand
+inhibitions, and on the other dissociations from the normal development.
+Both conceptions became united in the assumption that the sexual impulse
+of the adult due to the composition of the diverse feelings of the
+infantile life became formed into one unit, one striving, with one
+single aim.
+
+We also added an explanation for the preponderance of perversive
+tendencies in the psychoneurotics by recognizing in these tendencies
+collateral fillings of side branches caused by the shifting of the main
+river bed through repression, and we then turned our examination to the
+sexual life of the infantile period.[12] We found it regrettable that
+the existence of a sexual life in infancy has been disputed, and that
+the sexual manifestations which have been often observed in children
+have been described as abnormal occurrences. It rather seemed to us that
+the child brings along into the world germs of sexual activity and that
+even while taking nourishment it at the same time also enjoys a sexual
+gratification which it then seeks again to procure for itself through
+the familiar activity of "thumbsucking." The sexual activity of the
+child, however, does not develop in the same measure as its other
+functions, but merges first into the so-called latency period from the
+age of three to the age of five years. The production of sexual
+excitation by no means ceases at this period but continues and furnishes
+a stock of energy, the greater part of which is utilized for aims other
+than sexual; namely, on the one hand for the delivery of sexual
+components for social feelings, and on the other hand (by means of
+repression and reaction formation) for the erection of the future sexual
+barriers. Accordingly, the forces which are destined to hold the sexual
+impulse in certain tracks are built up in infancy at the expense of the
+greater part of the perverse sexual feelings and with the assistance of
+education. Another part of the infantile sexual manifestations escapes
+this utilization and may manifest itself as sexual activity. It can then
+be discovered that the sexual excitation of the child flows from diverse
+sources. Above all gratifications originate through the adapted sensible
+excitation of so-called erogenous zones. For these probably any skin
+region or sensory organ may serve; but there are certain distinguished
+erogenous zones the excitation of which by certain organic mechanisms is
+assured from the beginning. Moreover, sexual excitation originates in
+the organism, as it were, as a by-product in a great number of
+processes, as soon as they attain a certain intensity; this especially
+takes place in all strong emotional excitements even if they be of a
+painful nature. The excitations from all these sources do not yet unite,
+but they pursue their aim individually--this aim consisting merely in
+the gaining of a certain pleasure. The sexual impulse of childhood is
+therefore objectless or _autoerotic_.
+
+Still during infancy the erogenous zone of the genitals begins to make
+itself noticeable, either by the fact that like any other erogenous zone
+it furnishes gratification through a suitable sensible stimulus, or
+because in some incomprehensible way the gratification from other
+sources causes at the same time the sexual excitement which has a
+special connection with the genital zone. We found cause to regret that
+a sufficient explanation of the relations between sexual gratification
+and sexual excitement, as well as between the activity of the genital
+zone and the remaining sources of sexuality, was not to be attained.
+
+We were unable to state what amount of sexual activity in childhood
+might be designated as normal to the extent of being incapable of
+further development. The character of the sexual manifestation showed
+itself to be preponderantly masturbatic. We, moreover, verified from
+experience the belief that the external influences of seduction, might
+produce premature breaches in the latency period leading as far as the
+suppression of the same, and that the sexual impulse of the child really
+shows itself to be polymorphous-perverse; furthermore, that every such
+premature sexual activity impairs the educability of the child.
+
+Despite the incompleteness of our examinations of the infantile sexual
+life we were subsequently forced to attempt to study the serious changes
+produced by the appearance of puberty. We selected two of the same as
+criteria, namely, the subordination of all other sources of the sexual
+feeling to the primacy of the genital zones, and the process of object
+finding. Both of them are already developed in childhood. The first is
+accomplished through the mechanism of utilizing the fore-pleasure,
+whereby all other independent sexual acts which are connected with
+pleasure and excitement become preparatory acts for the new sexual aim,
+the voiding of the sexual products, the attainment of which under
+enormous pleasure puts an end to the sexual feeling. At the same time we
+had to consider the differentiation of the sexual nature of man and
+woman, and we found that in order to become a woman a new repression is
+required which abolishes a piece of infantile masculinity, and prepares
+the woman for the change of the leading genital zones. Lastly, we found
+the object selection, tracing it through infancy to its revival in
+puberty; we also found indications of sexual inclinations on the part of
+the child for the parents and foster-parents, which, however, were
+turned away from these persons to others resembling them by the incest
+barriers which had been erected in the meantime. Let us finally add that
+during the transition period of puberty the somatic and psychic
+processes of development proceed side by side, but separately, until
+with the breaking through of an intense psychic love-stimulus for the
+innervation of the genitals, the normally demanded unification of the
+erotic function is established.
+
+*The Factors Disturbing the Development.*--As we have already shown by
+different examples, every step on this long road of development may
+become a point of fixation and every joint in this complicated structure
+may afford opportunity for a dissociation of the sexual impulse. It
+still remains for us to review the various inner and outer factors which
+disturb the development, and to mention the part of the mechanism
+affected by the disturbance emanating from them. The factors which we
+mention here in a series cannot, of course, all be in themselves of
+equal validity and we must expect to meet with difficulties in the
+assigning to the individual factors their due importance.
+
+*Constitution and Heredity.*--In the first place, we must mention here
+the congenital _variation of the sexual constitution_, upon which the
+greatest weight probably falls, but the existence of which, as may be
+easily understood, can be established only through its later
+manifestations and even then not always with great certainty. We
+understand by it a preponderance of one or another of the manifold
+sources of the sexual excitement, and we believe that such a difference
+of disposition must always come to expression in the final result, even
+if it should remain within normal limits. Of course, we can also imagine
+certain variations of the original disposition that even without further
+aid must necessarily lead to the formation of an abnormal sexual life.
+One can call these "degenerative" and consider them as an expression of
+hereditary deterioration. In this connection I have to report a
+remarkable fact. In more than half of the severe cases of hysteria,
+compulsion neuroses, etc., which I have treated by psychotherapy, I have
+succeeded in positively demonstrating that their fathers have gone
+through an attack of syphilis before marriage; they have either suffered
+from tabes or general paresis, or there was a definite history of lues.
+I expressly add that the children who were later neurotic showed
+absolutely no signs of hereditary lues, so that the abnormal sexual
+constitution was to be considered as the last off-shoot of the luetic
+heredity. As far as it is now from my thoughts to put down a descent
+from syphilitic parents as a regular and indispensable etiological
+determination of the neuropathic constitution, I nevertheless maintain
+that the coincidence observed by me is not accidental and not without
+significance.
+
+The hereditary relations of the positive perverts are not so well known
+because they know how to avoid inquiry. Still there is reason to believe
+that the same holds true in the perversions as in the neuroses. We often
+find perversions and psychoneuroses in the different sexes of the same
+family, so distributed that the male members, or one of them, is a
+positive pervert, while the females, following the repressive tendencies
+of their sex, are negative perverts or hysterics. This is a good example
+of the substantial relations between the two disturbances which I have
+discovered.
+
+*Further Elaboration.*--It cannot, however, be maintained that the
+structure of the sexual life is rendered finally complete by the
+addition of the diverse components of the sexual constitution. On the
+contrary, qualifications continue to appear and new possibilities
+result, depending upon the fate experienced by the sexual streams
+originating from the individual sources. This _further elaboration_ is
+evidently the final and decisive one while the constitution described as
+uniform may lead to three final issues. If all the dispositions assumed
+to be abnormal retain their relative proportion, and are strengthened
+with maturity, the ultimate result can only be a perverse sexual life.
+The analysis of such abnormally constituted dispositions has not yet
+been thoroughly undertaken, but we already know cases that can be
+readily explained in the light of these theories. Authors believe, for
+example, that a whole series of fixation perversions must necessarily
+have had as their basis a congenital weakness of the sexual impulse. The
+statement seems to me untenable in this form, but it becomes ingenious
+if it refers to a constitutional weakness of one factor in the sexual
+impulse, namely, the genital zone, which later in the interests of
+propagation accepts as a function the sum of the individual sexual
+activities. In this case the summation which is demanded in puberty must
+fail and the strongest of the other sexual components continues its
+activity as a perversion.[13]
+
+*Repression.*--Another issue results if in the course of development
+certain powerful components experience a _repression_--which we must
+carefully note is not a suspension. The excitations in question are
+produced as usual but are prevented from attaining their aim by psychic
+hindrances, and are driven off into many other paths until they express
+themselves in a symptom. The result can be an almost normal sexual
+life--usually a limited one--but supplemented by psychoneurotic disease.
+It is these cases that become so familiar to us through the
+psychoanalytic investigation of neurotics. The sexual life of such
+persons begins like that of perverts, a considerable part of their
+childhood is filled up with perverse sexual activity which occasionally
+extends far beyond the period of maturity, but owing to inner reasons a
+repressive change then results--usually before puberty, but now and then
+even much later--and from this point on without any extinction of the
+old feelings there appears a neurosis instead of a perversion. One may
+recall here the saying, "Junge Hure, alte Betschwester,"--only here
+youth has turned out to be much too short. The relieving of the
+perversion by the neurosis in the life of the same person, as well as
+the above mentioned distribution of perversion and hysteria in different
+persons of the same family, must be placed side by side with the fact
+that the neurosis is the negative of the perversion.
+
+*Sublimation.*--The third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositions
+is made possible by the process of "sublimation," through which the
+powerful excitations from individual sources of sexuality are discharged
+and utilized in other spheres, so that a considerable increase of
+psychic capacity results from an, in itself dangerous, predisposition.
+This forms one the sources of artistic activity, and, according as such
+sublimation is complete or incomplete, the analysis of the character of
+highly gifted, especially of artistically disposed persons, will show
+any proportionate, blending between productive ability, perversion, and
+neurosis. A sub-species of sublimation is the suppression through
+_reaction-formation_, which, as we have found, begins even in the
+latency period of infancy, only to continue throughout life in
+favorable cases. What we call the _character_ of a person is built up to
+a great extent from the material of sexual excitations; it is composed
+of impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation, and of such
+constructions as are destined to suppress effectually those perverse
+feelings which are recognized as useless. The general perverse sexual
+disposition of childhood can therefore be esteemed as a source of a
+number of our virtues, insofar as it incites their creation through the
+formation of reactions.[14]
+
+*Accidental Experiences.*--All other influences lose in significance
+when compared with the sexual discharges, shifts of repressions, and
+sublimations; the inner determinations for the last two processes are
+totally unknown to us. He who includes repressions and sublimations
+among constitutional predispositions, and considers them as the living
+manifestations of the same, has surely the right to maintain that the
+final structure of the sexual life is above all the result of the
+congenital constitution. No intelligent person, however, will dispute
+that in such a cooeperation of factors there is also room for the
+modifying influences of occasional factors derived from experience in
+childhood and later on.
+
+It is not easy to estimate the effectiveness of the constitutional and
+of the occasional factors in their relation to each other. Theory is
+always inclined to overestimate the first while therapeutic practice
+renders prominent the significance of the latter. By no means should it
+be forgotten that between the two there exists a relation of cooeperation
+and not of exclusion. The constitutional factor must wait for
+experiences which bring it to the surface, while the occasional needs
+the support of the constitutional factor in order to become effective.
+For the majority of cases one can imagine a so-called "etiological
+group" in which the declining intensities of one factor become balanced
+by the rise in the others, but there is no reason to deny the existence
+of extremes at the ends of the group.
+
+It would be still more in harmony with psychoanalytic investigation if
+the experiences of early childhood would get a place of preference among
+the occasional factors. The one etiological group then becomes split up
+into two which may be designated as the dispositional and the definitive
+groups. Constitution and occasional infantile experiences are just as
+cooeperative in the first as disposition and later traumatic experiences
+in the second group. All the factors which injure the sexual development
+show their effect in that they produce a _regression_, or a return to a
+former phase of development.
+
+We may now continue with our task of enumerating the factors which have
+become known to us as influential for the sexual development, whether
+they be active forces or merely manifestations of the same.
+
+*Prematurity.*--Such a factor is the spontaneous sexual _prematurity_
+which can be definitely demonstrated at least in the etiology of the
+neuroses, though in itself it is as little adequate for causation as the
+other factors. It manifests itself in a breaking through, shortening, or
+suspending of the infantile latency period and becomes a cause of
+disturbances inasmuch as it provokes sexual manifestations which, either
+on account of the unready state of the sexual inhibitions or because of
+the undeveloped state of the genital system, can only carry along the
+character of perversions. These tendencies to perversion may either
+remain as such, or after the repression sets in they may become motive
+powers for neurotic symptoms; at all events, the sexual prematurity
+renders difficult the desirable later control of the sexual impulse by
+the higher psychic influences, and enhances the compulsive-like
+character which even without this prematurity would be claimed by the
+psychic representatives of the impulse. Sexual prematurity often runs
+parallel with premature intellectual development; it is found as such in
+the infantile history of the most distinguished and most productive
+individuals, and in such connection it does not seem to act as
+pathogenically as when appearing isolated.
+
+*Temporal Factors.*--Just like prematurity, other factors, which under
+the designation of _temporal_ can be added to prematurity, also demand
+consideration. It seems to be phylogenetically established in what
+sequence the individual impulsive feelings become active, and how long
+they can manifest themselves before they succumb to the influence of a
+newly appearing active impulse or to a typical repression. But both in
+this temporal succession as well as in the duration of the same,
+variations seem to occur, which must exercise a definite influence on
+the experience. It cannot be a matter of indifference whether a certain
+stream appears earlier or later than its counterstream, for the effect
+of a repression cannot be made retrogressive; a temporal deviation in
+the composition of the components regularly produces a change in the
+result. On the other hand impulsive feelings which appear with special
+intensity often come to a surprisingly rapid end, as in the case of the
+heterosexual attachment of the later manifest homosexuals. The strivings
+of childhood which manifest themselves most impetuously do not justify
+the fear that they will lastingly dominate the character of the
+grown-up; one has as much right to expect that they will disappear in
+order to make room for their counterparts. (Harsh masters do not rule
+long.) To what one may attribute such temporal confusions of the
+processes of development we are hardly able to suggest. A view is opened
+here to a deeper phalanx of biological, and perhaps also historical
+problems, which we have not yet approached within fighting distance.
+
+*Adhesion.*--The significance of all premature sexual manifestations is
+enhanced by a psychic factor of unknown origin which at present can be
+put down only as a psychological preliminary. I believe that it is the
+_heightened adhesion_ or _fixedness_ of these impressions of the sexual
+life which in later neurotics, as well as in perverts, must be added for
+the completion of the other facts; for the same premature sexual
+manifestations in other persons cannot impress themselves deeply enough
+to repeat themselves compulsively and to succeed in prescribing the way
+for the sexual impulse throughout later life. Perhaps a part of the
+explanation for this adhesion lies in another psychic factor which we
+cannot miss in the causation of the neuroses, namely, in the
+preponderance which in the psychic life falls to the share of memory
+traces as compared with recent impressions. This factor is apparently
+dependent on the intellectual development and grows with the growth of
+personal culture. In contrast to this the savage has been characterized
+as "the unfortunate child of the moment."[15] Owing to the oppositional
+relation existing between culture and the free development of sexuality,
+the results of which may be traced far into the formation of our life,
+the problem how the sexual life of the child evolves is of very little
+importance for the later life in the lower stages of culture and
+civilization, and of very great importance in the higher.
+
+*Fixation.*--The influence of the psychic factors just mentioned favored
+the development of the accidentally experienced impulses of the
+infantile sexuality. The latter (especially in the form of seductions
+through other children or through adults) produce the material which,
+with the help of the former, may become fixed as a permanent
+disturbance. A considerable number of the deviations from the normal
+sexual life observed later have been thus established in neurotics and
+perverts from the beginning through the impressions received during the
+alleged sexually free period of childhood. The causation is produced by
+the responsiveness of the constitution, the prematurity, the quality of
+heightened adhesion, and the accidental excitement of the sexual impulse
+through outside influence.
+
+The unsatisfactory conclusions which have resulted from this
+investigation of the disturbances of the sexual life is due to the fact
+that we as yet know too little concerning the biological processes in
+which the nature of sexuality consists to form from our isolated
+examinations a satisfactory theory for the explanation of either the
+normal or the pathological.
+
+[1] The differences will be emphasized in the schematic representation
+given in the text. To what extent the infantile sexuality approaches the
+definitive sexual organization through its object selection has been
+discussed before (p. 60).
+
+[2] See my work, Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious, translated by
+A.A. Brill, Moffat Yard Pub. Co., New York: "The fore-pleasure gained by
+the technique of wit is utilized for the purpose of setting free a
+greater pleasure by the removal of inner inhibitions."
+
+[3] Cf. Zur Einfuehrung des Narzismus, Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, VI,
+1913.
+
+[4] It is necessary to make clear that the conceptions "masculine" and
+"feminine," whose content seems so unequivocal to the ordinary meaning,
+belong to the most confused terms in science and can be cut up into at
+least three paths. One uses masculine and feminine at times in the sense
+of activity and passivity, again, in the biological sense, and then also
+in the sociological sense. The first of these three meanings is the
+essential one and the only one utilizable in psychoanalysis. It agrees
+with the masculine designation of the libido in the text above, for the
+libido is always active even when it is directed to a passive aim. The
+second, the biological significance of masculine and feminine, is the
+one which permits the clearest determination. Masculine and feminine are
+here characterized by the presence of semen or ovum and through the
+functions emanating from them. The activity and its secondary
+manifestations, like stronger developed muscles, aggression, a greater
+intensity of libido, are as a rule soldered to the biological
+masculinity but not necessarily connected with it, for there are species
+of animals in whom these qualities are attributed to the female. The
+third, the sociological meaning, receives its content through the
+observation of the actual existing male and female individuals. The
+result of this in man is that there is no pure masculinity or feminity
+either in the biological or psychological sense. On the contrary every
+individual person shows a mixture of his own biological sex
+characteristics with the biological traits of the other sex and a union
+of activity and passivity; this is the case whether these psychological
+characteristic features depend on the biological or whether they are
+independent of it.
+
+[5] Psychoanalysis teaches that there are two paths of object-finding;
+the first is the one discussed in the text which is guided by the early
+infantile prototypes. The second is the narcissistic which seeks its own
+ego and finds it in the other. The latter is of particularly great
+significance for the pathological outcomes, but does not fit into the
+connection treated here.
+
+[6] Those to whom this conception appears "wicked" may read Havelock
+Ellis's treatise on the relations between mother and child which
+expresses almost the same ideas (The Sexual Impulse, p. 16).
+
+[7] For the explanation of the origin of the infantile fear I am
+indebted to a three-year-old boy whom I once heard calling from a dark
+room: "Aunt, talk to me, I am afraid because it is dark." "How will that
+help you," answered the aunt; "you cannot see anyhow." "That's nothing,"
+answered the child; "if some one talks then it becomes light."--He was,
+as we see, not afraid of the darkness but he was afraid because he
+missed the person he loved, and he could promise to calm down as soon as
+he was assured of her presence.
+
+[8] Cf. here what was said on page 83 concerning the object selection of
+the child; the "tender stream."
+
+[9] The incest barrier probably belongs to the historical acquisitions
+of humanity and like other moral taboos it must be fixed in many
+individuals through organic heredity. (Cf. my work, Totem and Taboo,
+1913.) Psychoanalytic studies show, however, how intensively the
+individual struggles with the incest temptations during his development
+and how frequently he puts them into phantasies and even into reality.
+
+[10] Compare the description concerning the inevitable relation in the
+Oedipus legend (The Interpretation of Dreams, p. 222, translated by A.A.
+Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York, and Allen & Unwin, London).
+
+[11] Innumerable peculiarities of the human love-life as well as the
+compulsiveness of being in love itself can surely only be understood
+through a reference to childhood or as an effective remnant of the same.
+
+[12] This was true not only of the "negative" tendencies to perversion
+appearing in the neurosis, but also of the so-called positive
+perversions. The latter are not only to be attributed to the fixation of
+the infantile tendencies, but also to regression to these tendencies
+owing to the misplacement of other paths of the sexual stream. Hence the
+positive perversions are also accessible to psychoanalytic therapy. (Cf.
+the works of Sadger, Ferenczi, and Brill.)
+
+[13] Here one often sees that at first a normal sexual stream begins at
+the age of puberty, but owing to its inner weakness it breaks down at
+the first outer hindrance and then changes from regression, to perverse
+fixation.
+
+[14] That keen observer of human nature, E. Zola, describes a girl in
+his book, La Joie de vivre, who in cheerful self renunciation offers all
+she has in possession or expectation, her fortune and her life's hopes
+to those she loves without thought of return. The childhood of this girl
+was dominated by an insatiable desire for love which whenever she was
+depreciated caused her to merge into a fit of cruelty.
+
+[15] It is possible that the heightened adhesion is only the result of a
+special intensive somatic sexual manifestation of former years.
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+Aberrations (see Perversions)
+  a fragment of inhibited development, 89
+  Sexual, 1, 13, 14
+  shown by the psychoneurotic, 29
+  with animals, 13
+
+Absolute Inversion (sexual object of the same sex), 2
+
+Activity and Passivity in sexual aim in exhibitionism, 21
+  of Sadism and Masochism, 23
+  precursors and masculine and feminine, 59
+
+Activity, Muscular, 63
+
+Adhesion, heightened, or fixedness of impressions of sexual life, 99
+  may be only result of a special intensive somatic sexual manifestation of former years, 99
+
+Affective Processes, 64
+  pathogenic action of, 64
+  value of unconscious thought formation, 27
+
+Aggression, Sadism and Masochism not attributable to mixture of, 24
+  taint of, shown by sexuality of most men, 22
+
+Agoraphobia and neurotic disturbances of walking, 64, note 22
+
+Aims of impulses distinguish them from one another, 31
+
+Algolagnia, 22
+
+Alkaloids, introduction of, analogous in neuroses and phenomena of intoxication and abstinence, 76
+
+Ambivalence, 59
+
+Amnesia, Infantile, 37
+  connected with infantile sexual activity, 51
+  and hysterical compared, 39
+
+Amphigenous inversion, 2
+
+Anal Erotic, 10, note 11
+  Zone, activity of, 47
+    erogenous significance of, 48
+    masturbatic irritation of, 49
+
+Androgyny, 8
+
+Anesthesia, causes of, are partly psychic, 81
+  continuance of, caused by retention of clitoris excitability, 81
+  of newly married women, 80
+  of wives due to parent complex, 85
+  of women often only apparent and local, 81
+  of women only at vaginal entrance, 81
+
+Animals as sexual objects, 13
+
+Anus (see also Anal)
+  as aim of inverts, 12; 17
+  especially frequent example of transgression, 29
+  part played by erogenous zone in, 32
+
+Anxiety on railroads, 63
+
+Archaic constitution, 10, note 11
+
+Arduin, Dr., 9, note 11
+
+Attractions connected with pleasure, 70
+
+Autoerotism, the gratification of sexual impulse on own body, 43
+  separation of, from object love, not temporal, 55, note 19
+  essential, of infantile sexuality, 58
+  of erogenous zones, same in boy and girl, 79
+  regular, of sexual impulse, 81
+
+
+Baths, warm, therapeutic effects of, 62
+
+Bayer, 40, note 6
+
+Beautiful, concept of, 21
+  a quality of excitation, 70
+
+Bell, S., 37,
+  note 2; 55,
+  note 19
+
+Binet; 19; 34
+
+Birth theories, 57
+
+Bisexuality, Relation of, 7
+  as explanation of inversion, 9, note 11
+    Sadism and Masochism, 24
+  necessary to understanding of sexual in man and woman, 80
+
+Bladder, disturbances of childhood sexual in nature, 51
+
+Bleuler, 37, note 2; 60
+
+Bloch, I., 1, note 1; 5; 16
+
+Breast, rubbing of, 43
+  woman's, as erogenous zone, 71
+
+
+Cadavers, 25
+
+Cannibalistic pregenital phase, 59
+
+Castration complex, 22; 56
+  of males does not always injure sexual libido, 75
+
+Catarrh, intestinal, produces irritations in anal zone, 48
+
+Cathartic treatment, 26
+
+Character built up from the material of sexual excitations, 96
+  composed of impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation, 96
+  of individual determined by infantile sexual activity, 50
+
+Chemical theories of sexual excitement, 76
+
+Chevalier, 7; 9, note 11
+
+Childish, see Infantile
+
+Children and neurotics compared, 38
+  as sexual objects, 13
+  cruelty especially characteristic of, 30
+  educability of, impaired by premature sexual activity, 91
+  impressionability of, 38
+  in school, behavior of and germinating sexuality, 64
+  sexual life of, 40
+
+Clitoris, chief erogenous zone in female child, 80
+  erection of, in little girls, 80
+  excitability retained causes continuance of anesthesia, 81
+  excitation, destinies of, 80
+    conducts excitement to adjacent female parts, 80
+    transfer of, to other parts, takes time, 80
+  sexuality is a part of male sexual life, 80
+  sexuality repressed in girl at puberty, 80
+
+Coitus, 36
+
+Colin, 23
+
+Complex, castration, 22; 56
+  Oedipus, 85
+  parent, 15, note 14
+    strongest in girls, 85
+
+Compulsion emanating from unconscious psychic material, 51
+  inversion is perceived as a morbid, 3
+  neurosis, 32
+  psychoanalysis enlightens ego libido, 77
+  from fixation on erogenous zones in infancy, 77
+
+Congeniality in inversions, 4
+  of perversions in all persons, 34
+
+Conscience, 22
+
+Constitutional factor, relation of, to occasional 96
+
+Contrary Sexuals, 2
+
+Conversion, 27
+
+Coprophilic smell desire, 20, note 19
+
+Copulation, 14
+
+Courting, 22
+
+Craving, best English word for libido, 1, note 2
+
+Cruelty and sexual impulse most intimately connected, 23
+  as component of infantile sexual life regarding others as sexual objects, 53
+  especially near the childish character, 54
+  partial desires as carriers of impulses of, 30
+
+Culture and sex, 41
+
+
+Dangers of fore-pleasure, 72
+
+Degeneration, nervous, 4
+  high ethical culture in, 5
+
+Dementia praecox, 26
+
+Desire, coprophilic smell, 20, note 19
+  for knowledge, 55
+  immense sexual, in hysteria, 28
+  partial, 29
+
+Dessoir, 87
+
+Donation, idea of, 48; 49
+
+Drinking, desire for, in former thumbsuckers, 44
+
+
+Ear lobe pulling, 42
+
+Eating, sexuality of, 66
+
+Ego-Libido (see Libido)
+
+Ellis, H., 1, note 1; 6; 8; 23; 43; 52, note 18
+
+End Pleasure (see Gratification, Orgasm, Pleasure)
+  new to age after puberty, 72
+
+Enuresis nocturna corresponds to a pollution, 51
+
+Erection of clitoris in little girls, 80
+  of penis, a somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69
+
+Erogenous action of pain, 65
+  functions, disturbance of, in lip zone, 66
+  significance of anal zone, 48
+  zones, partial impulses and, 31
+    significance of in psychoneuroses, 32
+    preponderance of special, in psychoneuroses, 34
+    source of sexual feelings of infantile years, 41
+    lips as, 44
+    characters of, 45
+    predestined, 46
+    show same characters as hysterogenous, 46
+    any part of body may become, 46, note 12
+    significance of anal zone, 48
+    premature activity in, indicated by cruelty, 54
+    parts of skin called, 65
+    one of three ways of stimulation of sexual apparatus, 69
+    their manner of adjustment to new order, 70
+    role of, in preparing sexual excitation, 70
+    increase tension, 71
+    make possible the gratification pleasure, 72
+    contribute unusual pleasure in infantile life, 72
+    connected anatomically with centers producing tension, 74
+    autoerotism of, same in boy and girl, 79
+    chief, in female child is the clitoris, 80
+    changed from clitoris to vagina, mark of womanhood, 81
+    change of leading, determines woman's preference for neuroses, 81
+    gratified by intercourse between child and foster parents, 82
+
+Etiological group, 97
+  composed of dispositional and definitive groups, 97
+
+Eulenberg, 1, note 1
+
+Excitement enhanced by preliminary activities, 14
+    hunger, 16
+  influences, three kinds of, 62
+  sexual, nature of, entirely unfamiliar, 66
+    prepared by erogenous zones, 70
+    result of any of three kinds of stimuli, 69
+
+Exhibitionism (see Looking, Peeping, Voyeur)
+  as a perversion, 21
+  partial desires as carriers of, 30
+  the eye as erogenous zone in, 32
+  as component of infantile sexual life, 53
+
+Eye as erogenous zone, 32; 70
+
+
+Faith, 15
+
+Father, sexual intimidation experienced through, averts inversion, 88
+
+Fear, infantile, 83
+    only expresses child's missing beloved person, 83
+  influence of, sexually exciting, 64
+  of being alone alike in child and neurotic, 84
+  of dark, infantile, 83
+  of grown up neurotic like that of children, 84
+  only children with excessive sexual impulse disposed to, 83
+  sought as sexual excitement, 64
+
+Feces, licking of, 25
+  retention of, a source of pleasure, 48
+    a cause of constipation, 49
+
+Feelings, perverted, 34
+
+Female (see Masculine and Feminine)
+
+Female child, entirely made character of in autoerotism and masturbation, 79
+
+Fere, 23
+
+Ferenczi, 15, note 14
+
+Fetichism, 18
+  Binet's findings in, 34
+  nothing in unconscious streams of thought inclining to, 30
+  of foot, 20, note 19
+
+Fixation, 99
+  of impulses accidentally experienced, 99
+
+Fliess, W., 10, note 11; 29, note 26; 41, note 7
+
+Foot, as unfit substitute for sexual object, 18
+  fetichism of, 20, note 19
+
+Fore-Pleasure, connection of, with infantile life strengthened by pathogenic role, 72
+  dangers of, 72
+  is that of excitation of erogenous zones, 72
+  mechanism contains danger to attainment of normal sexual aim, 72
+  primacy of genital zones and the, 69
+  same as that furnished by infantile sexual impulse, 72
+  too much endangers attainment of normal sexual aim, 72
+
+Fur, 19
+
+Fusions, 26
+  activity of, 49
+
+
+Genital zone, primacy of, 69
+  external, in woman, so important for later sexual functions, 80
+  overestimation of internal, 75
+  gratification of, 52
+
+Genitals, erogenous zones behave like real, in hysteria, 32
+  looking only at, becomes a perversion, 21
+  male, in all persons, the infantile sexual theory, 56
+  mouth and anus playing role of, 29
+  opening of female, unknown to children, 58
+  primacy of, intended by nature, 50
+  rubbed by children while pleasure sucking, 43
+  sexual impulse of reawakens, 50
+  touching of, caused by strong excitements in children, 64
+
+Gley, E., 9, note 11
+
+Globus, hysterical, in former thumbsuckers, 45
+
+Gratification pleasure of orgasm, 71
+  sexual, 3; 14
+  picture of, in suckling, 44
+  relation of, to sexual excitement not explained, 91
+  the best hypnotic, 43
+
+Groos, K., 37, note 2
+
+
+Hair, 18
+
+Halban, 8
+
+Hall, G.S., 37, note 2
+
+Hemorrhoids and neurotic states, 48
+
+Heredity, 36
+
+Herman, G., 10, note 11
+
+Hermaphrodites, psychosexual, 2; 7
+  anatomical, 7
+
+Hetero-sexual feelings, 3, note 5; 29, note 26
+  intercourse, dangers of, fix inversions, 6
+
+Hirschfeld, M., 1, note 1; 9, note 11
+
+Hoche, 16
+
+Homosexual, 2
+  among Greeks, 11
+  favored by bringing up of boys by men, 88
+  inclination resulting in inversion, 6
+  in men, 11
+  in women, 12
+  object selection accomplished by all men in the unconscious, 10, note 11
+
+Hug-Hellmuth, Mrs. Dr. H., 37, note 2
+
+Hunger and sex compared, 1
+  excitement, 16
+
+Hypnosis (suggestion), 3, note 4
+  obedience in, shows nature of, to be fixation on hypnotizer, 15, note 14
+  removes inversion, 6
+
+Hysteria, immense sexual desire in, 28
+  male, explained by propensity to inversion, 29
+  many cases of have syphilitic fathers, 93
+  preference for, in women determined by change of leading erogenous zone, 81
+    determined by repression of puberty, 81
+  psychoanalysis in, 26
+  of, enlightens the ego-libido, 77
+    removes symptoms of, 27
+  seduction as frequent cause of, 52
+  some cases of, conditioned by disappearance of one parent, 88
+  symptomatology of, tendency to displacement in, 46
+
+Hysterical globus, 45
+  vomiting, 44; 45
+
+Hysterogenous zones show same characteristics as erogenous, 46
+
+
+Ideal of sexual life, the union of all desires in one object, 61
+
+Identification as development out of oral pregenital sexual organization, 59
+
+Immature as sexual objects, 13
+
+Impotence, 20
+
+Impulse development, 9
+  partial, 31
+    independent of each other, strive for pleasure, 58
+  sexual, 1
+    acquired, 5
+  to mastery, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, 50
+
+Incest barriers, 84
+  object selection significant in psychosexual disturbances, 86
+  phantasies rejected, 85
+  temptations, struggle of the individual with, 85, note 9
+
+Infantile amnesia, 37
+    and infantile sexual activity, 51
+  attraction for parents, etc., repressed in puberty, 86
+  desire for parents, 87
+  factor for sexuality, 39
+  fear, 83; 84, note 7
+  fixation of libido, 86
+  in sexuality, 34
+    conserved by neurotics, 35
+  masturbation, 51
+  neglect of the, 36
+  object selection, after effects of, 86
+  onanism almost universal, 50
+  relations to parents, produces serious results to sexual life, 87
+      cause of jealousy of lover, 87
+    wet nurse, 82
+  reminiscences in neurotics, 40
+  sexual activity, 50
+    aim, 45; 46
+    excitement generously provided for, 65
+    impulse same as adult fore-pleasure, 72
+    investigation, failure of, 57
+  sexuality, 36
+    manifestations of, 42
+    determines normal, 73
+    source of, 61
+  sexual life, 53
+
+Influences, opposite, paths of, 66
+
+Inhibitions (see Shame, Loathing, Sympathy) 26, note 23
+  sexual, 40
+    develop earlier in girl, 78
+  study of, 58
+
+Innateness, 5
+
+Inner organic world, one of three stimulants of sexual apparatus, 69
+
+Inquisitiveness, 55
+  of children attracted to sexual problems, 56
+
+Intentions, Appearance of New, 20
+
+Intellectual work, 65
+
+Intensity of stimulus, a factor in sexual excitement, 65
+
+Intestinal catarrh in neurosis, 48
+
+Inversion, amphigenous, 2
+  influence of climate and race on, 5
+  conception of, 4
+  congeniality of, 4
+  corresponds to sexual inclinations of many persons, 88
+  effect of father on, 11, note 11
+  explanation of, 6; 10, note 11
+  extreme cases of, 3
+  feelings of, in all neurotics, 29
+  frequent in ancient times, 5
+  permanent, made possible by a disappearance of one parent, 88
+  prevention of, 87
+  time of, 3
+
+Inverts, behavior of, 2; 3
+  psychic manliness in, 8
+  sexual object of, 10
+  aim of, 12
+
+Investigation, infantile sexual, 55
+  conducted alone, 58
+  is first step at independent orientation, 58
+  causes estrangement from persons, 58
+
+Itching, feeling of, projected into peripheral erogenous zone, 47
+
+
+Kiernan, 7
+
+Kinderfehler, Die (periodical), 37, note 2
+
+Kissing (see Mouth, Oral)
+  as perversion, 15
+  habitual, in former thumbsuckers, 44
+  in female inverts, 12
+
+Knowledge, desire for, cooeperates with energy of desire for looking, 56
+  not wholly sexual, 55
+  relations to sexual life of particular importance to, 56
+
+Krafft-Ebing, 1, note 1; 9, and note 11; 22; 23
+  weakness of his description of sexual process, 75
+
+
+Latency Period, Sexual in Childhood, 39; 40
+  interruptions of, 41
+
+Leading Zone in man and woman, 80
+  in female child is the clitoris, 80
+
+Libido as term for sexual feeling corresponding to hunger, 1
+  of inverts, 3
+  direction of, determined by experience in early childhood, 6
+  attachment of, to persons of same sex, 10, note 11
+  fixation of, on hypnotizer, 15, note 14
+  amount of directed to artistic aim, 21
+  aggressive factor of, in sadism, 23
+  strivings of, transformed into symptoms, 28
+  fixation of, on persons of same sex, 29
+  union of cruelty with, in neurotics and paranoiacs, 30
+  of psychoneurotics unable to obtain normal sexual gratification, 33
+  of children in corporal punishment, 55
+  tension of, dies away at orgasm, 71
+  sometimes escapes injury in castration, 75
+  Theory of, 77
+  a force of variable quantity capable of measuring sexual processes, 77
+  a concept auxiliary to chemical theory, 77
+  energy has a qualitative character, 77
+    has special chemism different from nutritional processes, 77
+  quantum psychically represented by ego-libido, 77
+  production, increase, distribution and displacement of the Ego-, explains psychosexual phenomena, 77
+  accessibility of the Ego- to psychoanalysis, 77
+  the Ego- becomes Object-Libido, 77
+  fate of the Object- is to be withdrawn from the object, 77
+    is to be preserved floating in special states of tension, 77
+    is to be finally taken back into the Ego, 77
+  The Ego- is called the narcissistic Libido, 78
+    greater significance of, in psychotic disturbances, 78
+  is regularly of a masculine character in man and woman, 79
+  the object of may be either man or woman, 79
+  of child, when ungratified is changed into fear, 84
+  suppressed, of love of child to parents, 84
+  infantile fixation of, causes sexual love for parents, 86
+  girls conceal, under affection for family, 86
+  return of, to persons preferred in infancy, 86
+  incestuous fixation of, not completely escaped, 86
+
+Lindner, 42; 43
+
+Lingering at intermediary relations, 15; 20
+  at preparatory act of sexual process is mechanism of many perversions, 73
+
+Lip as erogenous zone, 44
+  sexual utilization of mucous membrane of, 16
+  sucking of, 42
+  zone is responsible for sexual gratification during eating, 66
+
+Loathing, feeling of, protects individual from improper sexual aims, 16; 17
+  overcoming of, at sight of excretion, produces voyeurs, 21
+  and Shame in Masochism, 23
+    in Inversions, 25
+  as psychic force inhibiting sexual life, 40
+
+Looking (see Peeping, Voyeurs)
+  as addition to normal sexual process, 14
+  Lingering at Touching and, 20
+  as a perversion, 21
+  and exhibition mania, the eye an erogenous zone in, 32
+  as component of infantile sexual life with others as object, 53
+
+Love, omnipotence of, 25
+  and hate, 30
+  temporary renouncement of, in child, 83
+  smaller amount of, than mother love to satisfy individual in later life, 83
+  non-sexual and sexual, for parents, nourished from same source, 86
+  sexual, corresponds to an infantile fixation of the Libido, 86
+  -life, peculiarities of, understood only through childhood, 87, note 11
+
+Loewenfeld, 1, note 1
+
+Lydston, F., 7
+
+
+Magnan's classification, 4
+
+Man (see Bisexuality, Masculine and Feminine)
+  sexual development of, more consistent and easier to understand, 68
+  differentiation between, and woman, 78
+
+Masculine and feminine, 79
+  as activity and passivity, 79, note 4
+  biological significance of, permits clearest determination, 79 note 4
+  in sociological sense, 79, note 4
+    no pure, in either biological or sociological sense, 79, note 4
+
+Masochism, in relation between hypnotized and hypnotist, 15, note 14
+  and Sadism, 21
+  originates through transformation from Sadism, 22
+  and Sadism occupy special place among perversions, 23
+  reinforced by Sadism in exhibitionism, 30
+  source of, in painful irritation of gluteal region, 55
+  -Sadism impulse rooted in erogenous action of pain, 65
+
+Mastery, impulse to, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, 50
+  source of cruelty in children, 54
+  supplies activity, 59
+
+Masturbatic sexual manifestations, 47
+  excitation of anal zone, 49
+  irritation of anal zone, 49
+  sexual manifestations have same male character in boy and girl, 79
+
+Masturbation frequently the exclusive aim in inversion, 12
+  in small children, 36
+  thumb-sucking and, 43
+  infantile, has three phases, 50
+    return of, 51
+  in little girls concerns clitoris only, 80
+
+Mechanical excitation, 62
+
+Memory traces preponderate over recent impressions in causation of neuroses, 99
+
+Moebius, 1, note 1; 4, note 6; 34
+
+Moll, 1, note 1; 32; 37, note 1
+
+Morality as a psychic dam, 41
+
+Mother, fixation on, in inverts, 11, note 12
+  image helps males avert inversions, 88
+  image helps females avert inversions, 88
+
+Motion, pleasure of, sexual in nature, 64, note 22
+
+Mouth (see Lip, Oral)
+  Sexual Utilization of Mucous Membrane of Lips and, 16
+  as a frequent example of transgression, 29
+  as an erogenous zone, 31
+
+Muscular activity, pleasure from, 63
+
+
+Narcissism in object selection, 10, note 11
+  as identification with mother, 12, note 12
+
+Narcissistic Libido a name for Ego-Libido, 78
+  a reservoir of energy for investment of object, 78
+  investment of ego a realized primitive state, 78
+
+Nausea on railroads, 63
+
+Neurosis and perversion, 28
+  the negative of a perversion, 29; 89
+  intestinal catarrh in, 48
+  symptomatology of, traced to disturbance of sexual processes, 67
+  a factor in the causation of, is preponderance of memory traces, 99
+
+Neurotics and children compared, 38
+  infantile reminiscences in, 40
+  scatologic customs of, 49
+  diseases, disposition for, awakened by over tender parents, 83
+  have nearer ways than tenderness to transfer their disturbances to their children, 38
+  fixedness of impressions of sexual life in, 99
+
+Nursing Period, Sexual Object of, 82
+
+
+Object finding, 81
+    is consummated on psychic side at anatomical puberty, 81
+    is really a re-finding (of the mother), 82
+    two paths of, shown by psychoanalysis, 82, note 5
+  selection must avoid beloved person of infancy, 84
+    first accomplished in imagination, 85
+    incestuous, significant in psychosexual disturbances, 86
+    after effects of infantile, 86
+    follows prototypes of parents, 86
+
+Obsessions explained only through psychoanalysis, 26
+
+Occasional inversion, 2
+
+Oedipus Complex, 85
+
+Onanism (see Masturbation)
+  mutual, not producing inversion, 6
+  infantile, almost universal, 50
+  unusual techniques in, show prohibition overcome, 50, note 15
+  infantile, disappears soon, 50
+  connected by conscience-stricken neurotics with their neurosis, 51, note 16
+  gratification in infantile masturbation, 51
+  early active, as determinant of pollution-like process, 51
+
+Opposite Influences, Paths of, 66
+
+Oral (see Lip, Mouth)
+  pregenital sexual organization, 59
+
+Organizations, Pregenital, 54; 58
+
+Orgasm, thumb-sucking leading to, 43
+
+Overestimation of the Sexual Object, 15
+
+Overwork, nervous disturbances of mental, caused by simultaneous sexual excitement, 65
+
+
+Pain ranks with loathing and shame, 23
+
+Pain sought by many persons, 64
+  toned down has erogenous action, 65
+  a factor in sexual excitement, 65
+
+Paranoia, knowledge of sexual impulse in, gained only through psychoanalysis, 26
+  delusional fears in, based on perversions, 29, note 25
+  union of cruelty with libido in, 30
+  significance of erogenous zones in, 32
+
+Parent complex, 15, note 14
+  strongest in girls, 85
+  result of boundless tenderness of parents, 83
+
+Partial desires, 29
+  impulses and erogenous zones, 31; 34; 53; 59
+    show passive form in girls, 79
+
+Passivity (see Activity)
+  sexual aim present in exhibitionism in active and passive form, 21
+  active and passive forms of Sadism-Masochism, 23
+
+Pedicatio, 17
+
+Peeping (see Exhibitionism, Looking, Voyeurs)
+  as perversion, 21
+  force opposed to, is shame, 21
+  mania, partial desires as carriers of, 30
+  as strongest motive power for formation of neurotic symptoms, 54
+
+Penis, envy of in girls, 37
+  erection of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69
+
+Perez, 37, note 2
+
+Perversions, as additions to normal sexual processes, 14
+  brought into relation with normal sexual life, 15
+  mouth as sexual organ in, 16
+  Sadism-Masochism the most significant of, 22
+  general statements applicable to, 24
+  exclusiveness and fixation of, 25
+  psychic participation in, 25
+  and neurosis, 28; 29
+  fetichisms as, 30
+  positive, 31
+  preponderance of sexual, in psychoneuroses, 32
+  sexual impulse of psychoneurotics possesses unusual tendency to, 33
+  relation of predisposition to, and morbid picture, 34
+  formation of, 52
+  of prostitutes, 53
+  part played in, by castration complex, 22
+  mechanism of many, represents a lingering at a preparatory act, 73
+  the neuroses the negative of the, 89
+  disposition to, universal, 89
+  as inhibitions and dissociations from normal development, 89
+  negative appearing in neurosis, 89, note 12
+  positive and negative in the same family, 94
+  resulting from the strongest of other sexual components, 94
+  of childhood as source of some virtues, 96
+
+Phantasies the only escape of the maturing youth, 85
+  of the individual in struggle with incest temptation, 85, note 9
+  of all persons contain infantile inclinations, 85
+  distinctly incestuous, rejected, 85
+
+Pleasure sucking, 42; 43
+  relation of feeling of, to unpleasant tension, 70
+  relations of, the weakest spot in present day psychology, 70
+  the last, of sexual acts differs earlier pleasures, 71
+    produced through discharge, 71
+    is altogether gratification pleasure, 71
+  nature of, more deeply entered into in the study of wit, 72
+
+Pollution, process similar to, in infancy, 51
+    caused by strong excitements in children, 64
+  nocturnal, due to accumulation of semen, 74
+
+Polymorphous-perverse disposition, 52
+
+Precursory Sexual Aims, 20
+
+Predisposition, bisexual, 9
+
+Pregenital organization as phase of sexual life, 54; 58
+  phase of organization of sexual life, 59
+    sadistic-anal, 59
+  organizations, assumption of, based on analysis of neuroses, 60
+
+Prematurity, spontaneous sexual, a factor influential for sexual development, 97
+  shown in breaking through, shortening or suspending of infantile latency period, 97
+  becomes cause of disturbances in provoking sexual manifestations having character of perversions, 97
+  sexual, runs parallel with intellectual prematurity, 98
+
+Prevention of inversion, 87
+
+Primacy of the Genitals, 50; 69
+  attained at puberty, 68
+  already sketched out in infantile life, 73
+  for propagation, the last phase of sexual organization, 60
+
+Primitive Psychic Mechanisms, 10, note 11
+
+Prostitute fitted for her activity by polymorphous-perverse disposition, 53
+
+Psychic participation in perversions, 25
+  life one of three stimuli of sexual apparatus, 69
+  sign of sexual excitation a feeling of tension, 69
+  accomplishment of puberty is breaking away from parental authority, 85
+
+Psychoanalysis, cures by, 3
+  of homosexuals, 10, note 11
+  reveals psychic mechanism of genesis of inversion, 11, note 12
+
+Psychoanalysis, 26
+  shows early intimidation from normal sexual aims, 18, note 17
+  explains fetichism, 20, note 19
+  reduces bisexuality to activity and passivity, 24
+  reduces symptoms of hysteria, 27
+  unconscious phantasies revealed by, 29, note 25
+  of thumb-sucking, 43
+  of anal zone, 47
+  brings forgotten material to consciousness, 51
+  of infantile sexuality, 55, note 19
+  and inquisitiveness of children, 56
+  and pregenital organizations, 58
+  and tenderness of sexual life, 61
+  novelty of, 66
+  of transference psychoses, 77
+  gives at present definite information only about transformations of object-libido, 78
+  cannot distinguish ego-libido from other effective energies, 78
+  shows two paths of object finding, 82, note 5
+  shows individual struggle with incest temptations, 85, note 9
+  positive perversions accessible to therapy of, 90, note 12
+
+Psychoneuroses based on sexual motive powers, 26
+  associated with manifest inversions, 29, note 26
+  traces of all perversions in, 30
+  significance of erogenous zones in, 32
+  preponderance of special erogenous zones in, 34
+
+Psychoneurotics, sexual life of, explained only through psychoanalysis, 26
+  Sexual Activities of, 27
+  disease of, appears after puberty, 33
+  constitution of, tendency to inversions in, 34
+  sexuality of preserves infantile character, 39
+
+Psychosexual hermaphrodites show indifference to which sex their object belongs, 2
+  not paralleled by other psychic qualities, 8
+  phenomena explained by nature of ego-libido, 77
+  development, disturbances of, show incestuous object selection, 86
+
+Puberty not the time of the beginning of the sexual impulse, 1; 36
+  relation of, to inversion, 3
+  definite sexual behavior not determined till after, 10, note 11
+  Transformations of, 68
+  most striking process of, the growth of the genitals, 69
+
+
+Railroad activities, sexual element in, 62
+
+Reaction formation, 40
+    and sublimation two diverse processes, 41
+  feelings of, 41
+  formation begins in latency period, 95
+
+Reading as source of sexual excitement through fear, 64
+
+Regression appears in sex development of woman, 68
+  produced by factors injuring sexual development, 97
+
+Repression of certain powerful components, 94
+  not a suspension, 95
+  result of, an almost normal sexual life, 95
+
+Repression, inner determinations of, unknown, 96
+  effect of, cannot be made retrogressive, 98
+  a special process cutting off conscious discharge of wishes, 27
+
+Repression of heterosexual feeling in psychoneurosis, 29, note 26
+  Sadism resulting from shows masochistic tendencies, 30
+  immense amount, in inverts, 33
+  congenital roots of sexual impulse undergo insufficient, 35
+  of impressions of childhood, 38
+  sexual, greater in girl, 79
+  new wave of, distinguishes puberty of girl, 80
+  determines psychic causes of anesthesia, 81
+  of puberty determines woman's preference for neuroses, 81
+  a new, required, abolishing a piece of infantile masculinity, 92
+
+Resistances, shame, loathing, fear and pain as, 25
+
+Rhythm in sucking analogous to tickling, 45
+  of mechanical shaking of the body produces sexual excitation, 62
+
+Riddle of the Sphinx, 56
+
+Rieger, C., 75
+
+Rohleder, 47, note 13
+
+Rousseau, J.J., 55
+
+
+Sadger, J., 1
+
+Sadism (see Masochism)
+  and Masochism, 21
+    occupy special place among perversions, 23
+  conception of, fluctuates, 22
+  attributable to bisexuality, 24
+  resulting from repression paralleled by Masochism, 30
+  attributed by children to sexual act, 57
+  prevalence of, 60
+  -Masochism impulse, rooted in erogenous action of pain, 65
+
+Sadistic-anal pregenital sexual organization, 59
+
+Sadistic impulse from muscular activity, 64
+
+Scatologic customs of neurotics, 49
+
+Schrenk-Notzing, 1, note 1
+
+Scott, 23
+
+Secondary sex characteristics, 8
+
+Seduction does not necessarily produce inverts, 6
+  treating child as a sexual object, 51
+  as outer cause of return of sexual activity in childhood, 51
+  not necessary to awaken sexual life of child, 52
+  does not explain original relations of sexual impulse, 53
+
+Semen, role of, unknown to children, 58
+
+Sex characteristics, Secondary and Tertiary, 8
+  culture and, 41
+
+Sexual Aberrations, 1
+    a transition of variations of sexual impulse to the pathological, 19
+  act, theories of children as to, 57
+  activities, of psychoneurotics, 27
+    premature, of children, impair educability, 91
+  activities, infantile leave profoundest impressions, 50
+  aim abandoned in childhood, 40
+    at puberty different in the two sexes, 68
+    Deviation in Reference to, 14
+    distinction between, and sexual object, 1
+    Fixation of Precursory, 20
+    in man the discharge of the sexual products, 68
+    of infantile impulse, 46
+    of infantile sexuality, 45
+    of Inverts, 12
+    perversion may be substituted for, by normal person, 24
+    should be restricted to union of genitals, 16
+  apparatus, weakness of, 18
+  constitutions, diverse, 66
+    variation of, 93
+  contrary, 2
+  development of man easier to understand, than woman's, 68
+  disturbances, paths of, a means of sublimation, 67
+    serviceable in health, 67
+  excitation of nursing period, 51
+    is one result of three ways of stimulation of the sexual apparatus, 69
+  excitement originates
+    (_a_) as imitation of a previous gratification, 61
+    (_b_) as a stimulation of erogenous zones, 61
+    (_c_) as the expression of some impulse, 61
+    sources of, tested by quality of stimulus, 65
+    inner sources of, 65
+    nature of, unfamiliar to us, 66
+    indirect source of, not equally strong in all persons, 66
+    influences availability of voluntary attention, 67
+    problem of, 73
+    normally ended only by discharge of semen, 74
+    independent of an accumulation of sexual substance, 75
+    furnished not only from so-called sexual parts, 77
+    intercourse between parents and child an inexhaustible source of, 82
+  gratification found by inverts in object of same sex, 3
+  impression, 5
+  Impulse, 1
+    acquired, 5
+    too close connection of, with object assumed, 12
+    entirely independent of its object, 13
+    most poorly controlled of all by higher psychic activities, 14
+    alone was extolled by the ancients, 14, note 13
+    Masochism in, causes unconscious fixation of libido on the hypnotist, 15, note 14
+    closely connected with cruelty, 23
+    the source of symptoms of neuroses, 27
+    perverse, converted expression of, 29
+    in psychoneuroses, 33
+    ignorance of essential features of, 36
+    becomes altruistic, 68
+    regularly becomes autoerotic, 81
+    not awakened, 82
+    of genitals reawakens, 50
+    primitive formation of, 42
+  inhibition, 40
+  inversion, 2
+    presupposes that sexual object is reverse of normal, 10
+  inverts, 1, note 1
+  investigation, infantile, 55
+  latency period, in childhood, 39
+  life of children, 40
+    shows components regarding others as sexual objects, 53
+    tender streams of, 61
+    normality of guaranteed by concurrence of two streams, 68
+    all disturbances of, as inhibitions of development, 69
+    development of, of children unimportant in lower stages of culture and important in higher, 99
+  love shown by children towards parents at an early date, 83
+  manifestations in childhood, exceptional, 39
+    the masturbatic, 47
+  object is the person from whom the sexual attraction emanates, 1
+    Deviation in Reference to the, 2
+    inaccessibility of, leads to occasional inversion, 3
+    of inverts, 10
+    male inverts look for real feminine psychic features in, 11
+    female active inverts look for femininity in, 12
+    the sexually immature and animals as, 13
+    emphasis placed by moderns on the, 14, note 13
+    lingering at intermediary relations to, one of the perversions, 15
+  object, overestimation of the, 15
+    unfit substitutes for, 18
+    selection in very young children, 55, note 19
+    found at puberty, 68
+    and aim concurrent in normal sexual life, 68
+    in mother's breast, 81
+    lost when infant forms general picture of person, 81
+    of nursing period, 82
+  organization, pregenital oral, 59
+  overestimation of, rises only when woman refuses, 80
+  process, motive power for, escapes in fore-pleasure, 72
+  rejection leaves in unconscious of neurotic the psychosexual activity for object finding, 86
+  satisfaction from muscular activity, 63
+  substance, role of, 74
+  symbolism of forms of motion, 63
+  tension loosened by copulation, 14
+    implies feeling of displeasure, 70
+    carries impulse to alter psychic situation, 70
+    appears even in infancy, 73
+    does not originate in pleasure, 74
+    and pleasure only indirectly connected, 74
+    a certain amount of, necessary for the excitability of the erogenous zones, 74
+  theories, infantile, are reproductions of child's sexual constitution, 57
+
+Sexuality as the weak point of the otherwise normal, 14
+  infantilism of, 34
+  infantile factor in, 39
+  infantile, manifestations of, 42
+  sexual aim of infantile, 45
+  germinating, affecting children's behavior in school, 64
+  encroached upon by all intensive affective processes, 64
+  partial impulses of, 65
+  of eating, 66
+  ways between, and other functions traversible in both directions, 66
+  does not consist entirely in male germ glands, 75
+  of clitoris repressed in girl at puberty, 80
+
+Sexuals, Contrary, 2
+
+Shame is a force opposed to the peeping mania, 21
+  as a resistance opposed to the libido, 23, 25
+  as force acting as an inhibition on sexual life, 40
+
+Shoe as a symbol of female genital, 19, note 18
+
+Skin as erogenous zone, 32
+  as factor of sexual excitement, 65
+
+Sleep caused by pleasure-sucking, 43
+
+Smell desire, coprophilic, 20, note 19
+
+Smoking, desire for in former thumb-suckers, 44
+
+Sphinx, Riddle of, 56
+
+Sports turn youth away from sexual activity, 64
+
+Stimulus produced by isolated excitements coming from without, 31
+  outer, removing sensitiveness with gratification, 47
+  quality of, as criterion of sources of sexual excitement, 65
+  can set in motion complicated sexual apparatus, 69
+  affects the sexual apparatus in three ways, 69
+
+Sublimation, artistic, 21
+  Reaction Formation and, 40
+  a deviation of sexual motive powers from sexual aims, 41
+  and reaction formation two diverse processes, 41, note 8
+  desire for knowledge corresponds to, 55
+  effected on paths by which sexual disturbances encroach upon other functions of the body, 67
+  makes possible a third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositions, 95
+  inner processes of, totally unknown, 96
+
+Sucking, see Thumb-sucking,--
+
+Symbolism of fetichism, 19, 20
+  sexual, of early childhood, 55, note 19
+
+Symptomatology of neurotic determined by infantile sexual activity, 50
+  of pollution-like process, 51
+  of neuroses traced to disturbance of the sexual processes, 67
+    manifested in disturbances of other non-sexual bodily functions, 67
+
+Symptoms, creators of, are unconscious forces, 89
+  of psychoneuroses are the sexual activities of the patient, 27
+
+Syphilis in fathers of more than half the cases of hysteria, compulsion-neurosis, etc., treated by Freud, 93
+
+
+Temperature sensitiveness, as result of distinct erogenous action, 62
+
+Temporal Factors, 98
+
+Tension, sexual, loosened by copulation, 14, 70
+    feeling of, 46
+      the psychic sign of sexual excitation, 69
+  unpleasant, relation of, to feeling of pleasure, 70
+  increase in changing to displeasure, 71
+  increased by functions of erogenous zones, 71
+  of libido dies away at orgasm, 71
+  too little, endangers attainment of sexual aim, 72
+
+Tertiary sex characteristics, 8
+
+Theatre as source of sexual excitement through fear, 64
+
+Thumb-sucking as model of infantile sexual manifestations, 42
+  a sexual activity, 43
+  as remnant of oral phase of pregenital sexual organization, 59
+
+Thyroid gland, role of, in sexuality, 76
+
+Tickling analogous to rhythmic sucking, 45
+  demanding onanistic gratification, 51
+
+Toe, sucking of, 42
+
+Tongue, sucking of, 42
+
+Touching as preliminary to sexual aim, 14
+  and looking, 20
+  hand as addition to attraction of sexual object, 70
+
+Transference neuroses, 77
+  of erogenous excitability from clitoris to vagina, 81
+
+Transformation of puberty, 68
+  success of, dependent on adjustment to dispositions and impulses, 68
+
+Transgressions, anatomical, 15
+  especially frequent, are those to mouth and anus, 29
+
+
+Ulrich, 9
+
+Unconscious, all neurotics have feelings of inversion in, 29
+  nothing in, corresponds to fetichism, 30
+  psychic material is the source of compulsions, 51
+  forces revealing themselves as symptom creators, 89
+
+Uranism, 5, note 7
+
+Urinary apparatus, the guardian of the genital, 51
+
+
+Vagina, glandular activity of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69
+
+Vomiting, hysterical, evinced after repression of thumb-sucking, 44
+
+Voyeurs (see Looking, Peeping, Exhibitionism)
+  as examples of overcoming of loathing, 21
+  exhibitionists are at the same time, 30
+  children become, 54
+
+
+Wishes, symptoms of hysteria are substitutes for, 27
+
+Wit as source of greater knowledge of pleasure, 72
+
+Woman (see Masculine and feminine)
+  regression in sex development of, 68
+  differentiation between man and, 78
+
+Work, intellectual, as sexual excitement, 65
+
+
+Zola, 96
+
+Zone, chief erogenous, in female child is the clitoris, 80
+
+Zones, erogenous, 31
+    characters of, 45
+    predestined, 46
+  lips as erogenous, 44
+  all parts of body may become erogenous, 46
+  genital, gratification of, taught by seduction, 52
+  erogenous, premature activity of, indicated by cruelty, 54
+    parts of skin called, 65
+  lip, responsible for sexual gratification during eating, 66
+  primacy of genital, 69
+  erogenous, prepare sexual excitement, 70
+  leading, in man and woman, 80
+
+
+
+
+Volume VII                  July, 1920                  Number 3
+
+The Psychoanalytic Review
+
+A Journal Devoted to an Understanding of Human Conduct
+
+EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY
+
+WILLIAM A. WHITE, M.D., and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+CONTENTS
+
+ORIGINAL ARTICLES
+     *Freud's Concept of the "Censorship".* W.H.R. RIVERS.
+     *Psychology of War and Schizophrenia.* E.W. LAZELL.
+     *The Paraphrenic's Inaccessibility.* M.K. ISHAM.
+TRANSLATION
+     *Psychological Psychiatry.* H.F. DELGADO.
+ABSTRACTS. *Book Reviews*
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Issued Quarterly: $6.00 per Volume,
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+
+41 NORTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, PA.,
+and
+3617 10th ST., N.W., WASHINGTON, D. C.
+
+Serial No. 27
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Entered as Second-Class Matter October 25, 1913, at the Post Office at
+Lancaster, Pennsylvania under the Act of March 3, 1879.
+
+
+
+
+Publishers of
+
+The Psychoanalytic Review
+
+A Journal Devoted to the Understanding of Human Conduct
+
+Edited by WILLIAM A. WHITE, M.D., and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D. Leading
+Articles Which Have Appeared in Previous Volumes
+
+VOL. I. (Beginning November, 1913.)
+
+The Theory of Psychoanalysis. C.G. Jung.
+Psychoanalysis of Self-Mutilation. L.E. Emerson.
+Blindness as a Wish. T.H. Ames.
+The Technique of Psychoanalysis. S.E. Jelliffe.
+Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. Riklin.
+Character and the Neuroses. Trigant Burrow.
+The Wildisbush Crucified Saint. Theodore Schroeder.
+The Pragmatic Advantage of Freudo-Analysis. Knight Dunlap.
+Moon Myth in Medicine. William A. White.
+The Sadism of Oscar Wilde's "Salome." Isador H. Coriat.
+Psychoanalysis and Hospitals. L.E. Emerson.
+The Dream as a Simple Wishfulfillment in the Negro. John E. Lind.
+
+VOL. II. (Beginning January, 1915.)
+
+The Principles of Pain-Pleasure and Reality. Paul Federn.
+The Unconscious. William A. White.
+A Plea for a Broader Standpoint in Psychoanalysis. Meyer Solomon.
+Contributions to the Pathology of Everyday Life; Their Relation to
+     Abnormal Mental Phenomena. Robert Stewart Miller.
+The Integrative Functions of the Nervous System Applied to Some
+     Reactions in Human Behavior and their Attending Psychic Functions.
+     Edward J. Kempf.
+A Manic-Depressive Upset Presenting Frank Wish-Realization Construction.
+     Ralph Reed.
+Psychoanalytic Parallels. William A. White.
+Role of Sexual Complex in Dementia Praecox. James C. Hassall.
+Psycho-Genetics of Androcratic Evolution. Theodore Schroeder.
+Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. Otto Rank and
+     Hans Sachs.
+Some Studies in the Psychopathology of Acute Dissociation of the
+     Personality. Edward J. Kempf.
+Psychoanalysis. Arthur H. Ring.
+A Philosophy for Psychoanalysis. L.E. Emerson.
+
+VOL. III. (Beginning January, 1916.)
+
+Symbolism. William A. White.
+The Work of Alfred Adler, Considered with Especial Reference to that of
+     Freud. James J. Putnam.
+Art in the Insane. L. Grimberg.
+Retaliation Dreams. Hansell Crenshaw.
+History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. Sigmund Freud.
+Clinical Cases Exhibiting Unconscious Defence Reactions. Francis H.
+     Shockley.
+Processes of Recovery in Schizophrenics. H. Bertschinger.
+Freud and Sociology. Ernest R. Groves.
+The Ontogenetic Against the Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of
+     the Colored Race. Arrah B. Evarts.
+Discomfiture and Evil Spirits. Elsie Clews Parsons.
+Two Very Definite Wish-Fulfillment Dreams. C.B. Burr.
+
+VOL. IV. (Beginning January, 1917.)
+
+Individuality and Introversion. William A. White.
+A Study of a Severe Case of Compulsion Neurosis. H.W. Frink.
+A Summary of Material on the Topical Community of Primitive and
+     Pathological Symbols ("Archeopathic" Symbols), F.L. Wells.
+A Literary Forerunner of Freud. Helen Williston Brown.
+The Technique of Dream Interpretation. Wilhelm Steckel.
+The Social and Sexual Behavior of Infrahuman Primates with some
+     Comparable Facts in Human Behavior. Edw. J. Kempf.
+Pain as a Reaction of Defence. H.B. Moyle.
+Some Statistical Results of the Psychoanalytic Treatment of
+     Psychoneuroses. Isador H. Coriat. The Role of Animals in the
+     Unconscious. S.E. Jelliffe and L. Brink.
+The Genesis and Meaning of Homosexuality. Trigant Burrow.
+Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of the Negro. John E. Lind.
+Freudian Elements in the Animism of the Niger Delta. E.R. Groves.
+The Mechanism of Transference. William A. White.
+The Future of Psychoanalysis. Isador H. Coriat.
+Hermaphroditic Dreams. Isador H. Coriat.
+The Psychology of "The Yellow Jacket." E.J. Kempf.
+Heredity and Self-Conceit. Mabel Stevens.
+The Long Handicap. Helen R. Hull.
+
+VOL. V. (Beginning January, 1918.)
+
+Analysis of a Case of Manic-Depressive Psychosis Showing well-marked
+     Regressive Stages. Lucile Dooley.
+Reactions to Personal Names. C.P. Oberndorf.
+A Study of the Mental Life of the Child. H. von Hug-Hellmuth.
+An Interpretation of Certain Symbolisms. J.J. Putnam.
+Charles Darwin--The Affective Source of His Inspiration and Anxiety
+     Neurosis. Edw. J. Kempf.
+The Origin of the Incest-Awe. Trigant Burrow.
+Compulsion and Freedom: The Fantasy of the Willow Tree. S.E. Jelliffe
+     and L. Brink.
+A Case of Childhood Conflicts with Prominent Reference to the Urinary
+     System: with some General Considerations on Urinary Symptoms in the
+     Psychoneuroses and Psychoses. C. Macfie Campbell.
+The Hound of Heaven. Thomas Vernon Moore.
+A Lace Creation Revealing an Incest Fantasy. Arrah B. Evarts.
+Nephew and Maternal Uncle: A Motive of Early Literature in the Light of
+     Freudian Psychology. Albert K. Weinberg.
+
+All the leading foreign psychoanalytic journals are regularly
+abstracted, and all books dealing with psychoanalysis are reviewed.
+
+Issued Quarterly: $5.00 per Volume.
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+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Three Contributions to the Theory of
+Sex, by Sigmund Freud
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