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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/14969-8.txt b/14969-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d5d071 --- /dev/null +++ b/14969-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5600 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex +by Sigmund Freud + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex + +Author: Sigmund Freud + +Release Date: February 8, 2005 [EBook #14969] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THEORY OF SEX *** + + + + +Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Joel Schlosberg and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES NO. 7 + +THREE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF SEX + +_SECOND EDITION_ +_SECOND REPRINTING_ + +BY + +PROF. SIGMUND FREUD, LL.D. +VIENNA + +AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY + +A.A. BRILL, PH.B., M.D. +CLINICAL ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY, COLUMBIA +UNIVERSITY; ASSISTANT IN MENTAL DISEASES, BELLEVUE HOSPITAL; ASSISTANT +VISITING PHYSICIAN, HOSPITAL FOR NERVOUS DISEASES + +WITH INTRODUCTION BY + +JAMES J. PUTNAM, M.D. + +NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING CO. +NEW YORK AND WASHINGTON +1920 + + + + +NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES + +Edited by + +Drs. SMITH ELY JELLIFFE and WM. A. WHITE + +Numbers Issued + +1. Outlines of Psychiatry. (7th Edition.) $3.00. By Dr. William A. + White. +2. Studies in Paranoia. (Out of Print.) By Drs. N. Gierlich and M. + Friedman. +3. The Psychology of Dementia Praecox. (Out of Print.) By Dr. C.G. Jung. +4. Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses. (3d Edition.) + $3.00. By Prof. Sigmund Freud. +5. The Wassermann Serum Diagnosis in Psychiatry. $2.00. By Dr. Felix + Plaut. +6. Epidemic Poliomyelitis. New York, 1907. (Out of Print.) +7. Three Contributions to Sexual Theory. (3d Edition.) $2.00. By Prof. + Sigmund Freud. +8. Mental Mechanisms. (Out of Print.) $2.00. By Dr. Wm. A. White. +9. Studies in Psychiatry. $2.00. New York Psychiatrical Society. +10. Handbook of Mental Examination Methods. $2.00. (Out of Print.) By + Shepherd Ivory Franz. +11. The Theory of Schizophrenic Negativism. $1.00. By Professor E. + Bleuler. +12. Cerebellar Functions. $3.00. By Dr. André-Thomas. +13. History of Prison Psychoses. $1.25. By Drs. P. Nitsche and K. + Wilmanns. +14. General Paresis. $3.00. By Prof. E. Kraepelin. +15. Dreams and Myths. $1.00. By Dr. Karl Abraham. +16. Poliomyelitis. $3.00. By Dr. I. Wickmann. +17. Freud's Theories of the Neuroses. $2.00. By Dr. E. Hitschmann. +18. The Myth of the Birth of the Hero. $1.00. By Dr. Otto Rank. +19. The Theory of Psychoanalysis. $1.50. (Out of Print.) By Dr. C.G. + Jung. +20. Vagotonia. $1.00. (3d Edition.) By Drs. Eppinger and Hess. +21. Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. $1.00. By Dr. Ricklin. +22. The Dream Problem. $1.00. By Dr. A.E. Maeder. +23. The Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. $1.50. + By Drs. O. Rank and D.H. Sachs. +24. Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation. $1.50. By Dr. + Alfred Adler. +25. The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. $1.00. By Prof. S. + Freud. +26. Technique of Psychoanalysis. $2.00. By Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe. +27. Vegetative Neurology. $2.00. By Dr. H. Higier. +28. The Autonomic Functions and the Personality. $2.00. By Dr. Edward J. + Kemp. +29. A Study of the Mental Life of the Child, $2.00. By Dr. H. Von + Hug-Hellmuth. +30. Internal Secretions and the Nervous System. $1.00. By Dr. M. Laignel + Lavastine. +31. Sleep Walking and Moon Walking. $2.00. By Dr. J. Sadger. + +NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY 3617 10th St. N.W., +Washington, D.C. + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + PAGE +INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION v +AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ix +AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION x + I. THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS 1 + II. THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY 36 +III. THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY 68 + + + + +INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION + + +The somewhat famous "Three Essays," which Dr. Brill is here bringing to +the attention of an English-reading public, occupy--brief as they +are--an important position among the achievements of their author, a +great investigator and pioneer in an important line. It is not claimed +that the facts here gathered are altogether new. The subject of the +sexual instinct and its aberrations has long been before the scientific +world and the names of many effective toilers in this vast field are +known to every student. When one passes beyond the strict domains of +science and considers what is reported of the sexual life in folkways +and art-lore and the history of primitive culture and in romance, the +sources of information are immense. Freud has made considerable +additions to this stock of knowledge, but he has done also something of +far greater consequence than this. He has worked out, with incredible +penetration, the part which this instinct plays in every phase of human +life and in the development of human character, and has been able to +establish on a firm footing the remarkable thesis that psychoneurotic +illnesses never occur with a perfectly normal sexual life. Other sorts +of emotions contribute to the result, but some aberration of the sexual +life is always present, as the cause of especially insistent emotions +and repressions. + +The instincts with which every child is born furnish desires or cravings +which must be dealt with in some fashion. They may be refined +("sublimated"), so far as is necessary and desirable, into energies of +other sorts--as happens readily with the play-instinct--or they may +remain as the source of perversions and inversions, and of cravings of +new sorts substituted for those of the more primitive kinds under the +pressure of a conventional civilization. The symptoms of the functional +psychoneuroses represent, after a fashion, some of these distorted +attempts to find a substitute for the imperative cravings born of the +sexual instincts, and their form often depends, in part at least, on the +peculiarities of the sexual life in infancy and early childhood. It is +Freud's service to have investigated this inadequately chronicled period +of existence with extraordinary acumen. In so doing he made it plain +that the "perversions" and "inversions," which reappear later under such +striking shapes, belong to the normal sexual life of the young child and +are seen, in veiled forms, in almost every case of nervous illness. + +It cannot too often be repeated that these discoveries represent no +fanciful deductions, but are the outcome of rigidly careful observations +which any one who will sufficiently prepare himself can verify. Critics +fret over the amount of "sexuality" that Freud finds evidence of in the +histories of his patients, and assume that he puts it there. But such +criticisms are evidences of misunderstandings and proofs of ignorance. + +Freud had learned that the amnesias of hypnosis and of hysteria were not +absolute but relative and that in covering the lost memories, much more, +of unexpected sort, was often found. Others, too, had gone as far as +this, and stopped. But this investigator determined that nothing but the +absolute impossibility of going further should make him cease from +urging his patients into an inexorable scrutiny of the unconscious +regions of their memories and thoughts, such as never had been made +before. Every species of forgetfulness, even the forgetfulness of +childhood's years, was made to yield its hidden stores of knowledge; +dreams, even though apparently absurd, were found to be interpreters of +a varied class of thoughts, active, although repressed as out of harmony +with the selected life of consciousness; layer after layer, new sets of +motives underlying motives were laid bare, and each patient's interest +was strongly enlisted in the task of learning to know himself in order +more truly and wisely to "sublimate" himself. Gradually other workers +joined patiently in this laborious undertaking, which now stands, for +those who have taken pains to comprehend it, as by far the most +important movement in psychopathology. + +It must, however, be recognized that these essays, of which Dr. Brill +has given a translation that cannot but be timely, concern a subject +which is not only important but unpopular. Few physicians read the works +of v. Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Moll, and others of like sort. +The remarkable volumes of Havelock Ellis were refused publication in his +native England. The sentiments which inspired this hostile attitude +towards the study of the sexual life are still active, though growing +steadily less common. One may easily believe that if the facts which +Freud's truth-seeking researches forced him to recognize and to publish +had not been of an unpopular sort, his rich and abundant contributions +to observational psychology, to the significance of dreams, to the +etiology and therapeutics of the psychoneuroses, to the interpretation +of mythology, would have won for him, by universal acclaim, the same +recognition among all physicians that he has received from a rapidly +increasing band of followers and colleagues. + +May Dr. Brill's translation help toward this end. + +There are two further points on which some comments should be made. The +first is this, that those who conscientiously desire to learn all that +they can from Freud's remarkable contributions should not be content to +read any one of them alone. His various publications, such as "The +Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses,"[1] "The +Interpretation of Dreams,"[2] "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life,"[3] +"Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious,"[4] the analysis of the case +of the little boy called Hans, the study of Leonardo da Vinci,[4a] and +the various short essays in the four Sammlungen kleiner Schriften, not +only all hang together, but supplement each other to a remarkable +extent. Unless a course of study such as this is undertaken many critics +may think various statements and inferences in this volume to be far +fetched or find them too obscure for comprehension. + +The other point is the following: One frequently hears the +psychoanalytic method referred to as if it was customary for those +practicing it to exploit the sexual experiences of their patients and +nothing more, and the insistence on the details of the sexual life, +presented in this book, is likely to emphasize that notion. But the fact +is, as every thoughtful inquirer is aware, that the whole progress of +civilization, whether in the individual or the race, consists largely in +a "sublimation" of infantile instincts, and especially certain portions +of the sexual instinct, to other ends than those which they seemed +designed to serve. Art and poetry are fed on this fuel and the evolution +of character and mental force is largely of the same origin. All the +forms which this sublimation, or the abortive attempts at sublimation, +may take in any given case, should come out in the course of a thorough +psychoanalysis. It is not the sexual life alone, but every interest and +every motive, that must be inquired into by the physician who is seeking +to obtain all the data about the patient, necessary for his reeducation +and his cure. But all the thoughts and emotions and desires and motives +which appear in the man or woman of adult years were once crudely +represented in the obscure instincts of the infant, and among these +instincts those which were concerned directly or indirectly with the +sexual emotions, in a wide sense, are certain to be found in every case +to have been the most important for the end-result. + + JAMES J. PUTNAM. + +BOSTON, August 23, 1910. + +[1] Translated by A.A. Brill, NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH +SERIES, NO. 4. + +[2] Translated by A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York, and Allen & +Unwin, London. + +[3] Translated by A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York. + +[4] Translated by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co., New York. + +[4a] Translated by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co., New York. + + + + +AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION + + +Although the author is fully aware of the gaps and obscurities contained +in this small volume, he has, nevertheless, resisted a temptation to add +to it the results obtained from the investigations of the last five +years, fearing that thus its unified and documentary character would be +destroyed. He accordingly reproduces the original text with but slight +modifications, contenting himself with the addition of a few footnotes. +For the rest, it is his ardent wish that this book may speedily become +antiquated--to the end that the new material brought forward in it may +be universally accepted, while the shortcomings it displays may give +place to juster views. + +VIENNA, December, 1909. + + + + +AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION + + +After watching for ten years the reception accorded to this book and the +effect it has produced, I wish to provide the third edition of it with +some prefatory remarks dealing with the misunderstandings of the book +and the demands, insusceptible of fulfillment, made against it. Let me +emphasize in the first place that whatever is here presented is derived +entirely from every-day medical experience which is to be made more +profound and scientifically important through the results of +psychoanalytic investigation. The "Three Contributions to the Theory of +Sex" can contain nothing except what psychoanalysis obliges them to +accept or what it succeeds in corroborating. It is therefore excluded +that they should ever be developed into a "theory of sex," and it is +also quite intelligible that they will assume no attitude at all towards +some important problems of the sexual life. This should not however give +the impression that these omitted chapters of the great theme were +unfamiliar to the author, or that they were neglected by him as +something of secondary importance. + +The dependence of this work on the psychoanalytic experiences which have +determined the writing of it, shows itself not only in the selection but +also in the arrangement of the material. A certain succession of stages +was observed, the occasional factors are rendered prominent, the +constitutional ones are left in the background, and the ontogenetic +development receives greater consideration than the phylogenetic. For +the occasional factors play the principal rôle in analysis, and are +almost completely worked up in it, while the constitutional factors only +become evident from behind as elements which have been made functional +through experience, and a discussion of these would lead far beyond the +working sphere of psychoanalysis. + +A similar connection determines the relation between ontogenesis and +phylogenesis. Ontogenesis may be considered as a repetition of +phylogenesis insofar as the latter has not been varied by a more recent +experience. The phylogenetic disposition makes itself visible behind the +ontogenetic process. But fundamentally the constitution is really the +precipitate of a former experience of the species to which the newer +experience of the individual being is added as the sum of the occasional +factors. + +Beside its thoroughgoing dependence on psychoanalytic investigation I +must emphasize as a character of this work of mine its intentional +independence of biological investigation. I have carefully avoided the +inclusion of the results of scientific investigation in general sex +biology or of particular species of animals in this study of human +sexual functions which is made possible by the technique of +psychoanalysis. My aim was indeed to find out how much of the biology of +the sexual life of man can be discovered by means of psychological +investigation; I was able to point to additions and agreements which +resulted from this examination, but I did not have to become confused if +the psychoanalytic methods led in some points to views and results which +deviated considerably from those merely based on biology. + +I have added many passages in this edition, but I have abstained from +calling attention to them, as in former editions, by special marks. The +scientific work in our sphere has at present been retarded in its +progress, nevertheless some supplements to this work were indispensable +if it was to remain in touch with our newer psychoanalytic literature. + +VIENNA, October, 1914. + + + + +I + +THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS[1] + + +The fact of sexual need in man and animal is expressed in biology by the +assumption of a "sexual impulse." This impulse is made analogous to the +impulse of taking nourishment, and to hunger. The sexual expression +corresponding to hunger not being found colloquilly, science uses the +expression "libido."[2] + +Popular conception makes definite assumptions concerning the nature and +qualities of this sexual impulse. It is supposed to be absent during +childhood and to commence about the time of and in connection with the +maturing process of puberty; it is supposed that it manifests itself in +irresistible attractions exerted by one sex upon the other, and that its +aim is sexual union or at least such actions as would lead to union. + +But we have every reason to see in these assumptions a very +untrustworthy picture of reality. On closer examination they are found +to abound in errors, inaccuracies and hasty conclusions. + +If we introduce two terms and call the person from whom the sexual +attraction emanates the _sexual object_, and the action towards which +the impulse strives the _sexual aim_, then the scientifically examined +experience shows us many deviations in reference to both sexual object +and sexual aim, the relations of which to the accepted standard require +thorough investigation. + + +1. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL OBJECT + +The popular theory of the sexual impulse corresponds closely to the +poetic fable of dividing the person into two halves--man and woman--who +strive to become reunited through love. It is therefore very surprising +to hear that there are men for whom the sexual object is not woman but +man, and that there are women for whom it is not man but woman. Such +_persons_ are called contrary sexuals, or better, inverts; the +_condition_, that of inversion. The number of such individuals is +considerable though difficult of accurate determination.[3] + + +A. _Inversion_ + +*The Behavior of Inverts.*--The above-mentioned persons behave in many +ways quite differently. + +(_a_) They are absolutely inverted; _i.e._, their sexual object must be +always of the same sex, while the opposite sex can never be to them an +object of sexual longing, but leaves them indifferent or may even evoke +sexual repugnance. As men they are unable, on account of this +repugnance, to perform the normal sexual act or miss all pleasure in its +performance. + +(_b_) They are amphigenously inverted (psychosexually hermaphroditic); +_i.e._, their sexual object may belong indifferently to either the same +or to the other sex. The inversion lacks the character of exclusiveness. + +(_c_) They are occasionally inverted; _i.e._, under certain external +conditions, chief among which are the inaccessibility of the normal +sexual object and initiation, they are able to take as the sexual +object a person of the same sex and thus find sexual gratification. + +The inverted also manifest a manifold behavior in their judgment about +the peculiarities of their sexual impulse. Some take the inversion as a +matter of course, just as the normal person does regarding his libido, +firmly demanding the same rights as the normal. Others, however, strive +against the fact of their inversion and perceive in it a morbid +compulsion.[4] + +Other variations concern the relations of time. The characteristics of +the inversion in any individual may date back as far as his memory goes, +or they may become manifest to him at a definite period before or after +puberty.[5] The character is either retained throughout life, or it +occasionally recedes or represents an episode on the road to normal +development. A periodical fluctuation between the normal and the +inverted sexual object has also been observed. Of special interest are +those cases in which the libido changes, taking on the character of +inversion after a painful experience with the normal sexual object. + +These different categories of variation generally exist independently of +one another. In the most extreme cases it can regularly be assumed that +the inversion has existed at all times and that the person feels +contented with his peculiar state. + +Many authors will hesitate to gather into a unit all the cases +enumerated here and will prefer to emphasize the differences rather than +the common characters of these groups, a view which corresponds with +their preferred judgment of inversions. But no matter what divisions may +be set up, it cannot be overlooked that all transitions are abundantly +met with, so that the formation of a series would seem to impose itself. + +*Conception of Inversion.*--The first attention bestowed upon inversion +gave rise to the conception that it was a congenital sign of nervous +degeneration. This harmonized with the fact that doctors first met it +among the nervous, or among persons giving such an impression. There are +two elements which should be considered independently in this +conception: the congenitality, and the degeneration. + +*Degeneration.*--This term _degeneration_ is open to the objections +which may be urged against the promiscuous use of this word in general. +It has in fact become customary to designate all morbid manifestations +not of traumatic or infectious origin as degenerative. Indeed, Magnan's +classification of degenerates makes it possible that the highest general +configuration of nervous accomplishment need not exclude the application +of the concept of degeneration. Under the circumstances, it is a +question what use and what new content the judgment of "degeneration" +still possesses. It would seem more appropriate not to speak of +degeneration: (1) Where there are not many marked deviations from the +normal; (2) where the capacity for working and living do not in general +appear markedly impaired.[6] + +That the inverted are not degenerates in this qualified sense can be +seen from the following facts: + +1. The inversion is found among persons who otherwise show no marked +deviation from the normal. + +2. It is found also among persons whose capabilities are not disturbed, +who on the contrary are distinguished by especially high intellectual +development and ethical culture.[7] + +3. If one disregards the patients of one's own practice and strives to +comprehend a wider field of experience, he will in two directions +encounter facts which will prevent him from assuming inversions as a +degenerative sign. + +(_a_) It must be considered that inversion was a frequent manifestation +among the ancient nations at the height of their culture. It was an +institution endowed with important functions. (_b_) It is found to be +unusually prevalent among savages and primitive races, whereas the term +degeneration is generally limited to higher civilization (I. Bloch). +Even among the most civilized nations of Europe, climate and race have a +most powerful influence on the distribution of, and attitude toward, +inversion.[8] + +*Innateness.*--Only for the first and most extreme class of inverts, as +can be imagined, has innateness been claimed, and this from their own +assurance that at no time in their life has their sexual impulse +followed a different course. The fact of the existence of two other +classes, especially of the third, is difficult to reconcile with the +assumption of its being congenital. Hence, the propensity of those +holding this view to separate the group of absolute inverts from the +others results in the abandonment of the general conception of +inversion. Accordingly in a number of cases the inversion would be of a +congenital character, while in others it might originate from other +causes. + +In contradistinction to this conception is that which assumes inversion +to be an _acquired_ character of the sexual impulse. It is based on the +following facts. (1) In many inverts (even absolute ones) an early +affective sexual impression can be demonstrated, as a result of which +the homosexual inclination developed. (2) In many others outer +influences of a promoting and inhibiting nature can be demonstrated, +which in earlier or later life led to a fixation of the inversion--among +which are exclusive relations with the same sex, companionship in war, +detention in prison, dangers of hetero-sexual intercourse, celibacy, +sexual weakness, etc. (3) Hypnotic suggestion may remove the inversion, +which would be surprising in that of a congenital character. + +In view of all this, the existence of congenital inversion can certainly +be questioned. The objection may be made to it that a more accurate +examination of those claimed to be congenitally inverted will probably +show that the direction of the libido was determined by a definite +experience of early childhood, which has not been retained in the +conscious memory of the person, but which can be brought back to memory +by proper influences (Havelock Ellis). According to that author +inversion can be designated only as a frequent variation of the sexual +impulse which may be determined by a number of external circumstances of +life. + +The apparent certainty thus reached is, however, overthrown by the +retort that manifestly there are many persons who have experienced even +in their early youth those very sexual influences, such as seduction, +mutual onanism, without becoming inverts, or without constantly +remaining so. Hence, one is forced to assume that the alternatives +congenital and acquired are either incomplete or do not cover the +circumstances present in inversions. + +*Explanation of Inversion.*--The nature of inversion is explained +neither by the assumption that it is congenital nor that it is acquired. +In the first case, we need to be told what there is in it of the +congenital, unless we are satisfied with the roughest explanation, +namely, that a person brings along a congenital sexual impulse connected +with a definite sexual object. In the second case it is a question +whether the manifold accidental influences suffice to explain the +acquisition unless there is something in the individual to meet them +half way. The negation of this last factor is inadmissible according to +our former conclusions. + +*The Relation of Bisexuality.*--Since the time of Frank Lydston, +Kiernan, and Chevalier, a new series of ideas has been introduced for +the explanation of the possibility of sexual inversion. This contains a +new contradiction to the popular belief which assumes that a human being +is either a man or a woman. Science shows cases in which the sexual +characteristics appear blurred and thus the sexual distinction is made +difficult, especially on an anatomical basis. The genitals of such +persons unite the male and female characteristics (hermaphroditism). In +rare cases both parts of the sexual apparatus are well developed (true +hermaphroditism), but usually both are stunted.[9] + +The importance of these abnormalities lies in the fact that they +unexpectedly facilitate the understanding of the normal formation. A +certain degree of anatomical hermaphroditism really belongs to the +normal. In no normally formed male or female are traces of the apparatus +of the other sex lacking; these either continue functionless as +rudimentary organs, or they are transformed for the purpose of assuming +other functions. + +The conception which we gather from this long known anatomical fact is +the original predisposition to bisexuality, which in the course of +development has changed to monosexuality, leaving slight remnants of the +stunted sex. + +It was natural to transfer this conception to the psychic sphere and to +conceive the inversion in its aberrations as an expression of psychic +hermaphroditism. In order to bring the question to a decision, it was +only necessary to have one other circumstance, viz., a regular +concurrence of the inversion with the psychic and somatic signs of +hermaphroditism. + +But this second expectation was not realized. The relations between the +assumed psychical and the demonstrable anatomical androgyny should never +be conceived as being so close. There is frequently found in the +inverted a diminution of the sexual impulse (H. Ellis) and a slight +anatomical stunting of the organs. This, however, is found frequently +but by no means regularly or preponderately. Thus we must recognize that +inversion and somatic hermaphroditism are totally independent of each +other. + +Great importance has also been attached to the so-called secondary and +tertiary sex characters and their aggregate occurrence in the inverted +has been emphasized (H. Ellis). There is much truth in this but it +should not be forgotten that the secondary and tertiary sex +characteristics very frequently manifest themselves in the other sex, +thus indicating androgyny without, however, involving changes in the +sexual object in the sense of an inversion. + +Psychic hermaphroditism would gain in substantiality if parallel with +the inversion of the sexual object there should be at least a change in +the other psychic qualities, such as in the impulses and distinguishing +traits characteristic of the other sex. But such inversion of character +can be expected with some regularity only in inverted women; in men the +most perfect psychic manliness may be united with the inversion. If one +firmly adheres to the hypothesis of a psychic hermaphroditism, one must +add that in certain spheres its manifestations allow the recognition of +only a very slight contrary determination. The same also holds true in +the somatic androgyny. According to Halban, the appearance of individual +stunted organs and secondary sex characters are quite independent of +each other.[10] + +A spokesman of the masculine inverts stated the bisexual theory in its +crudest form in the following words: "It is a female brain in a male +body." But we do not know the characteristics of a "female brain." The +substitution of the anatomical for the psychological is as frivolous as +it is unjustified. The tentative explanation by v. Krafft-Ebing seems to +be more precisely formulated than that of Ulrich but does not +essentially differ from it. v. Krafft-Ebing thinks that the bisexual +predisposition gives to the individual male and female brain centers as +well as somatic sexual organs. These centers develop first towards +puberty mostly under the influence of the independent sex glands. We +can, however, say the same of the male and female "centers" as of the +male and female brains; and, moreover, we do not even know whether we +can assume for the sexual functions separate brain locations ("centers") +such as we may assume for language. + +After this discussion, two notions, at all events, persist; first, that +a bisexual predisposition is to be presumed for the inversion also, only +we do not know of what it consists beyond the anatomical formations; +and, second, that we are dealing with disturbances which are experienced +by the sexual impulse during its development.[11] + +*The Sexual Object of Inverts.*--The theory of psychic hermaphroditism +presupposed that the sexual object of the inverted is the reverse of the +normal. The inverted man, like the woman, succumbs to the charms +emanating from manly qualities of body and mind; he feels himself like a +woman and seeks a man. + +But however true this may be for a great number of inverts, it by no +means indicates the general character of inversion. There is no doubt +that a great part of the male inverted have retained the psychic +character of virility, that proportionately they show but little of the +secondary characters of the other sex, and that they really look for +real feminine psychic features in their sexual object. If that were not +so it would be incomprehensible why masculine prostitution, in offering +itself to inverts, copies in all its exterior, to-day as in antiquity, +the dress and attitudes of woman. This imitation would otherwise be an +insult to the ideal of the inverts. Among the Greeks, where the most +manly men were found among inverts, it is quite obvious that it was not +the masculine character of the boy which kindled the love of man, but it +was his physical resemblance to woman as well as his feminine psychic +qualities, such as shyness, demureness, and the need of instruction and +help. As soon as the boy himself became a man he ceased to be a sexual +object for men and in turn became a lover of boys. The sexual object in +this case as in many others is therefore not of the like sex, but it +unites both sex characters, a compromise between the impulses striving +for the man and for the woman, but firmly conditioned by the masculinity +of body (the genitals).[12] + +The conditions in the woman are more definite; here the active inverts, +with special frequency, show the somatic and psychic characters of man +and desire femininity in their sexual object; though even here greater +variation will be found on more intimate investigation. + +*The Sexual Aim of Inverts.*--The important fact to bear in mind is that +no uniformity of the sexual aim can be attributed to inversion. +Intercourse per anum in men by no means goes with inversion; +masturbation is just as frequently the exclusive aim; and the limitation +of the sexual aim to mere effusion of feelings is here even more +frequent than in hetero-sexual love. In women, too, the sexual aims of +the inverted are manifold, among which contact with the mucous membrane +of the mouth seems to be preferred. + +*Conclusion.*--Though from the material on hand we are by no means in a +position satisfactorily to explain the origin of inversion, we can say +that through this investigation we have obtained an insight which can +become of greater significance to us than the solution of the above +problem. Our attention is called to the fact that we have assumed a too +close connection between the sexual impulse and the sexual object. The +experience gained from the so called abnormal cases teaches us that a +connection exists between the sexual impulse and the sexual object which +we are in danger of overlooking in the uniformity of normal states where +the impulse seems to bring with it the object. We are thus instructed to +separate this connection between the impulse and the object. The sexual +impulse is probably entirely independent of its object and is not +originated by the stimuli proceeding from the object. + + +B. _The Sexually Immature and Animals as Sexual Objects_ + +Whereas those sexual inverts whose sexual object does not belong to the +normally adapted sex, appear to the observer as a collective number of +perhaps otherwise normal individuals, the persons who choose for their +sexual object the sexually immature (children) are apparently from the +first sporadic aberrations. Only exceptionally are children the +exclusive sexual objects. They are mostly drawn into this rôle by a +faint-hearted and impotent individual who makes use of such substitutes, +or when an impulsive urgent desire cannot at the time secure the proper +object. Still it throws some light on the nature of the sexual impulse, +that it should suffer such great variation and depreciation of its +object, a thing which hunger, adhering more energetically to its object, +would allow only in the most extreme cases. The same may be said of +sexual relations with animals--a thing not at all rare among +farmers--where the sexual attraction goes beyond the limits of the +species. + +For esthetic reasons one would fain attribute this and other excessive +aberrations of the sexual impulse to the insane, but this cannot be +done. Experience teaches that among the latter no disturbances of the +sexual impulse can be found other than those observed among the sane, or +among whole races and classes. Thus we find with gruesome frequency +sexual abuse of children by teachers and servants merely because they +have the best opportunities for it. The insane present the aforesaid +aberration only in a somewhat intensified form; or what is of special +significance is the fact that the aberration becomes exclusive and takes +the place of the normal sexual gratification. + +This very remarkable relation of sexual variations ranging from the +normal to the insane gives material for reflection. It seems to me that +the fact to be explained would show that the impulses of the sexual life +belong to those which even normally are most poorly controlled by the +higher psychic activities. He who is in any way psychically abnormal, be +it in social or ethical conditions, is, according to my experience, +regularly so in his sexual life. But many are abnormal in their sexual +life who in every other respect correspond to the average; they have +followed the human cultural development, but sexuality remained as their +weak point. + +As a general result of these discussions we come to see that, under +numerous conditions and among a surprising number of individuals, the +nature and value of the sexual object steps into the background. There +is something else in the sexual impulse which is the essential and +constant.[13] + + +2. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL AIM + +The union of the genitals in the characteristic act of copulation is +taken as the normal sexual aim. It serves to loosen the sexual tension +and temporarily to quench the sexual desire (gratification analogous to +satisfaction of hunger). Yet even in the most normal sexual process +those additions are distinguishable, the development of which leads to +the aberrations described as _perversions_. Thus certain intermediary +relations to the sexual object connected with copulation, such as +touching and looking, are recognized as preliminary to the sexual aim. +These activities are on the one hand themselves connected with pleasure +and on the other hand they enhance the excitement which persists until +the definite sexual aim is reached. One definite kind of contiguity, +consisting of mutual approximation of the mucous membranes of the lips +in the form of a kiss, has received among the most civilized nations a +sexual value, though the parts of the body concerned do not belong to +the sexual apparatus but form the entrance to the digestive tract. This +therefore supplies the factors which allow us to bring the perversions +into relation with the normal sexual life, and which are available also +for their classification. The perversions are either (_a_) anatomical +_transgressions_ of the bodily regions destined for sexual union, or (_b_) +a _lingering_ at the intermediary relations to the sexual object which +should normally be rapidly passed on the way to the definite sexual aim. + + +(_a_) _Anatomical Transgression_ + +*Overestimation of the Sexual Object.*--The psychic estimation in which +the sexual object as a goal of the sexual impulse shares is only in the +rarest cases limited to the genitals; generally it embraces the whole +body and tends to include all sensations emanating from the sexual +object. The same overestimation spreads over the psychic sphere and +manifests itself as a logical blinding (diminished judgment) in the face +of the psychic attainments and perfections of the sexual object, as well +as a blind obedience to the judgments issuing from the latter. The full +faith of love thus becomes an important, if not the primordial source of +authority.[14] + +It is this sexual overvaluation, which so ill agrees with the +restriction of the sexual aim to the union of the genitals only, that +assists other parts of the body to participate as sexual aims.[15] In +the development of this most manifold anatomical overestimation there is +an unmistakable desire towards variation, a thing denominated by Hoche +as "excitement-hunger" (Reiz-hunger).[16] + +*Sexual Utilization of the Mucous Membrane of the Lips and Mouth.*--The +significance of the factor of sexual overestimation can be best studied +in the man, in whom alone the sexual life is accessible to +investigation, whereas in the woman it is veiled in impenetrable +darkness, partly in consequence of cultural stunting and partly on +account of the conventional reticence and dishonesty of women. + +The employment of the mouth as a sexual organ is considered as a +perversion if the lips (tongue) of the one are brought into contact with +the genitals of the other, but not when the mucous membrane of the lips +of both touch each other. In the latter exception we find the connection +with the normal. He who abhors the former as perversions, though these +since antiquity have been common practices among mankind, yields to a +distinct _feeling of loathing_ which protects him from adopting such +sexual aims. The limit of such loathing is frequently purely +conventional; he who kisses fervently the lips of a pretty girl will +perhaps be able to use her tooth brush only with a sense of loathing, +though there is no reason to assume that his own oral cavity for which +he entertains no loathing is cleaner than that of the girl. Our +attention is here called to the factor of loathing which stands in the +way of the libidinous overestimation of the sexual aim, but which may +in turn be vanquished by the libido. In the loathing we may observe one +of the forces which have brought about the restrictions of the sexual +aim. As a rule these forces halt at the genitals; there is, however, no +doubt that even the genitals of the other sex themselves may be an +object of loathing. Such behavior is characteristic of all hysterics, +especially women. The force of the sexual impulse prefers to occupy +itself with the overcoming of this loathing (see below). + +*Sexual Utilization of the Anal Opening.*--It is even more obvious than +in the former case that it is the loathing which stamps as a perversion +the use of the anus as a sexual aim. But it should not be interpreted as +espousing a cause when I observe that the basis of this +loathing--namely, that this part of the body serves for the excretion +and comes in contact with the loathsome excrement--is not more plausible +than the basis which hysterical girls have for the disgust which they +entertain for the male genital because it serves for urination. + +The sexual rôle of the mucous membrane of the anus is by no means +limited to intercourse between men; its preference has nothing +characteristic of the inverted feeling. On the contrary, it seems that +the _pedicatio_ of the man owes its rôle to the analogy with the act in +the woman, whereas among inverts it is mutual masturbation which is the +most common sexual aim. + +*The Significance of Other Parts of the Body.*--Sexual infringement on +the other parts of the body, in all its variations, offers nothing new; +it adds nothing to our knowledge of the sexual impulse which herein only +announces its intention to dominate the sexual object in every way. +Besides the sexual overvaluation, a second and generally unknown factor +may be mentioned among the anatomical transgressions. Certain parts of +the body, like the mucous membrane of the mouth and anus, which +repeatedly appear in such practices, lay claim as it were to be +considered and treated as genitals. We shall hear how this claim is +justified by the development of the sexual impulse, and how it is +fulfilled in the symptomatology of certain morbid conditions. + +*Unfit Substitutes for the Sexual Object. Fetichism.*--We are especially +impressed by those cases in which for the normal sexual object another +is substituted which is related to it but which is totally unfit for the +normal sexual aim. According to the scheme of the introduction we should +have done better to mention this most interesting group of aberrations +of the sexual impulse among the deviations in reference to the sexual +object, but we have deferred mention of these until we became acquainted +with the factor of sexual overestimation, upon which these +manifestations, connected with the relinquishing of the sexual aim, +depend. + +The substitute for the sexual object is generally a part of the body but +little adapted for sexual purposes, such as the foot, or hair, or an +inanimate object which is in demonstrable relation with the sexual +person, and preferably with the sexuality of the same (fragments of +clothing, white underwear). This substitution is not unjustly compared +with the fetich in which the savage sees the embodiment of his god. + +The transition to the cases of fetichism, with a renunciation of a +normal or of a perverted sexual aim, is formed by cases in which a +fetichistic determination is demanded in the sexual object if the sexual +aim is to be attained (definite color of hair, clothing, even physical +blemishes). No other variation of the sexual impulse verging on the +pathological claims our interest as much as this one, owing to the +peculiarity occasioned by its manifestations. A certain diminution in +the striving for the normal sexual aim may be presupposed in all these +cases (executive weakness of the sexual apparatus).[17] The connection +with the normal is occasioned by the psychologically necessary +overestimation of the sexual object, which inevitably encroaches upon +everything associatively related to it (sexual object). A certain degree +of such fetichism therefore regularly belong to the normal, especially +during those stages of wooing when the normal sexual aim seems +inaccessible or its realization deferred. + + "Get me a handkerchief from her bosom--a garter of my love." + --FAUST. + +The case becomes pathological only when the striving for the fetich +fixes itself beyond such determinations and takes the place of the +normal sexual aim; or again, when the fetich disengages itself from the +person concerned and itself becomes a sexual object. These are the +general determinations for the transition of mere variations of the +sexual impulse into pathological aberrations. + +The persistent influence of a sexual impress mostly received in early +childhood often shows itself in the selection of a fetich, as Binet +first asserted, and as was later proven by many illustrations,--a thing +which may be placed parallel to the proverbial attachment to a first +love in the normal ("On revient toujours ŕ ses premiers amours"). Such a +connection is especially seen in cases with only fetichistic +determinations of the sexual object. The significance of early sexual +impressions will be met again in other places. + +In other cases it was mostly a symbolic thought association, unconscious +to the person concerned, which led to the replacing of the object by +means of a fetich. The paths of these connections can not always be +definitely demonstrated. The foot is a very primitive sexual symbol +already found in myths.[18] Fur is used as a fetich probably on account +of its association with the hairiness of the mons veneris. Such +symbolism seems often to depend on sexual experiences in childhood.[19] + + +(_b_) _Fixation of Precursory Sexual Aims_ + +*The Appearance of New Intentions.*--All the outer and inner +determinations which impede or hold at a distance the attainment of the +normal sexual aim, such as impotence, costliness of the sexual object, +and dangers of the sexual act, will conceivably strengthen the +inclination to linger at the preparatory acts and to form them into new +sexual aims which may take the place of the normal. On closer +investigation it is always seen that the ostensibly most peculiar of +these new intentions have already been indicated in the normal sexual +act. + +*Touching and Looking.*--At least a certain amount of touching is +indispensable for a person in order to attain the normal sexual aim. It +is also generally known that the touching of the skin of the sexual +object causes much pleasure and produces a supply of new excitement. +Hence, the lingering at the touching can hardly be considered a +perversion if the sexual act is proceeded with. + +The same holds true in the end with looking which is analogous to +touching. The manner in which the libidinous excitement is frequently +awakened is by the optical impression, and selection takes account of +this circumstance--if this teleological mode of thinking be +permitted--by making the sexual object a thing of beauty. The covering +of the body, which keeps abreast with civilization, serves to arouse +sexual inquisitiveness, which always strives to restore for itself the +sexual object by uncovering the hidden parts. This can be turned into +the artistic ("sublimation") if the interest is turned from the genitals +to the form of the body.[20] The tendency to linger at this intermediary +sexual aim of the sexually accentuated looking is found to a certain +degree in most normals; indeed it gives them the possibility of +directing a certain amount of their libido to a higher artistic aim. On +the other hand, the fondness for looking becomes a perversion (_a_) when +it limits itself entirely to the genitals; (_b_) when it becomes connected +with the overcoming of loathing (voyeurs and onlookers at the functions +of excretion); and (_c_) when instead of preparing for the normal sexual +aim it suppresses it. The latter, if I may draw conclusions from a +single analysis, is in a most pronounced way true of exhibitionists, who +expose their genitals so as in turn to bring to view the genitals of +others. + +In the perversion which consists in striving to look and be looked at we +are confronted with a very remarkable character which will occupy us +even more intensively in the following aberration. The sexual aim is +here present in twofold formation, in an _active_ and a _passive_ form. + +The force which is opposed to the peeping mania and through which it is +eventually abolished is _shame_ (like the former loathing). + +*Sadism and Masochism.*--The desire to cause pain to the sexual object +and its opposite, the most frequent and most significant of all +perversions, was designated in its two forms by v. Krafft-Ebing as +sadism or the active form, and masochism or the passive form. Other +authors prefer the narrower term algolagnia which emphasizes the +pleasure in pain and cruelty, whereas the terms selected by v. +Krafft-Ebing place the pleasure secured in all kinds of humility and +submission in the foreground. + +The roots of active algolagnia, sadism, can be readily demonstrable in +the normal. The sexuality of most men shows a taint of _aggression_, it +is a propensity to subdue, the biological significance of which lies in +the necessity of overcoming the resistance of the sexual object by +actions other than mere _courting_. Sadism would then correspond to an +aggressive component of the sexual impulse which has become independent +and exaggerated and has been brought to the foreground by displacement. + +The conception of sadism fluctuates in the usage of language from a mere +active or impetuous attitude towards the sexual object to the exclusive +attachment of the gratification to the subjection and maltreatment of +the object. Strictly speaking only the last extreme case has a claim to +the name of perversion. + +Similarly, the designation of masochism comprises all passive attitude +to the sexual life and to the sexual object; in its most extreme form +the gratification is connected with suffering of physical or mental pain +at the hands of the sexual object. Masochism as a perversion seems to be +still more remote from the normal sexual life by forming a contrast to +it; it may be doubted whether it ever appears as a primary form or +whether it does not more regularly originate through transformation from +sadism. It can often be recognized that the masochism is nothing but a +continuation of the sadism turning against one's own person in which the +latter at first takes the place of the sexual object. Analysis of +extreme cases of masochistic perversions show that there is a +coöperation of a large series of factors which exaggerate and fix the +original passive sexual attitude (castration complex, conscience). + +The pain which is here overcome ranks with the loathing and shame which +were the resistances opposed to the libido. + +Sadism and masochism occupy a special place among the perversions, for +the contrast of activity and passivity lying at their bases belong to +the common traits of the sexual life. + +That cruelty and sexual impulse are most intimately connected is beyond +doubt taught by the history of civilization, but in the explanation of +this connection no one has gone beyond the accentuation of the +aggressive factors of the libido. The aggression which is mixed with the +sexual impulse is according to some authors a remnant of cannibalistic +lust, a participation on the part of the domination apparatus +(Bemächtigungsapparatus), which served also for the gratification of the +great wants of the other, ontogenetically the older impulse.[21] It has +also been claimed that every pain contains in itself the possibility of +a pleasurable sensation. Let us be satisfied with the impression that +the explanation of this perversion is by no means satisfactory and that +it is possible that many psychic efforts unite themselves into one +effect. + +The most striking peculiarity of this perversion lies in the fact that +its active and passive forms are regularly encountered together in the +same person. He who experiences pleasure by causing pain to others in +sexual relations is also able to experience the pain emanating from +sexual relations as pleasure. A sadist is simultaneously a masochist, +though either the active or the passive side of the perversion may be +more strongly developed and thus represent his preponderate sexual +activity.[22] + +We thus see that certain perverted propensities regularly appear in +_contrasting pairs_, a thing which, in view of the material to be +produced later, must claim great theoretical value. It is furthermore +clear that the existence of the contrast, sadism and masochism, can not +readily be attributed to the mixture of aggression. On the other hand +one may be tempted to connect such simultaneously existing contrasts +with the united contrast of male and female in bisexuality, the +significance of which is reduced in psychoanalysis to the contrast of +activity and passivity. + + +3. GENERAL STATEMENTS APPLICABLE TO ALL PERVERSIONS + +*Variation and Disease.*--The physicians who at first studied the +_perversions_ in pronounced cases and under peculiar conditions were +naturally inclined to attribute to them the character of a morbid or +degenerative sign similar to the _inversions_. This view, however, is +easier to refute in this than in the former case. Everyday experience +has shown that most of these transgressions, at least the milder ones, +are seldom wanting as components in the sexual life of normals who look +upon them as upon other intimacies. Wherever the conditions are +favorable such a perversion may for a long time be substituted by a +normal person for the normal sexual aim or it may be placed near it. In +no normal person does the normal sexual aim lack some designable +perverse element, and this universality suffices in itself to prove the +inexpediency of an opprobrious application of the name perversion. In +the realm of the sexual life one is sure to meet with exceptional +difficulties which are at present really unsolvable, if one wishes to +draw a sharp line between the mere variations within physiological +limits and morbid symptoms. + +Nevertheless, the quality of the new sexual aim in some of these +perversions is such as to require special notice. Some of the +perversions are in content so distant from the normal that we cannot +help calling them "morbid," especially those in which the sexual +impulse, in overcoming the resistances (shame, loathing, fear, and pain) +has brought about surprising results (licking of feces and violation of +cadavers). Yet even in these cases one ought not to feel certain of +regularly finding among the perpetrators persons of pronounced +abnormalities or insane minds. We can not lose sight of the fact that +persons who otherwise behave normally are recorded as sick in the realm +of the sexual life where they are dominated by the most unbridled of all +impulses. On the other hand, a manifest abnormality in any other +relation in life generally shows an undercurrent of abnormal sexual +behavior. + +In the majority of cases we are able to find the morbid character of the +perversion not in the content of the new sexual aim but in its relation +to the normal. It is morbid if the perversion does not appear beside the +normal (sexual aim and sexual object), where favorable circumstances +promote it and unfavorable impede the normal, or if it has under all +circumstances repressed and supplanted the normal; _the exclusiveness_ +and _fixation_ of the perversion justifies us in considering it a morbid +symptom. + +*The Psychic Participation in the Perversions.*--Perhaps it is precisely +in the most abominable perversions that we must recognize the most +prolific psychic participation for the transformation of the sexual +impulse. In these cases a piece of psychic work has been accomplished in +which, in spite of its gruesome success, the value of an idealization of +the impulse can not be disputed. The omnipotence of love nowhere perhaps +shows itself stronger than in this one of her aberrations. The highest +and the lowest everywhere in sexuality hang most intimately together. +("From heaven through the world to hell.") + +*Two Results.*--In the study of perversions we have gained an insight +into the fact that the sexual impulse has to struggle against certain +psychic forces, resistances, among which shame and loathing are most +prominent. We may presume that these forces are employed to confine the +impulse within the accepted normal limits, and if they have become +developed in the individual before the sexual impulse has attained its +full strength, it is really they which have directed it in the course of +development.[23] + +We have furthermore remarked that some of the examined perversions can +be comprehended only by assuming the union of many motives. If they are +amenable to analysis--disintegration--they must be of a composite +nature. This may give us a hint that the sexual impulse itself may not +be something simple, that it may on the contrary be composed of many +components which detach themselves to form perversions. Our clinical +observation thus calls our attention to _fusions_ which have lost their +expression in the uniform normal behavior. + + +4. THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN NEUROTICS + +*Psychoanalysis.*--A proper contribution to the knowledge of the sexual +impulse in persons who are at least related to the normal can be gained +only from one source, and is accessible only by one definite path. There +is only one way to obtain a thorough and unerring solution of problems +in the sexual life of so-called psychoneurotics (hysteria, obsessions, +the wrongly-named neurasthenia, and surely also dementia prćcox, and +paranoia), and that is by subjecting them to the psychoanalytic +investigations propounded by J. Breuer and myself in 1893, which we +called the "cathartic" treatment. + +I must repeat what I have said in my published work, that these +psychoneuroses, as far as my experience goes, are based on sexual motive +powers. I do not mean that the energy of the sexual impulse merely +contributes to the forces supporting the morbid manifestations +(symptoms), but I wish distinctly to maintain that this supplies the +only constant and the most important source of energy in the neurosis, +so that the sexual life of such persons manifests itself either +exclusively, preponderately, or partially in these symptoms. As I have +already stated in different places, the symptoms are the sexual +activities of the patient. The proof for this assertion I have obtained +from the psychoanalysis of hysterics and other neurotics during a period +of twenty years, the results of which I hope to give later in a detailed +account. + +Psychoanalysis removes the symptoms of hysteria on the supposition that +they are the substitutes--the transcriptions as it were--for a series of +emotionally accentuated psychic processes, wishes, and desires, to which +a passage for their discharge through the conscious psychic activities +has been cut off by a special process (repression). These thought +formations which are restrained in the state of the unconscious strive +for expression, that is, for _discharge_, in conformity to their +affective value, and find such in hysteria through a process of +_conversion_ into somatic phenomena--the hysterical symptoms. If, _lege +artis_, and with the aid of a special technique, retrogressive +transformations of the symptoms into the affectful and conscious +thoughts can be effected, it then becomes possible to get the most +accurate information about the nature and origin of these previously +unconscious psychic formations. + +*Results of Psychoanalysis.*--In this manner it has been discovered that +the symptoms represent the equivalent for the strivings which received +their strength from the source of the sexual impulse. This fully concurs +with what we know of the character of hysterics, which we have taken as +models for all psycho-neurotics, before they have become diseased, and +with what we know concerning the causes of the disease. The hysterical +character evinces a part of sexual repression which reaches beyond the +normal limits, an exaggeration of the resistances against the sexual +impulse which we know as shame and loathing. It is an instinctive flight +from intellectual occupation with the sexual problem, the consequence of +which in pronounced cases is a complete sexual ignorance, which is +preserved till the age of sexual maturity is attained.[24] + +This feature, so characteristic of hysteria, is not seldom concealed in +crude observation by the existence of the second constitutional factor +of hysteria, namely, the enormous development of the sexual craving. But +the psychological analysis will always reveal it and solves the very +contradictory enigma of hysteria by proving the existence of the +contrasting pair, an immense sexual desire and a very exaggerated sexual +rejection. + +The provocation of the disease in hysterically predisposed persons is +brought about if in consequence of their progressive maturity or +external conditions of life they are earnestly confronted with the real +sexual demand. Between the pressure of the craving and the opposition of +the sexual rejection an outlet for the disease results, which does not +remove the conflict but seeks to elude it by transforming the libidinous +strivings into symptoms. It is an exception only in appearance if a +hysterical person, say a man, becomes subject to some banal emotional +disturbance, to a conflict in the center of which there is no sexual +interest. Psychoanalysis will regularly show that it is the sexual +components of the conflict which make the disease possible by +withdrawing the psychic processes from normal adjustment. + +*Neurosis and Perversion.*--A great part of the opposition to my +assertion is explained by the fact that the sexuality from which I +deduce the psychoneurotic symptoms is thought of as coincident with the +normal sexual impulse. But psychoanalysis teaches us better than this. +It shows that the symptoms do not by any means result at the expense +only of the so called normal sexual impulse (at least not exclusively or +preponderately), but they represent the converted expression of impulses +which in a broader sense might be designated as _perverse_ if they could +manifest themselves directly in phantasies and acts without deviating +from consciousness. The symptoms are therefore partially formed at the +cost of abnormal sexuality. _The neurosis is, so to say, the negative of +the perversion._[25] + +The sexual impulse of the psychoneurotic shows all the aberrations which +we have studied as variations of the normal and as manifestations of +morbid sexual life. + +(_a_) In all the neurotics without exception we find feelings of inversion +in the unconscious psychic life, fixation of libido on persons of the +same sex. It is impossible, without a deep and searching discussion, +adequately to appreciate the significance of this factor for the +formation of the picture of the disease; I can only assert that the +unconscious propensity to inversion is never wanting and is particularly +of immense service in explaining male hysteria.[26] + +(_b_) All the inclinations to anatomical transgression can be demonstrated +in psychoneurotics in the unconscious and as symptom-creators. Of +special frequency and intensity are those which impart to the mouth and +the mucous membrane of the anus the rôle of genitals. + +(_c_) The partial desires which usually appear in contrasting pairs play +a very prominent rôle among the symptom-creators in the psychoneuroses. +We have learned to know them as carriers of new sexual aims, such as +peeping mania, exhibitionism, and the actively and passively formed +impulses of cruelty. The contribution of the last is indispensable for +the understanding of the morbid nature of the symptoms; it almost +regularly controls some portion of the social behavior of the patient. +The transformation of love into hatred, of tenderness into hostility, +which is characteristic of a large number of neurotic cases and +apparently of all cases of paranoia, takes place by means of the union +of cruelty with the libido. + +The interest in these deductions will be more heightened by certain +peculiarities of the diagnosis of facts. + +Alpha. There is nothing in the unconscious streams of thought of +the neuroses which would correspond to an inclination towards fetichism; +a circumstance which throws light on the psychological peculiarity of +this well understood perversion. + +Beta. Wherever any such impulse is found in the unconscious which +can be paired with a contrasting one, it can regularly be demonstrated +that the latter, too, is effective. Every active perversion is here +accompanied by its passive counterpart. He who in the unconscious is an +exhibitionist is at the same time a voyeur, he who suffers from sadistic +feelings as a result of repression will also show another reinforcement +of the symptoms from the source of masochistic tendencies. The perfect +concurrence with the behavior of the corresponding positive perversions +is certainly very noteworthy. In the picture of the disease, however, +the preponderant rôle is played by either one or the other of the +opposing tendencies. + +Gamma. In a pronounced case of psychoneurosis we seldom find the +development of one single perverted impulse; usually there are many and +regularly there are traces of all perversions. The individual impulse, +however, on account of its intensity, is independent of the development +of the others, but the study of the positive perversions gives us the +accurate counterpart to it. + + +PARTIAL IMPULSES AND EROGENOUS ZONES + +Keeping in mind what we have learned from the examination of the +positive and negative perversions, it becomes quite obvious that they +can be referred to a number of "partial impulses," which are not, +however, primary but are subject to further analysis. By an "impulse" we +can understand in the first place nothing but the psychic representative +of a continually flowing internal somatic source of excitement, in +contradistinction to the "stimulus" which is produced by isolated +excitements coming from without. The impulse is thus one of the concepts +marking the limits between the psychic and the physical. The simplest +and most obvious assumption concerning the nature of the impulses would +be that in themselves they possess no quality but are only taken into +account as a measure of the demand for effort in the psychic life. What +distinguishes the impulses from one another and furnishes them with +specific attributes is their relation to their somatic _sources_ and to +their _aims_. The source of the impulse is an exciting process in an +organ, and the immediate aim of the impulse lies in the elimination of +this organic stimulus. + +Another preliminary assumption in the theory of the impulse which we +cannot relinquish, states that the bodily organs furnish two kinds of +excitements which are determined by differences of a chemical nature. +One of these forms of excitement we designate as the specifically sexual +and the concerned organ as the _erogenous zone_, while the sexual +element emanating from it is the partial impulse.[27] + +In the perversions which claim sexual significance for the oral cavity +and the anal opening the part played by the erogenous zone is quite +obvious. It behaves in every way like a part of the sexual apparatus. In +hysteria these parts of the body, as well as the tracts of mucous +membrane proceeding from them, become the seat of new sensations and +innervating changes in a manner similar to the real genitals when under +the excitement of normal sexual processes. + +The significance of the erogenous zones in the psychoneuroses, as +additional apparatus and substitutes for the genitals, appears to be +most prominent in hysteria though that does not signify that it is of +lesser validity in the other morbid forms. It is not so recognizable in +compulsion neurosis and paranoia because here the symptom formation +takes place in regions of the psychic apparatus which lie at a great +distance from the central locations for bodily control. The more +remarkable thing in the compulsion neurosis is the significance of the +impulses which create new sexual aims and appear independently of the +erogenous zones. Nevertheless, the eye corresponds to an erogenous zone +in the looking and exhibition mania, while the skin takes on the same +part in the pain and cruelty components of the sexual impulse. The skin, +which in special parts of the body becomes differentiated as sensory +organs and modified by the mucous membrane, is the erogenous zone, +[Greek: kat] ex ogen.[28] + + +EXPLANATION OF THE MANIFEST PREPONDERANCE OF SEXUAL PERVERSIONS IN THE +PSYCHONEUROSES + +The sexuality of psychoneurotics has perhaps been placed in a false +light by the above discussions. It appears that the sexual behavior of +the psychoneurotic approaches in predisposition to the pervert and +deviates by just so much from the normal. Nevertheless, it is very +possible that the constitutional disposition of these patients besides +containing an immense amount of sexual repression and a predominant +force of sexual impulse also possesses an unusual tendency to +perversions in the broadest sense. However, an examination of milder +cases shows that the last assumption is not an absolute requisite, or at +least that in pronouncing judgment on the morbid effects one ought to +discount the effect of one of the factors. In most psychoneurotics the +disease first appears after puberty following the demands of the normal +sexual life. Against these the repression above all directs itself. Or +the disease comes on later, owing to the fact that the libido is unable +to attain normal sexual gratification. In both cases the libido behaves +like a stream the principal bed of which is dammed; it fills the +collateral roads which until now perhaps have been empty. Thus the +manifestly great (though to be sure negative) tendency to perversion in +psychoneurotics may be collaterally conditioned; at any rate, it is +certainly collaterally increased. The fact of the matter is that the +sexual repression has to be added as an inner factor to such external +ones as restriction of freedom, inaccessibility to the normal sexual +object, dangers of the normal sexual act, etc., which cause the origin +of perversions in individuals who might have otherwise remained normal. + +In individual cases of neurosis the behavior may be different; now the +congenital force of the tendency to perversion may be more decisive and +at other times more influence may be exerted by the collateral increase +of the same through the deviation of the libido from the normal sexual +aim and object. It would be unjust to construe a contrast where a +cooperation exists. The greatest results will always be brought about by +a neurosis if constitution and experience cooperate in the same +direction. A pronounced constitution may perhaps be able to dispense +with the assistance of daily impressions, while a profound disturbance +in life may perhaps bring on a neurosis even in an average constitution. +These views similarly hold true in the etiological significance +of the congenital and the accidental experiences in other spheres. + +If, however, preference is given to the assumption that an especially +formed tendency to perversions is characteristic of the psychoneurotic +constitution, there is a prospect of being able to distinguish a +multiformity of such constitutions in accordance with the congenital +preponderance of this or that erogenous zone, or of this or that partial +impulse. Whether there is a special relationship between the +predisposition to perversions and the selection of the morbid picture +has not, like many other things in this realm, been investigated. + + +REFERENCE TO THE INFANTILISM OF SEXUALITY + +By demonstrating the perverted feelings as symptomatic formations in +psychoneurotics, we have enormously increased the number of persons who +can be added to the perverts. This is not only because neurotics +represent a very large proportion of humanity, but we must consider also +that the neuroses in all their gradations run in an uninterrupted series +to the normal state. Moebius was quite justified in saying that we are +all somewhat hysterical. Hence, the very wide dissemination of +perversions urged us to assume that the predisposition to perversions is +no rare peculiarity but must form a part of the normally accepted +constitution. + +We have heard that it is a question whether perversions should be +referred to congenital determinations or whether they originate from +accidental experiences, just as Binet showed in fetichisms. Now we are +forced to the conclusion that there is indeed something congenital at +the basis of perversions, but it is something _which is congenital in +all persons_, which as a predisposition may fluctuate in intensity and +is brought into prominence by influences of life. We deal here with +congenital roots in the constitution of the sexual impulse which in one +series of cases develop into real carriers of sexual activity +(perverts); while in other cases they undergo an insufficient +suppression (repression), so that as morbid symptoms they are enabled to +attract to themselves in a round-about way a considerable part of the +sexual energy; while again in favorable cases between the two extremes +they originate the normal sexual life through effective restrictions and +other elaborations. + +But we must also remember that the assumed constitution which shows the +roots of all perversions will be demonstrable only in the child, though +all impulses can be manifested in it only in moderate intensity. If we +are led to suppose that neurotics conserve the infantile state of their +sexuality or return to it, our interest must then turn to the sexual +life of the child, and we will then follow the play of influences which +control the processes of development of the infantile sexuality up to +its termination in a perversion, a neurosis or a normal sexual life. + +[1] The facts contained in the first "Contribution" have been gathered +from the familiar publications of Krafft-Ebing, Moll, Moebius, Havelock +Ellis, Schrenk-Notzing, Löwenfeld, Eulenberg, J. Bloch, and M. +Hirschfeld, and from the later works published in the "Jahrbuch für +sexuelle Zwischenstufen." As these publications also mention the other +literature bearing on this subject I may forbear giving detailed +references. + +The conclusions reached through the investigation of sexual inverts are +all based on the reports of J. Sadger and on my own experience. + +[2] For general use the word "libido" is best translated by "craving." +(Prof. James J. Putnam, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. IV, 6.) + +[3] For the difficulties entailed in the attempt to ascertain the +proportional number of inverts compare the work of M. Hirschfeld in the +Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1904. Cf. also Brill, The +Conception of Homosexuality, Journal of the A.M.A., August 2, 1913. + +[4] Such a striving against the compulsion to inversion favors cures by +suggestion of psychoanalysis. + +[5] Many have justly emphasized the fact that the autobiographic +statements of inverts, as to the time of the appearance of their +tendency to inversion, are untrustworthy as they may have repressed from +memory any evidences of heterosexual feelings. + +Psychoanalysis has confirmed this suspicion in all cases of inversion +accessible, and has decidedly changed their anamnesis by filling up the +infantile amnesias. + +[6] With what reserve the diagnosis of degeneration should be made and +what slight practical significance can be attributed to it can be +gathered from the discussions of Moebius (Ueber Entartung; Grenzfragen +des Nerven- und Seelenlebens, No. III, 1900). He says: "If we review the +wide sphere of degeneration upon which we have here turned some light we +can conclude without further ado that it is really of little value to +diagnose degeneration." + +[7] We must agree with the spokesman of "Uranism" that some of the most +prominent men known have been inverts and perhaps absolute inverts. + +[8] In the conception of inversion the pathological features have been +Separated from the anthropological. For this credit is due to I. Bloch +(Beiträge zur Ätiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis, 2 Teile, 1902-3), who +has also brought into prominence the existence of inversion in the old +civilized nations. + +[9] Compare the last detailed discussion of somatic hermaphroditism +(Taruffi, Hermaphroditismus und Zeugungsunfähigkeit, German edit. by R. +Teuscher, 1903), and the works of Neugebauer in many volumes of the +Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen. + +[10] J. Halban, "Die Entstehung der Geschlechtscharaktere," Arch. für +Gynäkologie, Bd. 70, 1903. See also there the literature on the subject. + +[11] According to a report in Vol. 6 of the Jahrbuch f. sexuelle +Zwischenstufen, E. Gley is supposed to have been the first to mention +bisexuality as an explanation of inversion. He published a paper (Les +Abérrations de l'instinct Sexuel) in the Revue Philosophique as early as +January, 1884. It is moreover noteworthy that the majority of authors +who trace the inversion to bisexuality assume this factor not only for +the inverts but also for those who have developed normally, and justly +interpret the inversion as a result of a disturbance in development. +Among these authors are Chevalier (Inversion Sexuelle, 1893), and v. +Krafft-Ebing ("Zur Erklärung der konträren Sexualempfindung," Jahrbücher +f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenheilkunde, XIII), who states that there are a +number of observations "from which at least the virtual and continued +existence of this second center (of the underlying sex) results." A Dr. +Arduin (Die Frauenfrage und die sexuellen Zwischenstufen, 2d vol. of the +Jahrbuch f. sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1900) states that "in every man +there exist male and female elements." See also the same Jahrbuch, Bd. +I, 1899 ("Die objektive Diagnose der Homosexualitat," by M. Hirschfeld, +pp. 8-9). In the determination of sex, as far as heterosexual persons +are concerned, some are disproportionately more strongly developed than +others. G. Herman is firm in his belief "that in every woman there are +male, and in every man there are female germs and qualities" (Genesis, +das Gesetz der Zeugung, 9 Bd., Libido und Manie, 1903). As recently as +1906 W. Fliess (Der Ablauf des Lebens) has claimed ownership of the idea +of bisexuality (in the sense of double sex). Psychoanalytic +investigation very strongly opposes the attempt to separate homosexuals +from other persons as a group of a special nature. By also studying +sexual excitations other than the manifestly open ones it discovers that +all men are capable of homosexual object selection and actually +accomplish this in the unconscious. Indeed the attachments of libidinous +feelings to persons of the same sex play no small rôle as factors in +normal psychic life, and as causative factors of disease they play a +greater rôle than those belonging to the opposite sex. According to +psychoanalysis, it rather seems that it is the independence of the +object, selection of the sex of the object, the same free disposal over +male and female objects, as observed in childhood, in primitive states +and in prehistoric times, which forms the origin from which the normal +as well as the inversion types developed, following restrictions in this +or that direction. In the psychoanalytic sense the exclusive sexual +interest of the man for the woman is also a problem requiring an +explanation, and is not something that is self-evident and explainable +on the basis of chemical attraction. The determination as to the +definite sexual behavior does not occur until after puberty and is the +result of a series of as yet not observable factors, some of which are +of a constitutional, while some are of an accidental nature. Certainly +some of these factors can turn out to be so enormous that by their +character they influence the result. In general, however, the +multiplicity of the determining factors is reflected by the manifoldness +of the outcomes in the manifest sexual behavior of the person. In the +inversion types it can be ascertained that they are altogether +controlled by an archaic constitution and by primitive psychic +mechanisms. The importance of the _narcissistic object selection_ and +the _clinging_ to the erotic significance of the _anal_ zone seem to be +their most essential characteristics. But one gains nothing by +separating the most extreme inversion types from the others on the basis +of such constitutional peculiarities. What is found in the latter as +seemingly an adequate determinant can also be demonstrated only in +lesser force in the constitution of transitional types and in manifestly +normal persons. The differences in the results may be of a qualitative +nature, but analysis shows that the differences in the determinants are +only quantitative. As a remarkable factor among the accidental +influences of the object selection, we found the sexual rejection or the +early sexual intimidation, and our attention was also called to the fact +that the existence of both parents plays an important rôle in the +child's life. The disappearance of a strong father in childhood not +infrequently favors the inversion. Finally, one might demand that the +inversion of the sexual object should notionally be strictly separated +from the mixing of the sex characteristics in the subject. A certain +amount of independence is unmistakable also in this relation. + +[12] Although psychoanalysis has not yet given us a full explanation for +the origin of inversion, it has revealed the psychic mechanism of its +genesis and has essentially enriched the problems in question. In all +the cases examined we have ascertained that the later inverts go through +in their childhood a phase of very intense but short-lived fixation on +the woman (usually on the mother) and after overcoming it they identify +themselves with the woman and take themselves as the sexual object; that +is, proceeding on a narcissistic basis, they look for young men +resembling themselves in persons whom they wish to love as their mother +has loved them. We have, moreover, frequently found that alleged inverts +are by no means indifferent to the charms of women, but the excitation +evoked by the woman is always transferred to a male object. They thus +repeat through life the mechanism which gave origin to their inversion. +Their obsessive striving for the man proves to be determined by their +restless flight from the woman. + +[13] The most pronounced difference between the sexual life +(Liebesleben) of antiquity and ours lies in the fact that the ancients +placed the emphasis on the impulse itself, while we put it on its +object. The ancients extolled the impulse and were ready to ennoble +through it even an inferior object, while we disparage the activity of +the impulse as such and only countenance it on account of the merits of +the object. + +[14] I must mention here that the blind obedience evinced by the +hypnotized subject to the hypnotist causes me to think that the nature +of hypnosis is to be found in the unconscious fixation of the libido on +the person of the hypnotizer (by means of the masochistic component of +the sexual impulse). + +Ferenczi connects this character of suggestibility with the "parent +complex" (Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und psychopathologische +Forschungen, I, 1909). + +[15] Moreover, it is to be noted that sexual overvaluation does not +become pronounced in all mechanisms of object selection, and that we +shall later learn to know another and more direct explanation for the +sexual rôle of the other parts of the body. + +[16] Further investigations lead to the conclusion that I. Bloch has +overestimated the factor of excitement-hunger (Reizhunger). The various +roads upon which the libido moves behave to each other from the very +beginning like communicating pipes; the factor of collateral streaming +must also be considered. + +[17] This weakness corresponds to the constitutional predisposition. The +early sexual intimidation which pushes the person away from the normal +sexual aim and urges him to seek a substitute, has been demonstrated by +psychoanalysis, as an accidental determinant. + +[18] The shoe or slipper is accordingly a symbol for the female +genitals. + +[19] Psychoanalysis has filled up the gap in the understanding of +fetichisms by showing that the selection of the fetich depends on a +coprophilic smell-desire which has been lost by repression. Feet and +hair are strong smelling objects which are raised to fetiches after the +renouncing of the now unpleasant sensation of smell. Accordingly, only +the filthy and ill-smelling foot is the sexual object in the perversion +which corresponds to the foot fetichism. Another contribution to the +explanation of the fetichistic preference of the foot is found in the +Infantile Sexual Theories (see later). The foot replaces the penis which +is so much missed in the woman. In some cases of foot fetichism it could +be shown that the desire for looking originally directed to the +genitals, which wished to reach its object from below, was stopped on +the way by prohibition and repression, and therefore adhered to the foot +or shoe as a fetich. In conformity with infantile expectation, the +female genital was hereby imagined as a male genital. + +[20] I have no doubt that the conception of the "beautiful" is rooted in +the soil of sexual excitement and originally signified the sexual +excitant. The more remarkable, therefore, is the fact that the genitals, +the sight of which provokes the greatest sexual excitement, can really +never be considered "beautiful." + +[21] Cf. here the later communication on the pregenital phases of the +sexual development, in which this view is confirmed. See below, +"Ambivalence." + +[22] Instead of substantiating this statement by many examples I will +merely cite Havelock Ellis (The Sexual Impulse, 1903): "All known cases +of sadism and masochism, even those cited by v. Krafft-Ebing, always +show (as has already been shown by Colin, Scott, and Féré) traces of +both groups of manifestations in the same individual." + +[23] On the other hand the restricting forces of the sexual +evolution--disgust, shame, morality--must also be looked upon as +historic precipitates of the outer inhibitions which the sexual impulse +experienced in the psychogenesis of humanity. One can observe that they +appear in their time during the development of the individual almost +spontaneously at the call of education and influence. + +[24] Studien über Hysterie, 1895, J. Breuer tells of the patient on whom +he first practiced the cathartic method: "The sexual factor was +surprisingly undeveloped." + +[25] The well-known fancies of perverts which under favorable conditions +are changed into contrivances, the delusional fears of paranoiacs which +are in a hostile manner projected on others, and the unconscious fancies +of hysterics which are discovered in their symptoms by psychoanalysis, +agree as to content in the minutest details. + +[26] A psychoneurosis very often associates itself with a manifest +inversion in which the heterosexual feeling becomes subjected to +complete repression.--It is but just to state that the necessity of a +general recognition of the tendency to inversion in psychoneurotics was +first imparted to me personally by Wilh. Fliess, of Berlin, after I had +myself discovered it in some cases. + +[27] It is not easy to justify here this assumption which was taken from +a definite class of neurotic diseases. On the other hand, it would be +impossible to assert anything definite concerning the impulses if one +did not take the trouble of mentioning these presuppositions. + +[28] One should here think of Moll's assertion, who divides the sexual +impulse into the impulses of contrectation and detumescence. +Contrectation signifies a desire to touch the skin. + + + + +II + +THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY + + +It is a part of popular belief about the sexual impulse that it is +absent in childhood and that it first appears in the period of life +known as puberty. This, though a common error, is serious in its +consequences and is chiefly due to our present ignorance of the +fundamental principles of the sexual life. A comprehensive study of the +sexual manifestations of childhood would probably reveal to us the +existence of the essential features of the sexual impulse, and would +make us acquainted with its development and its composition from various +sources. + +*The Neglect of the Infantile.*--It is remarkable that those writers who +endeavor to explain the qualities and reactions of the adult individual +have given so much more attention to the ancestral period than to the +period of the individual's own existence--that is, they have attributed +more influence to heredity than to childhood. As a matter of fact, it +might well be supposed that the influence of the latter period would be +easier to understand, and that it would be entitled to more +consideration than heredity.[1] To be sure, one occasionally finds in +medical literature notes on the premature sexual activities of small +children, about erections and masturbation and even actions resembling +coitus, but these are referred to merely as exceptional occurrences, as +curiosities, or as deterring examples of premature perversity. No author +has to my knowledge recognized the normality of the sexual impulse in +childhood, and in the numerous writings on the development of the child +the chapter on "Sexual Development" is usually passed over.[2] + +*Infantile Amnesia.*--This remarkable negligence is due partly to +conventional considerations, which influence the writers on account of +their own bringing up, and partly to a psychic phenomenon which has thus +far remained unexplained. I refer to the peculiar amnesia which veils +from most people (not from all!) the first years of their childhood, +usually the first six or eight years. So far it has not occurred to us +that this amnesia ought to surprise us, though we have good reasons for +surprise. For we are informed that in those years from which we later +obtain nothing except a few incomprehensible memory fragments, we have +vividly reacted to impressions, that we have manifested pain and +pleasure like any human being, that we have evinced love, jealousy, and +other passions as they then affected us; indeed we are told that we have +uttered remarks which proved to grown-ups that we possessed +understanding and a budding power of judgment. Still we know nothing of +all this when we become older. Why does our memory lag behind all our +other psychic activities? We really have reason to believe that at no +time of life are we more capable of impressions and reproductions than +during the years of childhood.[3] + +On the other hand we must assume, or we may convince ourselves through +psychological observations on others, that the very impressions which we +have forgotten have nevertheless left the deepest traces in our psychic +life, and acted as determinants for our whole future development. We +conclude therefore that we do not deal with a real forgetting of +infantile impressions but rather with an amnesia similar to that +observed in neurotics for later experiences, the nature of which +consists in their being detained from consciousness (repression). But +what forces bring about this repression of the infantile impressions? He +who can solve this riddle will also explain hysterical amnesia. + +We shall not, however, hesitate to assert that the existence of the +infantile amnesia gives us a new point of comparison between the psychic +states of the child and those of the psychoneurotic. We have already +encountered another point of comparison when confronted by the fact that +the sexuality of the psychoneurotic preserves the infantile character or +has returned to it. May there not be an ultimate connection between the +infantile and the hysterical amnesias? + +The connection between the infantile and the hysterical amnesias is +really more than a mere play of wit. The hysterical amnesia which serves +the repression can only be explained by the fact that the individual +already possesses a sum of recollections which have been withdrawn from +conscious disposal and which by associative connection now seize that +which is acted upon by the repelling forces of the repression emanating +from consciousness.[4] We may say that without infantile amnesia there +would be no hysterical amnesia. + +I believe that the infantile amnesia which causes the individual to look +upon his childhood as if it were a _prehistoric_ time and conceals from +him the beginning of his own sexual life--that this amnesia is +responsible for the fact that one does not usually attribute any value +to the infantile period in the development of the sexual life. One +single observer cannot fill the gap which has been thus produced in our +knowledge. As early as 1896 I had already emphasized the significance of +childhood for the origin of certain important phenomena connected with +the sexual life, and since then I have not ceased to put into the +foreground the importance of the infantile factor for sexuality. + + +THE SEXUAL LATENCY PERIOD OF CHILDHOOD AND ITS INTERRUPTIONS + +The extraordinary frequent discoveries of apparently abnormal and +exceptional sexual manifestations in childhood, as well as the +discovery of infantile reminiscences in neurotics, which were hitherto +unconscious, allow us to sketch the following picture of the sexual +behavior of childhood.[5] + +It seems certain that the newborn child brings with it the germs of +sexual feelings which continue to develop for some time and then succumb +to a progressive suppression, which is in turn broken through by the +proper advances of the sexual development and which can be checked by +individual idiosyncrasies. Nothing is known concerning the laws and +periodicity of this oscillating course of development. It seems, +however, that the sexual life of the child mostly manifests itself in +the third or fourth year in some form accessible to observation.[6] + +*The Sexual Inhibition.*--It is during this period of total or at least +partial latency that the psychic forces develop which later act as +inhibitions on the sexual life, and narrow its direction like dams. +These psychic forces are loathing, shame, and moral and esthetic ideal +demands. We may gain the impression that the erection of these dams in +the civilized child is the work of education; and surely education +contributes much to it. In reality, however, this development is +organically determined and can occasionally be produced without the help +of education. Indeed education remains properly within its assigned +realm only if it strictly follows the path of the organic determinant +and impresses it somewhat cleaner and deeper. + +*Reaction Formation and Sublimation.*--What are the means that +accomplish these very important constructions so significant for the +later personal culture and normality? They are probably brought about at +the cost of the infantile sexuality itself, the influx of which has not +stopped even in this latency period--the energy of which indeed has been +turned away either wholly or partially from sexual utilization and +conducted to other aims. The historians of civilization seem to be +unanimous in the opinion that such deviation of sexual motive powers +from sexual aims to new aims, a process which merits the name of +_sublimation_, has furnished powerful components for all cultural +accomplishments. We will therefore add that the same process acts in the +development of every individual, and that it begins to act in the sexual +latency period.[7] + +We can also venture an opinion about the mechanisms of such sublimation. +The sexual feelings of these infantile years on the one hand could not +be utilizable, since the procreating functions are postponed,--this is +the chief character of the latency period; on the other hand, they would +in themselves be perverse, as they would emanate from erogenous zones +and would be born of impulses which in the individual's course of +development could only evoke a feeling of displeasure. They therefore +awaken contrary forces (feelings of reaction), which in order to +suppress such displeasure, build up the above mentioned psychic dams: +loathing, shame, and morality.[8] + +*The Interruptions of the Latency Period.*--Without deluding ourselves +as to the hypothetical nature and deficient clearness of our +understanding regarding the infantile period of latency and delay, we +will return to reality and state that such a utilization of the +infantile sexuality represents an ideal bringing up from which the +development of the individual usually deviates in some measure and often +very considerably. A portion of the sexual manifestation which has +withdrawn from sublimation occasionally breaks through, or a sexual +activity remains throughout the whole duration of the latency period +until the reinforced breaking through of the sexual impulse in puberty. +In so far as they have paid any attention to infantile sexuality the +educators behave as if they shared our views concerning the formation of +the moral forces of defence at the cost of sexuality, and as if they +knew that sexual activity makes the child uneducable; for the educators +consider all sexual manifestations of the child as an "evil" in the face +of which little can be accomplished. We have, however, every reason for +directing our attention to those phenomena so much feared by the +educators, for we expect to find in them the solution of the primitive +formation of the sexual impulse. + + +THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY + +For reasons which we shall discuss later we will take as a model of the +infantile sexual manifestations thumbsucking (pleasure-sucking), to +which the Hungarian pediatrist, Lindner, has devoted an excellent +essay.[9] + +*Thumbsucking.*--Thumbsucking, which manifests itself in the nursing +baby and which may be continued till maturity or throughout life, +consists in a rhythmic repetition of sucking contact with the mouth (the +lips), wherein the purpose of taking nourishment is excluded. A part of +the lip itself, the tongue, which is another preferable skin region +within reach, and even the big toe--may be taken as objects for sucking. +Simultaneously, there is also a desire to grasp things, which manifests +itself in a rhythmical pulling of the ear lobe and which may cause the +child to grasp a part of another person (generally the ear) for the same +purpose. The pleasure-sucking is connected with an entire exhaustion of +attention and leads to sleep or even to a motor reaction in the form of +an orgasm.[10] Pleasure-sucking is often combined with a rubbing contact +with certain sensitive parts of the body, such as the breast and +external genitals. It is by this road that many children go from +thumb-sucking to masturbation. + +Lindner himself has recognized the sexual nature of this action and +openly emphasized it. In the nursery thumbsucking is often treated in +the same way as any other sexual "naughtiness" of the child. A very +strong objection was raised against this view by many pediatrists and +neurologists which in part is certainly due to the confusion of the +terms "sexual" and "genital." This contradiction raises the difficult +question, which cannot be rejected, namely, in what general traits do we +wish to recognize the sexual manifestations of the child. I believe that +the association of the manifestations into which we gained an insight +through psychoanalytic investigation justify us in claiming thumbsucking +as a sexual activity and in studying through it the essential features +of the infantile sexual activity. + +*Autoerotism.*--It is our duty here to arrange this state of affairs +differently. Let us insist that the most striking character of this +sexual activity is that the impulse is not directed against other +persons but that it gratifies itself on its own body; to use the happy +term invented by Havelock Ellis, we will say that it is autoerotic.[11] + +It is, moreover, clear that the action of the thumbsucking child is +determined by the fact that it seeks a pleasure which has already been +experienced and is now remembered. Through the rhythmic sucking on a +portion of the skin or mucous membrane it finds the gratification in the +simplest way. It is also easy to conjecture on what occasions the child +first experienced this pleasure which it now strives to renew. The first +and most important activity in the child's life, the sucking from the +mother's breast (or its substitute), must have acquainted it with this +pleasure. We would say that the child's lips behaved like an _erogenous +zone_, and that the excitement through the warm stream of milk was +really the cause of the pleasurable sensation. To be sure, the +gratification of the erogenous zone was at first united with the +gratification of taking nourishment. He who sees a satiated child sink +back from the mother's breast, and fall asleep with reddened cheeks and +blissful smile, will have to admit that this picture remains as typical +of the expression of sexual gratification in later life. But the desire +for repetition of the sexual gratification is separated from the desire +for taking nourishment; a separation which becomes unavoidable with the +appearance of the teeth when the nourishment is no longer sucked in but +chewed. The child does not make use of a strange object for sucking but +prefers its own skin because it is more convenient, because it thus +makes itself independent of the outer world which it cannot yet control, +and because in this way it creates for itself, as it were, a second, +even if an inferior, erogenous zone. The inferiority of this second +region urges it later to seek the same parts, the lips of another +person. ("It is a pity that I cannot kiss myself," might be attributed +to it.) + +Not all children suck their thumbs. It may be assumed that it is found +only in children in whom the erogenous significance of the lip-zone is +constitutionally reënforced. Children in whom this is retained are +habitual kissers as adults and show a tendency to perverse kissing, or +as men they have a marked desire for drinking and smoking. But if +repression comes into play they experience disgust for eating and evince +hysterical vomiting. By virtue of the community of the lip-zone the +repression encroaches upon the impulse of nourishment. Many of my female +patients showing disturbances in eating, such as hysterical globus, +choking sensations, and vomiting, have been energetic thumbsuckers +during infancy. + +In the thumbsucking or pleasure-sucking we have already been able to +observe the three essential characters of an infantile sexual +manifestation. The latter has its origin in conjunction with a bodily +function which is very important for life, it does not yet know any +sexual object, it is _autoerotic_ and its sexual aim is under the +control of an _erogenous zone_. Let us assume for the present that these +characters also hold true for most of the other activities of the +infantile sexual impulse. + + +THE SEXUAL AIM OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY + +*The Characters of the Erogenous Zones.*--From the example of +thumbsucking we may gather a great many points useful for the +distinguishing of an erogenous zone. It is a portion of skin or mucous +membrane in which the stimuli produce a feeling of pleasure of definite +quality. There is no doubt that the pleasure-producing stimuli are +governed by special determinants which we do not know. The rhythmic +characters must play some part in them and this strongly suggests an +analogy to tickling. It does not, however, appear so certain whether the +character of the pleasurable feeling evoked by the stimulus can be +designated as "peculiar," and in what part of this peculiarity the +sexual factor exists. Psychology is still groping in the dark when it +concerns matters of pleasure and pain, and the most cautious assumption +is therefore the most advisable. We may perhaps later come upon reasons +which seem to support the peculiar quality of the sensation of pleasure. + +The erogenous quality may adhere most notably to definite regions of the +body. As is shown by the example of thumbsucking, there are predestined +erogenous zones. But the same example also shows that any other region +of skin or mucous membrane may assume the function of an erogenous zone; +it must therefore carry along a certain adaptability. The production of +the sensation of pleasure therefore depends more on the quality of the +stimulus than on the nature of the bodily region. The thumbsucking child +looks around on his body and selects any portion of it for +pleasure-sucking, and becoming accustomed to it, he then prefers it. If +he accidentally strikes upon a predestined region, such as breast, +nipple or genitals, it naturally has the preference. A quite analogous +tendency to displacement is again found in the symptomatology of +hysteria. In this neurosis the repression mostly concerns the genital +zones proper; these in turn transmit their excitation to the other +erogenous zones, usually dormant in mature life, which then behave +exactly like genitals. But besides this, just as in thumbsucking, any +other region of the body may become endowed with the excitation of the +genitals and raised to an erogenous zone. Erogenous and hysterogenous +zones show the same characters.[12] + +*The Infantile Sexual Aim.*--The sexual aim of the infantile impulse +consists in the production of gratification through the proper +excitation of this or that selected erogenous zone. In order to leave a +desire for its repetition this gratification must have been previously +experienced, and we may be sure that nature has devised definite means +so as not to leave this occurrence to mere chance. The arrangement which +has fulfilled this purpose for the lip-zone we have already discussed; +it is the simultaneous connection of this part of the body with the +taking of nourishment. We shall also meet other similar mechanisms as +sources of sexuality. The state of desire for repetition of +gratification can be recognized through a peculiar feeling of tension +which in itself is rather of a painful character, and through a +centrally-determined feeling of itching or sensitiveness which is +projected into the peripheral erogenous zone. The sexual aim may +therefore be formulated as follows: the chief object is to substitute +for the projected feeling of sensitiveness in the erogenous zone that +outer stimulus which removes the feeling of sensitiveness by evoking the +feeling of gratification. This external stimulus consists usually in a +manipulation which is analogous to sucking. + +It is in full accord with our physiological knowledge if the desire +happens to be awakened also peripherally through an actual change in the +erogenous zone. The action is puzzling only to some extent as one +stimulus for its suppression seems to want another applied to the same +place. + + +THE MASTURBATIC SEXUAL MANIFESTATIONS[13] + +It is a matter of great satisfaction to know that there is nothing +further of greater importance to learn about the sexual activity of the +child after the impulse of one erogenous zone has become comprehensible +to us. The most pronounced differences are found in the action necessary +for the gratification, which consists in sucking for the lip zone and +which must be replaced by other muscular actions according to the +situation and nature of the other zones. + +*The Activity of the Anal Zone.*--Like the lip zone the anal zone is, +through its position, adapted to conduct the sexuality to the other +functions of the body. It should be assumed that the erogenous +significance of this region of the body was originally very large. +Through psychoanalysis one finds, not without surprise, the many +transformations that are normally undertaken with the usual excitations +emanating from here, and that this zone often retains for life a +considerable fragment of genital irritability.[14] The intestinal +catarrhs so frequent during infancy produce intensive irritations in +this zone, and we often hear it said that intestinal catarrh at this +delicate age causes "nervousness." In later neurotic diseases they exert +a definite influence on the symptomatic expression of the neurosis, +placing at its disposal the whole sum of intestinal disturbances. +Considering the erogenous significance of the anal zone which has been +retained at least in transformation, one should not laugh at the +hemorrhoidal influences to which the old medical literature attached so +much weight in the explanation of neurotic states. + +Children utilizing the erogenous sensitiveness of the anal zone can be +recognized by their holding back of fecal masses until through +accumulation there result violent muscular contractions; the passage of +these masses through the anus is apt to produce a marked irritation of +the mucus membrane. Besides the pain this must produce also a sensation +of pleasure. One of the surest premonitions of later eccentricity or +nervousness is when an infant obstinately refuses to empty his bowel +when placed on the chamber by the nurse and reserves this function at +its own pleasure. It does not concern him that he will soil his bed; all +he cares for is not to lose the subsidiary pleasure while defecating. +The educators have again the right inkling when they designate children +who withhold these functions as bad. The content of the bowel which is +an exciting object to the sexually sensitive surface of mucous membrane +behaves like the precursor of another organ which does not become active +until after the phase of childhood. In addition it has other important +meanings to the nursling. It is evidently treated as an additional part +of the body, it represents the first "donation," the disposal of which +expresses the pliability while the retention of it can express the +spite of the little being towards its environment. From the idea of +"donation" he later gains the meaning of the "babe" which according to +one of the infantile sexual theories is acquired through eating and is +born through the bowel. + +The retention of fecal masses, which is at first intentional in order to +utilize them, as it were, for masturbatic excitation of the anal zone, +is at least one of the roots of constipation so frequent in neuropaths. +The whole significance of the anal zone is mirrored in the fact that +there are but few neurotics who have not their special scatologic +customs, ceremonies, etc., which they retain with cautious secrecy. + +Real masturbatic irritation of the anal zone by means of the fingers, +evoked through either centrally or peripherally supported itching, is +not at all rare in older children. + +*The Activity of the Genital Zone.*--Among the erogenous zones of the +child's body there is one which certainly does not play the main rôle, +and which cannot be the carrier of earliest sexual feeling--which, +however, is destined for great things in later life. In both male and +female it is connected with the voiding of urine (penis, clitoris), and +in the former it is enclosed in a sack of mucous membrane, probably in +order not to miss the irritations caused by the secretions which may +arouse the sexual excitement at an early age. The sexual activities of +this erogenous zone, which belongs to the real genitals, are the +beginning of the later normal sexual life. + +Owing to the anatomical position, the overflowing of secretions, the +washing and rubbing of the body, and to certain accidental excitements +(the wandering of intestinal worms in the girl), it happens that the +pleasurable feeling which these parts of the body are capable of +producing makes itself noticeable to the child even during the sucking +age, and thus awakens desire for its repetition. When we review all the +actual arrangements, and bear in mind that the measures for cleanliness +have the same effect as the uncleanliness itself, we can then scarcely +mistake nature's intention, which is to establish the future primacy of +these erogenous zones for the sexual activity through the infantile +onanism from which hardly an individual escapes. The action of removing +the stimulus and setting free the gratification consists in a rubbing +contiguity with the hand or in a certain previously-formed pressure +reflex effected by the closure of the thighs. The latter procedure seems +to be the more primitive and is by far the more common in girls. The +preference for the hand in boys already indicates what an important part +of the male sexual activity will be accomplished in the future by the +impulse to mastery (Bemächtigungstrieb).[15] It can only help towards +clearness if I state that the infantile masturbation should be divided +into three phases. The first phase belongs to the nursing period, the +second to the short flourishing period of sexual activity at about the +fourth year, only the third corresponds to the one which is often +considered exclusively as onanism of puberty. + +The infantile onanism seems to disappear after a brief time, but it may +continue uninterruptedly till puberty and thus represent the first +marked deviation from the development desirable for civilized man. At +some time during childhood after the nursing period, the sexual impulse +of the genitals reawakens and continues active for some time until it is +again suppressed, or it may continue without interruption. The possible +relations are very diverse and can only be elucidated through a more +precise analysis of individual cases. The details, however, of this +_second_ infantile sexual activity leave behind the profoundest +(unconscious) impressions in the persons's memory; if the individual +remains healthy they determine his character and if he becomes sick +after puberty they determine the symptomatology of his neurosis.[16] In +the latter case it is found that this sexual period is forgotten and the +conscious reminiscences pointing to them are displaced; I have already +mentioned that I would like to connect the normal infantile amnesia with +this infantile sexual activity. By psychoanalytic investigation it is +possible to bring to consciousness the forgotten material, and thereby +to remove a compulsion which emanates from the unconscious psychic +material. + +*The Return of the Infantile Masturbation.*--The sexual excitation of +the nursing period returns during the designated years of childhood as a +centrally determined tickling sensation demanding onanistic +gratification, or as a pollution-like process which, analogous to the +pollution of maturity, may attain gratification without the aid of any +action. The latter case is more frequent in girls and in the second half +of childhood; its determinants are not well understood, but it often, +though not regularly, seems to have as a basis a period of early active +onanism. The symptomatology of this sexual manifestation is poor; the +genital apparatus is still undeveloped and all signs are therefore +displayed by the urinary apparatus which is, so to say, the guardian of +the genital apparatus. Most of the so-called bladder disturbances of +this period are of a sexual nature; whenever the enuresis nocturna does +not represent an epileptic attack it corresponds to a pollution. + +The return of the sexual activity is determined by inner and outer +causes which can be conjectured from the formation of the symptoms of +neurotic diseases and definitely revealed by psychoanalytic +investigations. The internal causes will be discussed later, the +accidental outer causes attain at this time a great and permanent +significance. As the first outer cause we have the influence of +seduction which prematurely treats the child as a sexual object; under +conditions favoring impressions this teaches the child the gratification +of the genital zones, and thus usually forces it to repeat this +gratification in onanism. Such influences can come from adults or other +children. I cannot admit that I overestimated its frequency or its +significance in my contributions to the etiology of hysteria,[17] though +I did not know then that normal individuals may have the same +experiences in their childhood, and hence placed a higher value on +seductions than on the factors found in the sexual constitution and +development.[18] It is quite obvious that no seduction is necessary to +awaken the sexual life of the child, that such an awakening may come on +spontaneously from inner sources. + +*Polymorphous-perverse Disposition.*--It is instructive to know that +under the influence of seduction the child may become +polymorphous-perverse and may be misled into all sorts of +transgressions. This goes to show that it carries along the adaptation +for them in its disposition. The formation of such perversions meets but +slight resistance because the psychic dams against sexual +transgressions, such as shame, loathing and morality--which depend on +the age of the child--are not yet erected or are only in the process of +formation. In this respect the child perhaps does not behave differently +from the average uncultured woman in whom the same polymorphous-perverse +disposition exists. Such a woman may remain sexually normal under usual +conditions, but under the guidance of a clever seducer she will find +pleasure in every perversion and will retain the same as her sexual +activity. The same polymorphous or infantile disposition fits the +prostitute for her professional activity, and in the enormous number of +prostitutes and of women to whom we must attribute an adaptation for +prostitution, even if they do not follow this calling, it is absolutely +impossible not to recognize in their uniform disposition for all +perversions the universal and primitive human. + +*Partial Impulses.*--For the rest, the influence of seduction does not +aid us in unravelling the original relations of the sexual impulse, but +rather confuses our understanding of the same, inasmuch as it +prematurely supplies the child with the sexual object at a time when the +infantile sexual impulse does not yet evince any desire for it. We must +admit, however, that the infantile sexual life, though mainly under the +control of erogenous zones, also shows components in which from the very +beginning other persons are regarded as sexual objects. Among these we +have the impulses for looking and showing off, and for cruelty, which +manifest themselves somewhat independently of the erogenous zones and +which only later enter into intimate relationship with the sexual life; +but along with the erogenous sexual activity they are noticeable even in +the infantile years as separate and independent strivings. The little +child is above all shameless, and during its early years it evinces +definite pleasure in displaying its body and especially its sexual +organs. A counterpart to this desire which is to be considered as +perverse, the curiosity to see other persons' genitals, probably appears +first in the later years of childhood when the hindrance of the feeling +of shame has already reached a certain development. Under the influence +of seduction the looking perversion may attain great importance for the +sexual life of the child. Still, from my investigations of the childhood +years of normal and neurotic patients, I must conclude that the impulse +for looking can appear in the child as a spontaneous sexual +manifestation. Small children, whose attention has once been directed to +their own genitals--usually by masturbation--are wont to progress in +this direction without outside interference, and to develop a vivid +interest in the genitals of their playmates. As the occasion for the +gratification of such curiosity is generally afforded during the +gratification of both excrementitious needs, such children become +_voyeurs_ and are zealous spectators at the voiding of urine and feces +of others, After this tendency has been repressed, the curiosity to see +the genitals of others (one's own or those of the other sex) remains as +a tormenting desire which in some neurotic cases furnishes the strongest +motive power for the formation of symptoms. + +The cruelty component of the sexual impulse develops in the child with +still greater independence of those sexual activities which are +connected with erogenous zones. Cruelty is especially near the childish +character, since the inhibition which restrains the impulse to mastery +before it causes pain to others--that is, the capacity for +sympathy--develops comparatively late. As we know, a thorough +psychological analysis of this impulse has not as yet been successfully +accomplished; we may assume that the cruel feelings emanate from the +impulse to mastery and appear at a period in the sexual life before the +genitals have taken on their later rôle. It then dominates a phase of +the sexual life, which we shall later describe as the pregenital +organization. Children who are distinguished for evincing especial +cruelty to animals and playmates may be justly suspected of intensive +and premature sexual activity in the erogenous zones; and in a +simultaneous prematurity of all sexual impulses, the erogenous sexual +activity surely seems to be primary. The absence of the barrier of +sympathy carries with it the danger that the connections between cruelty +and the erogenous impulses formed in childhood cannot be broken in later +life. + +An erogenous source of the passive impulse for cruelty (masochism) is +found in the painful irritation of the gluteal region which is familiar +to all educators since the confessions of J.J. Rousseau. This has justly +caused them to demand that physical punishment, which usually concerns +this part of the body, should be withheld from all children in whom the +libido might be forced into collateral roads by the later demands of +cultural education.[19] + + +THE INFANTILE SEXUAL INVESTIGATION + +*Inquisitiveness.*--At the same time when the sexual life of the child +reaches its first bloom, from the age of three to the age of five, it +also evinces the beginning of that activity which is ascribed to the +impulse for knowledge and investigation. The desire for knowledge can +neither be added to the elementary components of the impulses nor can it +be altogether subordinated under sexuality. Its activity corresponds on +the one hand to a sublimating mode of acquisition and on the other hand +it labors with the energy of the desire for looking. Its relations to +the sexual life, however, are of particular importance, for we have +learned from psychoanalysis that the inquisitiveness of children is +attracted to the sexual problems unusually early and in an unexpectedly +intensive manner, indeed it perhaps may first be awakened by the sexual +problems. + +*The Riddle of the Sphinx.*--It is not theoretical but practical +interests which start the work of the investigation activity in the +child. The threat to the conditions of his existence through the actual +or expected arrival of a new child, the fear of the loss in care and +love which is connected with this event, cause the child to become +thoughtful and sagacious. Corresponding with the history of this +awakening, the first problem with which it occupies itself is not the +question as to the difference between the sexes, but the riddle: from +where do children come? In a distorted form, which can easily be +unraveled, this is the same riddle which was given by the Theban Sphinx. +The fact of the two sexes is usually first accepted by the child without +struggle and hesitation. It is quite natural for the male child to +presuppose in all persons it knows a genital like his own, and to find +it impossible to harmonize the lack of it with his conception of others. + +*The Castration Complex.*--This conviction is energetically adhered to +by the boy and tenaciously defended against the contradictions which +soon result, and are only given up after severe internal struggles +(castration complex). The substitutive formations of this lost penis of +the woman play a great part in the formation of many perversions. + +The assumption of the same (male) genital in all persons is the first of +the remarkable and consequential infantile sexual theories. It is of +little help to the child when biological science agrees with his +preconceptions and recognizes the feminine clitoris as the real +substitute for the penis. The little girl does not react with similar +refusals when she sees the differently formed genital of the boy. She +is immediately prepared to recognize it, and soon becomes envious of the +penis; this envy reaches its highest point in the consequentially +important wish that she also should be a boy. + +*Birth Theories.*--Many people can remember distinctly how intensely +they interested themselves, in the prepubescent period, in the question +where children came from. The anatomical solutions at that time read +very differently; the children come out of the breast or are cut out of +the body, or the navel opens itself to let them out. Outside of analysis +one only seldom remembers the investigation corresponding to the early +childhood years; it had long merged into repression but its results were +thoroughly uniform. One gets children by eating something special (as in +the fairy tale) and they are born through the bowel like a passage. +These infantile theories recall the structures in the animal kingdom, +especially do they recall the cloaca of the types which stand lower than +the mammals. + +*Sadistic Conception of the Sexual Act.*--If children of so delicate an +age become spectators of the sexual act between grown-ups, for which an +occasion is furnished by the conviction of the grown-ups that little +children cannot understand anything sexual, they cannot help conceiving +the sexual act as a kind of maltreating or overpowering, that is, it +impresses them in a sadistic sense. Psychoanalysis also teaches us that +such an early childhood impression contributes much to the disposition +for a later sadistic displacement of the sexual aim. Besides this +children also occupy themselves with the problem of what the sexual act +consists in or, as they grasp it, of what marriage consists, and seek +the solution of the mystery mostly in an association to which the +functions of urination and defecation give occasion. + +*The Typical Failure of the Infantile Sexual Investigation.*--It can be +stated in general about the infantile sexual theories that they are +reproductions of the child's own sexual constitution, and that despite +their grotesque mistakes they evince more understanding of the sexual +processes than is credited to their creators. Children also perceive the +pregnancy of the mother and know how to interpret it correctly; the +stork fable is very often related before auditors who confront it with a +deep, but mostly mute suspicion. But as two elements remain unknown to +the infantile sexual investigation, namely, the rôle of the propagating +semen and the female genital opening--precisely the same points in which +the infantile organization is still backward--the effort of the +infantile investigator regularly remains fruitless, and ends in a +renunciation which not infrequently leaves a lasting injury to the +desire for knowledge. The sexual investigation of these early childhood +years is always conducted alone, it signifies the first step towards +independent orientation in the world, and causes a marked estrangement +between the child and the persons of his environment who formerly +enjoyed its full confidence. + +*The Phases of Development of the Sexual Organization.*--As +characteristics of the infantile sexuality we have hitherto emphasized +the fact that it is essentially autoerotic (it finds its object in its +own body), and that its individual partial impulses, which on the whole +are unconnected and independent of one another, are striving for the +acquisition of pleasure. The end of this development forms the so-called +normal sexual life of the adult in which the acquisition of pleasure has +been put into the service of the function of propagation, and the +partial impulses, under the primacy of one single erogenous zone, have +formed a firm organization for the attainment of the sexual aim in a +strange sexual object. + +*Pregenital Organizations.*--The study, with the help of +psychoanalysis, of the inhibitions and disturbances in this course of +development now permits us to recognize additions and primary stages of +such organization of the partial impulses which likewise furnish a sort +of sexual regime. These phases of the sexual organization normally will +pass over smoothly and will only be recognizable by slight indications. +Only in pathological cases do they become active and discernible to +coarse observation. + +Organizations of the sexual life in which the genital zones have not yet +assumed the dominating rôle we would call the _pregenital_ phase. So far +we have become acquainted with two of them which recall reversions to +early animal states. + +One of the first of such pregenital sexual organizations is the _oral_, +or if we wish, the cannibalistic. Here the sexual activity is not yet +separated from the taking of nourishment, and the contrasts within the +same not yet differentiated. The object of the one activity is also that +of the other, the sexual aim consists in the _incorporating_ into one's +own body of the object, it is the prototype of that which later plays +such an important psychic rôle as _identification_. As a remnant of this +fictitious phase of organization forced on us by pathology we can +consider thumbsucking. Here the sexual activity became separated from +the nourishment activity and the strange object was given up in favor of +one from his own body. + +A second pregenital phase is the sadistic-anal organization. Here the +contrasts which run through the whole sexual life are already developed, +but cannot yet be designated as _masculine_ and _feminine_, but must be +called _active_ and _passive_. The activity is supplied by the +musculature of the body through the mastery impulse; the erogenous +mucous membrane of the bowel manifests itself above all as an organ with +a passive sexual aim, for both strivings there are objects present, +which however do not merge together. Besides them there are other +partial impulses which are active in an autoerotic manner. The sexual +polarity and the strange object can thus already be demonstrated in this +phase. The organization and subordination under the function of +propagation are still lacking. + +*Ambivalence.*--This form of the sexual organization could be retained +throughout life and continue to draw to itself a large part of the +sexual activity. The prevalence of sadism and the rôle of the cloaca of +the anal zone stamps it with an exquisitely archaic impression. As +another characteristic belonging to it we can mention the fact that the +contrasting pair of impulses are developed in almost the same manner, a +behavior which was designated by Bleuler with the happy name of +_ambivalence_. + +The assumption of the pregenital organizations of the sexual life is +based on the analysis of the neuroses and hardly deserves any +consideration without a knowledge of the same. We may expect that +continued analytic efforts will furnish us with still more disclosures +concerning the structure and development of the normal sexual function. + +To complete the picture of the infantile sexual life one must add that +frequently or regularly an object selection takes place even in +childhood which is as characteristic as the one we have represented for +the phase of development of puberty. This object selection proceeds in +such a manner that all the sexual strivings proceed in the direction of +one person in whom they wish to attain their aim. This is then the +nearest approach to the definitive formation of the sexual life after +puberty, that is possible in childhood. It differs from the latter only +in the fact that the collection of the partial impulses and their +subordination to the primacy of the genitals is very imperfectly or not +at all accomplished in childhood. The establishment of this primacy in +the service of propagation is therefore the last phase through which the +sexual organization passes. + +*The Two Periods of Object Selection.*--That the object selection takes +place in two periods, or in two shifts, can be spoken of as a typical +occurrence. The first shift has its origin between the age of three and +five years, and is brought to a stop or to retrogression by the latency +period; it is characterized by the infantile nature of its sexual aims. +The second shift starts with puberty and determines the definitive +formation of the sexual life. + +The fact of the double object selection which is essentially due to the +effect of the latency period, becomes most significant for the +disturbance of this terminal state. The results of the infantile object +selection reach into the later period; they are either preserved as such +or are even refreshed at the time of puberty. But due to the development +of the repression which takes place between the two phases they turn out +as unutilizable. The sexual aims have become softened and now represent +what we can designate as the _tender_ streams of the sexual life. Only +psychoanalytic investigation can demonstrate that behind this +tenderness, such as honoring and esteeming, there is concealed the old +sexual strivings of the infantile partial impulses which have now become +useless. The object selection of the pubescent period must renounce the +infantile objects and begin anew as a sensuous stream. The fact that the +two streams do not meet often enough has as a result that one of the +ideals of the sexual life, namely, the union of all desires in one +object, can not be attained. + + +THE SOURCES OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY + +In our effort to follow up the origins of the sexual impulse, we have +thus far found that the sexual excitement originates (_a_) as an imitation +of a gratification which has been experienced in conjunction with other +organic processes; (_b_) through the appropriate peripheral stimulation of +erogenous zones; (_c_) and as an expression of some "impulse," like the +looking and cruelty impulses, the origin of which we do not yet fully +understand. The psychoanalytic investigation of later life which leads +back to childhood and the contemporary observation of the child itself +coöperate to reveal to us still other regularly-flowing sources of the +sexual excitement. The observation of childhood has the disadvantage of +treating easily misunderstood material, while psychoanalysis is made +difficult by the fact that it can reach its objects and conclusions only +by great detours; still the united efforts of both methods achieve a +sufficient degree of positive understanding. + +In investigating the erogenous zones we have already found that these +skin regions merely show the special exaggeration of a form of +sensitiveness which is to a certain degree found over the whole surface +of the skin. It will therefore not surprise us to learn that certain +forms of general sensitiveness in the skin can be ascribed to very +distinct erogenous action. Among these we will above all mention the +temperature sensitiveness; this will perhaps prepare us for the +understanding of the therapeutic effects of warm baths. + +*Mechanical Excitation.*--We must, moreover, describe here the +production of sexual excitation by means of rhythmic mechanical shaking +of the body. There are three kinds of exciting influences: those acting +on the sensory apparatus of the vestibular nerves, those acting on the +skin, and those acting on the deep parts, such as the muscles and +joints. The sexual excitation produced by these influences seems to be +of a pleasurable nature--it is worth emphasizing that for some time we +shall continue to use indiscriminately the terms "sexual excitement" and +"gratification" leaving the search for an explanation of the terms to a +later time--and that the pleasure is produced by mechanical stimulation +is proved by the fact that children are so fond of play involving +passive motion, like swinging or flying in the air, and repeatedly +demand its repetition.[20] As we know, rocking is regularly used in +putting restless children to sleep. The shaking sensation experienced in +wagons and railroad trains exerts such a fascinating influence on older +children, that all boys, at least at one time in their lives, want to +become conductors and drivers. They are wont to ascribe to railroad +activities an extraordinary and mysterious interest, and during the age +of phantastic activity (shortly before puberty) they utilize these as a +nucleus for exquisite sexual symbolisms. The desire to connect railroad +travelling with sexuality apparently originates from the pleasurable +character of the sensation of motion. When the repression later sets in +and changes so many of the childish likes into their opposites, these +same persons as adolescents and adults then react to the rocking and +rolling with nausea and become terribly exhausted by a railroad journey, +or they show a tendency to attacks of anxiety during the journey, and by +becoming obsessed with railroad phobia they protect themselves against a +repetition of the painful experiences. + +This also fits in with the not as yet understood fact that the +concurrence of fear with mechanical shaking produces the severest +hysterical forms of traumatic neurosis. It may at least be assumed that +inasmuch as even a slight intensity of these influences becomes a source +of sexual excitement, the action of an excessive amount of the same will +produce a profound disorder in the sexual mechanism. + +*Muscular Activity.*--It is well known that the child has need for +strong muscular activity, from the gratification of which it draws +extraordinary pleasure. Whether this pleasure has anything to do with +sexuality, whether it includes in itself sexual satisfaction? or can be +the occasion of sexual excitement; all this may be refuted by critical +consideration, which will probably be directed also to the position +taken above that the pleasure in the sensations of passive movement are +of sexual character or that they are sexually exciting. The fact +remains, however, that a number of persons report that they experienced +the first signs of excitement in their genitals during fighting or +wrestling with playmates, in which situation, besides the general +muscular exertion, there is an intensive contact with the opponent's +skin which also becomes effective. The desire for muscular contest with +a definite person, like the desire for word contest in later years, is a +good sign that the object selection has been directed toward this +person. "Was sich liebt, das neckt sich."[21] In the promotion of sexual +excitement through muscular activity we might recognize one of the +sources of the sadistic impulse. The infantile connection between +fighting and sexual excitement acts in many persons as a determinant for +the future preferred course of their sexual impulse.[22] + +*Affective Processes.*--The other sources of sexual excitement in the +child are open to less doubt. Through contemporary observations, as well +as through later investigations, it is easy to ascertain that all more +intensive affective processes, even excitements of a terrifying nature, +encroach upon sexuality; this can at all events furnish us with a +contribution to the understanding of the pathogenic action of such +emotions. In the school child, fear of a coming examination or exertion +expended in the solution of a difficult task can become significant for +the breaking through of sexual manifestations as well as for his +relations to the school, inasmuch as under such excitements a sensation +often occurs urging him to touch the genitals, or leading to a +pollution-like process with all its disagreeable consequences. The +behavior of children at school, which is so often mysterious to the +teacher, ought surely to be considered in relation with their +germinating sexuality. The sexually-exciting influence of some painful +affects, such as fear, shuddering, and horror, is felt by a great many +people throughout life and readily explains why so many seek +opportunities to experience such sensations, provided that certain +accessory circumstances (as under imaginary circumstances in reading, or +in the theater) suppress the earnestness of the painful feeling. + +If we might assume that the same erogenous action also reaches the +intensive painful feelings, especially if the pain be toned down or held +at a distance by a subsidiary determination, this relation would then +contain the main roots of the masochistic-sadistic impulse, into the +manifold composition of which we are gaining a gradual insight. + +*Intellectual Work.*--Finally, is is evident that mental application or +the concentration of attention on an intellectual accomplishment will +result, especially often in youthful persons, but in older persons as +well, in a simultaneous sexual excitement, which may be looked upon as +the only justified basis for the otherwise so doubtful etiology of +nervous disturbances from mental "overwork." + +If we now, in conclusion, review the evidences and indications of the +sources of the infantile sexual excitement, which have been reported +neither completely nor exhaustively, we may lay down the following +general laws as suggested or established. It seems to be provided in the +most generous manner that the process of sexual excitement--the nature +of which certainly remains quite mysterious to us--should be set in +motion. The factor making this provision in a more or less direct way is +the excitation of the sensible surfaces of the skin and sensory organs, +while the most immediate exciting influences are exerted on certain +parts which are designated as erogenous zones. The criterion in all +these sources of sexual excitement is really the quality of the stimuli, +though the factor of intensity (in pain) is not entirely unimportant. +But in addition to this there are arrangements in the organism which +induce sexual excitement as a subsidiary action in a large number of +inner processes as soon as the intensity of these processes has risen +above certain quantitative limits. What we have designated as the +partial impulses of sexuality are either directly derived from these +inner sources of sexual excitation or composed of contributions from +such sources and from erogenous zones. It is possible that nothing of +any considerable significance occurs in the organism that does not +contribute its components to the excitement of the sexual impulse. + +It seems to me at present impossible to shed more light and certainty on +these general propositions, and for this I hold two factors responsible; +first, the novelty of this manner of investigation, and secondly, the +fact that the nature of the sexual excitement is entirely unfamiliar to +us. Nevertheless, I will not forbear speaking about two points which +promise to open wide prospects in the future. + +*Diverse Sexual Constitutions.*--(_a_) We have considered above the +possibility of establishing the manifold character of congenital sexual +constitutions through the diverse formation of the erogenous zones; we +may now attempt to do the same in dealing with the indirect sources of +sexual excitement. We may assume that, although these different sources +furnish contributions in all individuals, they are not all equally +strong in all persons; and that a further contribution to the +differentiation of the diverse sexual constitution will be found in the +preferred developments of the individual sources of sexual excitement. + +*The Paths of Opposite Influences.*--(_b_) Since we are now dropping the +figurative manner of expression hitherto employed, by which we spoke of +_sources_ of sexual excitement, we may now assume that all the +connecting ways leading from other functions to sexuality must also be +passable in the reverse direction. For example, if the lip zone, the +common possession of both functions, is responsible for the fact that +the sexual gratification originates during the taking of nourishment, +the same factor offers also an explanation for the disturbances in the +taking of nourishment if the erogenous functions of the common zone are +disturbed. As soon as we know that concentration of attention may +produce sexual excitement, it is quite natural to assume that acting on +the same path, but in a contrary direction, the state of sexual +excitement will be able to influence the availability of the voluntary +attention. A good part of the symptomatology of the neuroses which I +trace to disturbance of sexual processes manifests itself in +disturbances of the other non-sexual bodily functions, and this hitherto +incomprehensible action becomes less mysterious if it only represents +the counterpart of the influences controlling the production of the +sexual excitement. + +However the same paths through which sexual disturbances encroach upon +the other functions of the body must in health be supposed to serve +another important function. It must be through these paths that the +attraction of the sexual motive-powers to other than sexual aims, the +sublimation of sexuality, is accomplished. We must conclude with the +admission that very little is definitely known concerning the paths +beyond the fact that they exist, and that they are probably passable in +both directions. + +[1] For it is really impossible to have a correct knowledge of the part +belonging to heredity without first understanding the part belonging to +the infantile. + +[2] This assertion on revision seemed even to myself so bold that I +decided to test its correctness by again reviewing the literature. The +result of this second review did not warrant any change in my original +statement. The scientific elaboration of the physical as well as the +psychic phenomena of the infantile sexuality is still in its initial +stages. One author (S. Bell, "A Preliminary Study of the Emotions of +Love Between the Sexes," American Journal of Psychology, XIII, 1902) +says: "I know of no scientist who has given a careful analysis of the +emotion as it is seen in the adolescent." The only attention given to +somatic sexual manifestations occurring before the age of puberty was in +connection with degenerative manifestations, and these were referred to +as a sign of degeneration. A chapter on the sexual life of children is +not to be found in all the representative psychologies of this age which +I have read. Among these works I can mention the following: Preyer; +Baldwin (The Development of the Mind in the Child and in the Race, +1898); Pérez (L'enfant de 3-7 ans, 1894); Strümpel (Die pädagogische +Pathologie, 1899); Karl Groos (Das Seelenleben des Kindes, 1904); Th. +Heller (Grundriss der Heilpädagogic, 1904); Sully (Observations +Concerning Childhood, 1897). The best impression of the present +situation of this sphere can be obtained from the journal Die +Kinderfehler (issued since 1896). On the other hand one gains the +impression that the existence of love in childhood is in no need of +demonstration. Pérez (l.c.) speaks for it; K. Groos (Die Spiele der +Menschen, 1899) states that some children are very early subject to +sexual emotions, and show a desire to touch the other sex (p. 336); S. +Bell observed the earliest appearance of sex-love in a child during the +middle part of its third year. See also Havelock Ellis, The Sexual +Impulse, Appendix II. + +The above-mentioned judgment concerning the literature of infantile +sexuality no longer holds true since the appearance of the great and +important work of G. Stanley Hall (Adolescence, Its Psychology and its +Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, +and Education, 2 vols., New York, 1908). The recent book of A. Moll, Das +Sexualleben des Kindes, Berlin, 1909, offers no occasion for such a +modification. See, on the other hand, Bleuler, Sexuelle abnormitäten der +Kinder (Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für +Schulgesundheitspflege, IX, 1908). A book by Mrs. Dr. H.v. Hug-Hellmuth, +Aus dem Seelenleben des Kindes (1913), has taken full account of the +neglected sexual factors. [Translated in Monograph Series.] + +[3] I have attempted to solve the problems presented by the earliest +infantile recollections in a paper, "Über Deckerinnerungen" +(Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, VI, 1899). Cf. also The +Psychopathology of Everyday Life, The Macmillan Co., New York, and +Unwin, London. + +[4] One cannot understand the mechanism of repression when one takes +into consideration only one of the two cooperating processes. As a +comparison one may think of the way the tourist is despatched to the top +of the great pyramid of Gizeh; he is pushed from one side and pulled +from the other. + +[5] The use of the latter material is justified by the fact that the +years of childhood of those who are later neurotics need not necessarily +differ from those who are later normal except in intensity and +distinctness. + +[6] An anatomic analogy to the behavior of the infantile sexual function +formulated by me is perhaps given by Bayer (Deutsches Archiv für +klinische Medizin, Bd. 73) who claims that the internal genitals +(uterus) are regularly larger in newborn than in older children. +However, Halban's conception, that after birth there is also an +involution of the other parts of the sexual apparatus, has not been +verified. According to Halban (Zeitschrift für Geburtshilfe u. +Gynäkologie, LIII, 1904) this process of involution ends after a few +weeks of extra-uterine life. + +[7] The expression "sexual latency period" (sexuelle latenz-periode) I +have borrowed from W. Fliess. + +[8] In the case here discussed the sublimation of the sexual motive +powers proceed on the road of reaction formations. But in general it is +necessary to separate from each other sublimation and reaction formation +as two diverse processes. Sublimation may also result through other and +simpler mechanisms. + +[9] Jahrbuch für Kinderheilkunde, N.F., XIV, 1879. + +[10] This already shows what holds true for the whole life, namely, that +sexual gratification is the best hypnotic. Most nervous insomnias are +traced to lack of sexual gratification. It is also known that +unscrupulous nurses calm crying children to sleep by stroking their +genitals. + +[11] Ellis spoils, however, the sense of his invented term by comprising +under the phenomena of autoerotism the whole of hysteria and +masturbation in its full extent. + +[12] Further reflection and observation lead me to attribute the quality +of erogenity to all parts of the body and inner organs. See later on +narcism. + +[13] Compare here the very comprehensive but confusing literature on +onanism, _e.g._, Rohleder, Die Masturbation, 1899. Cf. also the +pamphlet, "Die Onanie," which contains the discussion of the Vienna +Psychoanalytic Society, Wiesbaden, 1912. + +[14] Compare here the essay on "Charakter und Analerotic" in the +Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre, Zweite Folge, 1909. Cf. +also Brill, Psychanalysis, Chap. XIII, Anal Eroticism and Character, +W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. + +[15] Unusual techniques in the performance of onanism seem to point to +the influence of a prohibition against onanism which has been overcome. + +[16] Why neurotics, when conscience stricken, regularly connect it with +their onanistic activity, as was only recently recognized by Bleuler, is +a problem which still awaits an exhaustive analysis. + +[17] Freud, Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses, 3d +edition, translated by A.A. Brill, N.Y. Nerv. and Ment. Dis. Pub. Co. +Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph, Series No. 4. + +[18] Havelock Ellis, in an appendix to his study on the Sexual Impulse, +1903, gives a number of autobiographic reports of normal persons +treating their first sexual feelings in childhood and the causes of the +same. These reports naturally show the deficiency due to infantile +amnesia; they do not cover the prehistoric time in the sexual life and +therefore must be supplemented by psychoanalysis of individuals who +became neurotic. Notwithstanding this these reports are valuable in more +than one respect, and information of a similar nature has urged me to +modify my etiological assumption as mentioned in the text. + +[19] The above-mentioned assertions concerning the infantile sexuality +were justified in 1905, in the main through the results of +psychoanalytic investigations in adults. Direct observation of the child +could not at the time be utilized to its full extent and resulted only +in individual indications and valuable confirmations. Since then it has +become possible through the analysis of some cases of nervous disease in +the delicate age of childhood to gain a direct understanding of the +infantile psychosexuality (Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und +psychopathologische Forschungen, Bd. 1, 2, 1909). I can point with +satisfaction to the fact that direct observation has fully confirmed the +conclusion drawn from psychoanalysis, and thus furnishes good evidence +for the reliability of the latter method of investigation. + +Moreover, the "Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy" (Jahrbuch, +Bd. 1) has taught us something new for which psychoanalysis had not +prepared us, to wit, that sexual symbolism, the representation of the +sexual by non-sexual objects and relations--reaches back into the years +when the child is first learning to master the language. My attention +has also been directed to a deficiency in the above-cited statement +which for the sake of clearness described any conceivable separation +between the two phases of autoerotism and object love as a temporal +separation. From the cited analysis (as well as from the above-mentioned +work of Bell) we learn that children from three to five are capable of +evincing a very strong object-selection which is accompanied by strong +affects. + +[20] Some persons can recall that the contact of the moving air in +swinging caused them direct sexual pleasure in the genitals. + +[21] "Those who love each other tease each other." + +[22] The analyses of neurotic disturbances of walking and of agoraphobia +remove all doubt as to the sexual nature of the pleasure of motion. As +everybody knows modern cultural education utilizes sports to a great +extent in order to turn away the youth from sexual activity; it would be +more proper to say that it replaces the sexual pleasure by motion +pleasure, and forces the sexual activity back upon one of its autoerotic +components. + + + + +III + +THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY + + +With the beginning of puberty the changes set in which transform the +infantile sexual life into its definite normal form. Hitherto the sexual +impulse has been preponderantly autoerotic; it now finds the sexual +object. Thus far it has manifested itself in single impulses and in +erogenous zones seeking a certain pleasure as a single sexual aim. A new +sexual aim now appears for the production of which all partial impulses +coöperate, while the erogenous zones subordinate themselves to the +primacy of the genital zone.[1] As the new sexual aim assigns very +different functions to the two sexes their sexual developments now part +company. The sexual development of the man is more consistent and easier +to understand, while in the woman there even appears a form of +regression. The normality of the sexual life is guaranteed only by the +exact concurrence of the two streams directed to the sexual object and +sexual aim. It is like the piercing of a tunnel from opposite sides. + +The new sexual aim in the man consists in the discharging of the sexual +products; it is not contradictory to the former sexual aim, that of +obtaining pleasure; on the contrary, the highest amount of pleasure is +connected with this final act in the sexual process. The sexual impulse +now enters into the service of the function of propagation; it becomes, +so to say, altruistic. If this transformation is to succeed its process +must be adjusted to the original dispositions and all the peculiarities +of the impulses. + +Just as on every other occasion where new connections and compositions +are to be formed in complicated mechanisms, here, too, there is a +possibility for morbid disturbance if the new order of things does not +get itself established. All morbid disturbances of the sexual life may +justly be considered as inhibitions of development. + + +THE PRIMACY OF THE GENITAL ZONES AND THE FORE-PLEASURE + +From the course of development as described we can clearly see the issue +and the end aim. The intermediary transitions are still quite obscure +and many a riddle will have to be solved in them. + +The most striking process of puberty has been selected as its most +characteristic; it is the manifest growth of the external genitals which +have shown a relative inhibition of growth during the latency period of +childhood. Simultaneously the inner genitals develop to such an extent +as to be able to furnish sexual products or to receive them for the +purpose of forming a new living being. A most complicated apparatus is +thus formed which waits to be claimed. + +This apparatus can be set in motion by stimuli, and observation teaches +that the stimuli can affect it in three ways: from the outer world +through the familiar erogenous zones; from the inner organic world by +ways still to be investigated; and from the psychic life, which merely +represents a depository of external impressions and a receptacle of +inner excitations. The same result follows in all three cases, namely, a +state which can be designated as "sexual excitation" and which manifests +itself in psychic and somatic signs. The psychic sign consists in a +peculiar feeling of tension of a most urgent character, and among the +manifold somatic signs the many changes in the genitals stand first. +They have a definite meaning, that of readiness; they constitute a +preparation for the sexual act (the erection of the penis and the +glandular activity of the vagina). + +*The Sexual Tension*--The character of the tension of sexual excitation +is connected with a problem the solution of which is as difficult as it +would be important for the conception of the sexual process. Despite all +divergence of opinion regarding it in psychology, I must firmly maintain +that a feeling of tension must carry with it the character of +displeasure. For me it is conclusive that such a feeling carries with it +the impulse to alter the psychic situation, and acts incitingly, which +is quite contrary to the nature of perceived pleasure. But if we ascribe +the tension of the sexual excitation to the feelings of displeasure we +encounter the fact that it is undoubtedly pleasurably perceived. The +tension produced by sexual excitation is everywhere accompanied by +pleasure; even in the preparatory changes of the genitals there is a +distinct feeling of satisfaction. What relation is there between this +unpleasant tension and this feeling of pleasure? + +Everything relating to the problem of pleasure and pain touches one of +the weakest spots of present-day psychology. We shall try if possible to +learn something from the determinations of the case in question and to +avoid encroaching on the problem as a whole. Let us first glance at the +manner in which the erogenous zones adjust themselves to the new order +of things. An important rôle devolves upon them in the preparation of +the sexual excitation. The eye which is very remote from the sexual +object is most often in position, during the relations of object wooing, +to become attracted by that particular quality of excitation, the motive +of which we designate as beauty in the sexual object. The excellencies +of the sexual object are therefore also called "attractions." This +attraction is on the one hand already connected with pleasure, and on +the other hand it either results in an increase of the sexual excitation +or in an evocation of the same where it is still wanting. The effect is +the same if the excitation of another erogenous zone, _e.g._, the +touching hand, is added to it. There is on the one hand the feeling of +pleasure which soon becomes enhanced by the pleasure from the +preparatory changes, and on the other hand there is a further increase +of the sexual tension which soon changes into a most distinct feeling of +displeasure if it cannot proceed to more pleasure. Another case will +perhaps be clearer; let us, for example, take the case where an +erogenous zone, like a woman's breast, is excited by touching in a +person who is not sexually excited at the time. This touching in itself +evokes a feeling of pleasure, but it is also best adapted to awaken +sexual excitement which demands still more pleasure. How it happens that +the perceived pleasure evokes the desire for greater pleasure, that is +the real problem. + +*Fore-pleasure Mechanism.*--But the rôle which devolves upon the +erogenous zones is clear. What applies to one applies to all. They are +all utilized to furnish a certain amount of pleasure through their own +proper excitation, which increases the tension, and which is in turn +destined to produce the necessary motor energy in order to bring to a +conclusion the sexual act. The last part but one of this act is again a +suitable excitation of an erogenous zone; _i.e._, the genital zone +proper of the glans penis is excited by the object most fit for it, the +mucous membrane of the vagina, and through the pleasure furnished by +this excitation it now produces reflexly the motor energy which conveys +to the surface the sexual substance. This last pleasure is highest in +its intensity, and differs from the earliest ones in its mechanism. It +is altogether produced through discharge, it is altogether gratification +pleasure and the tension of the libido temporarily dies away with it. + +It does not seem to me unjustified to fix by name the distinction in the +nature of these pleasures, the one through the excitation of the +erogenous zones, and the other through the discharge of the sexual +substance. In contradistinction to the end-pleasure, or pleasure of +gratification of sexual activity, we can properly designate the first as +_fore-pleasure_. The fore-pleasure is then the same as that furnished by +the infantile sexual impulse, though on a reduced scale; while the +_end-pleasure_ is new and is probably connected with determinations +which first appear at puberty. The formula for the new function of the +erogenous zones reads as follows: they are utilized for the purpose of +making possible the production of the greater pleasure of gratification +by means of the fore-pleasure which is gained from them as in infantile +life. + +I have recently been able to elucidate another example from a quite +different realm of the psychic life, in which likewise a greater feeling +of pleasure is achieved by means of a lesser feeling of pleasure which +thereby acts as an alluring premium. We had there also the opportunity +of entering more deeply into the nature of pleasure.[2] + +*Dangers of the Fore-pleasure.*--However the connection of fore-pleasure +with the infantile life is strengthened by the pathogenic rôle which may +devolve upon it. In the mechanism through which the fore-pleasure is +expressed there exists an obvious danger to the attainment of the normal +sexual aim. This occurs if it happens that there is too much +fore-pleasure and too little tension in any part of the preparatory +sexual process. The motive power for the further continuation of the +sexual process then escapes, the whole road becomes shortened, and the +preparatory action in question takes the place of the normal sexual aim. +Experience shows that such a hurtful condition is determined by the fact +that the erogenous zone concerned or the corresponding partial impulse +has already contributed an unusual amount of pleasure in infantile life. +If other factors favoring fixation are added a compulsion readily +results for the later life which prevents the fore-pleasure from +arranging itself into a new combination. Indeed, the mechanism of many +perversions is of such a nature; they merely represent a lingering at a +preparatory act of the sexual process. + +The failure of the function of the sexual mechanism through the fault of +the fore-pleasure is generally avoided if the primacy of the genital +zones has also already been sketched out in infantile life. The +preparations of the second half of childhood (from the eighth year to +puberty) really seem to favor this. During these years the genital zones +behave almost as at the age of maturity; they are the seat of exciting +sensations and of preparatory changes if any kind of pleasure is +experienced through the gratification of other erogenous zones; although +this effect remains aimless, _i.e._, it contributes nothing towards the +continuation of the sexual process. Besides the pleasure of +gratification a certain amount of sexual tension appears even in +infancy, though it is less constant and less abundant. We can now +understand also why in the discussion of the sources of sexuality we had +a perfectly good reason for saying that the process in question acts as +sexual gratification as well as sexual excitement. We note that on our +way towards the truth we have at first enormously exaggerated the +distinctions between the infantile and the mature sexual life, and we +therefore supplement what has been said with a correction. The infantile +manifestations of sexuality determine not only the deviations from the +normal sexual life but also the normal formations of the same. + + +THE PROBLEM OF SEXUAL EXCITEMENT + +It remains entirely unexplained whence the sexual tension comes which +originates simultaneously with the gratification of erogenous zones and +what is its nature. The obvious supposition that this tension originates +in some way from the pleasure itself is not only improbable in itself +but untenable, inasmuch as during the greatest pleasure which is +connected with the voiding of sexual substance there is no production of +tension but rather a removal of all tension. Hence, pleasure and sexual +tension can be only indirectly connected. + +*The Rôle of the Sexual Substance.*--Aside from the fact that only the +discharge of the sexual substance can normally put an end to the sexual +excitement, there are other essential facts which bring the sexual +tension into relation with the sexual products. In a life of continence +the sexual activity is wont to discharge the sexual substance at night +during pleasurable dream hallucinations of a sexual act, this discharge +coming at changing but not at entirely capricious intervals; and the +following interpretation of this process--the nocturnal pollution--can +hardly be rejected, viz., that the sexual tension which brings about a +substitute for the sexual act by the short hallucinatory road is a +function of the accumulated semen in the reservoirs for the sexual +products. Experiences with the exhaustibility of the sexual mechanism +speak for the same thing. Where there is no stock of semen it is not +only impossible to accomplish the sexual act, but there is also a lack +of excitability in the erogenous zones, the suitable excitation of which +can evoke no pleasure. We thus discover incidentally that a certain +amount of sexual tension is itself necessary for the excitability of the +erogenous zones. + +One would thus be forced to the assumption, which if I am not mistaken +is quite generally adopted, that the accumulation of sexual substance +produces and maintains the sexual tension. The pressure of these +products on the walls of their receptacles acts as an excitant on the +spinal center, the state of which is then perceived by the higher +centers which then produce in consciousness the familiar feeling of +tension. If the excitation of erogenous zones increases the sexual +tension, it can only be due to the fact that the erogenous zones are +connected with these centers by previously formed anatomical +connections. They increase there the tone of the excitation, and with +sufficient sexual tension they set in motion the sexual act, and with +insufficient tension they merely stimulate a production of the sexual +substance. + +The weakness of the theory which one finds adopted, _e.g._, in v. +Krafft-Ebing's description of the sexual process, lies in the fact that +it has been formed for the sexual activity of the mature man and pays +too little heed to three kinds of relations which should also have been +elucidated. We refer to the relations as found in the child, in the +woman, and in the castrated male. In none of the three cases can we +speak of an accumulation of sexual products in the same sense as in the +man, which naturally renders difficult the general application of this +scheme; still it may be admitted without any further ado that ways can +be found to justify the subordination of even these cases. Nevertheless +one should be cautious about burdening the factor of accumulation of +sexual products with actions which it seems incapable of supporting. + +*Overestimation of the Internal Genitals.*--That sexual excitement can +be independent to a considerable extent of the production of sexual +substance seems to be shown by observations on castrated males, in whom +the libido sometimes escapes the injury caused by the operation, +although the opposite behavior, which is really the motive for the +operation, is usually the rule. It is therefore not at all surprising, +as C. Rieger puts it, that the loss of the male germ glands in maturer +age should exert no new influence on the psychic life of the individual. +The germ glands are really not the sexuality, and the experience with +castrated males only verifies what we had long before learned from the +removal of the ovaries, namely that it is impossible to do away with the +sexual character by removing the germ glands. To be sure, castration +performed at a tender age, before puberty, comes nearer to this aim, but +it would seem in this case that besides the loss of the sexual glands we +must also consider the inhibition of development and other factors +which are connected with that loss. + +*Chemical Theories.*--The truth remains, however, that we are unable to +give any information about the nature of the sexual excitement for the +reason that we do not know with what organ or organs sexuality is +connected, since we have seen that the sexual glands have been +overestimated in this significance. Since surprising discoveries have +taught us the important rôle of the thyroid gland in sexuality, we may +assume that the knowledge of the essential factors of sexuality are +still withheld from us. One who feels the need of filling up the large +gap in our knowledge with a preliminary assumption may formulate for +himself the following theory based on the active substances found in the +thyroid. Through the appropriate excitement of erogenous zones, as well +as through other conditions under which sexual excitement originates, a +material which is universally distributed in the organism becomes +disintegrated, the decomposing products of which supply a specific +stimulus to the organs of reproduction or to the spinal center connected +with them. Such a transformation of a toxic stimulus in a particular +organic stimulus we are already familiar with from other toxic products +introduced into the body from without. To treat, if only hypothetically, +the complexities of the pure toxic and the physiologic stimulations +which result in the sexual processes is not now our appropriate task. To +be sure, I attach no value to this special assumption and I shall be +quite ready to give it up in favor of another, provided its original +character, the emphasis on the sexual chemism, were preserved. For this +apparently arbitrary statement is supported by a fact which, though +little heeded, is most noteworthy. The neuroses which can be traced only +to disturbances of the sexual life show the greatest clinical +resemblance to the phenomena of intoxication and abstinence which result +from the habitual introduction of pleasure-producing poisonous +substances (alkaloids.) + + +THE THEORY OF THE LIBIDO + +These assumptions concerning the chemical basis of the sexual excitement +are in full accord with the auxiliary conception which we formed for the +purpose of mastering the psychic manifestations of the sexual life. We +have determined the concept of _libido_ as that of a force of variable +quantity which has the capacity of measuring processes and +transformations in the spheres of sexual excitement. This libido we +distinguished from the energy which is to be generally adjudged to the +psychic processes with reference to its special origin and thus we +attribute to it also a qualitative character. In separating libidinous +from other psychic energy we give expression to the assumption that the +sexual processes of the organism are differentiated from the nutritional +processes through a special chemism. The analyses of perversions and +psychoneuroses have taught us that this sexual excitement is furnished +not only from the so-called sexual parts alone but from all organs of +the body. We thus formulate for ourselves the concept of a +libido-quantum whose psychic representative we designate as the +ego-libido; the production, increase, distribution and displacement of +this ego-libido will offer the possible explanation for the observed +psycho-sexual phenomena. + +But this ego-libido becomes conveniently accessible to psychoanalytic +study only when the psychic energy is employed on sexual objects, that +is when it becomes object libido. Then we see it as it concentrates and +fixes itself on objects, or as it leaves those objects and passes over +to others from which positions it directs the individual's sexual +activity, that is, it leads to partial and temporary extinction of the +libido. Psychoanalysis of the so-called transference neuroses (hysteria +and compulsion neurosis) offers us here a reliable insight. + +Concerning the fates of the object libido we also state that it is +withdrawn from the object, that it is preserved floating in special +states of tension and is finally taken back into the ego, so that it +again becomes ego-libido. In contradistinction to the object-libido we +also call the ego-libido narcissistic libido. From psychoanalysis we +look over the boundary which we are not permitted to pass into the +activity of the narcissistic libido and thus form an idea of the +relations between the two. The narcissistic or ego-libido appears to us +as the great reservoir from which the energy for the investment of the +object is sent out and into which it is drawn back again, while the +narcissistic libido investment of the ego appears to us as the realized +primitive state in the first childhood, which only becomes hidden by the +later emissions of the libido, and is retained at the bottom behind +them. + +The task of a theory of libido of neurotic and psychotic disturbances +would have for its object to express in terms of the libido-economy all +observed phenomena and disclosed processes. It is easy to divine that +the greater significance would attach thereby to the destinies of the +ego-libido, especially where it would be the question of explaining the +deeper psychotic disturbances. The difficulty then lies in the fact that +the means of our investigation, psychoanalysis, at present gives us +definite information only concerning the transformation of the +object-libido, but cannot distinguish without further study the +ego-libido from the other effective energies in the ego.[3] + + +DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MAN AND WOMAN + +It is known that the sharp differentiation of the male and female +character originates at puberty, and it is the resulting difference +which, more than any other factor, decisively influences the later +development of personality. To be sure, the male and female dispositions +are easily recognizable even in infantile life; thus the development of +sexual inhibitions (shame, loathing, sympathy, etc.) ensues earlier and +with less resistance in the little girl than in the little boy. The +tendency to sexual repression certainly seems much greater, and where +partial impulses of sexuality are noticed they show a preference for the +passive form. But, the autoerotic activity of the erogenous zones is the +same in both sexes, and it is this agreement that removes the +possibility of a sex differentiation in childhood as it appears after +puberty. In respect to the autoerotic and masturbatic sexual +manifestations, it may be asserted that the sexuality of the little girl +has entirely a male character. Indeed, if one could give a more definite +content to the terms "masculine and feminine," one might advance the +opinion that _the libido is regularly and lawfully of a masculine +nature, whether in the man or in the woman; and if we consider its +object, this may be either the man or the woman_.[4] + +Since becoming acquainted with the aspect of bisexuality I hold this +factor as here decisive, and I believe that without taking into account +the factor of bisexuality it will hardly be possible to understand the +actually observed sexual manifestations in man and woman. + +*The Leading Zones in Man and Woman.*--Further than this I can only add +the following. The chief erogenous zone in the female child is the +clitoris, which is homologous to the male penis. All I have been able to +discover concerning masturbation in little girls concerned the clitoris +and not those other external genitals which are so important for the +later sexual functions. With few exceptions I myself doubt whether the +female child can be seduced to anything but clitoris masturbation. The +frequent spontaneous discharges of sexual excitement in little girls +manifest themselves in a twitching of the clitoris, and its frequent +erections enable the girl to understand correctly even without any +instruction the sexual manifestations of the other sex; they simply +transfer to the boys the sensations of their own sexual processes. + +If one wishes to understand how the little girl becomes a woman, he must +follow up the further destinies of this clitoris excitation. Puberty, +which brings to the boy a great advance of libido, distinguishes itself +in the girl by a new wave of repression which especially concerns the +clitoris sexuality. It is a part of the male sexual life that sinks into +repression. The reënforcement of the sexual inhibitions produced in the +woman by the repression of puberty causes a stimulus in the libido of +the man and forces it to increase its capacity; with the height of the +libido there is a rise in the overestimation of the sexual, which can be +present in its full force only when the woman refuses and denies her +sexuality. If the sexual act is finally submitted to and the clitoris +becomes excited its rôle is then to conduct the excitement to the +adjacent female parts, and in this it acts like a chip of pine wood +which is utilized to set fire to the harder wood. It often takes some +time for this transference to be accomplished; during which the young +wife remains anesthetic. This anesthesia may become permanent if the +clitoris zone refuses to give up its excitability; a condition brought +on by abundant activities in infantile life. It is known that anesthesia +in women is often only apparent and local. They are anesthetic at the +vaginal entrance but not at all unexcitable through the clitoris or even +through other zones. Besides these erogenous causes of anesthesia there +are also psychic causes likewise determined by the repression. + +If the transference of the erogenous excitability from the clitoris to +the vagina has succeeded, the woman has thus changed her leading zone +for the future sexual activity; the man on the other hand retains his +from childhood. The main determinants for the woman's preference for the +neuroses, especially for hysteria, lie in this change of the leading +zone as well as in the repression of puberty. These determinants are +therefore most intimately connected with the nature of femininity. + + +THE OBJECT-FINDING + +While the primacy of the genital zones is being established through the +processes of puberty, and the erected penis in the man imperiously +points towards the new sexual aim, _i.e._, towards the penetration of a +cavity which excites the genital zone, the object-finding, for which +also preparations have been made since early childhood, becomes +consummated on the psychic side. While the very incipient sexual +gratifications are still connected with the taking of nourishment, the +sexual impulse has a sexual object outside its own body in his mother's +breast. This object it loses later, perhaps at the very time when it +becomes possible for the child to form a general picture of the person +to whom the organ granting him the gratification belongs. The sexual +impulse later regularly becomes autoerotic, and only after overcoming +the latency period is there a resumption of the original relation. It is +not without good reason that the suckling of the child at its mother's +breast has become a model for every amour. The object-finding is really +a re-finding.[5] + +*The Sexual Object of the Nursing Period.*--However, even after the +separation of the sexual activity from the taking of nourishment, there +still remains from this first and most important of all sexual relations +an important share, which prepares the object selection and assists in +reestablishing the lost happiness. Throughout the latency period the +child learns to love other persons who assist it in its helplessness and +gratify its wants; all this follows the model and is a continuation of +the child's infantile relations to his wet nurse. One may perhaps +hesitate to identify the tender feelings and esteem of the child for his +foster-parents with sexual love; I believe, however, that a more +thorough psychological investigation will establish this identity beyond +any doubt. The intercourse between the child and its foster-parents is +for the former an inexhaustible source of sexual excitation and +gratification of erogenous zones, especially since the parents--or as a +rule the mother--supplies the child with feelings which originate from +her own sexual life; she pats it, kisses it, and rocks it, plainly +taking it as a substitute for a full-valued sexual object.[6] The mother +would probably be terrified if it were explained to her that all her +tenderness awakens the sexual impulse of her child and prepares its +future intensity. She considers her actions as asexually "pure" love, +for she carefully avoids causing more irritation to the genitals of the +child than is indispensable in caring for the body. But as we know the +sexual impulse is not awakened by the excitation of genital zones alone. +What we call tenderness will some day surely manifest its influence on +the genital zones also. If the mother better understood the high +significance of the sexual impulse for the whole psychic life and for +all ethical and psychic activities, the enlightenment would spare her +all reproaches. By teaching the child to love she only fulfills her +function; for the child should become a fit man with energetic sexual +needs, and accomplish in life all that the impulse urges the man to do. +Of course, too much parental tenderness becomes harmful because it +accelerates the sexual maturity, and also because it "spoils" the child +and makes it unfit to temporarily renounce love or be satisfied with a +smaller amount of love in later life. One of the surest premonitions of +later nervousness is the fact that the child shows itself insatiable in +its demands for parental tenderness; on the other hand, neuropathic +parents, who usually display a boundless tenderness, often with their +caressing awaken in the child a disposition for neurotic diseases. This +example at least shows that neuropathic parents have nearer ways than +inheritance by which they can transfer their disturbances to their +children. + +*Infantile Fear.*--The children themselves behave from their early +childhood as if their attachment to their foster-parents were of the +nature of sexual love. The fear of children is originally nothing but an +expression for the fact that they miss the beloved person. They +therefore meet every stranger with fear, they are afraid of the dark +because they cannot see the beloved person, and are calmed if they can +grasp that person's hand. The effect of childish fears and of the +terrifying stories told by nurses is overestimated if one blames the +latter for producing the fear in children. Children who are predisposed +to fear absorb these stories, which make no impression whatever upon +others; and only such children are predisposed to fear whose sexual +impulse is excessive or prematurely developed, or has become exigent +through pampering. The child behaves here like the adult, that is, it +changes its libido into fear when it cannot bring it to gratification, +and the grown-up who becomes neurotic on account of ungratified libido +behaves in his anxiety like a child; he fears when he is alone, _i.e._, +without a person of whose love he believes himself sure, and who can +calm his fears by means of the most childish measures.[7] + +*Incest Barriers.*--If the tenderness of the parents for the child has +luckily failed to awaken the sexual impulse of the child prematurely, +_i.e._, before the physical determinations for puberty appear, and if +that awakening has not gone so far as to cause an unmistakable breaking +through of the psychic excitement into the genital system, it can then +fulfill its task and direct the child at the age of maturity in the +selection of the sexual object. It would, of course, be most natural for +the child to select as the sexual object that person whom it has loved +since childhood with, so to speak, a suppressed libido.[8] But owing to +the delay of sexual maturity time has been gained for the erection +beside the sexual inhibitions of the incest barrier, that moral +prescription which explicitly excludes from the object selection the +beloved person of infancy or blood relation. The observance of this +barrier is above all a demand of cultural society which must guard +against the absorption by the family of those interests which it needs +for the production of higher social units. Society, therefore, uses +every means to loosen those family ties in every individual, especially +in the boy, which are authoritative in childhood only.[9] + +The object selection, however, is first accomplished in the imagination, +and the sexual life of the maturing youth has hardly any escape except +indulgence in phantasies or ideas which are not destined to be brought +to execution. In the phantasies of all persons the infantile +inclinations, now reënforced by somatic emphasis, reappear, and among +them one finds in regular frequency and in the first place the sexual +feeling of the child for the parents. This has usually already been +differentiated by the sexual attraction, the attraction of the son for +the mother and of the daughter for the father.[10] Simultaneously with +the overcoming and rejection of these distinctly incestuous phantasies +there occurs one of the most important as well as one of the most +painful psychic accomplishments of puberty; it is the breaking away from +the parental authority, through which alone is formed that opposition +between the new and old generations which is so important for cultural +progress. Many persons are detained at each of the stations in the +course of development through which the individual must pass; and +accordingly there are persons who never overcome the parental authority +and never, or very imperfectly, withdraw their affection from their +parents. They are mostly girls, who, to the delight of their parents, +retain their full infantile love far beyond puberty, and it is +instructive to find that in their married life these girls are incapable +of fulfilling their duties to their husbands. They make cold wives and +remain sexually anesthetic. This shows that the apparently non-sexual +love for the parents and the sexual love are nourished from the same +source, _i.e._, that the first merely corresponds to an infantile +fixation of the libido. + +The nearer we come to the deeper disturbances of the psychosexual +development the more easily we can recognize the evident significance of +the incestuous object-selection. As a result of sexual rejection there +remains in the unconscious of the psychoneurotic a great part or the +whole of the psychosexual activity for object finding. Girls with an +excessive need for affection and an equal horror for the real demands of +the sexual life experience an uncontrollable temptation on the one hand +to realize in life the ideal of the asexual love and on the other hand +to conceal their libido under an affection which they may manifest +without self reproach; this they do by clinging for life to the +infantile attraction for their parents or brothers or sisters which has +been repressed in puberty. With the help of the symptoms and other +morbid manifestations, psychoanalysis can trace their unconscious +thoughts and translate them into the conscious, and thus easily show to +such persons that they are in love with their consanguinous relations in +the popular meaning of the term. Likewise when a once healthy person +falls sick after an unhappy love affair, the mechanism of the disease +can distinctly be explained as a return of his libido to the persons +preferred in his infancy. + +*The After Effects of the Infantile Object Selection.*--Even those who +have happily eluded the incestuous fixation of their libido have not +completely escaped its influence. It is a distinct echo of this phase of +development that the first serious love of the young man is often for a +mature woman and that of the girl for an older man equipped with +authority--_i.e._, for persons who can revive in them the picture of the +mother and father. Generally speaking object selection unquestionably +takes place by following more freely these prototypes. The man seeks +above all the memory picture of his mother as it has dominated him since +the beginning of childhood; this is quite consistent with the fact that +the mother, if still living, strives against this, her renewal, and +meets it with hostility. In view of this significance of the infantile +relation to the parents for the later selection of the sexual object, it +is easy to understand that every disturbance of this infantile relation +brings to a head the most serious results for the sexual life after +puberty. Jealousy of the lover, too, never lacks the infantile sources +or at least the infantile reinforcement. Quarrels between parents and +unhappy marital relations between the same determine the severest +predispositions for disturbed sexual development or neurotic diseases in +the children. + +The infantile desire for the parents is, to be sure, the most important, +but not the only trace revived in puberty which points the way to the +object selection. Other dispositions of the same origin permit the man, +still supported by his infancy, to develop more than one single sexual +series and to form different determinations for the object +selection.[11] + +*Prevention of Inversion.*--One of the tasks imposed in the object +selection consists in not missing the opposite sex. This, as we know, is +not solved without some difficulty. The first feelings after puberty +often enough go astray, though not with any permanent injury. Dessoir +has called attention to the normality of the enthusiastic friendships +formed by boys and girls with their own sex. The greatest force which +guards against a permanent inversion of the sexual object is surely the +attraction exerted by the opposite sex characters on each other. For +this we can give no explanation in connection with this discussion. This +factor, however, does not in itself suffice to exclude the inversion; +besides this there are surely many other supporting factors. Above all, +there is the authoritative inhibition of society; experience shows that +where the inversion is not considered a crime it fully corresponds to +the sexual inclinations of many persons. Moreover, it may be assumed +that in the man the infantile memories of the mother's tenderness, as +well as that of other females who cared for him as a child, +energetically assist in directing his selection to the woman, while the +early sexual intimidation experienced through the father and the +attitude of rivalry existing between them deflects the boy from the same +sex. Both factors also hold true in the case of the girl whose sexual +activity is under the special care of the mother. This results in a +hostile relation to the same sex which decisively influences the object +selection in the normal sense. The bringing up of boys by male persons +(slaves in the ancient times) seems to favor homosexuality; the +frequency of inversion in the present day nobility is probably explained +by their employment of male servants, and by the scant care that mothers +of that class give to their children. It happens in some hysterics that +one of the parents has disappeared (through death, divorce, or +estrangement), thus permitting the remaining parent to absorb all the +love of the child, and in this way establishing the determinations for +the sex of the person to be selected later as the sexual object; thus a +permanent inversion is made possible. + + +SUMMARY + +It is now time to attempt a summing-up. We have started from the +aberrations of the sexual impulse in reference to its object and aim and +have encountered the question whether these originate from a congenital +predisposition, or whether they are acquired in consequence of +influences from life. The answer to this question was reached through an +examination of the relations of the sexual life of psychoneurotics, a +numerous group not very remote from the normal. This examination has +been made through psychoanalytic investigations. We have thus found that +a tendency to all perversions might be demonstrated in these persons in +the form of unconscious forces revealing themselves as symptom creators +and we could say that the neurosis is, as it were, the negative of the +perversion. In view of the now recognized great diffusion of tendencies +to perversion the idea forced itself upon us that the disposition to +perversions is the primitive and universal disposition of the human +sexual impulse, from which the normal sexual behavior develops in +consequence of organic changes and psychic inhibitions in the course of +maturity. We hoped to be able to demonstrate the original disposition in +the infantile life; among the forces restraining the direction of the +sexual impulse we have mentioned shame, loathing and sympathy, and the +social constructions of morality and authority. We have thus been forced +to perceive in every fixed aberration from the normal sexual life a +fragment of inhibited development and infantilism. The significance of +the variations of the original dispositions had to be put into the +foreground, but between them and the influences of life we had to assume +a relation of coöperation and not of opposition. On the other hand, as +the original disposition must have been a complex one, the sexual +impulse itself appeared to us as something composed of many factors, +which in the perversions becomes separated, as it were, into its +components. The perversions, thus prove themselves to be on the one hand +inhibitions, and on the other dissociations from the normal development. +Both conceptions became united in the assumption that the sexual impulse +of the adult due to the composition of the diverse feelings of the +infantile life became formed into one unit, one striving, with one +single aim. + +We also added an explanation for the preponderance of perversive +tendencies in the psychoneurotics by recognizing in these tendencies +collateral fillings of side branches caused by the shifting of the main +river bed through repression, and we then turned our examination to the +sexual life of the infantile period.[12] We found it regrettable that +the existence of a sexual life in infancy has been disputed, and that +the sexual manifestations which have been often observed in children +have been described as abnormal occurrences. It rather seemed to us that +the child brings along into the world germs of sexual activity and that +even while taking nourishment it at the same time also enjoys a sexual +gratification which it then seeks again to procure for itself through +the familiar activity of "thumbsucking." The sexual activity of the +child, however, does not develop in the same measure as its other +functions, but merges first into the so-called latency period from the +age of three to the age of five years. The production of sexual +excitation by no means ceases at this period but continues and furnishes +a stock of energy, the greater part of which is utilized for aims other +than sexual; namely, on the one hand for the delivery of sexual +components for social feelings, and on the other hand (by means of +repression and reaction formation) for the erection of the future sexual +barriers. Accordingly, the forces which are destined to hold the sexual +impulse in certain tracks are built up in infancy at the expense of the +greater part of the perverse sexual feelings and with the assistance of +education. Another part of the infantile sexual manifestations escapes +this utilization and may manifest itself as sexual activity. It can then +be discovered that the sexual excitation of the child flows from diverse +sources. Above all gratifications originate through the adapted sensible +excitation of so-called erogenous zones. For these probably any skin +region or sensory organ may serve; but there are certain distinguished +erogenous zones the excitation of which by certain organic mechanisms is +assured from the beginning. Moreover, sexual excitation originates in +the organism, as it were, as a by-product in a great number of +processes, as soon as they attain a certain intensity; this especially +takes place in all strong emotional excitements even if they be of a +painful nature. The excitations from all these sources do not yet unite, +but they pursue their aim individually--this aim consisting merely in +the gaining of a certain pleasure. The sexual impulse of childhood is +therefore objectless or _autoerotic_. + +Still during infancy the erogenous zone of the genitals begins to make +itself noticeable, either by the fact that like any other erogenous zone +it furnishes gratification through a suitable sensible stimulus, or +because in some incomprehensible way the gratification from other +sources causes at the same time the sexual excitement which has a +special connection with the genital zone. We found cause to regret that +a sufficient explanation of the relations between sexual gratification +and sexual excitement, as well as between the activity of the genital +zone and the remaining sources of sexuality, was not to be attained. + +We were unable to state what amount of sexual activity in childhood +might be designated as normal to the extent of being incapable of +further development. The character of the sexual manifestation showed +itself to be preponderantly masturbatic. We, moreover, verified from +experience the belief that the external influences of seduction, might +produce premature breaches in the latency period leading as far as the +suppression of the same, and that the sexual impulse of the child really +shows itself to be polymorphous-perverse; furthermore, that every such +premature sexual activity impairs the educability of the child. + +Despite the incompleteness of our examinations of the infantile sexual +life we were subsequently forced to attempt to study the serious changes +produced by the appearance of puberty. We selected two of the same as +criteria, namely, the subordination of all other sources of the sexual +feeling to the primacy of the genital zones, and the process of object +finding. Both of them are already developed in childhood. The first is +accomplished through the mechanism of utilizing the fore-pleasure, +whereby all other independent sexual acts which are connected with +pleasure and excitement become preparatory acts for the new sexual aim, +the voiding of the sexual products, the attainment of which under +enormous pleasure puts an end to the sexual feeling. At the same time we +had to consider the differentiation of the sexual nature of man and +woman, and we found that in order to become a woman a new repression is +required which abolishes a piece of infantile masculinity, and prepares +the woman for the change of the leading genital zones. Lastly, we found +the object selection, tracing it through infancy to its revival in +puberty; we also found indications of sexual inclinations on the part of +the child for the parents and foster-parents, which, however, were +turned away from these persons to others resembling them by the incest +barriers which had been erected in the meantime. Let us finally add that +during the transition period of puberty the somatic and psychic +processes of development proceed side by side, but separately, until +with the breaking through of an intense psychic love-stimulus for the +innervation of the genitals, the normally demanded unification of the +erotic function is established. + +*The Factors Disturbing the Development.*--As we have already shown by +different examples, every step on this long road of development may +become a point of fixation and every joint in this complicated structure +may afford opportunity for a dissociation of the sexual impulse. It +still remains for us to review the various inner and outer factors which +disturb the development, and to mention the part of the mechanism +affected by the disturbance emanating from them. The factors which we +mention here in a series cannot, of course, all be in themselves of +equal validity and we must expect to meet with difficulties in the +assigning to the individual factors their due importance. + +*Constitution and Heredity.*--In the first place, we must mention here +the congenital _variation of the sexual constitution_, upon which the +greatest weight probably falls, but the existence of which, as may be +easily understood, can be established only through its later +manifestations and even then not always with great certainty. We +understand by it a preponderance of one or another of the manifold +sources of the sexual excitement, and we believe that such a difference +of disposition must always come to expression in the final result, even +if it should remain within normal limits. Of course, we can also imagine +certain variations of the original disposition that even without further +aid must necessarily lead to the formation of an abnormal sexual life. +One can call these "degenerative" and consider them as an expression of +hereditary deterioration. In this connection I have to report a +remarkable fact. In more than half of the severe cases of hysteria, +compulsion neuroses, etc., which I have treated by psychotherapy, I have +succeeded in positively demonstrating that their fathers have gone +through an attack of syphilis before marriage; they have either suffered +from tabes or general paresis, or there was a definite history of lues. +I expressly add that the children who were later neurotic showed +absolutely no signs of hereditary lues, so that the abnormal sexual +constitution was to be considered as the last off-shoot of the luetic +heredity. As far as it is now from my thoughts to put down a descent +from syphilitic parents as a regular and indispensable etiological +determination of the neuropathic constitution, I nevertheless maintain +that the coincidence observed by me is not accidental and not without +significance. + +The hereditary relations of the positive perverts are not so well known +because they know how to avoid inquiry. Still there is reason to believe +that the same holds true in the perversions as in the neuroses. We often +find perversions and psychoneuroses in the different sexes of the same +family, so distributed that the male members, or one of them, is a +positive pervert, while the females, following the repressive tendencies +of their sex, are negative perverts or hysterics. This is a good example +of the substantial relations between the two disturbances which I have +discovered. + +*Further Elaboration.*--It cannot, however, be maintained that the +structure of the sexual life is rendered finally complete by the +addition of the diverse components of the sexual constitution. On the +contrary, qualifications continue to appear and new possibilities +result, depending upon the fate experienced by the sexual streams +originating from the individual sources. This _further elaboration_ is +evidently the final and decisive one while the constitution described as +uniform may lead to three final issues. If all the dispositions assumed +to be abnormal retain their relative proportion, and are strengthened +with maturity, the ultimate result can only be a perverse sexual life. +The analysis of such abnormally constituted dispositions has not yet +been thoroughly undertaken, but we already know cases that can be +readily explained in the light of these theories. Authors believe, for +example, that a whole series of fixation perversions must necessarily +have had as their basis a congenital weakness of the sexual impulse. The +statement seems to me untenable in this form, but it becomes ingenious +if it refers to a constitutional weakness of one factor in the sexual +impulse, namely, the genital zone, which later in the interests of +propagation accepts as a function the sum of the individual sexual +activities. In this case the summation which is demanded in puberty must +fail and the strongest of the other sexual components continues its +activity as a perversion.[13] + +*Repression.*--Another issue results if in the course of development +certain powerful components experience a _repression_--which we must +carefully note is not a suspension. The excitations in question are +produced as usual but are prevented from attaining their aim by psychic +hindrances, and are driven off into many other paths until they express +themselves in a symptom. The result can be an almost normal sexual +life--usually a limited one--but supplemented by psychoneurotic disease. +It is these cases that become so familiar to us through the +psychoanalytic investigation of neurotics. The sexual life of such +persons begins like that of perverts, a considerable part of their +childhood is filled up with perverse sexual activity which occasionally +extends far beyond the period of maturity, but owing to inner reasons a +repressive change then results--usually before puberty, but now and then +even much later--and from this point on without any extinction of the +old feelings there appears a neurosis instead of a perversion. One may +recall here the saying, "Junge Hure, alte Betschwester,"--only here +youth has turned out to be much too short. The relieving of the +perversion by the neurosis in the life of the same person, as well as +the above mentioned distribution of perversion and hysteria in different +persons of the same family, must be placed side by side with the fact +that the neurosis is the negative of the perversion. + +*Sublimation.*--The third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositions +is made possible by the process of "sublimation," through which the +powerful excitations from individual sources of sexuality are discharged +and utilized in other spheres, so that a considerable increase of +psychic capacity results from an, in itself dangerous, predisposition. +This forms one the sources of artistic activity, and, according as such +sublimation is complete or incomplete, the analysis of the character of +highly gifted, especially of artistically disposed persons, will show +any proportionate, blending between productive ability, perversion, and +neurosis. A sub-species of sublimation is the suppression through +_reaction-formation_, which, as we have found, begins even in the +latency period of infancy, only to continue throughout life in +favorable cases. What we call the _character_ of a person is built up to +a great extent from the material of sexual excitations; it is composed +of impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation, and of such +constructions as are destined to suppress effectually those perverse +feelings which are recognized as useless. The general perverse sexual +disposition of childhood can therefore be esteemed as a source of a +number of our virtues, insofar as it incites their creation through the +formation of reactions.[14] + +*Accidental Experiences.*--All other influences lose in significance +when compared with the sexual discharges, shifts of repressions, and +sublimations; the inner determinations for the last two processes are +totally unknown to us. He who includes repressions and sublimations +among constitutional predispositions, and considers them as the living +manifestations of the same, has surely the right to maintain that the +final structure of the sexual life is above all the result of the +congenital constitution. No intelligent person, however, will dispute +that in such a coöperation of factors there is also room for the +modifying influences of occasional factors derived from experience in +childhood and later on. + +It is not easy to estimate the effectiveness of the constitutional and +of the occasional factors in their relation to each other. Theory is +always inclined to overestimate the first while therapeutic practice +renders prominent the significance of the latter. By no means should it +be forgotten that between the two there exists a relation of coöperation +and not of exclusion. The constitutional factor must wait for +experiences which bring it to the surface, while the occasional needs +the support of the constitutional factor in order to become effective. +For the majority of cases one can imagine a so-called "etiological +group" in which the declining intensities of one factor become balanced +by the rise in the others, but there is no reason to deny the existence +of extremes at the ends of the group. + +It would be still more in harmony with psychoanalytic investigation if +the experiences of early childhood would get a place of preference among +the occasional factors. The one etiological group then becomes split up +into two which may be designated as the dispositional and the definitive +groups. Constitution and occasional infantile experiences are just as +coöperative in the first as disposition and later traumatic experiences +in the second group. All the factors which injure the sexual development +show their effect in that they produce a _regression_, or a return to a +former phase of development. + +We may now continue with our task of enumerating the factors which have +become known to us as influential for the sexual development, whether +they be active forces or merely manifestations of the same. + +*Prematurity.*--Such a factor is the spontaneous sexual _prematurity_ +which can be definitely demonstrated at least in the etiology of the +neuroses, though in itself it is as little adequate for causation as the +other factors. It manifests itself in a breaking through, shortening, or +suspending of the infantile latency period and becomes a cause of +disturbances inasmuch as it provokes sexual manifestations which, either +on account of the unready state of the sexual inhibitions or because of +the undeveloped state of the genital system, can only carry along the +character of perversions. These tendencies to perversion may either +remain as such, or after the repression sets in they may become motive +powers for neurotic symptoms; at all events, the sexual prematurity +renders difficult the desirable later control of the sexual impulse by +the higher psychic influences, and enhances the compulsive-like +character which even without this prematurity would be claimed by the +psychic representatives of the impulse. Sexual prematurity often runs +parallel with premature intellectual development; it is found as such in +the infantile history of the most distinguished and most productive +individuals, and in such connection it does not seem to act as +pathogenically as when appearing isolated. + +*Temporal Factors.*--Just like prematurity, other factors, which under +the designation of _temporal_ can be added to prematurity, also demand +consideration. It seems to be phylogenetically established in what +sequence the individual impulsive feelings become active, and how long +they can manifest themselves before they succumb to the influence of a +newly appearing active impulse or to a typical repression. But both in +this temporal succession as well as in the duration of the same, +variations seem to occur, which must exercise a definite influence on +the experience. It cannot be a matter of indifference whether a certain +stream appears earlier or later than its counterstream, for the effect +of a repression cannot be made retrogressive; a temporal deviation in +the composition of the components regularly produces a change in the +result. On the other hand impulsive feelings which appear with special +intensity often come to a surprisingly rapid end, as in the case of the +heterosexual attachment of the later manifest homosexuals. The strivings +of childhood which manifest themselves most impetuously do not justify +the fear that they will lastingly dominate the character of the +grown-up; one has as much right to expect that they will disappear in +order to make room for their counterparts. (Harsh masters do not rule +long.) To what one may attribute such temporal confusions of the +processes of development we are hardly able to suggest. A view is opened +here to a deeper phalanx of biological, and perhaps also historical +problems, which we have not yet approached within fighting distance. + +*Adhesion.*--The significance of all premature sexual manifestations is +enhanced by a psychic factor of unknown origin which at present can be +put down only as a psychological preliminary. I believe that it is the +_heightened adhesion_ or _fixedness_ of these impressions of the sexual +life which in later neurotics, as well as in perverts, must be added for +the completion of the other facts; for the same premature sexual +manifestations in other persons cannot impress themselves deeply enough +to repeat themselves compulsively and to succeed in prescribing the way +for the sexual impulse throughout later life. Perhaps a part of the +explanation for this adhesion lies in another psychic factor which we +cannot miss in the causation of the neuroses, namely, in the +preponderance which in the psychic life falls to the share of memory +traces as compared with recent impressions. This factor is apparently +dependent on the intellectual development and grows with the growth of +personal culture. In contrast to this the savage has been characterized +as "the unfortunate child of the moment."[15] Owing to the oppositional +relation existing between culture and the free development of sexuality, +the results of which may be traced far into the formation of our life, +the problem how the sexual life of the child evolves is of very little +importance for the later life in the lower stages of culture and +civilization, and of very great importance in the higher. + +*Fixation.*--The influence of the psychic factors just mentioned favored +the development of the accidentally experienced impulses of the +infantile sexuality. The latter (especially in the form of seductions +through other children or through adults) produce the material which, +with the help of the former, may become fixed as a permanent +disturbance. A considerable number of the deviations from the normal +sexual life observed later have been thus established in neurotics and +perverts from the beginning through the impressions received during the +alleged sexually free period of childhood. The causation is produced by +the responsiveness of the constitution, the prematurity, the quality of +heightened adhesion, and the accidental excitement of the sexual impulse +through outside influence. + +The unsatisfactory conclusions which have resulted from this +investigation of the disturbances of the sexual life is due to the fact +that we as yet know too little concerning the biological processes in +which the nature of sexuality consists to form from our isolated +examinations a satisfactory theory for the explanation of either the +normal or the pathological. + +[1] The differences will be emphasized in the schematic representation +given in the text. To what extent the infantile sexuality approaches the +definitive sexual organization through its object selection has been +discussed before (p. 60). + +[2] See my work, Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious, translated by +A.A. Brill, Moffat Yard Pub. Co., New York: "The fore-pleasure gained by +the technique of wit is utilized for the purpose of setting free a +greater pleasure by the removal of inner inhibitions." + +[3] Cf. Zur Einführung des Narzismus, Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, VI, +1913. + +[4] It is necessary to make clear that the conceptions "masculine" and +"feminine," whose content seems so unequivocal to the ordinary meaning, +belong to the most confused terms in science and can be cut up into at +least three paths. One uses masculine and feminine at times in the sense +of activity and passivity, again, in the biological sense, and then also +in the sociological sense. The first of these three meanings is the +essential one and the only one utilizable in psychoanalysis. It agrees +with the masculine designation of the libido in the text above, for the +libido is always active even when it is directed to a passive aim. The +second, the biological significance of masculine and feminine, is the +one which permits the clearest determination. Masculine and feminine are +here characterized by the presence of semen or ovum and through the +functions emanating from them. The activity and its secondary +manifestations, like stronger developed muscles, aggression, a greater +intensity of libido, are as a rule soldered to the biological +masculinity but not necessarily connected with it, for there are species +of animals in whom these qualities are attributed to the female. The +third, the sociological meaning, receives its content through the +observation of the actual existing male and female individuals. The +result of this in man is that there is no pure masculinity or feminity +either in the biological or psychological sense. On the contrary every +individual person shows a mixture of his own biological sex +characteristics with the biological traits of the other sex and a union +of activity and passivity; this is the case whether these psychological +characteristic features depend on the biological or whether they are +independent of it. + +[5] Psychoanalysis teaches that there are two paths of object-finding; +the first is the one discussed in the text which is guided by the early +infantile prototypes. The second is the narcissistic which seeks its own +ego and finds it in the other. The latter is of particularly great +significance for the pathological outcomes, but does not fit into the +connection treated here. + +[6] Those to whom this conception appears "wicked" may read Havelock +Ellis's treatise on the relations between mother and child which +expresses almost the same ideas (The Sexual Impulse, p. 16). + +[7] For the explanation of the origin of the infantile fear I am +indebted to a three-year-old boy whom I once heard calling from a dark +room: "Aunt, talk to me, I am afraid because it is dark." "How will that +help you," answered the aunt; "you cannot see anyhow." "That's nothing," +answered the child; "if some one talks then it becomes light."--He was, +as we see, not afraid of the darkness but he was afraid because he +missed the person he loved, and he could promise to calm down as soon as +he was assured of her presence. + +[8] Cf. here what was said on page 83 concerning the object selection of +the child; the "tender stream." + +[9] The incest barrier probably belongs to the historical acquisitions +of humanity and like other moral taboos it must be fixed in many +individuals through organic heredity. (Cf. my work, Totem and Taboo, +1913.) Psychoanalytic studies show, however, how intensively the +individual struggles with the incest temptations during his development +and how frequently he puts them into phantasies and even into reality. + +[10] Compare the description concerning the inevitable relation in the +Oedipus legend (The Interpretation of Dreams, p. 222, translated by A.A. +Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York, and Allen & Unwin, London). + +[11] Innumerable peculiarities of the human love-life as well as the +compulsiveness of being in love itself can surely only be understood +through a reference to childhood or as an effective remnant of the same. + +[12] This was true not only of the "negative" tendencies to perversion +appearing in the neurosis, but also of the so-called positive +perversions. The latter are not only to be attributed to the fixation of +the infantile tendencies, but also to regression to these tendencies +owing to the misplacement of other paths of the sexual stream. Hence the +positive perversions are also accessible to psychoanalytic therapy. (Cf. +the works of Sadger, Ferenczi, and Brill.) + +[13] Here one often sees that at first a normal sexual stream begins at +the age of puberty, but owing to its inner weakness it breaks down at +the first outer hindrance and then changes from regression, to perverse +fixation. + +[14] That keen observer of human nature, E. Zola, describes a girl in +his book, La Joie de vivre, who in cheerful self renunciation offers all +she has in possession or expectation, her fortune and her life's hopes +to those she loves without thought of return. The childhood of this girl +was dominated by an insatiable desire for love which whenever she was +depreciated caused her to merge into a fit of cruelty. + +[15] It is possible that the heightened adhesion is only the result of a +special intensive somatic sexual manifestation of former years. + + + + +INDEX + + +Aberrations (see Perversions) + a fragment of inhibited development, 89 + Sexual, 1, 13, 14 + shown by the psychoneurotic, 29 + with animals, 13 + +Absolute Inversion (sexual object of the same sex), 2 + +Activity and Passivity in sexual aim in exhibitionism, 21 + of Sadism and Masochism, 23 + precursors and masculine and feminine, 59 + +Activity, Muscular, 63 + +Adhesion, heightened, or fixedness of impressions of sexual life, 99 + may be only result of a special intensive somatic sexual manifestation of former years, 99 + +Affective Processes, 64 + pathogenic action of, 64 + value of unconscious thought formation, 27 + +Aggression, Sadism and Masochism not attributable to mixture of, 24 + taint of, shown by sexuality of most men, 22 + +Agoraphobia and neurotic disturbances of walking, 64, note 22 + +Aims of impulses distinguish them from one another, 31 + +Algolagnia, 22 + +Alkaloids, introduction of, analogous in neuroses and phenomena of intoxication and abstinence, 76 + +Ambivalence, 59 + +Amnesia, Infantile, 37 + connected with infantile sexual activity, 51 + and hysterical compared, 39 + +Amphigenous inversion, 2 + +Anal Erotic, 10, note 11 + Zone, activity of, 47 + erogenous significance of, 48 + masturbatic irritation of, 49 + +Androgyny, 8 + +Anesthesia, causes of, are partly psychic, 81 + continuance of, caused by retention of clitoris excitability, 81 + of newly married women, 80 + of wives due to parent complex, 85 + of women often only apparent and local, 81 + of women only at vaginal entrance, 81 + +Animals as sexual objects, 13 + +Anus (see also Anal) + as aim of inverts, 12; 17 + especially frequent example of transgression, 29 + part played by erogenous zone in, 32 + +Anxiety on railroads, 63 + +Archaic constitution, 10, note 11 + +Arduin, Dr., 9, note 11 + +Attractions connected with pleasure, 70 + +Autoerotism, the gratification of sexual impulse on own body, 43 + separation of, from object love, not temporal, 55, note 19 + essential, of infantile sexuality, 58 + of erogenous zones, same in boy and girl, 79 + regular, of sexual impulse, 81 + + +Baths, warm, therapeutic effects of, 62 + +Bayer, 40, note 6 + +Beautiful, concept of, 21 + a quality of excitation, 70 + +Bell, S., 37, + note 2; 55, + note 19 + +Binet; 19; 34 + +Birth theories, 57 + +Bisexuality, Relation of, 7 + as explanation of inversion, 9, note 11 + Sadism and Masochism, 24 + necessary to understanding of sexual in man and woman, 80 + +Bladder, disturbances of childhood sexual in nature, 51 + +Bleuler, 37, note 2; 60 + +Bloch, I., 1, note 1; 5; 16 + +Breast, rubbing of, 43 + woman's, as erogenous zone, 71 + + +Cadavers, 25 + +Cannibalistic pregenital phase, 59 + +Castration complex, 22; 56 + of males does not always injure sexual libido, 75 + +Catarrh, intestinal, produces irritations in anal zone, 48 + +Cathartic treatment, 26 + +Character built up from the material of sexual excitations, 96 + composed of impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation, 96 + of individual determined by infantile sexual activity, 50 + +Chemical theories of sexual excitement, 76 + +Chevalier, 7; 9, note 11 + +Childish, see Infantile + +Children and neurotics compared, 38 + as sexual objects, 13 + cruelty especially characteristic of, 30 + educability of, impaired by premature sexual activity, 91 + impressionability of, 38 + in school, behavior of and germinating sexuality, 64 + sexual life of, 40 + +Clitoris, chief erogenous zone in female child, 80 + erection of, in little girls, 80 + excitability retained causes continuance of anesthesia, 81 + excitation, destinies of, 80 + conducts excitement to adjacent female parts, 80 + transfer of, to other parts, takes time, 80 + sexuality is a part of male sexual life, 80 + sexuality repressed in girl at puberty, 80 + +Coitus, 36 + +Colin, 23 + +Complex, castration, 22; 56 + Oedipus, 85 + parent, 15, note 14 + strongest in girls, 85 + +Compulsion emanating from unconscious psychic material, 51 + inversion is perceived as a morbid, 3 + neurosis, 32 + psychoanalysis enlightens ego libido, 77 + from fixation on erogenous zones in infancy, 77 + +Congeniality in inversions, 4 + of perversions in all persons, 34 + +Conscience, 22 + +Constitutional factor, relation of, to occasional 96 + +Contrary Sexuals, 2 + +Conversion, 27 + +Coprophilic smell desire, 20, note 19 + +Copulation, 14 + +Courting, 22 + +Craving, best English word for libido, 1, note 2 + +Cruelty and sexual impulse most intimately connected, 23 + as component of infantile sexual life regarding others as sexual objects, 53 + especially near the childish character, 54 + partial desires as carriers of impulses of, 30 + +Culture and sex, 41 + + +Dangers of fore-pleasure, 72 + +Degeneration, nervous, 4 + high ethical culture in, 5 + +Dementia prćcox, 26 + +Desire, coprophilic smell, 20, note 19 + for knowledge, 55 + immense sexual, in hysteria, 28 + partial, 29 + +Dessoir, 87 + +Donation, idea of, 48; 49 + +Drinking, desire for, in former thumbsuckers, 44 + + +Ear lobe pulling, 42 + +Eating, sexuality of, 66 + +Ego-Libido (see Libido) + +Ellis, H., 1, note 1; 6; 8; 23; 43; 52, note 18 + +End Pleasure (see Gratification, Orgasm, Pleasure) + new to age after puberty, 72 + +Enuresis nocturna corresponds to a pollution, 51 + +Erection of clitoris in little girls, 80 + of penis, a somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69 + +Erogenous action of pain, 65 + functions, disturbance of, in lip zone, 66 + significance of anal zone, 48 + zones, partial impulses and, 31 + significance of in psychoneuroses, 32 + preponderance of special, in psychoneuroses, 34 + source of sexual feelings of infantile years, 41 + lips as, 44 + characters of, 45 + predestined, 46 + show same characters as hysterogenous, 46 + any part of body may become, 46, note 12 + significance of anal zone, 48 + premature activity in, indicated by cruelty, 54 + parts of skin called, 65 + one of three ways of stimulation of sexual apparatus, 69 + their manner of adjustment to new order, 70 + rôle of, in preparing sexual excitation, 70 + increase tension, 71 + make possible the gratification pleasure, 72 + contribute unusual pleasure in infantile life, 72 + connected anatomically with centers producing tension, 74 + autoerotism of, same in boy and girl, 79 + chief, in female child is the clitoris, 80 + changed from clitoris to vagina, mark of womanhood, 81 + change of leading, determines woman's preference for neuroses, 81 + gratified by intercourse between child and foster parents, 82 + +Etiological group, 97 + composed of dispositional and definitive groups, 97 + +Eulenberg, 1, note 1 + +Excitement enhanced by preliminary activities, 14 + hunger, 16 + influences, three kinds of, 62 + sexual, nature of, entirely unfamiliar, 66 + prepared by erogenous zones, 70 + result of any of three kinds of stimuli, 69 + +Exhibitionism (see Looking, Peeping, Voyeur) + as a perversion, 21 + partial desires as carriers of, 30 + the eye as erogenous zone in, 32 + as component of infantile sexual life, 53 + +Eye as erogenous zone, 32; 70 + + +Faith, 15 + +Father, sexual intimidation experienced through, averts inversion, 88 + +Fear, infantile, 83 + only expresses child's missing beloved person, 83 + influence of, sexually exciting, 64 + of being alone alike in child and neurotic, 84 + of dark, infantile, 83 + of grown up neurotic like that of children, 84 + only children with excessive sexual impulse disposed to, 83 + sought as sexual excitement, 64 + +Feces, licking of, 25 + retention of, a source of pleasure, 48 + a cause of constipation, 49 + +Feelings, perverted, 34 + +Female (see Masculine and Feminine) + +Female child, entirely made character of in autoerotism and masturbation, 79 + +Féré, 23 + +Ferenczi, 15, note 14 + +Fetichism, 18 + Binet's findings in, 34 + nothing in unconscious streams of thought inclining to, 30 + of foot, 20, note 19 + +Fixation, 99 + of impulses accidentally experienced, 99 + +Fliess, W., 10, note 11; 29, note 26; 41, note 7 + +Foot, as unfit substitute for sexual object, 18 + fetichism of, 20, note 19 + +Fore-Pleasure, connection of, with infantile life strengthened by pathogenic rôle, 72 + dangers of, 72 + is that of excitation of erogenous zones, 72 + mechanism contains danger to attainment of normal sexual aim, 72 + primacy of genital zones and the, 69 + same as that furnished by infantile sexual impulse, 72 + too much endangers attainment of normal sexual aim, 72 + +Fur, 19 + +Fusions, 26 + activity of, 49 + + +Genital zone, primacy of, 69 + external, in woman, so important for later sexual functions, 80 + overestimation of internal, 75 + gratification of, 52 + +Genitals, erogenous zones behave like real, in hysteria, 32 + looking only at, becomes a perversion, 21 + male, in all persons, the infantile sexual theory, 56 + mouth and anus playing rôle of, 29 + opening of female, unknown to children, 58 + primacy of, intended by nature, 50 + rubbed by children while pleasure sucking, 43 + sexual impulse of reawakens, 50 + touching of, caused by strong excitements in children, 64 + +Gley, E., 9, note 11 + +Globus, hysterical, in former thumbsuckers, 45 + +Gratification pleasure of orgasm, 71 + sexual, 3; 14 + picture of, in suckling, 44 + relation of, to sexual excitement not explained, 91 + the best hypnotic, 43 + +Groos, K., 37, note 2 + + +Hair, 18 + +Halban, 8 + +Hall, G.S., 37, note 2 + +Hemorrhoids and neurotic states, 48 + +Heredity, 36 + +Herman, G., 10, note 11 + +Hermaphrodites, psychosexual, 2; 7 + anatomical, 7 + +Hetero-sexual feelings, 3, note 5; 29, note 26 + intercourse, dangers of, fix inversions, 6 + +Hirschfeld, M., 1, note 1; 9, note 11 + +Hoche, 16 + +Homosexual, 2 + among Greeks, 11 + favored by bringing up of boys by men, 88 + inclination resulting in inversion, 6 + in men, 11 + in women, 12 + object selection accomplished by all men in the unconscious, 10, note 11 + +Hug-Hellmuth, Mrs. Dr. H., 37, note 2 + +Hunger and sex compared, 1 + excitement, 16 + +Hypnosis (suggestion), 3, note 4 + obedience in, shows nature of, to be fixation on hypnotizer, 15, note 14 + removes inversion, 6 + +Hysteria, immense sexual desire in, 28 + male, explained by propensity to inversion, 29 + many cases of have syphilitic fathers, 93 + preference for, in women determined by change of leading erogenous zone, 81 + determined by repression of puberty, 81 + psychoanalysis in, 26 + of, enlightens the ego-libido, 77 + removes symptoms of, 27 + seduction as frequent cause of, 52 + some cases of, conditioned by disappearance of one parent, 88 + symptomatology of, tendency to displacement in, 46 + +Hysterical globus, 45 + vomiting, 44; 45 + +Hysterogenous zones show same characteristics as erogenous, 46 + + +Ideal of sexual life, the union of all desires in one object, 61 + +Identification as development out of oral pregenital sexual organization, 59 + +Immature as sexual objects, 13 + +Impotence, 20 + +Impulse development, 9 + partial, 31 + independent of each other, strive for pleasure, 58 + sexual, 1 + acquired, 5 + to mastery, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, 50 + +Incest barriers, 84 + object selection significant in psychosexual disturbances, 86 + phantasies rejected, 85 + temptations, struggle of the individual with, 85, note 9 + +Infantile amnesia, 37 + and infantile sexual activity, 51 + attraction for parents, etc., repressed in puberty, 86 + desire for parents, 87 + factor for sexuality, 39 + fear, 83; 84, note 7 + fixation of libido, 86 + in sexuality, 34 + conserved by neurotics, 35 + masturbation, 51 + neglect of the, 36 + object selection, after effects of, 86 + onanism almost universal, 50 + relations to parents, produces serious results to sexual life, 87 + cause of jealousy of lover, 87 + wet nurse, 82 + reminiscences in neurotics, 40 + sexual activity, 50 + aim, 45; 46 + excitement generously provided for, 65 + impulse same as adult fore-pleasure, 72 + investigation, failure of, 57 + sexuality, 36 + manifestations of, 42 + determines normal, 73 + source of, 61 + sexual life, 53 + +Influences, opposite, paths of, 66 + +Inhibitions (see Shame, Loathing, Sympathy) 26, note 23 + sexual, 40 + develop earlier in girl, 78 + study of, 58 + +Innateness, 5 + +Inner organic world, one of three stimulants of sexual apparatus, 69 + +Inquisitiveness, 55 + of children attracted to sexual problems, 56 + +Intentions, Appearance of New, 20 + +Intellectual work, 65 + +Intensity of stimulus, a factor in sexual excitement, 65 + +Intestinal catarrh in neurosis, 48 + +Inversion, amphigenous, 2 + influence of climate and race on, 5 + conception of, 4 + congeniality of, 4 + corresponds to sexual inclinations of many persons, 88 + effect of father on, 11, note 11 + explanation of, 6; 10, note 11 + extreme cases of, 3 + feelings of, in all neurotics, 29 + frequent in ancient times, 5 + permanent, made possible by a disappearance of one parent, 88 + prevention of, 87 + time of, 3 + +Inverts, behavior of, 2; 3 + psychic manliness in, 8 + sexual object of, 10 + aim of, 12 + +Investigation, infantile sexual, 55 + conducted alone, 58 + is first step at independent orientation, 58 + causes estrangement from persons, 58 + +Itching, feeling of, projected into peripheral erogenous zone, 47 + + +Kiernan, 7 + +Kinderfehler, Die (periodical), 37, note 2 + +Kissing (see Mouth, Oral) + as perversion, 15 + habitual, in former thumbsuckers, 44 + in female inverts, 12 + +Knowledge, desire for, coöperates with energy of desire for looking, 56 + not wholly sexual, 55 + relations to sexual life of particular importance to, 56 + +Krafft-Ebing, 1, note 1; 9, and note 11; 22; 23 + weakness of his description of sexual process, 75 + + +Latency Period, Sexual in Childhood, 39; 40 + interruptions of, 41 + +Leading Zone in man and woman, 80 + in female child is the clitoris, 80 + +Libido as term for sexual feeling corresponding to hunger, 1 + of inverts, 3 + direction of, determined by experience in early childhood, 6 + attachment of, to persons of same sex, 10, note 11 + fixation of, on hypnotizer, 15, note 14 + amount of directed to artistic aim, 21 + aggressive factor of, in sadism, 23 + strivings of, transformed into symptoms, 28 + fixation of, on persons of same sex, 29 + union of cruelty with, in neurotics and paranoiacs, 30 + of psychoneurotics unable to obtain normal sexual gratification, 33 + of children in corporal punishment, 55 + tension of, dies away at orgasm, 71 + sometimes escapes injury in castration, 75 + Theory of, 77 + a force of variable quantity capable of measuring sexual processes, 77 + a concept auxiliary to chemical theory, 77 + energy has a qualitative character, 77 + has special chemism different from nutritional processes, 77 + quantum psychically represented by ego-libido, 77 + production, increase, distribution and displacement of the Ego-, explains psychosexual phenomena, 77 + accessibility of the Ego- to psychoanalysis, 77 + the Ego- becomes Object-Libido, 77 + fate of the Object- is to be withdrawn from the object, 77 + is to be preserved floating in special states of tension, 77 + is to be finally taken back into the Ego, 77 + The Ego- is called the narcissistic Libido, 78 + greater significance of, in psychotic disturbances, 78 + is regularly of a masculine character in man and woman, 79 + the object of may be either man or woman, 79 + of child, when ungratified is changed into fear, 84 + suppressed, of love of child to parents, 84 + infantile fixation of, causes sexual love for parents, 86 + girls conceal, under affection for family, 86 + return of, to persons preferred in infancy, 86 + incestuous fixation of, not completely escaped, 86 + +Lindner, 42; 43 + +Lingering at intermediary relations, 15; 20 + at preparatory act of sexual process is mechanism of many perversions, 73 + +Lip as erogenous zone, 44 + sexual utilization of mucous membrane of, 16 + sucking of, 42 + zone is responsible for sexual gratification during eating, 66 + +Loathing, feeling of, protects individual from improper sexual aims, 16; 17 + overcoming of, at sight of excretion, produces voyeurs, 21 + and Shame in Masochism, 23 + in Inversions, 25 + as psychic force inhibiting sexual life, 40 + +Looking (see Peeping, Voyeurs) + as addition to normal sexual process, 14 + Lingering at Touching and, 20 + as a perversion, 21 + and exhibition mania, the eye an erogenous zone in, 32 + as component of infantile sexual life with others as object, 53 + +Love, omnipotence of, 25 + and hate, 30 + temporary renouncement of, in child, 83 + smaller amount of, than mother love to satisfy individual in later life, 83 + non-sexual and sexual, for parents, nourished from same source, 86 + sexual, corresponds to an infantile fixation of the Libido, 86 + -life, peculiarities of, understood only through childhood, 87, note 11 + +Löwenfeld, 1, note 1 + +Lydston, F., 7 + + +Magnan's classification, 4 + +Man (see Bisexuality, Masculine and Feminine) + sexual development of, more consistent and easier to understand, 68 + differentiation between, and woman, 78 + +Masculine and feminine, 79 + as activity and passivity, 79, note 4 + biological significance of, permits clearest determination, 79 note 4 + in sociological sense, 79, note 4 + no pure, in either biological or sociological sense, 79, note 4 + +Masochism, in relation between hypnotized and hypnotist, 15, note 14 + and Sadism, 21 + originates through transformation from Sadism, 22 + and Sadism occupy special place among perversions, 23 + reinforced by Sadism in exhibitionism, 30 + source of, in painful irritation of gluteal region, 55 + -Sadism impulse rooted in erogenous action of pain, 65 + +Mastery, impulse to, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, 50 + source of cruelty in children, 54 + supplies activity, 59 + +Masturbatic sexual manifestations, 47 + excitation of anal zone, 49 + irritation of anal zone, 49 + sexual manifestations have same male character in boy and girl, 79 + +Masturbation frequently the exclusive aim in inversion, 12 + in small children, 36 + thumb-sucking and, 43 + infantile, has three phases, 50 + return of, 51 + in little girls concerns clitoris only, 80 + +Mechanical excitation, 62 + +Memory traces preponderate over recent impressions in causation of neuroses, 99 + +Moebius, 1, note 1; 4, note 6; 34 + +Moll, 1, note 1; 32; 37, note 1 + +Morality as a psychic dam, 41 + +Mother, fixation on, in inverts, 11, note 12 + image helps males avert inversions, 88 + image helps females avert inversions, 88 + +Motion, pleasure of, sexual in nature, 64, note 22 + +Mouth (see Lip, Oral) + Sexual Utilization of Mucous Membrane of Lips and, 16 + as a frequent example of transgression, 29 + as an erogenous zone, 31 + +Muscular activity, pleasure from, 63 + + +Narcissism in object selection, 10, note 11 + as identification with mother, 12, note 12 + +Narcissistic Libido a name for Ego-Libido, 78 + a reservoir of energy for investment of object, 78 + investment of ego a realized primitive state, 78 + +Nausea on railroads, 63 + +Neurosis and perversion, 28 + the negative of a perversion, 29; 89 + intestinal catarrh in, 48 + symptomatology of, traced to disturbance of sexual processes, 67 + a factor in the causation of, is preponderance of memory traces, 99 + +Neurotics and children compared, 38 + infantile reminiscences in, 40 + scatologic customs of, 49 + diseases, disposition for, awakened by over tender parents, 83 + have nearer ways than tenderness to transfer their disturbances to their children, 38 + fixedness of impressions of sexual life in, 99 + +Nursing Period, Sexual Object of, 82 + + +Object finding, 81 + is consummated on psychic side at anatomical puberty, 81 + is really a re-finding (of the mother), 82 + two paths of, shown by psychoanalysis, 82, note 5 + selection must avoid beloved person of infancy, 84 + first accomplished in imagination, 85 + incestuous, significant in psychosexual disturbances, 86 + after effects of infantile, 86 + follows prototypes of parents, 86 + +Obsessions explained only through psychoanalysis, 26 + +Occasional inversion, 2 + +Oedipus Complex, 85 + +Onanism (see Masturbation) + mutual, not producing inversion, 6 + infantile, almost universal, 50 + unusual techniques in, show prohibition overcome, 50, note 15 + infantile, disappears soon, 50 + connected by conscience-stricken neurotics with their neurosis, 51, note 16 + gratification in infantile masturbation, 51 + early active, as determinant of pollution-like process, 51 + +Opposite Influences, Paths of, 66 + +Oral (see Lip, Mouth) + pregenital sexual organization, 59 + +Organizations, Pregenital, 54; 58 + +Orgasm, thumb-sucking leading to, 43 + +Overestimation of the Sexual Object, 15 + +Overwork, nervous disturbances of mental, caused by simultaneous sexual excitement, 65 + + +Pain ranks with loathing and shame, 23 + +Pain sought by many persons, 64 + toned down has erogenous action, 65 + a factor in sexual excitement, 65 + +Paranoia, knowledge of sexual impulse in, gained only through psychoanalysis, 26 + delusional fears in, based on perversions, 29, note 25 + union of cruelty with libido in, 30 + significance of erogenous zones in, 32 + +Parent complex, 15, note 14 + strongest in girls, 85 + result of boundless tenderness of parents, 83 + +Partial desires, 29 + impulses and erogenous zones, 31; 34; 53; 59 + show passive form in girls, 79 + +Passivity (see Activity) + sexual aim present in exhibitionism in active and passive form, 21 + active and passive forms of Sadism-Masochism, 23 + +Pedicatio, 17 + +Peeping (see Exhibitionism, Looking, Voyeurs) + as perversion, 21 + force opposed to, is shame, 21 + mania, partial desires as carriers of, 30 + as strongest motive power for formation of neurotic symptoms, 54 + +Penis, envy of in girls, 37 + erection of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69 + +Pérez, 37, note 2 + +Perversions, as additions to normal sexual processes, 14 + brought into relation with normal sexual life, 15 + mouth as sexual organ in, 16 + Sadism-Masochism the most significant of, 22 + general statements applicable to, 24 + exclusiveness and fixation of, 25 + psychic participation in, 25 + and neurosis, 28; 29 + fetichisms as, 30 + positive, 31 + preponderance of sexual, in psychoneuroses, 32 + sexual impulse of psychoneurotics possesses unusual tendency to, 33 + relation of predisposition to, and morbid picture, 34 + formation of, 52 + of prostitutes, 53 + part played in, by castration complex, 22 + mechanism of many, represents a lingering at a preparatory act, 73 + the neuroses the negative of the, 89 + disposition to, universal, 89 + as inhibitions and dissociations from normal development, 89 + negative appearing in neurosis, 89, note 12 + positive and negative in the same family, 94 + resulting from the strongest of other sexual components, 94 + of childhood as source of some virtues, 96 + +Phantasies the only escape of the maturing youth, 85 + of the individual in struggle with incest temptation, 85, note 9 + of all persons contain infantile inclinations, 85 + distinctly incestuous, rejected, 85 + +Pleasure sucking, 42; 43 + relation of feeling of, to unpleasant tension, 70 + relations of, the weakest spot in present day psychology, 70 + the last, of sexual acts differs earlier pleasures, 71 + produced through discharge, 71 + is altogether gratification pleasure, 71 + nature of, more deeply entered into in the study of wit, 72 + +Pollution, process similar to, in infancy, 51 + caused by strong excitements in children, 64 + nocturnal, due to accumulation of semen, 74 + +Polymorphous-perverse disposition, 52 + +Precursory Sexual Aims, 20 + +Predisposition, bisexual, 9 + +Pregenital organization as phase of sexual life, 54; 58 + phase of organization of sexual life, 59 + sadistic-anal, 59 + organizations, assumption of, based on analysis of neuroses, 60 + +Prematurity, spontaneous sexual, a factor influential for sexual development, 97 + shown in breaking through, shortening or suspending of infantile latency period, 97 + becomes cause of disturbances in provoking sexual manifestations having character of perversions, 97 + sexual, runs parallel with intellectual prematurity, 98 + +Prevention of inversion, 87 + +Primacy of the Genitals, 50; 69 + attained at puberty, 68 + already sketched out in infantile life, 73 + for propagation, the last phase of sexual organization, 60 + +Primitive Psychic Mechanisms, 10, note 11 + +Prostitute fitted for her activity by polymorphous-perverse disposition, 53 + +Psychic participation in perversions, 25 + life one of three stimuli of sexual apparatus, 69 + sign of sexual excitation a feeling of tension, 69 + accomplishment of puberty is breaking away from parental authority, 85 + +Psychoanalysis, cures by, 3 + of homosexuals, 10, note 11 + reveals psychic mechanism of genesis of inversion, 11, note 12 + +Psychoanalysis, 26 + shows early intimidation from normal sexual aims, 18, note 17 + explains fetichism, 20, note 19 + reduces bisexuality to activity and passivity, 24 + reduces symptoms of hysteria, 27 + unconscious phantasies revealed by, 29, note 25 + of thumb-sucking, 43 + of anal zone, 47 + brings forgotten material to consciousness, 51 + of infantile sexuality, 55, note 19 + and inquisitiveness of children, 56 + and pregenital organizations, 58 + and tenderness of sexual life, 61 + novelty of, 66 + of transference psychoses, 77 + gives at present definite information only about transformations of object-libido, 78 + cannot distinguish ego-libido from other effective energies, 78 + shows two paths of object finding, 82, note 5 + shows individual struggle with incest temptations, 85, note 9 + positive perversions accessible to therapy of, 90, note 12 + +Psychoneuroses based on sexual motive powers, 26 + associated with manifest inversions, 29, note 26 + traces of all perversions in, 30 + significance of erogenous zones in, 32 + preponderance of special erogenous zones in, 34 + +Psychoneurotics, sexual life of, explained only through psychoanalysis, 26 + Sexual Activities of, 27 + disease of, appears after puberty, 33 + constitution of, tendency to inversions in, 34 + sexuality of preserves infantile character, 39 + +Psychosexual hermaphrodites show indifference to which sex their object belongs, 2 + not paralleled by other psychic qualities, 8 + phenomena explained by nature of ego-libido, 77 + development, disturbances of, show incestuous object selection, 86 + +Puberty not the time of the beginning of the sexual impulse, 1; 36 + relation of, to inversion, 3 + definite sexual behavior not determined till after, 10, note 11 + Transformations of, 68 + most striking process of, the growth of the genitals, 69 + + +Railroad activities, sexual element in, 62 + +Reaction formation, 40 + and sublimation two diverse processes, 41 + feelings of, 41 + formation begins in latency period, 95 + +Reading as source of sexual excitement through fear, 64 + +Regression appears in sex development of woman, 68 + produced by factors injuring sexual development, 97 + +Repression of certain powerful components, 94 + not a suspension, 95 + result of, an almost normal sexual life, 95 + +Repression, inner determinations of, unknown, 96 + effect of, cannot be made retrogressive, 98 + a special process cutting off conscious discharge of wishes, 27 + +Repression of heterosexual feeling in psychoneurosis, 29, note 26 + Sadism resulting from shows masochistic tendencies, 30 + immense amount, in inverts, 33 + congenital roots of sexual impulse undergo insufficient, 35 + of impressions of childhood, 38 + sexual, greater in girl, 79 + new wave of, distinguishes puberty of girl, 80 + determines psychic causes of anesthesia, 81 + of puberty determines woman's preference for neuroses, 81 + a new, required, abolishing a piece of infantile masculinity, 92 + +Resistances, shame, loathing, fear and pain as, 25 + +Rhythm in sucking analogous to tickling, 45 + of mechanical shaking of the body produces sexual excitation, 62 + +Riddle of the Sphinx, 56 + +Rieger, C., 75 + +Rohleder, 47, note 13 + +Rousseau, J.J., 55 + + +Sadger, J., 1 + +Sadism (see Masochism) + and Masochism, 21 + occupy special place among perversions, 23 + conception of, fluctuates, 22 + attributable to bisexuality, 24 + resulting from repression paralleled by Masochism, 30 + attributed by children to sexual act, 57 + prevalence of, 60 + -Masochism impulse, rooted in erogenous action of pain, 65 + +Sadistic-anal pregenital sexual organization, 59 + +Sadistic impulse from muscular activity, 64 + +Scatologic customs of neurotics, 49 + +Schrenk-Notzing, 1, note 1 + +Scott, 23 + +Secondary sex characteristics, 8 + +Seduction does not necessarily produce inverts, 6 + treating child as a sexual object, 51 + as outer cause of return of sexual activity in childhood, 51 + not necessary to awaken sexual life of child, 52 + does not explain original relations of sexual impulse, 53 + +Semen, rôle of, unknown to children, 58 + +Sex characteristics, Secondary and Tertiary, 8 + culture and, 41 + +Sexual Aberrations, 1 + a transition of variations of sexual impulse to the pathological, 19 + act, theories of children as to, 57 + activities, of psychoneurotics, 27 + premature, of children, impair educability, 91 + activities, infantile leave profoundest impressions, 50 + aim abandoned in childhood, 40 + at puberty different in the two sexes, 68 + Deviation in Reference to, 14 + distinction between, and sexual object, 1 + Fixation of Precursory, 20 + in man the discharge of the sexual products, 68 + of infantile impulse, 46 + of infantile sexuality, 45 + of Inverts, 12 + perversion may be substituted for, by normal person, 24 + should be restricted to union of genitals, 16 + apparatus, weakness of, 18 + constitutions, diverse, 66 + variation of, 93 + contrary, 2 + development of man easier to understand, than woman's, 68 + disturbances, paths of, a means of sublimation, 67 + serviceable in health, 67 + excitation of nursing period, 51 + is one result of three ways of stimulation of the sexual apparatus, 69 + excitement originates + (_a_) as imitation of a previous gratification, 61 + (_b_) as a stimulation of erogenous zones, 61 + (_c_) as the expression of some impulse, 61 + sources of, tested by quality of stimulus, 65 + inner sources of, 65 + nature of, unfamiliar to us, 66 + indirect source of, not equally strong in all persons, 66 + influences availability of voluntary attention, 67 + problem of, 73 + normally ended only by discharge of semen, 74 + independent of an accumulation of sexual substance, 75 + furnished not only from so-called sexual parts, 77 + intercourse between parents and child an inexhaustible source of, 82 + gratification found by inverts in object of same sex, 3 + impression, 5 + Impulse, 1 + acquired, 5 + too close connection of, with object assumed, 12 + entirely independent of its object, 13 + most poorly controlled of all by higher psychic activities, 14 + alone was extolled by the ancients, 14, note 13 + Masochism in, causes unconscious fixation of libido on the hypnotist, 15, note 14 + closely connected with cruelty, 23 + the source of symptoms of neuroses, 27 + perverse, converted expression of, 29 + in psychoneuroses, 33 + ignorance of essential features of, 36 + becomes altruistic, 68 + regularly becomes autoerotic, 81 + not awakened, 82 + of genitals reawakens, 50 + primitive formation of, 42 + inhibition, 40 + inversion, 2 + presupposes that sexual object is reverse of normal, 10 + inverts, 1, note 1 + investigation, infantile, 55 + latency period, in childhood, 39 + life of children, 40 + shows components regarding others as sexual objects, 53 + tender streams of, 61 + normality of guaranteed by concurrence of two streams, 68 + all disturbances of, as inhibitions of development, 69 + development of, of children unimportant in lower stages of culture and important in higher, 99 + love shown by children towards parents at an early date, 83 + manifestations in childhood, exceptional, 39 + the masturbatic, 47 + object is the person from whom the sexual attraction emanates, 1 + Deviation in Reference to the, 2 + inaccessibility of, leads to occasional inversion, 3 + of inverts, 10 + male inverts look for real feminine psychic features in, 11 + female active inverts look for femininity in, 12 + the sexually immature and animals as, 13 + emphasis placed by moderns on the, 14, note 13 + lingering at intermediary relations to, one of the perversions, 15 + object, overestimation of the, 15 + unfit substitutes for, 18 + selection in very young children, 55, note 19 + found at puberty, 68 + and aim concurrent in normal sexual life, 68 + in mother's breast, 81 + lost when infant forms general picture of person, 81 + of nursing period, 82 + organization, pregenital oral, 59 + overestimation of, rises only when woman refuses, 80 + process, motive power for, escapes in fore-pleasure, 72 + rejection leaves in unconscious of neurotic the psychosexual activity for object finding, 86 + satisfaction from muscular activity, 63 + substance, rôle of, 74 + symbolism of forms of motion, 63 + tension loosened by copulation, 14 + implies feeling of displeasure, 70 + carries impulse to alter psychic situation, 70 + appears even in infancy, 73 + does not originate in pleasure, 74 + and pleasure only indirectly connected, 74 + a certain amount of, necessary for the excitability of the erogenous zones, 74 + theories, infantile, are reproductions of child's sexual constitution, 57 + +Sexuality as the weak point of the otherwise normal, 14 + infantilism of, 34 + infantile factor in, 39 + infantile, manifestations of, 42 + sexual aim of infantile, 45 + germinating, affecting children's behavior in school, 64 + encroached upon by all intensive affective processes, 64 + partial impulses of, 65 + of eating, 66 + ways between, and other functions traversible in both directions, 66 + does not consist entirely in male germ glands, 75 + of clitoris repressed in girl at puberty, 80 + +Sexuals, Contrary, 2 + +Shame is a force opposed to the peeping mania, 21 + as a resistance opposed to the libido, 23, 25 + as force acting as an inhibition on sexual life, 40 + +Shoe as a symbol of female genital, 19, note 18 + +Skin as erogenous zone, 32 + as factor of sexual excitement, 65 + +Sleep caused by pleasure-sucking, 43 + +Smell desire, coprophilic, 20, note 19 + +Smoking, desire for in former thumb-suckers, 44 + +Sphinx, Riddle of, 56 + +Sports turn youth away from sexual activity, 64 + +Stimulus produced by isolated excitements coming from without, 31 + outer, removing sensitiveness with gratification, 47 + quality of, as criterion of sources of sexual excitement, 65 + can set in motion complicated sexual apparatus, 69 + affects the sexual apparatus in three ways, 69 + +Sublimation, artistic, 21 + Reaction Formation and, 40 + a deviation of sexual motive powers from sexual aims, 41 + and reaction formation two diverse processes, 41, note 8 + desire for knowledge corresponds to, 55 + effected on paths by which sexual disturbances encroach upon other functions of the body, 67 + makes possible a third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositions, 95 + inner processes of, totally unknown, 96 + +Sucking, see Thumb-sucking,-- + +Symbolism of fetichism, 19, 20 + sexual, of early childhood, 55, note 19 + +Symptomatology of neurotic determined by infantile sexual activity, 50 + of pollution-like process, 51 + of neuroses traced to disturbance of the sexual processes, 67 + manifested in disturbances of other non-sexual bodily functions, 67 + +Symptoms, creators of, are unconscious forces, 89 + of psychoneuroses are the sexual activities of the patient, 27 + +Syphilis in fathers of more than half the cases of hysteria, compulsion-neurosis, etc., treated by Freud, 93 + + +Temperature sensitiveness, as result of distinct erogenous action, 62 + +Temporal Factors, 98 + +Tension, sexual, loosened by copulation, 14, 70 + feeling of, 46 + the psychic sign of sexual excitation, 69 + unpleasant, relation of, to feeling of pleasure, 70 + increase in changing to displeasure, 71 + increased by functions of erogenous zones, 71 + of libido dies away at orgasm, 71 + too little, endangers attainment of sexual aim, 72 + +Tertiary sex characteristics, 8 + +Theatre as source of sexual excitement through fear, 64 + +Thumb-sucking as model of infantile sexual manifestations, 42 + a sexual activity, 43 + as remnant of oral phase of pregenital sexual organization, 59 + +Thyroid gland, rôle of, in sexuality, 76 + +Tickling analogous to rhythmic sucking, 45 + demanding onanistic gratification, 51 + +Toe, sucking of, 42 + +Tongue, sucking of, 42 + +Touching as preliminary to sexual aim, 14 + and looking, 20 + hand as addition to attraction of sexual object, 70 + +Transference neuroses, 77 + of erogenous excitability from clitoris to vagina, 81 + +Transformation of puberty, 68 + success of, dependent on adjustment to dispositions and impulses, 68 + +Transgressions, anatomical, 15 + especially frequent, are those to mouth and anus, 29 + + +Ulrich, 9 + +Unconscious, all neurotics have feelings of inversion in, 29 + nothing in, corresponds to fetichism, 30 + psychic material is the source of compulsions, 51 + forces revealing themselves as symptom creators, 89 + +Uranism, 5, note 7 + +Urinary apparatus, the guardian of the genital, 51 + + +Vagina, glandular activity of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69 + +Vomiting, hysterical, evinced after repression of thumb-sucking, 44 + +Voyeurs (see Looking, Peeping, Exhibitionism) + as examples of overcoming of loathing, 21 + exhibitionists are at the same time, 30 + children become, 54 + + +Wishes, symptoms of hysteria are substitutes for, 27 + +Wit as source of greater knowledge of pleasure, 72 + +Woman (see Masculine and feminine) + regression in sex development of, 68 + differentiation between man and, 78 + +Work, intellectual, as sexual excitement, 65 + + +Zola, 96 + +Zone, chief erogenous, in female child is the clitoris, 80 + +Zones, erogenous, 31 + characters of, 45 + predestined, 46 + lips as erogenous, 44 + all parts of body may become erogenous, 46 + genital, gratification of, taught by seduction, 52 + erogenous, premature activity of, indicated by cruelty, 54 + parts of skin called, 65 + lip, responsible for sexual gratification during eating, 66 + primacy of genital, 69 + erogenous, prepare sexual excitement, 70 + leading, in man and woman, 80 + + + + +Volume VII July, 1920 Number 3 + +The Psychoanalytic Review + +A Journal Devoted to an Understanding of Human Conduct + +EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY + +WILLIAM A. WHITE, M.D., and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D. + + * * * * * + +CONTENTS + +ORIGINAL ARTICLES + *Freud's Concept of the "Censorship".* W.H.R. RIVERS. + *Psychology of War and Schizophrenia.* E.W. LAZELL. + *The Paraphrenic's Inaccessibility.* M.K. ISHAM. +TRANSLATION + *Psychological Psychiatry.* H.F. DELGADO. +ABSTRACTS. *Book Reviews* + + * * * * * + +Issued Quarterly: $6.00 per Volume, +Single Numbers, $1.75 +Foreign, $6.60 + + * * * * * + +NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY + +41 NORTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, PA., +and +3617 10th ST., N.W., WASHINGTON, D. C. + +Serial No. 27 + + * * * * * + +Entered as Second-Class Matter October 25, 1913, at the Post Office at +Lancaster, Pennsylvania under the Act of March 3, 1879. + + + + +Publishers of + +The Psychoanalytic Review + +A Journal Devoted to the Understanding of Human Conduct + +Edited by WILLIAM A. WHITE, M.D., and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D. Leading +Articles Which Have Appeared in Previous Volumes + +VOL. I. (Beginning November, 1913.) + +The Theory of Psychoanalysis. C.G. Jung. +Psychoanalysis of Self-Mutilation. L.E. Emerson. +Blindness as a Wish. T.H. Ames. +The Technique of Psychoanalysis. S.E. Jelliffe. +Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. Riklin. +Character and the Neuroses. Trigant Burrow. +The Wildisbush Crucified Saint. Theodore Schroeder. +The Pragmatic Advantage of Freudo-Analysis. Knight Dunlap. +Moon Myth in Medicine. William A. White. +The Sadism of Oscar Wilde's "Salome." Isador H. Coriat. +Psychoanalysis and Hospitals. L.E. Emerson. +The Dream as a Simple Wishfulfillment in the Negro. John E. Lind. + +VOL. II. (Beginning January, 1915.) + +The Principles of Pain-Pleasure and Reality. Paul Federn. +The Unconscious. William A. White. +A Plea for a Broader Standpoint in Psychoanalysis. Meyer Solomon. +Contributions to the Pathology of Everyday Life; Their Relation to + Abnormal Mental Phenomena. Robert Stewart Miller. +The Integrative Functions of the Nervous System Applied to Some + Reactions in Human Behavior and their Attending Psychic Functions. + Edward J. Kempf. +A Manic-Depressive Upset Presenting Frank Wish-Realization Construction. + Ralph Reed. +Psychoanalytic Parallels. William A. White. +Rôle of Sexual Complex in Dementia Prćcox. James C. Hassall. +Psycho-Genetics of Androcratic Evolution. Theodore Schroeder. +Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. Otto Rank and + Hans Sachs. +Some Studies in the Psychopathology of Acute Dissociation of the + Personality. Edward J. Kempf. +Psychoanalysis. Arthur H. Ring. +A Philosophy for Psychoanalysis. L.E. Emerson. + +VOL. III. (Beginning January, 1916.) + +Symbolism. William A. White. +The Work of Alfred Adler, Considered with Especial Reference to that of + Freud. James J. Putnam. +Art in the Insane. L. Grimberg. +Retaliation Dreams. Hansell Crenshaw. +History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. Sigmund Freud. +Clinical Cases Exhibiting Unconscious Defence Reactions. Francis H. + Shockley. +Processes of Recovery in Schizophrenics. H. Bertschinger. +Freud and Sociology. Ernest R. Groves. +The Ontogenetic Against the Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of + the Colored Race. Arrah B. Evarts. +Discomfiture and Evil Spirits. Elsie Clews Parsons. +Two Very Definite Wish-Fulfillment Dreams. C.B. Burr. + +VOL. IV. (Beginning January, 1917.) + +Individuality and Introversion. William A. White. +A Study of a Severe Case of Compulsion Neurosis. H.W. Frink. +A Summary of Material on the Topical Community of Primitive and + Pathological Symbols ("Archeopathic" Symbols), F.L. Wells. +A Literary Forerunner of Freud. Helen Williston Brown. +The Technique of Dream Interpretation. Wilhelm Steckel. +The Social and Sexual Behavior of Infrahuman Primates with some + Comparable Facts in Human Behavior. Edw. J. Kempf. +Pain as a Reaction of Defence. H.B. Moyle. +Some Statistical Results of the Psychoanalytic Treatment of + Psychoneuroses. Isador H. Coriat. The Rôle of Animals in the + Unconscious. S.E. Jelliffe and L. Brink. +The Genesis and Meaning of Homosexuality. Trigant Burrow. +Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of the Negro. John E. Lind. +Freudian Elements in the Animism of the Niger Delta. E.R. Groves. +The Mechanism of Transference. William A. White. +The Future of Psychoanalysis. Isador H. Coriat. +Hermaphroditic Dreams. Isador H. Coriat. +The Psychology of "The Yellow Jacket." E.J. Kempf. +Heredity and Self-Conceit. Mabel Stevens. +The Long Handicap. Helen R. Hull. + +VOL. V. (Beginning January, 1918.) + +Analysis of a Case of Manic-Depressive Psychosis Showing well-marked + Regressive Stages. Lucile Dooley. +Reactions to Personal Names. C.P. Oberndorf. +A Study of the Mental Life of the Child. H. von Hug-Hellmuth. +An Interpretation of Certain Symbolisms. J.J. Putnam. +Charles Darwin--The Affective Source of His Inspiration and Anxiety + Neurosis. Edw. J. Kempf. +The Origin of the Incest-Awe. Trigant Burrow. +Compulsion and Freedom: The Fantasy of the Willow Tree. S.E. Jelliffe + and L. Brink. +A Case of Childhood Conflicts with Prominent Reference to the Urinary + System: with some General Considerations on Urinary Symptoms in the + Psychoneuroses and Psychoses. C. Macfie Campbell. +The Hound of Heaven. Thomas Vernon Moore. +A Lace Creation Revealing an Incest Fantasy. Arrah B. Evarts. +Nephew and Maternal Uncle: A Motive of Early Literature in the Light of + Freudian Psychology. Albert K. Weinberg. + +All the leading foreign psychoanalytic journals are regularly +abstracted, and all books dealing with psychoanalysis are reviewed. + +Issued Quarterly: $5.00 per Volume. + +Single Copies: $1.50 Foreign, $5.60. + +Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company + +3617 Tenth Street, N.W. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex + +Author: Sigmund Freud + +Release Date: February 8, 2005 [EBook #14969] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THEORY OF SEX *** + + + + +Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Joel Schlosberg and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +</pre> + +<a name="pi"></a> +<center><h5>NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES NO. 7</h5> +<h1>THREE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF SEX</h1> +<h4><i>SECOND EDITION</i><br> +<i>SECOND REPRINTING</i></h4> +<h6>BY</h6> +<h3>PROF. SIGMUND FREUD, LL.D.</h3> +<h6>VIENNA</h6> +<h5>AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY</h5> +<h3>A.A. BRILL, PH.B., M.D.</h3> +<h6>CLINICAL ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY, COLUMBIA +UNIVERSITY; ASSISTANT IN MENTAL DISEASES, BELLEVUE HOSPITAL; ASSISTANT +VISITING PHYSICIAN, HOSPITAL FOR NERVOUS DISEASES</h6> +<h5>WITH INTRODUCTION BY</h5> +<h3>JAMES J. PUTNAM, M.D.</h3> +<h4>NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING CO.</h4> +<h5>NEW YORK AND WASHINGTON<br> +1920</h5></center> + +<hr> + +<a name="pii"></a> + +<center><h3>NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES</h3> +<h5>Edited by<br> +Drs. SMITH ELY JELLIFFE and WM. A. WHITE<br> +Numbers Issued</h5></center> +<ol> +<li><b>Outlines of Psychiatry.</b> (7th Edition.) <b>$3.00. By Dr. William A. White.</b> +<li><b>Studies in Paranoia.</b> (Out of Print.) <b>By Drs. N. Gierlich and M. Friedman.</b> +<li><b>The Psychology of Dementia Praecox.</b> (Out of Print.) <b>By Dr. C.G. Jung.</b> +<li><b>Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses.</b> (3d Edition.) <b>$3.00. By Prof. Sigmund Freud.</b> +<li><b>The Wassermann Serum Diagnosis in Psychiatry. $2.00. By Dr. Felix Plaut.</b> +<li><b>Epidemic Poliomyelitis. New York, 1907.</b> (Out of Print.) +<li><b>Three Contributions to Sexual Theory.</b> (3d Edition.) <b>$2.00. By Prof. Sigmund Freud.</b> +<li><b>Mental Mechanisms.</b> (Out of Print.) <b>$2.00. By Dr. Wm. A. White.</b> +<li><b>Studies in Psychiatry. $2.00. New York Psychiatrical Society.</b> +<li><b>Handbook of Mental Examination Methods. $2.00.</b> (Out of Print.) <b>By Shepherd Ivory Franz.</b> +<li><b>The Theory of Schizophrenic Negativism. $1.00. By Professor E. Bleuler.</b> +<li><b>Cerebellar Functions. $3.00. By Dr. André-Thomas.</b> +<li><b>History of Prison Psychoses. $1.25. By Drs. P. Nitsche and K. Wilmanns.</b> +<li><b>General Paresis. $3.00. By Prof. E. Kraepelin.</b> +<li><b>Dreams and Myths. $1.00. By Dr. Karl Abraham.</b> +<li><b>Poliomyelitis. $3.00. By Dr. I. Wickmann.</b> +<li><b>Freud's Theories of the Neuroses. $2.00. By Dr. E. Hitschmann.</b> +<li><b>The Myth of the Birth of the Hero. $1.00. By Dr. Otto Rank.</b> +<li><b>The Theory of Psychoanalysis. $1.50.</b> (Out of Print.) <b>By Dr. C.G. Jung.</b> +<li><b>Vagotonia. $1.00.</b> (3d Edition.) <b>By Drs. Eppinger and Hess.</b> +<li><b>Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. $1.00. By Dr. Ricklin.</b> +<li><b>The Dream Problem. $1.00. By Dr. A.E. Maeder.</b> +<li><b>The Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. $1.50. By Drs. O. Rank and D.H. Sachs.</b> +<li><b>Organ Inferiority and its Psychical Compensation. $1.50. By Dr. Alfred Adler.</b> +<li><b>The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. $1.00. By Prof. S. Freud.</b> +<li><b>Technique of Psychoanalysis. $2.00. By Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe.</b> +<li><b>Vegetative Neurology. $2.00. By Dr. H. Higier.</b> +<li><b>The Autonomic Functions and the Personality. $2.00. By Dr. Edward J. Kemp.</b> +<li><b>A Study of the Mental Life of the Child, $2.00. By Dr. H. Von Hug-Hellmuth.</b> +<li><b>Internal Secretions and the Nervous System. $1.00. By Dr. M. Laignel Lavastine.</b> +<li><b>Sleep Walking and Moon Walking. $2.00. By Dr. J. Sadger.</b> +</ol> +<center><h5>NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY<br> +3617 10th St. N.W., Washington, D.C.</h5></center> + +<hr> + +<a name="piii"></a> + +<center><h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS</h2></center> + +<table width="100%"> +<tr> +<td> </td><td align="right">PAGE</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href="#pv">INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION</a></td><td align="right">v</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href="#pix">AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION</a></td><td align="right">ix</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href="#px">AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION</a></td><td align="right">x</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> <a href="#p1">I. THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS</a></td><td align="right">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> <a href="#p36">II. THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY</a></td><td align="right">36</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><a href="#p68">III. THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY</a></td><td align="right">68</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a name="piv"></a> +<a name="pv"></a> + +<br> + +<center><h2>INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION</h2></center> + +<p>The somewhat famous "Three Essays," which Dr. Brill is here bringing to +the attention of an English-reading public, occupy—brief as they +are—an important position among the achievements of their author, a +great investigator and pioneer in an important line. It is not claimed +that the facts here gathered are altogether new. The subject of the +sexual instinct and its aberrations has long been before the scientific +world and the names of many effective toilers in this vast field are +known to every student. When one passes beyond the strict domains of +science and considers what is reported of the sexual life in folkways +and art-lore and the history of primitive culture and in romance, the +sources of information are immense. Freud has made considerable +additions to this stock of knowledge, but he has done also something of +far greater consequence than this. He has worked out, with incredible +penetration, the part which this instinct plays in every phase of human +life and in the development of human character, and has been able to +establish on a firm footing the remarkable thesis that psychoneurotic +illnesses never occur with a perfectly normal sexual life. Other sorts +of emotions contribute to the result, but some aberration of the sexual +life is always present, as the cause of especially insistent emotions +and repressions.</p> + +<p>The instincts with which every child is born furnish desires or cravings +which must be dealt with in some fashion. They may be refined +("sublimated"), so far as is necessary and desirable, into energies of +other sorts—as happens readily with the play-instinct—or they may +remain as the source of perversions and inversions, and of cravings of +new sorts substituted for those of the more primitive kinds under the +pressure of a conventional <a name="pvi">civilization</a>. +The symptoms of the functional psychoneuroses represent, after a +fashion, some of these distorted attempts to find a substitute for the +imperative cravings born of the sexual instincts, and their form often +depends, in part at least, on the peculiarities of the sexual life in +infancy and early childhood. It is Freud's service to have investigated +this inadequately chronicled period of existence with extraordinary +acumen. In so doing he made it plain that the "perversions" and +"inversions," which reappear later under such striking shapes, belong to +the normal sexual life of the young child and are seen, in veiled forms, +in almost every case of nervous illness.</p> + +<p>It cannot too often be repeated that these discoveries represent no +fanciful deductions, but are the outcome of rigidly careful observations +which any one who will sufficiently prepare himself can verify. Critics +fret over the amount of "sexuality" that Freud finds evidence of in the +histories of his patients, and assume that he puts it there. But such +criticisms are evidences of misunderstandings and proofs of ignorance.</p> + +<p>Freud had learned that the amnesias of hypnosis and of hysteria were not +absolute but relative and that in covering the lost memories, much more, +of unexpected sort, was often found. Others, too, had gone as far as +this, and stopped. But this investigator determined that nothing but the +absolute impossibility of going further should make him cease from +urging his patients into an inexorable scrutiny of the unconscious +regions of their memories and thoughts, such as never had been made +before. Every species of forgetfulness, even the forgetfulness of +childhood's years, was made to yield its hidden stores of knowledge; +dreams, even though apparently absurd, were found to be interpreters of +a varied class of thoughts, active, although repressed as out of harmony +with the selected life of consciousness; layer after layer, new sets of +motives underlying motives were laid bare, and each patient's interest +was strongly enlisted in the task of learning to know <a name="pvii">himself</a> +in order more truly and wisely to "sublimate" himself. Gradually other +workers joined patiently in this laborious undertaking, which now +stands, for those who have taken pains to comprehend it, as by far the +most important movement in psychopathology.</p> + +<p>It must, however, be recognized that these essays, of which Dr. Brill +has given a translation that cannot but be timely, concern a subject +which is not only important but unpopular. Few physicians read the works +of v. Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Moll, and others of like sort. +The remarkable volumes of Havelock Ellis were refused publication in his +native England. The sentiments which inspired this hostile attitude +towards the study of the sexual life are still active, though growing +steadily less common. One may easily believe that if the facts which +Freud's truth-seeking researches forced him to recognize and to publish +had not been of an unpopular sort, his rich and abundant contributions +to observational psychology, to the significance of dreams, to the +etiology and therapeutics of the psychoneuroses, to the interpretation +of mythology, would have won for him, by universal acclaim, the same +recognition among all physicians that he has received from a rapidly +increasing band of followers and colleagues.</p> + +<p>May Dr. Brill's translation help toward this end.</p> + +<p>There are two further points on which some comments should be made. The +first is this, that those who conscientiously desire to learn all that +they can from Freud's remarkable contributions should not be content to +read any one of them alone. His various publications, such as "The +Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses,"<a href="#pviin1">[1]</a> "The +Interpretation of Dreams,"<a href="#pviin2">[2]</a> "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life,"<a href="#pviin3">[3]</a> +"Wit and its Relation to <a name="pviii">the</a> +Unconscious,"<a href="#pviiin4">[4]</a> the analysis of the case of the little boy called Hans, +the study of Leonardo da Vinci,<a href="#pviiin4a">[4a]</a> and the various short essays in the +four Sammlungen kleiner Schriften, not only all hang together, but +supplement each other to a remarkable extent. Unless a course of study +such as this is undertaken many critics may think various statements and +inferences in this volume to be far fetched or find them too obscure for +comprehension.</p> + +<p>The other point is the following: One frequently hears the +psychoanalytic method referred to as if it was customary for those +practicing it to exploit the sexual experiences of their patients and +nothing more, and the insistence on the details of the sexual life, +presented in this book, is likely to emphasize that notion. But the fact +is, as every thoughtful inquirer is aware, that the whole progress of +civilization, whether in the individual or the race, consists largely in +a "sublimation" of infantile instincts, and especially certain portions +of the sexual instinct, to other ends than those which they seemed +designed to serve. Art and poetry are fed on this fuel and the evolution +of character and mental force is largely of the same origin. All the +forms which this sublimation, or the abortive attempts at sublimation, +may take in any given case, should come out in the course of a thorough +psychoanalysis. It is not the sexual life alone, but every interest and +every motive, that must be inquired into by the physician who is seeking +to obtain all the data about the patient, necessary for his reeducation +and his cure. But all the thoughts and emotions and desires and motives +which appear in the man or woman of adult years were once crudely +represented in the obscure instincts of the infant, and among these +instincts those which were concerned directly or indirectly with the +sexual emotions, in a wide sense, are certain to be found in every case +to have been the most important for the end-result.</p> + +<p align="right">JAMES J. PUTNAM.</p> + +<p><small>BOSTON, August 23, 1910.</small></p> + +<a name="pviin1"></a><p><small><a href="#pvii">Note 1</a>: Translated by +A.A. Brill, NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES, NO. +4.</small></p> + +<a name="pviin2"></a><p><small><a href="#pvii">Note 2</a>: Translated by +A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York, and Allen & Unwin, +London.</small></p> + +<a name="pviin3"></a><p><small><a href="#pvii">Note 3</a>: Translated by +A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York.</small></p> + +<a name="pviiin4"></a><p><small><a href="#pviii">Note 4</a>: Translated +by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co., New York.</small></p> + +<a name="pviiin4a"></a><p><small><a href="#pviii">Note 4a</a>: Translated +by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co., New York.</small></p> + +<br> + +<a name="pix"></a> + +<center><h2>AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION</h2></center> + +<p>Although the author is fully aware of the gaps and obscurities contained +in this small volume, he has, nevertheless, resisted a temptation to add +to it the results obtained from the investigations of the last five +years, fearing that thus its unified and documentary character would be +destroyed. He accordingly reproduces the original text with but slight +modifications, contenting himself with the addition of a few footnotes. +For the rest, it is his ardent wish that this book may speedily become +antiquated—to the end that the new material brought forward in it may +be universally accepted, while the shortcomings it displays may give +place to juster views.</p> + +<p><small>VIENNA, December, 1909.</small></p> + +<br> + +<a name="px"></a> +<a name="pxi"></a> + +<center><h2>AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION</h2></center> + +<p>After watching for ten years the reception accorded to this book and the +effect it has produced, I wish to provide the third edition of it with +some prefatory remarks dealing with the misunderstandings of the book +and the demands, insusceptible of fulfillment, made against it. Let me +emphasize in the first place that whatever is here presented is derived +entirely from every-day medical experience which is to be made more +profound and scientifically important through the results of +psychoanalytic investigation. The "Three Contributions to the Theory of +Sex" can contain nothing except what psychoanalysis obliges them to +accept or what it succeeds in corroborating. It is therefore excluded +that they should ever be developed into a "theory of sex," and it is +also quite intelligible that they will assume no attitude at all towards +some important problems of the sexual life. This should not however give +the impression that these omitted chapters of the great theme were +unfamiliar to the author, or that they were neglected by him as +something of secondary importance.</p> + +<p>The dependence of this work on the psychoanalytic experiences which have +determined the writing of it, shows itself not only in the selection but +also in the arrangement of the material. A certain succession of stages +was observed, the occasional factors are rendered prominent, the +constitutional ones are left in the background, and the ontogenetic +development receives greater consideration than the phylogenetic. For +the occasional factors play the principal rôle in analysis, and are +almost completely worked up in it, while the constitutional factors only +become evident from behind as elements which have been made functional +through <a name="pxii">experience</a>, +and a discussion of these would lead far beyond the working sphere of +psychoanalysis.</p> + +<p>A similar connection determines the relation between ontogenesis and +phylogenesis. Ontogenesis may be considered as a repetition of +phylogenesis insofar as the latter has not been varied by a more recent +experience. The phylogenetic disposition makes itself visible behind the +ontogenetic process. But fundamentally the constitution is really the +precipitate of a former experience of the species to which the newer +experience of the individual being is added as the sum of the occasional +factors.</p> + +<p>Beside its thoroughgoing dependence on psychoanalytic investigation I +must emphasize as a character of this work of mine its intentional +independence of biological investigation. I have carefully avoided the +inclusion of the results of scientific investigation in general sex +biology or of particular species of animals in this study of human +sexual functions which is made possible by the technique of +psychoanalysis. My aim was indeed to find out how much of the biology of +the sexual life of man can be discovered by means of psychological +investigation; I was able to point to additions and agreements which +resulted from this examination, but I did not have to become confused if +the psychoanalytic methods led in some points to views and results which +deviated considerably from those merely based on biology.</p> + +<p>I have added many passages in this edition, but I have abstained from +calling attention to them, as in former editions, by special marks. The +scientific work in our sphere has at present been retarded in its +progress, nevertheless some supplements to this work were indispensable +if it was to remain in touch with our newer psychoanalytic literature.</p> + +<p><small>VIENNA, October, 1914.</small></p> + +<br> + +<a name="p1"></a> + +<center><h2>I</h2> +<h2>THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS<a href="#p1n1">[1]</a></h2></center> + +<p>The fact of sexual need in man and animal is expressed in biology by the +assumption of a "sexual impulse." This impulse is made analogous to the +impulse of taking nourishment, and to hunger. The sexual expression +corresponding to hunger not being found colloquilly, science uses the +expression "libido."<a href="#p1n2">[2]</a></p> + +<p>Popular conception makes definite assumptions concerning the nature and +qualities of this sexual impulse. It is supposed to be absent during +childhood and to commence about the time of and in connection with the +maturing process of puberty; it is supposed that it manifests itself in +irresistible attractions exerted by one sex upon the other, and that its +aim is sexual union or at least such actions as would lead to union.</p> + +<p>But we have every reason to see in these assumptions a very +untrustworthy picture of reality. On closer examination they are found +to abound in errors, inaccuracies and hasty conclusions.</p> + +<p>If we introduce two terms and call the person from whom the sexual +attraction emanates the <i>sexual object</i>, and the action towards which +the impulse strives the <i>sexual aim</i>, then the scientifically examined +experience shows us many deviations in <a name="p2">reference</a> to +both sexual object and sexual aim, the relations of which to the +accepted standard require thorough investigation.</p> + + +<center><h3>1. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL OBJECT</h3></center> + +<p>The popular theory of the sexual impulse corresponds closely to the +poetic fable of dividing the person into two halves—man and woman—who +strive to become reunited through love. It is therefore very surprising +to hear that there are men for whom the sexual object is not woman but +man, and that there are women for whom it is not man but woman. Such +<i>persons</i> are called contrary sexuals, or better, inverts; the +<i>condition</i>, that of inversion. The number of such individuals is +considerable though difficult of accurate determination.<a href="#p2n3">[3]</a></p> + + +<center><h4>A. <i>Inversion</i></h4></center> + +<p><b>The Behavior of Inverts.</b>—The above-mentioned persons behave in many +ways quite differently.</p> + +<p>(<i>a</i>) They are absolutely inverted; <i>i.e.</i>, their sexual object must be +always of the same sex, while the opposite sex can never be to them an +object of sexual longing, but leaves them indifferent or may even evoke +sexual repugnance. As men they are unable, on account of this +repugnance, to perform the normal sexual act or miss all pleasure in its +performance.</p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>) They are amphigenously inverted (psychosexually hermaphroditic); +<i>i.e.</i>, their sexual object may belong indifferently to either the same +or to the other sex. The inversion lacks the character of exclusiveness.</p> + +<p>(<i>c</i>) They are occasionally inverted; <i>i.e.</i>, under certain external +conditions, chief among which are the inaccessibility of the normal <a name="p3">sexual</a> +object and initiation, they are able to take as the sexual object a +person of the same sex and thus find sexual gratification.</p> + +<p>The inverted also manifest a manifold behavior in their judgment about +the peculiarities of their sexual impulse. Some take the inversion as a +matter of course, just as the normal person does regarding his libido, +firmly demanding the same rights as the normal. Others, however, strive +against the fact of their inversion and perceive in it a morbid +compulsion.<a href="#p3n4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>Other variations concern the relations of time. The characteristics of +the inversion in any individual may date back as far as his memory goes, +or they may become manifest to him at a definite period before or after +puberty.<a href="#p3n5">[5]</a> The character is either retained throughout life, or it +occasionally recedes or represents an episode on the road to normal +development. A periodical fluctuation between the normal and the +inverted sexual object has also been observed. Of special interest are +those cases in which the libido changes, taking on the character of +inversion after a painful experience with the normal sexual object.</p> + +<p>These different categories of variation generally exist independently of +one another. In the most extreme cases it can regularly be assumed that +the inversion has existed at all times and that the person feels +contented with his peculiar state.</p> + +<p>Many authors will hesitate to gather into a unit all the cases +enumerated here and will prefer to emphasize the differences rather than +the common characters of these groups, a view which corresponds with +their preferred judgment of inversions. But no matter what divisions may +be set up, it cannot be overlooked <a name="p4">that</a> all +transitions are abundantly met with, so that the formation of a series +would seem to impose itself.</p> + +<p><b>Conception of Inversion.</b>—The first attention bestowed upon inversion +gave rise to the conception that it was a congenital sign of nervous +degeneration. This harmonized with the fact that doctors first met it +among the nervous, or among persons giving such an impression. There are +two elements which should be considered independently in this +conception: the congenitality, and the degeneration.</p> + +<p><b>Degeneration.</b>—This term <i>degeneration</i> is open to the objections +which may be urged against the promiscuous use of this word in general. +It has in fact become customary to designate all morbid manifestations +not of traumatic or infectious origin as degenerative. Indeed, Magnan's +classification of degenerates makes it possible that the highest general +configuration of nervous accomplishment need not exclude the application +of the concept of degeneration. Under the circumstances, it is a +question what use and what new content the judgment of "degeneration" +still possesses. It would seem more appropriate not to speak of +degeneration: (1) Where there are not many marked deviations from the +normal; (2) where the capacity for working and living do not in general +appear markedly impaired.<a href="#p4n6">[6]</a></p> + +<p>That the inverted are not degenerates in this qualified sense can be +seen from the following facts:</p> + +<p>1. The inversion is found among persons who otherwise show no marked +deviation from the normal.</p> + +<p>2. It is found also among persons whose capabilities are not <a name="p5">disturbed</a>, +who on the contrary are distinguished by especially high intellectual +development and ethical culture.<a href="#p5n7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>3. If one disregards the patients of one's own practice and strives to +comprehend a wider field of experience, he will in two directions +encounter facts which will prevent him from assuming inversions as a +degenerative sign.</p> + +<p>(<i>a</i>) It must be considered that inversion was a frequent manifestation +among the ancient nations at the height of their culture. It was an +institution endowed with important functions. (<i>b</i>) It is found to be +unusually prevalent among savages and primitive races, whereas the term +degeneration is generally limited to higher civilization (I. Bloch). +Even among the most civilized nations of Europe, climate and race have a +most powerful influence on the distribution of, and attitude toward, +inversion.<a href="#p5n8">[8]</a></p> + +<p><b>Innateness.</b>—Only for the first and most extreme class of inverts, as +can be imagined, has innateness been claimed, and this from their own +assurance that at no time in their life has their sexual impulse +followed a different course. The fact of the existence of two other +classes, especially of the third, is difficult to reconcile with the +assumption of its being congenital. Hence, the propensity of those +holding this view to separate the group of absolute inverts from the +others results in the abandonment of the general conception of +inversion. Accordingly in a number of cases the inversion would be of a +congenital character, while in others it might originate from other +causes.</p> + +<p>In contradistinction to this conception is that which assumes inversion +to be an <i>acquired</i> character of the sexual impulse. It is based on the +following facts. (1) In many inverts (even <a name="p6">absolute</a> +ones) an early affective sexual impression can be demonstrated, as a +result of which the homosexual inclination developed. (2) In many others +outer influences of a promoting and inhibiting nature can be +demonstrated, which in earlier or later life led to a fixation of the +inversion—among which are exclusive relations with the same sex, +companionship in war, detention in prison, dangers of hetero-sexual +intercourse, celibacy, sexual weakness, etc. (3) Hypnotic suggestion may +remove the inversion, which would be surprising in that of a congenital +character.</p> + +<p>In view of all this, the existence of congenital inversion can certainly +be questioned. The objection may be made to it that a more accurate +examination of those claimed to be congenitally inverted will probably +show that the direction of the libido was determined by a definite +experience of early childhood, which has not been retained in the +conscious memory of the person, but which can be brought back to memory +by proper influences (Havelock Ellis). According to that author +inversion can be designated only as a frequent variation of the sexual +impulse which may be determined by a number of external circumstances of +life.</p> + +<p>The apparent certainty thus reached is, however, overthrown by the +retort that manifestly there are many persons who have experienced even +in their early youth those very sexual influences, such as seduction, +mutual onanism, without becoming inverts, or without constantly +remaining so. Hence, one is forced to assume that the alternatives +congenital and acquired are either incomplete or do not cover the +circumstances present in inversions.</p> + +<p><b>Explanation of Inversion.</b>—The nature of inversion is explained +neither by the assumption that it is congenital nor that it is acquired. +In the first case, we need to be told what there is in it of the +congenital, unless we are satisfied with the roughest explanation, +namely, that a person brings along a congenital sexual impulse connected +with a definite sexual object. In the <a name="p7">second</a> +case it is a question whether the manifold accidental influences suffice +to explain the acquisition unless there is something in the individual +to meet them half way. The negation of this last factor is inadmissible +according to our former conclusions.</p> + +<p><b>The Relation of Bisexuality.</b>—Since the time of Frank Lydston, +Kiernan, and Chevalier, a new series of ideas has been introduced for +the explanation of the possibility of sexual inversion. This contains a +new contradiction to the popular belief which assumes that a human being +is either a man or a woman. Science shows cases in which the sexual +characteristics appear blurred and thus the sexual distinction is made +difficult, especially on an anatomical basis. The genitals of such +persons unite the male and female characteristics (hermaphroditism). In +rare cases both parts of the sexual apparatus are well developed (true +hermaphroditism), but usually both are stunted.<a href="#p7n9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>The importance of these abnormalities lies in the fact that they +unexpectedly facilitate the understanding of the normal formation. A +certain degree of anatomical hermaphroditism really belongs to the +normal. In no normally formed male or female are traces of the apparatus +of the other sex lacking; these either continue functionless as +rudimentary organs, or they are transformed for the purpose of assuming +other functions.</p> + +<p>The conception which we gather from this long known anatomical fact is +the original predisposition to bisexuality, which in the course of +development has changed to monosexuality, leaving slight remnants of the +stunted sex.</p> + +<p>It was natural to transfer this conception to the psychic sphere and to +conceive the inversion in its aberrations as an expression of psychic +hermaphroditism. In order to bring the question to a decision, it was +only necessary to have one other circumstance, <a name="p8">viz.</a>, a +regular concurrence of the inversion with the psychic and somatic signs +of hermaphroditism.</p> + +<p>But this second expectation was not realized. The relations between the +assumed psychical and the demonstrable anatomical androgyny should never +be conceived as being so close. There is frequently found in the +inverted a diminution of the sexual impulse (H. Ellis) and a slight +anatomical stunting of the organs. This, however, is found frequently +but by no means regularly or preponderately. Thus we must recognize that +inversion and somatic hermaphroditism are totally independent of each +other.</p> + +<p>Great importance has also been attached to the so-called secondary and +tertiary sex characters and their aggregate occurrence in the inverted +has been emphasized (H. Ellis). There is much truth in this but it +should not be forgotten that the secondary and tertiary sex +characteristics very frequently manifest themselves in the other sex, +thus indicating androgyny without, however, involving changes in the +sexual object in the sense of an inversion.</p> + +<p>Psychic hermaphroditism would gain in substantiality if parallel with +the inversion of the sexual object there should be at least a change in +the other psychic qualities, such as in the impulses and distinguishing +traits characteristic of the other sex. But such inversion of character +can be expected with some regularity only in inverted women; in men the +most perfect psychic manliness may be united with the inversion. If one +firmly adheres to the hypothesis of a psychic hermaphroditism, one must +add that in certain spheres its manifestations allow the recognition of +only a very slight contrary determination. The same also holds true in +the somatic androgyny. According to Halban, the appearance of individual +stunted organs and secondary sex characters are quite independent of +each other.<a href="#p8n10">[10]</a></p> + +<p>A spokesman of the masculine inverts stated the bisexual <a name="p9">theory</a> +in its crudest form in the following words: "It is a female brain in a +male body." But we do not know the characteristics of a "female brain." +The substitution of the anatomical for the psychological is as frivolous +as it is unjustified. The tentative explanation by v. Krafft-Ebing seems +to be more precisely formulated than that of Ulrich but does not +essentially differ from it. v. Krafft-Ebing thinks that the bisexual +predisposition gives to the individual male and female brain centers as +well as somatic sexual organs. These centers develop first towards +puberty mostly under the influence of the independent sex glands. We +can, however, say the same of the male and female "centers" as of the +male and female brains; and, moreover, we do not even know whether we +can assume for the sexual functions separate brain locations ("centers") +such as we may assume for language.</p> + +<p>After this discussion, two notions, at all events, persist; first, that +a bisexual predisposition is to be presumed for the inversion also, only +we do not know of what it consists beyond the anatomical formations; +and, second, that we are dealing with disturbances which are experienced +by the sexual impulse during its development.<a href="#p9n11">[11]</a></p> + +<p><a name="p10"></a><b>The Sexual Object of Inverts.</b>—The theory of psychic hermaphroditism +presupposed that the sexual object of the inverted is the reverse of the +normal. The inverted man, like the woman, succumbs to the charms +emanating from manly qualities of body and mind; he feels himself like a +woman and seeks a man.</p> + +<p><a name="p11">But</a> however true this may be for a great number of inverts, it by no +means indicates the general character of inversion. There is no doubt +that a great part of the male inverted have retained the psychic +character of virility, that proportionately they show but little of the +secondary characters of the other sex, and that they really look for +real feminine psychic features in their sexual object. If that were not +so it would be incomprehensible why masculine prostitution, in offering +itself to inverts, copies in all its exterior, to-day as in antiquity, +the dress and attitudes of woman. This imitation would otherwise be an +insult to the ideal of the inverts. Among the Greeks, where the most +manly men were found among inverts, it is quite obvious that it was not +the masculine character of the boy which kindled the love of man, but it +was his physical resemblance to woman as well as his feminine psychic +qualities, such as shyness, demureness, and the need of instruction and +help. As soon as the boy himself became a man he ceased to be a sexual +object for men and in turn became a lover of boys. The sexual object in +this case as in many others is therefore not of the like sex, but it +unites both sex characters, a compromise between the impulses striving +for the man and for the woman, but firmly conditioned by the masculinity +of body (the genitals).<a href="#p11n12">[12]</a></p> + +<p><a name="p12">The</a> conditions in the woman are more definite; here +the active inverts, with special frequency, show the somatic and psychic +characters of man and desire femininity in their sexual object; though +even here greater variation will be found on more intimate +investigation.</p> + +<p><b>The Sexual Aim of Inverts.</b>—The important fact to bear in mind is that +no uniformity of the sexual aim can be attributed to inversion. +Intercourse per anum in men by no means goes with inversion; +masturbation is just as frequently the exclusive aim; and the limitation +of the sexual aim to mere effusion of feelings is here even more +frequent than in hetero-sexual love. In women, too, the sexual aims of +the inverted are manifold, among which contact with the mucous membrane +of the mouth seems to be preferred.</p> + +<p><b>Conclusion.</b>—Though from the material on hand we are by no means in a +position satisfactorily to explain the origin of inversion, we can say +that through this investigation we have obtained an insight which can +become of greater significance to us than the solution of the above +problem. Our attention is called to the fact that we have assumed a too +close connection between the sexual impulse and the sexual object. The +experience gained from the so called abnormal cases teaches us that a +connection exists between the sexual impulse and the sexual object which +we are in danger of overlooking in the uniformity of normal states where +the impulse seems to bring with it the object. We are thus instructed to +separate this connection between the <a name="p13">impulse</a> +and the object. The sexual impulse is probably entirely independent of +its object and is not originated by the stimuli proceeding from the +object.</p> + + +<center><h4>B. <i>The Sexually Immature and Animals as Sexual Objects</i></h4></center> + +<p>Whereas those sexual inverts whose sexual object does not belong to the +normally adapted sex, appear to the observer as a collective number of +perhaps otherwise normal individuals, the persons who choose for their +sexual object the sexually immature (children) are apparently from the +first sporadic aberrations. Only exceptionally are children the +exclusive sexual objects. They are mostly drawn into this rôle by a +faint-hearted and impotent individual who makes use of such substitutes, +or when an impulsive urgent desire cannot at the time secure the proper +object. Still it throws some light on the nature of the sexual impulse, +that it should suffer such great variation and depreciation of its +object, a thing which hunger, adhering more energetically to its object, +would allow only in the most extreme cases. The same may be said of +sexual relations with animals—a thing not at all rare among +farmers—where the sexual attraction goes beyond the limits of the +species.</p> + +<p>For esthetic reasons one would fain attribute this and other excessive +aberrations of the sexual impulse to the insane, but this cannot be +done. Experience teaches that among the latter no disturbances of the +sexual impulse can be found other than those observed among the sane, or +among whole races and classes. Thus we find with gruesome frequency +sexual abuse of children by teachers and servants merely because they +have the best opportunities for it. The insane present the aforesaid +aberration only in a somewhat intensified form; or what is of special +significance is the fact that the aberration becomes exclusive and takes +the place of the normal sexual gratification.</p> + +<p>This very remarkable relation of sexual variations ranging <a +name="p14">from</a> the normal to the insane gives material for +reflection. It seems to me that the fact to be explained would show that +the impulses of the sexual life belong to those which even normally are +most poorly controlled by the higher psychic activities. He who is in +any way psychically abnormal, be it in social or ethical conditions, is, +according to my experience, regularly so in his sexual life. But many +are abnormal in their sexual life who in every other respect correspond +to the average; they have followed the human cultural development, but +sexuality remained as their weak point.</p> + +<p>As a general result of these discussions we come to see that, under +numerous conditions and among a surprising number of individuals, the +nature and value of the sexual object steps into the background. There +is something else in the sexual impulse which is the essential and +constant.<a href="#p14n13">[13]</a></p> + + +<center><h3>2. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL AIM</h3></center> + +<p>The union of the genitals in the characteristic act of copulation is +taken as the normal sexual aim. It serves to loosen the sexual tension +and temporarily to quench the sexual desire (gratification analogous to +satisfaction of hunger). Yet even in the most normal sexual process +those additions are distinguishable, the development of which leads to +the aberrations described as <i>perversions</i>. Thus certain intermediary +relations to the sexual object connected with copulation, such as +touching and looking, are recognized as preliminary to the sexual aim. +These activities are on the one hand themselves connected with pleasure +and on the other hand they enhance the excitement which persists until +the <a name="p15">definite</a> sexual aim is reached. +One definite kind of contiguity, consisting of mutual approximation of +the mucous membranes of the lips in the form of a kiss, has received +among the most civilized nations a sexual value, though the parts of the +body concerned do not belong to the sexual apparatus but form the +entrance to the digestive tract. This therefore supplies the factors +which allow us to bring the perversions into relation with the normal +sexual life, and which are available also for their classification. The +perversions are either (<i>a</i>) anatomical <i>transgressions</i> of the bodily +regions destined for sexual union, or (<i>b</i>) a <i>lingering</i> at the +intermediary relations to the sexual object which should normally be +rapidly passed on the way to the definite sexual aim.</p> + + +<center><h4>(<i>a</i>) <i>Anatomical Transgression</i></h4></center> + +<p><b>Overestimation of the Sexual Object.</b>—The psychic estimation in which +the sexual object as a goal of the sexual impulse shares is only in the +rarest cases limited to the genitals; generally it embraces the whole +body and tends to include all sensations emanating from the sexual +object. The same overestimation spreads over the psychic sphere and +manifests itself as a logical blinding (diminished judgment) in the face +of the psychic attainments and perfections of the sexual object, as well +as a blind obedience to the judgments issuing from the latter. The full +faith of love thus becomes an important, if not the primordial source of +authority.<a href="#p15n14">[14]</a></p> + +<p>It is this sexual overvaluation, which so ill agrees with the <a +name="p16">restriction</a> of the sexual aim to the union of the +genitals only, that assists other parts of the body to participate as +sexual aims.<a href="#p16n15">[15]</a> In the development of this most +manifold anatomical overestimation there is an unmistakable desire +towards variation, a thing denominated by Hoche as "excitement-hunger" +(Reiz-hunger).<a href="#p16n16">[16]</a></p> + +<p><b>Sexual Utilization of the Mucous Membrane of the Lips and Mouth.</b>—The +significance of the factor of sexual overestimation can be best studied +in the man, in whom alone the sexual life is accessible to +investigation, whereas in the woman it is veiled in impenetrable +darkness, partly in consequence of cultural stunting and partly on +account of the conventional reticence and dishonesty of women.</p> + +<p>The employment of the mouth as a sexual organ is considered as a +perversion if the lips (tongue) of the one are brought into contact with +the genitals of the other, but not when the mucous membrane of the lips +of both touch each other. In the latter exception we find the connection +with the normal. He who abhors the former as perversions, though these +since antiquity have been common practices among mankind, yields to a +distinct <i>feeling of loathing</i> which protects him from adopting such +sexual aims. The limit of such loathing is frequently purely +conventional; he who kisses fervently the lips of a pretty girl will +perhaps be able to use her tooth brush only with a sense of loathing, +though there is no reason to assume that his own oral cavity for which +he entertains no loathing is cleaner than that of the girl. Our +attention is here called to the factor of loathing which stands in the +way of the libidinous overestimation of the sexual aim, <a name="p17">but</a> +which may in turn be vanquished by the libido. In the loathing we may +observe one of the forces which have brought about the restrictions of +the sexual aim. As a rule these forces halt at the genitals; there is, +however, no doubt that even the genitals of the other sex themselves may +be an object of loathing. Such behavior is characteristic of all +hysterics, especially women. The force of the sexual impulse prefers to +occupy itself with the overcoming of this loathing (see below).</p> + +<p><b>Sexual Utilization of the Anal Opening.</b>—It is even more obvious than +in the former case that it is the loathing which stamps as a perversion +the use of the anus as a sexual aim. But it should not be interpreted as +espousing a cause when I observe that the basis of this +loathing—namely, that this part of the body serves for the excretion +and comes in contact with the loathsome excrement—is not more plausible +than the basis which hysterical girls have for the disgust which they +entertain for the male genital because it serves for urination.</p> + +<p>The sexual rôle of the mucous membrane of the anus is by no means +limited to intercourse between men; its preference has nothing +characteristic of the inverted feeling. On the contrary, it seems that +the <i>pedicatio</i> of the man owes its rôle to the analogy with the act in +the woman, whereas among inverts it is mutual masturbation which is the +most common sexual aim.</p> + +<p><b>The Significance of Other Parts of the Body.</b>—Sexual infringement on +the other parts of the body, in all its variations, offers nothing new; +it adds nothing to our knowledge of the sexual impulse which herein only +announces its intention to dominate the sexual object in every way. +Besides the sexual overvaluation, a second and generally unknown factor +may be mentioned among the anatomical transgressions. Certain parts of +the body, like the mucous membrane of the mouth and anus, which +repeatedly appear in such practices, lay claim as it were to be +considered and treated as genitals. We shall hear how this <a name="p18">claim</a> is +justified by the development of the sexual impulse, and how it is +fulfilled in the symptomatology of certain morbid conditions.</p> + +<p><b>Unfit Substitutes for the Sexual Object. Fetichism.</b>—We are especially +impressed by those cases in which for the normal sexual object another +is substituted which is related to it but which is totally unfit for the +normal sexual aim. According to the scheme of the introduction we should +have done better to mention this most interesting group of aberrations +of the sexual impulse among the deviations in reference to the sexual +object, but we have deferred mention of these until we became acquainted +with the factor of sexual overestimation, upon which these +manifestations, connected with the relinquishing of the sexual aim, +depend.</p> + +<p>The substitute for the sexual object is generally a part of the body but +little adapted for sexual purposes, such as the foot, or hair, or an +inanimate object which is in demonstrable relation with the sexual +person, and preferably with the sexuality of the same (fragments of +clothing, white underwear). This substitution is not unjustly compared +with the fetich in which the savage sees the embodiment of his god.</p> + +<p>The transition to the cases of fetichism, with a renunciation of a +normal or of a perverted sexual aim, is formed by cases in which a +fetichistic determination is demanded in the sexual object if the sexual +aim is to be attained (definite color of hair, clothing, even physical +blemishes). No other variation of the sexual impulse verging on the +pathological claims our interest as much as this one, owing to the +peculiarity occasioned by its manifestations. A certain diminution in +the striving for the normal sexual aim may be presupposed in all these +cases (executive weakness of the sexual apparatus).<a href="#p18n17">[17]</a> The connection +with the normal is <a name="p19">occasioned</a> +by the psychologically necessary overestimation of the sexual object, +which inevitably encroaches upon everything associatively related to it +(sexual object). A certain degree of such fetichism therefore regularly +belong to the normal, especially during those stages of wooing when the +normal sexual aim seems inaccessible or its realization deferred.</p> + +<blockquote><p>"Get me a handkerchief from her bosom—a garter of my love."</p> +<p align="right">—FAUST.</p></blockquote> + +<p>The case becomes pathological only when the striving for the fetich +fixes itself beyond such determinations and takes the place of the +normal sexual aim; or again, when the fetich disengages itself from the +person concerned and itself becomes a sexual object. These are the +general determinations for the transition of mere variations of the +sexual impulse into pathological aberrations.</p> + +<p>The persistent influence of a sexual impress mostly received in early +childhood often shows itself in the selection of a fetich, as Binet +first asserted, and as was later proven by many illustrations,—a thing +which may be placed parallel to the proverbial attachment to a first +love in the normal ("On revient toujours ŕ ses premiers amours"). Such a +connection is especially seen in cases with only fetichistic +determinations of the sexual object. The significance of early sexual +impressions will be met again in other places.</p> + +<p>In other cases it was mostly a symbolic thought association, unconscious +to the person concerned, which led to the replacing of the object by +means of a fetich. The paths of these connections can not always be +definitely demonstrated. The foot is a very primitive sexual symbol +already found in myths.<a href="#p19n18">[18]</a> Fur is used as a fetich probably on account +of its association with the <a name="p20">hairiness</a> +of the mons veneris. Such symbolism seems often to depend on sexual +experiences in childhood.<a href="#p20n19">[19]</a></p> + + +<center><h4>(<i>b</i>) <i>Fixation of Precursory Sexual Aims</i></h4></center> + +<p><b>The Appearance of New Intentions.</b>—All the outer and inner +determinations which impede or hold at a distance the attainment of the +normal sexual aim, such as impotence, costliness of the sexual object, +and dangers of the sexual act, will conceivably strengthen the +inclination to linger at the preparatory acts and to form them into new +sexual aims which may take the place of the normal. On closer +investigation it is always seen that the ostensibly most peculiar of +these new intentions have already been indicated in the normal sexual +act.</p> + +<p><b>Touching and Looking.</b>—At least a certain amount of touching is +indispensable for a person in order to attain the normal sexual aim. It +is also generally known that the touching of the skin of the sexual +object causes much pleasure and produces a supply of new excitement. +Hence, the lingering at the touching can hardly be considered a +perversion if the sexual act is proceeded with.</p> + +<p>The same holds true in the end with looking which is analogous to +touching. The manner in which the libidinous excitement is <a +name="p21">frequently</a> awakened is by the optical impression, and +selection takes account of this circumstance—if this teleological +mode of thinking be permitted—by making the sexual object a thing +of beauty. The covering of the body, which keeps abreast with +civilization, serves to arouse sexual inquisitiveness, which always +strives to restore for itself the sexual object by uncovering the hidden +parts. This can be turned into the artistic ("sublimation") if the +interest is turned from the genitals to the form of the body.<a +href="#p21n20">[20]</a> The tendency to linger at this intermediary +sexual aim of the sexually accentuated looking is found to a certain +degree in most normals; indeed it gives them the possibility of +directing a certain amount of their libido to a higher artistic aim. On +the other hand, the fondness for looking becomes a perversion (<i>a</i>) when +it limits itself entirely to the genitals; (<i>b</i>) when it becomes +connected with the overcoming of loathing (voyeurs and onlookers at the +functions of excretion); and (<i>c</i>) when instead of preparing for the +normal sexual aim it suppresses it. The latter, if I may draw +conclusions from a single analysis, is in a most pronounced way true of +exhibitionists, who expose their genitals so as in turn to bring to view +the genitals of others.</p> + +<p>In the perversion which consists in striving to look and be looked at we +are confronted with a very remarkable character which will occupy us +even more intensively in the following aberration. The sexual aim is +here present in twofold formation, in an <i>active</i> and a <i>passive</i> form.</p> + +<p>The force which is opposed to the peeping mania and through which it is +eventually abolished is <i>shame</i> (like the former loathing).</p> + +<p><b>Sadism and Masochism.</b>—The desire to cause pain to the sexual object +and its opposite, the most frequent and most <a name="p22">significant</a> +of all perversions, was designated in its two forms by v. Krafft-Ebing +as sadism or the active form, and masochism or the passive form. Other +authors prefer the narrower term algolagnia which emphasizes the +pleasure in pain and cruelty, whereas the terms selected by v. +Krafft-Ebing place the pleasure secured in all kinds of humility and +submission in the foreground.</p> + +<p>The roots of active algolagnia, sadism, can be readily demonstrable in +the normal. The sexuality of most men shows a taint of <i>aggression</i>, it +is a propensity to subdue, the biological significance of which lies in +the necessity of overcoming the resistance of the sexual object by +actions other than mere <i>courting</i>. Sadism would then correspond to an +aggressive component of the sexual impulse which has become independent +and exaggerated and has been brought to the foreground by displacement.</p> + +<p>The conception of sadism fluctuates in the usage of language from a mere +active or impetuous attitude towards the sexual object to the exclusive +attachment of the gratification to the subjection and maltreatment of +the object. Strictly speaking only the last extreme case has a claim to +the name of perversion.</p> + +<p>Similarly, the designation of masochism comprises all passive attitude +to the sexual life and to the sexual object; in its most extreme form +the gratification is connected with suffering of physical or mental pain +at the hands of the sexual object. Masochism as a perversion seems to be +still more remote from the normal sexual life by forming a contrast to +it; it may be doubted whether it ever appears as a primary form or +whether it does not more regularly originate through transformation from +sadism. It can often be recognized that the masochism is nothing but a +continuation of the sadism turning against one's own person in which the +latter at first takes the place of the sexual object. Analysis of +extreme cases of masochistic perversions show that there is a +coöperation of a large series of factors which exaggerate and fix the +original passive sexual attitude (castration complex, conscience).</p> + +<p><a name="p23">The</a> pain which is here overcome ranks with the loathing and shame which +were the resistances opposed to the libido.</p> + +<p>Sadism and masochism occupy a special place among the perversions, for +the contrast of activity and passivity lying at their bases belong to +the common traits of the sexual life.</p> + +<p>That cruelty and sexual impulse are most intimately connected is beyond +doubt taught by the history of civilization, but in the explanation of +this connection no one has gone beyond the accentuation of the +aggressive factors of the libido. The aggression which is mixed with the +sexual impulse is according to some authors a remnant of cannibalistic +lust, a participation on the part of the domination apparatus +(Bemächtigungsapparatus), which served also for the gratification of the +great wants of the other, ontogenetically the older impulse.<a href="#p23n21">[21]</a> It has +also been claimed that every pain contains in itself the possibility of +a pleasurable sensation. Let us be satisfied with the impression that +the explanation of this perversion is by no means satisfactory and that +it is possible that many psychic efforts unite themselves into one +effect.</p> + +<p>The most striking peculiarity of this perversion lies in the fact that +its active and passive forms are regularly encountered together in the +same person. He who experiences pleasure by causing pain to others in +sexual relations is also able to experience the pain emanating from +sexual relations as pleasure. A sadist is simultaneously a masochist, +though either the active or the passive side of the perversion may be +more strongly developed and thus represent his preponderate sexual +activity.<a href="#p23n22">[22]</a></p> + +<p>We thus see that certain perverted propensities regularly <a +name="p24">appear</a> in <i>contrasting pairs</i>, a thing which, in view of +the material to be produced later, must claim great theoretical value. +It is furthermore clear that the existence of the contrast, sadism and +masochism, can not readily be attributed to the mixture of aggression. +On the other hand one may be tempted to connect such simultaneously +existing contrasts with the united contrast of male and female in +bisexuality, the significance of which is reduced in psychoanalysis to +the contrast of activity and passivity.</p> + + +<center><h3>3. GENERAL STATEMENTS APPLICABLE TO ALL PERVERSIONS</h3></center> + +<p><b>Variation and Disease.</b>—The physicians who at first studied the +<i>perversions</i> in pronounced cases and under peculiar conditions were +naturally inclined to attribute to them the character of a morbid or +degenerative sign similar to the <i>inversions</i>. This view, however, is +easier to refute in this than in the former case. Everyday experience +has shown that most of these transgressions, at least the milder ones, +are seldom wanting as components in the sexual life of normals who look +upon them as upon other intimacies. Wherever the conditions are +favorable such a perversion may for a long time be substituted by a +normal person for the normal sexual aim or it may be placed near it. In +no normal person does the normal sexual aim lack some designable +perverse element, and this universality suffices in itself to prove the +inexpediency of an opprobrious application of the name perversion. In +the realm of the sexual life one is sure to meet with exceptional +difficulties which are at present really unsolvable, if one wishes to +draw a sharp line between the mere variations within physiological +limits and morbid symptoms.</p> + +<p>Nevertheless, the quality of the new sexual aim in some of these +perversions is such as to require special notice. Some of the +perversions are in content so distant from the normal that we cannot +help calling them "morbid," especially those in which <a name="p25">the</a> +sexual impulse, in overcoming the resistances (shame, loathing, fear, +and pain) has brought about surprising results (licking of feces and +violation of cadavers). Yet even in these cases one ought not to feel +certain of regularly finding among the perpetrators persons of +pronounced abnormalities or insane minds. We can not lose sight of the +fact that persons who otherwise behave normally are recorded as sick in +the realm of the sexual life where they are dominated by the most +unbridled of all impulses. On the other hand, a manifest abnormality in +any other relation in life generally shows an undercurrent of abnormal +sexual behavior.</p> + +<p>In the majority of cases we are able to find the morbid character of the +perversion not in the content of the new sexual aim but in its relation +to the normal. It is morbid if the perversion does not appear beside the +normal (sexual aim and sexual object), where favorable circumstances +promote it and unfavorable impede the normal, or if it has under all +circumstances repressed and supplanted the normal; <i>the exclusiveness</i> +and <i>fixation</i> of the perversion justifies us in considering it a morbid +symptom.</p> + +<p><b>The Psychic Participation in the Perversions.</b>—Perhaps it is precisely +in the most abominable perversions that we must recognize the most +prolific psychic participation for the transformation of the sexual +impulse. In these cases a piece of psychic work has been accomplished in +which, in spite of its gruesome success, the value of an idealization of +the impulse can not be disputed. The omnipotence of love nowhere perhaps +shows itself stronger than in this one of her aberrations. The highest +and the lowest everywhere in sexuality hang most intimately together. +("From heaven through the world to hell.")</p> + +<p><b>Two Results.</b>—In the study of perversions we have gained an insight +into the fact that the sexual impulse has to struggle against certain +psychic forces, resistances, among which shame and loathing are most +prominent. We may presume that these forces are <a name="p26">employed</a> +to confine the impulse within the accepted normal limits, and if they +have become developed in the individual before the sexual impulse has +attained its full strength, it is really they which have directed it in +the course of development.<a href="#p26n23">[23]</a></p> + +<p>We have furthermore remarked that some of the examined perversions can +be comprehended only by assuming the union of many motives. If they are +amenable to analysis—disintegration—they must be of a composite +nature. This may give us a hint that the sexual impulse itself may not +be something simple, that it may on the contrary be composed of many +components which detach themselves to form perversions. Our clinical +observation thus calls our attention to <i>fusions</i> which have lost their +expression in the uniform normal behavior.</p> + + +<center><h3>4. THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN NEUROTICS</h3></center> + +<p><b>Psychoanalysis.</b>—A proper contribution to the knowledge of the sexual +impulse in persons who are at least related to the normal can be gained +only from one source, and is accessible only by one definite path. There +is only one way to obtain a thorough and unerring solution of problems +in the sexual life of so-called psychoneurotics (hysteria, obsessions, +the wrongly-named neurasthenia, and surely also dementia prćcox, and +paranoia), and that is by subjecting them to the psychoanalytic +investigations propounded by J. Breuer and myself in 1893, which we +called the "cathartic" treatment.</p> + +<p>I must repeat what I have said in my published work, that these +psychoneuroses, as far as my experience goes, are based on sexual motive +powers. I do not mean that the energy of the sexual <a name="p27">impulse</a> +merely contributes to the forces supporting the morbid manifestations +(symptoms), but I wish distinctly to maintain that this supplies the +only constant and the most important source of energy in the neurosis, +so that the sexual life of such persons manifests itself either +exclusively, preponderately, or partially in these symptoms. As I have +already stated in different places, the symptoms are the sexual +activities of the patient. The proof for this assertion I have obtained +from the psychoanalysis of hysterics and other neurotics during a period +of twenty years, the results of which I hope to give later in a detailed +account.</p> + +<p>Psychoanalysis removes the symptoms of hysteria on the supposition that +they are the substitutes—the transcriptions as it were—for a series of +emotionally accentuated psychic processes, wishes, and desires, to which +a passage for their discharge through the conscious psychic activities +has been cut off by a special process (repression). These thought +formations which are restrained in the state of the unconscious strive +for expression, that is, for <i>discharge</i>, in conformity to their +affective value, and find such in hysteria through a process of +<i>conversion</i> into somatic phenomena—the hysterical symptoms. If, <i>lege +artis</i>, and with the aid of a special technique, retrogressive +transformations of the symptoms into the affectful and conscious +thoughts can be effected, it then becomes possible to get the most +accurate information about the nature and origin of these previously +unconscious psychic formations.</p> + +<p><b>Results of Psychoanalysis.</b>—In this manner it has been +discovered that the symptoms represent the equivalent for the strivings +which received their strength from the source of the sexual impulse. +This fully concurs with what we know of the character of hysterics, +which we have taken as models for all psycho-neurotics, before they have +become diseased, and with what we know concerning the causes of the +disease. The hysterical character evinces a part of sexual repression +which reaches beyond the <a name="p28">normal</a> limits, an +exaggeration of the resistances against the sexual impulse which we know +as shame and loathing. It is an instinctive flight from intellectual +occupation with the sexual problem, the consequence of which in +pronounced cases is a complete sexual ignorance, which is preserved till +the age of sexual maturity is attained.<a href="#p28n24">[24]</a></p> + +<p>This feature, so characteristic of hysteria, is not seldom concealed in +crude observation by the existence of the second constitutional factor +of hysteria, namely, the enormous development of the sexual craving. But +the psychological analysis will always reveal it and solves the very +contradictory enigma of hysteria by proving the existence of the +contrasting pair, an immense sexual desire and a very exaggerated sexual +rejection.</p> + +<p>The provocation of the disease in hysterically predisposed persons is +brought about if in consequence of their progressive maturity or +external conditions of life they are earnestly confronted with the real +sexual demand. Between the pressure of the craving and the opposition of +the sexual rejection an outlet for the disease results, which does not +remove the conflict but seeks to elude it by transforming the libidinous +strivings into symptoms. It is an exception only in appearance if a +hysterical person, say a man, becomes subject to some banal emotional +disturbance, to a conflict in the center of which there is no sexual +interest. Psychoanalysis will regularly show that it is the sexual +components of the conflict which make the disease possible by +withdrawing the psychic processes from normal adjustment.</p> + +<p><b>Neurosis and Perversion.</b>—A great part of the opposition to my +assertion is explained by the fact that the sexuality from which I +deduce the psychoneurotic symptoms is thought of as coincident with the +normal sexual impulse. But psychoanalysis teaches us better than this. +It shows that the symptoms do not <a name="p29">by</a> any +means result at the expense only of the so called normal sexual impulse +(at least not exclusively or preponderately), but they represent the +converted expression of impulses which in a broader sense might be +designated as <i>perverse</i> if they could manifest themselves directly in +phantasies and acts without deviating from consciousness. The symptoms +are therefore partially formed at the cost of abnormal sexuality. <i>The +neurosis is, so to say, the negative of the perversion.</i><a href="#p29n25">[25]</a></p> + +<p>The sexual impulse of the psychoneurotic shows all the aberrations which +we have studied as variations of the normal and as manifestations of +morbid sexual life.</p> + +<p>(<i>a</i>) In all the neurotics without exception we find feelings of inversion +in the unconscious psychic life, fixation of libido on persons of the +same sex. It is impossible, without a deep and searching discussion, +adequately to appreciate the significance of this factor for the +formation of the picture of the disease; I can only assert that the +unconscious propensity to inversion is never wanting and is particularly +of immense service in explaining male hysteria.<a href="#p29n26">[26]</a></p> + +<p>(<i>b</i>) All the inclinations to anatomical transgression can be demonstrated +in psychoneurotics in the unconscious and as symptom-creators. Of +special frequency and intensity are those which impart to the mouth and +the mucous membrane of the anus the rôle of genitals.</p> + +<p>(<i>c</i>) The partial desires which usually appear in contrasting <a +name="p30">pairs</a> play a very prominent rôle among the +symptom-creators in the psychoneuroses. We have learned to know them as +carriers of new sexual aims, such as peeping mania, exhibitionism, and +the actively and passively formed impulses of cruelty. The contribution +of the last is indispensable for the understanding of the morbid nature +of the symptoms; it almost regularly controls some portion of the social +behavior of the patient. The transformation of love into hatred, of +tenderness into hostility, which is characteristic of a large number of +neurotic cases and apparently of all cases of paranoia, takes place by +means of the union of cruelty with the libido.</p> + +<p>The interest in these deductions will be more heightened by certain +peculiarities of the diagnosis of facts.</p> + +<p>α. There is nothing in the unconscious streams of thought of +the neuroses which would correspond to an inclination towards fetichism; +a circumstance which throws light on the psychological peculiarity of +this well understood perversion.</p> + +<p>β. Wherever any such impulse is found in the unconscious which +can be paired with a contrasting one, it can regularly be demonstrated +that the latter, too, is effective. Every active perversion is here +accompanied by its passive counterpart. He who in the unconscious is an +exhibitionist is at the same time a voyeur, he who suffers from sadistic +feelings as a result of repression will also show another reinforcement +of the symptoms from the source of masochistic tendencies. The perfect +concurrence with the behavior of the corresponding positive perversions +is certainly very noteworthy. In the picture of the disease, however, +the preponderant rôle is played by either one or the other of the +opposing tendencies.</p> + +<p>γ. In a pronounced case of psychoneurosis we seldom find the +development of one single perverted impulse; usually there are many and +regularly there are traces of all perversions. The individual impulse, +however, on account of its intensity, is <a name="p31">independent</a> +of the development of the others, but the study of the positive +perversions gives us the accurate counterpart to it.</p> + + +<center><h3>PARTIAL IMPULSES AND EROGENOUS ZONES</h3></center> + +<p>Keeping in mind what we have learned from the examination of the +positive and negative perversions, it becomes quite obvious that they +can be referred to a number of "partial impulses," which are not, +however, primary but are subject to further analysis. By an "impulse" we +can understand in the first place nothing but the psychic representative +of a continually flowing internal somatic source of excitement, in +contradistinction to the "stimulus" which is produced by isolated +excitements coming from without. The impulse is thus one of the concepts +marking the limits between the psychic and the physical. The simplest +and most obvious assumption concerning the nature of the impulses would +be that in themselves they possess no quality but are only taken into +account as a measure of the demand for effort in the psychic life. What +distinguishes the impulses from one another and furnishes them with +specific attributes is their relation to their somatic <i>sources</i> and to +their <i>aims</i>. The source of the impulse is an exciting process in an +organ, and the immediate aim of the impulse lies in the elimination of +this organic stimulus.</p> + +<p>Another preliminary assumption in the theory of the impulse which we +cannot relinquish, states that the bodily organs furnish two kinds of +excitements which are determined by differences of a chemical nature. +One of these forms of excitement we designate as the specifically sexual +and the concerned organ as the <i>erogenous zone</i>, while the sexual +element emanating from it is the partial impulse.<a href="#p31n27">[27]</a></p> + +<p>In the perversions which claim sexual significance for the oral <a +name="p32">cavity</a> and the anal opening the part played by the +erogenous zone is quite obvious. It behaves in every way like a part of +the sexual apparatus. In hysteria these parts of the body, as well as +the tracts of mucous membrane proceeding from them, become the seat of +new sensations and innervating changes in a manner similar to the real +genitals when under the excitement of normal sexual processes.</p> + +<p>The significance of the erogenous zones in the psychoneuroses, as +additional apparatus and substitutes for the genitals, appears to be +most prominent in hysteria though that does not signify that it is of +lesser validity in the other morbid forms. It is not so recognizable in +compulsion neurosis and paranoia because here the symptom formation +takes place in regions of the psychic apparatus which lie at a great +distance from the central locations for bodily control. The more +remarkable thing in the compulsion neurosis is the significance of the +impulses which create new sexual aims and appear independently of the +erogenous zones. Nevertheless, the eye corresponds to an erogenous zone +in the looking and exhibition mania, while the skin takes on the same +part in the pain and cruelty components of the sexual impulse. The skin, +which in special parts of the body becomes differentiated as sensory +organs and modified by the mucous membrane, is the erogenous zone, +κατ ex ogen.<a href="#p32n28">[28]</a></p> + + +<center><h3>EXPLANATION OF THE MANIFEST PREPONDERANCE OF SEXUAL PERVERSIONS IN THE +PSYCHONEUROSES</h3></center> + +<p>The sexuality of psychoneurotics has perhaps been placed in a false +light by the above discussions. It appears that the sexual behavior of +the psychoneurotic approaches in predisposition to the pervert and +deviates by just so much from the normal. Nevertheless, it is very +possible that the constitutional disposition <a name="p33">of</a> these +patients besides containing an immense amount of sexual repression and a +predominant force of sexual impulse also possesses an unusual tendency +to perversions in the broadest sense. However, an examination of milder +cases shows that the last assumption is not an absolute requisite, or at +least that in pronouncing judgment on the morbid effects one ought to +discount the effect of one of the factors. In most psychoneurotics the +disease first appears after puberty following the demands of the normal +sexual life. Against these the repression above all directs itself. Or +the disease comes on later, owing to the fact that the libido is unable +to attain normal sexual gratification. In both cases the libido behaves +like a stream the principal bed of which is dammed; it fills the +collateral roads which until now perhaps have been empty. Thus the +manifestly great (though to be sure negative) tendency to perversion in +psychoneurotics may be collaterally conditioned; at any rate, it is +certainly collaterally increased. The fact of the matter is that the +sexual repression has to be added as an inner factor to such external +ones as restriction of freedom, inaccessibility to the normal sexual +object, dangers of the normal sexual act, etc., which cause the origin +of perversions in individuals who might have otherwise remained normal.</p> + +<p>In individual cases of neurosis the behavior may be different; now +the congenital force of the tendency to perversion may be more decisive +and at other times more influence may be exerted by the collateral +increase of the same through the deviation of the libido from the normal +sexual aim and object. It would be unjust to construe a contrast where a +cooperation exists. The greatest results will always be brought about by +a neurosis if constitution and experience cooperate in the same +direction. A pronounced constitution may perhaps be able to dispense +with the assistance of daily impressions, while a profound disturbance +in life may perhaps bring on a neurosis even in an average constitution. +These views similarly hold true in the etiological <a +name="p34">significance</a> of the congenital and the accidental +experiences in other spheres.</p> + +<p>If, however, preference is given to the assumption that an especially +formed tendency to perversions is characteristic of the psychoneurotic +constitution, there is a prospect of being able to distinguish a +multiformity of such constitutions in accordance with the congenital +preponderance of this or that erogenous zone, or of this or that partial +impulse. Whether there is a special relationship between the +predisposition to perversions and the selection of the morbid picture +has not, like many other things in this realm, been investigated.</p> + + +<center><h3>REFERENCE TO THE INFANTILISM OF SEXUALITY</h3></center> + +<p>By demonstrating the perverted feelings as symptomatic formations in +psychoneurotics, we have enormously increased the number of persons who +can be added to the perverts. This is not only because neurotics +represent a very large proportion of humanity, but we must consider also +that the neuroses in all their gradations run in an uninterrupted series +to the normal state. Moebius was quite justified in saying that we are +all somewhat hysterical. Hence, the very wide dissemination of +perversions urged us to assume that the predisposition to perversions is +no rare peculiarity but must form a part of the normally accepted +constitution.</p> + +<p>We have heard that it is a question whether perversions should be +referred to congenital determinations or whether they originate from +accidental experiences, just as Binet showed in fetichisms. Now we are +forced to the conclusion that there is indeed something congenital at +the basis of perversions, but it is something <i>which is congenital in +all persons</i>, which as a predisposition may fluctuate in intensity and +is brought into prominence by influences of life. We deal here with +congenital roots in the constitution of the sexual impulse which in one +series of cases <a name="p35">develop</a> +into real carriers of sexual activity (perverts); while in other cases +they undergo an insufficient suppression (repression), so that as morbid +symptoms they are enabled to attract to themselves in a round-about way +a considerable part of the sexual energy; while again in favorable cases +between the two extremes they originate the normal sexual life through +effective restrictions and other elaborations.</p> + +<p>But we must also remember that the assumed constitution which shows the +roots of all perversions will be demonstrable only in the child, though +all impulses can be manifested in it only in moderate intensity. If we +are led to suppose that neurotics conserve the infantile state of their +sexuality or return to it, our interest must then turn to the sexual +life of the child, and we will then follow the play of influences which +control the processes of development of the infantile sexuality up to +its termination in a perversion, a neurosis or a normal sexual life.</p> + +<p><small><a name="p1n1"></a><a href="#p1">Note 1</a>: The facts contained +in the first "Contribution" have been gathered from the familiar +publications of Krafft-Ebing, Moll, Moebius, Havelock Ellis, +Schrenk-Notzing, Löwenfeld, Eulenberg, J. Bloch, and M. Hirschfeld, and +from the later works published in the "Jahrbuch für sexuelle +Zwischenstufen." As these publications also mention the other literature +bearing on this subject I may forbear giving detailed +references.</small></p> + +<p><small>The conclusions reached through the investigation of sexual +inverts are all based on the reports of J. Sadger and on my own +experience.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p1n2"></a><a href="#p1">Note 2</a>: For general use the +word "libido" is best translated by "craving." (Prof. James J. Putnam, +Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. IV, 6.)</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p2n3"></a><a href="#p2">Note 3</a>: For the difficulties +entailed in the attempt to ascertain the proportional number of inverts +compare the work of M. Hirschfeld in the Jahrbuch für sexuelle +Zwischenstufen, 1904. Cf. also Brill, The Conception of Homosexuality, +Journal of the A.M.A., August 2, 1913.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p3n4"></a><a href="#p3">Note 4</a>: Such a striving +against the compulsion to inversion favors cures by suggestion of +psychoanalysis.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p3n5"></a><a href="#p3">Note 5</a>: Many have justly +emphasized the fact that the autobiographic statements of inverts, as to +the time of the appearance of their tendency to inversion, are +untrustworthy as they may have repressed from memory any evidences of +heterosexual feelings.</small></p> + +<p><small>Psychoanalysis has confirmed this suspicion in all cases of inversion +accessible, and has decidedly changed their anamnesis by filling up the +infantile amnesias.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p4n6"></a><a href="#p4">Note 6</a>: With what reserve the diagnosis of degeneration should be +made and what slight practical significance can be attributed to it can +be gathered from the discussions of Moebius (Ueber Entartung; +Grenzfragen des Nerven- und Seelenlebens, No. III, 1900). He says: "If +we review the wide sphere of degeneration upon which we have here turned +some light we can conclude without further ado that it is really of +little value to diagnose degeneration."</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p5n7"></a><a href="#p5">Note 7</a>: We must agree with the spokesman of "Uranism" that some of +the most prominent men known have been inverts and perhaps absolute +inverts.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p5n8"></a><a href="#p5">Note 8</a>: In the conception of inversion the pathological features +have been Separated from the anthropological. For this credit is due to +I. Bloch (Beiträge zur Ätiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis, 2 Teile, +1902-3), who has also brought into prominence the existence of inversion +in the old civilized nations.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p7n9"></a><a href="#p7">Note 9</a>: Compare the last detailed discussion of somatic +hermaphroditism (Taruffi, Hermaphroditismus und Zeugungsunfähigkeit, +German edit. by R. Teuscher, 1903), and the works of Neugebauer in many +volumes of the Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p8n10"></a><a href="#p8">Note 10</a>: J. Halban, "Die Entstehung der Geschlechtscharaktere," +Arch. für Gynäkologie, Bd. 70, 1903. See also there the literature on +the subject.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p9n11"></a><a href="#p9">Note 11</a>: According to a report in Vol. 6 of the Jahrbuch f. +sexuelle Zwischenstufen, E. Gley is supposed to have been the first to +mention bisexuality as an explanation of inversion. He published a paper +(Les Abérrations de l'instinct Sexuel) in the Revue Philosophique as +early as January, 1884. It is moreover noteworthy that the majority of +authors who trace the inversion to bisexuality assume this factor not +only for the inverts but also for those who have developed normally, and +justly interpret the inversion as a result of a disturbance in +development. Among these authors are Chevalier (Inversion Sexuelle, +1893), and v. Krafft-Ebing ("Zur Erklärung der konträren +Sexualempfindung," Jahrbücher f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenheilkunde, XIII), +who states that there are a number of observations "from which at least +the virtual and continued existence of this second center (of the +underlying sex) results." A Dr. Arduin (Die Frauenfrage und die +sexuellen Zwischenstufen, 2d vol. of the Jahrbuch f. sexuelle +Zwischenstufen, 1900) states that "in every man there exist male and +female elements." See also the same Jahrbuch, Bd. I, 1899 ("Die +objektive Diagnose der Homosexualitat," by M. Hirschfeld, pp. 8-9). In +the determination of sex, as far as heterosexual persons are +<a name="p10n11">concerned</a>, some are disproportionately more strongly +developed than others. G. Herman is firm in his belief "that in every +woman there are male, and in every man there are female germs and +qualities" (Genesis, das Gesetz der Zeugung, 9 Bd., Libido und Manie, +1903). As recently as 1906 W. Fliess (Der Ablauf des Lebens) has claimed +ownership of the idea of bisexuality (in the sense of double sex). +Psychoanalytic investigation very strongly opposes the attempt to +separate homosexuals from other persons as a group of a special nature. +By also studying sexual excitations other than the manifestly open ones +it discovers that all men are capable of homosexual object selection and +actually accomplish this in the unconscious. Indeed the attachments of +libidinous feelings to persons of the same sex play no small rôle as +factors in normal psychic life, and as causative factors of disease they +play a greater rôle than those belonging to the opposite sex. According +to psychoanalysis, it rather seems that it is the independence of the +object, selection of the sex of the object, the same free disposal over +male and female objects, as observed in childhood, in primitive states +and in prehistoric times, which forms the origin from which the normal +as well as the inversion types developed, following restrictions in this +or that direction. In the psychoanalytic sense the exclusive sexual +interest of the man for the woman is also a problem requiring an +explanation, and is not something that is self-evident and explainable +on the basis of chemical attraction. The determination as to the +definite sexual behavior does not occur until after puberty and is the +result of a series of as yet not observable factors, some of which are +of a constitutional, while some are of an accidental nature. Certainly +some of these factors can turn out to be so enormous that by their +character they influence the result. In general, however, the +multiplicity of the determining factors is reflected by the manifoldness +of the outcomes in the manifest sexual behavior of the person. In the +inversion types it can be ascertained that they are altogether +controlled by an archaic constitution and by primitive psychic +mechanisms. The importance of the <i>narcissistic object selection</i> and +the <i>clinging</i> to the erotic significance of the <i>anal</i> zone seem to be +their most essential characteristics. But one gains nothing by +separating the most extreme inversion types from the others on the basis +of such constitutional peculiarities. What is found in the latter as +seemingly an adequate determinant can also be demonstrated only in +lesser force in the constitution of transitional types and in manifestly +normal persons. The differences in the results may be of a qualitative +nature, but analysis shows that the differences in the determinants +are only quantitative. As a remarkable factor among the +accidental influences of the object selection, we found the sexual +rejection or the early sexual intimidation, and our attention was also +called to the fact that the existence of both parents plays an important +rôle in the child's life. The disappearance of a strong father in +childhood not infrequently favors the inversion. Finally, one might +demand that the inversion of the sexual object should notionally be +strictly separated from the mixing of the sex characteristics in the +subject. A certain amount of independence is unmistakable also in this +relation.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p11n12"></a><a href="#p11">Note 12</a>: Although psychoanalysis has not yet given us a full +explanation for the origin of inversion, it has revealed the psychic +mechanism of its genesis and has essentially enriched the problems in +question. In all the cases examined we have ascertained that the later +inverts go through in their childhood a phase of very intense but +short-lived fixation on the woman (usually on the mother) and after +overcoming it they identify <a name="p12n12">themselves</a> with the woman and take themselves as the sexual +object; that is, proceeding on a narcissistic basis, they look for young +men resembling themselves in persons whom they wish to love as their +mother has loved them. We have, moreover, frequently found that alleged +inverts are by no means indifferent to the charms of women, but the +excitation evoked by the woman is always transferred to a male object. +They thus repeat through life the mechanism which gave origin to their +inversion. Their obsessive striving for the man proves to be determined +by their restless flight from the woman.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p14n13"></a><a href="#p14">Note 13</a>: The most pronounced difference between the sexual life +(Liebesleben) of antiquity and ours lies in the fact that the ancients +placed the emphasis on the impulse itself, while we put it on its +object. The ancients extolled the impulse and were ready to ennoble +through it even an inferior object, while we disparage the activity of +the impulse as such and only countenance it on account of the merits of +the object.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p15n14"></a><a href="#p15">Note 14</a>: I must mention here that the blind obedience evinced by +the hypnotized subject to the hypnotist causes me to think that the +nature of hypnosis is to be found in the unconscious fixation of the +libido on the person of the hypnotizer (by means of the masochistic +component of the sexual impulse).</small></p> + +<p><small>Ferenczi connects this character of suggestibility with the "parent +complex" (Jahrbuch für Psychoanalytische und psychopathologische +Forschungen, I, 1909).</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p16n15"></a><a href="#p16">Note 15</a>: Moreover, it is to be noted that sexual overvaluation does +not become pronounced in all mechanisms of object selection, and that we +shall later learn to know another and more direct explanation for the +sexual rôle of the other parts of the body.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p16n16"></a><a href="#p16">Note 16</a>: Further investigations lead to the conclusion that I. +Bloch has overestimated the factor of excitement-hunger (Reizhunger). +The various roads upon which the libido moves behave to each other from +the very beginning like communicating pipes; the factor of collateral +streaming must also be considered.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p18n17"></a><a href="#p18">Note 17</a>: This weakness corresponds to the constitutional +predisposition. The early sexual intimidation which pushes the person +away from the normal sexual aim and urges him to seek a substitute, has +been demonstrated by psychoanalysis, as an accidental determinant.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p19n18"></a><a href="#p19">Note 18</a>: The shoe or slipper is accordingly a symbol for the female +genitals.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p20n19"></a><a href="#p20">Note 19</a>: Psychoanalysis has filled up the gap in the understanding +of fetichisms by showing that the selection of the fetich depends on a +coprophilic smell-desire which has been lost by repression. Feet and +hair are strong smelling objects which are raised to fetiches after the +renouncing of the now unpleasant sensation of smell. Accordingly, only +the filthy and ill-smelling foot is the sexual object in the perversion +which corresponds to the foot fetichism. Another contribution to the +explanation of the fetichistic preference of the foot is found in the +Infantile Sexual Theories (see later). The foot replaces the penis which +is so much missed in the woman. In some cases of foot fetichism it could +be shown that the desire for looking originally directed to the +genitals, which wished to reach its object from below, was stopped on +the way by prohibition and repression, and therefore adhered to the foot +or shoe as a fetich. In conformity with infantile expectation, the +female genital was hereby imagined as a male genital.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p21n20"></a><a href="#p21">Note 20</a>: I have no doubt that the conception of the "beautiful" is +rooted in the soil of sexual excitement and originally signified the +sexual excitant. The more remarkable, therefore, is the fact that the +genitals, the sight of which provokes the greatest sexual excitement, +can really never be considered "beautiful."</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p23n21"></a><a href="#p23">Note 21</a>: Cf. here the later communication on the pregenital phases +of the sexual development, in which this view is confirmed. See below, +"Ambivalence."</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p23n22"></a><a href="#p23">Note 22</a>: Instead of substantiating this statement by many examples +I will merely cite Havelock Ellis (The Sexual Impulse, 1903): "All known +cases of sadism and masochism, even those cited by v. Krafft-Ebing, +always show (as has already been shown by Colin, Scott, and Féré) traces +of both groups of manifestations in the same individual."</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p26n23"></a><a href="#p26">Note 23</a>: On the other hand the restricting forces of the sexual +evolution—disgust, shame, morality—must also be looked upon as +historic precipitates of the outer inhibitions which the sexual impulse +experienced in the psychogenesis of humanity. One can observe that they +appear in their time during the development of the individual almost +spontaneously at the call of education and influence.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p28n24"></a><a href="#p28">Note 24</a>: Studien über Hysterie, 1895, J. Breuer tells of the +patient on whom he first practiced the cathartic method: "The sexual +factor was surprisingly undeveloped."</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p29n25"></a><a href="#p29">Note 25</a>: The well-known fancies of perverts which under favorable +conditions are changed into contrivances, the delusional fears of +paranoiacs which are in a hostile manner projected on others, and the +unconscious fancies of hysterics which are discovered in their symptoms +by psychoanalysis, agree as to content in the minutest details.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p29n26"></a><a href="#p29">Note 26</a>: A psychoneurosis very often associates itself with a +manifest inversion in which the heterosexual feeling becomes subjected +to complete repression.—It is but just to state that the necessity of a +general recognition of the tendency to inversion in psychoneurotics was +first imparted to me personally by Wilh. Fliess, of Berlin, after I had +myself discovered it in some cases.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p31n27"></a><a href="#p31">Note 27</a>: It is not easy to justify here this assumption which was +taken from a definite class of neurotic diseases. On the other hand, it +would be impossible to assert anything definite concerning the impulses +if one did not take the trouble of mentioning these presuppositions.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p32n28"></a><a href="#p32">Note 28</a>: One should here think of Moll's assertion, who divides the +sexual impulse into the impulses of contrectation and detumescence. +Contrectation signifies a desire to touch the skin.</small></p> + +<br> +<a name="p36"></a> +<center><h2>II</h2> +<h2>THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY</h2></center> + +<p>It is a part of popular belief about the sexual impulse that it is +absent in childhood and that it first appears in the period of life +known as puberty. This, though a common error, is serious in its +consequences and is chiefly due to our present ignorance of the +fundamental principles of the sexual life. A comprehensive study of the +sexual manifestations of childhood would probably reveal to us the +existence of the essential features of the sexual impulse, and would +make us acquainted with its development and its composition from various +sources.</p> + +<p><b>The Neglect of the Infantile.</b>—It is remarkable that those writers who +endeavor to explain the qualities and reactions of the adult individual +have given so much more attention to the ancestral period than to the +period of the individual's own existence—that is, they have attributed +more influence to heredity than to childhood. As a matter of fact, it +might well be supposed that the influence of the latter period would be +easier to understand, and that it would be entitled to more +consideration than heredity.<a href="#p36n1">[1]</a> To be sure, one +occasionally finds in medical literature notes on the premature sexual +activities of small children, about erections and masturbation and even +actions resembling coitus, but these are referred to merely as +exceptional occurrences, as curiosities, or as deterring examples of +premature perversity. No author has to my knowledge recognized the +normality of the sexual impulse in childhood, and in the numerous +writings on the <a name="p37">development</a> of the child the chapter on +"Sexual Development" is usually passed over.<a href="#p37n2">[2]</a></p> + +<p><b>Infantile Amnesia.</b>—This remarkable negligence is due partly to +conventional considerations, which influence the writers on account of +their own bringing up, and partly to a psychic phenomenon which has thus +far remained unexplained. I refer to <a name="p38">the</a> peculiar +amnesia which veils from most people (not from all!) the first years of +their childhood, usually the first six or eight years. So far it has not +occurred to us that this amnesia ought to surprise us, though we have +good reasons for surprise. For we are informed that in those years from +which we later obtain nothing except a few incomprehensible memory +fragments, we have vividly reacted to impressions, that we have +manifested pain and pleasure like any human being, that we have evinced +love, jealousy, and other passions as they then affected us; indeed we +are told that we have uttered remarks which proved to grown-ups that we +possessed understanding and a budding power of judgment. Still we know +nothing of all this when we become older. Why does our memory lag behind +all our other psychic activities? We really have reason to believe that +at no time of life are we more capable of impressions and reproductions +than during the years of childhood.<a href="#p38n3">[3]</a></p> + +<p>On the other hand we must assume, or we may convince ourselves through +psychological observations on others, that the very impressions which we +have forgotten have nevertheless left the deepest traces in our psychic +life, and acted as determinants for our whole future development. We +conclude therefore that we do not deal with a real forgetting of +infantile impressions but rather with an amnesia similar to that +observed in neurotics for later experiences, the nature of which +consists in their being detained from consciousness (repression). But +what forces bring about this repression of the infantile impressions? He +who can solve this riddle will also explain hysterical amnesia.</p> + +<p>We shall not, however, hesitate to assert that the existence of the +infantile amnesia gives us a new point of comparison between the psychic +states of the child and those of the psychoneurotic. <a name="p39">We</a> +have already encountered another point of comparison when confronted by +the fact that the sexuality of the psychoneurotic preserves the +infantile character or has returned to it. May there not be an ultimate +connection between the infantile and the hysterical amnesias?</p> + +<p>The connection between the infantile and the hysterical amnesias is +really more than a mere play of wit. The hysterical amnesia which serves +the repression can only be explained by the fact that the individual +already possesses a sum of recollections which have been withdrawn from +conscious disposal and which by associative connection now seize that +which is acted upon by the repelling forces of the repression emanating +from consciousness.<a href="#p39n4">[4]</a> We may say that without +infantile amnesia there would be no hysterical amnesia.</p> + +<p>I believe that the infantile amnesia which causes the individual to look +upon his childhood as if it were a <i>prehistoric</i> time and conceals from +him the beginning of his own sexual life—that this amnesia is +responsible for the fact that one does not usually attribute any value +to the infantile period in the development of the sexual life. One +single observer cannot fill the gap which has been thus produced in our +knowledge. As early as 1896 I had already emphasized the significance of +childhood for the origin of certain important phenomena connected with +the sexual life, and since then I have not ceased to put into the +foreground the importance of the infantile factor for sexuality.</p> + +<center><h3>THE SEXUAL LATENCY PERIOD OF CHILDHOOD AND ITS INTERRUPTIONS</h3></center> + +<p>The extraordinary frequent discoveries of apparently abnormal and +exceptional sexual manifestations in childhood, as well as <a +name="p40">the</a> discovery of infantile reminiscences in neurotics, +which were hitherto unconscious, allow us to sketch the following +picture of the sexual behavior of childhood.<a href="#p40n5">[5]</a></p> + +<p>It seems certain that the newborn child brings with it the germs of +sexual feelings which continue to develop for some time and then succumb +to a progressive suppression, which is in turn broken through by the +proper advances of the sexual development and which can be checked by +individual idiosyncrasies. Nothing is known concerning the laws and +periodicity of this oscillating course of development. It seems, +however, that the sexual life of the child mostly manifests itself in +the third or fourth year in some form accessible to observation.<a +href="#p40n6">[6]</a></p> + +<p><b>The Sexual Inhibition.</b>—It is during this period of total or at least +partial latency that the psychic forces develop which later act as +inhibitions on the sexual life, and narrow its direction like dams. +These psychic forces are loathing, shame, and moral and esthetic ideal +demands. We may gain the impression that the erection of these dams in +the civilized child is the work of education; and surely education +contributes much to it. In reality, however, this development is +organically determined and can occasionally be produced without the help +of education. Indeed education remains properly within its assigned +realm only if it strictly follows the path of the organic determinant +and impresses it somewhat cleaner and deeper.</p> + +<p><b>Reaction Formation and Sublimation.</b>—What are the means <a +name="p41">that</a> accomplish these very important constructions so +significant for the later personal culture and normality? They are +probably brought about at the cost of the infantile sexuality itself, +the influx of which has not stopped even in this latency +period—the energy of which indeed has been turned away either +wholly or partially from sexual utilization and conducted to other aims. +The historians of civilization seem to be unanimous in the opinion that +such deviation of sexual motive powers from sexual aims to new aims, a +process which merits the name of <i>sublimation</i>, has furnished powerful +components for all cultural accomplishments. We will therefore add that +the same process acts in the development of every individual, and that +it begins to act in the sexual latency period.<a +href="#p41n7">[7]</a></p> + +<p>We can also venture an opinion about the mechanisms of such sublimation. +The sexual feelings of these infantile years on the one hand could not +be utilizable, since the procreating functions are postponed,—this is +the chief character of the latency period; on the other hand, they would +in themselves be perverse, as they would emanate from erogenous zones +and would be born of impulses which in the individual's course of +development could only evoke a feeling of displeasure. They therefore +awaken contrary forces (feelings of reaction), which in order to +suppress such displeasure, build up the above mentioned psychic dams: +loathing, shame, and morality.<a href="#p41n8">[8]</a></p> + +<p><b>The Interruptions of the Latency Period.</b>—Without deluding +ourselves as to the hypothetical nature and deficient clearness of our +understanding regarding the infantile period of latency and delay, we +will return to reality and state that such a utilization <a +name="p42">of</a> the infantile sexuality represents an ideal bringing +up from which the development of the individual usually deviates in some +measure and often very considerably. A portion of the sexual +manifestation which has withdrawn from sublimation occasionally breaks +through, or a sexual activity remains throughout the whole duration of +the latency period until the reinforced breaking through of the sexual +impulse in puberty. In so far as they have paid any attention to +infantile sexuality the educators behave as if they shared our views +concerning the formation of the moral forces of defence at the cost of +sexuality, and as if they knew that sexual activity makes the child +uneducable; for the educators consider all sexual manifestations of the +child as an "evil" in the face of which little can be accomplished. We +have, however, every reason for directing our attention to those +phenomena so much feared by the educators, for we expect to find in them +the solution of the primitive formation of the sexual impulse.</p> + +<center><h3>THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY</h3></center> + +<p>For reasons which we shall discuss later we will take as a model of the +infantile sexual manifestations thumbsucking (pleasure-sucking), to +which the Hungarian pediatrist, Lindner, has devoted an excellent +essay.<a href="#p42n9">[9]</a></p> + +<p><b>Thumbsucking.</b>—Thumbsucking, which manifests itself in the nursing +baby and which may be continued till maturity or throughout life, +consists in a rhythmic repetition of sucking contact with the mouth (the +lips), wherein the purpose of taking nourishment is excluded. A part of +the lip itself, the tongue, which is another preferable skin region +within reach, and even the big toe—may be taken as objects for sucking. +Simultaneously, there is also a desire to grasp things, which manifests +itself in a rhythmical pulling of the ear lobe and which may cause the +child to grasp a part of another person (generally the ear) for the same +<a name="p43">purpose</a>. The pleasure-sucking is connected with an +entire exhaustion of attention and leads to sleep or even to a motor +reaction in the form of an orgasm.<a href="#p43n10">[10]</a> +Pleasure-sucking is often combined with a rubbing contact with certain +sensitive parts of the body, such as the breast and external genitals. +It is by this road that many children go from thumb-sucking to +masturbation.</p> + +<p>Lindner himself has recognized the sexual nature of this action and +openly emphasized it. In the nursery thumbsucking is often treated in +the same way as any other sexual "naughtiness" of the child. A very +strong objection was raised against this view by many pediatrists and +neurologists which in part is certainly due to the confusion of the +terms "sexual" and "genital." This contradiction raises the difficult +question, which cannot be rejected, namely, in what general traits do we +wish to recognize the sexual manifestations of the child. I believe that +the association of the manifestations into which we gained an insight +through psychoanalytic investigation justify us in claiming thumbsucking +as a sexual activity and in studying through it the essential features +of the infantile sexual activity.</p> + +<p><b>Autoerotism.</b>—It is our duty here to arrange this state of affairs +differently. Let us insist that the most striking character of this +sexual activity is that the impulse is not directed against other +persons but that it gratifies itself on its own body; to use the happy +term invented by Havelock Ellis, we will say that it is autoerotic.<a +href="#p43n11">[11]</a></p> + +<p>It is, moreover, clear that the action of the thumbsucking child is +determined by the fact that it seeks a pleasure which has already been +experienced and is now remembered. Through the rhythmic <a +name="p44">sucking</a> on a portion of the skin or mucous membrane it +finds the gratification in the simplest way. It is also easy to +conjecture on what occasions the child first experienced this pleasure +which it now strives to renew. The first and most important activity in +the child's life, the sucking from the mother's breast (or its +substitute), must have acquainted it with this pleasure. We would say +that the child's lips behaved like an <i>erogenous zone</i>, and that the +excitement through the warm stream of milk was really the cause of the +pleasurable sensation. To be sure, the gratification of the erogenous +zone was at first united with the gratification of taking nourishment. +He who sees a satiated child sink back from the mother's breast, and +fall asleep with reddened cheeks and blissful smile, will have to admit +that this picture remains as typical of the expression of sexual +gratification in later life. But the desire for repetition of the sexual +gratification is separated from the desire for taking nourishment; a +separation which becomes unavoidable with the appearance of the teeth +when the nourishment is no longer sucked in but chewed. The child does +not make use of a strange object for sucking but prefers its own skin +because it is more convenient, because it thus makes itself independent +of the outer world which it cannot yet control, and because in this way +it creates for itself, as it were, a second, even if an inferior, +erogenous zone. The inferiority of this second region urges it later to +seek the same parts, the lips of another person. ("It is a pity that I +cannot kiss myself," might be attributed to it.)</p> + +<p>Not all children suck their thumbs. It may be assumed that it is found +only in children in whom the erogenous significance of the lip-zone is +constitutionally reënforced. Children in whom this is retained are +habitual kissers as adults and show a tendency to perverse kissing, or +as men they have a marked desire for drinking and smoking. But if +repression comes into play they experience disgust for eating and evince +hysterical vomiting. By <a name="p45">virtue</a> of the community of the +lip-zone the repression encroaches upon the impulse of nourishment. Many +of my female patients showing disturbances in eating, such as hysterical +globus, choking sensations, and vomiting, have been energetic +thumbsuckers during infancy.</p> + +<p>In the thumbsucking or pleasure-sucking we have already been able to +observe the three essential characters of an infantile sexual +manifestation. The latter has its origin in conjunction with a bodily +function which is very important for life, it does not yet know any +sexual object, it is <i>autoerotic</i> and its sexual aim is under the +control of an <i>erogenous zone</i>. Let us assume for the present that these +characters also hold true for most of the other activities of the +infantile sexual impulse.</p> + + +<center><h3>THE SEXUAL AIM OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY</h3></center> + +<p><b>The Characters of the Erogenous Zones.</b>—From the example of +thumbsucking we may gather a great many points useful for the +distinguishing of an erogenous zone. It is a portion of skin or mucous +membrane in which the stimuli produce a feeling of pleasure of definite +quality. There is no doubt that the pleasure-producing stimuli are +governed by special determinants which we do not know. The rhythmic +characters must play some part in them and this strongly suggests an +analogy to tickling. It does not, however, appear so certain whether the +character of the pleasurable feeling evoked by the stimulus can be +designated as "peculiar," and in what part of this peculiarity the +sexual factor exists. Psychology is still groping in the dark when it +concerns matters of pleasure and pain, and the most cautious assumption +is therefore the most advisable. We may perhaps later come upon reasons +which seem to support the peculiar quality of the sensation of pleasure.</p> + +<p>The erogenous quality may adhere most notably to definite regions of the +body. As is shown by the example of <a name="p46">thumbsucking</a>, +there are predestined erogenous zones. But the same example also shows +that any other region of skin or mucous membrane may assume the function +of an erogenous zone; it must therefore carry along a certain +adaptability. The production of the sensation of pleasure therefore +depends more on the quality of the stimulus than on the nature of the +bodily region. The thumbsucking child looks around on his body and +selects any portion of it for pleasure-sucking, and becoming accustomed +to it, he then prefers it. If he accidentally strikes upon a predestined +region, such as breast, nipple or genitals, it naturally has the +preference. A quite analogous tendency to displacement is again found in +the symptomatology of hysteria. In this neurosis the repression mostly +concerns the genital zones proper; these in turn transmit their +excitation to the other erogenous zones, usually dormant in mature life, +which then behave exactly like genitals. But besides this, just as in +thumbsucking, any other region of the body may become endowed with the +excitation of the genitals and raised to an erogenous zone. Erogenous +and hysterogenous zones show the same characters.<a href="#p46n12">[12]</a></p> + +<p><b>The Infantile Sexual Aim.</b>—The sexual aim of the infantile impulse +consists in the production of gratification through the proper +excitation of this or that selected erogenous zone. In order to leave a +desire for its repetition this gratification must have been previously +experienced, and we may be sure that nature has devised definite means +so as not to leave this occurrence to mere chance. The arrangement which +has fulfilled this purpose for the lip-zone we have already discussed; +it is the simultaneous connection of this part of the body with the +taking of nourishment. We shall also meet other similar mechanisms as +sources of sexuality. The state of desire for repetition of +gratification can be recognized through a peculiar feeling of tension +which in itself is rather of a painful character, and through a <a +name="p47">centrally-determined</a> feeling of itching or sensitiveness +which is projected into the peripheral erogenous zone. The sexual aim +may therefore be formulated as follows: the chief object is to +substitute for the projected feeling of sensitiveness in the erogenous +zone that outer stimulus which removes the feeling of sensitiveness by +evoking the feeling of gratification. This external stimulus consists +usually in a manipulation which is analogous to sucking.</p> + +<p>It is in full accord with our physiological knowledge if the desire +happens to be awakened also peripherally through an actual change in the +erogenous zone. The action is puzzling only to some extent as one +stimulus for its suppression seems to want another applied to the same +place.</p> + +<center><h3>THE MASTURBATIC SEXUAL MANIFESTATIONS<a href="#p47n13">[13]</a></h3></center> + +<p>It is a matter of great satisfaction to know that there is nothing +further of greater importance to learn about the sexual activity of the +child after the impulse of one erogenous zone has become comprehensible +to us. The most pronounced differences are found in the action necessary +for the gratification, which consists in sucking for the lip zone and +which must be replaced by other muscular actions according to the +situation and nature of the other zones.</p> + +<p><b>The Activity of the Anal Zone.</b>—Like the lip zone the anal zone is, +through its position, adapted to conduct the sexuality to the other +functions of the body. It should be assumed that the erogenous +significance of this region of the body was originally very large. +Through psychoanalysis one finds, not without surprise, the many +transformations that are normally undertaken with the usual excitations +emanating from here, and that this zone often retains for life a +considerable fragment of genital <a name="p48">irritability</a>.<a +href="#p48n14">[14]</a> The intestinal catarrhs so frequent during +infancy produce intensive irritations in this zone, and we often hear it +said that intestinal catarrh at this delicate age causes "nervousness." +In later neurotic diseases they exert a definite influence on the +symptomatic expression of the neurosis, placing at its disposal the +whole sum of intestinal disturbances. Considering the erogenous +significance of the anal zone which has been retained at least in +transformation, one should not laugh at the hemorrhoidal influences to +which the old medical literature attached so much weight in the +explanation of neurotic states.</p> + +<p>Children utilizing the erogenous sensitiveness of the anal zone can be +recognized by their holding back of fecal masses until through +accumulation there result violent muscular contractions; the passage of +these masses through the anus is apt to produce a marked irritation of +the mucus membrane. Besides the pain this must produce also a sensation +of pleasure. One of the surest premonitions of later eccentricity or +nervousness is when an infant obstinately refuses to empty his bowel +when placed on the chamber by the nurse and reserves this function at +its own pleasure. It does not concern him that he will soil his bed; all +he cares for is not to lose the subsidiary pleasure while defecating. +The educators have again the right inkling when they designate children +who withhold these functions as bad. The content of the bowel which is +an exciting object to the sexually sensitive surface of mucous membrane +behaves like the precursor of another organ which does not become active +until after the phase of childhood. In addition it has other important +meanings to the nursling. It is evidently treated as an additional part +of the body, it represents the first "donation," the disposal of which +expresses the pliability while the retention of it can express the <a +name="p49">spite</a> of the little being towards its environment. From the +idea of "donation" he later gains the meaning of the "babe" which +according to one of the infantile sexual theories is acquired through +eating and is born through the bowel.</p> + +<p>The retention of fecal masses, which is at first intentional in order to +utilize them, as it were, for masturbatic excitation of the anal zone, +is at least one of the roots of constipation so frequent in neuropaths. +The whole significance of the anal zone is mirrored in the fact that +there are but few neurotics who have not their special scatologic +customs, ceremonies, etc., which they retain with cautious secrecy.</p> + +<p>Real masturbatic irritation of the anal zone by means of the fingers, +evoked through either centrally or peripherally supported itching, is +not at all rare in older children.</p> + +<p><b>The Activity of the Genital Zone.</b>—Among the erogenous zones of the +child's body there is one which certainly does not play the main rôle, +and which cannot be the carrier of earliest sexual feeling—which, +however, is destined for great things in later life. In both male and +female it is connected with the voiding of urine (penis, clitoris), and +in the former it is enclosed in a sack of mucous membrane, probably in +order not to miss the irritations caused by the secretions which may +arouse the sexual excitement at an early age. The sexual activities of +this erogenous zone, which belongs to the real genitals, are the +beginning of the later normal sexual life.</p> + +<p>Owing to the anatomical position, the overflowing of secretions, the +washing and rubbing of the body, and to certain accidental excitements +(the wandering of intestinal worms in the girl), it happens that the +pleasurable feeling which these parts of the body are capable of +producing makes itself noticeable to the child even during the sucking +age, and thus awakens desire for its repetition. When we review all the +actual arrangements, and bear in mind that the measures for cleanliness +have the same <a name="p50">effect</a> as the uncleanliness itself, we can +then scarcely mistake nature's intention, which is to establish the +future primacy of these erogenous zones for the sexual activity through +the infantile onanism from which hardly an individual escapes. The +action of removing the stimulus and setting free the gratification +consists in a rubbing contiguity with the hand or in a certain +previously-formed pressure reflex effected by the closure of the thighs. +The latter procedure seems to be the more primitive and is by far the +more common in girls. The preference for the hand in boys already +indicates what an important part of the male sexual activity will be +accomplished in the future by the impulse to mastery +(Bemächtigungstrieb).<a href="#p50n15">[15]</a> It can only help towards +clearness if I state that the infantile masturbation should be divided +into three phases. The first phase belongs to the nursing period, the +second to the short flourishing period of sexual activity at about the +fourth year, only the third corresponds to the one which is often +considered exclusively as onanism of puberty.</p> + +<p>The infantile onanism seems to disappear after a brief time, but it +may continue uninterruptedly till puberty and thus represent the first +marked deviation from the development desirable for civilized man. At +some time during childhood after the nursing period, the sexual impulse +of the genitals reawakens and continues active for some time until it is +again suppressed, or it may continue without interruption. The possible +relations are very diverse and can only be elucidated through a more +precise analysis of individual cases. The details, however, of this +<i>second</i> infantile sexual activity leave behind the profoundest +(unconscious) impressions in the persons's memory; if the individual +remains healthy they determine his character and if he becomes sick +after puberty they determine the symptomatology of his <a +name="p51">neurosis</a>.<a href="#p51n16">[16]</a> In the latter case +it is found that this sexual period is forgotten and the conscious +reminiscences pointing to them are displaced; I have already mentioned +that I would like to connect the normal infantile amnesia with this +infantile sexual activity. By psychoanalytic investigation it is +possible to bring to consciousness the forgotten material, and thereby +to remove a compulsion which emanates from the unconscious psychic +material.</p> + +<p><b>The Return of the Infantile Masturbation.</b>—The sexual excitation of +the nursing period returns during the designated years of childhood as a +centrally determined tickling sensation demanding onanistic +gratification, or as a pollution-like process which, analogous to the +pollution of maturity, may attain gratification without the aid of any +action. The latter case is more frequent in girls and in the second half +of childhood; its determinants are not well understood, but it often, +though not regularly, seems to have as a basis a period of early active +onanism. The symptomatology of this sexual manifestation is poor; the +genital apparatus is still undeveloped and all signs are therefore +displayed by the urinary apparatus which is, so to say, the guardian of +the genital apparatus. Most of the so-called bladder disturbances of +this period are of a sexual nature; whenever the enuresis nocturna does +not represent an epileptic attack it corresponds to a pollution.</p> + +<p>The return of the sexual activity is determined by inner and outer +causes which can be conjectured from the formation of the symptoms of +neurotic diseases and definitely revealed by psychoanalytic +investigations. The internal causes will be discussed later, the +accidental outer causes attain at this time a great and permanent +significance. As the first outer cause we have the influence of +seduction which prematurely treats the child as a <a name="p52">sexual</a> +object; under conditions favoring impressions this teaches the child the +gratification of the genital zones, and thus usually forces it to repeat +this gratification in onanism. Such influences can come from adults or +other children. I cannot admit that I overestimated its frequency or its +significance in my contributions to the etiology of hysteria,<a +href="#p52n17">[17]</a> though I did not know then that normal +individuals may have the same experiences in their childhood, and hence +placed a higher value on seductions than on the factors found in the +sexual constitution and development.<a href="#p52n18">[18]</a> It is +quite obvious that no seduction is necessary to awaken the sexual life +of the child, that such an awakening may come on spontaneously from +inner sources.</p> + +<p><b>Polymorphous-perverse Disposition.</b>—It is instructive to know that +under the influence of seduction the child may become +polymorphous-perverse and may be misled into all sorts of +transgressions. This goes to show that it carries along the adaptation +for them in its disposition. The formation of such perversions meets but +slight resistance because the psychic dams against sexual +transgressions, such as shame, loathing and morality—which depend on +the age of the child—are not yet erected or are only in the process of +formation. In this respect the child perhaps does not behave differently +from the average uncultured woman in whom the same polymorphous-perverse +disposition exists. Such a woman may remain sexually normal under usual +conditions, <a name="p53">but</a> under the guidance of a clever seducer +she will find pleasure in every perversion and will retain the same as +her sexual activity. The same polymorphous or infantile disposition fits +the prostitute for her professional activity, and in the enormous number +of prostitutes and of women to whom we must attribute an adaptation for +prostitution, even if they do not follow this calling, it is absolutely +impossible not to recognize in their uniform disposition for all +perversions the universal and primitive human.</p> + +<p><b>Partial Impulses.</b>—For the rest, the influence of seduction does not +aid us in unravelling the original relations of the sexual impulse, but +rather confuses our understanding of the same, inasmuch as it +prematurely supplies the child with the sexual object at a time when the +infantile sexual impulse does not yet evince any desire for it. We must +admit, however, that the infantile sexual life, though mainly under the +control of erogenous zones, also shows components in which from the very +beginning other persons are regarded as sexual objects. Among these we +have the impulses for looking and showing off, and for cruelty, which +manifest themselves somewhat independently of the erogenous zones and +which only later enter into intimate relationship with the sexual life; +but along with the erogenous sexual activity they are noticeable even in +the infantile years as separate and independent strivings. The little +child is above all shameless, and during its early years it evinces +definite pleasure in displaying its body and especially its sexual +organs. A counterpart to this desire which is to be considered as +perverse, the curiosity to see other persons' genitals, probably appears +first in the later years of childhood when the hindrance of the feeling +of shame has already reached a certain development. Under the influence +of seduction the looking perversion may attain great importance for the +sexual life of the child. Still, from my investigations of the childhood +years of normal and neurotic patients, I must conclude that the impulse +for looking can appear in the child as a <a name="p54">spontaneous</a> +sexual manifestation. Small children, whose attention has once been +directed to their own genitals—usually by masturbation—are wont to +progress in this direction without outside interference, and to develop +a vivid interest in the genitals of their playmates. As the occasion for +the gratification of such curiosity is generally afforded during the +gratification of both excrementitious needs, such children become +<i>voyeurs</i> and are zealous spectators at the voiding of urine and feces +of others, After this tendency has been repressed, the curiosity to see +the genitals of others (one's own or those of the other sex) remains as +a tormenting desire which in some neurotic cases furnishes the strongest +motive power for the formation of symptoms.</p> + +<p>The cruelty component of the sexual impulse develops in the child with +still greater independence of those sexual activities which are +connected with erogenous zones. Cruelty is especially near the childish +character, since the inhibition which restrains the impulse to mastery +before it causes pain to others—that is, the capacity for +sympathy—develops comparatively late. As we know, a thorough +psychological analysis of this impulse has not as yet been successfully +accomplished; we may assume that the cruel feelings emanate from the +impulse to mastery and appear at a period in the sexual life before the +genitals have taken on their later rôle. It then dominates a phase of +the sexual life, which we shall later describe as the pregenital +organization. Children who are distinguished for evincing especial +cruelty to animals and playmates may be justly suspected of intensive +and premature sexual activity in the erogenous zones; and in a +simultaneous prematurity of all sexual impulses, the erogenous sexual +activity surely seems to be primary. The absence of the barrier of +sympathy carries with it the danger that the connections between cruelty +and the erogenous impulses formed in childhood cannot be broken in later +life.</p> + +<p>An erogenous source of the passive impulse for cruelty <a +name="p55">(masochism)</a> is found in the painful irritation of the +gluteal region which is familiar to all educators since the confessions +of J.J. Rousseau. This has justly caused them to demand that physical +punishment, which usually concerns this part of the body, should be +withheld from all children in whom the libido might be forced into +collateral roads by the later demands of cultural education.<a +href="#p55n19">[19]</a></p> + +<center><h3>THE INFANTILE SEXUAL INVESTIGATION</h3></center> + +<p><b>Inquisitiveness.</b>—At the same time when the sexual life of the child +reaches its first bloom, from the age of three to the age of five, it +also evinces the beginning of that activity which is ascribed to the +impulse for knowledge and investigation. The desire for knowledge can +neither be added to the elementary components of the impulses nor can it +be altogether subordinated under sexuality. Its activity corresponds on +the one hand to a sublimating mode of acquisition and on the other hand +it labors with <a name="p56">the</a> energy of the desire for looking. Its +relations to the sexual life, however, are of particular importance, for +we have learned from psychoanalysis that the inquisitiveness of children +is attracted to the sexual problems unusually early and in an +unexpectedly intensive manner, indeed it perhaps may first be awakened +by the sexual problems.</p> + +<p><b>The Riddle of the Sphinx.</b>—It is not theoretical but practical +interests which start the work of the investigation activity in the +child. The threat to the conditions of his existence through the actual +or expected arrival of a new child, the fear of the loss in care and +love which is connected with this event, cause the child to become +thoughtful and sagacious. Corresponding with the history of this +awakening, the first problem with which it occupies itself is not the +question as to the difference between the sexes, but the riddle: from +where do children come? In a distorted form, which can easily be +unraveled, this is the same riddle which was given by the Theban Sphinx. +The fact of the two sexes is usually first accepted by the child without +struggle and hesitation. It is quite natural for the male child to +presuppose in all persons it knows a genital like his own, and to find +it impossible to harmonize the lack of it with his conception of others.</p> + +<p><b>The Castration Complex.</b>—This conviction is energetically adhered to +by the boy and tenaciously defended against the contradictions which +soon result, and are only given up after severe internal struggles +(castration complex). The substitutive formations of this lost penis of +the woman play a great part in the formation of many perversions.</p> + +<p>The assumption of the same (male) genital in all persons is the first of +the remarkable and consequential infantile sexual theories. It is of +little help to the child when biological science agrees with his +preconceptions and recognizes the feminine clitoris as the real +substitute for the penis. The little girl does not react with similar +refusals when she sees the differently formed <a name="p57">genital</a> of +the boy. She is immediately prepared to recognize it, and soon becomes +envious of the penis; this envy reaches its highest point in the +consequentially important wish that she also should be a boy.</p> + +<p><b>Birth Theories.</b>—Many people can remember distinctly how intensely +they interested themselves, in the prepubescent period, in the question +where children came from. The anatomical solutions at that time read +very differently; the children come out of the breast or are cut out of +the body, or the navel opens itself to let them out. Outside of analysis +one only seldom remembers the investigation corresponding to the early +childhood years; it had long merged into repression but its results were +thoroughly uniform. One gets children by eating something special (as in +the fairy tale) and they are born through the bowel like a passage. +These infantile theories recall the structures in the animal kingdom, +especially do they recall the cloaca of the types which stand lower than +the mammals.</p> + +<p><b>Sadistic Conception of the Sexual Act.</b>—If children of so delicate an +age become spectators of the sexual act between grown-ups, for which an +occasion is furnished by the conviction of the grown-ups that little +children cannot understand anything sexual, they cannot help conceiving +the sexual act as a kind of maltreating or overpowering, that is, it +impresses them in a sadistic sense. Psychoanalysis also teaches us that +such an early childhood impression contributes much to the disposition +for a later sadistic displacement of the sexual aim. Besides this +children also occupy themselves with the problem of what the sexual act +consists in or, as they grasp it, of what marriage consists, and seek +the solution of the mystery mostly in an association to which the +functions of urination and defecation give occasion.</p> + +<p><b>The Typical Failure of the Infantile Sexual Investigation.</b>—It +can be stated in general about the infantile sexual theories that they +are reproductions of the child's own sexual constitution, and <a +name="p58">that</a> despite their grotesque mistakes they evince more +understanding of the sexual processes than is credited to their +creators. Children also perceive the pregnancy of the mother and know +how to interpret it correctly; the stork fable is very often related +before auditors who confront it with a deep, but mostly mute suspicion. +But as two elements remain unknown to the infantile sexual +investigation, namely, the rôle of the propagating semen and the female +genital opening—precisely the same points in which the infantile +organization is still backward—the effort of the infantile +investigator regularly remains fruitless, and ends in a renunciation +which not infrequently leaves a lasting injury to the desire for +knowledge. The sexual investigation of these early childhood years is +always conducted alone, it signifies the first step towards independent +orientation in the world, and causes a marked estrangement between the +child and the persons of his environment who formerly enjoyed its full +confidence.</p> + +<p><b>The Phases of Development of the Sexual Organization.</b>—As +characteristics of the infantile sexuality we have hitherto emphasized +the fact that it is essentially autoerotic (it finds its object in its +own body), and that its individual partial impulses, which on the whole +are unconnected and independent of one another, are striving for the +acquisition of pleasure. The end of this development forms the so-called +normal sexual life of the adult in which the acquisition of pleasure has +been put into the service of the function of propagation, and the +partial impulses, under the primacy of one single erogenous zone, have +formed a firm organization for the attainment of the sexual aim in a +strange sexual object.</p> + +<p><b>Pregenital Organizations.</b>—The study, with the help of psychoanalysis, +of the inhibitions and disturbances in this course of development now +permits us to recognize additions and primary stages of such +organization of the partial impulses which likewise furnish a sort of +sexual regime. These phases of the <a name="p59">sexual</a> organization +normally will pass over smoothly and will only be recognizable by slight +indications. Only in pathological cases do they become active and +discernible to coarse observation.</p> + +<p>Organizations of the sexual life in which the genital zones have not yet +assumed the dominating rôle we would call the <i>pregenital</i> phase. So far +we have become acquainted with two of them which recall reversions to +early animal states.</p> + +<p>One of the first of such pregenital sexual organizations is the <i>oral</i>, +or if we wish, the cannibalistic. Here the sexual activity is not yet +separated from the taking of nourishment, and the contrasts within the +same not yet differentiated. The object of the one activity is also that +of the other, the sexual aim consists in the <i>incorporating</i> into one's +own body of the object, it is the prototype of that which later plays +such an important psychic rôle as <i>identification</i>. As a remnant of this +fictitious phase of organization forced on us by pathology we can +consider thumbsucking. Here the sexual activity became separated from +the nourishment activity and the strange object was given up in favor of +one from his own body.</p> + +<p>A second pregenital phase is the sadistic-anal organization. Here the +contrasts which run through the whole sexual life are already developed, +but cannot yet be designated as <i>masculine</i> and <i>feminine</i>, but must be +called <i>active</i> and <i>passive</i>. The activity is supplied by the +musculature of the body through the mastery impulse; the erogenous +mucous membrane of the bowel manifests itself above all as an organ with +a passive sexual aim, for both strivings there are objects present, +which however do not merge together. Besides them there are other +partial impulses which are active in an autoerotic manner. The sexual +polarity and the strange object can thus already be demonstrated in this +phase. The organization and subordination under the function of +propagation are still lacking.</p> + +<p><b>Ambivalence.</b>—This form of the sexual organization could be <a +name="p60">retained</a> throughout life and continue to draw to itself a +large part of the sexual activity. The prevalence of sadism and the rôle +of the cloaca of the anal zone stamps it with an exquisitely archaic +impression. As another characteristic belonging to it we can mention the +fact that the contrasting pair of impulses are developed in almost the +same manner, a behavior which was designated by Bleuler with the happy +name of <i>ambivalence</i>.</p> + +<p>The assumption of the pregenital organizations of the sexual life is +based on the analysis of the neuroses and hardly deserves any +consideration without a knowledge of the same. We may expect that +continued analytic efforts will furnish us with still more disclosures +concerning the structure and development of the normal sexual function.</p> + +<p>To complete the picture of the infantile sexual life one must add that +frequently or regularly an object selection takes place even in +childhood which is as characteristic as the one we have represented for +the phase of development of puberty. This object selection proceeds in +such a manner that all the sexual strivings proceed in the direction of +one person in whom they wish to attain their aim. This is then the +nearest approach to the definitive formation of the sexual life after +puberty, that is possible in childhood. It differs from the latter only +in the fact that the collection of the partial impulses and their +subordination to the primacy of the genitals is very imperfectly or not +at all accomplished in childhood. The establishment of this primacy in +the service of propagation is therefore the last phase through which the +sexual organization passes.</p> + +<p><b>The Two Periods of Object Selection.</b>—That the object selection takes +place in two periods, or in two shifts, can be spoken of as a typical +occurrence. The first shift has its origin between the age of three and +five years, and is brought to a stop or to retrogression by the latency +period; it is characterized by the infantile nature of its sexual aims. +The second shift starts with puberty and determines the definitive +formation of the sexual life.</p> + +<p><a name="p61">The</a> fact of the double object selection which is +essentially due to the effect of the latency period, becomes most +significant for the disturbance of this terminal state. The results of +the infantile object selection reach into the later period; they are +either preserved as such or are even refreshed at the time of puberty. +But due to the development of the repression which takes place between +the two phases they turn out as unutilizable. The sexual aims have +become softened and now represent what we can designate as the <i>tender</i> +streams of the sexual life. Only psychoanalytic investigation can +demonstrate that behind this tenderness, such as honoring and esteeming, +there is concealed the old sexual strivings of the infantile partial +impulses which have now become useless. The object selection of the +pubescent period must renounce the infantile objects and begin anew as a +sensuous stream. The fact that the two streams do not meet often enough +has as a result that one of the ideals of the sexual life, namely, the +union of all desires in one object, can not be attained.</p> + + +<center><h3>THE SOURCES OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY</h3></center> + +<p>In our effort to follow up the origins of the sexual impulse, we have +thus far found that the sexual excitement originates (<i>a</i>) as an imitation +of a gratification which has been experienced in conjunction with other +organic processes; (<i>b</i>) through the appropriate peripheral stimulation of +erogenous zones; (<i>c</i>) and as an expression of some "impulse," like the +looking and cruelty impulses, the origin of which we do not yet fully +understand. The psychoanalytic investigation of later life which leads +back to childhood and the contemporary observation of the child itself +coöperate to reveal to us still other regularly-flowing sources of the +sexual excitement. The observation of childhood has the disadvantage of +treating easily misunderstood material, while psychoanalysis is made +difficult by the fact that it can reach its objects and conclusions only +by great detours; still the united efforts of <a name="p62">both</a> +methods achieve a sufficient degree of positive understanding.</p> + +<p>In investigating the erogenous zones we have already found that these +skin regions merely show the special exaggeration of a form of +sensitiveness which is to a certain degree found over the whole surface +of the skin. It will therefore not surprise us to learn that certain +forms of general sensitiveness in the skin can be ascribed to very +distinct erogenous action. Among these we will above all mention the +temperature sensitiveness; this will perhaps prepare us for the +understanding of the therapeutic effects of warm baths.</p> + +<p><b>Mechanical Excitation.</b>—We must, moreover, describe here the +production of sexual excitation by means of rhythmic mechanical shaking +of the body. There are three kinds of exciting influences: those acting +on the sensory apparatus of the vestibular nerves, those acting on the +skin, and those acting on the deep parts, such as the muscles and +joints. The sexual excitation produced by these influences seems to be +of a pleasurable nature—it is worth emphasizing that for some time we +shall continue to use indiscriminately the terms "sexual excitement" and +"gratification" leaving the search for an explanation of the terms to a +later time—and that the pleasure is produced by mechanical stimulation +is proved by the fact that children are so fond of play involving +passive motion, like swinging or flying in the air, and repeatedly +demand its repetition.<a href="#p62n20">[20]</a> As we know, rocking is +regularly used in putting restless children to sleep. The shaking +sensation experienced in wagons and railroad trains exerts such a +fascinating influence on older children, that all boys, at least at one +time in their lives, want to become conductors and drivers. They are +wont to ascribe to railroad activities an extraordinary and mysterious +interest, and during the age of phantastic activity (shortly before +puberty) they utilize these as a nucleus for <a name="p63">exquisite</a> +sexual symbolisms. The desire to connect railroad travelling with +sexuality apparently originates from the pleasurable character of the +sensation of motion. When the repression later sets in and changes so +many of the childish likes into their opposites, these same persons as +adolescents and adults then react to the rocking and rolling with nausea +and become terribly exhausted by a railroad journey, or they show a +tendency to attacks of anxiety during the journey, and by becoming +obsessed with railroad phobia they protect themselves against a +repetition of the painful experiences.</p> + +<p>This also fits in with the not as yet understood fact that the +concurrence of fear with mechanical shaking produces the severest +hysterical forms of traumatic neurosis. It may at least be assumed that +inasmuch as even a slight intensity of these influences becomes a source +of sexual excitement, the action of an excessive amount of the same will +produce a profound disorder in the sexual mechanism.</p> + +<p><b>Muscular Activity.</b>—It is well known that the child has need for +strong muscular activity, from the gratification of which it draws +extraordinary pleasure. Whether this pleasure has anything to do with +sexuality, whether it includes in itself sexual satisfaction? or can be +the occasion of sexual excitement; all this may be refuted by critical +consideration, which will probably be directed also to the position +taken above that the pleasure in the sensations of passive movement are +of sexual character or that they are sexually exciting. The fact +remains, however, that a number of persons report that they experienced +the first signs of excitement in their genitals during fighting or +wrestling with playmates, in which situation, besides the general +muscular exertion, there is an intensive contact with the opponent's +skin which also becomes effective. The desire for muscular contest with +a definite person, like the desire for word contest in later years, is a +good sign that the object selection has been directed toward this <a +name="p64">person</a>. "Was sich liebt, das neckt sich."<a +href="#p64n21">[21]</a> In the promotion of sexual excitement through +muscular activity we might recognize one of the sources of the sadistic +impulse. The infantile connection between fighting and sexual excitement +acts in many persons as a determinant for the future preferred course of +their sexual impulse.<a href="#p64n22">[22]</a></p> + +<p><b>Affective Processes.</b>—The other sources of sexual excitement in the +child are open to less doubt. Through contemporary observations, as well +as through later investigations, it is easy to ascertain that all more +intensive affective processes, even excitements of a terrifying nature, +encroach upon sexuality; this can at all events furnish us with a +contribution to the understanding of the pathogenic action of such +emotions. In the school child, fear of a coming examination or exertion +expended in the solution of a difficult task can become significant for +the breaking through of sexual manifestations as well as for his +relations to the school, inasmuch as under such excitements a sensation +often occurs urging him to touch the genitals, or leading to a +pollution-like process with all its disagreeable consequences. The +behavior of children at school, which is so often mysterious to the +teacher, ought surely to be considered in relation with their +germinating sexuality. The sexually-exciting influence of some painful +affects, such as fear, shuddering, and horror, is felt by a great many +people throughout life and readily explains why so many seek +opportunities to experience such sensations, provided that certain +accessory circumstances (as under imaginary circumstances in reading, or +in the theater) suppress the earnestness of the painful feeling.</p> + +<p><a name="p65">If</a> we might assume that the same erogenous action also reaches the +intensive painful feelings, especially if the pain be toned down or held +at a distance by a subsidiary determination, this relation would then +contain the main roots of the masochistic-sadistic impulse, into the +manifold composition of which we are gaining a gradual insight.</p> + +<p><b>Intellectual Work.</b>—Finally, is is evident that mental application or +the concentration of attention on an intellectual accomplishment will +result, especially often in youthful persons, but in older persons as +well, in a simultaneous sexual excitement, which may be looked upon as +the only justified basis for the otherwise so doubtful etiology of +nervous disturbances from mental "overwork."</p> + +<p>If we now, in conclusion, review the evidences and indications of the +sources of the infantile sexual excitement, which have been reported +neither completely nor exhaustively, we may lay down the following +general laws as suggested or established. It seems to be provided in the +most generous manner that the process of sexual excitement—the nature +of which certainly remains quite mysterious to us—should be set in +motion. The factor making this provision in a more or less direct way is +the excitation of the sensible surfaces of the skin and sensory organs, +while the most immediate exciting influences are exerted on certain +parts which are designated as erogenous zones. The criterion in all +these sources of sexual excitement is really the quality of the stimuli, +though the factor of intensity (in pain) is not entirely unimportant. +But in addition to this there are arrangements in the organism which +induce sexual excitement as a subsidiary action in a large number of +inner processes as soon as the intensity of these processes has risen +above certain quantitative limits. What we have designated as the +partial impulses of sexuality are either directly derived from these +inner sources of sexual excitation or composed of contributions from +such sources and from <a name="p66">erogenous</a> zones. It is possible +that nothing of any considerable significance occurs in the organism +that does not contribute its components to the excitement of the sexual +impulse.</p> + +<p>It seems to me at present impossible to shed more light and certainty on +these general propositions, and for this I hold two factors responsible; +first, the novelty of this manner of investigation, and secondly, the +fact that the nature of the sexual excitement is entirely unfamiliar to +us. Nevertheless, I will not forbear speaking about two points which +promise to open wide prospects in the future.</p> + +<p><b>Diverse Sexual Constitutions.</b>—(<i>a</i>) We have considered above the +possibility of establishing the manifold character of congenital sexual +constitutions through the diverse formation of the erogenous zones; we +may now attempt to do the same in dealing with the indirect sources of +sexual excitement. We may assume that, although these different sources +furnish contributions in all individuals, they are not all equally +strong in all persons; and that a further contribution to the +differentiation of the diverse sexual constitution will be found in the +preferred developments of the individual sources of sexual excitement.</p> + +<p><b>The Paths of Opposite Influences.</b>—(<i>b</i>) Since we are now +dropping the figurative manner of expression hitherto employed, by which +we spoke of <i>sources</i> of sexual excitement, we may now assume that all +the connecting ways leading from other functions to sexuality must also +be passable in the reverse direction. For example, if the lip zone, the +common possession of both functions, is responsible for the fact that +the sexual gratification originates during the taking of nourishment, +the same factor offers also an explanation for the disturbances in the +taking of nourishment if the erogenous functions of the common zone are +disturbed. As soon as we know that concentration of attention may +produce sexual excitement, it is quite natural to assume that acting on +the same path, but in a contrary direction, the state of <a +name="p67">sexual</a> excitement will be able to influence the +availability of the voluntary attention. A good part of the +symptomatology of the neuroses which I trace to disturbance of sexual +processes manifests itself in disturbances of the other non-sexual +bodily functions, and this hitherto incomprehensible action becomes less +mysterious if it only represents the counterpart of the influences +controlling the production of the sexual excitement.</p> + +<p>However the same paths through which sexual disturbances encroach upon +the other functions of the body must in health be supposed to serve +another important function. It must be through these paths that the +attraction of the sexual motive-powers to other than sexual aims, the +sublimation of sexuality, is accomplished. We must conclude with the +admission that very little is definitely known concerning the paths +beyond the fact that they exist, and that they are probably passable in +both directions.</p> + +<p><small><a name="p36n1"></a><a href="#p36">Note 1</a>: For it is really +impossible to have a correct knowledge of the part belonging to heredity +without first understanding the part belonging to the infantile.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p37n2"></a><a href="#p37">Note 2</a>: This assertion on revision seemed even to myself so bold +that I decided to test its correctness by again reviewing the +literature. The result of this second review did not warrant any change +in my original statement. The scientific elaboration of the physical as +well as the psychic phenomena of the infantile sexuality is still in its +initial stages. One author (S. Bell, "A Preliminary Study of the +Emotions of Love Between the Sexes," American Journal of Psychology, +XIII, 1902) says: "I know of no scientist who has given a careful +analysis of the emotion as it is seen in the adolescent." The only +attention given to somatic sexual manifestations occurring before the +age of puberty was in connection with degenerative manifestations, and +these were referred to as a sign of degeneration. A chapter on the +sexual life of children is not to be found in all the representative +psychologies of this age which I have read. Among these works I can +mention the following: Preyer; Baldwin (The Development of the Mind in +the Child and in the Race, 1898); Pérez (L'enfant de 3-7 ans, 1894); +Strümpel (Die pädagogische Pathologie, 1899); Karl Groos (Das +Seelenleben des Kindes, 1904); Th. Heller (Grundriss der Heilpädagogic, +1904); Sully (Observations Concerning Childhood, 1897). The best +impression of the present situation of this sphere can be obtained from +the journal Die Kinderfehler (issued since 1896). On the other hand one +gains the impression that the existence of love in childhood is in no +need of demonstration. Pérez (l.c.) speaks for it; K. Groos (Die Spiele +der Menschen, 1899) states that some children are very early subject to +sexual emotions, and show a desire to touch the other sex (p. 336); S. +Bell observed the earliest appearance of sex-love in a child during the +middle part of its third year. See also Havelock Ellis, The Sexual +Impulse, Appendix II.</small></p> + +<p><small>The above-mentioned judgment concerning the literature of infantile +sexuality no longer holds true since the appearance of the great and +important work of G. Stanley Hall (Adolescence, Its Psychology and its +Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, +and Education, 2 vols., New York, 1908). The recent book of A. Moll, Das +Sexualleben des Kindes, Berlin, 1909, offers no occasion for such a +modification. See, on the other hand, Bleuler, Sexuelle abnormitäten der +Kinder (Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für +Schulgesundheitspflege, IX, 1908). A book by Mrs. Dr. H.v. Hug-Hellmuth, +Aus dem Seelenleben des Kindes (1913), has taken full account of the +neglected sexual factors. [Translated in Monograph Series.]</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p38n3"></a><a href="#p38">Note 3</a>: I have attempted to solve the problems presented by the +earliest infantile recollections in a paper, "Über Deckerinnerungen" +(Monatsschrift für Psychiatrie und Neurologie, VI, 1899). Cf. also The +Psychopathology of Everyday Life, The Macmillan Co., New York, and +Unwin, London.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p39n4"></a><a href="#p39">Note 4</a>: One cannot understand the mechanism of repression when one +takes into consideration only one of the two cooperating processes. As a +comparison one may think of the way the tourist is despatched to the top +of the great pyramid of Gizeh; he is pushed from one side and pulled +from the other.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p40n5"></a><a href="#p40">Note 5</a>: The use of the latter +material is justified by the fact that the years of childhood of those +who are later neurotics need not necessarily differ from those who are +later normal except in intensity and distinctness.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p40n6"></a><a href="#p40">Note 6</a>: An anatomic analogy to +the behavior of the infantile sexual function formulated by me is +perhaps given by Bayer (Deutsches Archiv für klinische Medizin, Bd. 73) +who claims that the internal genitals (uterus) are regularly larger in +newborn than in older children. However, Halban's conception, that after +birth there is also an involution of the other parts of the sexual +apparatus, has not been verified. According to Halban (Zeitschrift für +Geburtshilfe u. Gynäkologie, LIII, 1904) this process of involution ends +after a few weeks of extra-uterine life.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p41n7"></a><a href="#p41">Note 7</a>: The expression "sexual +latency period" (sexuelle latenz-periode) I have borrowed from W. +Fliess.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p41n8"></a><a href="#p41">Note 8</a>: In the case here +discussed the sublimation of the sexual motive powers proceed on the +road of reaction formations. But in general it is necessary to separate +from each other sublimation and reaction formation as two diverse +processes. Sublimation may also result through other and simpler +mechanisms.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p42n9"></a><a href="#p42">Note 9</a>: Jahrbuch für +Kinderheilkunde, N.F., XIV, 1879.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p43n10"></a><a href="#p43">Note 10</a>: This already shows +what holds true for the whole life, namely, that sexual gratification is +the best hypnotic. Most nervous insomnias are traced to lack of sexual +gratification. It is also known that unscrupulous nurses calm crying +children to sleep by stroking their genitals.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p43n11"></a><a href="#p43">Note 11</a>: Ellis spoils, however, +the sense of his invented term by comprising under the phenomena of +autoerotism the whole of hysteria and masturbation in its full extent.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p46n12"></a><a href="#p46">Note 12</a>: Further reflection and +observation lead me to attribute the quality of erogenity to all parts +of the body and inner organs. See later on narcism.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p47n13"></a><a href="#p47">Note 13</a>: Compare here the very +comprehensive but confusing literature on onanism, <i>e.g.</i>, Rohleder, Die +Masturbation, 1899. Cf. also the pamphlet, "Die Onanie," which contains +the discussion of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, Wiesbaden, 1912.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p48n14"></a><a href="#p48">Note 14</a>: Compare here the essay on "Charakter und Analerotic" in +the Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre, Zweite Folge, 1909. +Cf. also Brill, Psychanalysis, Chap. XIII, Anal Eroticism and Character, +W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p50n15"></a><a href="#p50">Note 15</a>: Unusual techniques in the performance of onanism seem to +point to the influence of a prohibition against onanism which has been +overcome.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p51n16"></a><a href="#p51">Note 16</a>: Why neurotics, when conscience stricken, regularly connect +it with their onanistic activity, as was only recently recognized by +Bleuler, is a problem which still awaits an exhaustive analysis.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p52n17"></a><a href="#p52">Note 17</a>: Freud, Selected Papers +on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses, 3d edition, translated by A.A. +Brill, N.Y. Nerv. and Ment. Dis. Pub. Co. Nervous and Mental Disease +Monograph, Series No. 4.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p52n18"></a><a href="#p52">Note 18</a>: Havelock Ellis, in an +appendix to his study on the Sexual Impulse, 1903, gives a number of +autobiographic reports of normal persons treating their first sexual +feelings in childhood and the causes of the same. These reports +naturally show the deficiency due to infantile amnesia; they do not +cover the prehistoric time in the sexual life and therefore must be +supplemented by psychoanalysis of individuals who became neurotic. +Notwithstanding this these reports are valuable in more than one +respect, and information of a similar nature has urged me to modify my +etiological assumption as mentioned in the text.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p55n19"></a><a href="#p55">Note 19</a>: The above-mentioned assertions concerning the infantile +sexuality were justified in 1905, in the main through the results of +psychoanalytic investigations in adults. Direct observation of the child +could not at the time be utilized to its full extent and resulted only +in individual indications and valuable confirmations. Since then it has +become possible through the analysis of some cases of nervous disease in +the delicate age of childhood to gain a direct understanding of the +infantile psychosexuality (Jahrbuch für psychoanalytische und +psychopathologische Forschungen, Bd. 1, 2, 1909). I can point with +satisfaction to the fact that direct observation has fully confirmed the +conclusion drawn from psychoanalysis, and thus furnishes good evidence +for the reliability of the latter method of investigation.</small></p> + +<p><small>Moreover, the "Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy" (Jahrbuch, +Bd. 1) has taught us something new for which psychoanalysis had not +prepared us, to wit, that sexual symbolism, the representation of the +sexual by non-sexual objects and relations—reaches back into the years +when the child is first learning to master the language. My attention +has also been directed to a deficiency in the above-cited statement +which for the sake of clearness described any conceivable separation +between the two phases of autoerotism and object love as a temporal +separation. From the cited analysis (as well as from the above-mentioned +work of Bell) we learn that children from three to five are capable of +evincing a very strong object-selection which is accompanied by strong +affects.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p62n20"></a><a href="#p62">Note 20</a>: Some persons can +recall that the contact of the moving air in swinging caused them direct +sexual pleasure in the genitals.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p64n21"></a><a href="#p64">Note 21</a>: "Those who love each +other tease each other."</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p64n22"></a><a href="#p64">Note 22</a>: The analyses of +neurotic disturbances of walking and of agoraphobia remove all doubt as +to the sexual nature of the pleasure of motion. As everybody knows +modern cultural education utilizes sports to a great extent in order to +turn away the youth from sexual activity; it would be more proper to say +that it replaces the sexual pleasure by motion pleasure, and forces the +sexual activity back upon one of its autoerotic components.</small></p> + +<br> + +<a name="p68"></a> +<center><h2>III</h2> +<h2>THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY</h2></center> + + +<p>With the beginning of puberty the changes set in which transform the +infantile sexual life into its definite normal form. Hitherto the sexual +impulse has been preponderantly autoerotic; it now finds the sexual +object. Thus far it has manifested itself in single impulses and in +erogenous zones seeking a certain pleasure as a single sexual aim. A new +sexual aim now appears for the production of which all partial impulses +coöperate, while the erogenous zones subordinate themselves to the +primacy of the genital zone.<a href="#p68n1">[1]</a> As the new sexual +aim assigns very different functions to the two sexes their sexual +developments now part company. The sexual development of the man is more +consistent and easier to understand, while in the woman there even +appears a form of regression. The normality of the sexual life is +guaranteed only by the exact concurrence of the two streams directed to +the sexual object and sexual aim. It is like the piercing of a tunnel +from opposite sides.</p> + +<p>The new sexual aim in the man consists in the discharging of the sexual +products; it is not contradictory to the former sexual aim, that of +obtaining pleasure; on the contrary, the highest amount of pleasure is +connected with this final act in the sexual process. The sexual impulse +now enters into the service of the function of propagation; it becomes, +so to say, altruistic. If this transformation is to succeed its process +must be adjusted to the original dispositions and all the peculiarities +of the impulses.</p> + +<p><a name="p69">Just</a> as on every other occasion where new connections and +compositions are to be formed in complicated mechanisms, here, too, +there is a possibility for morbid disturbance if the new order of things +does not get itself established. All morbid disturbances of the sexual +life may justly be considered as inhibitions of development.</p> + +<center><h3>THE PRIMACY OF THE GENITAL ZONES AND THE FORE-PLEASURE</h3></center> + +<p>From the course of development as described we can clearly see the issue +and the end aim. The intermediary transitions are still quite obscure +and many a riddle will have to be solved in them.</p> + +<p>The most striking process of puberty has been selected as its most +characteristic; it is the manifest growth of the external genitals which +have shown a relative inhibition of growth during the latency period of +childhood. Simultaneously the inner genitals develop to such an extent +as to be able to furnish sexual products or to receive them for the +purpose of forming a new living being. A most complicated apparatus is +thus formed which waits to be claimed.</p> + +<p>This apparatus can be set in motion by stimuli, and observation teaches +that the stimuli can affect it in three ways: from the outer world +through the familiar erogenous zones; from the inner organic world by +ways still to be investigated; and from the psychic life, which merely +represents a depository of external impressions and a receptacle of +inner excitations. The same result follows in all three cases, namely, a +state which can be designated as "sexual excitation" and which manifests +itself in psychic and somatic signs. The psychic sign consists in a +peculiar feeling of tension of a most urgent character, and among the +manifold somatic signs the many changes in the genitals stand first. +They have a definite meaning, that of readiness; they constitute a +preparation for the sexual act (the erection of the penis and the +glandular activity of the vagina).</p> + +<p><a name="p70"></a><b>The Sexual Tension</b>—The character of the tension of +sexual excitation is connected with a problem the solution of which is +as difficult as it would be important for the conception of the sexual +process. Despite all divergence of opinion regarding it in psychology, I +must firmly maintain that a feeling of tension must carry with it the +character of displeasure. For me it is conclusive that such a feeling +carries with it the impulse to alter the psychic situation, and acts +incitingly, which is quite contrary to the nature of perceived pleasure. +But if we ascribe the tension of the sexual excitation to the feelings +of displeasure we encounter the fact that it is undoubtedly pleasurably +perceived. The tension produced by sexual excitation is everywhere +accompanied by pleasure; even in the preparatory changes of the genitals +there is a distinct feeling of satisfaction. What relation is there +between this unpleasant tension and this feeling of pleasure?</p> + +<p>Everything relating to the problem of pleasure and pain touches one of +the weakest spots of present-day psychology. We shall try if possible to +learn something from the determinations of the case in question and to +avoid encroaching on the problem as a whole. Let us first glance at the +manner in which the erogenous zones adjust themselves to the new order +of things. An important rôle devolves upon them in the preparation of +the sexual excitation. The eye which is very remote from the sexual +object is most often in position, during the relations of object wooing, +to become attracted by that particular quality of excitation, the motive +of which we designate as beauty in the sexual object. The excellencies +of the sexual object are therefore also called "attractions." This +attraction is on the one hand already connected with pleasure, and on +the other hand it either results in an increase of the sexual excitation +or in an evocation of the same where it is still wanting. The effect is +the same if the excitation of another erogenous zone, <i>e.g.</i>, the +touching hand, is added to it. There is on the one hand the feeling of +pleasure <a name="p71">which</a> soon becomes enhanced by the pleasure +from the preparatory changes, and on the other hand there is a further +increase of the sexual tension which soon changes into a most distinct +feeling of displeasure if it cannot proceed to more pleasure. Another +case will perhaps be clearer; let us, for example, take the case where +an erogenous zone, like a woman's breast, is excited by touching in a +person who is not sexually excited at the time. This touching in itself +evokes a feeling of pleasure, but it is also best adapted to awaken +sexual excitement which demands still more pleasure. How it happens that +the perceived pleasure evokes the desire for greater pleasure, that is +the real problem.</p> + +<p><b>Fore-pleasure Mechanism.</b>—But the rôle which devolves upon the +erogenous zones is clear. What applies to one applies to all. They are +all utilized to furnish a certain amount of pleasure through their own +proper excitation, which increases the tension, and which is in turn +destined to produce the necessary motor energy in order to bring to a +conclusion the sexual act. The last part but one of this act is again a +suitable excitation of an erogenous zone; <i>i.e.</i>, the genital zone +proper of the glans penis is excited by the object most fit for it, the +mucous membrane of the vagina, and through the pleasure furnished by +this excitation it now produces reflexly the motor energy which conveys +to the surface the sexual substance. This last pleasure is highest in +its intensity, and differs from the earliest ones in its mechanism. It +is altogether produced through discharge, it is altogether gratification +pleasure and the tension of the libido temporarily dies away with it.</p> + +<p>It does not seem to me unjustified to fix by name the distinction in the +nature of these pleasures, the one through the excitation of the +erogenous zones, and the other through the discharge of the sexual +substance. In contradistinction to the end-pleasure, or pleasure of +gratification of sexual activity, we <a name="p72">can</a> properly +designate the first as <i>fore-pleasure</i>. The fore-pleasure is then the +same as that furnished by the infantile sexual impulse, though on a +reduced scale; while the <i>end-pleasure</i> is new and is probably connected +with determinations which first appear at puberty. The formula for the +new function of the erogenous zones reads as follows: they are utilized +for the purpose of making possible the production of the greater +pleasure of gratification by means of the fore-pleasure which is gained +from them as in infantile life.</p> + +<p>I have recently been able to elucidate another example from a quite +different realm of the psychic life, in which likewise a greater feeling +of pleasure is achieved by means of a lesser feeling of pleasure which +thereby acts as an alluring premium. We had there also the opportunity +of entering more deeply into the nature of pleasure.<a href="#p72n2">[2]</a></p> + +<p><b>Dangers of the Fore-pleasure.</b>—However the connection of fore-pleasure +with the infantile life is strengthened by the pathogenic rôle which may +devolve upon it. In the mechanism through which the fore-pleasure is +expressed there exists an obvious danger to the attainment of the normal +sexual aim. This occurs if it happens that there is too much +fore-pleasure and too little tension in any part of the preparatory +sexual process. The motive power for the further continuation of the +sexual process then escapes, the whole road becomes shortened, and the +preparatory action in question takes the place of the normal sexual aim. +Experience shows that such a hurtful condition is determined by the fact +that the erogenous zone concerned or the corresponding partial impulse +has already contributed an unusual amount of pleasure in infantile life. +If other factors favoring fixation are added a compulsion readily +results for the later life <a name="p73">which</a> prevents the +fore-pleasure from arranging itself into a new combination. Indeed, the +mechanism of many perversions is of such a nature; they merely represent +a lingering at a preparatory act of the sexual process.</p> + +<p>The failure of the function of the sexual mechanism through the fault of +the fore-pleasure is generally avoided if the primacy of the genital +zones has also already been sketched out in infantile life. The +preparations of the second half of childhood (from the eighth year to +puberty) really seem to favor this. During these years the genital zones +behave almost as at the age of maturity; they are the seat of exciting +sensations and of preparatory changes if any kind of pleasure is +experienced through the gratification of other erogenous zones; although +this effect remains aimless, <i>i.e.</i>, it contributes nothing towards the +continuation of the sexual process. Besides the pleasure of +gratification a certain amount of sexual tension appears even in +infancy, though it is less constant and less abundant. We can now +understand also why in the discussion of the sources of sexuality we had +a perfectly good reason for saying that the process in question acts as +sexual gratification as well as sexual excitement. We note that on our +way towards the truth we have at first enormously exaggerated the +distinctions between the infantile and the mature sexual life, and we +therefore supplement what has been said with a correction. The infantile +manifestations of sexuality determine not only the deviations from the +normal sexual life but also the normal formations of the same.</p> + +<center><h3>THE PROBLEM OF SEXUAL EXCITEMENT</h3></center> + +<p>It remains entirely unexplained whence the sexual tension comes which +originates simultaneously with the gratification of erogenous zones and +what is its nature. The obvious supposition that this tension originates +in some way from the pleasure itself is not only improbable in itself +but untenable, inasmuch as during <a name="p74">the</a> greatest pleasure which is +connected with the voiding of sexual substance there is no production of +tension but rather a removal of all tension. Hence, pleasure and sexual +tension can be only indirectly connected.</p> + +<p><b>The Rôle of the Sexual Substance.</b>—Aside from the fact that only the +discharge of the sexual substance can normally put an end to the sexual +excitement, there are other essential facts which bring the sexual +tension into relation with the sexual products. In a life of continence +the sexual activity is wont to discharge the sexual substance at night +during pleasurable dream hallucinations of a sexual act, this discharge +coming at changing but not at entirely capricious intervals; and the +following interpretation of this process—the nocturnal pollution—can +hardly be rejected, viz., that the sexual tension which brings about a +substitute for the sexual act by the short hallucinatory road is a +function of the accumulated semen in the reservoirs for the sexual +products. Experiences with the exhaustibility of the sexual mechanism +speak for the same thing. Where there is no stock of semen it is not +only impossible to accomplish the sexual act, but there is also a lack +of excitability in the erogenous zones, the suitable excitation of which +can evoke no pleasure. We thus discover incidentally that a certain +amount of sexual tension is itself necessary for the excitability of the +erogenous zones.</p> + +<p>One would thus be forced to the assumption, which if I am not mistaken +is quite generally adopted, that the accumulation of sexual substance +produces and maintains the sexual tension. The pressure of these +products on the walls of their receptacles acts as an excitant on the +spinal center, the state of which is then perceived by the higher +centers which then produce in consciousness the familiar feeling of +tension. If the excitation of erogenous zones increases the sexual +tension, it can only be due to the fact that the erogenous zones are +connected with these centers by previously formed anatomical +connections. They <a name="p75">increase</a> there the tone of the +excitation, and with sufficient sexual tension they set in motion the +sexual act, and with insufficient tension they merely stimulate a +production of the sexual substance.</p> + +<p>The weakness of the theory which one finds adopted, <i>e.g.</i>, in v. +Krafft-Ebing's description of the sexual process, lies in the fact that +it has been formed for the sexual activity of the mature man and pays +too little heed to three kinds of relations which should also have been +elucidated. We refer to the relations as found in the child, in the +woman, and in the castrated male. In none of the three cases can we +speak of an accumulation of sexual products in the same sense as in the +man, which naturally renders difficult the general application of this +scheme; still it may be admitted without any further ado that ways can +be found to justify the subordination of even these cases. Nevertheless +one should be cautious about burdening the factor of accumulation of +sexual products with actions which it seems incapable of supporting.</p> + +<p><b>Overestimation of the Internal Genitals.</b>—That sexual excitement can +be independent to a considerable extent of the production of sexual +substance seems to be shown by observations on castrated males, in whom +the libido sometimes escapes the injury caused by the operation, +although the opposite behavior, which is really the motive for the +operation, is usually the rule. It is therefore not at all surprising, +as C. Rieger puts it, that the loss of the male germ glands in maturer +age should exert no new influence on the psychic life of the individual. +The germ glands are really not the sexuality, and the experience with +castrated males only verifies what we had long before learned from the +removal of the ovaries, namely that it is impossible to do away with the +sexual character by removing the germ glands. To be sure, castration +performed at a tender age, before puberty, comes nearer to this aim, but +it would seem in this case that besides the loss of the sexual glands we +must also consider the inhibition of <a name="p76">development</a> and +other factors which are connected with that loss.</p> + +<p><b>Chemical Theories.</b>—The truth remains, however, that we are unable to +give any information about the nature of the sexual excitement for the +reason that we do not know with what organ or organs sexuality is +connected, since we have seen that the sexual glands have been +overestimated in this significance. Since surprising discoveries have +taught us the important rôle of the thyroid gland in sexuality, we may +assume that the knowledge of the essential factors of sexuality are +still withheld from us. One who feels the need of filling up the large +gap in our knowledge with a preliminary assumption may formulate for +himself the following theory based on the active substances found in the +thyroid. Through the appropriate excitement of erogenous zones, as well +as through other conditions under which sexual excitement originates, a +material which is universally distributed in the organism becomes +disintegrated, the decomposing products of which supply a specific +stimulus to the organs of reproduction or to the spinal center connected +with them. Such a transformation of a toxic stimulus in a particular +organic stimulus we are already familiar with from other toxic products +introduced into the body from without. To treat, if only hypothetically, +the complexities of the pure toxic and the physiologic stimulations +which result in the sexual processes is not now our appropriate task. To +be sure, I attach no value to this special assumption and I shall be +quite ready to give it up in favor of another, provided its original +character, the emphasis on the sexual chemism, were preserved. For this +apparently arbitrary statement is supported by a fact which, though +little heeded, is most noteworthy. The neuroses which can be traced only +to disturbances of the sexual life show the greatest clinical +resemblance to the phenomena of intoxication and abstinence which result +from the habitual introduction of pleasure-producing poisonous +substances (alkaloids.)</p> + +<a name="p77"></a><center><h3>THE THEORY OF THE LIBIDO</h3></center> + +<p>These assumptions concerning the chemical basis of the sexual excitement +are in full accord with the auxiliary conception which we formed for the +purpose of mastering the psychic manifestations of the sexual life. We +have determined the concept of <i>libido</i> as that of a force of variable +quantity which has the capacity of measuring processes and +transformations in the spheres of sexual excitement. This libido we +distinguished from the energy which is to be generally adjudged to the +psychic processes with reference to its special origin and thus we +attribute to it also a qualitative character. In separating libidinous +from other psychic energy we give expression to the assumption that the +sexual processes of the organism are differentiated from the nutritional +processes through a special chemism. The analyses of perversions and +psychoneuroses have taught us that this sexual excitement is furnished +not only from the so-called sexual parts alone but from all organs of +the body. We thus formulate for ourselves the concept of a +libido-quantum whose psychic representative we designate as the +ego-libido; the production, increase, distribution and displacement of +this ego-libido will offer the possible explanation for the observed +psycho-sexual phenomena.</p> + +<p>But this ego-libido becomes conveniently accessible to psychoanalytic +study only when the psychic energy is employed on sexual objects, that +is when it becomes object libido. Then we see it as it concentrates and +fixes itself on objects, or as it leaves those objects and passes over +to others from which positions it directs the individual's sexual +activity, that is, it leads to partial and temporary extinction of the +libido. Psychoanalysis of the so-called transference neuroses (hysteria +and compulsion neurosis) offers us here a reliable insight.</p> + +<p>Concerning the fates of the object libido we also state that it is +withdrawn from the object, that it is preserved floating in special +states of tension and is finally taken back into the ego, <a +name="p78">so</a> that it again becomes ego-libido. In +contradistinction to the object-libido we also call the ego-libido +narcissistic libido. From psychoanalysis we look over the boundary which +we are not permitted to pass into the activity of the narcissistic +libido and thus form an idea of the relations between the two. The +narcissistic or ego-libido appears to us as the great reservoir from +which the energy for the investment of the object is sent out and into +which it is drawn back again, while the narcissistic libido investment +of the ego appears to us as the realized primitive state in the first +childhood, which only becomes hidden by the later emissions of the +libido, and is retained at the bottom behind them.</p> + +<p>The task of a theory of libido of neurotic and psychotic disturbances +would have for its object to express in terms of the libido-economy all +observed phenomena and disclosed processes. It is easy to divine that +the greater significance would attach thereby to the destinies of the +ego-libido, especially where it would be the question of explaining the +deeper psychotic disturbances. The difficulty then lies in the fact that +the means of our investigation, psychoanalysis, at present gives us +definite information only concerning the transformation of the +object-libido, but cannot distinguish without further study the +ego-libido from the other effective energies in the ego.<a +href="#p78n3">[3]</a></p> + +<center><h3>DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MAN AND WOMAN</h3></center> + +<p>It is known that the sharp differentiation of the male and female +character originates at puberty, and it is the resulting difference +which, more than any other factor, decisively influences the later +development of personality. To be sure, the male and female dispositions +are easily recognizable even in infantile life; thus the development of +sexual inhibitions (shame, loathing, sympathy, etc.) ensues earlier and +with less resistance in the little girl than in the little boy. The +tendency to sexual <a name="p79">repression</a> certainly seems much +greater, and where partial impulses of sexuality are noticed they show a +preference for the passive form. But, the autoerotic activity of the +erogenous zones is the same in both sexes, and it is this agreement that +removes the possibility of a sex differentiation in childhood as it +appears after puberty. In respect to the autoerotic and masturbatic +sexual manifestations, it may be asserted that the sexuality of the +little girl has entirely a male character. Indeed, if one could give a +more definite content to the terms "masculine and feminine," one might +advance the opinion that <i>the libido is regularly and lawfully of a +masculine nature, whether in the man or in the woman; and if we consider +its object, this may be either the man or the woman</i>.<a +href="#p79n4">[4]</a></p> + +<p>Since becoming acquainted with the aspect of bisexuality I hold this +factor as here decisive, and I believe that without taking <a +name="p80">into</a> account the factor of bisexuality it will hardly be +possible to understand the actually observed sexual manifestations in +man and woman.</p> + +<p><b>The Leading Zones in Man and Woman.</b>—Further than this I can only add +the following. The chief erogenous zone in the female child is the +clitoris, which is homologous to the male penis. All I have been able to +discover concerning masturbation in little girls concerned the clitoris +and not those other external genitals which are so important for the +later sexual functions. With few exceptions I myself doubt whether the +female child can be seduced to anything but clitoris masturbation. The +frequent spontaneous discharges of sexual excitement in little girls +manifest themselves in a twitching of the clitoris, and its frequent +erections enable the girl to understand correctly even without any +instruction the sexual manifestations of the other sex; they simply +transfer to the boys the sensations of their own sexual processes.</p> + +<p>If one wishes to understand how the little girl becomes a woman, he must +follow up the further destinies of this clitoris excitation. Puberty, +which brings to the boy a great advance of libido, distinguishes itself +in the girl by a new wave of repression which especially concerns the +clitoris sexuality. It is a part of the male sexual life that sinks into +repression. The reënforcement of the sexual inhibitions produced in the +woman by the repression of puberty causes a stimulus in the libido of +the man and forces it to increase its capacity; with the height of the +libido there is a rise in the overestimation of the sexual, which can be +present in its full force only when the woman refuses and denies her +sexuality. If the sexual act is finally submitted to and the clitoris +becomes excited its rôle is then to conduct the excitement to the +adjacent female parts, and in this it acts like a chip of pine wood +which is utilized to set fire to the harder wood. It often takes some +time for this transference to be accomplished; during which the young +wife remains anesthetic. <a name="p81">This</a> anesthesia may become +permanent if the clitoris zone refuses to give up its excitability; a +condition brought on by abundant activities in infantile life. It is +known that anesthesia in women is often only apparent and local. They +are anesthetic at the vaginal entrance but not at all unexcitable +through the clitoris or even through other zones. Besides these +erogenous causes of anesthesia there are also psychic causes likewise +determined by the repression.</p> + +<p>If the transference of the erogenous excitability from the clitoris to +the vagina has succeeded, the woman has thus changed her leading zone +for the future sexual activity; the man on the other hand retains his +from childhood. The main determinants for the woman's preference for the +neuroses, especially for hysteria, lie in this change of the leading +zone as well as in the repression of puberty. These determinants are +therefore most intimately connected with the nature of femininity.</p> + +<center><h3>THE OBJECT-FINDING</h3></center> + +<p>While the primacy of the genital zones is being established through the +processes of puberty, and the erected penis in the man imperiously +points towards the new sexual aim, <i>i.e.</i>, towards the penetration of a +cavity which excites the genital zone, the object-finding, for which +also preparations have been made since early childhood, becomes +consummated on the psychic side. While the very incipient sexual +gratifications are still connected with the taking of nourishment, the +sexual impulse has a sexual object outside its own body in his mother's +breast. This object it loses later, perhaps at the very time when it +becomes possible for the child to form a general picture of the person +to whom the organ granting him the gratification belongs. The sexual +impulse later regularly becomes autoerotic, and only after overcoming +the latency period is there a resumption of the original relation. It is +not without good reason that the suckling of the <a name="p82">child</a> +at its mother's breast has become a model for every amour. The +object-finding is really a re-finding.<a href="#p82n5">[5]</a></p> + +<p><b>The Sexual Object of the Nursing Period.</b>—However, even after the +separation of the sexual activity from the taking of nourishment, there +still remains from this first and most important of all sexual relations +an important share, which prepares the object selection and assists in +reestablishing the lost happiness. Throughout the latency period the +child learns to love other persons who assist it in its helplessness and +gratify its wants; all this follows the model and is a continuation of +the child's infantile relations to his wet nurse. One may perhaps +hesitate to identify the tender feelings and esteem of the child for his +foster-parents with sexual love; I believe, however, that a more +thorough psychological investigation will establish this identity beyond +any doubt. The intercourse between the child and its foster-parents is +for the former an inexhaustible source of sexual excitation and +gratification of erogenous zones, especially since the parents—or as a +rule the mother—supplies the child with feelings which originate from +her own sexual life; she pats it, kisses it, and rocks it, plainly +taking it as a substitute for a full-valued sexual object.<a +href="#p82n6">[6]</a> The mother would probably be terrified if it were +explained to her that all her tenderness awakens the sexual impulse of +her child and prepares its future intensity. She considers her actions +as asexually "pure" love, for she carefully avoids causing more +irritation to the genitals of the child than is indispensable in caring +for the body. But as we know the sexual impulse is not awakened by the +excitation of genital zones alone. <a name="p83">What</a> we call +tenderness will some day surely manifest its influence on the genital +zones also. If the mother better understood the high significance of the +sexual impulse for the whole psychic life and for all ethical and +psychic activities, the enlightenment would spare her all reproaches. By +teaching the child to love she only fulfills her function; for the child +should become a fit man with energetic sexual needs, and accomplish in +life all that the impulse urges the man to do. Of course, too much +parental tenderness becomes harmful because it accelerates the sexual +maturity, and also because it "spoils" the child and makes it unfit to +temporarily renounce love or be satisfied with a smaller amount of love +in later life. One of the surest premonitions of later nervousness is +the fact that the child shows itself insatiable in its demands for +parental tenderness; on the other hand, neuropathic parents, who usually +display a boundless tenderness, often with their caressing awaken in the +child a disposition for neurotic diseases. This example at least shows +that neuropathic parents have nearer ways than inheritance by which they +can transfer their disturbances to their children.</p> + +<p><b>Infantile Fear.</b>—The children themselves behave from their early +childhood as if their attachment to their foster-parents were of the +nature of sexual love. The fear of children is originally nothing but an +expression for the fact that they miss the beloved person. They +therefore meet every stranger with fear, they are afraid of the dark +because they cannot see the beloved person, and are calmed if they can +grasp that person's hand. The effect of childish fears and of the +terrifying stories told by nurses is overestimated if one blames the +latter for producing the fear in children. Children who are predisposed +to fear absorb these stories, which make no impression whatever upon +others; and only such children are predisposed to fear whose sexual +impulse is excessive or prematurely developed, or has become exigent +through pampering. The child behaves here like the adult, that <a +name="p84">is</a>, it changes its libido into fear when it cannot bring it +to gratification, and the grown-up who becomes neurotic on account of +ungratified libido behaves in his anxiety like a child; he fears when he +is alone, <i>i.e.</i>, without a person of whose love he believes himself +sure, and who can calm his fears by means of the most childish +measures.<a href="#p84n7">[7]</a></p> + +<p><b>Incest Barriers.</b>—If the tenderness of the parents for the child has +luckily failed to awaken the sexual impulse of the child prematurely, +<i>i.e.</i>, before the physical determinations for puberty appear, and if +that awakening has not gone so far as to cause an unmistakable breaking +through of the psychic excitement into the genital system, it can then +fulfill its task and direct the child at the age of maturity in the +selection of the sexual object. It would, of course, be most natural for +the child to select as the sexual object that person whom it has loved +since childhood with, so to speak, a suppressed libido.<a +href="#p84n8">[8]</a> But owing to the delay of sexual maturity time has +been gained for the erection beside the sexual inhibitions of the incest +barrier, that moral prescription which explicitly excludes from the +object selection the beloved person of infancy or blood relation. The +observance of this barrier is above all a demand of cultural society +which must guard against the absorption by the family of those interests +which it needs for the production of higher social units. Society, +therefore, uses every means to loosen those family ties in every <a +name="p85">individual</a>, especially in the boy, which are authoritative +in childhood only.<a href="#p85n9">[9]</a></p> + +<p>The object selection, however, is first accomplished in the imagination, +and the sexual life of the maturing youth has hardly any escape except +indulgence in phantasies or ideas which are not destined to be brought +to execution. In the phantasies of all persons the infantile +inclinations, now reënforced by somatic emphasis, reappear, and among +them one finds in regular frequency and in the first place the sexual +feeling of the child for the parents. This has usually already been +differentiated by the sexual attraction, the attraction of the son for +the mother and of the daughter for the father.<a href="#p85n10">[10]</a> +Simultaneously with the overcoming and rejection of these distinctly +incestuous phantasies there occurs one of the most important as well as +one of the most painful psychic accomplishments of puberty; it is the +breaking away from the parental authority, through which alone is formed +that opposition between the new and old generations which is so +important for cultural progress. Many persons are detained at each of +the stations in the course of development through which the individual +must pass; and accordingly there are persons who never overcome the +parental authority and never, or very imperfectly, withdraw their +affection from their parents. They are mostly girls, who, to the delight +of their parents, retain their full infantile love far beyond puberty, +and it is instructive to find that in their married life these girls are +incapable of fulfilling their duties to their husbands. They make cold +wives and remain sexually anesthetic. This shows that the apparently <a +name="p86">non-sexual</a> love for the parents and the sexual love are +nourished from the same source, <i>i.e.</i>, that the first merely +corresponds to an infantile fixation of the libido.</p> + +<p>The nearer we come to the deeper disturbances of the psychosexual +development the more easily we can recognize the evident significance of +the incestuous object-selection. As a result of sexual rejection there +remains in the unconscious of the psychoneurotic a great part or the +whole of the psychosexual activity for object finding. Girls with an +excessive need for affection and an equal horror for the real demands of +the sexual life experience an uncontrollable temptation on the one hand +to realize in life the ideal of the asexual love and on the other hand +to conceal their libido under an affection which they may manifest +without self reproach; this they do by clinging for life to the +infantile attraction for their parents or brothers or sisters which has +been repressed in puberty. With the help of the symptoms and other +morbid manifestations, psychoanalysis can trace their unconscious +thoughts and translate them into the conscious, and thus easily show to +such persons that they are in love with their consanguinous relations in +the popular meaning of the term. Likewise when a once healthy person +falls sick after an unhappy love affair, the mechanism of the disease +can distinctly be explained as a return of his libido to the persons +preferred in his infancy.</p> + +<p><b>The After Effects of the Infantile Object Selection.</b>—Even those who +have happily eluded the incestuous fixation of their libido have not +completely escaped its influence. It is a distinct echo of this phase of +development that the first serious love of the young man is often for a +mature woman and that of the girl for an older man equipped with +authority—<i>i.e.</i>, for persons who can revive in them the picture of the +mother and father. Generally speaking object selection unquestionably +takes place by following more freely these prototypes. The man seeks +above all the memory picture of his mother as it has dominated him since +<a name="p87">the</a> beginning of childhood; this is quite consistent +with the fact that the mother, if still living, strives against this, +her renewal, and meets it with hostility. In view of this significance +of the infantile relation to the parents for the later selection of the +sexual object, it is easy to understand that every disturbance of this +infantile relation brings to a head the most serious results for the +sexual life after puberty. Jealousy of the lover, too, never lacks the +infantile sources or at least the infantile reinforcement. Quarrels +between parents and unhappy marital relations between the same determine +the severest predispositions for disturbed sexual development or +neurotic diseases in the children.</p> + +<p>The infantile desire for the parents is, to be sure, the most important, +but not the only trace revived in puberty which points the way to the +object selection. Other dispositions of the same origin permit the man, +still supported by his infancy, to develop more than one single sexual +series and to form different determinations for the object +selection.<a href="#p87n11">[11]</a></p> + +<p><b>Prevention of Inversion.</b>—One of the tasks imposed in the object +selection consists in not missing the opposite sex. This, as we know, is +not solved without some difficulty. The first feelings after puberty +often enough go astray, though not with any permanent injury. Dessoir +has called attention to the normality of the enthusiastic friendships +formed by boys and girls with their own sex. The greatest force which +guards against a permanent inversion of the sexual object is surely the +attraction exerted by the opposite sex characters on each other. For +this we can give no explanation in connection with this discussion. This +factor, however, does not in itself suffice to exclude the inversion; +besides this there are surely many other supporting factors. Above all, +there is the authoritative inhibition of society; experience shows that +where the inversion is not considered a crime <a name="p88">it</a> fully +corresponds to the sexual inclinations of many persons. Moreover, it may +be assumed that in the man the infantile memories of the mother's +tenderness, as well as that of other females who cared for him as a +child, energetically assist in directing his selection to the woman, +while the early sexual intimidation experienced through the father and +the attitude of rivalry existing between them deflects the boy from the +same sex. Both factors also hold true in the case of the girl whose +sexual activity is under the special care of the mother. This results in +a hostile relation to the same sex which decisively influences the +object selection in the normal sense. The bringing up of boys by male +persons (slaves in the ancient times) seems to favor homosexuality; the +frequency of inversion in the present day nobility is probably explained +by their employment of male servants, and by the scant care that mothers +of that class give to their children. It happens in some hysterics that +one of the parents has disappeared (through death, divorce, or +estrangement), thus permitting the remaining parent to absorb all the +love of the child, and in this way establishing the determinations for +the sex of the person to be selected later as the sexual object; thus a +permanent inversion is made possible.</p> + +<center><h3>SUMMARY</h3></center> + +<p>It is now time to attempt a summing-up. We have started from the +aberrations of the sexual impulse in reference to its object and aim and +have encountered the question whether these originate from a congenital +predisposition, or whether they are acquired in consequence of +influences from life. The answer to this question was reached through an +examination of the relations of the sexual life of psychoneurotics, a +numerous group not very remote from the normal. This examination has +been made through psychoanalytic investigations. We have thus found that +a tendency to all perversions might be demonstrated in these <a +name="p89">persons</a> in the form of unconscious forces revealing +themselves as symptom creators and we could say that the neurosis is, as +it were, the negative of the perversion. In view of the now recognized +great diffusion of tendencies to perversion the idea forced itself upon +us that the disposition to perversions is the primitive and universal +disposition of the human sexual impulse, from which the normal sexual +behavior develops in consequence of organic changes and psychic +inhibitions in the course of maturity. We hoped to be able to +demonstrate the original disposition in the infantile life; among the +forces restraining the direction of the sexual impulse we have mentioned +shame, loathing and sympathy, and the social constructions of morality +and authority. We have thus been forced to perceive in every fixed +aberration from the normal sexual life a fragment of inhibited +development and infantilism. The significance of the variations of the +original dispositions had to be put into the foreground, but between +them and the influences of life we had to assume a relation of +coöperation and not of opposition. On the other hand, as the original +disposition must have been a complex one, the sexual impulse itself +appeared to us as something composed of many factors, which in the +perversions becomes separated, as it were, into its components. The +perversions, thus prove themselves to be on the one hand inhibitions, +and on the other dissociations from the normal development. Both +conceptions became united in the assumption that the sexual impulse of +the adult due to the composition of the diverse feelings of the +infantile life became formed into one unit, one striving, with one +single aim.</p> + +<p>We also added an explanation for the preponderance of perversive +tendencies in the psychoneurotics by recognizing in these tendencies +collateral fillings of side branches caused by the shifting of the main +river bed through repression, and we then turned our examination to the +sexual life of the infantile period.<a href="#p89n12">[12]</a> We <a +name="p90">found</a> it regrettable that the existence of a sexual life in +infancy has been disputed, and that the sexual manifestations which have +been often observed in children have been described as abnormal +occurrences. It rather seemed to us that the child brings along into the +world germs of sexual activity and that even while taking nourishment it +at the same time also enjoys a sexual gratification which it then seeks +again to procure for itself through the familiar activity of +"thumbsucking." The sexual activity of the child, however, does not +develop in the same measure as its other functions, but merges first +into the so-called latency period from the age of three to the age of +five years. The production of sexual excitation by no means ceases at +this period but continues and furnishes a stock of energy, the greater +part of which is utilized for aims other than sexual; namely, on the one +hand for the delivery of sexual components for social feelings, and on +the other hand (by means of repression and reaction formation) for the +erection of the future sexual barriers. Accordingly, the forces which +are destined to hold the sexual impulse in certain tracks are built up +in infancy at the expense of the greater part of the perverse sexual +feelings and with the assistance of education. Another part of the +infantile sexual manifestations escapes this utilization and may +manifest itself as sexual activity. It can then be discovered that the +sexual excitation of the child flows from diverse sources. Above all +gratifications originate through the adapted sensible excitation of +so-called erogenous zones. For these probably any skin region or sensory +organ may serve; but there are certain distinguished erogenous zones the +excitation of which by certain organic mechanisms is assured from the +beginning. Moreover, sexual excitation originates in the organism, as <a +name="p91">it</a> were, as a by-product in a great number of processes, as +soon as they attain a certain intensity; this especially takes place in +all strong emotional excitements even if they be of a painful nature. +The excitations from all these sources do not yet unite, but they pursue +their aim individually—this aim consisting merely in the gaining of a +certain pleasure. The sexual impulse of childhood is therefore +objectless or <i>autoerotic</i>.</p> + +<p>Still during infancy the erogenous zone of the genitals begins to make +itself noticeable, either by the fact that like any other erogenous zone +it furnishes gratification through a suitable sensible stimulus, or +because in some incomprehensible way the gratification from other +sources causes at the same time the sexual excitement which has a +special connection with the genital zone. We found cause to regret that +a sufficient explanation of the relations between sexual gratification +and sexual excitement, as well as between the activity of the genital +zone and the remaining sources of sexuality, was not to be attained.</p> + +<p>We were unable to state what amount of sexual activity in childhood +might be designated as normal to the extent of being incapable of +further development. The character of the sexual manifestation showed +itself to be preponderantly masturbatic. We, moreover, verified from +experience the belief that the external influences of seduction, might +produce premature breaches in the latency period leading as far as the +suppression of the same, and that the sexual impulse of the child really +shows itself to be polymorphous-perverse; furthermore, that every such +premature sexual activity impairs the educability of the child.</p> + +<p>Despite the incompleteness of our examinations of the infantile sexual +life we were subsequently forced to attempt to study the serious changes +produced by the appearance of puberty. We selected two of the same as +criteria, namely, the subordination of all other sources of the sexual +feeling to the primacy of the genital zones, and the process of object +finding. Both of them <a name="p92">are</a> already developed in +childhood. The first is accomplished through the mechanism of utilizing +the fore-pleasure, whereby all other independent sexual acts which are +connected with pleasure and excitement become preparatory acts for the +new sexual aim, the voiding of the sexual products, the attainment of +which under enormous pleasure puts an end to the sexual feeling. At the +same time we had to consider the differentiation of the sexual nature of +man and woman, and we found that in order to become a woman a new +repression is required which abolishes a piece of infantile masculinity, +and prepares the woman for the change of the leading genital zones. +Lastly, we found the object selection, tracing it through infancy to its +revival in puberty; we also found indications of sexual inclinations on +the part of the child for the parents and foster-parents, which, +however, were turned away from these persons to others resembling them +by the incest barriers which had been erected in the meantime. Let us +finally add that during the transition period of puberty the somatic and +psychic processes of development proceed side by side, but separately, +until with the breaking through of an intense psychic love-stimulus for +the innervation of the genitals, the normally demanded unification of +the erotic function is established.</p> + +<p><b>The Factors Disturbing the Development.</b>—As we have already shown by +different examples, every step on this long road of development may +become a point of fixation and every joint in this complicated structure +may afford opportunity for a dissociation of the sexual impulse. It +still remains for us to review the various inner and outer factors which +disturb the development, and to mention the part of the mechanism +affected by the disturbance emanating from them. The factors which we +mention here in a series cannot, of course, all be in themselves of +equal validity and we must expect to meet with difficulties in the +assigning to the individual factors their due importance.</p> + +<p><a name="p93"></a><b>Constitution and Heredity.</b>—In the first place, we must mention here +the congenital <i>variation of the sexual constitution</i>, upon which the +greatest weight probably falls, but the existence of which, as may be +easily understood, can be established only through its later +manifestations and even then not always with great certainty. We +understand by it a preponderance of one or another of the manifold +sources of the sexual excitement, and we believe that such a difference +of disposition must always come to expression in the final result, even +if it should remain within normal limits. Of course, we can also imagine +certain variations of the original disposition that even without further +aid must necessarily lead to the formation of an abnormal sexual life. +One can call these "degenerative" and consider them as an expression of +hereditary deterioration. In this connection I have to report a +remarkable fact. In more than half of the severe cases of hysteria, +compulsion neuroses, etc., which I have treated by psychotherapy, I have +succeeded in positively demonstrating that their fathers have gone +through an attack of syphilis before marriage; they have either suffered +from tabes or general paresis, or there was a definite history of lues. +I expressly add that the children who were later neurotic showed +absolutely no signs of hereditary lues, so that the abnormal sexual +constitution was to be considered as the last off-shoot of the luetic +heredity. As far as it is now from my thoughts to put down a descent +from syphilitic parents as a regular and indispensable etiological +determination of the neuropathic constitution, I nevertheless maintain +that the coincidence observed by me is not accidental and not without +significance.</p> + +<p>The hereditary relations of the positive perverts are not so well known +because they know how to avoid inquiry. Still there is reason to believe +that the same holds true in the perversions as in the neuroses. We often +find perversions and psychoneuroses in the different sexes of the same +family, so distributed that the <a name="p94">male</a> +members, or one of them, is a positive pervert, while the females, +following the repressive tendencies of their sex, are negative perverts +or hysterics. This is a good example of the substantial relations +between the two disturbances which I have discovered.</p> + +<p><b>Further Elaboration.</b>—It cannot, however, be maintained that the +structure of the sexual life is rendered finally complete by the +addition of the diverse components of the sexual constitution. On the +contrary, qualifications continue to appear and new possibilities +result, depending upon the fate experienced by the sexual streams +originating from the individual sources. This <i>further elaboration</i> is +evidently the final and decisive one while the constitution described as +uniform may lead to three final issues. If all the dispositions assumed +to be abnormal retain their relative proportion, and are strengthened +with maturity, the ultimate result can only be a perverse sexual life. +The analysis of such abnormally constituted dispositions has not yet +been thoroughly undertaken, but we already know cases that can be +readily explained in the light of these theories. Authors believe, for +example, that a whole series of fixation perversions must necessarily +have had as their basis a congenital weakness of the sexual impulse. The +statement seems to me untenable in this form, but it becomes ingenious +if it refers to a constitutional weakness of one factor in the sexual +impulse, namely, the genital zone, which later in the interests of +propagation accepts as a function the sum of the individual sexual +activities. In this case the summation which is demanded in puberty must +fail and the strongest of the other sexual components continues its +activity as a perversion.<a href="#p94n13">[13]</a></p> + +<p><b>Repression.</b>—Another issue results if in the course of development +certain powerful components experience a <i>repression</i>—which <a +name="p95">we</a> must carefully note is not a suspension. The excitations +in question are produced as usual but are prevented from attaining their +aim by psychic hindrances, and are driven off into many other paths +until they express themselves in a symptom. The result can be an almost +normal sexual life—usually a limited one—but supplemented by +psychoneurotic disease. It is these cases that become so familiar to us +through the psychoanalytic investigation of neurotics. The sexual life +of such persons begins like that of perverts, a considerable part of +their childhood is filled up with perverse sexual activity which +occasionally extends far beyond the period of maturity, but owing to +inner reasons a repressive change then results—usually before puberty, +but now and then even much later—and from this point on without any +extinction of the old feelings there appears a neurosis instead of a +perversion. One may recall here the saying, "Junge Hure, alte +Betschwester,"—only here youth has turned out to be much too short. The +relieving of the perversion by the neurosis in the life of the same +person, as well as the above mentioned distribution of perversion and +hysteria in different persons of the same family, must be placed side by +side with the fact that the neurosis is the negative of the perversion.</p> + +<p><b>Sublimation.</b>—The third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositions +is made possible by the process of "sublimation," through which the +powerful excitations from individual sources of sexuality are discharged +and utilized in other spheres, so that a considerable increase of +psychic capacity results from an, in itself dangerous, predisposition. +This forms one the sources of artistic activity, and, according as such +sublimation is complete or incomplete, the analysis of the character of +highly gifted, especially of artistically disposed persons, will show +any proportionate, blending between productive ability, perversion, and +neurosis. A sub-species of sublimation is the suppression through +<i>reaction-formation</i>, which, as we have found, begins even in the +latency <a name="p96">period</a> of infancy, only to continue throughout +life in favorable cases. What we call the <i>character</i> of a person is +built up to a great extent from the material of sexual excitations; it +is composed of impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation, +and of such constructions as are destined to suppress effectually those +perverse feelings which are recognized as useless. The general perverse +sexual disposition of childhood can therefore be esteemed as a source of +a number of our virtues, insofar as it incites their creation through +the formation of reactions.<a href="#p96n14">[14]</a></p> + +<p><b>Accidental Experiences.</b>—All other influences lose in significance +when compared with the sexual discharges, shifts of repressions, and +sublimations; the inner determinations for the last two processes are +totally unknown to us. He who includes repressions and sublimations +among constitutional predispositions, and considers them as the living +manifestations of the same, has surely the right to maintain that the +final structure of the sexual life is above all the result of the +congenital constitution. No intelligent person, however, will dispute +that in such a coöperation of factors there is also room for the +modifying influences of occasional factors derived from experience in +childhood and later on.</p> + +<p>It is not easy to estimate the effectiveness of the constitutional and +of the occasional factors in their relation to each other. Theory is +always inclined to overestimate the first while therapeutic practice +renders prominent the significance of the latter. By no means should it +be forgotten that between the two there exists a relation of coöperation +and not of exclusion. The constitutional factor must wait for +experiences which bring it to the <a name="p97">surface</a>, while the +occasional needs the support of the constitutional factor in order to +become effective. For the majority of cases one can imagine a so-called +"etiological group" in which the declining intensities of one factor +become balanced by the rise in the others, but there is no reason to +deny the existence of extremes at the ends of the group.</p> + +<p>It would be still more in harmony with psychoanalytic investigation if +the experiences of early childhood would get a place of preference among +the occasional factors. The one etiological group then becomes split up +into two which may be designated as the dispositional and the definitive +groups. Constitution and occasional infantile experiences are just as +coöperative in the first as disposition and later traumatic experiences +in the second group. All the factors which injure the sexual development +show their effect in that they produce a <i>regression</i>, or a return to a +former phase of development.</p> + +<p>We may now continue with our task of enumerating the factors which have +become known to us as influential for the sexual development, whether +they be active forces or merely manifestations of the same.</p> + +<p><b>Prematurity.</b>—Such a factor is the spontaneous sexual <i>prematurity</i> +which can be definitely demonstrated at least in the etiology of the +neuroses, though in itself it is as little adequate for causation as the +other factors. It manifests itself in a breaking through, shortening, or +suspending of the infantile latency period and becomes a cause of +disturbances inasmuch as it provokes sexual manifestations which, either +on account of the unready state of the sexual inhibitions or because of +the undeveloped state of the genital system, can only carry along the +character of perversions. These tendencies to perversion may either +remain as such, or after the repression sets in they may become motive +powers for neurotic symptoms; at all events, the sexual prematurity +renders difficult the desirable later control of the <a name="p98">sexual</a> +impulse by the higher psychic influences, and enhances the +compulsive-like character which even without this prematurity would be +claimed by the psychic representatives of the impulse. Sexual +prematurity often runs parallel with premature intellectual development; +it is found as such in the infantile history of the most distinguished +and most productive individuals, and in such connection it does not seem +to act as pathogenically as when appearing isolated.</p> + +<p><b>Temporal Factors.</b>—Just like prematurity, other factors, which under +the designation of <i>temporal</i> can be added to prematurity, also demand +consideration. It seems to be phylogenetically established in what +sequence the individual impulsive feelings become active, and how long +they can manifest themselves before they succumb to the influence of a +newly appearing active impulse or to a typical repression. But both in +this temporal succession as well as in the duration of the same, +variations seem to occur, which must exercise a definite influence on +the experience. It cannot be a matter of indifference whether a certain +stream appears earlier or later than its counterstream, for the effect +of a repression cannot be made retrogressive; a temporal deviation in +the composition of the components regularly produces a change in the +result. On the other hand impulsive feelings which appear with special +intensity often come to a surprisingly rapid end, as in the case of the +heterosexual attachment of the later manifest homosexuals. The strivings +of childhood which manifest themselves most impetuously do not justify +the fear that they will lastingly dominate the character of the +grown-up; one has as much right to expect that they will disappear in +order to make room for their counterparts. (Harsh masters do not rule +long.) To what one may attribute such temporal confusions of the +processes of development we are hardly able to suggest. A view is opened +here to a deeper phalanx of biological, and perhaps also historical +problems, which we have not yet approached within fighting distance.</p> + +<p><a name="p99"></a><b>Adhesion.</b>—The significance of all premature sexual +manifestations is enhanced by a psychic factor of unknown origin which +at present can be put down only as a psychological preliminary. I +believe that it is the <i>heightened adhesion</i> or <i>fixedness</i> of these +impressions of the sexual life which in later neurotics, as well as in +perverts, must be added for the completion of the other facts; for the +same premature sexual manifestations in other persons cannot impress +themselves deeply enough to repeat themselves compulsively and to +succeed in prescribing the way for the sexual impulse throughout later +life. Perhaps a part of the explanation for this adhesion lies in +another psychic factor which we cannot miss in the causation of the +neuroses, namely, in the preponderance which in the psychic life falls +to the share of memory traces as compared with recent impressions. This +factor is apparently dependent on the intellectual development and grows +with the growth of personal culture. In contrast to this the savage has +been characterized as "the unfortunate child of the moment."<a +href="#p99n15">[15]</a> Owing to the oppositional relation existing +between culture and the free development of sexuality, the results of +which may be traced far into the formation of our life, the problem how +the sexual life of the child evolves is of very little importance for +the later life in the lower stages of culture and civilization, and of +very great importance in the higher.</p> + +<p><b>Fixation.</b>—The influence of the psychic factors just mentioned favored +the development of the accidentally experienced impulses of the +infantile sexuality. The latter (especially in the form of seductions +through other children or through adults) produce the material which, +with the help of the former, may become fixed as a permanent +disturbance. A considerable number of the deviations from the normal +sexual life observed later have been thus established in neurotics and +perverts from the beginning through the impressions received during the +alleged sexually free period <a name="p100">of</a> childhood. The +causation is produced by the responsiveness of the constitution, the +prematurity, the quality of heightened adhesion, and the accidental +excitement of the sexual impulse through outside influence.</p> + +<p>The unsatisfactory conclusions which have resulted from this +investigation of the disturbances of the sexual life is due to the fact +that we as yet know too little concerning the biological processes in +which the nature of sexuality consists to form from our isolated +examinations a satisfactory theory for the explanation of either the +normal or the pathological.</p> + + + +<p><small><a name="p68n1"></a><a href="#p68">Note 1</a>: The differences will be +emphasized in the schematic representation given in the text. To what +extent the infantile sexuality approaches the definitive sexual +organization through its object selection has been discussed before (<a +href="#p60">p. 60</a>).</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p72n2"></a><a href="#p72">Note 2</a>: See my work, Wit and its +Relation to the Unconscious, translated by A.A. Brill, Moffat Yard Pub. +Co., New York: "The fore-pleasure gained by the technique of wit is +utilized for the purpose of setting free a greater pleasure by the +removal of inner inhibitions."</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p78n3"></a><a href="#p78">Note 3</a>: Cf. Zur Einführung des +Narzismus, Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, VI, 1913.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p79n4"></a><a href="#p79">Note 4</a>: It is necessary to make clear that the conceptions +"masculine" and "feminine," whose content seems so unequivocal to the +ordinary meaning, belong to the most confused terms in science and can +be cut up into at least three paths. One uses masculine and feminine at +times in the sense of activity and passivity, again, in the biological +sense, and then also in the sociological sense. The first of these three +meanings is the essential one and the only one utilizable in +psychoanalysis. It agrees with the masculine designation of the libido +in the text above, for the libido is always active even when it is +directed to a passive aim. The second, the biological significance of +masculine and feminine, is the one which permits the clearest +determination. Masculine and feminine are here characterized by the +presence of semen or ovum and through the functions emanating from them. +The activity and its secondary manifestations, like stronger developed +muscles, aggression, a greater intensity of libido, are as a rule +soldered to the biological masculinity but not necessarily connected +with it, for there are species of animals in whom these qualities are +attributed to the female. The third, the sociological meaning, receives +its content through the observation of the actual existing male and +female individuals. The result of this in man is that there is no pure +masculinity or feminity either in the biological or psychological sense. +On the contrary every individual person shows a mixture of his own +biological sex characteristics with the biological traits of the other +sex and a union of activity and passivity; this is the case whether +these psychological characteristic features depend on the biological or +whether they are independent of it.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p82n5"></a><a href="#p82">Note 5</a>: Psychoanalysis teaches +that there are two paths of object-finding; the first is the one +discussed in the text which is guided by the early infantile prototypes. +The second is the narcissistic which seeks its own ego and finds it in +the other. The latter is of particularly great significance for the +pathological outcomes, but does not fit into the connection treated +here.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p82n6"></a><a href="#p82">Note 6</a>: Those to whom this +conception appears "wicked" may read Havelock Ellis's treatise on the +relations between mother and child which expresses almost the same ideas +(The Sexual Impulse, p. 16).</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p84n7"></a><a href="#p84">Note 7</a>: For the explanation of the origin of the infantile fear I +am indebted to a three-year-old boy whom I once heard calling from a +dark room: "Aunt, talk to me, I am afraid because it is dark." "How will +that help you," answered the aunt; "you cannot see anyhow." "That's +nothing," answered the child; "if some one talks then it becomes +light."—He was, as we see, not afraid of the darkness but he was afraid +because he missed the person he loved, and he could promise to calm down +as soon as he was assured of her presence.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p84n8"></a><a href="#p84">Note 8</a>: Cf. here what was said on page 83 concerning the object +selection of the child; the "tender stream."</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p85n9"></a><a href="#p85">Note 9</a>: The incest barrier +probably belongs to the historical acquisitions of humanity and like +other moral taboos it must be fixed in many individuals through organic +heredity. (Cf. my work, Totem and Taboo, 1913.) Psychoanalytic studies +show, however, how intensively the individual struggles with the incest +temptations during his development and how frequently he puts them into +phantasies and even into reality.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p85n10"></a><a href="#p85">Note 10</a>: Compare the +description concerning the inevitable relation in the Oedipus legend +(The Interpretation of Dreams, p. 222, translated by A.A. Brill, The +Macmillan Co., New York, and Allen & Unwin, London).</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p87n11"></a><a href="#p87">Note 11</a>: Innumerable +peculiarities of the human love-life as well as the compulsiveness of +being in love itself can surely only be understood through a reference +to childhood or as an effective remnant of the same.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p89n12"></a><a href="#p89">Note 12</a>: This was true not +only of the "negative" tendencies to perversion appearing in the +neurosis, but also of the so-called positive perversions. <a +name="p90n12">The</a> latter are not only to be attributed to the fixation +of the infantile tendencies, but also to regression to these tendencies +owing to the misplacement of other paths of the sexual stream. Hence the +positive perversions are also accessible to psychoanalytic therapy. (Cf. +the works of Sadger, Ferenczi, and Brill.)</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p94n13"></a><a href="#p94">Note 13</a>: Here one often sees +that at first a normal sexual stream begins at the age of puberty, but +owing to its inner weakness it breaks down at the first outer hindrance +and then changes from regression, to perverse fixation.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p96n14"></a><a href="#p96">Note 14</a>: That keen observer +of human nature, E. Zola, describes a girl in his book, La Joie de +vivre, who in cheerful self renunciation offers all she has in +possession or expectation, her fortune and her life's hopes to those she +loves without thought of return. The childhood of this girl was +dominated by an insatiable desire for love which whenever she was +depreciated caused her to merge into a fit of cruelty.</small></p> + +<p><small><a name="p99n15"></a><a href="#p99">Note 15</a>: It is possible that +the heightened adhesion is only the result of a special intensive +somatic sexual manifestation of former years.</small></p> + +<br> + +<a name="p101"></a> +<center><h2>INDEX</h2></center> + +<p>Aberrations (see <a href="#perversions">Perversions</a>)<br> + a fragment of inhibited development, <a href="#p89">89</a><br> + Sexual, <a href="#p1">1</a>, <a href="#p13">13</a>, <a href="#p14">14</a><br> + shown by the psychoneurotic, <a href="#p29">29</a><br> + with animals, <a href="#p13">13</a></p> + +<p>Absolute Inversion (sexual object of the same sex), <a href="#p2">2</a></p> + +<p><a name="activity">Activity</a> and Passivity in sexual aim in exhibitionism, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + of Sadism and Masochism, <a href="#p23">23</a><br> + precursors and masculine and feminine, <a href="#p59">59</a></p> + +<p>Activity, Muscular, <a href="#p63">63</a></p> + +<p>Adhesion, heightened, or fixedness of impressions of sexual life, <a href="#p99">99</a><br> + may be only result of a special intensive somatic sexual manifestation of former years, <a href="#p99">99</a></p> + +<p>Affective Processes, <a href="#p64">64</a><br> + pathogenic action of, <a href="#p64">64</a><br> + value of unconscious thought formation, <a href="#p27">27</a></p> + +<p>Aggression, Sadism and Masochism not attributable to mixture of, <a href="#p24">24</a><br> + taint of, shown by sexuality of most men, <a href="#p22">22</a></p> + +<p>Agoraphobia and neurotic disturbances of walking, <a href="#p64n22">64, note 22</a></p> + +<p>Aims of impulses distinguish them from one another, <a href="#p31">31</a></p> + +<p>Algolagnia, <a href="#p22">22</a></p> + +<p>Alkaloids, introduction of, analogous in neuroses and phenomena of intoxication and abstinence, <a href="#p76">76</a></p> + +<p>Ambivalence, <a href="#p59">59</a></p> + +<p>Amnesia, Infantile, <a href="#p37">37</a><br> + connected with infantile sexual activity, <a href="#p51">51</a><br> + and hysterical compared, <a href="#p39">39</a></p> + +<p>Amphigenous inversion, <a href="#p2">2</a></p> + +<p><a name="anal">Anal</a> Erotic, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a><br> + Zone, activity of, <a href="#p47">47</a><br> + erogenous significance of, <a href="#p48">48</a><br> + masturbatic irritation of, <a href="#p49">49</a></p> + +<p>Androgyny, <a href="#p8">8</a></p> + +<p>Anesthesia, causes of, are partly psychic, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + continuance of, caused by retention of clitoris excitability, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + of newly married women, <a href="#p80">80</a><br> + of wives due to parent complex, <a href="#p85">85</a><br> + of women often only apparent and local, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + of women only at vaginal entrance, <a href="#p81">81</a></p> + +<p>Animals as sexual objects, <a href="#p13">13</a></p> + +<p>Anus (see also <a href="#anal">Anal</a>)<br> + as aim of inverts, <a href="#p12">12</a>; <a href="#p17">17</a><br> + especially frequent example of transgression, <a href="#p29">29</a><br> + part played by erogenous zone in, <a href="#p32">32</a></p> + +<p>Anxiety on railroads, <a href="#p63">63</a></p> + +<p>Archaic constitution, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a></p> + +<p>Arduin, Dr., <a href="#p9n11">9, note 11</a></p> + +<p>Attractions connected with pleasure, <a href="#p70">70</a></p> + +<p>Autoerotism, the gratification of sexual impulse on own body, <a href="#p43">43</a><br> + separation of, from object love, not temporal, <a href="#p55n19">55, note 19</a><br> + essential, of infantile sexuality, <a href="#p58">58</a><br> + of erogenous zones, same in boy and girl, <a href="#p79">79</a><br> + regular, of sexual impulse, <a href="#p81">81</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Baths, warm, therapeutic effects of, <a href="#p62">62</a></p> + + +<a name="p102"></a> + + +<p>Bayer, <a href="#p40n6">40, note 6</a></p> + +<p>Beautiful, concept of, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + a quality of excitation, <a href="#p70">70</a></p> + +<p>Bell, S., <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a>; <a href="#p55n19">55, note 19</a></p> + +<p>Binet; <a href="#p19">19</a>; <a href="#p34">34</a></p> + +<p>Birth theories, <a href="#p57">57</a></p> + +<p><a name="bisexuality">Bisexuality</a>, Relation of, <a href="#p7">7</a><br> + as explanation of inversion, <a href="#p9n11">9, note 11</a><br> + Sadism and Masochism, <a href="#p24">24</a><br> + necessary to understanding of sexual in man and woman, <a href="#p80">80</a></p> + +<p>Bladder, disturbances of childhood sexual in nature, <a href="#p51">51</a></p> + +<p>Bleuler, <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a>; <a href="#p60">60</a></p> + +<p>Bloch, I., <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a>; <a href="#p5">5</a>; <a href="#p16">16</a></p> + +<p>Breast, rubbing of, <a href="#p43">43</a><br> + woman's, as erogenous zone, <a href="#p71">71</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Cadavers, <a href="#p25">25</a></p> + +<p>Cannibalistic pregenital phase, <a href="#p59">59</a></p> + +<p>Castration complex, <a href="#p22">22</a>; <a href="#p56">56</a><br> + of males does not always injure sexual libido, <a href="#p75">75</a></p> + +<p>Catarrh, intestinal, produces irritations in anal zone, <a href="#p48">48</a></p> + +<p>Cathartic treatment, <a href="#p26">26</a></p> + +<p>Character built up from the material of sexual excitations, <a href="#p96">96</a><br> + composed of impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation, <a href="#p96">96</a><br> + of individual determined by infantile sexual activity, <a href="#p50">50</a></p> + +<p>Chemical theories of sexual excitement, <a href="#p76">76</a></p> + +<p>Chevalier, <a href="#p7">7</a>; <a href="#p9n11">9, note 11</a></p> + +<p>Childish, see <a href="#infantile">Infantile</a></p> + +<p>Children and neurotics compared, <a href="#p38">38</a><br> + as sexual objects, <a href="#p13">13</a><br> + cruelty especially characteristic of, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> + educability of, impaired by premature sexual activity, <a href="#p91">91</a><br> + impressionability of, <a href="#p38">38</a><br> + in school, behavior of and germinating sexuality, <a href="#p64">64</a><br> + sexual life of, <a href="#p40">40</a></p> + +<p>Clitoris, chief erogenous zone in female child, <a href="#p80">80</a><br> + erection of, in little girls, <a href="#p80">80</a><br> + excitability retained causes continuance of anesthesia, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + excitation, destinies of, <a href="#p80">80</a><br> + conducts excitement to adjacent female parts, <a href="#p80">80</a><br> + transfer of, to other parts, takes time, <a href="#p80">80</a><br> + sexuality is a part of male sexual life, <a href="#p80">80</a><br> + sexuality repressed in girl at puberty, <a href="#p80">80</a></p> + +<p>Coitus, <a href="#p36">36</a></p> + +<p>Colin, <a href="#p23">23</a></p> + +<p>Complex, castration, <a href="#p22">22</a>; <a href="#p56">56</a><br> + Oedipus, <a href="#p85">85</a><br> + parent, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a><br> + strongest in girls, <a href="#p85">85</a></p> + +<p>Compulsion emanating from unconscious psychic material, <a href="#p51">51</a><br> + inversion is perceived as a morbid, <a href="#p3">3</a><br> + neurosis, <a href="#p32">32</a><br> + psychoanalysis enlightens ego libido, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + from fixation on erogenous zones in infancy, <a href="#p77">77</a></p> + +<p>Congeniality in inversions, <a href="#p4">4</a><br> + of perversions in all persons, <a href="#p34">34</a></p> + +<p>Conscience, <a href="#p22">22</a></p> + +<p>Constitutional factor, relation of, to occasional <a href="#p96">96</a></p> + +<p>Contrary Sexuals, <a href="#p2">2</a></p> + +<p>Conversion, <a href="#p27">27</a></p> + +<p>Coprophilic smell desire, <a href="#p20n19">20, note 19</a></p> + +<p>Copulation, <a href="#p14">14</a></p> + +<p>Courting, <a href="#p22">22</a></p> + +<p>Craving, best English word for libido, <a href="#p1n2">1, note 2</a></p> + + +<a name="p103"></a> + + +<p>Cruelty and sexual impulse most intimately connected, <a href="#p23">23</a><br> + as component of infantile sexual life regarding others as sexual objects, <a href="#p53">53</a><br> + especially near the childish character, <a href="#p54">54</a><br> + partial desires as carriers of impulses of, <a href="#p30">30</a></p> + +<p>Culture and sex, <a href="#p41">41</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Dangers of fore-pleasure, <a href="#p72">72</a></p> + +<p>Degeneration, nervous, <a href="#p4">4</a><br> + high ethical culture in, <a href="#p5">5</a></p> + +<p>Dementia prćcox, <a href="#p26">26</a></p> + +<p>Desire, coprophilic smell, <a href="#p20n19">20, note 19</a><br> + for knowledge, <a href="#p55">55</a><br> + immense sexual, in hysteria, <a href="#p28">28</a><br> + partial, <a href="#p19">29</a></p> + +<p>Dessoir, <a href="#p87">87</a></p> + +<p>Donation, idea of, <a href="#p48">48</a>; <a href="#p49">49</a></p> + +<p>Drinking, desire for, in former thumbsuckers, <a href="#p44">44</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Ear lobe pulling, <a href="#p42">42</a></p> + +<p>Eating, sexuality of, <a href="#p66">66</a></p> + +<p>Ego-Libido (see <a href="#libido">Libido</a>)</p> + +<p>Ellis, H., <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a>; <a href="#p6">6</a>; <a href="#p8">8</a>; <a href="#p23">23</a>; <a href="#p43">43</a>; <a href="#p52n18">52, note 18</a></p> + +<p>End Pleasure (see <a href="#gratification">Gratification</a>, <a href="#orgasm">Orgasm</a>, <a href="#pleasure">Pleasure</a>)<br> + new to age after puberty, <a href="#p72">72</a></p> + +<p>Enuresis nocturna corresponds to a pollution, <a href="#p51">51</a></p> + +<p>Erection of clitoris in little girls, <a href="#p80">80</a><br> + of penis, a somatic sign of sexual excitation, <a href="#p69">69</a></p> + +<p>Erogenous action of pain, <a href="#p65">65</a><br> + functions, disturbance of, in lip zone, <a href="#p66">66</a><br> + significance of anal zone, <a href="#p48">48</a><br> + zones, partial impulses and, <a href="#p31">31</a><br> + significance of in psychoneuroses, <a href="#p32">32</a><br> + preponderance of special, in psychoneuroses, <a href="#p34">34</a><br> + source of sexual feelings of infantile years, <a href="#p41">41</a><br> + lips as, <a href="#p44">44</a><br> + characters of, <a href="#p45">45</a><br> + predestined, <a href="#p46">46</a><br> + show same characters as hysterogenous, <a href="#p46">46</a><br> + any part of body may become, <a href="#p46n12">46, note 12</a><br> + significance of anal zone, <a href="#p48">48</a><br> + premature activity in, indicated by cruelty, <a href="#p54">54</a><br> + parts of skin called, <a href="#p65">65</a><br> + one of three ways of stimulation of sexual apparatus, <a href="#p69">69</a><br> + their manner of adjustment to new order, <a href="#p70">70</a><br> + rôle of, in preparing sexual excitation, <a href="#p70">70</a><br> + increase tension, <a href="#p71">71</a><br> + make possible the gratification pleasure, <a href="#p72">72</a><br> + contribute unusual pleasure in infantile life, <a href="#p72">72</a><br> + connected anatomically with centers producing tension, <a href="#p74">74</a><br> + autoerotism of, same in boy and girl, <a href="#p79">79</a><br> + chief, in female child is the clitoris, <a href="#p80">80</a><br> + changed from clitoris to vagina, mark of womanhood, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + change of leading, determines woman's preference for neuroses, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + gratified by intercourse between child and foster parents, <a href="#p82">82</a></p> + +<p>Etiological group, <a href="#p97">97</a><br> + composed of dispositional and definitive groups, <a href="#p97">97</a></p> + +<a name="p104"></a> + + + +<p>Eulenberg, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a></p> + +<p>Excitement enhanced by preliminary activities, <a href="#p14">14</a><br> + hunger, <a href="#p16">16</a><br> + influences, three kinds of, <a href="#p62">62</a><br> + sexual, nature of, entirely unfamiliar, <a href="#p66">66</a><br> + prepared by erogenous zones, <a href="#p70">70</a><br> + result of any of three kinds of stimuli, <a href="#p69">69</a></p> + +<p><a name="exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a> (see <a href="#looking">Looking</a>, <a href="#peeping">Peeping</a>, <a href="#voyeurs">Voyeur</a>)<br> + as a perversion, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + partial desires as carriers of, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> + the eye as erogenous zone in, <a href="#p32">32</a><br> + as component of infantile sexual life, <a href="#p53">53</a></p> + +<p>Eye as erogenous zone, <a href="#p32">32</a>; <a href="#p70">70</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Faith, <a href="#p15">15</a></p> + +<p>Father, sexual intimidation experienced through, averts inversion, <a href="#p88">88</a></p> + +<p>Fear, infantile, <a href="#p83">83</a><br> + only expresses child's missing beloved person, <a href="#p83">83</a><br> + influence of, sexually exciting, <a href="#p64">64</a><br> + of being alone alike in child and neurotic, <a href="#p84">84</a><br> + of dark, infantile, <a href="#p83">83</a><br> + of grown up neurotic like that of children, <a href="#p84">84</a><br> + only children with excessive sexual impulse disposed to, <a href="#p83">83</a><br> + sought as sexual excitement, <a href="#p64">64</a></p> + +<p>Feces, licking of, <a href="#p25">25</a><br> + retention of, a source of pleasure, <a href="#p48">48</a><br> + a cause of constipation, <a href="#p49">49</a></p> + +<p>Feelings, perverted, <a href="#p34">34</a></p> + +<p>Female (see <a href="#maf">Masculine and Feminine</a>)</p> + +<p>Female child, entirely made character of in autoerotism and masturbation, <a href="#p79">79</a></p> + +<p>Féré, <a href="#p23">23</a></p> + +<p>Ferenczi, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a></p> + +<p>Fetichism, <a href="#p18">18</a><br> + Binet's findings in, <a href="#p34">34</a><br> + nothing in unconscious streams of thought inclining to, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> + of foot, <a href="#p20n19">20, note 19</a></p> + +<p>Fixation, <a href="#p99">99</a><br> + of impulses accidentally experienced, <a href="#p99">99</a></p> + +<p>Fliess, W., <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a>; <a href="#p29n26">29, note 26</a>; <a href="#p41n7">41, note 7</a></p> + +<p>Foot, as unfit substitute for sexual object, <a href="#p18">18</a><br> + fetichism of, <a href="#p20n19">20, note 19</a></p> + +<p>Fore-Pleasure, connection of, with infantile life strengthened by pathogenic rôle, <a href="#p72">72</a><br> + dangers of, <a href="#p72">72</a><br> + is that of excitation of erogenous zones, <a href="#p72">72</a><br> + mechanism contains danger to attainment of normal sexual aim, <a href="#p72">72</a><br> + primacy of genital zones and the, <a href="#p69">69</a><br> + same as that furnished by infantile sexual impulse, <a href="#p72">72</a><br> + too much endangers attainment of normal sexual aim, <a href="#p72">72</a></p> + +<p>Fur, <a href="#p19">19</a></p> + +<p>Fusions, <a href="#p26">26</a><br> + activity of, <a href="#p49">49</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Genital zone, primacy of, <a href="#p69">69</a><br> + external, in woman, so important for later sexual functions, <a href="#p80">80</a><br> + overestimation of internal, <a href="#p75">75</a><br> + gratification of, <a href="#p52">52</a></p> + +<p>Genitals, erogenous zones behave like real, in hysteria, <a href="#p32">32</a><br> +<a name="p105"></a> + looking only at, becomes a perversion, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + male, in all persons, the infantile sexual theory, <a href="#p56">56</a><br> + mouth and anus playing rôle of, <a href="#p29">29</a><br> + opening of female, unknown to children, <a href="#p58">58</a><br> + primacy of, intended by nature, <a href="#p50">50</a><br> + rubbed by children while pleasure sucking, <a href="#p43">43</a><br> + sexual impulse of reawakens, <a href="#p50">50</a><br> + touching of, caused by strong excitements in children, <a href="#p64">64</a></p> + +<p>Gley, E., <a href="#p9n11">9, note 11</a></p> + +<p>Globus, hysterical, in former thumbsuckers, <a href="#p45">45</a></p> + +<p><a name="gratification">Gratification</a> pleasure of orgasm, <a href="#p71">71</a><br> + sexual, <a href="#p3">3</a>; <a href="#p14">14</a><br> + picture of, in suckling, <a href="#p44">44</a><br> + relation of, to sexual excitement not explained, <a href="#p91">91</a><br> + the best hypnotic, <a href="#p43">43</a></p> + +<p>Groos, K., <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Hair, <a href="#p18">18</a></p> + +<p>Halban, <a href="#p8">8</a></p> + +<p>Hall, G.S., <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a></p> + +<p>Hemorrhoids and neurotic states, <a href="#p48">48</a></p> + +<p>Heredity, <a href="#p36">36</a></p> + +<p>Herman, G., <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a></p> + +<p>Hermaphrodites, psychosexual, <a href="#p2">2</a>; <a href="#p7">7</a><br> + anatomical, <a href="#p7">7</a></p> + +<p>Hetero-sexual feelings, <a href="#p3n5">3, note 5</a>; <a href="#p29n26">29, note 26</a><br> + intercourse, dangers of, fix inversions, <a href="#p6">6</a></p> + +<p>Hirschfeld, M., <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a>; <a href="#p9n11">9, note 11</a></p> + +<p>Hoche, <a href="#p16">16</a></p> + +<p>Homosexual, <a href="#p2">2</a><br> + among Greeks, <a href="#p11">11</a><br> + favored by bringing up of boys by men, <a href="#p88">88</a><br> + inclination resulting in inversion, <a href="#p6">6</a><br> + in men, <a href="#p11">11</a><br> + in women, <a href="#p12">12</a><br> + object selection accomplished by all men in the unconscious, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a></p> + +<p>Hug-Hellmuth, Mrs. Dr. H., <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a></p> + +<p>Hunger and sex compared, <a href="#p1">1</a><br> + excitement, <a href="#p16">16</a></p> + +<p>Hypnosis (suggestion), <a href="#p3n4">3, note 4</a><br> + obedience in, shows nature of, to be fixation on hypnotizer, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a><br> + removes inversion, <a href="#p6">6</a></p> + +<p>Hysteria, immense sexual desire in, <a href="#p28">28</a><br> + male, explained by propensity to inversion, <a href="#p29">29</a><br> + many cases of have syphilitic fathers, <a href="#p93">93</a><br> + preference for, in women determined by change of leading erogenous zone, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + determined by repression of puberty, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + psychoanalysis in, <a href="#p26">26</a><br> + of, enlightens the ego-libido, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + removes symptoms of, <a href="#p27">27</a><br> + seduction as frequent cause of, <a href="#p52">52</a><br> + some cases of, conditioned by disappearance of one parent, <a href="#p88">88</a><br> + symptomatology of, tendency to displacement in, <a href="#p46">46</a></p> + +<p>Hysterical globus, <a href="#p45">45</a><br> + vomiting, <a href="#p44">44</a>; <a href="#p45">45</a></p> + +<p>Hysterogenous zones show same characteristics as erogenous, <a href="#p46">46</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Ideal of sexual life, the union of all desires in one object, <a href="#p61">61</a></p> + +<p>Identification as development out of <a name="p106">oral</a> pregenital sexual organization, <a href="#p59">59</a></p> + +<p>Immature as sexual objects, <a href="#p13">13</a></p> + +<p>Impotence, <a href="#p20">20</a></p> + +<p>Impulse development, <a href="#p9">9</a><br> + partial, <a href="#p31">31</a><br> + independent of each other, strive for pleasure, <a href="#p58">58</a><br> + sexual, <a href="#p1">1</a><br> + acquired, <a href="#p5">5</a><br> + to mastery, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, <a href="#p50">50</a></p> + +<p>Incest barriers, <a href="#p84">84</a><br> + object selection significant in psychosexual disturbances, <a href="#p86">86</a><br> + phantasies rejected, <a href="#p85">85</a><br> + temptations, struggle of the individual with, <a href="#p85n9">85, note 9</a></p> + +<p><a name="infantile">Infantile</a> amnesia, <a href="#p37">37</a><br> + and infantile sexual activity, <a href="#p51">51</a><br> + attraction for parents, etc., repressed in puberty, <a href="#p86">86</a><br> + desire for parents, <a href="#p87">87</a><br> + factor for sexuality, <a href="#p39">39</a><br> + fear, <a href="#p83">83</a>; <a href="#p84n7">84, note 7</a><br> + fixation of libido, <a href="#p86">86</a><br> + in sexuality, <a href="#p34">34</a><br> + conserved by neurotics, <a href="#p35">35</a><br> + masturbation, <a href="#p51">51</a><br> + neglect of the, <a href="#p36">36</a><br> + object selection, after effects of, <a href="#p86">86</a><br> + onanism almost universal, <a href="#p50">50</a><br> + relations to parents, produces serious results to sexual life, <a href="#p87">87</a><br> + cause of jealousy of lover, <a href="#p87">87</a><br> + wet nurse, <a href="#p82">82</a><br> + reminiscences in neurotics, <a href="#p40">40</a><br> + sexual activity, <a href="#p50">50</a><br> + aim, <a href="#p45">45</a>; <a href="#p46">46</a><br> + excitement generously provided for, <a href="#p65">65</a><br> + impulse same as adult fore-pleasure, <a href="#p72">72</a><br> + investigation, failure of, <a href="#p57">57</a><br> + sexuality, <a href="#p36">36</a><br> + manifestations of, <a href="#p42">42</a><br> + determines normal, <a href="#p73">73</a><br> + source of, <a href="#p61">61</a><br> + sexual life, <a href="#p53">53</a></p> + +<p>Influences, opposite, paths of, <a href="#p66">66</a></p> + +<p>Inhibitions (see <a href="#shame">Shame</a>, <a href="#loathing">Loathing</a>, Sympathy) <a href="#p26n23">26, note 23</a><br> + sexual, <a href="#p40">40</a><br> + develop earlier in girl, <a href="#p78">78</a><br> + study of, <a href="#p58">58</a></p> + +<p>Innateness, <a href="#p5">5</a></p> + +<p>Inner organic world, one of three stimulants of sexual apparatus, <a href="#p69">69</a></p> + +<p>Inquisitiveness, <a href="#p55">55</a><br> + of children attracted to sexual problems, <a href="#p56">56</a></p> + +<p>Intentions, Appearance of New, <a href="#p20">20</a></p> + +<p>Intellectual work, <a href="#p65">65</a></p> + +<p>Intensity of stimulus, a factor in sexual excitement, <a href="#p65">65</a></p> + +<p>Intestinal catarrh in neurosis, <a href="#p48">48</a></p> + +<p>Inversion, amphigenous, <a href="#p2">2</a><br> + influence of climate and race on, <a href="#p5">5</a><br> + conception of, <a href="#p4">4</a><br> + congeniality of, <a href="#p4">4</a><br> + corresponds to sexual inclinations of many persons, <a href="#p88">88</a><br> + effect of father on, <a href="#p11n12">11, note 11</a><br> + explanation of, <a href="#p6">6</a>; <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a><br> + extreme cases of, <a href="#p3">3</a><br> + feelings of, in all neurotics, <a href="#p29">29</a><br> + frequent in ancient times, <a href="#p5">5</a><br> + permanent, made possible by a disappearance of one parent, <a href="#p88">88</a><br> + prevention of, <a href="#p87">87</a><br> + time of, <a href="#p3">3</a></p> + +<p>Inverts, behavior of, <a href="#p2">2</a>; <a href="#p3">3</a><br> + psychic manliness in, <a href="#p8">8</a><br> +<a name="p107"></a> + sexual object of, <a href="#p10">10</a><br> + aim of, <a href="#p12">12</a></p> + +<p>Investigation, infantile sexual, <a href="#p55">55</a><br> + conducted alone, <a href="#p58">58</a><br> + is first step at independent orientation, <a href="#p58">58</a><br> + causes estrangement from persons, <a href="#p58">58</a></p> + +<p>Itching, feeling of, projected into peripheral erogenous zone, <a href="#p47">47</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Kiernan, <a href="#p7">7</a></p> + +<p>Kinderfehler, Die (periodical), <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a></p> + +<p>Kissing (see <a href="#mouth">Mouth</a>, <a href="#oral">Oral</a>)<br> + as perversion, <a href="#p15">15</a><br> + habitual, in former thumbsuckers, <a href="#p44">44</a><br> + in female inverts, <a href="#p12">12</a></p> + +<p>Knowledge, desire for, coöperates with energy of desire for looking, <a href="#p56">56</a><br> + not wholly sexual, <a href="#p55">55</a><br> + relations to sexual life of particular importance to, <a href="#p56">56</a></p> + +<p>Krafft-Ebing, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a>; <a href="#p9">9</a>, and <a href="#p9n11">note 11</a>; <a href="#p22">22</a>; <a href="#p23">23</a><br> + weakness of his description of sexual process, <a href="#p75">75</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Latency Period, Sexual in Childhood, <a href="#p39">39</a>; <a href="#p40">40</a><br> + interruptions of, <a href="#p41">41</a></p> + +<p>Leading Zone in man and woman, <a href="#p80">80</a><br> + in female child is the clitoris, <a href="#p80">80</a></p> + +<p><a name="libido">Libido</a> as term for sexual feeling corresponding to hunger, <a href="#p1">1</a><br> + of inverts, <a href="#p3">3</a><br> + direction of, determined by experience in early childhood, <a href="#p6">6</a><br> + attachment of, to persons of same sex, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a><br> + fixation of, on hypnotizer, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a><br> + amount of directed to artistic aim, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + aggressive factor of, in sadism, <a href="#p23">23</a><br> + strivings of, transformed into symptoms, <a href="#p28">28</a><br> + fixation of, on persons of same sex, <a href="#p29">29</a><br> + union of cruelty with, in neurotics and paranoiacs, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> + of psychoneurotics unable to obtain normal sexual gratification, <a href="#p33">33</a><br> + of children in corporal punishment, <a href="#p55">55</a><br> + tension of, dies away at orgasm, <a href="#p71">71</a><br> + sometimes escapes injury in castration, <a href="#p75">75</a><br> + Theory of, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + a force of variable quantity capable of measuring sexual processes, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + a concept auxiliary to chemical theory, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + energy has a qualitative character, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + has special chemism different from nutritional processes, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + quantum psychically represented by ego-libido, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + production, increase, distribution and displacement of the Ego-, explains psychosexual phenomena, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + accessibility of the Ego- to psychoanalysis, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + the Ego- becomes Object-Libido, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + fate of the Object- is to be withdrawn from the object, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + is to be preserved floating <a name="p108">in</a> special states of tension, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + is to be finally taken back into the Ego, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + The Ego- is called the narcissistic Libido, <a href="#p78">78</a><br> + greater significance of, in psychotic disturbances, <a href="#p78">78</a><br> + is regularly of a masculine character in man and woman, <a href="#p79">79</a><br> + the object of may be either man or woman, <a href="#p79">79</a><br> + of child, when ungratified is changed into fear, <a href="#p84">84</a><br> + suppressed, of love of child to parents, <a href="#p84">84</a><br> + infantile fixation of, causes sexual love for parents, <a href="#p86">86</a><br> + girls conceal, under affection for family, <a href="#p86">86</a><br> + return of, to persons preferred in infancy, <a href="#p86">86</a><br> + incestuous fixation of, not completely escaped, <a href="#p86">86</a></p> + +<p>Lindner, <a href="#p42">42</a>; <a href="#p43">43</a></p> + +<p>Lingering at intermediary relations, <a href="#p15">15</a>; <a href="#p20">20</a><br> + at preparatory act of sexual process is mechanism of many perversions, <a href="#p73">73</a></p> + +<p><a name="lip">Lip</a> as erogenous zone, <a href="#p44">44</a><br> + sexual utilization of mucous membrane of, <a href="#p16">16</a><br> + sucking of, <a href="#p42">42</a><br> + zone is responsible for sexual gratification during eating, <a href="#p66">66</a></p> + +<p><a name="loathing">Loathing</a>, feeling of, protects individual from improper sexual aims, <a href="#p16">16</a>; <a href="#p17">17</a><br> + overcoming of, at sight of excretion, produces voyeurs, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + and Shame in Masochism, <a href="#p23">23</a><br> + in Inversions, <a href="#p25">25</a><br> + as psychic force inhibiting sexual life, <a href="#p40">40</a></p> + +<p><a name="looking">Looking</a> (see <a href="#peeping">Peeping</a>, <a href="#voyeurs">Voyeurs</a>)<br> + as addition to normal sexual process, <a href="#p14">14</a><br> + Lingering at Touching and, <a href="#p20">20</a><br> + as a perversion, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + and exhibition mania, the eye an erogenous zone in, <a href="#p32">32</a><br> + as component of infantile sexual life with others as object, <a href="#p53">53</a></p> + +<p>Love, omnipotence of, <a href="#p25">25</a><br> + and hate, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> + temporary renouncement of, in child, <a href="#p83">83</a><br> + smaller amount of, than mother love to satisfy individual in later life, <a href="#p83">83</a><br> + non-sexual and sexual, for parents, nourished from same source, <a href="#p86">86</a><br> + sexual, corresponds to an infantile fixation of the Libido, <a href="#p86">86</a><br> + -life, peculiarities of, understood only through childhood, <a href="#p87n11">87, note 11</a></p> + +<p>Löwenfeld, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a></p> + +<p>Lydston, F., <a href="#p7">7</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Magnan's classification, <a href="#p4">4</a></p> + +<p>Man (see <a href="#bisexuality">Bisexuality</a>, <a href="#maf">Masculine and Feminine</a>)<br> + sexual development of, more consistent and easier to understand, <a href="#p68">68</a><br> + differentiation between, and woman, <a href="#p78">78</a></p> + +<p><a name="maf">Masculine</a> and feminine, <a href="#p79">79</a><br> + as activity and passivity, <a href="#p79n4">79, note 4</a><br> + biological significance of, permits clearest determination, <a href="#p79n4">79 note 4</a><br> + in sociological sense, <a href="#p79n4">79 note 4</a><br> + no pure, in either <a name="p109">biological</a> or sociological sense, <a href="#p79n4">79 note 4</a></p> + +<p><a name="masochism">Masochism</a>, in relation between hypnotized and hypnotist, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a><br> + and Sadism, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + originates through transformation from Sadism, <a href="#p22">22</a><br> + and Sadism occupy special place among perversions, <a href="#p23">23</a><br> + reinforced by Sadism in exhibitionism, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> + source of, in painful irritation of gluteal region, <a href="#p55">55</a><br> + -Sadism impulse rooted in erogenous action of pain, <a href="#p65">65</a></p> + +<p>Mastery, impulse to, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, <a href="#p50">50</a><br> + source of cruelty in children, <a href="#p54">54</a><br> + supplies activity, <a href="#p59">59</a></p> + +<p>Masturbatic sexual manifestations, <a href="#p47">47</a><br> + excitation of anal zone, <a href="#p49">49</a><br> + irritation of anal zone, <a href="#p49">49</a><br> + sexual manifestations have same male character in boy and girl, <a href="#p79">79</a></p> + +<p><a name="masturbation">Masturbation</a> frequently the exclusive aim in inversion, <a href="#p12">12</a><br> + in small children, <a href="#p36">36</a><br> + thumb-sucking and, <a href="#p43">43</a><br> + infantile, has three phases, <a href="#p50">50</a><br> + return of, <a href="#p51">51</a><br> + in little girls concerns clitoris only, <a href="#p80">80</a></p> + +<p>Mechanical excitation, <a href="#p62">62</a></p> + +<p>Memory traces preponderate over recent impressions in causation of neuroses, <a href="#p99">99</a></p> + +<p>Moebius, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a>; <a href="#p4n6">4, note 6</a>; <a href="#p34">34</a></p> + +<p>Moll, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a>; <a href="#p32">32</a>; <a href="#p32n28">37, note 1</a></p> + +<p>Morality as a psychic dam, <a href="#p41">41</a></p> + +<p>Mother, fixation on, in inverts, <a href="#p11n12">11, note 12</a><br> + image helps males avert inversions, <a href="#p88">88</a><br> + image helps females avert inversions, <a href="#p88">88</a></p> + +<p>Motion, pleasure of, sexual in nature, <a href="#p64n22">64, note 22</a></p> + +<p><a name="mouth">Mouth</a> (see <a href="#lip">Lip</a>, <a href="#oral">Oral</a>)<br> + Sexual Utilization of Mucous Membrane of Lips and, <a href="#p16">16</a><br> + as a frequent example of transgression, <a href="#p29">29</a><br> + as an erogenous zone, <a href="#p31">31</a></p> + +<p>Muscular activity, pleasure from, <a href="#p63">63</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Narcissism in object selection, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a><br> + as identification with mother, <a href="#p12n12">12, note 12</a></p> + +<p>Narcissistic Libido a name for Ego-Libido, <a href="#p78">78</a><br> + a reservoir of energy for investment of object, <a href="#p78">78</a><br> + investment of ego a realized primitive state, <a href="#p78">78</a></p> + +<p>Nausea on railroads, <a href="#p63">63</a></p> + +<p>Neurosis and perversion, <a href="#p28">28</a><br> + the negative of a perversion, <a href="#p29">29</a>; <a href="#p89">89</a><br> + intestinal catarrh in, <a href="#p48">48</a><br> + symptomatology of, traced to disturbance of sexual processes, <a href="#p67">67</a><br> + a factor in the causation of, is preponderance of memory traces, <a href="#p99">99</a></p> + +<p>Neurotics and children compared, <a href="#p38">38</a><br> + infantile reminiscences in, <a href="#p40">40</a><br> + scatologic customs of, <a href="#p49">49</a><br> + diseases, disposition for, awakened by over tender parents, <a href="#p83">83</a><br> + have nearer ways than tenderness to transfer their disturbances to their children, <a href="#p38">38</a><br> + fixedness of impressions of sexual life in, <a href="#p99">99</a></p> + +<p>Nursing Period, Sexual Object of, <a href="#p82">82</a></p> + +<br> + +<a name="p110"></a> + + +<p>Object finding, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + is consummated on psychic side at anatomical puberty, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + is really a re-finding (of the mother), <a href="#p82">82</a><br> + two paths of, shown by psychoanalysis, <a href="#p82n5">82, note 5</a><br> + selection must avoid beloved person of infancy, <a href="#p84">84</a><br> + first accomplished in imagination, <a href="#p85">85</a><br> + incestuous, significant in psychosexual disturbances, <a href="#p86">86</a><br> + after effects of infantile, <a href="#p86">86</a><br> + follows prototypes of parents, <a href="#p86">86</a></p> + +<p>Obsessions explained only through psychoanalysis, <a href="#p26">26</a></p> + +<p>Occasional inversion, <a href="#p2">2</a></p> + +<p>Oedipus Complex, <a href="#p85">85</a></p> + +<p>Onanism (see <a href="#masturbation">Masturbation</a>)<br> + mutual, not producing inversion, <a href="#p6">6</a><br> + infantile, almost universal, <a href="#p50">50</a><br> + unusual techniques in, show prohibition overcome, <a href="#p50n15">50, note 15</a><br> + infantile, disappears soon, <a href="#p50">50</a><br> + connected by conscience-stricken neurotics with their neurosis, <a href="#p51n16">51, note 16</a><br> + gratification in infantile masturbation, <a href="#p51">51</a><br> + early active, as determinant of pollution-like process, <a href="#p51">51</a></p> + +<p>Opposite Influences, Paths of, <a href="#p66">66</a></p> + +<p><a name="oral">Oral</a> (see <a href="#lip">Lip</a>, <a href="#mouth">Mouth</a>)<br> + pregenital sexual organization, <a href="#p59">59</a></p> + +<p>Organizations, Pregenital, <a href="#p54">54</a>; <a href="#p58">58</a></p> + +<p><a name="orgasm">Orgasm</a>, thumb-sucking leading to, <a href="#p43">43</a></p> + +<p>Overestimation of the Sexual Object, <a href="#p15">15</a></p> + +<p>Overwork, nervous disturbances of mental, caused by simultaneous sexual excitement, <a href="#p65">65</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Pain ranks with loathing and shame, <a href="#p23">23</a></p> + +<p>Pain sought by many persons, <a href="#p64">64</a><br> + toned down has erogenous action, <a href="#p65">65</a><br> + a factor in sexual excitement, <a href="#p65">65</a></p> + +<p>Paranoia, knowledge of sexual impulse in, gained only through psychoanalysis, <a href="#p26">26</a><br> + delusional fears in, based on perversions, <a href="#p29n25">29, note 25</a><br> + union of cruelty with libido in, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> + significance of erogenous zones in, <a href="#p32">32</a></p> + +<p>Parent complex, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a><br> + strongest in girls, <a href="#p85">85</a><br> + result of boundless tenderness of parents, <a href="#p83">83</a></p> + +<p>Partial desires, <a href="#p29">29</a><br> + impulses and erogenous zones, <a href="#p31">31</a>; <a href="#p34">34</a>; <a href="#p53">53</a>; <a href="#p59">59</a><br> + show passive form in girls, <a href="#p79">79</a></p> + +<p>Passivity (see <a href="#activity">Activity</a>)<br> + sexual aim present in exhibitionism in active and passive form, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + active and passive forms of Sadism-Masochism, <a href="#p23">23</a></p> + +<p>Pedicatio, <a href="#p17">17</a></p> + +<p><a name="peeping">Peeping</a> (see <a href="#exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a>, <a href="#looking">Looking</a>, <a href="#voyeurs">Voyeurs</a>)<br> + as perversion, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + force opposed to, is shame, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + mania, partial desires as carriers of, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> + as strongest motive power for formation of neurotic symptoms, <a href="#p54">54</a></p> + +<p>Penis, envy of in girls, <a href="#p37">37</a><br> +<a name="p111"></a> + erection of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, <a href="#p69">69</a></p> + +<p>Pérez, <a href="#p37n2">37, note 2</a></p> + +<p><a name="perversions">Perversions</a>, as additions to normal sexual processes, <a href="#p14">14</a><br> + brought into relation with normal sexual life, <a href="#p15">15</a><br> + mouth as sexual organ in, <a href="#p16">16</a><br> + Sadism-Masochism the most significant of, <a href="#p22">22</a><br> + general statements applicable to, <a href="#p24">24</a><br> + exclusiveness and fixation of, <a href="#p25">25</a><br> + psychic participation in, <a href="#p25">25</a><br> + and neurosis, <a href="#p28">28</a>; <a href="#p29">29</a><br> + fetichisms as, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> + positive, <a href="#p31">31</a><br> + preponderance of sexual, in psychoneuroses, <a href="#p32">32</a><br> + sexual impulse of psychoneurotics possesses unusual tendency to, <a href="#p33">33</a><br> + relation of predisposition to, and morbid picture, <a href="#p34">34</a><br> + formation of, <a href="#p52">52</a><br> + of prostitutes, <a href="#p53">53</a><br> + part played in, by castration complex, <a href="#p22">22</a><br> + mechanism of many, represents a lingering at a preparatory act, <a href="#p73">73</a><br> + the neuroses the negative of the, <a href="#p89">89</a><br> + disposition to, universal, <a href="#p89">89</a><br> + as inhibitions and dissociations from normal development, <a href="#p89">89</a><br> + negative appearing in neurosis, <a href="#p89n12">89, note 12</a><br> + positive and negative in the same family, <a href="#p94">94</a><br> + resulting from the strongest of other sexual components, <a href="#p94">94</a><br> + of childhood as source of some virtues, <a href="#p96">96</a></p> + +<p>Phantasies the only escape of the maturing youth, <a href="#p85">85</a><br> + of the individual in struggle with incest temptation, <a href="#p85n9">85, note 9</a><br> + of all persons contain infantile inclinations, <a href="#p85">85</a><br> + distinctly incestuous, rejected, <a href="#p85">85</a></p> + +<p><a name="pleasure">Pleasure</a> sucking, <a href="#p42">42</a>; <a href="#p43">43</a><br> + relation of feeling of, to unpleasant tension, <a href="#p70">70</a><br> + relations of, the weakest spot in present day psychology, <a href="#p70">70</a><br> + the last, of sexual acts differs earlier pleasures, <a href="#p71">71</a><br> + produced through discharge, <a href="#p71">71</a><br> + is altogether gratification pleasure, <a href="#p71">71</a><br> + nature of, more deeply entered into in the study of wit, <a href="#p72">72</a></p> + +<p>Pollution, process similar to, in infancy, <a href="#p51">51</a><br> + caused by strong excitements in children, <a href="#p64">64</a><br> + nocturnal, due to accumulation of semen, <a href="#p74">74</a></p> + +<p>Polymorphous-perverse disposition, <a href="#p52">52</a></p> + +<p>Precursory Sexual Aims, <a href="#p20">20</a></p> + +<p>Predisposition, bisexual, <a href="#p9">9</a></p> + +<p>Pregenital organization as phase of sexual life, <a href="#p54">54</a>; <a href="#p58">58</a><br> + phase of organization of sexual life, <a href="#p59">59</a><br> + sadistic-anal, <a href="#p59">59</a><br> + organizations, assumption of, based on analysis of neuroses, <a href="#p60">60</a></p> + +<p>Prematurity, spontaneous sexual, a factor influential for sexual development, <a href="#p97">97</a><br> + shown in breaking through, shortening or suspending of infantile latency period, <a href="#p97">97</a><br> +<a name="p112"></a> + becomes cause of disturbances in provoking sexual manifestations having character of perversions, <a href="#p97">97</a><br> + sexual, runs parallel with intellectual prematurity, <a href="#p98">98</a></p> + +<p>Prevention of inversion, <a href="#p87">87</a></p> + +<p>Primacy of the Genitals, <a href="#p50">50</a>; <a href="#p69">69</a><br> + attained at puberty, <a href="#p68">68</a><br> + already sketched out in infantile life, <a href="#p73">73</a><br> + for propagation, the last phase of sexual organization, <a href="#p60">60</a></p> + +<p>Primitive Psychic Mechanisms, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a></p> + +<p>Prostitute fitted for her activity by polymorphous-perverse disposition, <a href="#p53">53</a></p> + +<p>Psychic participation in perversions, <a href="#p25">25</a><br> + life one of three stimuli of sexual apparatus, <a href="#p69">69</a><br> + sign of sexual excitation a feeling of tension, <a href="#p69">69</a><br> + accomplishment of puberty is breaking away from parental authority, <a href="#p85">85</a></p> + +<p>Psychoanalysis, cures by, <a href="#p3">3</a><br> + of homosexuals, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a><br> + reveals psychic mechanism of genesis of inversion, <a href="#p11n12">11, note 12</a></p> + +<p>Psychoanalysis, <a href="#p26">26</a><br> + shows early intimidation from normal sexual aims, <a href="#p18n17">18, note 17</a><br> + explains fetichism, <a href="#p20n19">20, note 19</a><br> + reduces bisexuality to activity and passivity, <a href="#p24">24</a><br> + reduces symptoms of hysteria, <a href="#p27">27</a><br> + unconscious phantasies revealed by, <a href="#p29n25">29, note 25</a><br> + of thumb-sucking, <a href="#p43">43</a><br> + of anal zone, <a href="#p47">47</a><br> + brings forgotten material to consciousness, <a href="#p51">51</a><br> + of infantile sexuality, <a href="#p55n19">55, note 19</a><br> + and inquisitiveness of children, <a href="#p56">56</a><br> + and pregenital organizations, <a href="#p58">58</a><br> + and tenderness of sexual life, <a href="#p61">61</a><br> + novelty of, <a href="#p66">66</a><br> + of transference psychoses, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + gives at present definite information only about transformations of object-libido, <a href="#p78">78</a><br> + cannot distinguish ego-libido from other effective energies, <a href="#p78">78</a><br> + shows two paths of object finding, <a href="#p82n5">82, note 5</a><br> + shows individual struggle with incest temptations, <a href="#p85n9">85, note 9</a><br> + positive perversions accessible to therapy of, <a href="#p90n12">90, note 12</a></p> + +<p>Psychoneuroses based on sexual motive powers, <a href="#p26">26</a><br> + associated with manifest inversions, <a href="#p29n26">29, note 26</a><br> + traces of all perversions in, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> + significance of erogenous zones in, <a href="#p32">32</a><br> + preponderance of special erogenous zones in, <a href="#p34">34</a></p> + +<p>Psychoneurotics, sexual life of, explained only through psychoanalysis, <a href="#p26">26</a><br> + Sexual Activities of, <a href="#p27">27</a><br> + disease of, appears after puberty, <a href="#p33">33</a><br> + constitution of, tendency to inversions in, <a href="#p34">34</a><br> + sexuality of preserves infantile character, <a href="#p39">39</a></p> + +<p>Psychosexual hermaphrodites show indifference to which sex their object belongs, <a href="#p2">2</a><br> +<a name="p113"></a> + not paralleled by other psychic qualities, <a href="#p8">8</a><br> + phenomena explained by nature of ego-libido, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + development, disturbances of, show incestuous object selection, <a href="#p86">86</a></p> + +<p>Puberty not the time of the beginning of the sexual impulse, <a href="#p1">1</a>; <a href="#p36">36</a><br> + relation of, to inversion, <a href="#p3">3</a><br> + definite sexual behavior not determined till after, <a href="#p10n11">10, note 11</a><br> + Transformations of, <a href="#p68">68</a><br> + most striking process of, the growth of the genitals, <a href="#p69">69</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Railroad activities, sexual element in, <a href="#p62">62</a></p> + +<p>Reaction formation, <a href="#p40">40</a><br> + and sublimation two diverse processes, <a href="#p41">41</a><br> + feelings of, <a href="#p41">41</a><br> + formation begins in latency period, <a href="#p95">95</a></p> + +<p>Reading as source of sexual excitement through fear, <a href="#p64">64</a></p> + +<p>Regression appears in sex development of woman, <a href="#p68">68</a><br> + produced by factors injuring sexual development, <a href="#p97">97</a></p> + +<p>Repression of certain powerful components, <a href="#p94">94</a><br> + not a suspension, <a href="#p95">95</a><br> + result of, an almost normal sexual life, <a href="#p95">95</a></p> + +<p>Repression, inner determinations of, unknown, <a href="#p96">96</a><br> + effect of, cannot be made retrogressive, <a href="#p98">98</a><br> + a special process cutting off conscious discharge of wishes, <a href="#p27">27</a></p> + +<p>Repression of heterosexual feeling in psychoneurosis, <a href="#p29n26">29, note 26</a><br> + Sadism resulting from shows masochistic tendencies, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> + immense amount, in inverts, <a href="#p33">33</a><br> + congenital roots of sexual impulse undergo insufficient, <a href="#p35">35</a><br> + of impressions of childhood, <a href="#p38">38</a><br> + sexual, greater in girl, <a href="#p79">79</a><br> + new wave of, distinguishes puberty of girl, <a href="#p80">80</a><br> + determines psychic causes of anesthesia, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + of puberty determines woman's preference for neuroses, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + a new, required, abolishing a piece of infantile masculinity, <a href="#p92">92</a></p> + +<p>Resistances, shame, loathing, fear and pain as, <a href="#p25">25</a></p> + +<p>Rhythm in sucking analogous to tickling, <a href="#p45">45</a><br> + of mechanical shaking of the body produces sexual excitation, <a href="#p62">62</a></p> + +<p>Riddle of the Sphinx, <a href="#p56">56</a></p> + +<p>Rieger, C., <a href="#p75">75</a></p> + +<p>Rohleder, <a href="#p47n13">47, note 13</a></p> + +<p>Rousseau, J.J., <a href="#p55">55</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Sadger, J., <a href="#p1">1</a></p> + +<p>Sadism (see <a href="#masochism">Masochism</a>)<br> + and Masochism, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + occupy special place among perversions, <a href="#p23">23</a><br> + conception of, fluctuates, <a href="#p22">22</a><br> + attributable to bisexuality, <a href="#p24">24</a><br> + resulting from repression paralleled by Masochism, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> + attributed by children to sexual act, <a href="#p57">57</a><br> + prevalence of, <a href="#p60">60</a><br> + -Masochism impulse, rooted in erogenous action of pain, <a href="#p65">65</a></p> + +<p>Sadistic-anal pregenital sexual organization, <a href="#p59">59</a></p> + +<a name="p114"></a> + +<p>Sadistic impulse from muscular activity, <a href="#p64">64</a></p> + +<p>Scatologic customs of neurotics, <a href="#p49">49</a></p> + +<p>Schrenk-Notzing, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a></p> + +<p>Scott, <a href="#p23">23</a></p> + +<p>Secondary sex characteristics, <a href="#p8">8</a></p> + +<p>Seduction does not necessarily produce inverts, <a href="#p6">6</a><br> + treating child as a sexual object, <a href="#p51">51</a><br> + as outer cause of return of sexual activity in childhood, <a href="#p51">51</a><br> + not necessary to awaken sexual life of child, <a href="#p52">52</a><br> + does not explain original relations of sexual impulse, <a href="#p53">53</a></p> + +<p>Semen, rôle of, unknown to children, <a href="#p58">58</a></p> + +<p>Sex characteristics, Secondary and Tertiary, <a href="#p8">8</a><br> + culture and, <a href="#p41">41</a></p> + +<p>Sexual Aberrations, <a href="#p1">1</a><br> + a transition of variations of sexual impulse to the pathological, <a href="#p19">19</a><br> + act, theories of children as to, <a href="#p57">57</a><br> + activities, of psychoneurotics, <a href="#p27">27</a><br> + premature, of children, impair educability, <a href="#p91">91</a><br> + activities, infantile leave profoundest impressions, <a href="#p50">50</a><br> + aim abandoned in childhood, <a href="#p40">40</a><br> + at puberty different in the two sexes, <a href="#p68">68</a><br> + Deviation in Reference to, <a href="#p14">14</a><br> + distinction between, and sexual object, <a href="#p1">1</a><br> + Fixation of Precursory, <a href="#p20">20</a><br> + in man the discharge of the sexual products, <a href="#p68">68</a><br> + of infantile impulse, <a href="#p46">46</a><br> + of infantile sexuality, <a href="#p45">45</a><br> + of Inverts, <a href="#p12">12</a><br> + perversion may be substituted for, by normal person, <a href="#p24">24</a><br> + should be restricted to union of genitals, <a href="#p16">16</a><br> + apparatus, weakness of, <a href="#p18">18</a><br> + constitutions, diverse, <a href="#p66">66</a><br> + variation of, <a href="#p93">93</a><br> + contrary, <a href="#p2">2</a><br> + development of man easier to understand, than woman's, <a href="#p68">68</a><br> + disturbances, paths of, a means of sublimation, <a href="#p67">67</a><br> + serviceable in health, <a href="#p67">67</a><br> + excitation of nursing period, <a href="#p51">51</a><br> + is one result of three ways of stimulation of the sexual apparatus, <a href="#p69">69</a><br> + excitement originates<br> + (<i>a</i>) as imitation of a previous gratification, <a href="#p61">61</a><br> + (<i>b</i>) as a stimulation of erogenous zones, <a href="#p61">61</a><br> + (<i>c</i>) as the expression of some impulse, <a href="#p61">61</a><br> + sources of, tested by quality of stimulus, <a href="#p65">65</a><br> + inner sources of, <a href="#p65">65</a><br> + nature of, unfamiliar to us, <a href="#p66">66</a><br> + indirect source of, not equally strong in all persons, <a href="#p66">66</a><br> + influences availability of voluntary attention, <a href="#p67">67</a><br> + problem of, <a href="#p73">73</a><br> + normally ended only by discharge of semen, <a href="#p74">74</a><br> + independent of an accumulation of sexual substance, <a href="#p75">75</a><br> + furnished not only from so-called sexual parts, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + intercourse between parents <a name="p115">and</a> child an inexhaustible source of, <a href="#p82">82</a><br> + gratification found by inverts in object of same sex, <a href="#p3">3</a><br> + impression, <a href="#p5">5</a><br> + Impulse, <a href="#p1">1</a><br> + acquired, <a href="#p5">5</a><br> + too close connection of, with object assumed, <a href="#p12">12</a><br> + entirely independent of its object, <a href="#p13">13</a><br> + most poorly controlled of all by higher psychic activities, <a href="#p14">14</a><br> + alone was extolled by the ancients, <a href="#p14n13">14, note 13</a><br> + Masochism in, causes unconscious fixation of libido on the hypnotist, <a href="#p15n14">15, note 14</a><br> + closely connected with cruelty, <a href="#p23">23</a><br> + the source of symptoms of neuroses, <a href="#p27">27</a><br> + perverse, converted expression of, <a href="#p29">29</a><br> + in psychoneuroses, <a href="#p33">33</a><br> + ignorance of essential features of, <a href="#p36">36</a><br> + becomes altruistic, <a href="#p68">68</a><br> + regularly becomes autoerotic, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + not awakened, <a href="#p82">82</a><br> + of genitals reawakens, <a href="#p50">50</a><br> + primitive formation of, <a href="#p42">42</a><br> + inhibition, <a href="#p40">40</a><br> + inversion, <a href="#p2">2</a><br> + presupposes that sexual object is reverse of normal, <a href="#p10">10</a><br> + inverts, <a href="#p1n1">1, note 1</a><br> + investigation, infantile, <a href="#p55">55</a><br> + latency period, in childhood, <a href="#p39">39</a><br> + life of children, <a href="#p40">40</a><br> + shows components regarding others as sexual objects, <a href="#p53">53</a><br> + tender streams of, <a href="#p61">61</a><br> + normality of guaranteed by concurrence of two streams, <a href="#p68">68</a><br> + all disturbances of, as inhibitions of development, <a href="#p69">69</a><br> + development of, of children unimportant in lower stages of culture and important in higher, <a href="#p99">99</a><br> + love shown by children towards parents at an early date, <a href="#p83">83</a><br> + manifestations in childhood, exceptional, <a href="#p39">39</a><br> + the masturbatic, <a href="#p47">47</a><br> + object is the person from whom the sexual attraction emanates, <a href="#p1">1</a><br> + Deviation in Reference to the, <a href="#p2">2</a><br> + inaccessibility of, leads to occasional inversion, <a href="#p3">3</a><br> + of inverts, <a href="#p10">10</a><br> + male inverts look for real feminine psychic features in, <a href="#p11">11</a><br> + female active inverts look for femininity in, <a href="#p12">12</a><br> + the sexually immature and animals as, <a href="#p13">13</a><br> + emphasis placed by moderns on the, <a href="#p14n13">14, note 13</a><br> + lingering at intermediary relations to, one of the perversions, <a href="#p15">15</a><br> + object, overestimation of the, <a href="#p15">15</a><br> + unfit substitutes for, <a href="#p18">18</a><br> + selection in very young children, <a href="#p55n19">55, note 19</a><br> + found at puberty, <a href="#p68">68</a><br> + and aim concurrent in normal sexual life, <a href="#p68">68</a><br> + in mother's breast, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + lost when infant forms <a name="p116">general</a> picture of person, <a href="#p81">81</a><br> + of nursing period, <a href="#p82">82</a><br> + organization, pregenital oral, <a href="#p59">59</a><br> + overestimation of, rises only when woman refuses, <a href="#p80">80</a><br> + process, motive power for, escapes in fore-pleasure, <a href="#p72">72</a><br> + rejection leaves in unconscious of neurotic the psychosexual activity for object finding, <a href="#p86">86</a><br> + satisfaction from muscular activity, <a href="#p63">63</a><br> + substance, rôle of, <a href="#p74">74</a><br> + symbolism of forms of motion, <a href="#p63">63</a><br> + tension loosened by copulation, <a href="#p14">14</a><br> + implies feeling of displeasure, <a href="#p70">70</a><br> + carries impulse to alter psychic situation, <a href="#p70">70</a><br> + appears even in infancy, <a href="#p73">73</a><br> + does not originate in pleasure, <a href="#p74">74</a><br> + and pleasure only indirectly connected, <a href="#p74">74</a><br> + a certain amount of, necessary for the excitability of the erogenous zones, <a href="#p74">74</a><br> + theories, infantile, are reproductions of child's sexual constitution, <a href="#p57">57</a></p> + +<p>Sexuality as the weak point of the otherwise normal, <a href="#p14">14</a><br> + infantilism of, <a href="#p34">34</a><br> + infantile factor in, <a href="#p39">39</a><br> + infantile, manifestations of, <a href="#p42">42</a><br> + sexual aim of infantile, <a href="#p45">45</a><br> + germinating, affecting children's behavior in school, <a href="#p64">64</a><br> + encroached upon by all intensive affective processes, <a href="#p64">64</a><br> + partial impulses of, <a href="#p65">65</a><br> + of eating, <a href="#p66">66</a><br> + ways between, and other functions traversible in both directions, <a href="#p66">66</a><br> + does not consist entirely in male germ glands, <a href="#p75">75</a><br> + of clitoris repressed in girl at puberty, <a href="#p80">80</a></p> + +<p>Sexuals, Contrary, <a href="#p2">2</a></p> + +<p><a name="shame">Shame</a> is a force opposed to the peeping mania, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + as a resistance opposed to the libido, <a href="#p23">23</a>, <a href="#p25">25</a><br> + as force acting as an inhibition on sexual life, <a href="#p40">40</a></p> + +<p>Shoe as a symbol of female genital, <a href="#p19n18">19, note 18</a></p> + +<p>Skin as erogenous zone, <a href="#p32">32</a><br> + as factor of sexual excitement, <a href="#p65">65</a></p> + +<p>Sleep caused by pleasure-sucking, <a href="#p43">43</a></p> + +<p>Smell desire, coprophilic, <a href="#p20n19">20, note 19</a></p> + +<p>Smoking, desire for in former thumb-suckers, <a href="#p44">44</a></p> + +<p>Sphinx, Riddle of, <a href="#p56">56</a></p> + +<p>Sports turn youth away from sexual activity, <a href="#p64">64</a></p> + +<p>Stimulus produced by isolated excitements coming from without, <a href="#p31">31</a><br> + outer, removing sensitiveness with gratification, <a href="#p47">47</a><br> + quality of, as criterion of sources of sexual excitement, <a href="#p65">65</a><br> + can set in motion complicated sexual apparatus, <a href="#p69">69</a><br> + affects the sexual apparatus in three ways, <a href="#p69">69</a></p> + +<p>Sublimation, artistic, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + Reaction Formation and, <a href="#p40">40</a><br> + a deviation of sexual motive powers from sexual aims, <a href="#p41">41</a><br> + and reaction formation two diverse processes, <a href="#p41n8">41, note 8</a><br> +<a name="p117"></a> + desire for knowledge corresponds to, <a href="#p55">55</a><br> + effected on paths by which sexual disturbances encroach upon other functions of the body, <a href="#p67">67</a><br> + makes possible a third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositions, <a href="#p95">95</a><br> + inner processes of, totally unknown, <a href="#p96">96</a></p> + +<p>Sucking, see <a href="#thumbsucking">Thumb-sucking</a>,—</p> + +<p>Symbolism of fetichism, <a href="#p19">19</a>, <a href="#p20">20</a><br> + sexual, of early childhood, <a href="#p55n19">55, note 19</a></p> + +<p>Symptomatology of neurotic determined by infantile sexual activity, <a href="#p50">50</a><br> + of pollution-like process, <a href="#p51">51</a><br> + of neuroses traced to disturbance of the sexual processes, <a href="#p67">67</a><br> + manifested in disturbances of other non-sexual bodily functions, <a href="#p67">67</a></p> + +<p>Symptoms, creators of, are unconscious forces, <a href="#p89">89</a><br> + of psychoneuroses are the sexual activities of the patient, <a href="#p27">27</a></p> + +<p>Syphilis in fathers of more than half the cases of hysteria, compulsion-neurosis, etc., treated by Freud, <a href="#p93">93</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Temperature sensitiveness, as result of distinct erogenous action, <a href="#p62">62</a></p> + +<p>Temporal Factors, <a href="#p98">98</a></p> + +<p>Tension, sexual, loosened by copulation, <a href="#p14">14</a>, <a href="#p70">70</a><br> + feeling of, <a href="#p46">46</a><br> + the psychic sign of sexual excitation, <a href="#p69">69</a><br> + unpleasant, relation of, to feeling of pleasure, <a href="#p70">70</a><br> + increase in changing to displeasure, <a href="#p71">71</a><br> + increased by functions of erogenous zones, <a href="#p71">71</a><br> + of libido dies away at orgasm, <a href="#p71">71</a><br> + too little, endangers attainment of sexual aim, <a href="#p72">72</a></p> + +<p>Tertiary sex characteristics, <a href="#p8">8</a></p> + +<p>Theatre as source of sexual excitement through fear, <a href="#p64">64</a></p> + +<p><a name="thumbsucking">Thumb-sucking</a> as model of infantile sexual manifestations, <a href="#p42">42</a><br> + a sexual activity, <a href="#p43">43</a><br> + as remnant of oral phase of pregenital sexual organization, <a href="#p59">59</a></p> + +<p>Thyroid gland, rôle of, in sexuality, <a href="#p76">76</a></p> + +<p>Tickling analogous to rhythmic sucking, <a href="#p45">45</a><br> + demanding onanistic gratification, <a href="#p51">51</a></p> + +<p>Toe, sucking of, <a href="#p42">42</a></p> + +<p>Tongue, sucking of, <a href="#p42">42</a></p> + +<p>Touching as preliminary to sexual aim, <a href="#p14">14</a><br> + and looking, <a href="#p20">20</a><br> + hand as addition to attraction of sexual object, <a href="#p70">70</a></p> + +<p>Transference neuroses, <a href="#p77">77</a><br> + of erogenous excitability from clitoris to vagina, <a href="#p81">81</a></p> + +<p>Transformation of puberty, <a href="#p68">68</a><br> + success of, dependent on adjustment to dispositions and impulses, <a href="#p68">68</a></p> + +<p>Transgressions, anatomical, <a href="#p15">15</a><br> + especially frequent, are those to mouth and anus, <a href="#p29">29</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Ulrich, <a href="#p9">9</a></p> + +<p>Unconscious, all neurotics have feelings of inversion in, <a href="#p29">29</a><br> + nothing in, corresponds to fetichism, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> +<a name="p118"></a> + psychic material is the source of compulsions, <a href="#p51">51</a><br> + forces revealing themselves as symptom creators, <a href="#p89">89</a></p> + +<p>Uranism, <a href="#p5n7">5, note 7</a></p> + +<p>Urinary apparatus, the guardian of the genital, <a href="#p51">51</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Vagina, glandular activity of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, <a href="#p69">69</a></p> + +<p>Vomiting, hysterical, evinced after repression of thumb-sucking, <a href="#p44">44</a></p> + +<p><a name="voyeurs">Voyeurs</a> (see <a href="#looking">Looking</a>, <a href="#peeping">Peeping</a>, <a href="#exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a>)<br> + as examples of overcoming of loathing, <a href="#p21">21</a><br> + exhibitionists are at the same time, <a href="#p30">30</a><br> + children become, <a href="#p54">54</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Wishes, symptoms of hysteria are substitutes for, <a href="#p27">27</a></p> + +<p>Wit as source of greater knowledge of pleasure, <a href="#p72">72</a></p> + +<p>Woman (see <a href="#maf">Masculine and feminine</a>)<br> + regression in sex development of, <a href="#p68">68</a><br> + differentiation between man and, <a href="#p78">78</a></p> + +<p>Work, intellectual, as sexual excitement, <a href="#p65">65</a></p> + +<br> + +<p>Zola, <a href="#p96">96</a></p> + +<p>Zone, chief erogenous, in female child is the clitoris, <a href="#p80">80</a></p> + +<p>Zones, erogenous, <a href="#p31">31</a><br> + characters of, <a href="#p45">45</a><br> + predestined, <a href="#p46">46</a><br> + lips as erogenous, <a href="#p44">44</a><br> + all parts of body may become erogenous, <a href="#p46">46</a><br> + genital, gratification of, taught by seduction, <a href="#p52">52</a><br> + erogenous, premature activity of, indicated by cruelty, <a href="#p54">54</a><br> + parts of skin called, <a href="#p65">65</a><br> + lip, responsible for sexual gratification during eating, <a href="#p66">66</a><br> + primacy of genital, <a href="#p69">69</a><br> + erogenous, prepare sexual excitement, <a href="#p70">70</a><br> + leading, in man and woman, <a href="#p80">80</a></p> + +<br> +<hr> + +<a name="p119"></a> +<table width="100%"> +<tr> +<td><b>Volume VII</b></td> +<td align="center"><b>July, 1920</b></td> +<td align="right"><b>Number 3</b></td> +</tr> +</table> +<center> +<h1>The Psychoanalytic Review</h1> +<h3>A Journal Devoted to an +Understanding of Human Conduct</h3> +<h6>EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY</h6> +<h5>WILLIAM A. WHITE, M.D., and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D.</h5></center> +<hr> +<center><h3>CONTENTS</h3></center> +<p><b>ORIGINAL ARTICLES</b></p> +<ul> +<li><b>Freud's Concept of the "Censorship".</b> W.H.R. RIVERS. +<li><b>Psychology of War and Schizophrenia.</b> E.W. LAZELL. +<li><b>The Paraphrenic's Inaccessibility.</b> M.K. ISHAM. +</ul> +<p><b>TRANSLATION</b></p> +<ul> +<li><b>Psychological Psychiatry.</b> H.F. DELGADO. +</ul> +<p><b>ABSTRACTS. Book Reviews</b></p> +<hr> +<center><h3>Issued Quarterly: $6.00 per Volume,<br> +Single Numbers, $1.75<br> +Foreign, $6.60</h3></center> +<hr> +<center><h5>NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY</h5> +<h6>41 NORTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, PA.,<br> +and<br> +3617 10th ST., N.W., WASHINGTON, D. C.<br> +Serial No. 27</h6></center> +<hr> +<center><h6>Entered as Second-Class Matter October 25, 1913, at the Post Office at +Lancaster, Pennsylvania under the Act of March 3, 1879.</h6></center> + +<hr> + +<a name="p120"></a> +<a name="p121"></a> +<center><h3>Publishers of</h3> +<h1>The Psychoanalytic Review</h1> +<h5>A Journal Devoted to the Understanding of Human Conduct</h5></center> + +<center><p>Edited by<br> +WILLIAM A. WHITE, M.D., and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D.<br> +Leading Articles Which Have Appeared in Previous Volumes</p></center> + +<center><p>VOL. I. (Beginning November, 1913.)</p></center> + +<ul> +<li>The Theory of Psychoanalysis. C.G. Jung. +<li>Psychoanalysis of Self-Mutilation. L.E. Emerson. +<li>Blindness as a Wish. T.H. Ames. +<li>The Technique of Psychoanalysis. S.E. Jelliffe. +<li>Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. Riklin. +<li>Character and the Neuroses. Trigant Burrow. +<li>The Wildisbush Crucified Saint. Theodore Schroeder. +<li>The Pragmatic Advantage of Freudo-Analysis. Knight Dunlap. +<li>Moon Myth in Medicine. William A. White. +<li>The Sadism of Oscar Wilde's "Salome." Isador H. Coriat. +<li>Psychoanalysis and Hospitals. L.E. Emerson. +<li>The Dream as a Simple Wishfulfillment in the Negro. John E. Lind. +</ul> +<center><p>VOL. II. (Beginning January, 1915.)</p></center> +<ul> +<li>The Principles of Pain-Pleasure and Reality. Paul Federn. +<li>The Unconscious. William A. White. +<li>A Plea for a Broader Standpoint in Psychoanalysis. Meyer Solomon. +<li>Contributions to the Pathology of Everyday Life; Their Relation to +Abnormal Mental Phenomena. Robert Stewart Miller. +<li>The Integrative Functions of the Nervous System Applied to Some +Reactions in Human Behavior and their Attending Psychic Functions. +Edward J. Kempf. +<li>A Manic-Depressive Upset Presenting Frank Wish-Realization Construction. +Ralph Reed. +<li>Psychoanalytic Parallels. William A. White. +<li>Rôle of Sexual Complex in Dementia Prćcox. James C. Hassall. +<li>Psycho-Genetics of Androcratic Evolution. Theodore Schroeder. +<li>Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. Otto Rank and +Hans Sachs. +<li>Some Studies in the Psychopathology of Acute Dissociation of the +Personality. Edward J. Kempf. +<li>Psychoanalysis. Arthur H. Ring. +<li>A Philosophy for Psychoanalysis. L.E. Emerson. +</ul> +<center><p>VOL. III. (Beginning January, 1916.)</p></center> +<ul> +<li>Symbolism. William A. White. +<li>The Work of Alfred Adler, Considered with Especial Reference to that of +Freud. James J. Putnam. +<li>Art in the Insane. L. Grimberg. +<li>Retaliation Dreams. Hansell Crenshaw. +<li>History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. Sigmund Freud. +<li>Clinical Cases Exhibiting Unconscious Defence Reactions. Francis H. +Shockley. +<li>Processes of Recovery in Schizophrenics. H. Bertschinger. +<li>Freud and Sociology. Ernest R. Groves. +<a name="p122"></a> +<li>The Ontogenetic Against the Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of +the Colored Race. Arrah B. Evarts. +<li>Discomfiture and Evil Spirits. Elsie Clews Parsons. +<li>Two Very Definite Wish-Fulfillment Dreams. C.B. Burr. +</ul> +<center><p>VOL. IV. (Beginning January, 1917.)</p></center> +<ul> +<li>Individuality and Introversion. William A. White. +<li>A Study of a Severe Case of Compulsion Neurosis. H.W. Frink. +<li>A Summary of Material on the Topical Community of Primitive and +Pathological Symbols ("Archeopathic" Symbols), F.L. Wells. +<li>A Literary Forerunner of Freud. Helen Williston Brown. +<li>The Technique of Dream Interpretation. Wilhelm Steckel. +<li>The Social and Sexual Behavior of Infrahuman Primates with some +Comparable Facts in Human Behavior. Edw. J. Kempf. +<li>Pain as a Reaction of Defence. H.B. Moyle. +<li>Some Statistical Results of the Psychoanalytic Treatment of +Psychoneuroses. Isador H. Coriat. The Rôle of Animals in the +Unconscious. S.E. Jelliffe and L. Brink. +<li>The Genesis and Meaning of Homosexuality. Trigant Burrow. +<li>Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of the Negro. John E. Lind. +<li>Freudian Elements in the Animism of the Niger Delta. E.R. Groves. +<li>The Mechanism of Transference. William A. White. +<li>The Future of Psychoanalysis. Isador H. Coriat. +<li>Hermaphroditic Dreams. Isador H. Coriat. +<li>The Psychology of "The Yellow Jacket." E.J. Kempf. +<li>Heredity and Self-Conceit. Mabel Stevens. +<li>The Long Handicap. Helen R. Hull. +</ul> +<center><p>VOL. V. (Beginning January, 1918.)</p></center> +<ul> +<li>Analysis of a Case of Manic-Depressive Psychosis Showing well-marked +Regressive Stages. Lucile Dooley. +<li>Reactions to Personal Names. C.P. Oberndorf. +<li>A Study of the Mental Life of the Child. H. von Hug-Hellmuth. +<li>An Interpretation of Certain Symbolisms. J.J. Putnam. +<li>Charles Darwin—The Affective Source of His Inspiration and Anxiety +Neurosis. Edw. J. Kempf. +<li>The Origin of the Incest-Awe. Trigant Burrow. +<li>Compulsion and Freedom: The Fantasy of the Willow Tree. S.E. Jelliffe +and L. Brink. +<li>A Case of Childhood Conflicts with Prominent Reference to the Urinary +System: with some General Considerations on Urinary Symptoms in the +Psychoneuroses and Psychoses. C. Macfie Campbell. +<li>The Hound of Heaven. Thomas Vernon Moore. +<li>A Lace Creation Revealing an Incest Fantasy. Arrah B. Evarts. +<li>Nephew and Maternal Uncle: A Motive of Early Literature in the Light of +Freudian Psychology. Albert K. Weinberg. +</ul> +<p>All the leading foreign psychoanalytic journals are regularly +abstracted, and all books dealing with psychoanalysis are reviewed.</p> + +<center><p>Issued Quarterly: $5.00 per Volume.</p> +<table width="100%"> +<tr> +<td>Single Copies: $1.50</td> +<td align="right">Foreign, $5.60.</td> +</tr> +</table> +<h3>Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company</h3> +<table width="100%"> +<tr> +<td><b>3617 Tenth Street, N.W.</b></td> +<td align="right"><b>WASHINGTON, D.C.</b></td> +</tr> +</table> +</center> + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Three Contributions to the Theory of +Sex, by Sigmund Freud + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THEORY OF SEX *** + +***** This file should be named 14969-h.htm or 14969-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/9/6/14969/ + +Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Joel Schlosberg and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex + +Author: Sigmund Freud + +Release Date: February 8, 2005 [EBook #14969] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THEORY OF SEX *** + + + + +Produced by Audrey Longhurst, Joel Schlosberg and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES NO. 7 + +THREE CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF SEX + +_SECOND EDITION_ +_SECOND REPRINTING_ + +BY + +PROF. SIGMUND FREUD, LL.D. +VIENNA + +AUTHORIZED TRANSLATION BY + +A.A. BRILL, PH.B., M.D. +CLINICAL ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROLOGY, COLUMBIA +UNIVERSITY; ASSISTANT IN MENTAL DISEASES, BELLEVUE HOSPITAL; ASSISTANT +VISITING PHYSICIAN, HOSPITAL FOR NERVOUS DISEASES + +WITH INTRODUCTION BY + +JAMES J. PUTNAM, M.D. + +NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING CO. +NEW YORK AND WASHINGTON +1920 + + + + +NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH SERIES + +Edited by + +Drs. SMITH ELY JELLIFFE and WM. A. WHITE + +Numbers Issued + +1. Outlines of Psychiatry. (7th Edition.) $3.00. By Dr. William A. + White. +2. Studies in Paranoia. (Out of Print.) By Drs. N. Gierlich and M. + Friedman. +3. The Psychology of Dementia Praecox. (Out of Print.) By Dr. C.G. Jung. +4. Selected Papers on Hysteria and other Psychoneuroses. (3d Edition.) + $3.00. By Prof. Sigmund Freud. +5. The Wassermann Serum Diagnosis in Psychiatry. $2.00. By Dr. Felix + Plaut. +6. Epidemic Poliomyelitis. New York, 1907. (Out of Print.) +7. Three Contributions to Sexual Theory. (3d Edition.) $2.00. By Prof. + Sigmund Freud. +8. Mental Mechanisms. (Out of Print.) $2.00. By Dr. Wm. A. White. +9. Studies in Psychiatry. $2.00. New York Psychiatrical Society. +10. Handbook of Mental Examination Methods. $2.00. (Out of Print.) 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The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. $1.00. By Prof. S. + Freud. +26. Technique of Psychoanalysis. $2.00. By Dr. Smith Ely Jelliffe. +27. Vegetative Neurology. $2.00. By Dr. H. Higier. +28. The Autonomic Functions and the Personality. $2.00. By Dr. Edward J. + Kemp. +29. A Study of the Mental Life of the Child, $2.00. By Dr. H. Von + Hug-Hellmuth. +30. Internal Secretions and the Nervous System. $1.00. By Dr. M. Laignel + Lavastine. +31. Sleep Walking and Moon Walking. $2.00. By Dr. J. Sadger. + +NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY 3617 10th St. N.W., +Washington, D.C. + + + + +TABLE OF CONTENTS + + PAGE +INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION v +AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ix +AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION x + I. THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS 1 + II. THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY 36 +III. THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY 68 + + + + +INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION + + +The somewhat famous "Three Essays," which Dr. Brill is here bringing to +the attention of an English-reading public, occupy--brief as they +are--an important position among the achievements of their author, a +great investigator and pioneer in an important line. It is not claimed +that the facts here gathered are altogether new. The subject of the +sexual instinct and its aberrations has long been before the scientific +world and the names of many effective toilers in this vast field are +known to every student. When one passes beyond the strict domains of +science and considers what is reported of the sexual life in folkways +and art-lore and the history of primitive culture and in romance, the +sources of information are immense. Freud has made considerable +additions to this stock of knowledge, but he has done also something of +far greater consequence than this. He has worked out, with incredible +penetration, the part which this instinct plays in every phase of human +life and in the development of human character, and has been able to +establish on a firm footing the remarkable thesis that psychoneurotic +illnesses never occur with a perfectly normal sexual life. Other sorts +of emotions contribute to the result, but some aberration of the sexual +life is always present, as the cause of especially insistent emotions +and repressions. + +The instincts with which every child is born furnish desires or cravings +which must be dealt with in some fashion. They may be refined +("sublimated"), so far as is necessary and desirable, into energies of +other sorts--as happens readily with the play-instinct--or they may +remain as the source of perversions and inversions, and of cravings of +new sorts substituted for those of the more primitive kinds under the +pressure of a conventional civilization. The symptoms of the functional +psychoneuroses represent, after a fashion, some of these distorted +attempts to find a substitute for the imperative cravings born of the +sexual instincts, and their form often depends, in part at least, on the +peculiarities of the sexual life in infancy and early childhood. It is +Freud's service to have investigated this inadequately chronicled period +of existence with extraordinary acumen. In so doing he made it plain +that the "perversions" and "inversions," which reappear later under such +striking shapes, belong to the normal sexual life of the young child and +are seen, in veiled forms, in almost every case of nervous illness. + +It cannot too often be repeated that these discoveries represent no +fanciful deductions, but are the outcome of rigidly careful observations +which any one who will sufficiently prepare himself can verify. Critics +fret over the amount of "sexuality" that Freud finds evidence of in the +histories of his patients, and assume that he puts it there. But such +criticisms are evidences of misunderstandings and proofs of ignorance. + +Freud had learned that the amnesias of hypnosis and of hysteria were not +absolute but relative and that in covering the lost memories, much more, +of unexpected sort, was often found. Others, too, had gone as far as +this, and stopped. But this investigator determined that nothing but the +absolute impossibility of going further should make him cease from +urging his patients into an inexorable scrutiny of the unconscious +regions of their memories and thoughts, such as never had been made +before. Every species of forgetfulness, even the forgetfulness of +childhood's years, was made to yield its hidden stores of knowledge; +dreams, even though apparently absurd, were found to be interpreters of +a varied class of thoughts, active, although repressed as out of harmony +with the selected life of consciousness; layer after layer, new sets of +motives underlying motives were laid bare, and each patient's interest +was strongly enlisted in the task of learning to know himself in order +more truly and wisely to "sublimate" himself. Gradually other workers +joined patiently in this laborious undertaking, which now stands, for +those who have taken pains to comprehend it, as by far the most +important movement in psychopathology. + +It must, however, be recognized that these essays, of which Dr. Brill +has given a translation that cannot but be timely, concern a subject +which is not only important but unpopular. Few physicians read the works +of v. Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Moll, and others of like sort. +The remarkable volumes of Havelock Ellis were refused publication in his +native England. The sentiments which inspired this hostile attitude +towards the study of the sexual life are still active, though growing +steadily less common. One may easily believe that if the facts which +Freud's truth-seeking researches forced him to recognize and to publish +had not been of an unpopular sort, his rich and abundant contributions +to observational psychology, to the significance of dreams, to the +etiology and therapeutics of the psychoneuroses, to the interpretation +of mythology, would have won for him, by universal acclaim, the same +recognition among all physicians that he has received from a rapidly +increasing band of followers and colleagues. + +May Dr. Brill's translation help toward this end. + +There are two further points on which some comments should be made. The +first is this, that those who conscientiously desire to learn all that +they can from Freud's remarkable contributions should not be content to +read any one of them alone. His various publications, such as "The +Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses,"[1] "The +Interpretation of Dreams,"[2] "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life,"[3] +"Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious,"[4] the analysis of the case +of the little boy called Hans, the study of Leonardo da Vinci,[4a] and +the various short essays in the four Sammlungen kleiner Schriften, not +only all hang together, but supplement each other to a remarkable +extent. Unless a course of study such as this is undertaken many critics +may think various statements and inferences in this volume to be far +fetched or find them too obscure for comprehension. + +The other point is the following: One frequently hears the +psychoanalytic method referred to as if it was customary for those +practicing it to exploit the sexual experiences of their patients and +nothing more, and the insistence on the details of the sexual life, +presented in this book, is likely to emphasize that notion. But the fact +is, as every thoughtful inquirer is aware, that the whole progress of +civilization, whether in the individual or the race, consists largely in +a "sublimation" of infantile instincts, and especially certain portions +of the sexual instinct, to other ends than those which they seemed +designed to serve. Art and poetry are fed on this fuel and the evolution +of character and mental force is largely of the same origin. All the +forms which this sublimation, or the abortive attempts at sublimation, +may take in any given case, should come out in the course of a thorough +psychoanalysis. It is not the sexual life alone, but every interest and +every motive, that must be inquired into by the physician who is seeking +to obtain all the data about the patient, necessary for his reeducation +and his cure. But all the thoughts and emotions and desires and motives +which appear in the man or woman of adult years were once crudely +represented in the obscure instincts of the infant, and among these +instincts those which were concerned directly or indirectly with the +sexual emotions, in a wide sense, are certain to be found in every case +to have been the most important for the end-result. + + JAMES J. PUTNAM. + +BOSTON, August 23, 1910. + +[1] Translated by A.A. Brill, NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE MONOGRAPH +SERIES, NO. 4. + +[2] Translated by A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York, and Allen & +Unwin, London. + +[3] Translated by A.A. Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York. + +[4] Translated by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co., New York. + +[4a] Translated by A.A. Brill, Moffatt, Yard & Co., New York. + + + + +AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION + + +Although the author is fully aware of the gaps and obscurities contained +in this small volume, he has, nevertheless, resisted a temptation to add +to it the results obtained from the investigations of the last five +years, fearing that thus its unified and documentary character would be +destroyed. He accordingly reproduces the original text with but slight +modifications, contenting himself with the addition of a few footnotes. +For the rest, it is his ardent wish that this book may speedily become +antiquated--to the end that the new material brought forward in it may +be universally accepted, while the shortcomings it displays may give +place to juster views. + +VIENNA, December, 1909. + + + + +AUTHOR'S PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION + + +After watching for ten years the reception accorded to this book and the +effect it has produced, I wish to provide the third edition of it with +some prefatory remarks dealing with the misunderstandings of the book +and the demands, insusceptible of fulfillment, made against it. Let me +emphasize in the first place that whatever is here presented is derived +entirely from every-day medical experience which is to be made more +profound and scientifically important through the results of +psychoanalytic investigation. The "Three Contributions to the Theory of +Sex" can contain nothing except what psychoanalysis obliges them to +accept or what it succeeds in corroborating. It is therefore excluded +that they should ever be developed into a "theory of sex," and it is +also quite intelligible that they will assume no attitude at all towards +some important problems of the sexual life. This should not however give +the impression that these omitted chapters of the great theme were +unfamiliar to the author, or that they were neglected by him as +something of secondary importance. + +The dependence of this work on the psychoanalytic experiences which have +determined the writing of it, shows itself not only in the selection but +also in the arrangement of the material. A certain succession of stages +was observed, the occasional factors are rendered prominent, the +constitutional ones are left in the background, and the ontogenetic +development receives greater consideration than the phylogenetic. For +the occasional factors play the principal role in analysis, and are +almost completely worked up in it, while the constitutional factors only +become evident from behind as elements which have been made functional +through experience, and a discussion of these would lead far beyond the +working sphere of psychoanalysis. + +A similar connection determines the relation between ontogenesis and +phylogenesis. Ontogenesis may be considered as a repetition of +phylogenesis insofar as the latter has not been varied by a more recent +experience. The phylogenetic disposition makes itself visible behind the +ontogenetic process. But fundamentally the constitution is really the +precipitate of a former experience of the species to which the newer +experience of the individual being is added as the sum of the occasional +factors. + +Beside its thoroughgoing dependence on psychoanalytic investigation I +must emphasize as a character of this work of mine its intentional +independence of biological investigation. I have carefully avoided the +inclusion of the results of scientific investigation in general sex +biology or of particular species of animals in this study of human +sexual functions which is made possible by the technique of +psychoanalysis. My aim was indeed to find out how much of the biology of +the sexual life of man can be discovered by means of psychological +investigation; I was able to point to additions and agreements which +resulted from this examination, but I did not have to become confused if +the psychoanalytic methods led in some points to views and results which +deviated considerably from those merely based on biology. + +I have added many passages in this edition, but I have abstained from +calling attention to them, as in former editions, by special marks. The +scientific work in our sphere has at present been retarded in its +progress, nevertheless some supplements to this work were indispensable +if it was to remain in touch with our newer psychoanalytic literature. + +VIENNA, October, 1914. + + + + +I + +THE SEXUAL ABERRATIONS[1] + + +The fact of sexual need in man and animal is expressed in biology by the +assumption of a "sexual impulse." This impulse is made analogous to the +impulse of taking nourishment, and to hunger. The sexual expression +corresponding to hunger not being found colloquilly, science uses the +expression "libido."[2] + +Popular conception makes definite assumptions concerning the nature and +qualities of this sexual impulse. It is supposed to be absent during +childhood and to commence about the time of and in connection with the +maturing process of puberty; it is supposed that it manifests itself in +irresistible attractions exerted by one sex upon the other, and that its +aim is sexual union or at least such actions as would lead to union. + +But we have every reason to see in these assumptions a very +untrustworthy picture of reality. On closer examination they are found +to abound in errors, inaccuracies and hasty conclusions. + +If we introduce two terms and call the person from whom the sexual +attraction emanates the _sexual object_, and the action towards which +the impulse strives the _sexual aim_, then the scientifically examined +experience shows us many deviations in reference to both sexual object +and sexual aim, the relations of which to the accepted standard require +thorough investigation. + + +1. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL OBJECT + +The popular theory of the sexual impulse corresponds closely to the +poetic fable of dividing the person into two halves--man and woman--who +strive to become reunited through love. It is therefore very surprising +to hear that there are men for whom the sexual object is not woman but +man, and that there are women for whom it is not man but woman. Such +_persons_ are called contrary sexuals, or better, inverts; the +_condition_, that of inversion. The number of such individuals is +considerable though difficult of accurate determination.[3] + + +A. _Inversion_ + +*The Behavior of Inverts.*--The above-mentioned persons behave in many +ways quite differently. + +(_a_) They are absolutely inverted; _i.e._, their sexual object must be +always of the same sex, while the opposite sex can never be to them an +object of sexual longing, but leaves them indifferent or may even evoke +sexual repugnance. As men they are unable, on account of this +repugnance, to perform the normal sexual act or miss all pleasure in its +performance. + +(_b_) They are amphigenously inverted (psychosexually hermaphroditic); +_i.e._, their sexual object may belong indifferently to either the same +or to the other sex. The inversion lacks the character of exclusiveness. + +(_c_) They are occasionally inverted; _i.e._, under certain external +conditions, chief among which are the inaccessibility of the normal +sexual object and initiation, they are able to take as the sexual +object a person of the same sex and thus find sexual gratification. + +The inverted also manifest a manifold behavior in their judgment about +the peculiarities of their sexual impulse. Some take the inversion as a +matter of course, just as the normal person does regarding his libido, +firmly demanding the same rights as the normal. Others, however, strive +against the fact of their inversion and perceive in it a morbid +compulsion.[4] + +Other variations concern the relations of time. The characteristics of +the inversion in any individual may date back as far as his memory goes, +or they may become manifest to him at a definite period before or after +puberty.[5] The character is either retained throughout life, or it +occasionally recedes or represents an episode on the road to normal +development. A periodical fluctuation between the normal and the +inverted sexual object has also been observed. Of special interest are +those cases in which the libido changes, taking on the character of +inversion after a painful experience with the normal sexual object. + +These different categories of variation generally exist independently of +one another. In the most extreme cases it can regularly be assumed that +the inversion has existed at all times and that the person feels +contented with his peculiar state. + +Many authors will hesitate to gather into a unit all the cases +enumerated here and will prefer to emphasize the differences rather than +the common characters of these groups, a view which corresponds with +their preferred judgment of inversions. But no matter what divisions may +be set up, it cannot be overlooked that all transitions are abundantly +met with, so that the formation of a series would seem to impose itself. + +*Conception of Inversion.*--The first attention bestowed upon inversion +gave rise to the conception that it was a congenital sign of nervous +degeneration. This harmonized with the fact that doctors first met it +among the nervous, or among persons giving such an impression. There are +two elements which should be considered independently in this +conception: the congenitality, and the degeneration. + +*Degeneration.*--This term _degeneration_ is open to the objections +which may be urged against the promiscuous use of this word in general. +It has in fact become customary to designate all morbid manifestations +not of traumatic or infectious origin as degenerative. Indeed, Magnan's +classification of degenerates makes it possible that the highest general +configuration of nervous accomplishment need not exclude the application +of the concept of degeneration. Under the circumstances, it is a +question what use and what new content the judgment of "degeneration" +still possesses. It would seem more appropriate not to speak of +degeneration: (1) Where there are not many marked deviations from the +normal; (2) where the capacity for working and living do not in general +appear markedly impaired.[6] + +That the inverted are not degenerates in this qualified sense can be +seen from the following facts: + +1. The inversion is found among persons who otherwise show no marked +deviation from the normal. + +2. It is found also among persons whose capabilities are not disturbed, +who on the contrary are distinguished by especially high intellectual +development and ethical culture.[7] + +3. If one disregards the patients of one's own practice and strives to +comprehend a wider field of experience, he will in two directions +encounter facts which will prevent him from assuming inversions as a +degenerative sign. + +(_a_) It must be considered that inversion was a frequent manifestation +among the ancient nations at the height of their culture. It was an +institution endowed with important functions. (_b_) It is found to be +unusually prevalent among savages and primitive races, whereas the term +degeneration is generally limited to higher civilization (I. Bloch). +Even among the most civilized nations of Europe, climate and race have a +most powerful influence on the distribution of, and attitude toward, +inversion.[8] + +*Innateness.*--Only for the first and most extreme class of inverts, as +can be imagined, has innateness been claimed, and this from their own +assurance that at no time in their life has their sexual impulse +followed a different course. The fact of the existence of two other +classes, especially of the third, is difficult to reconcile with the +assumption of its being congenital. Hence, the propensity of those +holding this view to separate the group of absolute inverts from the +others results in the abandonment of the general conception of +inversion. Accordingly in a number of cases the inversion would be of a +congenital character, while in others it might originate from other +causes. + +In contradistinction to this conception is that which assumes inversion +to be an _acquired_ character of the sexual impulse. It is based on the +following facts. (1) In many inverts (even absolute ones) an early +affective sexual impression can be demonstrated, as a result of which +the homosexual inclination developed. (2) In many others outer +influences of a promoting and inhibiting nature can be demonstrated, +which in earlier or later life led to a fixation of the inversion--among +which are exclusive relations with the same sex, companionship in war, +detention in prison, dangers of hetero-sexual intercourse, celibacy, +sexual weakness, etc. (3) Hypnotic suggestion may remove the inversion, +which would be surprising in that of a congenital character. + +In view of all this, the existence of congenital inversion can certainly +be questioned. The objection may be made to it that a more accurate +examination of those claimed to be congenitally inverted will probably +show that the direction of the libido was determined by a definite +experience of early childhood, which has not been retained in the +conscious memory of the person, but which can be brought back to memory +by proper influences (Havelock Ellis). According to that author +inversion can be designated only as a frequent variation of the sexual +impulse which may be determined by a number of external circumstances of +life. + +The apparent certainty thus reached is, however, overthrown by the +retort that manifestly there are many persons who have experienced even +in their early youth those very sexual influences, such as seduction, +mutual onanism, without becoming inverts, or without constantly +remaining so. Hence, one is forced to assume that the alternatives +congenital and acquired are either incomplete or do not cover the +circumstances present in inversions. + +*Explanation of Inversion.*--The nature of inversion is explained +neither by the assumption that it is congenital nor that it is acquired. +In the first case, we need to be told what there is in it of the +congenital, unless we are satisfied with the roughest explanation, +namely, that a person brings along a congenital sexual impulse connected +with a definite sexual object. In the second case it is a question +whether the manifold accidental influences suffice to explain the +acquisition unless there is something in the individual to meet them +half way. The negation of this last factor is inadmissible according to +our former conclusions. + +*The Relation of Bisexuality.*--Since the time of Frank Lydston, +Kiernan, and Chevalier, a new series of ideas has been introduced for +the explanation of the possibility of sexual inversion. This contains a +new contradiction to the popular belief which assumes that a human being +is either a man or a woman. Science shows cases in which the sexual +characteristics appear blurred and thus the sexual distinction is made +difficult, especially on an anatomical basis. The genitals of such +persons unite the male and female characteristics (hermaphroditism). In +rare cases both parts of the sexual apparatus are well developed (true +hermaphroditism), but usually both are stunted.[9] + +The importance of these abnormalities lies in the fact that they +unexpectedly facilitate the understanding of the normal formation. A +certain degree of anatomical hermaphroditism really belongs to the +normal. In no normally formed male or female are traces of the apparatus +of the other sex lacking; these either continue functionless as +rudimentary organs, or they are transformed for the purpose of assuming +other functions. + +The conception which we gather from this long known anatomical fact is +the original predisposition to bisexuality, which in the course of +development has changed to monosexuality, leaving slight remnants of the +stunted sex. + +It was natural to transfer this conception to the psychic sphere and to +conceive the inversion in its aberrations as an expression of psychic +hermaphroditism. In order to bring the question to a decision, it was +only necessary to have one other circumstance, viz., a regular +concurrence of the inversion with the psychic and somatic signs of +hermaphroditism. + +But this second expectation was not realized. The relations between the +assumed psychical and the demonstrable anatomical androgyny should never +be conceived as being so close. There is frequently found in the +inverted a diminution of the sexual impulse (H. Ellis) and a slight +anatomical stunting of the organs. This, however, is found frequently +but by no means regularly or preponderately. Thus we must recognize that +inversion and somatic hermaphroditism are totally independent of each +other. + +Great importance has also been attached to the so-called secondary and +tertiary sex characters and their aggregate occurrence in the inverted +has been emphasized (H. Ellis). There is much truth in this but it +should not be forgotten that the secondary and tertiary sex +characteristics very frequently manifest themselves in the other sex, +thus indicating androgyny without, however, involving changes in the +sexual object in the sense of an inversion. + +Psychic hermaphroditism would gain in substantiality if parallel with +the inversion of the sexual object there should be at least a change in +the other psychic qualities, such as in the impulses and distinguishing +traits characteristic of the other sex. But such inversion of character +can be expected with some regularity only in inverted women; in men the +most perfect psychic manliness may be united with the inversion. If one +firmly adheres to the hypothesis of a psychic hermaphroditism, one must +add that in certain spheres its manifestations allow the recognition of +only a very slight contrary determination. The same also holds true in +the somatic androgyny. According to Halban, the appearance of individual +stunted organs and secondary sex characters are quite independent of +each other.[10] + +A spokesman of the masculine inverts stated the bisexual theory in its +crudest form in the following words: "It is a female brain in a male +body." But we do not know the characteristics of a "female brain." The +substitution of the anatomical for the psychological is as frivolous as +it is unjustified. The tentative explanation by v. Krafft-Ebing seems to +be more precisely formulated than that of Ulrich but does not +essentially differ from it. v. Krafft-Ebing thinks that the bisexual +predisposition gives to the individual male and female brain centers as +well as somatic sexual organs. These centers develop first towards +puberty mostly under the influence of the independent sex glands. We +can, however, say the same of the male and female "centers" as of the +male and female brains; and, moreover, we do not even know whether we +can assume for the sexual functions separate brain locations ("centers") +such as we may assume for language. + +After this discussion, two notions, at all events, persist; first, that +a bisexual predisposition is to be presumed for the inversion also, only +we do not know of what it consists beyond the anatomical formations; +and, second, that we are dealing with disturbances which are experienced +by the sexual impulse during its development.[11] + +*The Sexual Object of Inverts.*--The theory of psychic hermaphroditism +presupposed that the sexual object of the inverted is the reverse of the +normal. The inverted man, like the woman, succumbs to the charms +emanating from manly qualities of body and mind; he feels himself like a +woman and seeks a man. + +But however true this may be for a great number of inverts, it by no +means indicates the general character of inversion. There is no doubt +that a great part of the male inverted have retained the psychic +character of virility, that proportionately they show but little of the +secondary characters of the other sex, and that they really look for +real feminine psychic features in their sexual object. If that were not +so it would be incomprehensible why masculine prostitution, in offering +itself to inverts, copies in all its exterior, to-day as in antiquity, +the dress and attitudes of woman. This imitation would otherwise be an +insult to the ideal of the inverts. Among the Greeks, where the most +manly men were found among inverts, it is quite obvious that it was not +the masculine character of the boy which kindled the love of man, but it +was his physical resemblance to woman as well as his feminine psychic +qualities, such as shyness, demureness, and the need of instruction and +help. As soon as the boy himself became a man he ceased to be a sexual +object for men and in turn became a lover of boys. The sexual object in +this case as in many others is therefore not of the like sex, but it +unites both sex characters, a compromise between the impulses striving +for the man and for the woman, but firmly conditioned by the masculinity +of body (the genitals).[12] + +The conditions in the woman are more definite; here the active inverts, +with special frequency, show the somatic and psychic characters of man +and desire femininity in their sexual object; though even here greater +variation will be found on more intimate investigation. + +*The Sexual Aim of Inverts.*--The important fact to bear in mind is that +no uniformity of the sexual aim can be attributed to inversion. +Intercourse per anum in men by no means goes with inversion; +masturbation is just as frequently the exclusive aim; and the limitation +of the sexual aim to mere effusion of feelings is here even more +frequent than in hetero-sexual love. In women, too, the sexual aims of +the inverted are manifold, among which contact with the mucous membrane +of the mouth seems to be preferred. + +*Conclusion.*--Though from the material on hand we are by no means in a +position satisfactorily to explain the origin of inversion, we can say +that through this investigation we have obtained an insight which can +become of greater significance to us than the solution of the above +problem. Our attention is called to the fact that we have assumed a too +close connection between the sexual impulse and the sexual object. The +experience gained from the so called abnormal cases teaches us that a +connection exists between the sexual impulse and the sexual object which +we are in danger of overlooking in the uniformity of normal states where +the impulse seems to bring with it the object. We are thus instructed to +separate this connection between the impulse and the object. The sexual +impulse is probably entirely independent of its object and is not +originated by the stimuli proceeding from the object. + + +B. _The Sexually Immature and Animals as Sexual Objects_ + +Whereas those sexual inverts whose sexual object does not belong to the +normally adapted sex, appear to the observer as a collective number of +perhaps otherwise normal individuals, the persons who choose for their +sexual object the sexually immature (children) are apparently from the +first sporadic aberrations. Only exceptionally are children the +exclusive sexual objects. They are mostly drawn into this role by a +faint-hearted and impotent individual who makes use of such substitutes, +or when an impulsive urgent desire cannot at the time secure the proper +object. Still it throws some light on the nature of the sexual impulse, +that it should suffer such great variation and depreciation of its +object, a thing which hunger, adhering more energetically to its object, +would allow only in the most extreme cases. The same may be said of +sexual relations with animals--a thing not at all rare among +farmers--where the sexual attraction goes beyond the limits of the +species. + +For esthetic reasons one would fain attribute this and other excessive +aberrations of the sexual impulse to the insane, but this cannot be +done. Experience teaches that among the latter no disturbances of the +sexual impulse can be found other than those observed among the sane, or +among whole races and classes. Thus we find with gruesome frequency +sexual abuse of children by teachers and servants merely because they +have the best opportunities for it. The insane present the aforesaid +aberration only in a somewhat intensified form; or what is of special +significance is the fact that the aberration becomes exclusive and takes +the place of the normal sexual gratification. + +This very remarkable relation of sexual variations ranging from the +normal to the insane gives material for reflection. It seems to me that +the fact to be explained would show that the impulses of the sexual life +belong to those which even normally are most poorly controlled by the +higher psychic activities. He who is in any way psychically abnormal, be +it in social or ethical conditions, is, according to my experience, +regularly so in his sexual life. But many are abnormal in their sexual +life who in every other respect correspond to the average; they have +followed the human cultural development, but sexuality remained as their +weak point. + +As a general result of these discussions we come to see that, under +numerous conditions and among a surprising number of individuals, the +nature and value of the sexual object steps into the background. There +is something else in the sexual impulse which is the essential and +constant.[13] + + +2. DEVIATION IN REFERENCE TO THE SEXUAL AIM + +The union of the genitals in the characteristic act of copulation is +taken as the normal sexual aim. It serves to loosen the sexual tension +and temporarily to quench the sexual desire (gratification analogous to +satisfaction of hunger). Yet even in the most normal sexual process +those additions are distinguishable, the development of which leads to +the aberrations described as _perversions_. Thus certain intermediary +relations to the sexual object connected with copulation, such as +touching and looking, are recognized as preliminary to the sexual aim. +These activities are on the one hand themselves connected with pleasure +and on the other hand they enhance the excitement which persists until +the definite sexual aim is reached. One definite kind of contiguity, +consisting of mutual approximation of the mucous membranes of the lips +in the form of a kiss, has received among the most civilized nations a +sexual value, though the parts of the body concerned do not belong to +the sexual apparatus but form the entrance to the digestive tract. This +therefore supplies the factors which allow us to bring the perversions +into relation with the normal sexual life, and which are available also +for their classification. The perversions are either (_a_) anatomical +_transgressions_ of the bodily regions destined for sexual union, or (_b_) +a _lingering_ at the intermediary relations to the sexual object which +should normally be rapidly passed on the way to the definite sexual aim. + + +(_a_) _Anatomical Transgression_ + +*Overestimation of the Sexual Object.*--The psychic estimation in which +the sexual object as a goal of the sexual impulse shares is only in the +rarest cases limited to the genitals; generally it embraces the whole +body and tends to include all sensations emanating from the sexual +object. The same overestimation spreads over the psychic sphere and +manifests itself as a logical blinding (diminished judgment) in the face +of the psychic attainments and perfections of the sexual object, as well +as a blind obedience to the judgments issuing from the latter. The full +faith of love thus becomes an important, if not the primordial source of +authority.[14] + +It is this sexual overvaluation, which so ill agrees with the +restriction of the sexual aim to the union of the genitals only, that +assists other parts of the body to participate as sexual aims.[15] In +the development of this most manifold anatomical overestimation there is +an unmistakable desire towards variation, a thing denominated by Hoche +as "excitement-hunger" (Reiz-hunger).[16] + +*Sexual Utilization of the Mucous Membrane of the Lips and Mouth.*--The +significance of the factor of sexual overestimation can be best studied +in the man, in whom alone the sexual life is accessible to +investigation, whereas in the woman it is veiled in impenetrable +darkness, partly in consequence of cultural stunting and partly on +account of the conventional reticence and dishonesty of women. + +The employment of the mouth as a sexual organ is considered as a +perversion if the lips (tongue) of the one are brought into contact with +the genitals of the other, but not when the mucous membrane of the lips +of both touch each other. In the latter exception we find the connection +with the normal. He who abhors the former as perversions, though these +since antiquity have been common practices among mankind, yields to a +distinct _feeling of loathing_ which protects him from adopting such +sexual aims. The limit of such loathing is frequently purely +conventional; he who kisses fervently the lips of a pretty girl will +perhaps be able to use her tooth brush only with a sense of loathing, +though there is no reason to assume that his own oral cavity for which +he entertains no loathing is cleaner than that of the girl. Our +attention is here called to the factor of loathing which stands in the +way of the libidinous overestimation of the sexual aim, but which may +in turn be vanquished by the libido. In the loathing we may observe one +of the forces which have brought about the restrictions of the sexual +aim. As a rule these forces halt at the genitals; there is, however, no +doubt that even the genitals of the other sex themselves may be an +object of loathing. Such behavior is characteristic of all hysterics, +especially women. The force of the sexual impulse prefers to occupy +itself with the overcoming of this loathing (see below). + +*Sexual Utilization of the Anal Opening.*--It is even more obvious than +in the former case that it is the loathing which stamps as a perversion +the use of the anus as a sexual aim. But it should not be interpreted as +espousing a cause when I observe that the basis of this +loathing--namely, that this part of the body serves for the excretion +and comes in contact with the loathsome excrement--is not more plausible +than the basis which hysterical girls have for the disgust which they +entertain for the male genital because it serves for urination. + +The sexual role of the mucous membrane of the anus is by no means +limited to intercourse between men; its preference has nothing +characteristic of the inverted feeling. On the contrary, it seems that +the _pedicatio_ of the man owes its role to the analogy with the act in +the woman, whereas among inverts it is mutual masturbation which is the +most common sexual aim. + +*The Significance of Other Parts of the Body.*--Sexual infringement on +the other parts of the body, in all its variations, offers nothing new; +it adds nothing to our knowledge of the sexual impulse which herein only +announces its intention to dominate the sexual object in every way. +Besides the sexual overvaluation, a second and generally unknown factor +may be mentioned among the anatomical transgressions. Certain parts of +the body, like the mucous membrane of the mouth and anus, which +repeatedly appear in such practices, lay claim as it were to be +considered and treated as genitals. We shall hear how this claim is +justified by the development of the sexual impulse, and how it is +fulfilled in the symptomatology of certain morbid conditions. + +*Unfit Substitutes for the Sexual Object. Fetichism.*--We are especially +impressed by those cases in which for the normal sexual object another +is substituted which is related to it but which is totally unfit for the +normal sexual aim. According to the scheme of the introduction we should +have done better to mention this most interesting group of aberrations +of the sexual impulse among the deviations in reference to the sexual +object, but we have deferred mention of these until we became acquainted +with the factor of sexual overestimation, upon which these +manifestations, connected with the relinquishing of the sexual aim, +depend. + +The substitute for the sexual object is generally a part of the body but +little adapted for sexual purposes, such as the foot, or hair, or an +inanimate object which is in demonstrable relation with the sexual +person, and preferably with the sexuality of the same (fragments of +clothing, white underwear). This substitution is not unjustly compared +with the fetich in which the savage sees the embodiment of his god. + +The transition to the cases of fetichism, with a renunciation of a +normal or of a perverted sexual aim, is formed by cases in which a +fetichistic determination is demanded in the sexual object if the sexual +aim is to be attained (definite color of hair, clothing, even physical +blemishes). No other variation of the sexual impulse verging on the +pathological claims our interest as much as this one, owing to the +peculiarity occasioned by its manifestations. A certain diminution in +the striving for the normal sexual aim may be presupposed in all these +cases (executive weakness of the sexual apparatus).[17] The connection +with the normal is occasioned by the psychologically necessary +overestimation of the sexual object, which inevitably encroaches upon +everything associatively related to it (sexual object). A certain degree +of such fetichism therefore regularly belong to the normal, especially +during those stages of wooing when the normal sexual aim seems +inaccessible or its realization deferred. + + "Get me a handkerchief from her bosom--a garter of my love." + --FAUST. + +The case becomes pathological only when the striving for the fetich +fixes itself beyond such determinations and takes the place of the +normal sexual aim; or again, when the fetich disengages itself from the +person concerned and itself becomes a sexual object. These are the +general determinations for the transition of mere variations of the +sexual impulse into pathological aberrations. + +The persistent influence of a sexual impress mostly received in early +childhood often shows itself in the selection of a fetich, as Binet +first asserted, and as was later proven by many illustrations,--a thing +which may be placed parallel to the proverbial attachment to a first +love in the normal ("On revient toujours a ses premiers amours"). Such a +connection is especially seen in cases with only fetichistic +determinations of the sexual object. The significance of early sexual +impressions will be met again in other places. + +In other cases it was mostly a symbolic thought association, unconscious +to the person concerned, which led to the replacing of the object by +means of a fetich. The paths of these connections can not always be +definitely demonstrated. The foot is a very primitive sexual symbol +already found in myths.[18] Fur is used as a fetich probably on account +of its association with the hairiness of the mons veneris. Such +symbolism seems often to depend on sexual experiences in childhood.[19] + + +(_b_) _Fixation of Precursory Sexual Aims_ + +*The Appearance of New Intentions.*--All the outer and inner +determinations which impede or hold at a distance the attainment of the +normal sexual aim, such as impotence, costliness of the sexual object, +and dangers of the sexual act, will conceivably strengthen the +inclination to linger at the preparatory acts and to form them into new +sexual aims which may take the place of the normal. On closer +investigation it is always seen that the ostensibly most peculiar of +these new intentions have already been indicated in the normal sexual +act. + +*Touching and Looking.*--At least a certain amount of touching is +indispensable for a person in order to attain the normal sexual aim. It +is also generally known that the touching of the skin of the sexual +object causes much pleasure and produces a supply of new excitement. +Hence, the lingering at the touching can hardly be considered a +perversion if the sexual act is proceeded with. + +The same holds true in the end with looking which is analogous to +touching. The manner in which the libidinous excitement is frequently +awakened is by the optical impression, and selection takes account of +this circumstance--if this teleological mode of thinking be +permitted--by making the sexual object a thing of beauty. The covering +of the body, which keeps abreast with civilization, serves to arouse +sexual inquisitiveness, which always strives to restore for itself the +sexual object by uncovering the hidden parts. This can be turned into +the artistic ("sublimation") if the interest is turned from the genitals +to the form of the body.[20] The tendency to linger at this intermediary +sexual aim of the sexually accentuated looking is found to a certain +degree in most normals; indeed it gives them the possibility of +directing a certain amount of their libido to a higher artistic aim. On +the other hand, the fondness for looking becomes a perversion (_a_) when +it limits itself entirely to the genitals; (_b_) when it becomes connected +with the overcoming of loathing (voyeurs and onlookers at the functions +of excretion); and (_c_) when instead of preparing for the normal sexual +aim it suppresses it. The latter, if I may draw conclusions from a +single analysis, is in a most pronounced way true of exhibitionists, who +expose their genitals so as in turn to bring to view the genitals of +others. + +In the perversion which consists in striving to look and be looked at we +are confronted with a very remarkable character which will occupy us +even more intensively in the following aberration. The sexual aim is +here present in twofold formation, in an _active_ and a _passive_ form. + +The force which is opposed to the peeping mania and through which it is +eventually abolished is _shame_ (like the former loathing). + +*Sadism and Masochism.*--The desire to cause pain to the sexual object +and its opposite, the most frequent and most significant of all +perversions, was designated in its two forms by v. Krafft-Ebing as +sadism or the active form, and masochism or the passive form. Other +authors prefer the narrower term algolagnia which emphasizes the +pleasure in pain and cruelty, whereas the terms selected by v. +Krafft-Ebing place the pleasure secured in all kinds of humility and +submission in the foreground. + +The roots of active algolagnia, sadism, can be readily demonstrable in +the normal. The sexuality of most men shows a taint of _aggression_, it +is a propensity to subdue, the biological significance of which lies in +the necessity of overcoming the resistance of the sexual object by +actions other than mere _courting_. Sadism would then correspond to an +aggressive component of the sexual impulse which has become independent +and exaggerated and has been brought to the foreground by displacement. + +The conception of sadism fluctuates in the usage of language from a mere +active or impetuous attitude towards the sexual object to the exclusive +attachment of the gratification to the subjection and maltreatment of +the object. Strictly speaking only the last extreme case has a claim to +the name of perversion. + +Similarly, the designation of masochism comprises all passive attitude +to the sexual life and to the sexual object; in its most extreme form +the gratification is connected with suffering of physical or mental pain +at the hands of the sexual object. Masochism as a perversion seems to be +still more remote from the normal sexual life by forming a contrast to +it; it may be doubted whether it ever appears as a primary form or +whether it does not more regularly originate through transformation from +sadism. It can often be recognized that the masochism is nothing but a +continuation of the sadism turning against one's own person in which the +latter at first takes the place of the sexual object. Analysis of +extreme cases of masochistic perversions show that there is a +cooeperation of a large series of factors which exaggerate and fix the +original passive sexual attitude (castration complex, conscience). + +The pain which is here overcome ranks with the loathing and shame which +were the resistances opposed to the libido. + +Sadism and masochism occupy a special place among the perversions, for +the contrast of activity and passivity lying at their bases belong to +the common traits of the sexual life. + +That cruelty and sexual impulse are most intimately connected is beyond +doubt taught by the history of civilization, but in the explanation of +this connection no one has gone beyond the accentuation of the +aggressive factors of the libido. The aggression which is mixed with the +sexual impulse is according to some authors a remnant of cannibalistic +lust, a participation on the part of the domination apparatus +(Bemaechtigungsapparatus), which served also for the gratification of the +great wants of the other, ontogenetically the older impulse.[21] It has +also been claimed that every pain contains in itself the possibility of +a pleasurable sensation. Let us be satisfied with the impression that +the explanation of this perversion is by no means satisfactory and that +it is possible that many psychic efforts unite themselves into one +effect. + +The most striking peculiarity of this perversion lies in the fact that +its active and passive forms are regularly encountered together in the +same person. He who experiences pleasure by causing pain to others in +sexual relations is also able to experience the pain emanating from +sexual relations as pleasure. A sadist is simultaneously a masochist, +though either the active or the passive side of the perversion may be +more strongly developed and thus represent his preponderate sexual +activity.[22] + +We thus see that certain perverted propensities regularly appear in +_contrasting pairs_, a thing which, in view of the material to be +produced later, must claim great theoretical value. It is furthermore +clear that the existence of the contrast, sadism and masochism, can not +readily be attributed to the mixture of aggression. On the other hand +one may be tempted to connect such simultaneously existing contrasts +with the united contrast of male and female in bisexuality, the +significance of which is reduced in psychoanalysis to the contrast of +activity and passivity. + + +3. GENERAL STATEMENTS APPLICABLE TO ALL PERVERSIONS + +*Variation and Disease.*--The physicians who at first studied the +_perversions_ in pronounced cases and under peculiar conditions were +naturally inclined to attribute to them the character of a morbid or +degenerative sign similar to the _inversions_. This view, however, is +easier to refute in this than in the former case. Everyday experience +has shown that most of these transgressions, at least the milder ones, +are seldom wanting as components in the sexual life of normals who look +upon them as upon other intimacies. Wherever the conditions are +favorable such a perversion may for a long time be substituted by a +normal person for the normal sexual aim or it may be placed near it. In +no normal person does the normal sexual aim lack some designable +perverse element, and this universality suffices in itself to prove the +inexpediency of an opprobrious application of the name perversion. In +the realm of the sexual life one is sure to meet with exceptional +difficulties which are at present really unsolvable, if one wishes to +draw a sharp line between the mere variations within physiological +limits and morbid symptoms. + +Nevertheless, the quality of the new sexual aim in some of these +perversions is such as to require special notice. Some of the +perversions are in content so distant from the normal that we cannot +help calling them "morbid," especially those in which the sexual +impulse, in overcoming the resistances (shame, loathing, fear, and pain) +has brought about surprising results (licking of feces and violation of +cadavers). Yet even in these cases one ought not to feel certain of +regularly finding among the perpetrators persons of pronounced +abnormalities or insane minds. We can not lose sight of the fact that +persons who otherwise behave normally are recorded as sick in the realm +of the sexual life where they are dominated by the most unbridled of all +impulses. On the other hand, a manifest abnormality in any other +relation in life generally shows an undercurrent of abnormal sexual +behavior. + +In the majority of cases we are able to find the morbid character of the +perversion not in the content of the new sexual aim but in its relation +to the normal. It is morbid if the perversion does not appear beside the +normal (sexual aim and sexual object), where favorable circumstances +promote it and unfavorable impede the normal, or if it has under all +circumstances repressed and supplanted the normal; _the exclusiveness_ +and _fixation_ of the perversion justifies us in considering it a morbid +symptom. + +*The Psychic Participation in the Perversions.*--Perhaps it is precisely +in the most abominable perversions that we must recognize the most +prolific psychic participation for the transformation of the sexual +impulse. In these cases a piece of psychic work has been accomplished in +which, in spite of its gruesome success, the value of an idealization of +the impulse can not be disputed. The omnipotence of love nowhere perhaps +shows itself stronger than in this one of her aberrations. The highest +and the lowest everywhere in sexuality hang most intimately together. +("From heaven through the world to hell.") + +*Two Results.*--In the study of perversions we have gained an insight +into the fact that the sexual impulse has to struggle against certain +psychic forces, resistances, among which shame and loathing are most +prominent. We may presume that these forces are employed to confine the +impulse within the accepted normal limits, and if they have become +developed in the individual before the sexual impulse has attained its +full strength, it is really they which have directed it in the course of +development.[23] + +We have furthermore remarked that some of the examined perversions can +be comprehended only by assuming the union of many motives. If they are +amenable to analysis--disintegration--they must be of a composite +nature. This may give us a hint that the sexual impulse itself may not +be something simple, that it may on the contrary be composed of many +components which detach themselves to form perversions. Our clinical +observation thus calls our attention to _fusions_ which have lost their +expression in the uniform normal behavior. + + +4. THE SEXUAL IMPULSE IN NEUROTICS + +*Psychoanalysis.*--A proper contribution to the knowledge of the sexual +impulse in persons who are at least related to the normal can be gained +only from one source, and is accessible only by one definite path. There +is only one way to obtain a thorough and unerring solution of problems +in the sexual life of so-called psychoneurotics (hysteria, obsessions, +the wrongly-named neurasthenia, and surely also dementia praecox, and +paranoia), and that is by subjecting them to the psychoanalytic +investigations propounded by J. Breuer and myself in 1893, which we +called the "cathartic" treatment. + +I must repeat what I have said in my published work, that these +psychoneuroses, as far as my experience goes, are based on sexual motive +powers. I do not mean that the energy of the sexual impulse merely +contributes to the forces supporting the morbid manifestations +(symptoms), but I wish distinctly to maintain that this supplies the +only constant and the most important source of energy in the neurosis, +so that the sexual life of such persons manifests itself either +exclusively, preponderately, or partially in these symptoms. As I have +already stated in different places, the symptoms are the sexual +activities of the patient. The proof for this assertion I have obtained +from the psychoanalysis of hysterics and other neurotics during a period +of twenty years, the results of which I hope to give later in a detailed +account. + +Psychoanalysis removes the symptoms of hysteria on the supposition that +they are the substitutes--the transcriptions as it were--for a series of +emotionally accentuated psychic processes, wishes, and desires, to which +a passage for their discharge through the conscious psychic activities +has been cut off by a special process (repression). These thought +formations which are restrained in the state of the unconscious strive +for expression, that is, for _discharge_, in conformity to their +affective value, and find such in hysteria through a process of +_conversion_ into somatic phenomena--the hysterical symptoms. If, _lege +artis_, and with the aid of a special technique, retrogressive +transformations of the symptoms into the affectful and conscious +thoughts can be effected, it then becomes possible to get the most +accurate information about the nature and origin of these previously +unconscious psychic formations. + +*Results of Psychoanalysis.*--In this manner it has been discovered that +the symptoms represent the equivalent for the strivings which received +their strength from the source of the sexual impulse. This fully concurs +with what we know of the character of hysterics, which we have taken as +models for all psycho-neurotics, before they have become diseased, and +with what we know concerning the causes of the disease. The hysterical +character evinces a part of sexual repression which reaches beyond the +normal limits, an exaggeration of the resistances against the sexual +impulse which we know as shame and loathing. It is an instinctive flight +from intellectual occupation with the sexual problem, the consequence of +which in pronounced cases is a complete sexual ignorance, which is +preserved till the age of sexual maturity is attained.[24] + +This feature, so characteristic of hysteria, is not seldom concealed in +crude observation by the existence of the second constitutional factor +of hysteria, namely, the enormous development of the sexual craving. But +the psychological analysis will always reveal it and solves the very +contradictory enigma of hysteria by proving the existence of the +contrasting pair, an immense sexual desire and a very exaggerated sexual +rejection. + +The provocation of the disease in hysterically predisposed persons is +brought about if in consequence of their progressive maturity or +external conditions of life they are earnestly confronted with the real +sexual demand. Between the pressure of the craving and the opposition of +the sexual rejection an outlet for the disease results, which does not +remove the conflict but seeks to elude it by transforming the libidinous +strivings into symptoms. It is an exception only in appearance if a +hysterical person, say a man, becomes subject to some banal emotional +disturbance, to a conflict in the center of which there is no sexual +interest. Psychoanalysis will regularly show that it is the sexual +components of the conflict which make the disease possible by +withdrawing the psychic processes from normal adjustment. + +*Neurosis and Perversion.*--A great part of the opposition to my +assertion is explained by the fact that the sexuality from which I +deduce the psychoneurotic symptoms is thought of as coincident with the +normal sexual impulse. But psychoanalysis teaches us better than this. +It shows that the symptoms do not by any means result at the expense +only of the so called normal sexual impulse (at least not exclusively or +preponderately), but they represent the converted expression of impulses +which in a broader sense might be designated as _perverse_ if they could +manifest themselves directly in phantasies and acts without deviating +from consciousness. The symptoms are therefore partially formed at the +cost of abnormal sexuality. _The neurosis is, so to say, the negative of +the perversion._[25] + +The sexual impulse of the psychoneurotic shows all the aberrations which +we have studied as variations of the normal and as manifestations of +morbid sexual life. + +(_a_) In all the neurotics without exception we find feelings of inversion +in the unconscious psychic life, fixation of libido on persons of the +same sex. It is impossible, without a deep and searching discussion, +adequately to appreciate the significance of this factor for the +formation of the picture of the disease; I can only assert that the +unconscious propensity to inversion is never wanting and is particularly +of immense service in explaining male hysteria.[26] + +(_b_) All the inclinations to anatomical transgression can be demonstrated +in psychoneurotics in the unconscious and as symptom-creators. Of +special frequency and intensity are those which impart to the mouth and +the mucous membrane of the anus the role of genitals. + +(_c_) The partial desires which usually appear in contrasting pairs play +a very prominent role among the symptom-creators in the psychoneuroses. +We have learned to know them as carriers of new sexual aims, such as +peeping mania, exhibitionism, and the actively and passively formed +impulses of cruelty. The contribution of the last is indispensable for +the understanding of the morbid nature of the symptoms; it almost +regularly controls some portion of the social behavior of the patient. +The transformation of love into hatred, of tenderness into hostility, +which is characteristic of a large number of neurotic cases and +apparently of all cases of paranoia, takes place by means of the union +of cruelty with the libido. + +The interest in these deductions will be more heightened by certain +peculiarities of the diagnosis of facts. + +Alpha. There is nothing in the unconscious streams of thought of +the neuroses which would correspond to an inclination towards fetichism; +a circumstance which throws light on the psychological peculiarity of +this well understood perversion. + +Beta. Wherever any such impulse is found in the unconscious which +can be paired with a contrasting one, it can regularly be demonstrated +that the latter, too, is effective. Every active perversion is here +accompanied by its passive counterpart. He who in the unconscious is an +exhibitionist is at the same time a voyeur, he who suffers from sadistic +feelings as a result of repression will also show another reinforcement +of the symptoms from the source of masochistic tendencies. The perfect +concurrence with the behavior of the corresponding positive perversions +is certainly very noteworthy. In the picture of the disease, however, +the preponderant role is played by either one or the other of the +opposing tendencies. + +Gamma. In a pronounced case of psychoneurosis we seldom find the +development of one single perverted impulse; usually there are many and +regularly there are traces of all perversions. The individual impulse, +however, on account of its intensity, is independent of the development +of the others, but the study of the positive perversions gives us the +accurate counterpart to it. + + +PARTIAL IMPULSES AND EROGENOUS ZONES + +Keeping in mind what we have learned from the examination of the +positive and negative perversions, it becomes quite obvious that they +can be referred to a number of "partial impulses," which are not, +however, primary but are subject to further analysis. By an "impulse" we +can understand in the first place nothing but the psychic representative +of a continually flowing internal somatic source of excitement, in +contradistinction to the "stimulus" which is produced by isolated +excitements coming from without. The impulse is thus one of the concepts +marking the limits between the psychic and the physical. The simplest +and most obvious assumption concerning the nature of the impulses would +be that in themselves they possess no quality but are only taken into +account as a measure of the demand for effort in the psychic life. What +distinguishes the impulses from one another and furnishes them with +specific attributes is their relation to their somatic _sources_ and to +their _aims_. The source of the impulse is an exciting process in an +organ, and the immediate aim of the impulse lies in the elimination of +this organic stimulus. + +Another preliminary assumption in the theory of the impulse which we +cannot relinquish, states that the bodily organs furnish two kinds of +excitements which are determined by differences of a chemical nature. +One of these forms of excitement we designate as the specifically sexual +and the concerned organ as the _erogenous zone_, while the sexual +element emanating from it is the partial impulse.[27] + +In the perversions which claim sexual significance for the oral cavity +and the anal opening the part played by the erogenous zone is quite +obvious. It behaves in every way like a part of the sexual apparatus. In +hysteria these parts of the body, as well as the tracts of mucous +membrane proceeding from them, become the seat of new sensations and +innervating changes in a manner similar to the real genitals when under +the excitement of normal sexual processes. + +The significance of the erogenous zones in the psychoneuroses, as +additional apparatus and substitutes for the genitals, appears to be +most prominent in hysteria though that does not signify that it is of +lesser validity in the other morbid forms. It is not so recognizable in +compulsion neurosis and paranoia because here the symptom formation +takes place in regions of the psychic apparatus which lie at a great +distance from the central locations for bodily control. The more +remarkable thing in the compulsion neurosis is the significance of the +impulses which create new sexual aims and appear independently of the +erogenous zones. Nevertheless, the eye corresponds to an erogenous zone +in the looking and exhibition mania, while the skin takes on the same +part in the pain and cruelty components of the sexual impulse. The skin, +which in special parts of the body becomes differentiated as sensory +organs and modified by the mucous membrane, is the erogenous zone, +[Greek: kat] ex ogen.[28] + + +EXPLANATION OF THE MANIFEST PREPONDERANCE OF SEXUAL PERVERSIONS IN THE +PSYCHONEUROSES + +The sexuality of psychoneurotics has perhaps been placed in a false +light by the above discussions. It appears that the sexual behavior of +the psychoneurotic approaches in predisposition to the pervert and +deviates by just so much from the normal. Nevertheless, it is very +possible that the constitutional disposition of these patients besides +containing an immense amount of sexual repression and a predominant +force of sexual impulse also possesses an unusual tendency to +perversions in the broadest sense. However, an examination of milder +cases shows that the last assumption is not an absolute requisite, or at +least that in pronouncing judgment on the morbid effects one ought to +discount the effect of one of the factors. In most psychoneurotics the +disease first appears after puberty following the demands of the normal +sexual life. Against these the repression above all directs itself. Or +the disease comes on later, owing to the fact that the libido is unable +to attain normal sexual gratification. In both cases the libido behaves +like a stream the principal bed of which is dammed; it fills the +collateral roads which until now perhaps have been empty. Thus the +manifestly great (though to be sure negative) tendency to perversion in +psychoneurotics may be collaterally conditioned; at any rate, it is +certainly collaterally increased. The fact of the matter is that the +sexual repression has to be added as an inner factor to such external +ones as restriction of freedom, inaccessibility to the normal sexual +object, dangers of the normal sexual act, etc., which cause the origin +of perversions in individuals who might have otherwise remained normal. + +In individual cases of neurosis the behavior may be different; now the +congenital force of the tendency to perversion may be more decisive and +at other times more influence may be exerted by the collateral increase +of the same through the deviation of the libido from the normal sexual +aim and object. It would be unjust to construe a contrast where a +cooperation exists. The greatest results will always be brought about by +a neurosis if constitution and experience cooperate in the same +direction. A pronounced constitution may perhaps be able to dispense +with the assistance of daily impressions, while a profound disturbance +in life may perhaps bring on a neurosis even in an average constitution. +These views similarly hold true in the etiological significance +of the congenital and the accidental experiences in other spheres. + +If, however, preference is given to the assumption that an especially +formed tendency to perversions is characteristic of the psychoneurotic +constitution, there is a prospect of being able to distinguish a +multiformity of such constitutions in accordance with the congenital +preponderance of this or that erogenous zone, or of this or that partial +impulse. Whether there is a special relationship between the +predisposition to perversions and the selection of the morbid picture +has not, like many other things in this realm, been investigated. + + +REFERENCE TO THE INFANTILISM OF SEXUALITY + +By demonstrating the perverted feelings as symptomatic formations in +psychoneurotics, we have enormously increased the number of persons who +can be added to the perverts. This is not only because neurotics +represent a very large proportion of humanity, but we must consider also +that the neuroses in all their gradations run in an uninterrupted series +to the normal state. Moebius was quite justified in saying that we are +all somewhat hysterical. Hence, the very wide dissemination of +perversions urged us to assume that the predisposition to perversions is +no rare peculiarity but must form a part of the normally accepted +constitution. + +We have heard that it is a question whether perversions should be +referred to congenital determinations or whether they originate from +accidental experiences, just as Binet showed in fetichisms. Now we are +forced to the conclusion that there is indeed something congenital at +the basis of perversions, but it is something _which is congenital in +all persons_, which as a predisposition may fluctuate in intensity and +is brought into prominence by influences of life. We deal here with +congenital roots in the constitution of the sexual impulse which in one +series of cases develop into real carriers of sexual activity +(perverts); while in other cases they undergo an insufficient +suppression (repression), so that as morbid symptoms they are enabled to +attract to themselves in a round-about way a considerable part of the +sexual energy; while again in favorable cases between the two extremes +they originate the normal sexual life through effective restrictions and +other elaborations. + +But we must also remember that the assumed constitution which shows the +roots of all perversions will be demonstrable only in the child, though +all impulses can be manifested in it only in moderate intensity. If we +are led to suppose that neurotics conserve the infantile state of their +sexuality or return to it, our interest must then turn to the sexual +life of the child, and we will then follow the play of influences which +control the processes of development of the infantile sexuality up to +its termination in a perversion, a neurosis or a normal sexual life. + +[1] The facts contained in the first "Contribution" have been gathered +from the familiar publications of Krafft-Ebing, Moll, Moebius, Havelock +Ellis, Schrenk-Notzing, Loewenfeld, Eulenberg, J. Bloch, and M. +Hirschfeld, and from the later works published in the "Jahrbuch fuer +sexuelle Zwischenstufen." As these publications also mention the other +literature bearing on this subject I may forbear giving detailed +references. + +The conclusions reached through the investigation of sexual inverts are +all based on the reports of J. Sadger and on my own experience. + +[2] For general use the word "libido" is best translated by "craving." +(Prof. James J. Putnam, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. IV, 6.) + +[3] For the difficulties entailed in the attempt to ascertain the +proportional number of inverts compare the work of M. Hirschfeld in the +Jahrbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1904. Cf. also Brill, The +Conception of Homosexuality, Journal of the A.M.A., August 2, 1913. + +[4] Such a striving against the compulsion to inversion favors cures by +suggestion of psychoanalysis. + +[5] Many have justly emphasized the fact that the autobiographic +statements of inverts, as to the time of the appearance of their +tendency to inversion, are untrustworthy as they may have repressed from +memory any evidences of heterosexual feelings. + +Psychoanalysis has confirmed this suspicion in all cases of inversion +accessible, and has decidedly changed their anamnesis by filling up the +infantile amnesias. + +[6] With what reserve the diagnosis of degeneration should be made and +what slight practical significance can be attributed to it can be +gathered from the discussions of Moebius (Ueber Entartung; Grenzfragen +des Nerven- und Seelenlebens, No. III, 1900). He says: "If we review the +wide sphere of degeneration upon which we have here turned some light we +can conclude without further ado that it is really of little value to +diagnose degeneration." + +[7] We must agree with the spokesman of "Uranism" that some of the most +prominent men known have been inverts and perhaps absolute inverts. + +[8] In the conception of inversion the pathological features have been +Separated from the anthropological. For this credit is due to I. Bloch +(Beitraege zur Aetiologie der Psychopathia Sexualis, 2 Teile, 1902-3), who +has also brought into prominence the existence of inversion in the old +civilized nations. + +[9] Compare the last detailed discussion of somatic hermaphroditism +(Taruffi, Hermaphroditismus und Zeugungsunfaehigkeit, German edit. by R. +Teuscher, 1903), and the works of Neugebauer in many volumes of the +Jahrbuch fuer sexuelle Zwischenstufen. + +[10] J. Halban, "Die Entstehung der Geschlechtscharaktere," Arch. fuer +Gynaekologie, Bd. 70, 1903. See also there the literature on the subject. + +[11] According to a report in Vol. 6 of the Jahrbuch f. sexuelle +Zwischenstufen, E. Gley is supposed to have been the first to mention +bisexuality as an explanation of inversion. He published a paper (Les +Aberrations de l'instinct Sexuel) in the Revue Philosophique as early as +January, 1884. It is moreover noteworthy that the majority of authors +who trace the inversion to bisexuality assume this factor not only for +the inverts but also for those who have developed normally, and justly +interpret the inversion as a result of a disturbance in development. +Among these authors are Chevalier (Inversion Sexuelle, 1893), and v. +Krafft-Ebing ("Zur Erklaerung der kontraeren Sexualempfindung," Jahrbuecher +f. Psychiatrie u. Nervenheilkunde, XIII), who states that there are a +number of observations "from which at least the virtual and continued +existence of this second center (of the underlying sex) results." A Dr. +Arduin (Die Frauenfrage und die sexuellen Zwischenstufen, 2d vol. of the +Jahrbuch f. sexuelle Zwischenstufen, 1900) states that "in every man +there exist male and female elements." See also the same Jahrbuch, Bd. +I, 1899 ("Die objektive Diagnose der Homosexualitat," by M. Hirschfeld, +pp. 8-9). In the determination of sex, as far as heterosexual persons +are concerned, some are disproportionately more strongly developed than +others. G. Herman is firm in his belief "that in every woman there are +male, and in every man there are female germs and qualities" (Genesis, +das Gesetz der Zeugung, 9 Bd., Libido und Manie, 1903). As recently as +1906 W. Fliess (Der Ablauf des Lebens) has claimed ownership of the idea +of bisexuality (in the sense of double sex). Psychoanalytic +investigation very strongly opposes the attempt to separate homosexuals +from other persons as a group of a special nature. By also studying +sexual excitations other than the manifestly open ones it discovers that +all men are capable of homosexual object selection and actually +accomplish this in the unconscious. Indeed the attachments of libidinous +feelings to persons of the same sex play no small role as factors in +normal psychic life, and as causative factors of disease they play a +greater role than those belonging to the opposite sex. According to +psychoanalysis, it rather seems that it is the independence of the +object, selection of the sex of the object, the same free disposal over +male and female objects, as observed in childhood, in primitive states +and in prehistoric times, which forms the origin from which the normal +as well as the inversion types developed, following restrictions in this +or that direction. In the psychoanalytic sense the exclusive sexual +interest of the man for the woman is also a problem requiring an +explanation, and is not something that is self-evident and explainable +on the basis of chemical attraction. The determination as to the +definite sexual behavior does not occur until after puberty and is the +result of a series of as yet not observable factors, some of which are +of a constitutional, while some are of an accidental nature. Certainly +some of these factors can turn out to be so enormous that by their +character they influence the result. In general, however, the +multiplicity of the determining factors is reflected by the manifoldness +of the outcomes in the manifest sexual behavior of the person. In the +inversion types it can be ascertained that they are altogether +controlled by an archaic constitution and by primitive psychic +mechanisms. The importance of the _narcissistic object selection_ and +the _clinging_ to the erotic significance of the _anal_ zone seem to be +their most essential characteristics. But one gains nothing by +separating the most extreme inversion types from the others on the basis +of such constitutional peculiarities. What is found in the latter as +seemingly an adequate determinant can also be demonstrated only in +lesser force in the constitution of transitional types and in manifestly +normal persons. The differences in the results may be of a qualitative +nature, but analysis shows that the differences in the determinants are +only quantitative. As a remarkable factor among the accidental +influences of the object selection, we found the sexual rejection or the +early sexual intimidation, and our attention was also called to the fact +that the existence of both parents plays an important role in the +child's life. The disappearance of a strong father in childhood not +infrequently favors the inversion. Finally, one might demand that the +inversion of the sexual object should notionally be strictly separated +from the mixing of the sex characteristics in the subject. A certain +amount of independence is unmistakable also in this relation. + +[12] Although psychoanalysis has not yet given us a full explanation for +the origin of inversion, it has revealed the psychic mechanism of its +genesis and has essentially enriched the problems in question. In all +the cases examined we have ascertained that the later inverts go through +in their childhood a phase of very intense but short-lived fixation on +the woman (usually on the mother) and after overcoming it they identify +themselves with the woman and take themselves as the sexual object; that +is, proceeding on a narcissistic basis, they look for young men +resembling themselves in persons whom they wish to love as their mother +has loved them. We have, moreover, frequently found that alleged inverts +are by no means indifferent to the charms of women, but the excitation +evoked by the woman is always transferred to a male object. They thus +repeat through life the mechanism which gave origin to their inversion. +Their obsessive striving for the man proves to be determined by their +restless flight from the woman. + +[13] The most pronounced difference between the sexual life +(Liebesleben) of antiquity and ours lies in the fact that the ancients +placed the emphasis on the impulse itself, while we put it on its +object. The ancients extolled the impulse and were ready to ennoble +through it even an inferior object, while we disparage the activity of +the impulse as such and only countenance it on account of the merits of +the object. + +[14] I must mention here that the blind obedience evinced by the +hypnotized subject to the hypnotist causes me to think that the nature +of hypnosis is to be found in the unconscious fixation of the libido on +the person of the hypnotizer (by means of the masochistic component of +the sexual impulse). + +Ferenczi connects this character of suggestibility with the "parent +complex" (Jahrbuch fuer Psychoanalytische und psychopathologische +Forschungen, I, 1909). + +[15] Moreover, it is to be noted that sexual overvaluation does not +become pronounced in all mechanisms of object selection, and that we +shall later learn to know another and more direct explanation for the +sexual role of the other parts of the body. + +[16] Further investigations lead to the conclusion that I. Bloch has +overestimated the factor of excitement-hunger (Reizhunger). The various +roads upon which the libido moves behave to each other from the very +beginning like communicating pipes; the factor of collateral streaming +must also be considered. + +[17] This weakness corresponds to the constitutional predisposition. The +early sexual intimidation which pushes the person away from the normal +sexual aim and urges him to seek a substitute, has been demonstrated by +psychoanalysis, as an accidental determinant. + +[18] The shoe or slipper is accordingly a symbol for the female +genitals. + +[19] Psychoanalysis has filled up the gap in the understanding of +fetichisms by showing that the selection of the fetich depends on a +coprophilic smell-desire which has been lost by repression. Feet and +hair are strong smelling objects which are raised to fetiches after the +renouncing of the now unpleasant sensation of smell. Accordingly, only +the filthy and ill-smelling foot is the sexual object in the perversion +which corresponds to the foot fetichism. Another contribution to the +explanation of the fetichistic preference of the foot is found in the +Infantile Sexual Theories (see later). The foot replaces the penis which +is so much missed in the woman. In some cases of foot fetichism it could +be shown that the desire for looking originally directed to the +genitals, which wished to reach its object from below, was stopped on +the way by prohibition and repression, and therefore adhered to the foot +or shoe as a fetich. In conformity with infantile expectation, the +female genital was hereby imagined as a male genital. + +[20] I have no doubt that the conception of the "beautiful" is rooted in +the soil of sexual excitement and originally signified the sexual +excitant. The more remarkable, therefore, is the fact that the genitals, +the sight of which provokes the greatest sexual excitement, can really +never be considered "beautiful." + +[21] Cf. here the later communication on the pregenital phases of the +sexual development, in which this view is confirmed. See below, +"Ambivalence." + +[22] Instead of substantiating this statement by many examples I will +merely cite Havelock Ellis (The Sexual Impulse, 1903): "All known cases +of sadism and masochism, even those cited by v. Krafft-Ebing, always +show (as has already been shown by Colin, Scott, and Fere) traces of +both groups of manifestations in the same individual." + +[23] On the other hand the restricting forces of the sexual +evolution--disgust, shame, morality--must also be looked upon as +historic precipitates of the outer inhibitions which the sexual impulse +experienced in the psychogenesis of humanity. One can observe that they +appear in their time during the development of the individual almost +spontaneously at the call of education and influence. + +[24] Studien ueber Hysterie, 1895, J. Breuer tells of the patient on whom +he first practiced the cathartic method: "The sexual factor was +surprisingly undeveloped." + +[25] The well-known fancies of perverts which under favorable conditions +are changed into contrivances, the delusional fears of paranoiacs which +are in a hostile manner projected on others, and the unconscious fancies +of hysterics which are discovered in their symptoms by psychoanalysis, +agree as to content in the minutest details. + +[26] A psychoneurosis very often associates itself with a manifest +inversion in which the heterosexual feeling becomes subjected to +complete repression.--It is but just to state that the necessity of a +general recognition of the tendency to inversion in psychoneurotics was +first imparted to me personally by Wilh. Fliess, of Berlin, after I had +myself discovered it in some cases. + +[27] It is not easy to justify here this assumption which was taken from +a definite class of neurotic diseases. On the other hand, it would be +impossible to assert anything definite concerning the impulses if one +did not take the trouble of mentioning these presuppositions. + +[28] One should here think of Moll's assertion, who divides the sexual +impulse into the impulses of contrectation and detumescence. +Contrectation signifies a desire to touch the skin. + + + + +II + +THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY + + +It is a part of popular belief about the sexual impulse that it is +absent in childhood and that it first appears in the period of life +known as puberty. This, though a common error, is serious in its +consequences and is chiefly due to our present ignorance of the +fundamental principles of the sexual life. A comprehensive study of the +sexual manifestations of childhood would probably reveal to us the +existence of the essential features of the sexual impulse, and would +make us acquainted with its development and its composition from various +sources. + +*The Neglect of the Infantile.*--It is remarkable that those writers who +endeavor to explain the qualities and reactions of the adult individual +have given so much more attention to the ancestral period than to the +period of the individual's own existence--that is, they have attributed +more influence to heredity than to childhood. As a matter of fact, it +might well be supposed that the influence of the latter period would be +easier to understand, and that it would be entitled to more +consideration than heredity.[1] To be sure, one occasionally finds in +medical literature notes on the premature sexual activities of small +children, about erections and masturbation and even actions resembling +coitus, but these are referred to merely as exceptional occurrences, as +curiosities, or as deterring examples of premature perversity. No author +has to my knowledge recognized the normality of the sexual impulse in +childhood, and in the numerous writings on the development of the child +the chapter on "Sexual Development" is usually passed over.[2] + +*Infantile Amnesia.*--This remarkable negligence is due partly to +conventional considerations, which influence the writers on account of +their own bringing up, and partly to a psychic phenomenon which has thus +far remained unexplained. I refer to the peculiar amnesia which veils +from most people (not from all!) the first years of their childhood, +usually the first six or eight years. So far it has not occurred to us +that this amnesia ought to surprise us, though we have good reasons for +surprise. For we are informed that in those years from which we later +obtain nothing except a few incomprehensible memory fragments, we have +vividly reacted to impressions, that we have manifested pain and +pleasure like any human being, that we have evinced love, jealousy, and +other passions as they then affected us; indeed we are told that we have +uttered remarks which proved to grown-ups that we possessed +understanding and a budding power of judgment. Still we know nothing of +all this when we become older. Why does our memory lag behind all our +other psychic activities? We really have reason to believe that at no +time of life are we more capable of impressions and reproductions than +during the years of childhood.[3] + +On the other hand we must assume, or we may convince ourselves through +psychological observations on others, that the very impressions which we +have forgotten have nevertheless left the deepest traces in our psychic +life, and acted as determinants for our whole future development. We +conclude therefore that we do not deal with a real forgetting of +infantile impressions but rather with an amnesia similar to that +observed in neurotics for later experiences, the nature of which +consists in their being detained from consciousness (repression). But +what forces bring about this repression of the infantile impressions? He +who can solve this riddle will also explain hysterical amnesia. + +We shall not, however, hesitate to assert that the existence of the +infantile amnesia gives us a new point of comparison between the psychic +states of the child and those of the psychoneurotic. We have already +encountered another point of comparison when confronted by the fact that +the sexuality of the psychoneurotic preserves the infantile character or +has returned to it. May there not be an ultimate connection between the +infantile and the hysterical amnesias? + +The connection between the infantile and the hysterical amnesias is +really more than a mere play of wit. The hysterical amnesia which serves +the repression can only be explained by the fact that the individual +already possesses a sum of recollections which have been withdrawn from +conscious disposal and which by associative connection now seize that +which is acted upon by the repelling forces of the repression emanating +from consciousness.[4] We may say that without infantile amnesia there +would be no hysterical amnesia. + +I believe that the infantile amnesia which causes the individual to look +upon his childhood as if it were a _prehistoric_ time and conceals from +him the beginning of his own sexual life--that this amnesia is +responsible for the fact that one does not usually attribute any value +to the infantile period in the development of the sexual life. One +single observer cannot fill the gap which has been thus produced in our +knowledge. As early as 1896 I had already emphasized the significance of +childhood for the origin of certain important phenomena connected with +the sexual life, and since then I have not ceased to put into the +foreground the importance of the infantile factor for sexuality. + + +THE SEXUAL LATENCY PERIOD OF CHILDHOOD AND ITS INTERRUPTIONS + +The extraordinary frequent discoveries of apparently abnormal and +exceptional sexual manifestations in childhood, as well as the +discovery of infantile reminiscences in neurotics, which were hitherto +unconscious, allow us to sketch the following picture of the sexual +behavior of childhood.[5] + +It seems certain that the newborn child brings with it the germs of +sexual feelings which continue to develop for some time and then succumb +to a progressive suppression, which is in turn broken through by the +proper advances of the sexual development and which can be checked by +individual idiosyncrasies. Nothing is known concerning the laws and +periodicity of this oscillating course of development. It seems, +however, that the sexual life of the child mostly manifests itself in +the third or fourth year in some form accessible to observation.[6] + +*The Sexual Inhibition.*--It is during this period of total or at least +partial latency that the psychic forces develop which later act as +inhibitions on the sexual life, and narrow its direction like dams. +These psychic forces are loathing, shame, and moral and esthetic ideal +demands. We may gain the impression that the erection of these dams in +the civilized child is the work of education; and surely education +contributes much to it. In reality, however, this development is +organically determined and can occasionally be produced without the help +of education. Indeed education remains properly within its assigned +realm only if it strictly follows the path of the organic determinant +and impresses it somewhat cleaner and deeper. + +*Reaction Formation and Sublimation.*--What are the means that +accomplish these very important constructions so significant for the +later personal culture and normality? They are probably brought about at +the cost of the infantile sexuality itself, the influx of which has not +stopped even in this latency period--the energy of which indeed has been +turned away either wholly or partially from sexual utilization and +conducted to other aims. The historians of civilization seem to be +unanimous in the opinion that such deviation of sexual motive powers +from sexual aims to new aims, a process which merits the name of +_sublimation_, has furnished powerful components for all cultural +accomplishments. We will therefore add that the same process acts in the +development of every individual, and that it begins to act in the sexual +latency period.[7] + +We can also venture an opinion about the mechanisms of such sublimation. +The sexual feelings of these infantile years on the one hand could not +be utilizable, since the procreating functions are postponed,--this is +the chief character of the latency period; on the other hand, they would +in themselves be perverse, as they would emanate from erogenous zones +and would be born of impulses which in the individual's course of +development could only evoke a feeling of displeasure. They therefore +awaken contrary forces (feelings of reaction), which in order to +suppress such displeasure, build up the above mentioned psychic dams: +loathing, shame, and morality.[8] + +*The Interruptions of the Latency Period.*--Without deluding ourselves +as to the hypothetical nature and deficient clearness of our +understanding regarding the infantile period of latency and delay, we +will return to reality and state that such a utilization of the +infantile sexuality represents an ideal bringing up from which the +development of the individual usually deviates in some measure and often +very considerably. A portion of the sexual manifestation which has +withdrawn from sublimation occasionally breaks through, or a sexual +activity remains throughout the whole duration of the latency period +until the reinforced breaking through of the sexual impulse in puberty. +In so far as they have paid any attention to infantile sexuality the +educators behave as if they shared our views concerning the formation of +the moral forces of defence at the cost of sexuality, and as if they +knew that sexual activity makes the child uneducable; for the educators +consider all sexual manifestations of the child as an "evil" in the face +of which little can be accomplished. We have, however, every reason for +directing our attention to those phenomena so much feared by the +educators, for we expect to find in them the solution of the primitive +formation of the sexual impulse. + + +THE MANIFESTATIONS OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY + +For reasons which we shall discuss later we will take as a model of the +infantile sexual manifestations thumbsucking (pleasure-sucking), to +which the Hungarian pediatrist, Lindner, has devoted an excellent +essay.[9] + +*Thumbsucking.*--Thumbsucking, which manifests itself in the nursing +baby and which may be continued till maturity or throughout life, +consists in a rhythmic repetition of sucking contact with the mouth (the +lips), wherein the purpose of taking nourishment is excluded. A part of +the lip itself, the tongue, which is another preferable skin region +within reach, and even the big toe--may be taken as objects for sucking. +Simultaneously, there is also a desire to grasp things, which manifests +itself in a rhythmical pulling of the ear lobe and which may cause the +child to grasp a part of another person (generally the ear) for the same +purpose. The pleasure-sucking is connected with an entire exhaustion of +attention and leads to sleep or even to a motor reaction in the form of +an orgasm.[10] Pleasure-sucking is often combined with a rubbing contact +with certain sensitive parts of the body, such as the breast and +external genitals. It is by this road that many children go from +thumb-sucking to masturbation. + +Lindner himself has recognized the sexual nature of this action and +openly emphasized it. In the nursery thumbsucking is often treated in +the same way as any other sexual "naughtiness" of the child. A very +strong objection was raised against this view by many pediatrists and +neurologists which in part is certainly due to the confusion of the +terms "sexual" and "genital." This contradiction raises the difficult +question, which cannot be rejected, namely, in what general traits do we +wish to recognize the sexual manifestations of the child. I believe that +the association of the manifestations into which we gained an insight +through psychoanalytic investigation justify us in claiming thumbsucking +as a sexual activity and in studying through it the essential features +of the infantile sexual activity. + +*Autoerotism.*--It is our duty here to arrange this state of affairs +differently. Let us insist that the most striking character of this +sexual activity is that the impulse is not directed against other +persons but that it gratifies itself on its own body; to use the happy +term invented by Havelock Ellis, we will say that it is autoerotic.[11] + +It is, moreover, clear that the action of the thumbsucking child is +determined by the fact that it seeks a pleasure which has already been +experienced and is now remembered. Through the rhythmic sucking on a +portion of the skin or mucous membrane it finds the gratification in the +simplest way. It is also easy to conjecture on what occasions the child +first experienced this pleasure which it now strives to renew. The first +and most important activity in the child's life, the sucking from the +mother's breast (or its substitute), must have acquainted it with this +pleasure. We would say that the child's lips behaved like an _erogenous +zone_, and that the excitement through the warm stream of milk was +really the cause of the pleasurable sensation. To be sure, the +gratification of the erogenous zone was at first united with the +gratification of taking nourishment. He who sees a satiated child sink +back from the mother's breast, and fall asleep with reddened cheeks and +blissful smile, will have to admit that this picture remains as typical +of the expression of sexual gratification in later life. But the desire +for repetition of the sexual gratification is separated from the desire +for taking nourishment; a separation which becomes unavoidable with the +appearance of the teeth when the nourishment is no longer sucked in but +chewed. The child does not make use of a strange object for sucking but +prefers its own skin because it is more convenient, because it thus +makes itself independent of the outer world which it cannot yet control, +and because in this way it creates for itself, as it were, a second, +even if an inferior, erogenous zone. The inferiority of this second +region urges it later to seek the same parts, the lips of another +person. ("It is a pity that I cannot kiss myself," might be attributed +to it.) + +Not all children suck their thumbs. It may be assumed that it is found +only in children in whom the erogenous significance of the lip-zone is +constitutionally reenforced. Children in whom this is retained are +habitual kissers as adults and show a tendency to perverse kissing, or +as men they have a marked desire for drinking and smoking. But if +repression comes into play they experience disgust for eating and evince +hysterical vomiting. By virtue of the community of the lip-zone the +repression encroaches upon the impulse of nourishment. Many of my female +patients showing disturbances in eating, such as hysterical globus, +choking sensations, and vomiting, have been energetic thumbsuckers +during infancy. + +In the thumbsucking or pleasure-sucking we have already been able to +observe the three essential characters of an infantile sexual +manifestation. The latter has its origin in conjunction with a bodily +function which is very important for life, it does not yet know any +sexual object, it is _autoerotic_ and its sexual aim is under the +control of an _erogenous zone_. Let us assume for the present that these +characters also hold true for most of the other activities of the +infantile sexual impulse. + + +THE SEXUAL AIM OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY + +*The Characters of the Erogenous Zones.*--From the example of +thumbsucking we may gather a great many points useful for the +distinguishing of an erogenous zone. It is a portion of skin or mucous +membrane in which the stimuli produce a feeling of pleasure of definite +quality. There is no doubt that the pleasure-producing stimuli are +governed by special determinants which we do not know. The rhythmic +characters must play some part in them and this strongly suggests an +analogy to tickling. It does not, however, appear so certain whether the +character of the pleasurable feeling evoked by the stimulus can be +designated as "peculiar," and in what part of this peculiarity the +sexual factor exists. Psychology is still groping in the dark when it +concerns matters of pleasure and pain, and the most cautious assumption +is therefore the most advisable. We may perhaps later come upon reasons +which seem to support the peculiar quality of the sensation of pleasure. + +The erogenous quality may adhere most notably to definite regions of the +body. As is shown by the example of thumbsucking, there are predestined +erogenous zones. But the same example also shows that any other region +of skin or mucous membrane may assume the function of an erogenous zone; +it must therefore carry along a certain adaptability. The production of +the sensation of pleasure therefore depends more on the quality of the +stimulus than on the nature of the bodily region. The thumbsucking child +looks around on his body and selects any portion of it for +pleasure-sucking, and becoming accustomed to it, he then prefers it. If +he accidentally strikes upon a predestined region, such as breast, +nipple or genitals, it naturally has the preference. A quite analogous +tendency to displacement is again found in the symptomatology of +hysteria. In this neurosis the repression mostly concerns the genital +zones proper; these in turn transmit their excitation to the other +erogenous zones, usually dormant in mature life, which then behave +exactly like genitals. But besides this, just as in thumbsucking, any +other region of the body may become endowed with the excitation of the +genitals and raised to an erogenous zone. Erogenous and hysterogenous +zones show the same characters.[12] + +*The Infantile Sexual Aim.*--The sexual aim of the infantile impulse +consists in the production of gratification through the proper +excitation of this or that selected erogenous zone. In order to leave a +desire for its repetition this gratification must have been previously +experienced, and we may be sure that nature has devised definite means +so as not to leave this occurrence to mere chance. The arrangement which +has fulfilled this purpose for the lip-zone we have already discussed; +it is the simultaneous connection of this part of the body with the +taking of nourishment. We shall also meet other similar mechanisms as +sources of sexuality. The state of desire for repetition of +gratification can be recognized through a peculiar feeling of tension +which in itself is rather of a painful character, and through a +centrally-determined feeling of itching or sensitiveness which is +projected into the peripheral erogenous zone. The sexual aim may +therefore be formulated as follows: the chief object is to substitute +for the projected feeling of sensitiveness in the erogenous zone that +outer stimulus which removes the feeling of sensitiveness by evoking the +feeling of gratification. This external stimulus consists usually in a +manipulation which is analogous to sucking. + +It is in full accord with our physiological knowledge if the desire +happens to be awakened also peripherally through an actual change in the +erogenous zone. The action is puzzling only to some extent as one +stimulus for its suppression seems to want another applied to the same +place. + + +THE MASTURBATIC SEXUAL MANIFESTATIONS[13] + +It is a matter of great satisfaction to know that there is nothing +further of greater importance to learn about the sexual activity of the +child after the impulse of one erogenous zone has become comprehensible +to us. The most pronounced differences are found in the action necessary +for the gratification, which consists in sucking for the lip zone and +which must be replaced by other muscular actions according to the +situation and nature of the other zones. + +*The Activity of the Anal Zone.*--Like the lip zone the anal zone is, +through its position, adapted to conduct the sexuality to the other +functions of the body. It should be assumed that the erogenous +significance of this region of the body was originally very large. +Through psychoanalysis one finds, not without surprise, the many +transformations that are normally undertaken with the usual excitations +emanating from here, and that this zone often retains for life a +considerable fragment of genital irritability.[14] The intestinal +catarrhs so frequent during infancy produce intensive irritations in +this zone, and we often hear it said that intestinal catarrh at this +delicate age causes "nervousness." In later neurotic diseases they exert +a definite influence on the symptomatic expression of the neurosis, +placing at its disposal the whole sum of intestinal disturbances. +Considering the erogenous significance of the anal zone which has been +retained at least in transformation, one should not laugh at the +hemorrhoidal influences to which the old medical literature attached so +much weight in the explanation of neurotic states. + +Children utilizing the erogenous sensitiveness of the anal zone can be +recognized by their holding back of fecal masses until through +accumulation there result violent muscular contractions; the passage of +these masses through the anus is apt to produce a marked irritation of +the mucus membrane. Besides the pain this must produce also a sensation +of pleasure. One of the surest premonitions of later eccentricity or +nervousness is when an infant obstinately refuses to empty his bowel +when placed on the chamber by the nurse and reserves this function at +its own pleasure. It does not concern him that he will soil his bed; all +he cares for is not to lose the subsidiary pleasure while defecating. +The educators have again the right inkling when they designate children +who withhold these functions as bad. The content of the bowel which is +an exciting object to the sexually sensitive surface of mucous membrane +behaves like the precursor of another organ which does not become active +until after the phase of childhood. In addition it has other important +meanings to the nursling. It is evidently treated as an additional part +of the body, it represents the first "donation," the disposal of which +expresses the pliability while the retention of it can express the +spite of the little being towards its environment. From the idea of +"donation" he later gains the meaning of the "babe" which according to +one of the infantile sexual theories is acquired through eating and is +born through the bowel. + +The retention of fecal masses, which is at first intentional in order to +utilize them, as it were, for masturbatic excitation of the anal zone, +is at least one of the roots of constipation so frequent in neuropaths. +The whole significance of the anal zone is mirrored in the fact that +there are but few neurotics who have not their special scatologic +customs, ceremonies, etc., which they retain with cautious secrecy. + +Real masturbatic irritation of the anal zone by means of the fingers, +evoked through either centrally or peripherally supported itching, is +not at all rare in older children. + +*The Activity of the Genital Zone.*--Among the erogenous zones of the +child's body there is one which certainly does not play the main role, +and which cannot be the carrier of earliest sexual feeling--which, +however, is destined for great things in later life. In both male and +female it is connected with the voiding of urine (penis, clitoris), and +in the former it is enclosed in a sack of mucous membrane, probably in +order not to miss the irritations caused by the secretions which may +arouse the sexual excitement at an early age. The sexual activities of +this erogenous zone, which belongs to the real genitals, are the +beginning of the later normal sexual life. + +Owing to the anatomical position, the overflowing of secretions, the +washing and rubbing of the body, and to certain accidental excitements +(the wandering of intestinal worms in the girl), it happens that the +pleasurable feeling which these parts of the body are capable of +producing makes itself noticeable to the child even during the sucking +age, and thus awakens desire for its repetition. When we review all the +actual arrangements, and bear in mind that the measures for cleanliness +have the same effect as the uncleanliness itself, we can then scarcely +mistake nature's intention, which is to establish the future primacy of +these erogenous zones for the sexual activity through the infantile +onanism from which hardly an individual escapes. The action of removing +the stimulus and setting free the gratification consists in a rubbing +contiguity with the hand or in a certain previously-formed pressure +reflex effected by the closure of the thighs. The latter procedure seems +to be the more primitive and is by far the more common in girls. The +preference for the hand in boys already indicates what an important part +of the male sexual activity will be accomplished in the future by the +impulse to mastery (Bemaechtigungstrieb).[15] It can only help towards +clearness if I state that the infantile masturbation should be divided +into three phases. The first phase belongs to the nursing period, the +second to the short flourishing period of sexual activity at about the +fourth year, only the third corresponds to the one which is often +considered exclusively as onanism of puberty. + +The infantile onanism seems to disappear after a brief time, but it may +continue uninterruptedly till puberty and thus represent the first +marked deviation from the development desirable for civilized man. At +some time during childhood after the nursing period, the sexual impulse +of the genitals reawakens and continues active for some time until it is +again suppressed, or it may continue without interruption. The possible +relations are very diverse and can only be elucidated through a more +precise analysis of individual cases. The details, however, of this +_second_ infantile sexual activity leave behind the profoundest +(unconscious) impressions in the persons's memory; if the individual +remains healthy they determine his character and if he becomes sick +after puberty they determine the symptomatology of his neurosis.[16] In +the latter case it is found that this sexual period is forgotten and the +conscious reminiscences pointing to them are displaced; I have already +mentioned that I would like to connect the normal infantile amnesia with +this infantile sexual activity. By psychoanalytic investigation it is +possible to bring to consciousness the forgotten material, and thereby +to remove a compulsion which emanates from the unconscious psychic +material. + +*The Return of the Infantile Masturbation.*--The sexual excitation of +the nursing period returns during the designated years of childhood as a +centrally determined tickling sensation demanding onanistic +gratification, or as a pollution-like process which, analogous to the +pollution of maturity, may attain gratification without the aid of any +action. The latter case is more frequent in girls and in the second half +of childhood; its determinants are not well understood, but it often, +though not regularly, seems to have as a basis a period of early active +onanism. The symptomatology of this sexual manifestation is poor; the +genital apparatus is still undeveloped and all signs are therefore +displayed by the urinary apparatus which is, so to say, the guardian of +the genital apparatus. Most of the so-called bladder disturbances of +this period are of a sexual nature; whenever the enuresis nocturna does +not represent an epileptic attack it corresponds to a pollution. + +The return of the sexual activity is determined by inner and outer +causes which can be conjectured from the formation of the symptoms of +neurotic diseases and definitely revealed by psychoanalytic +investigations. The internal causes will be discussed later, the +accidental outer causes attain at this time a great and permanent +significance. As the first outer cause we have the influence of +seduction which prematurely treats the child as a sexual object; under +conditions favoring impressions this teaches the child the gratification +of the genital zones, and thus usually forces it to repeat this +gratification in onanism. Such influences can come from adults or other +children. I cannot admit that I overestimated its frequency or its +significance in my contributions to the etiology of hysteria,[17] though +I did not know then that normal individuals may have the same +experiences in their childhood, and hence placed a higher value on +seductions than on the factors found in the sexual constitution and +development.[18] It is quite obvious that no seduction is necessary to +awaken the sexual life of the child, that such an awakening may come on +spontaneously from inner sources. + +*Polymorphous-perverse Disposition.*--It is instructive to know that +under the influence of seduction the child may become +polymorphous-perverse and may be misled into all sorts of +transgressions. This goes to show that it carries along the adaptation +for them in its disposition. The formation of such perversions meets but +slight resistance because the psychic dams against sexual +transgressions, such as shame, loathing and morality--which depend on +the age of the child--are not yet erected or are only in the process of +formation. In this respect the child perhaps does not behave differently +from the average uncultured woman in whom the same polymorphous-perverse +disposition exists. Such a woman may remain sexually normal under usual +conditions, but under the guidance of a clever seducer she will find +pleasure in every perversion and will retain the same as her sexual +activity. The same polymorphous or infantile disposition fits the +prostitute for her professional activity, and in the enormous number of +prostitutes and of women to whom we must attribute an adaptation for +prostitution, even if they do not follow this calling, it is absolutely +impossible not to recognize in their uniform disposition for all +perversions the universal and primitive human. + +*Partial Impulses.*--For the rest, the influence of seduction does not +aid us in unravelling the original relations of the sexual impulse, but +rather confuses our understanding of the same, inasmuch as it +prematurely supplies the child with the sexual object at a time when the +infantile sexual impulse does not yet evince any desire for it. We must +admit, however, that the infantile sexual life, though mainly under the +control of erogenous zones, also shows components in which from the very +beginning other persons are regarded as sexual objects. Among these we +have the impulses for looking and showing off, and for cruelty, which +manifest themselves somewhat independently of the erogenous zones and +which only later enter into intimate relationship with the sexual life; +but along with the erogenous sexual activity they are noticeable even in +the infantile years as separate and independent strivings. The little +child is above all shameless, and during its early years it evinces +definite pleasure in displaying its body and especially its sexual +organs. A counterpart to this desire which is to be considered as +perverse, the curiosity to see other persons' genitals, probably appears +first in the later years of childhood when the hindrance of the feeling +of shame has already reached a certain development. Under the influence +of seduction the looking perversion may attain great importance for the +sexual life of the child. Still, from my investigations of the childhood +years of normal and neurotic patients, I must conclude that the impulse +for looking can appear in the child as a spontaneous sexual +manifestation. Small children, whose attention has once been directed to +their own genitals--usually by masturbation--are wont to progress in +this direction without outside interference, and to develop a vivid +interest in the genitals of their playmates. As the occasion for the +gratification of such curiosity is generally afforded during the +gratification of both excrementitious needs, such children become +_voyeurs_ and are zealous spectators at the voiding of urine and feces +of others, After this tendency has been repressed, the curiosity to see +the genitals of others (one's own or those of the other sex) remains as +a tormenting desire which in some neurotic cases furnishes the strongest +motive power for the formation of symptoms. + +The cruelty component of the sexual impulse develops in the child with +still greater independence of those sexual activities which are +connected with erogenous zones. Cruelty is especially near the childish +character, since the inhibition which restrains the impulse to mastery +before it causes pain to others--that is, the capacity for +sympathy--develops comparatively late. As we know, a thorough +psychological analysis of this impulse has not as yet been successfully +accomplished; we may assume that the cruel feelings emanate from the +impulse to mastery and appear at a period in the sexual life before the +genitals have taken on their later role. It then dominates a phase of +the sexual life, which we shall later describe as the pregenital +organization. Children who are distinguished for evincing especial +cruelty to animals and playmates may be justly suspected of intensive +and premature sexual activity in the erogenous zones; and in a +simultaneous prematurity of all sexual impulses, the erogenous sexual +activity surely seems to be primary. The absence of the barrier of +sympathy carries with it the danger that the connections between cruelty +and the erogenous impulses formed in childhood cannot be broken in later +life. + +An erogenous source of the passive impulse for cruelty (masochism) is +found in the painful irritation of the gluteal region which is familiar +to all educators since the confessions of J.J. Rousseau. This has justly +caused them to demand that physical punishment, which usually concerns +this part of the body, should be withheld from all children in whom the +libido might be forced into collateral roads by the later demands of +cultural education.[19] + + +THE INFANTILE SEXUAL INVESTIGATION + +*Inquisitiveness.*--At the same time when the sexual life of the child +reaches its first bloom, from the age of three to the age of five, it +also evinces the beginning of that activity which is ascribed to the +impulse for knowledge and investigation. The desire for knowledge can +neither be added to the elementary components of the impulses nor can it +be altogether subordinated under sexuality. Its activity corresponds on +the one hand to a sublimating mode of acquisition and on the other hand +it labors with the energy of the desire for looking. Its relations to +the sexual life, however, are of particular importance, for we have +learned from psychoanalysis that the inquisitiveness of children is +attracted to the sexual problems unusually early and in an unexpectedly +intensive manner, indeed it perhaps may first be awakened by the sexual +problems. + +*The Riddle of the Sphinx.*--It is not theoretical but practical +interests which start the work of the investigation activity in the +child. The threat to the conditions of his existence through the actual +or expected arrival of a new child, the fear of the loss in care and +love which is connected with this event, cause the child to become +thoughtful and sagacious. Corresponding with the history of this +awakening, the first problem with which it occupies itself is not the +question as to the difference between the sexes, but the riddle: from +where do children come? In a distorted form, which can easily be +unraveled, this is the same riddle which was given by the Theban Sphinx. +The fact of the two sexes is usually first accepted by the child without +struggle and hesitation. It is quite natural for the male child to +presuppose in all persons it knows a genital like his own, and to find +it impossible to harmonize the lack of it with his conception of others. + +*The Castration Complex.*--This conviction is energetically adhered to +by the boy and tenaciously defended against the contradictions which +soon result, and are only given up after severe internal struggles +(castration complex). The substitutive formations of this lost penis of +the woman play a great part in the formation of many perversions. + +The assumption of the same (male) genital in all persons is the first of +the remarkable and consequential infantile sexual theories. It is of +little help to the child when biological science agrees with his +preconceptions and recognizes the feminine clitoris as the real +substitute for the penis. The little girl does not react with similar +refusals when she sees the differently formed genital of the boy. She +is immediately prepared to recognize it, and soon becomes envious of the +penis; this envy reaches its highest point in the consequentially +important wish that she also should be a boy. + +*Birth Theories.*--Many people can remember distinctly how intensely +they interested themselves, in the prepubescent period, in the question +where children came from. The anatomical solutions at that time read +very differently; the children come out of the breast or are cut out of +the body, or the navel opens itself to let them out. Outside of analysis +one only seldom remembers the investigation corresponding to the early +childhood years; it had long merged into repression but its results were +thoroughly uniform. One gets children by eating something special (as in +the fairy tale) and they are born through the bowel like a passage. +These infantile theories recall the structures in the animal kingdom, +especially do they recall the cloaca of the types which stand lower than +the mammals. + +*Sadistic Conception of the Sexual Act.*--If children of so delicate an +age become spectators of the sexual act between grown-ups, for which an +occasion is furnished by the conviction of the grown-ups that little +children cannot understand anything sexual, they cannot help conceiving +the sexual act as a kind of maltreating or overpowering, that is, it +impresses them in a sadistic sense. Psychoanalysis also teaches us that +such an early childhood impression contributes much to the disposition +for a later sadistic displacement of the sexual aim. Besides this +children also occupy themselves with the problem of what the sexual act +consists in or, as they grasp it, of what marriage consists, and seek +the solution of the mystery mostly in an association to which the +functions of urination and defecation give occasion. + +*The Typical Failure of the Infantile Sexual Investigation.*--It can be +stated in general about the infantile sexual theories that they are +reproductions of the child's own sexual constitution, and that despite +their grotesque mistakes they evince more understanding of the sexual +processes than is credited to their creators. Children also perceive the +pregnancy of the mother and know how to interpret it correctly; the +stork fable is very often related before auditors who confront it with a +deep, but mostly mute suspicion. But as two elements remain unknown to +the infantile sexual investigation, namely, the role of the propagating +semen and the female genital opening--precisely the same points in which +the infantile organization is still backward--the effort of the +infantile investigator regularly remains fruitless, and ends in a +renunciation which not infrequently leaves a lasting injury to the +desire for knowledge. The sexual investigation of these early childhood +years is always conducted alone, it signifies the first step towards +independent orientation in the world, and causes a marked estrangement +between the child and the persons of his environment who formerly +enjoyed its full confidence. + +*The Phases of Development of the Sexual Organization.*--As +characteristics of the infantile sexuality we have hitherto emphasized +the fact that it is essentially autoerotic (it finds its object in its +own body), and that its individual partial impulses, which on the whole +are unconnected and independent of one another, are striving for the +acquisition of pleasure. The end of this development forms the so-called +normal sexual life of the adult in which the acquisition of pleasure has +been put into the service of the function of propagation, and the +partial impulses, under the primacy of one single erogenous zone, have +formed a firm organization for the attainment of the sexual aim in a +strange sexual object. + +*Pregenital Organizations.*--The study, with the help of +psychoanalysis, of the inhibitions and disturbances in this course of +development now permits us to recognize additions and primary stages of +such organization of the partial impulses which likewise furnish a sort +of sexual regime. These phases of the sexual organization normally will +pass over smoothly and will only be recognizable by slight indications. +Only in pathological cases do they become active and discernible to +coarse observation. + +Organizations of the sexual life in which the genital zones have not yet +assumed the dominating role we would call the _pregenital_ phase. So far +we have become acquainted with two of them which recall reversions to +early animal states. + +One of the first of such pregenital sexual organizations is the _oral_, +or if we wish, the cannibalistic. Here the sexual activity is not yet +separated from the taking of nourishment, and the contrasts within the +same not yet differentiated. The object of the one activity is also that +of the other, the sexual aim consists in the _incorporating_ into one's +own body of the object, it is the prototype of that which later plays +such an important psychic role as _identification_. As a remnant of this +fictitious phase of organization forced on us by pathology we can +consider thumbsucking. Here the sexual activity became separated from +the nourishment activity and the strange object was given up in favor of +one from his own body. + +A second pregenital phase is the sadistic-anal organization. Here the +contrasts which run through the whole sexual life are already developed, +but cannot yet be designated as _masculine_ and _feminine_, but must be +called _active_ and _passive_. The activity is supplied by the +musculature of the body through the mastery impulse; the erogenous +mucous membrane of the bowel manifests itself above all as an organ with +a passive sexual aim, for both strivings there are objects present, +which however do not merge together. Besides them there are other +partial impulses which are active in an autoerotic manner. The sexual +polarity and the strange object can thus already be demonstrated in this +phase. The organization and subordination under the function of +propagation are still lacking. + +*Ambivalence.*--This form of the sexual organization could be retained +throughout life and continue to draw to itself a large part of the +sexual activity. The prevalence of sadism and the role of the cloaca of +the anal zone stamps it with an exquisitely archaic impression. As +another characteristic belonging to it we can mention the fact that the +contrasting pair of impulses are developed in almost the same manner, a +behavior which was designated by Bleuler with the happy name of +_ambivalence_. + +The assumption of the pregenital organizations of the sexual life is +based on the analysis of the neuroses and hardly deserves any +consideration without a knowledge of the same. We may expect that +continued analytic efforts will furnish us with still more disclosures +concerning the structure and development of the normal sexual function. + +To complete the picture of the infantile sexual life one must add that +frequently or regularly an object selection takes place even in +childhood which is as characteristic as the one we have represented for +the phase of development of puberty. This object selection proceeds in +such a manner that all the sexual strivings proceed in the direction of +one person in whom they wish to attain their aim. This is then the +nearest approach to the definitive formation of the sexual life after +puberty, that is possible in childhood. It differs from the latter only +in the fact that the collection of the partial impulses and their +subordination to the primacy of the genitals is very imperfectly or not +at all accomplished in childhood. The establishment of this primacy in +the service of propagation is therefore the last phase through which the +sexual organization passes. + +*The Two Periods of Object Selection.*--That the object selection takes +place in two periods, or in two shifts, can be spoken of as a typical +occurrence. The first shift has its origin between the age of three and +five years, and is brought to a stop or to retrogression by the latency +period; it is characterized by the infantile nature of its sexual aims. +The second shift starts with puberty and determines the definitive +formation of the sexual life. + +The fact of the double object selection which is essentially due to the +effect of the latency period, becomes most significant for the +disturbance of this terminal state. The results of the infantile object +selection reach into the later period; they are either preserved as such +or are even refreshed at the time of puberty. But due to the development +of the repression which takes place between the two phases they turn out +as unutilizable. The sexual aims have become softened and now represent +what we can designate as the _tender_ streams of the sexual life. Only +psychoanalytic investigation can demonstrate that behind this +tenderness, such as honoring and esteeming, there is concealed the old +sexual strivings of the infantile partial impulses which have now become +useless. The object selection of the pubescent period must renounce the +infantile objects and begin anew as a sensuous stream. The fact that the +two streams do not meet often enough has as a result that one of the +ideals of the sexual life, namely, the union of all desires in one +object, can not be attained. + + +THE SOURCES OF THE INFANTILE SEXUALITY + +In our effort to follow up the origins of the sexual impulse, we have +thus far found that the sexual excitement originates (_a_) as an imitation +of a gratification which has been experienced in conjunction with other +organic processes; (_b_) through the appropriate peripheral stimulation of +erogenous zones; (_c_) and as an expression of some "impulse," like the +looking and cruelty impulses, the origin of which we do not yet fully +understand. The psychoanalytic investigation of later life which leads +back to childhood and the contemporary observation of the child itself +cooeperate to reveal to us still other regularly-flowing sources of the +sexual excitement. The observation of childhood has the disadvantage of +treating easily misunderstood material, while psychoanalysis is made +difficult by the fact that it can reach its objects and conclusions only +by great detours; still the united efforts of both methods achieve a +sufficient degree of positive understanding. + +In investigating the erogenous zones we have already found that these +skin regions merely show the special exaggeration of a form of +sensitiveness which is to a certain degree found over the whole surface +of the skin. It will therefore not surprise us to learn that certain +forms of general sensitiveness in the skin can be ascribed to very +distinct erogenous action. Among these we will above all mention the +temperature sensitiveness; this will perhaps prepare us for the +understanding of the therapeutic effects of warm baths. + +*Mechanical Excitation.*--We must, moreover, describe here the +production of sexual excitation by means of rhythmic mechanical shaking +of the body. There are three kinds of exciting influences: those acting +on the sensory apparatus of the vestibular nerves, those acting on the +skin, and those acting on the deep parts, such as the muscles and +joints. The sexual excitation produced by these influences seems to be +of a pleasurable nature--it is worth emphasizing that for some time we +shall continue to use indiscriminately the terms "sexual excitement" and +"gratification" leaving the search for an explanation of the terms to a +later time--and that the pleasure is produced by mechanical stimulation +is proved by the fact that children are so fond of play involving +passive motion, like swinging or flying in the air, and repeatedly +demand its repetition.[20] As we know, rocking is regularly used in +putting restless children to sleep. The shaking sensation experienced in +wagons and railroad trains exerts such a fascinating influence on older +children, that all boys, at least at one time in their lives, want to +become conductors and drivers. They are wont to ascribe to railroad +activities an extraordinary and mysterious interest, and during the age +of phantastic activity (shortly before puberty) they utilize these as a +nucleus for exquisite sexual symbolisms. The desire to connect railroad +travelling with sexuality apparently originates from the pleasurable +character of the sensation of motion. When the repression later sets in +and changes so many of the childish likes into their opposites, these +same persons as adolescents and adults then react to the rocking and +rolling with nausea and become terribly exhausted by a railroad journey, +or they show a tendency to attacks of anxiety during the journey, and by +becoming obsessed with railroad phobia they protect themselves against a +repetition of the painful experiences. + +This also fits in with the not as yet understood fact that the +concurrence of fear with mechanical shaking produces the severest +hysterical forms of traumatic neurosis. It may at least be assumed that +inasmuch as even a slight intensity of these influences becomes a source +of sexual excitement, the action of an excessive amount of the same will +produce a profound disorder in the sexual mechanism. + +*Muscular Activity.*--It is well known that the child has need for +strong muscular activity, from the gratification of which it draws +extraordinary pleasure. Whether this pleasure has anything to do with +sexuality, whether it includes in itself sexual satisfaction? or can be +the occasion of sexual excitement; all this may be refuted by critical +consideration, which will probably be directed also to the position +taken above that the pleasure in the sensations of passive movement are +of sexual character or that they are sexually exciting. The fact +remains, however, that a number of persons report that they experienced +the first signs of excitement in their genitals during fighting or +wrestling with playmates, in which situation, besides the general +muscular exertion, there is an intensive contact with the opponent's +skin which also becomes effective. The desire for muscular contest with +a definite person, like the desire for word contest in later years, is a +good sign that the object selection has been directed toward this +person. "Was sich liebt, das neckt sich."[21] In the promotion of sexual +excitement through muscular activity we might recognize one of the +sources of the sadistic impulse. The infantile connection between +fighting and sexual excitement acts in many persons as a determinant for +the future preferred course of their sexual impulse.[22] + +*Affective Processes.*--The other sources of sexual excitement in the +child are open to less doubt. Through contemporary observations, as well +as through later investigations, it is easy to ascertain that all more +intensive affective processes, even excitements of a terrifying nature, +encroach upon sexuality; this can at all events furnish us with a +contribution to the understanding of the pathogenic action of such +emotions. In the school child, fear of a coming examination or exertion +expended in the solution of a difficult task can become significant for +the breaking through of sexual manifestations as well as for his +relations to the school, inasmuch as under such excitements a sensation +often occurs urging him to touch the genitals, or leading to a +pollution-like process with all its disagreeable consequences. The +behavior of children at school, which is so often mysterious to the +teacher, ought surely to be considered in relation with their +germinating sexuality. The sexually-exciting influence of some painful +affects, such as fear, shuddering, and horror, is felt by a great many +people throughout life and readily explains why so many seek +opportunities to experience such sensations, provided that certain +accessory circumstances (as under imaginary circumstances in reading, or +in the theater) suppress the earnestness of the painful feeling. + +If we might assume that the same erogenous action also reaches the +intensive painful feelings, especially if the pain be toned down or held +at a distance by a subsidiary determination, this relation would then +contain the main roots of the masochistic-sadistic impulse, into the +manifold composition of which we are gaining a gradual insight. + +*Intellectual Work.*--Finally, is is evident that mental application or +the concentration of attention on an intellectual accomplishment will +result, especially often in youthful persons, but in older persons as +well, in a simultaneous sexual excitement, which may be looked upon as +the only justified basis for the otherwise so doubtful etiology of +nervous disturbances from mental "overwork." + +If we now, in conclusion, review the evidences and indications of the +sources of the infantile sexual excitement, which have been reported +neither completely nor exhaustively, we may lay down the following +general laws as suggested or established. It seems to be provided in the +most generous manner that the process of sexual excitement--the nature +of which certainly remains quite mysterious to us--should be set in +motion. The factor making this provision in a more or less direct way is +the excitation of the sensible surfaces of the skin and sensory organs, +while the most immediate exciting influences are exerted on certain +parts which are designated as erogenous zones. The criterion in all +these sources of sexual excitement is really the quality of the stimuli, +though the factor of intensity (in pain) is not entirely unimportant. +But in addition to this there are arrangements in the organism which +induce sexual excitement as a subsidiary action in a large number of +inner processes as soon as the intensity of these processes has risen +above certain quantitative limits. What we have designated as the +partial impulses of sexuality are either directly derived from these +inner sources of sexual excitation or composed of contributions from +such sources and from erogenous zones. It is possible that nothing of +any considerable significance occurs in the organism that does not +contribute its components to the excitement of the sexual impulse. + +It seems to me at present impossible to shed more light and certainty on +these general propositions, and for this I hold two factors responsible; +first, the novelty of this manner of investigation, and secondly, the +fact that the nature of the sexual excitement is entirely unfamiliar to +us. Nevertheless, I will not forbear speaking about two points which +promise to open wide prospects in the future. + +*Diverse Sexual Constitutions.*--(_a_) We have considered above the +possibility of establishing the manifold character of congenital sexual +constitutions through the diverse formation of the erogenous zones; we +may now attempt to do the same in dealing with the indirect sources of +sexual excitement. We may assume that, although these different sources +furnish contributions in all individuals, they are not all equally +strong in all persons; and that a further contribution to the +differentiation of the diverse sexual constitution will be found in the +preferred developments of the individual sources of sexual excitement. + +*The Paths of Opposite Influences.*--(_b_) Since we are now dropping the +figurative manner of expression hitherto employed, by which we spoke of +_sources_ of sexual excitement, we may now assume that all the +connecting ways leading from other functions to sexuality must also be +passable in the reverse direction. For example, if the lip zone, the +common possession of both functions, is responsible for the fact that +the sexual gratification originates during the taking of nourishment, +the same factor offers also an explanation for the disturbances in the +taking of nourishment if the erogenous functions of the common zone are +disturbed. As soon as we know that concentration of attention may +produce sexual excitement, it is quite natural to assume that acting on +the same path, but in a contrary direction, the state of sexual +excitement will be able to influence the availability of the voluntary +attention. A good part of the symptomatology of the neuroses which I +trace to disturbance of sexual processes manifests itself in +disturbances of the other non-sexual bodily functions, and this hitherto +incomprehensible action becomes less mysterious if it only represents +the counterpart of the influences controlling the production of the +sexual excitement. + +However the same paths through which sexual disturbances encroach upon +the other functions of the body must in health be supposed to serve +another important function. It must be through these paths that the +attraction of the sexual motive-powers to other than sexual aims, the +sublimation of sexuality, is accomplished. We must conclude with the +admission that very little is definitely known concerning the paths +beyond the fact that they exist, and that they are probably passable in +both directions. + +[1] For it is really impossible to have a correct knowledge of the part +belonging to heredity without first understanding the part belonging to +the infantile. + +[2] This assertion on revision seemed even to myself so bold that I +decided to test its correctness by again reviewing the literature. The +result of this second review did not warrant any change in my original +statement. The scientific elaboration of the physical as well as the +psychic phenomena of the infantile sexuality is still in its initial +stages. One author (S. Bell, "A Preliminary Study of the Emotions of +Love Between the Sexes," American Journal of Psychology, XIII, 1902) +says: "I know of no scientist who has given a careful analysis of the +emotion as it is seen in the adolescent." The only attention given to +somatic sexual manifestations occurring before the age of puberty was in +connection with degenerative manifestations, and these were referred to +as a sign of degeneration. A chapter on the sexual life of children is +not to be found in all the representative psychologies of this age which +I have read. Among these works I can mention the following: Preyer; +Baldwin (The Development of the Mind in the Child and in the Race, +1898); Perez (L'enfant de 3-7 ans, 1894); Struempel (Die paedagogische +Pathologie, 1899); Karl Groos (Das Seelenleben des Kindes, 1904); Th. +Heller (Grundriss der Heilpaedagogic, 1904); Sully (Observations +Concerning Childhood, 1897). The best impression of the present +situation of this sphere can be obtained from the journal Die +Kinderfehler (issued since 1896). On the other hand one gains the +impression that the existence of love in childhood is in no need of +demonstration. Perez (l.c.) speaks for it; K. Groos (Die Spiele der +Menschen, 1899) states that some children are very early subject to +sexual emotions, and show a desire to touch the other sex (p. 336); S. +Bell observed the earliest appearance of sex-love in a child during the +middle part of its third year. See also Havelock Ellis, The Sexual +Impulse, Appendix II. + +The above-mentioned judgment concerning the literature of infantile +sexuality no longer holds true since the appearance of the great and +important work of G. Stanley Hall (Adolescence, Its Psychology and its +Relation to Physiology, Anthropology, Sociology, Sex, Crime, Religion, +and Education, 2 vols., New York, 1908). The recent book of A. Moll, Das +Sexualleben des Kindes, Berlin, 1909, offers no occasion for such a +modification. See, on the other hand, Bleuler, Sexuelle abnormitaeten der +Kinder (Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fuer +Schulgesundheitspflege, IX, 1908). A book by Mrs. Dr. H.v. Hug-Hellmuth, +Aus dem Seelenleben des Kindes (1913), has taken full account of the +neglected sexual factors. [Translated in Monograph Series.] + +[3] I have attempted to solve the problems presented by the earliest +infantile recollections in a paper, "Ueber Deckerinnerungen" +(Monatsschrift fuer Psychiatrie und Neurologie, VI, 1899). Cf. also The +Psychopathology of Everyday Life, The Macmillan Co., New York, and +Unwin, London. + +[4] One cannot understand the mechanism of repression when one takes +into consideration only one of the two cooperating processes. As a +comparison one may think of the way the tourist is despatched to the top +of the great pyramid of Gizeh; he is pushed from one side and pulled +from the other. + +[5] The use of the latter material is justified by the fact that the +years of childhood of those who are later neurotics need not necessarily +differ from those who are later normal except in intensity and +distinctness. + +[6] An anatomic analogy to the behavior of the infantile sexual function +formulated by me is perhaps given by Bayer (Deutsches Archiv fuer +klinische Medizin, Bd. 73) who claims that the internal genitals +(uterus) are regularly larger in newborn than in older children. +However, Halban's conception, that after birth there is also an +involution of the other parts of the sexual apparatus, has not been +verified. According to Halban (Zeitschrift fuer Geburtshilfe u. +Gynaekologie, LIII, 1904) this process of involution ends after a few +weeks of extra-uterine life. + +[7] The expression "sexual latency period" (sexuelle latenz-periode) I +have borrowed from W. Fliess. + +[8] In the case here discussed the sublimation of the sexual motive +powers proceed on the road of reaction formations. But in general it is +necessary to separate from each other sublimation and reaction formation +as two diverse processes. Sublimation may also result through other and +simpler mechanisms. + +[9] Jahrbuch fuer Kinderheilkunde, N.F., XIV, 1879. + +[10] This already shows what holds true for the whole life, namely, that +sexual gratification is the best hypnotic. Most nervous insomnias are +traced to lack of sexual gratification. It is also known that +unscrupulous nurses calm crying children to sleep by stroking their +genitals. + +[11] Ellis spoils, however, the sense of his invented term by comprising +under the phenomena of autoerotism the whole of hysteria and +masturbation in its full extent. + +[12] Further reflection and observation lead me to attribute the quality +of erogenity to all parts of the body and inner organs. See later on +narcism. + +[13] Compare here the very comprehensive but confusing literature on +onanism, _e.g._, Rohleder, Die Masturbation, 1899. Cf. also the +pamphlet, "Die Onanie," which contains the discussion of the Vienna +Psychoanalytic Society, Wiesbaden, 1912. + +[14] Compare here the essay on "Charakter und Analerotic" in the +Sammlung kleiner Schriften zur Neurosenlehre, Zweite Folge, 1909. Cf. +also Brill, Psychanalysis, Chap. XIII, Anal Eroticism and Character, +W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia. + +[15] Unusual techniques in the performance of onanism seem to point to +the influence of a prohibition against onanism which has been overcome. + +[16] Why neurotics, when conscience stricken, regularly connect it with +their onanistic activity, as was only recently recognized by Bleuler, is +a problem which still awaits an exhaustive analysis. + +[17] Freud, Selected Papers on Hysteria and Other Psychoneuroses, 3d +edition, translated by A.A. Brill, N.Y. Nerv. and Ment. Dis. Pub. Co. +Nervous and Mental Disease Monograph, Series No. 4. + +[18] Havelock Ellis, in an appendix to his study on the Sexual Impulse, +1903, gives a number of autobiographic reports of normal persons +treating their first sexual feelings in childhood and the causes of the +same. These reports naturally show the deficiency due to infantile +amnesia; they do not cover the prehistoric time in the sexual life and +therefore must be supplemented by psychoanalysis of individuals who +became neurotic. Notwithstanding this these reports are valuable in more +than one respect, and information of a similar nature has urged me to +modify my etiological assumption as mentioned in the text. + +[19] The above-mentioned assertions concerning the infantile sexuality +were justified in 1905, in the main through the results of +psychoanalytic investigations in adults. Direct observation of the child +could not at the time be utilized to its full extent and resulted only +in individual indications and valuable confirmations. Since then it has +become possible through the analysis of some cases of nervous disease in +the delicate age of childhood to gain a direct understanding of the +infantile psychosexuality (Jahrbuch fuer psychoanalytische und +psychopathologische Forschungen, Bd. 1, 2, 1909). I can point with +satisfaction to the fact that direct observation has fully confirmed the +conclusion drawn from psychoanalysis, and thus furnishes good evidence +for the reliability of the latter method of investigation. + +Moreover, the "Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-year-old Boy" (Jahrbuch, +Bd. 1) has taught us something new for which psychoanalysis had not +prepared us, to wit, that sexual symbolism, the representation of the +sexual by non-sexual objects and relations--reaches back into the years +when the child is first learning to master the language. My attention +has also been directed to a deficiency in the above-cited statement +which for the sake of clearness described any conceivable separation +between the two phases of autoerotism and object love as a temporal +separation. From the cited analysis (as well as from the above-mentioned +work of Bell) we learn that children from three to five are capable of +evincing a very strong object-selection which is accompanied by strong +affects. + +[20] Some persons can recall that the contact of the moving air in +swinging caused them direct sexual pleasure in the genitals. + +[21] "Those who love each other tease each other." + +[22] The analyses of neurotic disturbances of walking and of agoraphobia +remove all doubt as to the sexual nature of the pleasure of motion. As +everybody knows modern cultural education utilizes sports to a great +extent in order to turn away the youth from sexual activity; it would be +more proper to say that it replaces the sexual pleasure by motion +pleasure, and forces the sexual activity back upon one of its autoerotic +components. + + + + +III + +THE TRANSFORMATION OF PUBERTY + + +With the beginning of puberty the changes set in which transform the +infantile sexual life into its definite normal form. Hitherto the sexual +impulse has been preponderantly autoerotic; it now finds the sexual +object. Thus far it has manifested itself in single impulses and in +erogenous zones seeking a certain pleasure as a single sexual aim. A new +sexual aim now appears for the production of which all partial impulses +cooeperate, while the erogenous zones subordinate themselves to the +primacy of the genital zone.[1] As the new sexual aim assigns very +different functions to the two sexes their sexual developments now part +company. The sexual development of the man is more consistent and easier +to understand, while in the woman there even appears a form of +regression. The normality of the sexual life is guaranteed only by the +exact concurrence of the two streams directed to the sexual object and +sexual aim. It is like the piercing of a tunnel from opposite sides. + +The new sexual aim in the man consists in the discharging of the sexual +products; it is not contradictory to the former sexual aim, that of +obtaining pleasure; on the contrary, the highest amount of pleasure is +connected with this final act in the sexual process. The sexual impulse +now enters into the service of the function of propagation; it becomes, +so to say, altruistic. If this transformation is to succeed its process +must be adjusted to the original dispositions and all the peculiarities +of the impulses. + +Just as on every other occasion where new connections and compositions +are to be formed in complicated mechanisms, here, too, there is a +possibility for morbid disturbance if the new order of things does not +get itself established. All morbid disturbances of the sexual life may +justly be considered as inhibitions of development. + + +THE PRIMACY OF THE GENITAL ZONES AND THE FORE-PLEASURE + +From the course of development as described we can clearly see the issue +and the end aim. The intermediary transitions are still quite obscure +and many a riddle will have to be solved in them. + +The most striking process of puberty has been selected as its most +characteristic; it is the manifest growth of the external genitals which +have shown a relative inhibition of growth during the latency period of +childhood. Simultaneously the inner genitals develop to such an extent +as to be able to furnish sexual products or to receive them for the +purpose of forming a new living being. A most complicated apparatus is +thus formed which waits to be claimed. + +This apparatus can be set in motion by stimuli, and observation teaches +that the stimuli can affect it in three ways: from the outer world +through the familiar erogenous zones; from the inner organic world by +ways still to be investigated; and from the psychic life, which merely +represents a depository of external impressions and a receptacle of +inner excitations. The same result follows in all three cases, namely, a +state which can be designated as "sexual excitation" and which manifests +itself in psychic and somatic signs. The psychic sign consists in a +peculiar feeling of tension of a most urgent character, and among the +manifold somatic signs the many changes in the genitals stand first. +They have a definite meaning, that of readiness; they constitute a +preparation for the sexual act (the erection of the penis and the +glandular activity of the vagina). + +*The Sexual Tension*--The character of the tension of sexual excitation +is connected with a problem the solution of which is as difficult as it +would be important for the conception of the sexual process. Despite all +divergence of opinion regarding it in psychology, I must firmly maintain +that a feeling of tension must carry with it the character of +displeasure. For me it is conclusive that such a feeling carries with it +the impulse to alter the psychic situation, and acts incitingly, which +is quite contrary to the nature of perceived pleasure. But if we ascribe +the tension of the sexual excitation to the feelings of displeasure we +encounter the fact that it is undoubtedly pleasurably perceived. The +tension produced by sexual excitation is everywhere accompanied by +pleasure; even in the preparatory changes of the genitals there is a +distinct feeling of satisfaction. What relation is there between this +unpleasant tension and this feeling of pleasure? + +Everything relating to the problem of pleasure and pain touches one of +the weakest spots of present-day psychology. We shall try if possible to +learn something from the determinations of the case in question and to +avoid encroaching on the problem as a whole. Let us first glance at the +manner in which the erogenous zones adjust themselves to the new order +of things. An important role devolves upon them in the preparation of +the sexual excitation. The eye which is very remote from the sexual +object is most often in position, during the relations of object wooing, +to become attracted by that particular quality of excitation, the motive +of which we designate as beauty in the sexual object. The excellencies +of the sexual object are therefore also called "attractions." This +attraction is on the one hand already connected with pleasure, and on +the other hand it either results in an increase of the sexual excitation +or in an evocation of the same where it is still wanting. The effect is +the same if the excitation of another erogenous zone, _e.g._, the +touching hand, is added to it. There is on the one hand the feeling of +pleasure which soon becomes enhanced by the pleasure from the +preparatory changes, and on the other hand there is a further increase +of the sexual tension which soon changes into a most distinct feeling of +displeasure if it cannot proceed to more pleasure. Another case will +perhaps be clearer; let us, for example, take the case where an +erogenous zone, like a woman's breast, is excited by touching in a +person who is not sexually excited at the time. This touching in itself +evokes a feeling of pleasure, but it is also best adapted to awaken +sexual excitement which demands still more pleasure. How it happens that +the perceived pleasure evokes the desire for greater pleasure, that is +the real problem. + +*Fore-pleasure Mechanism.*--But the role which devolves upon the +erogenous zones is clear. What applies to one applies to all. They are +all utilized to furnish a certain amount of pleasure through their own +proper excitation, which increases the tension, and which is in turn +destined to produce the necessary motor energy in order to bring to a +conclusion the sexual act. The last part but one of this act is again a +suitable excitation of an erogenous zone; _i.e._, the genital zone +proper of the glans penis is excited by the object most fit for it, the +mucous membrane of the vagina, and through the pleasure furnished by +this excitation it now produces reflexly the motor energy which conveys +to the surface the sexual substance. This last pleasure is highest in +its intensity, and differs from the earliest ones in its mechanism. It +is altogether produced through discharge, it is altogether gratification +pleasure and the tension of the libido temporarily dies away with it. + +It does not seem to me unjustified to fix by name the distinction in the +nature of these pleasures, the one through the excitation of the +erogenous zones, and the other through the discharge of the sexual +substance. In contradistinction to the end-pleasure, or pleasure of +gratification of sexual activity, we can properly designate the first as +_fore-pleasure_. The fore-pleasure is then the same as that furnished by +the infantile sexual impulse, though on a reduced scale; while the +_end-pleasure_ is new and is probably connected with determinations +which first appear at puberty. The formula for the new function of the +erogenous zones reads as follows: they are utilized for the purpose of +making possible the production of the greater pleasure of gratification +by means of the fore-pleasure which is gained from them as in infantile +life. + +I have recently been able to elucidate another example from a quite +different realm of the psychic life, in which likewise a greater feeling +of pleasure is achieved by means of a lesser feeling of pleasure which +thereby acts as an alluring premium. We had there also the opportunity +of entering more deeply into the nature of pleasure.[2] + +*Dangers of the Fore-pleasure.*--However the connection of fore-pleasure +with the infantile life is strengthened by the pathogenic role which may +devolve upon it. In the mechanism through which the fore-pleasure is +expressed there exists an obvious danger to the attainment of the normal +sexual aim. This occurs if it happens that there is too much +fore-pleasure and too little tension in any part of the preparatory +sexual process. The motive power for the further continuation of the +sexual process then escapes, the whole road becomes shortened, and the +preparatory action in question takes the place of the normal sexual aim. +Experience shows that such a hurtful condition is determined by the fact +that the erogenous zone concerned or the corresponding partial impulse +has already contributed an unusual amount of pleasure in infantile life. +If other factors favoring fixation are added a compulsion readily +results for the later life which prevents the fore-pleasure from +arranging itself into a new combination. Indeed, the mechanism of many +perversions is of such a nature; they merely represent a lingering at a +preparatory act of the sexual process. + +The failure of the function of the sexual mechanism through the fault of +the fore-pleasure is generally avoided if the primacy of the genital +zones has also already been sketched out in infantile life. The +preparations of the second half of childhood (from the eighth year to +puberty) really seem to favor this. During these years the genital zones +behave almost as at the age of maturity; they are the seat of exciting +sensations and of preparatory changes if any kind of pleasure is +experienced through the gratification of other erogenous zones; although +this effect remains aimless, _i.e._, it contributes nothing towards the +continuation of the sexual process. Besides the pleasure of +gratification a certain amount of sexual tension appears even in +infancy, though it is less constant and less abundant. We can now +understand also why in the discussion of the sources of sexuality we had +a perfectly good reason for saying that the process in question acts as +sexual gratification as well as sexual excitement. We note that on our +way towards the truth we have at first enormously exaggerated the +distinctions between the infantile and the mature sexual life, and we +therefore supplement what has been said with a correction. The infantile +manifestations of sexuality determine not only the deviations from the +normal sexual life but also the normal formations of the same. + + +THE PROBLEM OF SEXUAL EXCITEMENT + +It remains entirely unexplained whence the sexual tension comes which +originates simultaneously with the gratification of erogenous zones and +what is its nature. The obvious supposition that this tension originates +in some way from the pleasure itself is not only improbable in itself +but untenable, inasmuch as during the greatest pleasure which is +connected with the voiding of sexual substance there is no production of +tension but rather a removal of all tension. Hence, pleasure and sexual +tension can be only indirectly connected. + +*The Role of the Sexual Substance.*--Aside from the fact that only the +discharge of the sexual substance can normally put an end to the sexual +excitement, there are other essential facts which bring the sexual +tension into relation with the sexual products. In a life of continence +the sexual activity is wont to discharge the sexual substance at night +during pleasurable dream hallucinations of a sexual act, this discharge +coming at changing but not at entirely capricious intervals; and the +following interpretation of this process--the nocturnal pollution--can +hardly be rejected, viz., that the sexual tension which brings about a +substitute for the sexual act by the short hallucinatory road is a +function of the accumulated semen in the reservoirs for the sexual +products. Experiences with the exhaustibility of the sexual mechanism +speak for the same thing. Where there is no stock of semen it is not +only impossible to accomplish the sexual act, but there is also a lack +of excitability in the erogenous zones, the suitable excitation of which +can evoke no pleasure. We thus discover incidentally that a certain +amount of sexual tension is itself necessary for the excitability of the +erogenous zones. + +One would thus be forced to the assumption, which if I am not mistaken +is quite generally adopted, that the accumulation of sexual substance +produces and maintains the sexual tension. The pressure of these +products on the walls of their receptacles acts as an excitant on the +spinal center, the state of which is then perceived by the higher +centers which then produce in consciousness the familiar feeling of +tension. If the excitation of erogenous zones increases the sexual +tension, it can only be due to the fact that the erogenous zones are +connected with these centers by previously formed anatomical +connections. They increase there the tone of the excitation, and with +sufficient sexual tension they set in motion the sexual act, and with +insufficient tension they merely stimulate a production of the sexual +substance. + +The weakness of the theory which one finds adopted, _e.g._, in v. +Krafft-Ebing's description of the sexual process, lies in the fact that +it has been formed for the sexual activity of the mature man and pays +too little heed to three kinds of relations which should also have been +elucidated. We refer to the relations as found in the child, in the +woman, and in the castrated male. In none of the three cases can we +speak of an accumulation of sexual products in the same sense as in the +man, which naturally renders difficult the general application of this +scheme; still it may be admitted without any further ado that ways can +be found to justify the subordination of even these cases. Nevertheless +one should be cautious about burdening the factor of accumulation of +sexual products with actions which it seems incapable of supporting. + +*Overestimation of the Internal Genitals.*--That sexual excitement can +be independent to a considerable extent of the production of sexual +substance seems to be shown by observations on castrated males, in whom +the libido sometimes escapes the injury caused by the operation, +although the opposite behavior, which is really the motive for the +operation, is usually the rule. It is therefore not at all surprising, +as C. Rieger puts it, that the loss of the male germ glands in maturer +age should exert no new influence on the psychic life of the individual. +The germ glands are really not the sexuality, and the experience with +castrated males only verifies what we had long before learned from the +removal of the ovaries, namely that it is impossible to do away with the +sexual character by removing the germ glands. To be sure, castration +performed at a tender age, before puberty, comes nearer to this aim, but +it would seem in this case that besides the loss of the sexual glands we +must also consider the inhibition of development and other factors +which are connected with that loss. + +*Chemical Theories.*--The truth remains, however, that we are unable to +give any information about the nature of the sexual excitement for the +reason that we do not know with what organ or organs sexuality is +connected, since we have seen that the sexual glands have been +overestimated in this significance. Since surprising discoveries have +taught us the important role of the thyroid gland in sexuality, we may +assume that the knowledge of the essential factors of sexuality are +still withheld from us. One who feels the need of filling up the large +gap in our knowledge with a preliminary assumption may formulate for +himself the following theory based on the active substances found in the +thyroid. Through the appropriate excitement of erogenous zones, as well +as through other conditions under which sexual excitement originates, a +material which is universally distributed in the organism becomes +disintegrated, the decomposing products of which supply a specific +stimulus to the organs of reproduction or to the spinal center connected +with them. Such a transformation of a toxic stimulus in a particular +organic stimulus we are already familiar with from other toxic products +introduced into the body from without. To treat, if only hypothetically, +the complexities of the pure toxic and the physiologic stimulations +which result in the sexual processes is not now our appropriate task. To +be sure, I attach no value to this special assumption and I shall be +quite ready to give it up in favor of another, provided its original +character, the emphasis on the sexual chemism, were preserved. For this +apparently arbitrary statement is supported by a fact which, though +little heeded, is most noteworthy. The neuroses which can be traced only +to disturbances of the sexual life show the greatest clinical +resemblance to the phenomena of intoxication and abstinence which result +from the habitual introduction of pleasure-producing poisonous +substances (alkaloids.) + + +THE THEORY OF THE LIBIDO + +These assumptions concerning the chemical basis of the sexual excitement +are in full accord with the auxiliary conception which we formed for the +purpose of mastering the psychic manifestations of the sexual life. We +have determined the concept of _libido_ as that of a force of variable +quantity which has the capacity of measuring processes and +transformations in the spheres of sexual excitement. This libido we +distinguished from the energy which is to be generally adjudged to the +psychic processes with reference to its special origin and thus we +attribute to it also a qualitative character. In separating libidinous +from other psychic energy we give expression to the assumption that the +sexual processes of the organism are differentiated from the nutritional +processes through a special chemism. The analyses of perversions and +psychoneuroses have taught us that this sexual excitement is furnished +not only from the so-called sexual parts alone but from all organs of +the body. We thus formulate for ourselves the concept of a +libido-quantum whose psychic representative we designate as the +ego-libido; the production, increase, distribution and displacement of +this ego-libido will offer the possible explanation for the observed +psycho-sexual phenomena. + +But this ego-libido becomes conveniently accessible to psychoanalytic +study only when the psychic energy is employed on sexual objects, that +is when it becomes object libido. Then we see it as it concentrates and +fixes itself on objects, or as it leaves those objects and passes over +to others from which positions it directs the individual's sexual +activity, that is, it leads to partial and temporary extinction of the +libido. Psychoanalysis of the so-called transference neuroses (hysteria +and compulsion neurosis) offers us here a reliable insight. + +Concerning the fates of the object libido we also state that it is +withdrawn from the object, that it is preserved floating in special +states of tension and is finally taken back into the ego, so that it +again becomes ego-libido. In contradistinction to the object-libido we +also call the ego-libido narcissistic libido. From psychoanalysis we +look over the boundary which we are not permitted to pass into the +activity of the narcissistic libido and thus form an idea of the +relations between the two. The narcissistic or ego-libido appears to us +as the great reservoir from which the energy for the investment of the +object is sent out and into which it is drawn back again, while the +narcissistic libido investment of the ego appears to us as the realized +primitive state in the first childhood, which only becomes hidden by the +later emissions of the libido, and is retained at the bottom behind +them. + +The task of a theory of libido of neurotic and psychotic disturbances +would have for its object to express in terms of the libido-economy all +observed phenomena and disclosed processes. It is easy to divine that +the greater significance would attach thereby to the destinies of the +ego-libido, especially where it would be the question of explaining the +deeper psychotic disturbances. The difficulty then lies in the fact that +the means of our investigation, psychoanalysis, at present gives us +definite information only concerning the transformation of the +object-libido, but cannot distinguish without further study the +ego-libido from the other effective energies in the ego.[3] + + +DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN MAN AND WOMAN + +It is known that the sharp differentiation of the male and female +character originates at puberty, and it is the resulting difference +which, more than any other factor, decisively influences the later +development of personality. To be sure, the male and female dispositions +are easily recognizable even in infantile life; thus the development of +sexual inhibitions (shame, loathing, sympathy, etc.) ensues earlier and +with less resistance in the little girl than in the little boy. The +tendency to sexual repression certainly seems much greater, and where +partial impulses of sexuality are noticed they show a preference for the +passive form. But, the autoerotic activity of the erogenous zones is the +same in both sexes, and it is this agreement that removes the +possibility of a sex differentiation in childhood as it appears after +puberty. In respect to the autoerotic and masturbatic sexual +manifestations, it may be asserted that the sexuality of the little girl +has entirely a male character. Indeed, if one could give a more definite +content to the terms "masculine and feminine," one might advance the +opinion that _the libido is regularly and lawfully of a masculine +nature, whether in the man or in the woman; and if we consider its +object, this may be either the man or the woman_.[4] + +Since becoming acquainted with the aspect of bisexuality I hold this +factor as here decisive, and I believe that without taking into account +the factor of bisexuality it will hardly be possible to understand the +actually observed sexual manifestations in man and woman. + +*The Leading Zones in Man and Woman.*--Further than this I can only add +the following. The chief erogenous zone in the female child is the +clitoris, which is homologous to the male penis. All I have been able to +discover concerning masturbation in little girls concerned the clitoris +and not those other external genitals which are so important for the +later sexual functions. With few exceptions I myself doubt whether the +female child can be seduced to anything but clitoris masturbation. The +frequent spontaneous discharges of sexual excitement in little girls +manifest themselves in a twitching of the clitoris, and its frequent +erections enable the girl to understand correctly even without any +instruction the sexual manifestations of the other sex; they simply +transfer to the boys the sensations of their own sexual processes. + +If one wishes to understand how the little girl becomes a woman, he must +follow up the further destinies of this clitoris excitation. Puberty, +which brings to the boy a great advance of libido, distinguishes itself +in the girl by a new wave of repression which especially concerns the +clitoris sexuality. It is a part of the male sexual life that sinks into +repression. The reenforcement of the sexual inhibitions produced in the +woman by the repression of puberty causes a stimulus in the libido of +the man and forces it to increase its capacity; with the height of the +libido there is a rise in the overestimation of the sexual, which can be +present in its full force only when the woman refuses and denies her +sexuality. If the sexual act is finally submitted to and the clitoris +becomes excited its role is then to conduct the excitement to the +adjacent female parts, and in this it acts like a chip of pine wood +which is utilized to set fire to the harder wood. It often takes some +time for this transference to be accomplished; during which the young +wife remains anesthetic. This anesthesia may become permanent if the +clitoris zone refuses to give up its excitability; a condition brought +on by abundant activities in infantile life. It is known that anesthesia +in women is often only apparent and local. They are anesthetic at the +vaginal entrance but not at all unexcitable through the clitoris or even +through other zones. Besides these erogenous causes of anesthesia there +are also psychic causes likewise determined by the repression. + +If the transference of the erogenous excitability from the clitoris to +the vagina has succeeded, the woman has thus changed her leading zone +for the future sexual activity; the man on the other hand retains his +from childhood. The main determinants for the woman's preference for the +neuroses, especially for hysteria, lie in this change of the leading +zone as well as in the repression of puberty. These determinants are +therefore most intimately connected with the nature of femininity. + + +THE OBJECT-FINDING + +While the primacy of the genital zones is being established through the +processes of puberty, and the erected penis in the man imperiously +points towards the new sexual aim, _i.e._, towards the penetration of a +cavity which excites the genital zone, the object-finding, for which +also preparations have been made since early childhood, becomes +consummated on the psychic side. While the very incipient sexual +gratifications are still connected with the taking of nourishment, the +sexual impulse has a sexual object outside its own body in his mother's +breast. This object it loses later, perhaps at the very time when it +becomes possible for the child to form a general picture of the person +to whom the organ granting him the gratification belongs. The sexual +impulse later regularly becomes autoerotic, and only after overcoming +the latency period is there a resumption of the original relation. It is +not without good reason that the suckling of the child at its mother's +breast has become a model for every amour. The object-finding is really +a re-finding.[5] + +*The Sexual Object of the Nursing Period.*--However, even after the +separation of the sexual activity from the taking of nourishment, there +still remains from this first and most important of all sexual relations +an important share, which prepares the object selection and assists in +reestablishing the lost happiness. Throughout the latency period the +child learns to love other persons who assist it in its helplessness and +gratify its wants; all this follows the model and is a continuation of +the child's infantile relations to his wet nurse. One may perhaps +hesitate to identify the tender feelings and esteem of the child for his +foster-parents with sexual love; I believe, however, that a more +thorough psychological investigation will establish this identity beyond +any doubt. The intercourse between the child and its foster-parents is +for the former an inexhaustible source of sexual excitation and +gratification of erogenous zones, especially since the parents--or as a +rule the mother--supplies the child with feelings which originate from +her own sexual life; she pats it, kisses it, and rocks it, plainly +taking it as a substitute for a full-valued sexual object.[6] The mother +would probably be terrified if it were explained to her that all her +tenderness awakens the sexual impulse of her child and prepares its +future intensity. She considers her actions as asexually "pure" love, +for she carefully avoids causing more irritation to the genitals of the +child than is indispensable in caring for the body. But as we know the +sexual impulse is not awakened by the excitation of genital zones alone. +What we call tenderness will some day surely manifest its influence on +the genital zones also. If the mother better understood the high +significance of the sexual impulse for the whole psychic life and for +all ethical and psychic activities, the enlightenment would spare her +all reproaches. By teaching the child to love she only fulfills her +function; for the child should become a fit man with energetic sexual +needs, and accomplish in life all that the impulse urges the man to do. +Of course, too much parental tenderness becomes harmful because it +accelerates the sexual maturity, and also because it "spoils" the child +and makes it unfit to temporarily renounce love or be satisfied with a +smaller amount of love in later life. One of the surest premonitions of +later nervousness is the fact that the child shows itself insatiable in +its demands for parental tenderness; on the other hand, neuropathic +parents, who usually display a boundless tenderness, often with their +caressing awaken in the child a disposition for neurotic diseases. This +example at least shows that neuropathic parents have nearer ways than +inheritance by which they can transfer their disturbances to their +children. + +*Infantile Fear.*--The children themselves behave from their early +childhood as if their attachment to their foster-parents were of the +nature of sexual love. The fear of children is originally nothing but an +expression for the fact that they miss the beloved person. They +therefore meet every stranger with fear, they are afraid of the dark +because they cannot see the beloved person, and are calmed if they can +grasp that person's hand. The effect of childish fears and of the +terrifying stories told by nurses is overestimated if one blames the +latter for producing the fear in children. Children who are predisposed +to fear absorb these stories, which make no impression whatever upon +others; and only such children are predisposed to fear whose sexual +impulse is excessive or prematurely developed, or has become exigent +through pampering. The child behaves here like the adult, that is, it +changes its libido into fear when it cannot bring it to gratification, +and the grown-up who becomes neurotic on account of ungratified libido +behaves in his anxiety like a child; he fears when he is alone, _i.e._, +without a person of whose love he believes himself sure, and who can +calm his fears by means of the most childish measures.[7] + +*Incest Barriers.*--If the tenderness of the parents for the child has +luckily failed to awaken the sexual impulse of the child prematurely, +_i.e._, before the physical determinations for puberty appear, and if +that awakening has not gone so far as to cause an unmistakable breaking +through of the psychic excitement into the genital system, it can then +fulfill its task and direct the child at the age of maturity in the +selection of the sexual object. It would, of course, be most natural for +the child to select as the sexual object that person whom it has loved +since childhood with, so to speak, a suppressed libido.[8] But owing to +the delay of sexual maturity time has been gained for the erection +beside the sexual inhibitions of the incest barrier, that moral +prescription which explicitly excludes from the object selection the +beloved person of infancy or blood relation. The observance of this +barrier is above all a demand of cultural society which must guard +against the absorption by the family of those interests which it needs +for the production of higher social units. Society, therefore, uses +every means to loosen those family ties in every individual, especially +in the boy, which are authoritative in childhood only.[9] + +The object selection, however, is first accomplished in the imagination, +and the sexual life of the maturing youth has hardly any escape except +indulgence in phantasies or ideas which are not destined to be brought +to execution. In the phantasies of all persons the infantile +inclinations, now reenforced by somatic emphasis, reappear, and among +them one finds in regular frequency and in the first place the sexual +feeling of the child for the parents. This has usually already been +differentiated by the sexual attraction, the attraction of the son for +the mother and of the daughter for the father.[10] Simultaneously with +the overcoming and rejection of these distinctly incestuous phantasies +there occurs one of the most important as well as one of the most +painful psychic accomplishments of puberty; it is the breaking away from +the parental authority, through which alone is formed that opposition +between the new and old generations which is so important for cultural +progress. Many persons are detained at each of the stations in the +course of development through which the individual must pass; and +accordingly there are persons who never overcome the parental authority +and never, or very imperfectly, withdraw their affection from their +parents. They are mostly girls, who, to the delight of their parents, +retain their full infantile love far beyond puberty, and it is +instructive to find that in their married life these girls are incapable +of fulfilling their duties to their husbands. They make cold wives and +remain sexually anesthetic. This shows that the apparently non-sexual +love for the parents and the sexual love are nourished from the same +source, _i.e._, that the first merely corresponds to an infantile +fixation of the libido. + +The nearer we come to the deeper disturbances of the psychosexual +development the more easily we can recognize the evident significance of +the incestuous object-selection. As a result of sexual rejection there +remains in the unconscious of the psychoneurotic a great part or the +whole of the psychosexual activity for object finding. Girls with an +excessive need for affection and an equal horror for the real demands of +the sexual life experience an uncontrollable temptation on the one hand +to realize in life the ideal of the asexual love and on the other hand +to conceal their libido under an affection which they may manifest +without self reproach; this they do by clinging for life to the +infantile attraction for their parents or brothers or sisters which has +been repressed in puberty. With the help of the symptoms and other +morbid manifestations, psychoanalysis can trace their unconscious +thoughts and translate them into the conscious, and thus easily show to +such persons that they are in love with their consanguinous relations in +the popular meaning of the term. Likewise when a once healthy person +falls sick after an unhappy love affair, the mechanism of the disease +can distinctly be explained as a return of his libido to the persons +preferred in his infancy. + +*The After Effects of the Infantile Object Selection.*--Even those who +have happily eluded the incestuous fixation of their libido have not +completely escaped its influence. It is a distinct echo of this phase of +development that the first serious love of the young man is often for a +mature woman and that of the girl for an older man equipped with +authority--_i.e._, for persons who can revive in them the picture of the +mother and father. Generally speaking object selection unquestionably +takes place by following more freely these prototypes. The man seeks +above all the memory picture of his mother as it has dominated him since +the beginning of childhood; this is quite consistent with the fact that +the mother, if still living, strives against this, her renewal, and +meets it with hostility. In view of this significance of the infantile +relation to the parents for the later selection of the sexual object, it +is easy to understand that every disturbance of this infantile relation +brings to a head the most serious results for the sexual life after +puberty. Jealousy of the lover, too, never lacks the infantile sources +or at least the infantile reinforcement. Quarrels between parents and +unhappy marital relations between the same determine the severest +predispositions for disturbed sexual development or neurotic diseases in +the children. + +The infantile desire for the parents is, to be sure, the most important, +but not the only trace revived in puberty which points the way to the +object selection. Other dispositions of the same origin permit the man, +still supported by his infancy, to develop more than one single sexual +series and to form different determinations for the object +selection.[11] + +*Prevention of Inversion.*--One of the tasks imposed in the object +selection consists in not missing the opposite sex. This, as we know, is +not solved without some difficulty. The first feelings after puberty +often enough go astray, though not with any permanent injury. Dessoir +has called attention to the normality of the enthusiastic friendships +formed by boys and girls with their own sex. The greatest force which +guards against a permanent inversion of the sexual object is surely the +attraction exerted by the opposite sex characters on each other. For +this we can give no explanation in connection with this discussion. This +factor, however, does not in itself suffice to exclude the inversion; +besides this there are surely many other supporting factors. Above all, +there is the authoritative inhibition of society; experience shows that +where the inversion is not considered a crime it fully corresponds to +the sexual inclinations of many persons. Moreover, it may be assumed +that in the man the infantile memories of the mother's tenderness, as +well as that of other females who cared for him as a child, +energetically assist in directing his selection to the woman, while the +early sexual intimidation experienced through the father and the +attitude of rivalry existing between them deflects the boy from the same +sex. Both factors also hold true in the case of the girl whose sexual +activity is under the special care of the mother. This results in a +hostile relation to the same sex which decisively influences the object +selection in the normal sense. The bringing up of boys by male persons +(slaves in the ancient times) seems to favor homosexuality; the +frequency of inversion in the present day nobility is probably explained +by their employment of male servants, and by the scant care that mothers +of that class give to their children. It happens in some hysterics that +one of the parents has disappeared (through death, divorce, or +estrangement), thus permitting the remaining parent to absorb all the +love of the child, and in this way establishing the determinations for +the sex of the person to be selected later as the sexual object; thus a +permanent inversion is made possible. + + +SUMMARY + +It is now time to attempt a summing-up. We have started from the +aberrations of the sexual impulse in reference to its object and aim and +have encountered the question whether these originate from a congenital +predisposition, or whether they are acquired in consequence of +influences from life. The answer to this question was reached through an +examination of the relations of the sexual life of psychoneurotics, a +numerous group not very remote from the normal. This examination has +been made through psychoanalytic investigations. We have thus found that +a tendency to all perversions might be demonstrated in these persons in +the form of unconscious forces revealing themselves as symptom creators +and we could say that the neurosis is, as it were, the negative of the +perversion. In view of the now recognized great diffusion of tendencies +to perversion the idea forced itself upon us that the disposition to +perversions is the primitive and universal disposition of the human +sexual impulse, from which the normal sexual behavior develops in +consequence of organic changes and psychic inhibitions in the course of +maturity. We hoped to be able to demonstrate the original disposition in +the infantile life; among the forces restraining the direction of the +sexual impulse we have mentioned shame, loathing and sympathy, and the +social constructions of morality and authority. We have thus been forced +to perceive in every fixed aberration from the normal sexual life a +fragment of inhibited development and infantilism. The significance of +the variations of the original dispositions had to be put into the +foreground, but between them and the influences of life we had to assume +a relation of cooeperation and not of opposition. On the other hand, as +the original disposition must have been a complex one, the sexual +impulse itself appeared to us as something composed of many factors, +which in the perversions becomes separated, as it were, into its +components. The perversions, thus prove themselves to be on the one hand +inhibitions, and on the other dissociations from the normal development. +Both conceptions became united in the assumption that the sexual impulse +of the adult due to the composition of the diverse feelings of the +infantile life became formed into one unit, one striving, with one +single aim. + +We also added an explanation for the preponderance of perversive +tendencies in the psychoneurotics by recognizing in these tendencies +collateral fillings of side branches caused by the shifting of the main +river bed through repression, and we then turned our examination to the +sexual life of the infantile period.[12] We found it regrettable that +the existence of a sexual life in infancy has been disputed, and that +the sexual manifestations which have been often observed in children +have been described as abnormal occurrences. It rather seemed to us that +the child brings along into the world germs of sexual activity and that +even while taking nourishment it at the same time also enjoys a sexual +gratification which it then seeks again to procure for itself through +the familiar activity of "thumbsucking." The sexual activity of the +child, however, does not develop in the same measure as its other +functions, but merges first into the so-called latency period from the +age of three to the age of five years. The production of sexual +excitation by no means ceases at this period but continues and furnishes +a stock of energy, the greater part of which is utilized for aims other +than sexual; namely, on the one hand for the delivery of sexual +components for social feelings, and on the other hand (by means of +repression and reaction formation) for the erection of the future sexual +barriers. Accordingly, the forces which are destined to hold the sexual +impulse in certain tracks are built up in infancy at the expense of the +greater part of the perverse sexual feelings and with the assistance of +education. Another part of the infantile sexual manifestations escapes +this utilization and may manifest itself as sexual activity. It can then +be discovered that the sexual excitation of the child flows from diverse +sources. Above all gratifications originate through the adapted sensible +excitation of so-called erogenous zones. For these probably any skin +region or sensory organ may serve; but there are certain distinguished +erogenous zones the excitation of which by certain organic mechanisms is +assured from the beginning. Moreover, sexual excitation originates in +the organism, as it were, as a by-product in a great number of +processes, as soon as they attain a certain intensity; this especially +takes place in all strong emotional excitements even if they be of a +painful nature. The excitations from all these sources do not yet unite, +but they pursue their aim individually--this aim consisting merely in +the gaining of a certain pleasure. The sexual impulse of childhood is +therefore objectless or _autoerotic_. + +Still during infancy the erogenous zone of the genitals begins to make +itself noticeable, either by the fact that like any other erogenous zone +it furnishes gratification through a suitable sensible stimulus, or +because in some incomprehensible way the gratification from other +sources causes at the same time the sexual excitement which has a +special connection with the genital zone. We found cause to regret that +a sufficient explanation of the relations between sexual gratification +and sexual excitement, as well as between the activity of the genital +zone and the remaining sources of sexuality, was not to be attained. + +We were unable to state what amount of sexual activity in childhood +might be designated as normal to the extent of being incapable of +further development. The character of the sexual manifestation showed +itself to be preponderantly masturbatic. We, moreover, verified from +experience the belief that the external influences of seduction, might +produce premature breaches in the latency period leading as far as the +suppression of the same, and that the sexual impulse of the child really +shows itself to be polymorphous-perverse; furthermore, that every such +premature sexual activity impairs the educability of the child. + +Despite the incompleteness of our examinations of the infantile sexual +life we were subsequently forced to attempt to study the serious changes +produced by the appearance of puberty. We selected two of the same as +criteria, namely, the subordination of all other sources of the sexual +feeling to the primacy of the genital zones, and the process of object +finding. Both of them are already developed in childhood. The first is +accomplished through the mechanism of utilizing the fore-pleasure, +whereby all other independent sexual acts which are connected with +pleasure and excitement become preparatory acts for the new sexual aim, +the voiding of the sexual products, the attainment of which under +enormous pleasure puts an end to the sexual feeling. At the same time we +had to consider the differentiation of the sexual nature of man and +woman, and we found that in order to become a woman a new repression is +required which abolishes a piece of infantile masculinity, and prepares +the woman for the change of the leading genital zones. Lastly, we found +the object selection, tracing it through infancy to its revival in +puberty; we also found indications of sexual inclinations on the part of +the child for the parents and foster-parents, which, however, were +turned away from these persons to others resembling them by the incest +barriers which had been erected in the meantime. Let us finally add that +during the transition period of puberty the somatic and psychic +processes of development proceed side by side, but separately, until +with the breaking through of an intense psychic love-stimulus for the +innervation of the genitals, the normally demanded unification of the +erotic function is established. + +*The Factors Disturbing the Development.*--As we have already shown by +different examples, every step on this long road of development may +become a point of fixation and every joint in this complicated structure +may afford opportunity for a dissociation of the sexual impulse. It +still remains for us to review the various inner and outer factors which +disturb the development, and to mention the part of the mechanism +affected by the disturbance emanating from them. The factors which we +mention here in a series cannot, of course, all be in themselves of +equal validity and we must expect to meet with difficulties in the +assigning to the individual factors their due importance. + +*Constitution and Heredity.*--In the first place, we must mention here +the congenital _variation of the sexual constitution_, upon which the +greatest weight probably falls, but the existence of which, as may be +easily understood, can be established only through its later +manifestations and even then not always with great certainty. We +understand by it a preponderance of one or another of the manifold +sources of the sexual excitement, and we believe that such a difference +of disposition must always come to expression in the final result, even +if it should remain within normal limits. Of course, we can also imagine +certain variations of the original disposition that even without further +aid must necessarily lead to the formation of an abnormal sexual life. +One can call these "degenerative" and consider them as an expression of +hereditary deterioration. In this connection I have to report a +remarkable fact. In more than half of the severe cases of hysteria, +compulsion neuroses, etc., which I have treated by psychotherapy, I have +succeeded in positively demonstrating that their fathers have gone +through an attack of syphilis before marriage; they have either suffered +from tabes or general paresis, or there was a definite history of lues. +I expressly add that the children who were later neurotic showed +absolutely no signs of hereditary lues, so that the abnormal sexual +constitution was to be considered as the last off-shoot of the luetic +heredity. As far as it is now from my thoughts to put down a descent +from syphilitic parents as a regular and indispensable etiological +determination of the neuropathic constitution, I nevertheless maintain +that the coincidence observed by me is not accidental and not without +significance. + +The hereditary relations of the positive perverts are not so well known +because they know how to avoid inquiry. Still there is reason to believe +that the same holds true in the perversions as in the neuroses. We often +find perversions and psychoneuroses in the different sexes of the same +family, so distributed that the male members, or one of them, is a +positive pervert, while the females, following the repressive tendencies +of their sex, are negative perverts or hysterics. This is a good example +of the substantial relations between the two disturbances which I have +discovered. + +*Further Elaboration.*--It cannot, however, be maintained that the +structure of the sexual life is rendered finally complete by the +addition of the diverse components of the sexual constitution. On the +contrary, qualifications continue to appear and new possibilities +result, depending upon the fate experienced by the sexual streams +originating from the individual sources. This _further elaboration_ is +evidently the final and decisive one while the constitution described as +uniform may lead to three final issues. If all the dispositions assumed +to be abnormal retain their relative proportion, and are strengthened +with maturity, the ultimate result can only be a perverse sexual life. +The analysis of such abnormally constituted dispositions has not yet +been thoroughly undertaken, but we already know cases that can be +readily explained in the light of these theories. Authors believe, for +example, that a whole series of fixation perversions must necessarily +have had as their basis a congenital weakness of the sexual impulse. The +statement seems to me untenable in this form, but it becomes ingenious +if it refers to a constitutional weakness of one factor in the sexual +impulse, namely, the genital zone, which later in the interests of +propagation accepts as a function the sum of the individual sexual +activities. In this case the summation which is demanded in puberty must +fail and the strongest of the other sexual components continues its +activity as a perversion.[13] + +*Repression.*--Another issue results if in the course of development +certain powerful components experience a _repression_--which we must +carefully note is not a suspension. The excitations in question are +produced as usual but are prevented from attaining their aim by psychic +hindrances, and are driven off into many other paths until they express +themselves in a symptom. The result can be an almost normal sexual +life--usually a limited one--but supplemented by psychoneurotic disease. +It is these cases that become so familiar to us through the +psychoanalytic investigation of neurotics. The sexual life of such +persons begins like that of perverts, a considerable part of their +childhood is filled up with perverse sexual activity which occasionally +extends far beyond the period of maturity, but owing to inner reasons a +repressive change then results--usually before puberty, but now and then +even much later--and from this point on without any extinction of the +old feelings there appears a neurosis instead of a perversion. One may +recall here the saying, "Junge Hure, alte Betschwester,"--only here +youth has turned out to be much too short. The relieving of the +perversion by the neurosis in the life of the same person, as well as +the above mentioned distribution of perversion and hysteria in different +persons of the same family, must be placed side by side with the fact +that the neurosis is the negative of the perversion. + +*Sublimation.*--The third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositions +is made possible by the process of "sublimation," through which the +powerful excitations from individual sources of sexuality are discharged +and utilized in other spheres, so that a considerable increase of +psychic capacity results from an, in itself dangerous, predisposition. +This forms one the sources of artistic activity, and, according as such +sublimation is complete or incomplete, the analysis of the character of +highly gifted, especially of artistically disposed persons, will show +any proportionate, blending between productive ability, perversion, and +neurosis. A sub-species of sublimation is the suppression through +_reaction-formation_, which, as we have found, begins even in the +latency period of infancy, only to continue throughout life in +favorable cases. What we call the _character_ of a person is built up to +a great extent from the material of sexual excitations; it is composed +of impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation, and of such +constructions as are destined to suppress effectually those perverse +feelings which are recognized as useless. The general perverse sexual +disposition of childhood can therefore be esteemed as a source of a +number of our virtues, insofar as it incites their creation through the +formation of reactions.[14] + +*Accidental Experiences.*--All other influences lose in significance +when compared with the sexual discharges, shifts of repressions, and +sublimations; the inner determinations for the last two processes are +totally unknown to us. He who includes repressions and sublimations +among constitutional predispositions, and considers them as the living +manifestations of the same, has surely the right to maintain that the +final structure of the sexual life is above all the result of the +congenital constitution. No intelligent person, however, will dispute +that in such a cooeperation of factors there is also room for the +modifying influences of occasional factors derived from experience in +childhood and later on. + +It is not easy to estimate the effectiveness of the constitutional and +of the occasional factors in their relation to each other. Theory is +always inclined to overestimate the first while therapeutic practice +renders prominent the significance of the latter. By no means should it +be forgotten that between the two there exists a relation of cooeperation +and not of exclusion. The constitutional factor must wait for +experiences which bring it to the surface, while the occasional needs +the support of the constitutional factor in order to become effective. +For the majority of cases one can imagine a so-called "etiological +group" in which the declining intensities of one factor become balanced +by the rise in the others, but there is no reason to deny the existence +of extremes at the ends of the group. + +It would be still more in harmony with psychoanalytic investigation if +the experiences of early childhood would get a place of preference among +the occasional factors. The one etiological group then becomes split up +into two which may be designated as the dispositional and the definitive +groups. Constitution and occasional infantile experiences are just as +cooeperative in the first as disposition and later traumatic experiences +in the second group. All the factors which injure the sexual development +show their effect in that they produce a _regression_, or a return to a +former phase of development. + +We may now continue with our task of enumerating the factors which have +become known to us as influential for the sexual development, whether +they be active forces or merely manifestations of the same. + +*Prematurity.*--Such a factor is the spontaneous sexual _prematurity_ +which can be definitely demonstrated at least in the etiology of the +neuroses, though in itself it is as little adequate for causation as the +other factors. It manifests itself in a breaking through, shortening, or +suspending of the infantile latency period and becomes a cause of +disturbances inasmuch as it provokes sexual manifestations which, either +on account of the unready state of the sexual inhibitions or because of +the undeveloped state of the genital system, can only carry along the +character of perversions. These tendencies to perversion may either +remain as such, or after the repression sets in they may become motive +powers for neurotic symptoms; at all events, the sexual prematurity +renders difficult the desirable later control of the sexual impulse by +the higher psychic influences, and enhances the compulsive-like +character which even without this prematurity would be claimed by the +psychic representatives of the impulse. Sexual prematurity often runs +parallel with premature intellectual development; it is found as such in +the infantile history of the most distinguished and most productive +individuals, and in such connection it does not seem to act as +pathogenically as when appearing isolated. + +*Temporal Factors.*--Just like prematurity, other factors, which under +the designation of _temporal_ can be added to prematurity, also demand +consideration. It seems to be phylogenetically established in what +sequence the individual impulsive feelings become active, and how long +they can manifest themselves before they succumb to the influence of a +newly appearing active impulse or to a typical repression. But both in +this temporal succession as well as in the duration of the same, +variations seem to occur, which must exercise a definite influence on +the experience. It cannot be a matter of indifference whether a certain +stream appears earlier or later than its counterstream, for the effect +of a repression cannot be made retrogressive; a temporal deviation in +the composition of the components regularly produces a change in the +result. On the other hand impulsive feelings which appear with special +intensity often come to a surprisingly rapid end, as in the case of the +heterosexual attachment of the later manifest homosexuals. The strivings +of childhood which manifest themselves most impetuously do not justify +the fear that they will lastingly dominate the character of the +grown-up; one has as much right to expect that they will disappear in +order to make room for their counterparts. (Harsh masters do not rule +long.) To what one may attribute such temporal confusions of the +processes of development we are hardly able to suggest. A view is opened +here to a deeper phalanx of biological, and perhaps also historical +problems, which we have not yet approached within fighting distance. + +*Adhesion.*--The significance of all premature sexual manifestations is +enhanced by a psychic factor of unknown origin which at present can be +put down only as a psychological preliminary. I believe that it is the +_heightened adhesion_ or _fixedness_ of these impressions of the sexual +life which in later neurotics, as well as in perverts, must be added for +the completion of the other facts; for the same premature sexual +manifestations in other persons cannot impress themselves deeply enough +to repeat themselves compulsively and to succeed in prescribing the way +for the sexual impulse throughout later life. Perhaps a part of the +explanation for this adhesion lies in another psychic factor which we +cannot miss in the causation of the neuroses, namely, in the +preponderance which in the psychic life falls to the share of memory +traces as compared with recent impressions. This factor is apparently +dependent on the intellectual development and grows with the growth of +personal culture. In contrast to this the savage has been characterized +as "the unfortunate child of the moment."[15] Owing to the oppositional +relation existing between culture and the free development of sexuality, +the results of which may be traced far into the formation of our life, +the problem how the sexual life of the child evolves is of very little +importance for the later life in the lower stages of culture and +civilization, and of very great importance in the higher. + +*Fixation.*--The influence of the psychic factors just mentioned favored +the development of the accidentally experienced impulses of the +infantile sexuality. The latter (especially in the form of seductions +through other children or through adults) produce the material which, +with the help of the former, may become fixed as a permanent +disturbance. A considerable number of the deviations from the normal +sexual life observed later have been thus established in neurotics and +perverts from the beginning through the impressions received during the +alleged sexually free period of childhood. The causation is produced by +the responsiveness of the constitution, the prematurity, the quality of +heightened adhesion, and the accidental excitement of the sexual impulse +through outside influence. + +The unsatisfactory conclusions which have resulted from this +investigation of the disturbances of the sexual life is due to the fact +that we as yet know too little concerning the biological processes in +which the nature of sexuality consists to form from our isolated +examinations a satisfactory theory for the explanation of either the +normal or the pathological. + +[1] The differences will be emphasized in the schematic representation +given in the text. To what extent the infantile sexuality approaches the +definitive sexual organization through its object selection has been +discussed before (p. 60). + +[2] See my work, Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious, translated by +A.A. Brill, Moffat Yard Pub. Co., New York: "The fore-pleasure gained by +the technique of wit is utilized for the purpose of setting free a +greater pleasure by the removal of inner inhibitions." + +[3] Cf. Zur Einfuehrung des Narzismus, Jahrbuch der Psychoanalyse, VI, +1913. + +[4] It is necessary to make clear that the conceptions "masculine" and +"feminine," whose content seems so unequivocal to the ordinary meaning, +belong to the most confused terms in science and can be cut up into at +least three paths. One uses masculine and feminine at times in the sense +of activity and passivity, again, in the biological sense, and then also +in the sociological sense. The first of these three meanings is the +essential one and the only one utilizable in psychoanalysis. It agrees +with the masculine designation of the libido in the text above, for the +libido is always active even when it is directed to a passive aim. The +second, the biological significance of masculine and feminine, is the +one which permits the clearest determination. Masculine and feminine are +here characterized by the presence of semen or ovum and through the +functions emanating from them. The activity and its secondary +manifestations, like stronger developed muscles, aggression, a greater +intensity of libido, are as a rule soldered to the biological +masculinity but not necessarily connected with it, for there are species +of animals in whom these qualities are attributed to the female. The +third, the sociological meaning, receives its content through the +observation of the actual existing male and female individuals. The +result of this in man is that there is no pure masculinity or feminity +either in the biological or psychological sense. On the contrary every +individual person shows a mixture of his own biological sex +characteristics with the biological traits of the other sex and a union +of activity and passivity; this is the case whether these psychological +characteristic features depend on the biological or whether they are +independent of it. + +[5] Psychoanalysis teaches that there are two paths of object-finding; +the first is the one discussed in the text which is guided by the early +infantile prototypes. The second is the narcissistic which seeks its own +ego and finds it in the other. The latter is of particularly great +significance for the pathological outcomes, but does not fit into the +connection treated here. + +[6] Those to whom this conception appears "wicked" may read Havelock +Ellis's treatise on the relations between mother and child which +expresses almost the same ideas (The Sexual Impulse, p. 16). + +[7] For the explanation of the origin of the infantile fear I am +indebted to a three-year-old boy whom I once heard calling from a dark +room: "Aunt, talk to me, I am afraid because it is dark." "How will that +help you," answered the aunt; "you cannot see anyhow." "That's nothing," +answered the child; "if some one talks then it becomes light."--He was, +as we see, not afraid of the darkness but he was afraid because he +missed the person he loved, and he could promise to calm down as soon as +he was assured of her presence. + +[8] Cf. here what was said on page 83 concerning the object selection of +the child; the "tender stream." + +[9] The incest barrier probably belongs to the historical acquisitions +of humanity and like other moral taboos it must be fixed in many +individuals through organic heredity. (Cf. my work, Totem and Taboo, +1913.) Psychoanalytic studies show, however, how intensively the +individual struggles with the incest temptations during his development +and how frequently he puts them into phantasies and even into reality. + +[10] Compare the description concerning the inevitable relation in the +Oedipus legend (The Interpretation of Dreams, p. 222, translated by A.A. +Brill, The Macmillan Co., New York, and Allen & Unwin, London). + +[11] Innumerable peculiarities of the human love-life as well as the +compulsiveness of being in love itself can surely only be understood +through a reference to childhood or as an effective remnant of the same. + +[12] This was true not only of the "negative" tendencies to perversion +appearing in the neurosis, but also of the so-called positive +perversions. The latter are not only to be attributed to the fixation of +the infantile tendencies, but also to regression to these tendencies +owing to the misplacement of other paths of the sexual stream. Hence the +positive perversions are also accessible to psychoanalytic therapy. (Cf. +the works of Sadger, Ferenczi, and Brill.) + +[13] Here one often sees that at first a normal sexual stream begins at +the age of puberty, but owing to its inner weakness it breaks down at +the first outer hindrance and then changes from regression, to perverse +fixation. + +[14] That keen observer of human nature, E. Zola, describes a girl in +his book, La Joie de vivre, who in cheerful self renunciation offers all +she has in possession or expectation, her fortune and her life's hopes +to those she loves without thought of return. The childhood of this girl +was dominated by an insatiable desire for love which whenever she was +depreciated caused her to merge into a fit of cruelty. + +[15] It is possible that the heightened adhesion is only the result of a +special intensive somatic sexual manifestation of former years. + + + + +INDEX + + +Aberrations (see Perversions) + a fragment of inhibited development, 89 + Sexual, 1, 13, 14 + shown by the psychoneurotic, 29 + with animals, 13 + +Absolute Inversion (sexual object of the same sex), 2 + +Activity and Passivity in sexual aim in exhibitionism, 21 + of Sadism and Masochism, 23 + precursors and masculine and feminine, 59 + +Activity, Muscular, 63 + +Adhesion, heightened, or fixedness of impressions of sexual life, 99 + may be only result of a special intensive somatic sexual manifestation of former years, 99 + +Affective Processes, 64 + pathogenic action of, 64 + value of unconscious thought formation, 27 + +Aggression, Sadism and Masochism not attributable to mixture of, 24 + taint of, shown by sexuality of most men, 22 + +Agoraphobia and neurotic disturbances of walking, 64, note 22 + +Aims of impulses distinguish them from one another, 31 + +Algolagnia, 22 + +Alkaloids, introduction of, analogous in neuroses and phenomena of intoxication and abstinence, 76 + +Ambivalence, 59 + +Amnesia, Infantile, 37 + connected with infantile sexual activity, 51 + and hysterical compared, 39 + +Amphigenous inversion, 2 + +Anal Erotic, 10, note 11 + Zone, activity of, 47 + erogenous significance of, 48 + masturbatic irritation of, 49 + +Androgyny, 8 + +Anesthesia, causes of, are partly psychic, 81 + continuance of, caused by retention of clitoris excitability, 81 + of newly married women, 80 + of wives due to parent complex, 85 + of women often only apparent and local, 81 + of women only at vaginal entrance, 81 + +Animals as sexual objects, 13 + +Anus (see also Anal) + as aim of inverts, 12; 17 + especially frequent example of transgression, 29 + part played by erogenous zone in, 32 + +Anxiety on railroads, 63 + +Archaic constitution, 10, note 11 + +Arduin, Dr., 9, note 11 + +Attractions connected with pleasure, 70 + +Autoerotism, the gratification of sexual impulse on own body, 43 + separation of, from object love, not temporal, 55, note 19 + essential, of infantile sexuality, 58 + of erogenous zones, same in boy and girl, 79 + regular, of sexual impulse, 81 + + +Baths, warm, therapeutic effects of, 62 + +Bayer, 40, note 6 + +Beautiful, concept of, 21 + a quality of excitation, 70 + +Bell, S., 37, + note 2; 55, + note 19 + +Binet; 19; 34 + +Birth theories, 57 + +Bisexuality, Relation of, 7 + as explanation of inversion, 9, note 11 + Sadism and Masochism, 24 + necessary to understanding of sexual in man and woman, 80 + +Bladder, disturbances of childhood sexual in nature, 51 + +Bleuler, 37, note 2; 60 + +Bloch, I., 1, note 1; 5; 16 + +Breast, rubbing of, 43 + woman's, as erogenous zone, 71 + + +Cadavers, 25 + +Cannibalistic pregenital phase, 59 + +Castration complex, 22; 56 + of males does not always injure sexual libido, 75 + +Catarrh, intestinal, produces irritations in anal zone, 48 + +Cathartic treatment, 26 + +Character built up from the material of sexual excitations, 96 + composed of impulses fixed since infancy and won through sublimation, 96 + of individual determined by infantile sexual activity, 50 + +Chemical theories of sexual excitement, 76 + +Chevalier, 7; 9, note 11 + +Childish, see Infantile + +Children and neurotics compared, 38 + as sexual objects, 13 + cruelty especially characteristic of, 30 + educability of, impaired by premature sexual activity, 91 + impressionability of, 38 + in school, behavior of and germinating sexuality, 64 + sexual life of, 40 + +Clitoris, chief erogenous zone in female child, 80 + erection of, in little girls, 80 + excitability retained causes continuance of anesthesia, 81 + excitation, destinies of, 80 + conducts excitement to adjacent female parts, 80 + transfer of, to other parts, takes time, 80 + sexuality is a part of male sexual life, 80 + sexuality repressed in girl at puberty, 80 + +Coitus, 36 + +Colin, 23 + +Complex, castration, 22; 56 + Oedipus, 85 + parent, 15, note 14 + strongest in girls, 85 + +Compulsion emanating from unconscious psychic material, 51 + inversion is perceived as a morbid, 3 + neurosis, 32 + psychoanalysis enlightens ego libido, 77 + from fixation on erogenous zones in infancy, 77 + +Congeniality in inversions, 4 + of perversions in all persons, 34 + +Conscience, 22 + +Constitutional factor, relation of, to occasional 96 + +Contrary Sexuals, 2 + +Conversion, 27 + +Coprophilic smell desire, 20, note 19 + +Copulation, 14 + +Courting, 22 + +Craving, best English word for libido, 1, note 2 + +Cruelty and sexual impulse most intimately connected, 23 + as component of infantile sexual life regarding others as sexual objects, 53 + especially near the childish character, 54 + partial desires as carriers of impulses of, 30 + +Culture and sex, 41 + + +Dangers of fore-pleasure, 72 + +Degeneration, nervous, 4 + high ethical culture in, 5 + +Dementia praecox, 26 + +Desire, coprophilic smell, 20, note 19 + for knowledge, 55 + immense sexual, in hysteria, 28 + partial, 29 + +Dessoir, 87 + +Donation, idea of, 48; 49 + +Drinking, desire for, in former thumbsuckers, 44 + + +Ear lobe pulling, 42 + +Eating, sexuality of, 66 + +Ego-Libido (see Libido) + +Ellis, H., 1, note 1; 6; 8; 23; 43; 52, note 18 + +End Pleasure (see Gratification, Orgasm, Pleasure) + new to age after puberty, 72 + +Enuresis nocturna corresponds to a pollution, 51 + +Erection of clitoris in little girls, 80 + of penis, a somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69 + +Erogenous action of pain, 65 + functions, disturbance of, in lip zone, 66 + significance of anal zone, 48 + zones, partial impulses and, 31 + significance of in psychoneuroses, 32 + preponderance of special, in psychoneuroses, 34 + source of sexual feelings of infantile years, 41 + lips as, 44 + characters of, 45 + predestined, 46 + show same characters as hysterogenous, 46 + any part of body may become, 46, note 12 + significance of anal zone, 48 + premature activity in, indicated by cruelty, 54 + parts of skin called, 65 + one of three ways of stimulation of sexual apparatus, 69 + their manner of adjustment to new order, 70 + role of, in preparing sexual excitation, 70 + increase tension, 71 + make possible the gratification pleasure, 72 + contribute unusual pleasure in infantile life, 72 + connected anatomically with centers producing tension, 74 + autoerotism of, same in boy and girl, 79 + chief, in female child is the clitoris, 80 + changed from clitoris to vagina, mark of womanhood, 81 + change of leading, determines woman's preference for neuroses, 81 + gratified by intercourse between child and foster parents, 82 + +Etiological group, 97 + composed of dispositional and definitive groups, 97 + +Eulenberg, 1, note 1 + +Excitement enhanced by preliminary activities, 14 + hunger, 16 + influences, three kinds of, 62 + sexual, nature of, entirely unfamiliar, 66 + prepared by erogenous zones, 70 + result of any of three kinds of stimuli, 69 + +Exhibitionism (see Looking, Peeping, Voyeur) + as a perversion, 21 + partial desires as carriers of, 30 + the eye as erogenous zone in, 32 + as component of infantile sexual life, 53 + +Eye as erogenous zone, 32; 70 + + +Faith, 15 + +Father, sexual intimidation experienced through, averts inversion, 88 + +Fear, infantile, 83 + only expresses child's missing beloved person, 83 + influence of, sexually exciting, 64 + of being alone alike in child and neurotic, 84 + of dark, infantile, 83 + of grown up neurotic like that of children, 84 + only children with excessive sexual impulse disposed to, 83 + sought as sexual excitement, 64 + +Feces, licking of, 25 + retention of, a source of pleasure, 48 + a cause of constipation, 49 + +Feelings, perverted, 34 + +Female (see Masculine and Feminine) + +Female child, entirely made character of in autoerotism and masturbation, 79 + +Fere, 23 + +Ferenczi, 15, note 14 + +Fetichism, 18 + Binet's findings in, 34 + nothing in unconscious streams of thought inclining to, 30 + of foot, 20, note 19 + +Fixation, 99 + of impulses accidentally experienced, 99 + +Fliess, W., 10, note 11; 29, note 26; 41, note 7 + +Foot, as unfit substitute for sexual object, 18 + fetichism of, 20, note 19 + +Fore-Pleasure, connection of, with infantile life strengthened by pathogenic role, 72 + dangers of, 72 + is that of excitation of erogenous zones, 72 + mechanism contains danger to attainment of normal sexual aim, 72 + primacy of genital zones and the, 69 + same as that furnished by infantile sexual impulse, 72 + too much endangers attainment of normal sexual aim, 72 + +Fur, 19 + +Fusions, 26 + activity of, 49 + + +Genital zone, primacy of, 69 + external, in woman, so important for later sexual functions, 80 + overestimation of internal, 75 + gratification of, 52 + +Genitals, erogenous zones behave like real, in hysteria, 32 + looking only at, becomes a perversion, 21 + male, in all persons, the infantile sexual theory, 56 + mouth and anus playing role of, 29 + opening of female, unknown to children, 58 + primacy of, intended by nature, 50 + rubbed by children while pleasure sucking, 43 + sexual impulse of reawakens, 50 + touching of, caused by strong excitements in children, 64 + +Gley, E., 9, note 11 + +Globus, hysterical, in former thumbsuckers, 45 + +Gratification pleasure of orgasm, 71 + sexual, 3; 14 + picture of, in suckling, 44 + relation of, to sexual excitement not explained, 91 + the best hypnotic, 43 + +Groos, K., 37, note 2 + + +Hair, 18 + +Halban, 8 + +Hall, G.S., 37, note 2 + +Hemorrhoids and neurotic states, 48 + +Heredity, 36 + +Herman, G., 10, note 11 + +Hermaphrodites, psychosexual, 2; 7 + anatomical, 7 + +Hetero-sexual feelings, 3, note 5; 29, note 26 + intercourse, dangers of, fix inversions, 6 + +Hirschfeld, M., 1, note 1; 9, note 11 + +Hoche, 16 + +Homosexual, 2 + among Greeks, 11 + favored by bringing up of boys by men, 88 + inclination resulting in inversion, 6 + in men, 11 + in women, 12 + object selection accomplished by all men in the unconscious, 10, note 11 + +Hug-Hellmuth, Mrs. Dr. H., 37, note 2 + +Hunger and sex compared, 1 + excitement, 16 + +Hypnosis (suggestion), 3, note 4 + obedience in, shows nature of, to be fixation on hypnotizer, 15, note 14 + removes inversion, 6 + +Hysteria, immense sexual desire in, 28 + male, explained by propensity to inversion, 29 + many cases of have syphilitic fathers, 93 + preference for, in women determined by change of leading erogenous zone, 81 + determined by repression of puberty, 81 + psychoanalysis in, 26 + of, enlightens the ego-libido, 77 + removes symptoms of, 27 + seduction as frequent cause of, 52 + some cases of, conditioned by disappearance of one parent, 88 + symptomatology of, tendency to displacement in, 46 + +Hysterical globus, 45 + vomiting, 44; 45 + +Hysterogenous zones show same characteristics as erogenous, 46 + + +Ideal of sexual life, the union of all desires in one object, 61 + +Identification as development out of oral pregenital sexual organization, 59 + +Immature as sexual objects, 13 + +Impotence, 20 + +Impulse development, 9 + partial, 31 + independent of each other, strive for pleasure, 58 + sexual, 1 + acquired, 5 + to mastery, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, 50 + +Incest barriers, 84 + object selection significant in psychosexual disturbances, 86 + phantasies rejected, 85 + temptations, struggle of the individual with, 85, note 9 + +Infantile amnesia, 37 + and infantile sexual activity, 51 + attraction for parents, etc., repressed in puberty, 86 + desire for parents, 87 + factor for sexuality, 39 + fear, 83; 84, note 7 + fixation of libido, 86 + in sexuality, 34 + conserved by neurotics, 35 + masturbation, 51 + neglect of the, 36 + object selection, after effects of, 86 + onanism almost universal, 50 + relations to parents, produces serious results to sexual life, 87 + cause of jealousy of lover, 87 + wet nurse, 82 + reminiscences in neurotics, 40 + sexual activity, 50 + aim, 45; 46 + excitement generously provided for, 65 + impulse same as adult fore-pleasure, 72 + investigation, failure of, 57 + sexuality, 36 + manifestations of, 42 + determines normal, 73 + source of, 61 + sexual life, 53 + +Influences, opposite, paths of, 66 + +Inhibitions (see Shame, Loathing, Sympathy) 26, note 23 + sexual, 40 + develop earlier in girl, 78 + study of, 58 + +Innateness, 5 + +Inner organic world, one of three stimulants of sexual apparatus, 69 + +Inquisitiveness, 55 + of children attracted to sexual problems, 56 + +Intentions, Appearance of New, 20 + +Intellectual work, 65 + +Intensity of stimulus, a factor in sexual excitement, 65 + +Intestinal catarrh in neurosis, 48 + +Inversion, amphigenous, 2 + influence of climate and race on, 5 + conception of, 4 + congeniality of, 4 + corresponds to sexual inclinations of many persons, 88 + effect of father on, 11, note 11 + explanation of, 6; 10, note 11 + extreme cases of, 3 + feelings of, in all neurotics, 29 + frequent in ancient times, 5 + permanent, made possible by a disappearance of one parent, 88 + prevention of, 87 + time of, 3 + +Inverts, behavior of, 2; 3 + psychic manliness in, 8 + sexual object of, 10 + aim of, 12 + +Investigation, infantile sexual, 55 + conducted alone, 58 + is first step at independent orientation, 58 + causes estrangement from persons, 58 + +Itching, feeling of, projected into peripheral erogenous zone, 47 + + +Kiernan, 7 + +Kinderfehler, Die (periodical), 37, note 2 + +Kissing (see Mouth, Oral) + as perversion, 15 + habitual, in former thumbsuckers, 44 + in female inverts, 12 + +Knowledge, desire for, cooeperates with energy of desire for looking, 56 + not wholly sexual, 55 + relations to sexual life of particular importance to, 56 + +Krafft-Ebing, 1, note 1; 9, and note 11; 22; 23 + weakness of his description of sexual process, 75 + + +Latency Period, Sexual in Childhood, 39; 40 + interruptions of, 41 + +Leading Zone in man and woman, 80 + in female child is the clitoris, 80 + +Libido as term for sexual feeling corresponding to hunger, 1 + of inverts, 3 + direction of, determined by experience in early childhood, 6 + attachment of, to persons of same sex, 10, note 11 + fixation of, on hypnotizer, 15, note 14 + amount of directed to artistic aim, 21 + aggressive factor of, in sadism, 23 + strivings of, transformed into symptoms, 28 + fixation of, on persons of same sex, 29 + union of cruelty with, in neurotics and paranoiacs, 30 + of psychoneurotics unable to obtain normal sexual gratification, 33 + of children in corporal punishment, 55 + tension of, dies away at orgasm, 71 + sometimes escapes injury in castration, 75 + Theory of, 77 + a force of variable quantity capable of measuring sexual processes, 77 + a concept auxiliary to chemical theory, 77 + energy has a qualitative character, 77 + has special chemism different from nutritional processes, 77 + quantum psychically represented by ego-libido, 77 + production, increase, distribution and displacement of the Ego-, explains psychosexual phenomena, 77 + accessibility of the Ego- to psychoanalysis, 77 + the Ego- becomes Object-Libido, 77 + fate of the Object- is to be withdrawn from the object, 77 + is to be preserved floating in special states of tension, 77 + is to be finally taken back into the Ego, 77 + The Ego- is called the narcissistic Libido, 78 + greater significance of, in psychotic disturbances, 78 + is regularly of a masculine character in man and woman, 79 + the object of may be either man or woman, 79 + of child, when ungratified is changed into fear, 84 + suppressed, of love of child to parents, 84 + infantile fixation of, causes sexual love for parents, 86 + girls conceal, under affection for family, 86 + return of, to persons preferred in infancy, 86 + incestuous fixation of, not completely escaped, 86 + +Lindner, 42; 43 + +Lingering at intermediary relations, 15; 20 + at preparatory act of sexual process is mechanism of many perversions, 73 + +Lip as erogenous zone, 44 + sexual utilization of mucous membrane of, 16 + sucking of, 42 + zone is responsible for sexual gratification during eating, 66 + +Loathing, feeling of, protects individual from improper sexual aims, 16; 17 + overcoming of, at sight of excretion, produces voyeurs, 21 + and Shame in Masochism, 23 + in Inversions, 25 + as psychic force inhibiting sexual life, 40 + +Looking (see Peeping, Voyeurs) + as addition to normal sexual process, 14 + Lingering at Touching and, 20 + as a perversion, 21 + and exhibition mania, the eye an erogenous zone in, 32 + as component of infantile sexual life with others as object, 53 + +Love, omnipotence of, 25 + and hate, 30 + temporary renouncement of, in child, 83 + smaller amount of, than mother love to satisfy individual in later life, 83 + non-sexual and sexual, for parents, nourished from same source, 86 + sexual, corresponds to an infantile fixation of the Libido, 86 + -life, peculiarities of, understood only through childhood, 87, note 11 + +Loewenfeld, 1, note 1 + +Lydston, F., 7 + + +Magnan's classification, 4 + +Man (see Bisexuality, Masculine and Feminine) + sexual development of, more consistent and easier to understand, 68 + differentiation between, and woman, 78 + +Masculine and feminine, 79 + as activity and passivity, 79, note 4 + biological significance of, permits clearest determination, 79 note 4 + in sociological sense, 79, note 4 + no pure, in either biological or sociological sense, 79, note 4 + +Masochism, in relation between hypnotized and hypnotist, 15, note 14 + and Sadism, 21 + originates through transformation from Sadism, 22 + and Sadism occupy special place among perversions, 23 + reinforced by Sadism in exhibitionism, 30 + source of, in painful irritation of gluteal region, 55 + -Sadism impulse rooted in erogenous action of pain, 65 + +Mastery, impulse to, foreshadowed in boys' masturbation, 50 + source of cruelty in children, 54 + supplies activity, 59 + +Masturbatic sexual manifestations, 47 + excitation of anal zone, 49 + irritation of anal zone, 49 + sexual manifestations have same male character in boy and girl, 79 + +Masturbation frequently the exclusive aim in inversion, 12 + in small children, 36 + thumb-sucking and, 43 + infantile, has three phases, 50 + return of, 51 + in little girls concerns clitoris only, 80 + +Mechanical excitation, 62 + +Memory traces preponderate over recent impressions in causation of neuroses, 99 + +Moebius, 1, note 1; 4, note 6; 34 + +Moll, 1, note 1; 32; 37, note 1 + +Morality as a psychic dam, 41 + +Mother, fixation on, in inverts, 11, note 12 + image helps males avert inversions, 88 + image helps females avert inversions, 88 + +Motion, pleasure of, sexual in nature, 64, note 22 + +Mouth (see Lip, Oral) + Sexual Utilization of Mucous Membrane of Lips and, 16 + as a frequent example of transgression, 29 + as an erogenous zone, 31 + +Muscular activity, pleasure from, 63 + + +Narcissism in object selection, 10, note 11 + as identification with mother, 12, note 12 + +Narcissistic Libido a name for Ego-Libido, 78 + a reservoir of energy for investment of object, 78 + investment of ego a realized primitive state, 78 + +Nausea on railroads, 63 + +Neurosis and perversion, 28 + the negative of a perversion, 29; 89 + intestinal catarrh in, 48 + symptomatology of, traced to disturbance of sexual processes, 67 + a factor in the causation of, is preponderance of memory traces, 99 + +Neurotics and children compared, 38 + infantile reminiscences in, 40 + scatologic customs of, 49 + diseases, disposition for, awakened by over tender parents, 83 + have nearer ways than tenderness to transfer their disturbances to their children, 38 + fixedness of impressions of sexual life in, 99 + +Nursing Period, Sexual Object of, 82 + + +Object finding, 81 + is consummated on psychic side at anatomical puberty, 81 + is really a re-finding (of the mother), 82 + two paths of, shown by psychoanalysis, 82, note 5 + selection must avoid beloved person of infancy, 84 + first accomplished in imagination, 85 + incestuous, significant in psychosexual disturbances, 86 + after effects of infantile, 86 + follows prototypes of parents, 86 + +Obsessions explained only through psychoanalysis, 26 + +Occasional inversion, 2 + +Oedipus Complex, 85 + +Onanism (see Masturbation) + mutual, not producing inversion, 6 + infantile, almost universal, 50 + unusual techniques in, show prohibition overcome, 50, note 15 + infantile, disappears soon, 50 + connected by conscience-stricken neurotics with their neurosis, 51, note 16 + gratification in infantile masturbation, 51 + early active, as determinant of pollution-like process, 51 + +Opposite Influences, Paths of, 66 + +Oral (see Lip, Mouth) + pregenital sexual organization, 59 + +Organizations, Pregenital, 54; 58 + +Orgasm, thumb-sucking leading to, 43 + +Overestimation of the Sexual Object, 15 + +Overwork, nervous disturbances of mental, caused by simultaneous sexual excitement, 65 + + +Pain ranks with loathing and shame, 23 + +Pain sought by many persons, 64 + toned down has erogenous action, 65 + a factor in sexual excitement, 65 + +Paranoia, knowledge of sexual impulse in, gained only through psychoanalysis, 26 + delusional fears in, based on perversions, 29, note 25 + union of cruelty with libido in, 30 + significance of erogenous zones in, 32 + +Parent complex, 15, note 14 + strongest in girls, 85 + result of boundless tenderness of parents, 83 + +Partial desires, 29 + impulses and erogenous zones, 31; 34; 53; 59 + show passive form in girls, 79 + +Passivity (see Activity) + sexual aim present in exhibitionism in active and passive form, 21 + active and passive forms of Sadism-Masochism, 23 + +Pedicatio, 17 + +Peeping (see Exhibitionism, Looking, Voyeurs) + as perversion, 21 + force opposed to, is shame, 21 + mania, partial desires as carriers of, 30 + as strongest motive power for formation of neurotic symptoms, 54 + +Penis, envy of in girls, 37 + erection of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69 + +Perez, 37, note 2 + +Perversions, as additions to normal sexual processes, 14 + brought into relation with normal sexual life, 15 + mouth as sexual organ in, 16 + Sadism-Masochism the most significant of, 22 + general statements applicable to, 24 + exclusiveness and fixation of, 25 + psychic participation in, 25 + and neurosis, 28; 29 + fetichisms as, 30 + positive, 31 + preponderance of sexual, in psychoneuroses, 32 + sexual impulse of psychoneurotics possesses unusual tendency to, 33 + relation of predisposition to, and morbid picture, 34 + formation of, 52 + of prostitutes, 53 + part played in, by castration complex, 22 + mechanism of many, represents a lingering at a preparatory act, 73 + the neuroses the negative of the, 89 + disposition to, universal, 89 + as inhibitions and dissociations from normal development, 89 + negative appearing in neurosis, 89, note 12 + positive and negative in the same family, 94 + resulting from the strongest of other sexual components, 94 + of childhood as source of some virtues, 96 + +Phantasies the only escape of the maturing youth, 85 + of the individual in struggle with incest temptation, 85, note 9 + of all persons contain infantile inclinations, 85 + distinctly incestuous, rejected, 85 + +Pleasure sucking, 42; 43 + relation of feeling of, to unpleasant tension, 70 + relations of, the weakest spot in present day psychology, 70 + the last, of sexual acts differs earlier pleasures, 71 + produced through discharge, 71 + is altogether gratification pleasure, 71 + nature of, more deeply entered into in the study of wit, 72 + +Pollution, process similar to, in infancy, 51 + caused by strong excitements in children, 64 + nocturnal, due to accumulation of semen, 74 + +Polymorphous-perverse disposition, 52 + +Precursory Sexual Aims, 20 + +Predisposition, bisexual, 9 + +Pregenital organization as phase of sexual life, 54; 58 + phase of organization of sexual life, 59 + sadistic-anal, 59 + organizations, assumption of, based on analysis of neuroses, 60 + +Prematurity, spontaneous sexual, a factor influential for sexual development, 97 + shown in breaking through, shortening or suspending of infantile latency period, 97 + becomes cause of disturbances in provoking sexual manifestations having character of perversions, 97 + sexual, runs parallel with intellectual prematurity, 98 + +Prevention of inversion, 87 + +Primacy of the Genitals, 50; 69 + attained at puberty, 68 + already sketched out in infantile life, 73 + for propagation, the last phase of sexual organization, 60 + +Primitive Psychic Mechanisms, 10, note 11 + +Prostitute fitted for her activity by polymorphous-perverse disposition, 53 + +Psychic participation in perversions, 25 + life one of three stimuli of sexual apparatus, 69 + sign of sexual excitation a feeling of tension, 69 + accomplishment of puberty is breaking away from parental authority, 85 + +Psychoanalysis, cures by, 3 + of homosexuals, 10, note 11 + reveals psychic mechanism of genesis of inversion, 11, note 12 + +Psychoanalysis, 26 + shows early intimidation from normal sexual aims, 18, note 17 + explains fetichism, 20, note 19 + reduces bisexuality to activity and passivity, 24 + reduces symptoms of hysteria, 27 + unconscious phantasies revealed by, 29, note 25 + of thumb-sucking, 43 + of anal zone, 47 + brings forgotten material to consciousness, 51 + of infantile sexuality, 55, note 19 + and inquisitiveness of children, 56 + and pregenital organizations, 58 + and tenderness of sexual life, 61 + novelty of, 66 + of transference psychoses, 77 + gives at present definite information only about transformations of object-libido, 78 + cannot distinguish ego-libido from other effective energies, 78 + shows two paths of object finding, 82, note 5 + shows individual struggle with incest temptations, 85, note 9 + positive perversions accessible to therapy of, 90, note 12 + +Psychoneuroses based on sexual motive powers, 26 + associated with manifest inversions, 29, note 26 + traces of all perversions in, 30 + significance of erogenous zones in, 32 + preponderance of special erogenous zones in, 34 + +Psychoneurotics, sexual life of, explained only through psychoanalysis, 26 + Sexual Activities of, 27 + disease of, appears after puberty, 33 + constitution of, tendency to inversions in, 34 + sexuality of preserves infantile character, 39 + +Psychosexual hermaphrodites show indifference to which sex their object belongs, 2 + not paralleled by other psychic qualities, 8 + phenomena explained by nature of ego-libido, 77 + development, disturbances of, show incestuous object selection, 86 + +Puberty not the time of the beginning of the sexual impulse, 1; 36 + relation of, to inversion, 3 + definite sexual behavior not determined till after, 10, note 11 + Transformations of, 68 + most striking process of, the growth of the genitals, 69 + + +Railroad activities, sexual element in, 62 + +Reaction formation, 40 + and sublimation two diverse processes, 41 + feelings of, 41 + formation begins in latency period, 95 + +Reading as source of sexual excitement through fear, 64 + +Regression appears in sex development of woman, 68 + produced by factors injuring sexual development, 97 + +Repression of certain powerful components, 94 + not a suspension, 95 + result of, an almost normal sexual life, 95 + +Repression, inner determinations of, unknown, 96 + effect of, cannot be made retrogressive, 98 + a special process cutting off conscious discharge of wishes, 27 + +Repression of heterosexual feeling in psychoneurosis, 29, note 26 + Sadism resulting from shows masochistic tendencies, 30 + immense amount, in inverts, 33 + congenital roots of sexual impulse undergo insufficient, 35 + of impressions of childhood, 38 + sexual, greater in girl, 79 + new wave of, distinguishes puberty of girl, 80 + determines psychic causes of anesthesia, 81 + of puberty determines woman's preference for neuroses, 81 + a new, required, abolishing a piece of infantile masculinity, 92 + +Resistances, shame, loathing, fear and pain as, 25 + +Rhythm in sucking analogous to tickling, 45 + of mechanical shaking of the body produces sexual excitation, 62 + +Riddle of the Sphinx, 56 + +Rieger, C., 75 + +Rohleder, 47, note 13 + +Rousseau, J.J., 55 + + +Sadger, J., 1 + +Sadism (see Masochism) + and Masochism, 21 + occupy special place among perversions, 23 + conception of, fluctuates, 22 + attributable to bisexuality, 24 + resulting from repression paralleled by Masochism, 30 + attributed by children to sexual act, 57 + prevalence of, 60 + -Masochism impulse, rooted in erogenous action of pain, 65 + +Sadistic-anal pregenital sexual organization, 59 + +Sadistic impulse from muscular activity, 64 + +Scatologic customs of neurotics, 49 + +Schrenk-Notzing, 1, note 1 + +Scott, 23 + +Secondary sex characteristics, 8 + +Seduction does not necessarily produce inverts, 6 + treating child as a sexual object, 51 + as outer cause of return of sexual activity in childhood, 51 + not necessary to awaken sexual life of child, 52 + does not explain original relations of sexual impulse, 53 + +Semen, role of, unknown to children, 58 + +Sex characteristics, Secondary and Tertiary, 8 + culture and, 41 + +Sexual Aberrations, 1 + a transition of variations of sexual impulse to the pathological, 19 + act, theories of children as to, 57 + activities, of psychoneurotics, 27 + premature, of children, impair educability, 91 + activities, infantile leave profoundest impressions, 50 + aim abandoned in childhood, 40 + at puberty different in the two sexes, 68 + Deviation in Reference to, 14 + distinction between, and sexual object, 1 + Fixation of Precursory, 20 + in man the discharge of the sexual products, 68 + of infantile impulse, 46 + of infantile sexuality, 45 + of Inverts, 12 + perversion may be substituted for, by normal person, 24 + should be restricted to union of genitals, 16 + apparatus, weakness of, 18 + constitutions, diverse, 66 + variation of, 93 + contrary, 2 + development of man easier to understand, than woman's, 68 + disturbances, paths of, a means of sublimation, 67 + serviceable in health, 67 + excitation of nursing period, 51 + is one result of three ways of stimulation of the sexual apparatus, 69 + excitement originates + (_a_) as imitation of a previous gratification, 61 + (_b_) as a stimulation of erogenous zones, 61 + (_c_) as the expression of some impulse, 61 + sources of, tested by quality of stimulus, 65 + inner sources of, 65 + nature of, unfamiliar to us, 66 + indirect source of, not equally strong in all persons, 66 + influences availability of voluntary attention, 67 + problem of, 73 + normally ended only by discharge of semen, 74 + independent of an accumulation of sexual substance, 75 + furnished not only from so-called sexual parts, 77 + intercourse between parents and child an inexhaustible source of, 82 + gratification found by inverts in object of same sex, 3 + impression, 5 + Impulse, 1 + acquired, 5 + too close connection of, with object assumed, 12 + entirely independent of its object, 13 + most poorly controlled of all by higher psychic activities, 14 + alone was extolled by the ancients, 14, note 13 + Masochism in, causes unconscious fixation of libido on the hypnotist, 15, note 14 + closely connected with cruelty, 23 + the source of symptoms of neuroses, 27 + perverse, converted expression of, 29 + in psychoneuroses, 33 + ignorance of essential features of, 36 + becomes altruistic, 68 + regularly becomes autoerotic, 81 + not awakened, 82 + of genitals reawakens, 50 + primitive formation of, 42 + inhibition, 40 + inversion, 2 + presupposes that sexual object is reverse of normal, 10 + inverts, 1, note 1 + investigation, infantile, 55 + latency period, in childhood, 39 + life of children, 40 + shows components regarding others as sexual objects, 53 + tender streams of, 61 + normality of guaranteed by concurrence of two streams, 68 + all disturbances of, as inhibitions of development, 69 + development of, of children unimportant in lower stages of culture and important in higher, 99 + love shown by children towards parents at an early date, 83 + manifestations in childhood, exceptional, 39 + the masturbatic, 47 + object is the person from whom the sexual attraction emanates, 1 + Deviation in Reference to the, 2 + inaccessibility of, leads to occasional inversion, 3 + of inverts, 10 + male inverts look for real feminine psychic features in, 11 + female active inverts look for femininity in, 12 + the sexually immature and animals as, 13 + emphasis placed by moderns on the, 14, note 13 + lingering at intermediary relations to, one of the perversions, 15 + object, overestimation of the, 15 + unfit substitutes for, 18 + selection in very young children, 55, note 19 + found at puberty, 68 + and aim concurrent in normal sexual life, 68 + in mother's breast, 81 + lost when infant forms general picture of person, 81 + of nursing period, 82 + organization, pregenital oral, 59 + overestimation of, rises only when woman refuses, 80 + process, motive power for, escapes in fore-pleasure, 72 + rejection leaves in unconscious of neurotic the psychosexual activity for object finding, 86 + satisfaction from muscular activity, 63 + substance, role of, 74 + symbolism of forms of motion, 63 + tension loosened by copulation, 14 + implies feeling of displeasure, 70 + carries impulse to alter psychic situation, 70 + appears even in infancy, 73 + does not originate in pleasure, 74 + and pleasure only indirectly connected, 74 + a certain amount of, necessary for the excitability of the erogenous zones, 74 + theories, infantile, are reproductions of child's sexual constitution, 57 + +Sexuality as the weak point of the otherwise normal, 14 + infantilism of, 34 + infantile factor in, 39 + infantile, manifestations of, 42 + sexual aim of infantile, 45 + germinating, affecting children's behavior in school, 64 + encroached upon by all intensive affective processes, 64 + partial impulses of, 65 + of eating, 66 + ways between, and other functions traversible in both directions, 66 + does not consist entirely in male germ glands, 75 + of clitoris repressed in girl at puberty, 80 + +Sexuals, Contrary, 2 + +Shame is a force opposed to the peeping mania, 21 + as a resistance opposed to the libido, 23, 25 + as force acting as an inhibition on sexual life, 40 + +Shoe as a symbol of female genital, 19, note 18 + +Skin as erogenous zone, 32 + as factor of sexual excitement, 65 + +Sleep caused by pleasure-sucking, 43 + +Smell desire, coprophilic, 20, note 19 + +Smoking, desire for in former thumb-suckers, 44 + +Sphinx, Riddle of, 56 + +Sports turn youth away from sexual activity, 64 + +Stimulus produced by isolated excitements coming from without, 31 + outer, removing sensitiveness with gratification, 47 + quality of, as criterion of sources of sexual excitement, 65 + can set in motion complicated sexual apparatus, 69 + affects the sexual apparatus in three ways, 69 + +Sublimation, artistic, 21 + Reaction Formation and, 40 + a deviation of sexual motive powers from sexual aims, 41 + and reaction formation two diverse processes, 41, note 8 + desire for knowledge corresponds to, 55 + effected on paths by which sexual disturbances encroach upon other functions of the body, 67 + makes possible a third issue in abnormal constitutional dispositions, 95 + inner processes of, totally unknown, 96 + +Sucking, see Thumb-sucking,-- + +Symbolism of fetichism, 19, 20 + sexual, of early childhood, 55, note 19 + +Symptomatology of neurotic determined by infantile sexual activity, 50 + of pollution-like process, 51 + of neuroses traced to disturbance of the sexual processes, 67 + manifested in disturbances of other non-sexual bodily functions, 67 + +Symptoms, creators of, are unconscious forces, 89 + of psychoneuroses are the sexual activities of the patient, 27 + +Syphilis in fathers of more than half the cases of hysteria, compulsion-neurosis, etc., treated by Freud, 93 + + +Temperature sensitiveness, as result of distinct erogenous action, 62 + +Temporal Factors, 98 + +Tension, sexual, loosened by copulation, 14, 70 + feeling of, 46 + the psychic sign of sexual excitation, 69 + unpleasant, relation of, to feeling of pleasure, 70 + increase in changing to displeasure, 71 + increased by functions of erogenous zones, 71 + of libido dies away at orgasm, 71 + too little, endangers attainment of sexual aim, 72 + +Tertiary sex characteristics, 8 + +Theatre as source of sexual excitement through fear, 64 + +Thumb-sucking as model of infantile sexual manifestations, 42 + a sexual activity, 43 + as remnant of oral phase of pregenital sexual organization, 59 + +Thyroid gland, role of, in sexuality, 76 + +Tickling analogous to rhythmic sucking, 45 + demanding onanistic gratification, 51 + +Toe, sucking of, 42 + +Tongue, sucking of, 42 + +Touching as preliminary to sexual aim, 14 + and looking, 20 + hand as addition to attraction of sexual object, 70 + +Transference neuroses, 77 + of erogenous excitability from clitoris to vagina, 81 + +Transformation of puberty, 68 + success of, dependent on adjustment to dispositions and impulses, 68 + +Transgressions, anatomical, 15 + especially frequent, are those to mouth and anus, 29 + + +Ulrich, 9 + +Unconscious, all neurotics have feelings of inversion in, 29 + nothing in, corresponds to fetichism, 30 + psychic material is the source of compulsions, 51 + forces revealing themselves as symptom creators, 89 + +Uranism, 5, note 7 + +Urinary apparatus, the guardian of the genital, 51 + + +Vagina, glandular activity of, the somatic sign of sexual excitation, 69 + +Vomiting, hysterical, evinced after repression of thumb-sucking, 44 + +Voyeurs (see Looking, Peeping, Exhibitionism) + as examples of overcoming of loathing, 21 + exhibitionists are at the same time, 30 + children become, 54 + + +Wishes, symptoms of hysteria are substitutes for, 27 + +Wit as source of greater knowledge of pleasure, 72 + +Woman (see Masculine and feminine) + regression in sex development of, 68 + differentiation between man and, 78 + +Work, intellectual, as sexual excitement, 65 + + +Zola, 96 + +Zone, chief erogenous, in female child is the clitoris, 80 + +Zones, erogenous, 31 + characters of, 45 + predestined, 46 + lips as erogenous, 44 + all parts of body may become erogenous, 46 + genital, gratification of, taught by seduction, 52 + erogenous, premature activity of, indicated by cruelty, 54 + parts of skin called, 65 + lip, responsible for sexual gratification during eating, 66 + primacy of genital, 69 + erogenous, prepare sexual excitement, 70 + leading, in man and woman, 80 + + + + +Volume VII July, 1920 Number 3 + +The Psychoanalytic Review + +A Journal Devoted to an Understanding of Human Conduct + +EDITED AND PUBLISHED BY + +WILLIAM A. WHITE, M.D., and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D. + + * * * * * + +CONTENTS + +ORIGINAL ARTICLES + *Freud's Concept of the "Censorship".* W.H.R. RIVERS. + *Psychology of War and Schizophrenia.* E.W. LAZELL. + *The Paraphrenic's Inaccessibility.* M.K. ISHAM. +TRANSLATION + *Psychological Psychiatry.* H.F. DELGADO. +ABSTRACTS. *Book Reviews* + + * * * * * + +Issued Quarterly: $6.00 per Volume, +Single Numbers, $1.75 +Foreign, $6.60 + + * * * * * + +NERVOUS AND MENTAL DISEASE PUBLISHING COMPANY + +41 NORTH QUEEN STREET, LANCASTER, PA., +and +3617 10th ST., N.W., WASHINGTON, D. C. + +Serial No. 27 + + * * * * * + +Entered as Second-Class Matter October 25, 1913, at the Post Office at +Lancaster, Pennsylvania under the Act of March 3, 1879. + + + + +Publishers of + +The Psychoanalytic Review + +A Journal Devoted to the Understanding of Human Conduct + +Edited by WILLIAM A. WHITE, M.D., and SMITH ELY JELLIFFE, M.D. Leading +Articles Which Have Appeared in Previous Volumes + +VOL. I. (Beginning November, 1913.) + +The Theory of Psychoanalysis. C.G. Jung. +Psychoanalysis of Self-Mutilation. L.E. Emerson. +Blindness as a Wish. T.H. Ames. +The Technique of Psychoanalysis. S.E. Jelliffe. +Wishfulfillment and Symbolism in Fairy Tales. Riklin. +Character and the Neuroses. Trigant Burrow. +The Wildisbush Crucified Saint. Theodore Schroeder. +The Pragmatic Advantage of Freudo-Analysis. Knight Dunlap. +Moon Myth in Medicine. William A. White. +The Sadism of Oscar Wilde's "Salome." Isador H. Coriat. +Psychoanalysis and Hospitals. L.E. Emerson. +The Dream as a Simple Wishfulfillment in the Negro. John E. Lind. + +VOL. II. (Beginning January, 1915.) + +The Principles of Pain-Pleasure and Reality. Paul Federn. +The Unconscious. William A. White. +A Plea for a Broader Standpoint in Psychoanalysis. Meyer Solomon. +Contributions to the Pathology of Everyday Life; Their Relation to + Abnormal Mental Phenomena. Robert Stewart Miller. +The Integrative Functions of the Nervous System Applied to Some + Reactions in Human Behavior and their Attending Psychic Functions. + Edward J. Kempf. +A Manic-Depressive Upset Presenting Frank Wish-Realization Construction. + Ralph Reed. +Psychoanalytic Parallels. William A. White. +Role of Sexual Complex in Dementia Praecox. James C. Hassall. +Psycho-Genetics of Androcratic Evolution. Theodore Schroeder. +Significance of Psychoanalysis for the Mental Sciences. Otto Rank and + Hans Sachs. +Some Studies in the Psychopathology of Acute Dissociation of the + Personality. Edward J. Kempf. +Psychoanalysis. Arthur H. Ring. +A Philosophy for Psychoanalysis. L.E. Emerson. + +VOL. III. (Beginning January, 1916.) + +Symbolism. William A. White. +The Work of Alfred Adler, Considered with Especial Reference to that of + Freud. James J. Putnam. +Art in the Insane. L. Grimberg. +Retaliation Dreams. Hansell Crenshaw. +History of the Psychoanalytic Movement. Sigmund Freud. +Clinical Cases Exhibiting Unconscious Defence Reactions. Francis H. + Shockley. +Processes of Recovery in Schizophrenics. H. Bertschinger. +Freud and Sociology. Ernest R. Groves. +The Ontogenetic Against the Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of + the Colored Race. Arrah B. Evarts. +Discomfiture and Evil Spirits. Elsie Clews Parsons. +Two Very Definite Wish-Fulfillment Dreams. C.B. Burr. + +VOL. IV. (Beginning January, 1917.) + +Individuality and Introversion. William A. White. +A Study of a Severe Case of Compulsion Neurosis. H.W. Frink. +A Summary of Material on the Topical Community of Primitive and + Pathological Symbols ("Archeopathic" Symbols), F.L. Wells. +A Literary Forerunner of Freud. Helen Williston Brown. +The Technique of Dream Interpretation. Wilhelm Steckel. +The Social and Sexual Behavior of Infrahuman Primates with some + Comparable Facts in Human Behavior. Edw. J. Kempf. +Pain as a Reaction of Defence. H.B. Moyle. +Some Statistical Results of the Psychoanalytic Treatment of + Psychoneuroses. Isador H. Coriat. The Role of Animals in the + Unconscious. S.E. Jelliffe and L. Brink. +The Genesis and Meaning of Homosexuality. Trigant Burrow. +Phylogenetic Elements in the Psychoses of the Negro. John E. Lind. +Freudian Elements in the Animism of the Niger Delta. E.R. Groves. +The Mechanism of Transference. William A. White. +The Future of Psychoanalysis. Isador H. Coriat. +Hermaphroditic Dreams. Isador H. Coriat. +The Psychology of "The Yellow Jacket." E.J. Kempf. +Heredity and Self-Conceit. Mabel Stevens. +The Long Handicap. Helen R. Hull. + +VOL. V. (Beginning January, 1918.) + +Analysis of a Case of Manic-Depressive Psychosis Showing well-marked + Regressive Stages. Lucile Dooley. +Reactions to Personal Names. C.P. Oberndorf. +A Study of the Mental Life of the Child. H. von Hug-Hellmuth. +An Interpretation of Certain Symbolisms. J.J. Putnam. +Charles Darwin--The Affective Source of His Inspiration and Anxiety + Neurosis. Edw. J. Kempf. +The Origin of the Incest-Awe. Trigant Burrow. +Compulsion and Freedom: The Fantasy of the Willow Tree. S.E. Jelliffe + and L. Brink. +A Case of Childhood Conflicts with Prominent Reference to the Urinary + System: with some General Considerations on Urinary Symptoms in the + Psychoneuroses and Psychoses. C. Macfie Campbell. +The Hound of Heaven. Thomas Vernon Moore. +A Lace Creation Revealing an Incest Fantasy. Arrah B. Evarts. +Nephew and Maternal Uncle: A Motive of Early Literature in the Light of + Freudian Psychology. Albert K. Weinberg. + +All the leading foreign psychoanalytic journals are regularly +abstracted, and all books dealing with psychoanalysis are reviewed. + +Issued Quarterly: $5.00 per Volume. + +Single Copies: $1.50 Foreign, $5.60. + +Nervous and Mental Disease Publishing Company + +3617 Tenth Street, N.W. 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