initial commit of ebook 14977HEADmain

12 files changed, 12259 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/14977-8.txt b/14977-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1fc5faa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/14977-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4039 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Red Record, by Ida B. Wells-Barnett
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Red Record
+       Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States
+
+Author: Ida B. Wells-Barnett
+
+Release Date: February 8, 2005 [EBook #14977]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RED RECORD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Melissa Er-Raqabi and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Red Record:
+Tabulated Statistics and
+Alleged Causes of Lynching
+in the United States
+
+By Ida B. Wells-Barnett
+
+
+1895
+
+[Transcriber's Note: This pamphlet was first published in 1895 but was
+subsequently reprinted. It's not apparent if the curiosities in spelling
+date back to the original or were introduced later; they have been
+retained as found, and the reader is left to decide. Please verify with
+another source before quoting this material.]
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+HON. FREDERICK DOUGLASS'S LETTER
+
+DEAR MISS WELLS:
+
+Let me give you thanks for your faithful paper on the lynch abomination
+now generally practiced against colored people in the South. There has
+been no word equal to it in convincing power. I have spoken, but my word
+is feeble in comparison. You give us what you know and testify from actual
+knowledge. You have dealt with the facts with cool, painstaking fidelity,
+and left those naked and uncontradicted facts to speak for themselves.
+
+Brave woman! you have done your people and mine a service which can
+neither be weighed nor measured. If the American conscience were only half
+alive, if the American church and clergy were only half Christianized, if
+American moral sensibility were not hardened by persistent infliction of
+outrage and crime against colored people, a scream of horror, shame, and
+indignation would rise to Heaven wherever your pamphlet shall be read.
+
+But alas! even crime has power to reproduce itself and create conditions
+favorable to its own existence. It sometimes seems we are deserted by
+earth and Heaven--yet we must still think, speak and work, and trust in
+the power of a merciful God for final deliverance.
+
+Very truly and gratefully yours,
+FREDERICK DOUGLASS
+Cedar Hill, Anacostia, D.C.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+CHAPTER 1
+The Case Stated      57
+
+CHAPTER 2
+Lynch-Law Statistics      65
+
+CHAPTER 3
+Lynching Imbeciles      73
+
+CHAPTER 4
+Lynching of Innocent Men      84
+
+CHAPTER 5
+Lynched for Anything or Nothing      93
+
+CHAPTER 6
+History of Some Cases of Rape      108
+
+CHAPTER 7
+The Crusade Justified      121
+
+CHAPTER 8
+Miss Willard's Attitude      129
+
+CHAPTER 9
+Lynching Record for 1894      139
+
+CHAPTER 10
+The Remedy      147
+
+
+
+
+1
+
+THE CASE STATED
+
+
+The student of American sociology will find the year 1894 marked by a
+pronounced awakening of the public conscience to a system of anarchy and
+outlawry which had grown during a series of ten years to be so common,
+that scenes of unusual brutality failed to have any visible effect upon
+the humane sentiments of the people of our land.
+
+Beginning with the emancipation of the Negro, the inevitable result of
+unbribled power exercised for two and a half centuries, by the white man
+over the Negro, began to show itself in acts of conscienceless outlawry.
+During the slave regime, the Southern white man owned the Negro body and
+soul. It was to his interest to dwarf the soul and preserve the body.
+Vested with unlimited power over his slave, to subject him to any and all
+kinds of physical punishment, the white man was still restrained from such
+punishment as tended to injure the slave by abating his physical powers
+and thereby reducing his financial worth. While slaves were scourged
+mercilessly, and in countless cases inhumanly treated in other respects,
+still the white owner rarely permitted his anger to go so far as to take a
+life, which would entail upon him a loss of several hundred dollars. The
+slave was rarely killed, he was too valuable; it was easier and quite as
+effective, for discipline or revenge, to sell him "Down South."
+
+But Emancipation came and the vested interests of the white man in the
+Negro's body were lost. The white man had no right to scourge the
+emancipated Negro, still less has he a right to kill him. But the Southern
+white people had been educated so long in that school of practice, in
+which might makes right, that they disdained to draw strict lines of
+action in dealing with the Negro. In slave times the Negro was kept
+subservient and submissive by the frequency and severity of the scourging,
+but, with freedom, a new system of intimidation came into vogue; the Negro
+was not only whipped and scourged; he was killed.
+
+Not all nor nearly all of the murders done by white men, during the past
+thirty years in the South, have come to light, but the statistics as
+gathered and preserved by white men, and which have not been questioned,
+show that during these years more than ten thousand Negroes have been
+killed in cold blood, without the formality of judicial trial and legal
+execution. And yet, as evidence of the absolute impunity with which the
+white man dares to kill a Negro, the same record shows that during all
+these years, and for all these murders only three white men have been
+tried, convicted, and executed. As no white man has been lynched for the
+murder of colored people, these three executions are the only instances of
+the death penalty being visited upon white men for murdering Negroes.
+
+Naturally enough the commission of these crimes began to tell upon the
+public conscience, and the Southern white man, as a tribute to the
+nineteenth-century civilization, was in a manner compelled to give excuses
+for his barbarism. His excuses have adapted themselves to the emergency,
+and are aptly outlined by that greatest of all Negroes, Frederick
+Douglass, in an article of recent date, in which he shows that there have
+been three distinct eras of Southern barbarism, to account for which three
+distinct excuses have been made.
+
+The first excuse given to the civilized world for the murder of
+unoffending Negroes was the necessity of the white man to repress and
+stamp out alleged "race riots." For years immediately succeeding the war
+there was an appalling slaughter of colored people, and the wires usually
+conveyed to northern people and the world the intelligence, first, that an
+insurrection was being planned by Negroes, which, a few hours later, would
+prove to have been vigorously resisted by white men, and controlled with a
+resulting loss of several killed and wounded. It was always a remarkable
+feature in these insurrections and riots that only Negroes were killed
+during the rioting, and that all the white men escaped unharmed.
+
+From 1865 to 1872, hundreds of colored men and women were mercilessly
+murdered and the almost invariable reason assigned was that they met their
+death by being alleged participants in an insurrection or riot. But this
+story at last wore itself out. No insurrection ever materialized; no
+Negro rioter was ever apprehended and proven guilty, and no dynamite ever
+recorded the black man's protest against oppression and wrong. It was too
+much to ask thoughtful people to believe this transparent story, and the
+southern white people at last made up their minds that some other excuse
+must be had.
+
+Then came the second excuse, which had its birth during the turbulent
+times of reconstruction. By an amendment to the Constitution the Negro was
+given the right of franchise, and, theoretically at least, his ballot
+became his invaluable emblem of citizenship. In a government "of the
+people, for the people, and by the people," the Negro's vote became an
+important factor in all matters of state and national politics. But this
+did not last long. The southern white man would not consider that the
+Negro had any right which a white man was bound to respect, and the idea
+of a republican form of government in the southern states grew into
+general contempt. It was maintained that "This is a white man's
+government," and regardless of numbers the white man should rule. "No
+Negro domination" became the new legend on the sanguinary banner of the
+sunny South, and under it rode the Ku Klux Klan, the Regulators, and the
+lawless mobs, which for any cause chose to murder one man or a dozen as
+suited their purpose best. It was a long, gory campaign; the blood chills
+and the heart almost loses faith in Christianity when one thinks of Yazoo,
+Hamburg, Edgefield, Copiah, and the countless massacres of defenseless
+Negroes, whose only crime was the attempt to exercise their right to vote.
+
+But it was a bootless strife for colored people. The government which had
+made the Negro a citizen found itself unable to protect him. It gave him
+the right to vote, but denied him the protection which should have
+maintained that right. Scourged from his home; hunted through the swamps;
+hung by midnight raiders, and openly murdered in the light of day, the
+Negro clung to his right of franchise with a heroism which would have
+wrung admiration from the hearts of savages. He believed that in that
+small white ballot there was a subtle something which stood for manhood as
+well as citizenship, and thousands of brave black men went to their
+graves, exemplifying the one by dying for the other.
+
+The white man's victory soon became complete by fraud, violence,
+intimidation and murder. The franchise vouchsafed to the Negro grew to be
+a "barren ideality," and regardless of numbers, the colored people found
+themselves voiceless in the councils of those whose duty it was to rule.
+With no longer the fear of "Negro Domination" before their eyes, the
+white man's second excuse became valueless. With the Southern governments
+all subverted and the Negro actually eliminated from all participation in
+state and national elections, there could be no longer an excuse for
+killing Negroes to prevent "Negro Domination."
+
+Brutality still continued; Negroes were whipped, scourged, exiled, shot
+and hung whenever and wherever it pleased the white man so to treat them,
+and as the civilized world with increasing persistency held the white
+people of the South to account for its outlawry, the murderers invented
+the third excuse--that Negroes had to be killed to avenge their assaults
+upon women. There could be framed no possible excuse more harmful to the
+Negro and more unanswerable if true in its sufficiency for the white man.
+
+Humanity abhors the assailant of womanhood, and this charge upon the Negro
+at once placed him beyond the pale of human sympathy. With such unanimity,
+earnestness and apparent candor was this charge made and reiterated that
+the world has accepted the story that the Negro is a monster which the
+Southern white man has painted him. And today, the Christian world feels,
+that while lynching is a crime, and lawlessness and anarchy the certain
+precursors of a nation's fall, it can not by word or deed, extend sympathy
+or help to a race of outlaws, who might mistake their plea for justice and
+deem it an excuse for their continued wrongs.
+
+The Negro has suffered much and is willing to suffer more. He recognizes
+that the wrongs of two centuries can not be righted in a day, and he tries
+to bear his burden with patience for today and be hopeful for tomorrow.
+But there comes a time when the veriest worm will turn, and the Negro
+feels today that after all the work he has done, all the sacrifices he has
+made, and all the suffering he has endured, if he did not, now, defend his
+name and manhood from this vile accusation, he would be unworthy even of
+the contempt of mankind. It is to this charge he now feels he must make
+answer.
+
+If the Southern people in defense of their lawlessness, would tell the
+truth and admit that colored men and women are lynched for almost any
+offense, from murder to a misdemeanor, there would not now be the
+necessity for this defense. But when they intentionally, maliciously and
+constantly belie the record and bolster up these falsehoods by the words
+of legislators, preachers, governors and bishops, then the Negro must give
+to the world his side of the awful story.
+
+A word as to the charge itself. In considering the third reason assigned
+by the Southern white people for the butchery of blacks, the question must
+be asked, what the white man means when he charges the black man with
+rape. Does he mean the crime which the statutes of the civilized states
+describe as such? Not by any means. With the Southern white man, any
+mesalliance existing between a white woman and a colored man is a
+sufficient foundation for the charge of rape. The Southern white man says
+that it is impossible for a voluntary alliance to exist between a white
+woman and a colored man, and therefore, the fact of an alliance is a proof
+of force. In numerous instances where colored men have have been lynched
+on the charge of rape, it was positively known at the time of lynching,
+and indisputably proven after the victim's death, that the relationship
+sustained between the man and woman was voluntary and clandestine, and
+that in no court of law could even the charge of assault have been
+successfully maintained.
+
+It was for the assertion of this fact, in the defense of her own race,
+that the writer hereof became an exile; her property destroyed and her
+return to her home forbidden under penalty of death, for writing the
+following editorial which was printed in her paper, the _Free Speech,_ in
+Memphis, Tenn., May 21,1892:
+
+  Eight Negroes lynched since last issue of the _Free Speech_ one at
+  Little Rock, Ark., last Saturday morning where the citizens broke(?)
+  into the penitentiary and got their man; three near Anniston, Ala., one
+  near New Orleans; and three at Clarksville, Ga., the last three for
+  killing a white man, and five on the same old racket--the new alarm
+  about raping white women. The same programme of hanging, then shooting
+  bullets into the lifeless bodies was carried out to the letter. Nobody
+  in this section of the country believes the old threadbare lie that
+  Negro men rape white women. If Southern white men are not careful, they
+  will overreach themselves and public sentiment will have a reaction; a
+  conclusion will then be reached which will be very damaging to the moral
+  reputation of their women.
+
+But threats cannot suppress the truth, and while the Negro suffers the
+soul deformity, resultant from two and a half centuries of slavery, he is
+no more guilty of this vilest of all vile charges than the white man who
+would blacken his name.
+
+During all the years of slavery, no such charge was ever made, not even
+during the dark days of the rebellion, when the white man, following the
+fortunes of war went to do battle for the maintenance of slavery. While
+the master was away fighting to forge the fetters upon the slave, he left
+his wife and children with no protectors save the Negroes themselves. And
+yet during those years of trust and peril, no Negro proved recreant to his
+trust and no white man returned to a home that had been dispoiled.
+
+Likewise during the period of alleged "insurrection," and alarming "race
+riots," it never occurred to the white man, that his wife and children
+were in danger of assault. Nor in the Reconstruction era, when the hue and
+cry was against "Negro Domination," was there ever a thought that the
+domination would ever contaminate a fireside or strike to death the virtue
+of womanhood. It must appear strange indeed, to every thoughtful and
+candid man, that more than a quarter of a century elapsed before the Negro
+began to show signs of such infamous degeneration.
+
+In his remarkable apology for lynching, Bishop Haygood, of Georgia, says:
+"No race, not the most savage, tolerates the rape of woman, but it may be
+said without reflection upon any other people that the Southern people are
+now and always have been most sensitive concerning the honor of their
+women--their mothers, wives, sisters and daughters." It is not the purpose
+of this defense to say one word against the white women of the South. Such
+need not be said, but it is their misfortune that the chivalrous white men
+of that section, in order to escape the deserved execration of the
+civilized world, should shield themselves by their cowardly and infamously
+false excuse, and call into question that very honor about which their
+distinguished priestly apologist claims they are most sensitive. To
+justify their own barbarism they assume a chivalry which they do not
+possess. True chivalry respects all womanhood, and no one who reads the
+record, as it is written in the faces of the million mulattoes in the
+South, will for a minute conceive that the southern white man had a very
+chivalrous regard for the honor due the women of his own race or respect
+for the womanhood which circumstances placed in his power. That chivalry
+which is "most sensitive concerning the honor of women" can hope for but
+little respect from the civilized world, when it confines itself entirely
+to the women who happen to be white. Virtue knows no color line, and the
+chivalry which depends upon complexion of skin and texture of hair can
+command no honest respect.
+
+When emancipation came to the Negroes, there arose in the northern part of
+the United States an almost divine sentiment among the noblest, purest
+and best white women of the North, who felt called to a mission to educate
+and Christianize the millions of southern exslaves. From every nook and
+corner of the North, brave young white women answered that call and left
+their cultured homes, their happy associations and their lives of ease,
+and with heroic determination went to the South to carry light and truth
+to the benighted blacks. It was a heroism no less than that which calls
+for volunteers for India, Africa and the Isles of the sea. To educate
+their unfortunate charges; to teach them the Christian virtues and to
+inspire in them the moral sentiments manifest in their own lives, these
+young women braved dangers whose record reads more like fiction than fact.
+They became social outlaws in the South. The peculiar sensitiveness of the
+southern white men for women, never shed its protecting influence about
+them. No friendly word from their own race cheered them in their work; no
+hospitable doors gave them the companionship like that from which they had
+come. No chivalrous white man doffed his hat in honor or respect. They
+were "Nigger teachers"--unpardonable offenders in the social ethics of the
+South, and were insulted, persecuted and ostracised, not by Negroes, but
+by the white manhood which boasts of its chivalry toward women.
+
+And yet these northern women worked on, year after year, unselfishly, with
+a heroism which amounted almost to martyrdom. Threading their way through
+dense forests, working in schoolhouse, in the cabin and in the church,
+thrown at all times and in all places among the unfortunate and lowly
+Negroes, whom they had come to find and to serve, these northern women,
+thousands and thousands of them, have spent more than a quarter of a
+century in giving to the colored people their splendid lessons for home
+and heart and soul. Without protection, save that which innocence gives to
+every good woman, they went about their work, fearing no assault and
+suffering none. Their chivalrous protectors were hundreds of miles away in
+their northern homes, and yet they never feared any "great dark-faced
+mobs," they dared night or day to "go beyond their own roof trees." They
+never complained of assaults, and no mob was ever called into existence to
+avenge crimes against them. Before the world adjudges the Negro a moral
+monster, a vicious assailant of womanhood and a menace to the sacred
+precincts of home, the colored people ask the consideration of the silent
+record of gratitude, respect, protection and devotion of the millions of
+the race in the South, to the thousands of northern white women who have
+served as teachers and missionaries since the war.
+
+The Negro may not have known what chivalry was, but he knew enough to
+preserve inviolate the womanhood of the South which was entrusted to his
+hands during the war. The finer sensibilities of his soul may have been
+crushed out by years of slavery, but his heart was full of gratitude to
+the white women of the North, who blessed his home and inspired his soul
+in all these years of freedom. Faithful to his trust in both of these
+instances, he should now have the impartial ear of the civilized world,
+when he dares to speak for himself as against the infamy wherewith he
+stands charged.
+
+It is his regret, that, in his own defense, he must disclose to the world
+that degree of dehumanizing brutality which fixes upon America the blot of
+a national crime. Whatever faults and failings other nations may have in
+their dealings with their own subjects or with other people, no other
+civilized nation stands condemned before the world with a series of crimes
+so peculiarly national. It becomes a painful duty of the Negro to
+reproduce a record which shows that a large portion of the American people
+avow anarchy, condone murder and defy the contempt of civilization. These
+pages are written in no spirit of vindictiveness, for all who give the
+subject consideration must concede that far too serious is the condition
+of that civilized government in which the spirit of unrestrained outlawry
+constantly increases in violence, and casts its blight over a continually
+growing area of territory. We plead not for the colored people alone, but
+for all victims of the terrible injustice which puts men and women to
+death without form of law. During the year 1894, there were 132 persons
+executed in the United States by due form of law, while in the same year,
+197 persons were put to death by mobs who gave the victims no opportunity
+to make a lawful defense. No comment need be made upon a condition of
+public sentiment responsible for such alarming results.
+
+The purpose of the pages which follow shall be to give the record which
+has been made, not by colored men, but that which is the result of
+compilations made by white men, of reports sent over the civilized world
+by white men in the South. Out of their own mouths shall the murderers be
+condemned. For a number of years the _Chicago Tribune_, admittedly one of
+the leading journals of America, has made a specialty of the compilation
+of statistics touching upon lynching. The data compiled by that journal
+and published to the world January 1, 1894, up to the present time has not
+been disputed. In order to be safe from the charge of exaggeration, the
+incidents hereinafter reported have been confined to those vouched for by
+the Tribune.
+
+
+
+
+2
+
+LYNCH-LAW STATISTICS
+
+
+From the record published in the _Chicago Tribune_, January 1, 1894, the
+following computation of lynching statistics is made referring only to the
+colored victims of Lynch Law during the year 1893:
+
+ARSON
+
+Sept. 15, Paul Hill, Carrollton, Ala.; Sept. 15, Paul Archer, Carrollton,
+Ala.; Sept. 15, William Archer, Carrollton, Ala.; Sept. 15, Emma Fair,
+Carrollton, Ala.
+
+
+SUSPECTED ROBBERY
+
+Dec. 23, unknown negro, Fannin, Miss.
+
+
+ASSAULT
+
+Dec. 25, Calvin Thomas, near Brainbridge, Ga.
+
+
+ATTEMPTED ASSAULT
+
+Dec. 28, Tillman Green, Columbia, La.
+
+
+INCENDIARISM
+
+Jan. 26, Patrick Wells, Quincy, Fla.; Feb. 9, Frank Harrell, Dickery,
+Miss.; Feb. 9, William Filder, Dickery, Miss.
+
+
+ATTEMPTED RAPE
+
+Feb. 21, Richard Mays, Springville, Mo.; Aug. 14, Dug Hazleton,
+Carrollton, Ga.; Sept. 1, Judge McNeil, Cadiz, Ky.; Sept. 11, Frank Smith,
+Newton, Miss.; Sept. 16, William Jackson, Nevada, Mo.; Sept. 19, Riley
+Gulley, Pine Apple, Ala.; Oct. 9, John Davis, Shorterville, Ala.; Nov. 8,
+Robert Kennedy, Spartansburg, S.C.
+
+
+BURGLARY
+
+Feb. 16, Richard Forman, Granada, Miss.
+
+
+WIFE BEATING
+
+Oct. 14, David Jackson, Covington, La.
+
+
+ATTEMPTED MURDER
+
+Sept. 21, Thomas Smith, Roanoke, Va.
+
+
+ATTEMPTED ROBBERY
+
+Dec. 12, four unknown negroes, near Selma, Ala.
+
+
+RACE PREJUDICE
+
+Jan. 30, Thomas Carr, Kosciusko, Miss.; Feb. 7, William Butler, Hickory
+Creek, Texas; Aug. 27, Charles Tart, Lyons Station, Miss.; Dec. 7, Robert
+Greenwood, Cross county, Ark.; July 14, Allen Butler, Lawrenceville, Ill.
+
+
+THIEVES
+
+Oct. 24, two unknown negroes, Knox Point, La.
+
+
+ALLEGED BARN BURNING
+
+Nov. 4, Edward Wagner, Lynchburg, Va.; Nov. 4, William Wagner, Lynchburg,
+Va.; Nov. 4, Samuel Motlow, Lynchburg, Va.; Nov. 4, Eliza Motlow,
+Lynchburg, Va.
+
+
+ALLEGED MURDER
+
+Jan. 21, Robert Landry, St. James Parish, La.; Jan. 21, Chicken George,
+St. James Parish, La.; Jan. 21, Richard Davis, St. James Parish, La.; Dec.
+8, Benjamin Menter, Berlin, Ala.; Dec. 8, Robert Wilkins, Berlin, Ala.;
+Dec. 8, Joseph Gevhens, Berlin, Ala.
+
+
+ALLEGED COMPLICITY IN MURDER
+
+Sept. 16, Valsin Julian, Jefferson Parish, La.; Sept. 16, Basil Julian,
+Jefferson Parish, La.; Sept. 16, Paul Julian, Jefferson Parish, La.; Sept.
+16, John Willis, Jefferson Parish, La.
+
+
+MURDER
+
+June 29, Samuel Thorp, Savannah, Ga.; June 29, George S. Riechen,
+Waynesboro, Ga.; June 30, Joseph Bird, Wilberton, I.T.; July 1, James
+Lamar, Darien, Ga.; July 28, Henry Miller, Dallas, Texas; July 28, Ada
+Hiers, Walterboro, S.C.; July 28, Alexander Brown, Bastrop, Texas; July
+30, W.G. Jamison, Quincy, Ill.; Sept. 1, John Ferguson, Lawrens, S.C.;
+Sept. 1, Oscar Johnston, Berkeley, S.C.; Sept. 1, Henry Ewing, Berkeley,
+S.C.; Sept. 8, William Smith, Camden, Ark.; Sept. 15, Staples Green,
+Livingston, Ala.; Sept. 29, Hiram Jacobs, Mount Vernon, Ga.; Sept. 29,
+Lucien Mannet, Mount Vernon, Ga.; Sept. 29, Hire Bevington, Mount Vernon,
+Ga.; Sept. 29, Weldon Gordon, Mount Vernon, Ga.; Sept. 29, Parse
+Strickland, Mount Vernon, Ga.; Oct. 20, William Dalton, Cartersville, Ga.;
+Oct. 27, M.B. Taylor, Wise Court House, Va.; Oct. 27, Isaac Williams,
+Madison, Ga.; Nov. 10, Miller Davis, Center Point, Ark.; Nov. 14, John
+Johnston, Auburn, N.Y.
+
+Sept. 27, Calvin Stewart, Langley, S.C.; Sept. 29, Henry Coleman, Denton,
+La.; Oct. 18, William Richards, Summerfield, Ga.; Oct. 18, James Dickson,
+Summerfield, Ga.; Oct. 27, Edward Jenkins, Clayton county, Ga.; Nov. 9,
+Henry Boggs, Fort White, Fla.; Nov. 14, three unknown negroes, Lake City
+Junction, Fla.; Nov. 14, D.T. Nelson, Varney, Ark.; Nov. 29, Newton Jones,
+Baxley, Ga.; Dec. 2, Lucius Holt, Concord, Ga.; Dec. 10, two unknown
+negroes, Richmond, Ala.; July 12, Henry Fleming, Columbus, Miss.; July 17,
+unknown negro, Briar Field, Ala.; July 18, Meredith Lewis, Roseland, La.
+July 29, Edward Bill, Dresden, Tenn.; Aug. 1, Henry Reynolds, Montgomery,
+Tenn.; Aug. 9, unknown negro, McCreery, Ark.; Aug. 12, unknown negro,
+Brantford, Fla.; Aug. 18, Charles Walton, Morganfield, Ky; Aug. 21,
+Charles Tait, near Memphis, Tenn.; Aug. 28, Leonard Taylor, New Castle,
+Ky; Sept. 8, Benjamin Jackson, Quincy, Miss.; Sept. 14, John Williams,
+Jackson, Tenn.
+
+
+SELF-DEFENSE
+
+July 30, unknown negro, Wingo, Ky.
+
+
+POISONING WELLS
+
+Aug. 18, two unknown negroes, Franklin Parish, La.
+
+
+ALLEGED WELL POISONING
+
+Sept. 15, Benjamin Jackson, Jackson, Miss.; Sept. 15, Mahala Jackson,
+Jackson, Miss.; Sept. 15, Louisa Carter, Jackson, Miss.; Sept. 15, W.A.
+Haley, Jackson, Miss.; Sept. 16, Rufus Bigley, Jackson, Miss.
+
+
+INSULTING WHITES
+
+Feb. 18, John Hughes, Moberly, Mo.; June 2, Isaac Lincoln, Fort Madison,
+S.C.
+
+
+MURDEROUS ASSAULT
+
+April 20, Daniel Adams, Selina, Kan.
+
+
+NO OFFENSE
+
+July 21, Charles Martin, Shelby Co., Tenn.; July 30, William Steen, Paris,
+Miss.; Aug. 31, unknown negro, Yarborough, Tex.; Sept. 30, unknown negro,
+Houston, Tex.; Dec. 28, Mack Segars, Brantley, Ala.
+
+
+ALLEGED RAPE
+
+July 7, Charles T. Miller, Bardwell, Ky.; Aug. 10, Daniel Lewis, Waycross,
+Ga.; Aug. 10, James Taylor, Waycross, Ga.; Aug. 10, John Chambers,
+Waycross, Ga.
+
+
+ALLEGED STOCK POISONING
+
+Dec. 16, Henry G. Givens, Nebro, Ky.
+
+
+SUSPECTED MURDER
+
+Dec. 23, Sloan Allen, West Mississippi.
+
+
+SUSPICION OF RAPE
+
+Feb. 14, Andy Blount, Chattanooga, Tenn.
+
+
+TURNING STATE'S EVIDENCE
+
+Dec. 19, William Ferguson, Adele, Ga.
+
+
+RAPE
+
+Jan. 19, James Williams, Pickens Co., Ala.; Feb. 11, unknown negro, Forest
+Hill, Tenn.; Feb. 26, Joseph Hayne, or Paine, Jellico, Tenn.; Nov. 1,
+Abner Anthony, Hot Springs, Va.; Nov. 1, Thomas Hill, Spring Place, Ga.;
+April 24, John Peterson, Denmark, S.C.; May 6, Samuel Gaillard, ----,
+S.C.; May 10, Haywood Banks, or Marksdale, Columbia, S.C.; May 12, Israel
+Halliway, Napoleonville, La.; May 12, unknown negro, Wytheville, Va.; May
+31, John Wallace, Jefferson Springs, Ark.; June 3, Samuel Bush, Decatur,
+Ill.; June 8, L.C. Dumas, Gleason, Tenn.; June 13, William Shorter,
+Winchester, Va.; June 14, George Williams, near Waco, Tex.; June 24,
+Daniel Edwards, Selina or Selma, Ala.; June 27, Ernest Murphy, Daleville,
+Ala.; July 6, unknown negro, Poplar Head, La.; July 6, unknown negro,
+Poplar Head, La.; July 12, Robert Larkin, Oscola, Tex.; July 17, Warren
+Dean, Stone Creek, Ga.; July 21, unknown negro, Brantford, Fla.; July 17,
+John Cotton, Connersville, Ark.; July 22, Lee Walker, New Albany, Miss.;
+July 26, ---- Handy, Suansea, S.C.; July 30, William Thompson, Columbia,
+S.C.; July 28, Isaac Harper, Calera, Ala.; July 30, Thomas Preston,
+Columbia, S.C.; July 30, Handy Kaigler, Columbia, S.C.; Aug. 13, Monroe
+Smith, Springfield, Ala.; Aug. 19, negro tramp, near Paducah, Ky.; Aug.
+21, John Nilson, near Leavenworth, Kan.; Aug. 23, Jacob Davis, Green Wood,
+S.C.; Sept. 2, William Arkinson, McKenney, Ky.; Sept. 16, unknown negro,
+Centerville, Ala.; Sept. 16, Jessie Mitchell, Amelia C.H., Va.; Sept. 25,
+Perry Bratcher, New Boston, Tex.; Oct. 9, William Lacey, Jasper, Ala.;
+Oct. 22, John Gamble, Pikesville, Tenn.
+
+
+OFFENSES CHARGED ARE AS FOLLOWS
+
+Rape, 39; attempted rape, 8; alleged rape, 4; suspicion of rape, 1;
+murder, 44; alleged murder, 6; alleged complicity in murder, 4; murderous
+assault, 1; attempted murder, 1; attempted robbery, 4; arson, 4;
+incendiarism, 3; alleged stock poisoning, 1; poisoning wells, 2; alleged
+poisoning wells, 5; burglary, 1; wife beating, 1; self-defense, 1;
+suspected robbery, 1; assault and battery, 1; insulting whites, 2;
+malpractice, 1; alleged barn burning, 4; stealing, 2; unknown offense, 4;
+no offense, 1; race prejudice, 4; total, 159.
+
+
+LYNCHINGS BY STATES
+
+Alabama, 25; Arkansas, 7; Florida, 7; Georgia, 24; Indian Territory, 1;
+Illinois, 3; Kansas, 2; Kentucky, 8; Louisiana, 18; Mississippi, 17;
+Missouri, 3; New York, 1; South Carolina, 15; Tennessee, 10; Texas, 8;
+Virginia, 10.
+
+
+RECORD FOR THE YEAR 1892
+
+While it is intended that the record here presented shall include
+specially the lynchings of 1893, it will not be amiss to give the record
+for the year preceding. The facts contended for will always appear
+manifest--that not one-third of the victims lynched were charged with
+rape, and further that the charges made embraced a range of offenses from
+murders to misdemeanors.
+
+In 1892 there were 241 persons lynched. The entire number is divided among
+the following states:
+
+Alabama, 22; Arkansas, 25; California, 3; Florida, 11; Georgia, 17; Idaho,
+8; Illinois, 1; Kansas, 3; Kentucky, 9; Louisiana, 29; Maryland, 1;
+Mississippi, 16; Missouri, 6; Montana, 4; New York, 1; North Carolina, 5;
+North Dakota, 1; Ohio, 3; South Carolina, 5; Tennessee, 28; Texas, 15;
+Virginia, 7; West Virginia, 5; Wyoming, 9; Arizona Territory, 3; Oklahoma,
+2.
+
+Of this number 160 were of Negro descent. Four of them were lynched in New
+York, Ohio and Kansas; the remainder were murdered in the South. Five of
+this number were females. The charges for which they were lynched cover a
+wide range. They are as follows:
+
+Rape, 46; murder, 58; rioting, 3; race prejudice, 6; no cause given, 4;
+incendiarism, 6; robbery, 6; assault and battery, 1; attempted rape, 11;
+suspected robbery, 4; larceny, 1; self-defense, 1; insulting women, 2;
+desperadoes, 6; fraud, 1; attempted murder, 2; no offense stated, boy and
+girl, 2.
+
+In the case of the boy and girl above referred to, their father, named
+Hastings, was accused of the murder of a white man; his fourteen-year-old
+daughter and sixteen-year-old son were hanged and their bodies filled with
+bullets, then the father was also lynched. This was in November, 1892, at
+Jonesville, Louisiana.
+
+
+
+
+3
+
+LYNCHING IMBECILES
+
+_(An Arkansas Butchery)_
+
+
+The only excuse which capital punishment attempts to find is upon the
+theory that the criminal is past the power of reformation and his life is
+a constant menace to the community. If, however, he is mentally
+unbalanced, irresponsible for his acts, there can be no more inhuman act
+conceived of than the wilful sacrifice of his life. So thoroughly is that
+principle grounded in the law, that all civilized society surrounds human
+life with a safeguard, which prevents the execution of a criminal who is
+insane, even if sane at the time of his criminal act. Should he become
+insane after its commission the law steps in and protects him during the
+period of his insanity. But Lynch Law has no such regard for human life.
+Assuming for itself an absolute supremacy over the law of the land, it has
+time and again dyed its hands in the blood of men who were imbeciles. Two
+or three noteworthy cases will suffice to show with what inhuman ferocity
+irresponsible men have been put to death by this system of injustice.
+
+An instance occurred during the year 1892 in Arkansas, a report of which
+is given in full in the _Arkansas Democrat_, published at Little Rock, in
+that state, on the eleventh day of February of that year. The paper
+mentioned is perhaps one of the leading weeklies in that state and the
+account given in detail has every mark of a careful and conscientious
+investigation. The victims of this tragedy were a colored man, named Hamp
+Biscoe, his wife and a thirteen-year-old son. Hamp Biscoe, it appears, was
+a hard working, thrifty farmer, who lived near England, Arkansas, upon a
+small farm with his family. The investigation of the tragedy was
+conducted by a resident of Arkansas named R.B. Caries, a white man, who
+furnished the account to the _Arkansas Democrat_ over his own signature.
+He says the original trouble which led to the lynching was a quarrel
+between Biscoe and a white man about a debt. About six years after Biscoe
+preempted his land, a white man made a demand of $100 upon him for
+services in showing him the land and making the sale. Biscoe denied the
+service and refused to pay the demand. The white man, however, brought
+suit, obtained judgment for the hundred dollars and Biscoe's farm was sold
+to pay the judgment.
+
+The suit, judgment and subsequent legal proceedings appear to have driven
+Biscoe almost crazy and brooding over his wrongs he grew to be a confirmed
+imbecile. He would allow but few men, white or colored, to come upon his
+place, as he suspected every stranger to be planning to steal his farm. A
+week preceding the tragedy, a white man named Venable, whose farm adjoined
+Biscoe's, let down the fence and proceeded to drive through Biscoe's
+field. The latter saw him; grew very excited, cursed him and drove him
+from his farm with bitter oaths and violent threats. Venable went away and
+secured a warrant for Biscoe's arrest. This warrant was placed in the
+hands of a constable named John Ford, who took a colored deputy and two
+white men out to Biscoe's farm to make the arrest. When they arrived at
+the house Biscoe refused to be arrested and warned them he would shoot if
+they persisted in their attempt to arrest him. The warning was unheeded by
+Ford, who entered upon the premises, when Biscoe, true to his word, fired
+upon him. The load tore a part of his clothes from his body, one shot
+going through his arm and entering his breast. After he had fallen, Ford
+drew his revolver and shot Biscoe in the head and his wife through the
+arm. The Negro deputy then began firing and struck Biscoe in the small of
+the back. Ford's wound was not dangerous and in a few days he was able to
+be around again. Biscoe, however, was so severely shot that he was unable
+to stand after the firing was over.
+
+Two other white men hearing the exchange of shots went to the rescue of
+the officers, forced open the door of Biscoe's cabin and arrested him, his
+wife and thirteen-year-old son, and took them, together with a babe at the
+breast, to a small frame house near the depot and put them under guard.
+The subsequent proceedings were briefly told by Mr. Carlee in the columns
+of the _Arkansas Democrat_ above mentioned, from whose account the
+following excerpt is taken:
+
+  It was rumored here that the Negroes were to be lynched that night, but
+  I do not think it was generally credited, as it was not believed that
+  Ford was greatly hurt and the Negro was held to be fatally injured and
+  crazy at that. But that night, about 8 o'clock, a party of perhaps
+  twelve or fifteen men, a number of whom were known to the guards, came
+  to the house and told the Negro guards they would take care of the
+  prisoners now, and for them to leave; as they did not obey at once they
+  were persuaded to leave with words that did not admit of delay.
+
+  The woman began to cry and said, "You intend to kill us to get our
+  money." They told her to hush (she was heavy with child and had a child
+  at her breast) as they intended to give her a nice present. The guards
+  heard no more, but hastened to a Negro church near by and urged the
+  preacher to go up and stop the mob. A few minutes after, the shooting
+  began, perhaps about forty shots being fired. The white men then left
+  rapidly and the Negroes went to the house. Hamp Biscoe and his wife were
+  killed, the baby had a slight wound across the upper lip; the boy was
+  still alive and lived until after midnight, talking rationally and
+  telling who did the shooting.
+
+  He said when they came in and shot his father, he attempted to run out
+  of doors and a young man shot him in the bowels and that he fell. He saw
+  another man shoot his mother and a taller young man, whom he did not
+  know, shoot his father. After they had killed them, the young man who
+  had shot his mother pulled off her stockings and took $220 in currency
+  that she had hid there. The men then came to the door where the boy was
+  lying and one of them turned him over and put his pistol to his breast
+  and shot him again. This is the story the dying boy told as near as I
+  can get it. It is quite singular that the guards and those who had
+  conversed with him were not required to testify. The woman was known to
+  have the money as she had exposed it that day. She also had $36 in
+  silver, which the plunderer of the body did not get. The Negro was
+  undoubtedly insane and had been for several years. The citizens of this
+  community condemn the murder and have no sympathy with it. The Negro was
+  a well-to-do farmer, but had become crazed because he was convinced some
+  plot had been made to steal his land and only a few days ago declared
+  that he expected to die in defense of his home in a short time and he
+  did not care how soon. The killing of a woman with the child at her
+  breast and in her condition, and also a young boy, was extremely brutal.
+  As for Hamp Biscoe he was dangerous and should long have been confined
+  in the insane asylum. Such were the facts as near as I can get them and
+  you can use them as you see fit, but I would prefer you would suppress
+  the names charged by the Negroes with the killing.
+
+Perhaps the civilized world will think, that with all these facts laid
+before the public, by a writer who signs his name to his communication, in
+a land where grand juries are sworn to investigate, where judges and
+juries are sworn to administer the law and sheriffs are paid to execute
+the decrees of the courts, and where, in fact, every instrument of
+civilization is supposed to work for the common good of all citizens, that
+this matter was duly investigated, the criminals apprehended and the
+punishment meted out to the murderers. But this is a mistake; nothing of
+the kind was done or attempted. Six months after the publication, above
+referred to, an investigator, writing to find out what had been done in
+the matter, received the following reply:
+
+  OFFICE OF
+  S.S. GLOVER,
+  SHERIFF AND COLLECTOR,
+  LONOKE COUNTY.
+
+  Lonoke, Ark., 9-12-1892
+
+  Geo. Washington, Esq.,
+  Chicago, Ill.
+
+  DEAR SIR:--The parties who killed Hamp Briscoe February the ninth, have
+  never been arrested. The parties are still in the county. It was done by
+  some of the citizens, and those who know will not tell.
+
+  S.S. GLOVER, Sheriff
+
+Thus acts the mob with the victim of its fury, conscious that it will
+never be called to an account. Not only is this true, but the moral
+support of those who are chosen by the people to execute the law, is
+frequently given to the support of lawlessness and mob violence. The press
+and even the pulpit, in the main either by silence or open apology, have
+condoned and encouraged this state of anarchy.
+
+
+TORTURED AND BURNED IN TEXAS
+
+Never In the history of civilization has any Christian people stooped to
+such shocking brutality and indescribable barbarism as that which
+characterized the people of Paris, Texas, and adjacent communities on the
+first of February, 1893. The cause of this awful outbreak of human passion
+was the murder of a four-year-old child, daughter of a man named Vance.
+This man, Vance, had been a police officer in Paris for years, and was
+known to be a man of bad temper, overbearing manner and given to harshly
+treating the prisoners under his care. He had arrested Smith and, it is
+said, cruelly mistreated him. Whether or not the murder of his child was
+an art of fiendish revenge, it has not been shown, but many persons who
+know of the incident have suggested that the secret of the attack on the
+child lay in a desire for revenge against its father.
+
+In the same town there lived a Negro, named Henry Smith, a well-known
+character, a kind of roustabout, who was generally considered a harmless,
+weak-minded fellow, not capable of doing any important work, but
+sufficiently able to do chores and odd jobs around the houses of the white
+people who cared to employ him. A few days before the final tragedy, this
+man, Smith, was accused of murdering Myrtle Vance. The crime of murder was
+of itself bad enough, and to prove that against Smith would have been
+amply sufficient in Texas to have committed him to the gallows, but the
+finding of the child so exasperated the father and his friends, that they
+at once shamefully exaggerated the facts and declared that the babe had
+been ruthlessly assaulted and then killed. The truth was bad enough, but
+the white people of the community made it a point to exaggerate every
+detail of the awful affair, and to inflame the public mind so that nothing
+less than immediate and violent death would satisfy the populace. As a
+matter of fact, the child was not brutally assaulted as the world has been
+told in excuse for the awful barbarism of that day. Persons who saw the
+child after its death, have stated, under the most solemn pledge to truth,
+that there was no evidence of such an assault as was published at that
+time, only a slight abrasion and discoloration was noticeable and that
+mostly about the neck. In spite of this fact, so eminent a man as Bishop
+Haygood deliberately and, it must also appear, maliciously falsified the
+fact by stating that the child was torn limb from limb, or to quote his
+own words, "First outraged with demoniacal cruelty and then taken by her
+heels and torn asunder in the mad wantonness of gorilla ferocity."
+
+Nothing is farther from the truth than that statement. It is a
+coldblooded, deliberate, brutal falsehood which this Christian(?) Bishop
+uses to bolster up the infamous plea that the people of Paris were driven
+to insanity by learning that the little child had been viciously
+assaulted, choked to death, and then torn to pieces by a demon in human
+form. It was a brutal murder, but no more brutal than hundreds of murders
+which occur in this country, and which have been equalled every year in
+fiendishness and brutality, and for which the death penalty is prescribed
+by law and inflicted only after the person has been legally adjudged
+guilty of the crime. Those who knew Smith, believe that Vance had at some
+time given him cause to seek revenge and that this fearful crime was the
+outgrowth of his attempt to avenge himself of some real or fancied wrong.
+That the murderer was known as an imbecile, had no effect whatever upon
+the people who thirsted for his blood. They determined to make an example
+of him and proceeded to carry out their purpose with unspeakably greater
+ferocity than that which characterized the half-crazy object of their
+revenge.
+
+For a day or so after the child was found in the woods, Smith remained in
+the vicinity as if nothing had happened, and when finally becoming aware
+that he was suspected, he made an attempt to escape. He was apprehended,
+however, not far from the scene of his crime and the news flashed across
+the country that the white Christian people of Paris, Texas and the
+communities thereabout had deliberately determined to lay aside all forms
+of law and inaugurate an entirely new form of punishment for the murder.
+They absolutely refused to make any inquiry as to the sanity or insanity
+of their prisoner, but set the day and hour when in the presence of
+assembled thousands they put their helpless victim to the stake, tortured
+him, and then burned him to death for the delectation and satisfaction of
+Christian people.
+
+Lest it might be charged that any description of the deeds of that day are
+exaggerated, a white man's description which was published in the white
+journals of this country is used. The _New York Sun_ of February 2, 1893,
+contains an account, from which we make the following excerpt:
+
+  PARIS, Tex., Feb. 1, 1893.--Henry Smith, the negro ravisher of
+  four-year-old Myrtle Vance, has expiated in part his awful crime by
+  death at the stake. Ever since the perpetration of his awful crime this
+  city and the entire surrounding country has been in a wild frenzy of
+  excitement. When the news came last night that he had been captured at
+  Hope, Ark., that he had been identified by B.B. Sturgeon, James T.
+  Hicks, and many other of the Paris searching party, the city was wild
+  with joy over the apprehension of the brute. Hundreds of people poured
+  into the city from the adjoining country and the word passed from lip
+  to lip that the punishment of the fiend should fit the crime that death
+  by fire was the penalty Smith should pay for the most atrocious murder
+  and terrible outrage in Texas history. Curious and sympathizing alike,
+  they came on train and wagons, on horse, and on foot to see if the frail
+  mind of a man could think of a way to sufficiently punish the
+  perpetrator of so terrible a crime. Whisky shops were closed, unruly
+  mobs were dispersed, schools were dismissed by a proclamation from the
+  mayor, and everything was done in a business-like manner.
+
+
+MEETING OF CITIZENS
+
+About 2 o'clock Friday a mass meeting was called at the courthouse and
+captains appointed to search for the child. She was found mangled beyond
+recognition, covered with leaves and brush as above mentioned. As soon as
+it was learned upon the recovery of the body that the crime was so
+atrocious the whole town turned out in the chase. The railroads put up
+bulletins offering free transportation to all who would join in the
+search. Posses went in every direction, and not a stone was left unturned.
+Smith was tracked to Detroit on foot, where he jumped on a freight train
+and left for his old home in Hempstead county, Arkansas. To this county he
+was tracked and yesterday captured at Clow, a flag station on the Arkansas
+& Louisiana railway about twenty miles north of Hope. Upon being
+questioned the fiend denied everything, but upon being stripped for
+examination his undergarments were seen to be spattered with blood and a
+part of his shirt was torn off. He was kept under heavy guard at Hope last
+night, and later on confessed the crime.
+
+This morning he was brought through Texarkana, where 5,000 people awaited
+the train, anxious to see a man who had received the fate of Ed. Coy. At
+that place speeches were made by prominent Paris citizens, who asked that
+the prisoner be not molested by Texarkana people, but that the guard be
+allowed to deliver him up to the outraged and indignant citizens of Paris.
+Along the road the train gathered strength from the various towns, the
+people crowded upon the platforms and tops of coaches anxious to see the
+lynching and the negro who was soon to be delivered to an infuriated mob.
+
+
+BURNED AT THE STAKE
+
+Arriving here at 12 o'clock the train was met by a surging mass of
+humanity 10,000 strong. The negro was placed upon a carnival float in
+mockery of a king upon his throne, and, followed by an immense crowd, was
+escorted through the city so that all might see the most inhuman monster
+known in current history. The line of march was up Main Street to the
+square, around the square down Clarksville street to Church Street, thence
+to the open prairies about 300 yards from the Texas & Pacific depot. Here
+Smith was placed upon a scaffold, six feet square and ten feet high,
+securely bound, within the view of all beholders. Here the victim was
+tortured for fifty minutes by red-hot iron brands thrust against his
+quivering body. Commencing at the feet the brands were placed against him
+inch by inch until they were thrust against the face. Then, being
+apparently dead, kerosene was poured upon him, cottonseed hulls placed
+beneath him and set on fire. In less time than it takes to relate it, the
+tortured man was wafted beyond the grave to another fire, hotter and more
+terrible than the one just experienced.
+
+Curiosity seekers have carried away already all that was left of the
+memorable event, even to pieces of charcoal. The cause of the crime was
+that Henry Vance when a deputy policeman, in the course of his duty was
+called to arrest Henry Smith for being drunk and disorderly. The Negro was
+unruly, and Vance was forced to use his club. The Negro swore vengeance,
+and several times assaulted Vance. In his greed for revenge, last
+Thursday, he grabbed up the little girl and committed the crime. The
+father is prostrated with grief and the mother now lies at death's door,
+but she has lived to see the slayer of her innocent babe suffer the most
+horrible death that could be conceived.
+
+
+TORTURE BEYOND DESCRIPTION
+
+Words to describe the awful torture inflicted upon Smith cannot be found.
+The Negro, for a long time after starting on the journey to Paris, did not
+realize his plight. At last when he was told that he must die by slow
+torture he begged for protection. His agony was awful. He pleaded and
+writhed in bodily and mental pain. Scarcely had the train reached Paris
+than this torture commenced. His clothes were torn off piecemeal and
+scattered in the crowd, people catching the shreds and putting them away
+as mementos. The child's father, her brother, and two uncles then gathered
+about the Negro as he lay fastened to the torture platform and thrust hot
+irons into his quivering flesh. It was horrible--the man dying by slow
+torture in the midst of smoke from his own burning flesh. Every groan from
+the fiend, every contortion of his body was cheered by the thickly packed
+crowd of 10,000 persons. The mass of beings 600 yards in diameter, the
+scaffold being the center. After burning the feet and legs, the hot
+irons--plenty of fresh ones being at hand--were rolled up and down Smith's
+stomach, back, and arms. Then the eyes were burned out and irons were
+thrust down his throat.
+
+The men of the Vance family having wreaked vengeance, the crowd piled all
+kinds of combustible stuff around the scaffold, poured oil on it and set
+it afire. The Negro rolled and tossed out of the mass, only to be pushed
+back by the people nearest him. He tossed out again, and was roped and
+pulled back. Hundreds of people turned away, but the vast crowd still
+looked calmly on. People were here from every part of this section. They
+came from Dallas, Fort Worth, Sherman, Denison, Bonham, Texarkana, Fort
+Smith, Ark., and a party of fifteen came from Hempstead county, Arkansas,
+where he was captured. Every train that came in was loaded to its utmost
+capacity, and there were demands at many points for special trains to
+bring the people here to see the unparalleled punishment for an
+unparalleled crime. When the news of the burning went over the country
+like wildfire, at every country town anvils boomed forth the announcement.
+
+
+SHOULD HAVE BEEN IN AN ASYLUM
+
+It may not be amiss in connection with this awful affair, in proof of our
+assertion that Smith was an imbecile, to give the testimony of a
+well-known colored minister, who lived at Paris, Texas, at the time of the
+lynching. He was a witness of the awful scenes there enacted, and
+attempted, in the name of God and humanity, to interfere in the programme.
+He barely escaped with his life, was driven out of the city and became an
+exile because of his actions. Reverend King was in New York about the
+middle of February, and he was there interviewed for a daily paper for
+that city, and we quote his account as an eye witness of the affair. Said
+he:
+
+  I was ridden out of Paris on a rail because I was the only man in Lamar
+  county to raise my voice against the lynching of Smith. I opposed the
+  illegal measures before the arrival of Henry Smith as a prisoner, and I
+  was warned that I might meet his fate if I was not careful; but the
+  sense of justice made me bold, and when I saw the poor wretch trembling
+  with fear, and got so near him that I could hear his teeth chatter, I
+  determined to stand by him to the last.
+
+  I hated him for his crime, but two crimes do not make a virtue; and in
+  the brief conversation I had with Smith I was more firmly convinced than
+  ever that he was irresponsible.
+
+  I had known Smith for years, and there were times when Smith was out of
+  his head for weeks. Two years ago I made an effort to have him put in an
+  asylum, but the white people were trying to fasten the murder of a young
+  colored girl upon him, and would not listen. For days before the murder
+  of the little Vance girl, Smith was out of his head and dangerous. He
+  had just undergone an attack of delirium tremens and was in no condition
+  to be allowed at large. He realized his condition, for I spoke with him
+  not three weeks ago, and in answer to my exhortations, he promised to
+  reform. The next time I saw him was on the day of his execution.
+
+  "Drink did it! drink did it," he sobbed. Then bowing his face in his
+  hands, he asked: "Is it true, did I kill her? Oh, my God, my God!" For a
+  moment he seemed to forget the awful fate that awaited him, and his body
+  swayed to and fro with grief. Some one seized me by the shoulder and
+  hurled me back, and Smith fell writhing to the ground in terror as four
+  men seized his arms to drag him to the float on which he was to be
+  exhibited before he was finally burned at the stake.
+
+  I followed the procession and wept aloud as I saw little children of my
+  own race follow the unfortunate man and taunt him with jeers. Even at
+  the stake, children of both sexes and colors gathered in groups, and
+  when the father of the murdered child raised the hissing iron with which
+  he was about to torture the helpless victim, the children became as
+  frantic as the grown people and struggled forward to obtain places of
+  advantage.
+
+  It was terrible. One little tot scarcely older than little Myrtle Vance
+  clapped her baby hands as her father held her on his shoulders above the
+  heads of the people.
+
+  "For God's sake," I shouted, "send the children home."
+
+  "No, no," shouted a hundred maddened voices; "let them learn a lesson."
+
+  I love children, but as I looked about the little faces distorted with
+  passion and the bloodshot eyes of the cruel parents who held them high
+  in their arms, I thanked God that I have none of my own.
+
+  As the hot iron sank deep into poor Henry's flesh a hideous yell rent
+  the air, and, with a sound as terrible as the cry, of lost souls on
+  judgment day, 20,000 maddened people took up the victim's cry of agony
+  and a prolonged howl of maddened glee rent the air.
+
+  No one was himself now. Every man, woman and child in that awful crowd
+  was worked up to a greater frenzy than that which actuated Smith's
+  horrible crime. The people were capable of any new atrocity now, and as
+  Smith's yells became more and more frequent, it was difficult to hold
+  the crowd back, so anxious were the savages to participate in the
+  sickening tortures.
+
+  For half an hour I tried to pray as the beads of agony rolled down my
+  forehead and bathed my face.
+
+  For an instant a hush spread over the people. I could stand no more, and
+  with a superhuman effort dashed through the compact mass of humanity and
+  stood at the foot of the burning scaffold.
+
+  "In the name of God," I cried, "I command you to cease this torture."
+
+  The heavy butt of a Winchester rifle descended on my head and I fell to
+  the ground. Rough hands seized me and angry men bore me away, and I was
+  thankful.
+
+  At the outskirts of the crowd I was attacked again, and then several
+  men, no doubt glad to get away from the fearful place, escorted me to my
+  home, where I was allowed to take a small amount of clothing. A jeering
+  crowd gathered without, and when I appeared at the door ready hands
+  seized me and I was placed upon a rail, and, with curses and oaths,
+  taken to the railway station and placed upon a train. As the train moved
+  out some one thrust a roll of bills into my hand and said, "God bless
+  you, but it was no use."
+
+When asked if he should ever return to Paris, Mr. King said: "I shall
+never go south again. The impressions of that awful day will stay with me
+forever."
+
+
+LYNCHING OF INNOCENT MEN
+
+(Lynched on Account of Relationship)
+
+If no other reason appealed to the sober sense of the American people to
+check the growth of Lynch Law, the absolute unreliability and recklessness
+of the mob in inflicting punishment for crimes done, should do so. Several
+instances of this spirit have occurred in the year past. In Louisiana,
+near New Orleans, in July, 1893, Roselius Julian, a colored man, shot and
+killed a white judge, named Victor Estopinal. The cause of the shooting
+has never been definitely ascertained. It is claimed that the Negro
+resented an insult to his wife, and the killing of the white man was an
+act of a Negro (who dared) to defend his home. The judge was killed in the
+court house, and Julian, heavily armed, made his escape to the swamps near
+the city. He has never been apprehended, nor has any information ever been
+gleaned as to his whereabouts. A mob determined to secure the fugitive
+murderer and burn him alive. The swamps were hunted through and through in
+vain, when, being unable to wreak their revenge upon the murderer, the mob
+turned its attention to his unfortunate relatives. Dispatches from New
+Orleans, dated September 19, 1893, described the affair as follows:
+
+  Posses were immediately organized and the surrounding country was
+  scoured, but the search was fruitless so far as the real criminal was
+  concerned. The mother, three brothers and two sisters of the Negro were
+  arrested yesterday at the Black Ridge in the rear of the city by the
+  police and taken to the little jail on Judge Estopinal's place about
+  Southport, because of the belief that they were succoring the fugitive.
+
+  About 11 o'clock twenty-five men, some armed with rifles and shotguns,
+  came up to the jail. They unlocked the door and held a conference among
+  themselves as to what they should do. Some were in favor of hanging the
+  five, while others insisted that only two of the brothers should be
+  strung up. This was finally agreed to, and the two doomed negroes were
+  hurried to a pasture one hundred yards distant, and there asked to take
+  their last chance of saving their lives by making a confession, but the
+  Negroes made no reply. They were then told to kneel down and pray. One
+  did so, the other remained standing, but both prayed fervently. The
+  taller Negro was then hoisted up. The shorter Negro stood gazing at the
+  horrible death of his brother without flinching. Five minutes later he
+  was also hanged. The mob decided to take the remaining brother out to
+  Camp Parapet and hang him there. The other two were to be taken out and
+  flogged, with an order to get out of the parish in less than half an
+  hour. The third brother, Paul, was taken out to the camp, which is about
+  a mile distant in the interior, and there he was hanged to a tree.
+
+Another young man, who was in no way related to Julian, who perhaps did
+not even know the man and who was entirely innocent of any offense in
+connection therewith, was murdered by the same mob. The same paper says:
+
+  During the search for Julian on Saturday one branch of the posse visited
+  the house of a Negro family in the neighborhood of Camp Parapet, and
+  failing to find the object of their search, tried to induce John Willis,
+  a young Negro, to disclose the whereabouts of Julian. He refused to do
+  so, or could not do so, and was kicked to death by the gang.
+
+
+AN INDIANA CASE
+
+Almost equal to the ferocity of the mob which killed the three brothers,
+Julian and the unoffending, John Willis, because of the murder of Judge
+Estopinal, was the action of a mob near Vincennes, Ind. In this case a
+wealthy colored man, named Allen Butler, who was well known in the
+community, and enjoyed the confidence and respect of the entire country,
+was made the victim of a mob and hung because his son had become unduly
+intimate with a white girl who was a servant around his house. There was
+no pretense that the facts were otherwise than as here stated. The woman
+lived at Butler's house as a servant, and she and Butler's son fell in
+love with each other, and later it was found that the girl was in a
+delicate condition. It was claimed, but with how much truth no one has
+ever been able to tell, that the father had procured an abortion, or
+himself had operated on the girl, and that she had left the house to go
+back to her home. It was never claimed that the father was in any way
+responsible for the action of his son, but the authorities procured the
+arrest of both father and son, and at the preliminary examination the
+father gave bail to appear before the Grand Jury when it should convene.
+On the same night, however, the mob took the matter in hand and with the
+intention of hanging the son. It assembled near Sumner, while the boy, who
+had been unable to give bail, was lodged in jail at Lawrenceville. As it
+was impossible to reach Lawrenceville and hang the son, the leaders of the
+mob concluded they would go to Butler's house and hang him. Butler was
+found at his home, taken out by the mob and hung to a tree. This was in
+the lawabiding state of Indiana, which furnished the United States its
+last president and which claims all the honor, pride and glory of northern
+civilization. None of the leaders of the mob were apprehended, and no
+steps whatever were taken to bring the murderers to justice.
+
+
+KILLED FOR HIS STEPFATHER'S CRIME
+
+An account has been given of the cremation of Henry Smith, at Paris,
+Texas, for the murder of the infant child of a man named Vance. It would
+appear that human ferocity was not sated when it vented itself upon a
+human being by burning his eyes out, by thrusting a red-hot iron down his
+throat, and then by burning his body to ashes. Henry Smith, the victim of
+these savage orgies, was beyond all the power of torture, but a few miles
+outside of Paris, some members of the community concluded that it would be
+proper to kill a stepson named William Butler as a partial penalty for the
+original crime. This young man, against whom no word has ever been said,
+and who was in fact an orderly, peaceable boy, had been watched with the
+severest scrutiny by members of the mob who believed he knew something of
+the whereabouts of Smith. He declared from the very first that he did not
+know where his stepfather was, which statement was well proven to be a
+fact after the discovery of Smith in Arkansas, whence he had fled through
+swamps and woods and unfrequented places. Yet Butler was apprehended,
+placed under arrest, and on the night of February 6, taken out on Hickory
+Creek, five miles southeast of Paris, and hung for his stepfather's crime.
+After his body was suspended in the air, the mob filled it with bullets.
+
+
+LYNCHED BECAUSE THE JURY ACQUITTED HIM
+
+The entire system of the judiciary of this country is in the hands of
+white people. To this add the fact of the inherent prejudice against
+colored people, and it will be clearly seen that a white jury is certain
+to find a Negro prisoner guilty if there is the least evidence to warrant
+such a finding.
+
+Meredith Lewis was arrested in Roseland, La., in July of last year. A
+white jury found him not guilty of the crime of murder wherewith he stood
+charged. This did not suit the mob. A few nights after the verdict was
+rendered, and he declared to be innocent, a mob gathered in his vicinity
+and went to his house. He was called, and suspecting nothing, went
+outside. He was seized and hurried off to a convenient spot and hanged by
+the neck until he was dead for the murder of a woman of which the jury had
+said he was innocent.
+
+
+LYNCHED AS A SCAPEGOAT
+
+Wednesday, July 5, about 10 o'clock in the morning, a terrible crime was
+committed within four miles of Wickliffe, Ky. Two girls, Mary and Ruby
+Ray, were found murdered a short distance from their home. The news of
+this terrible cowardly murder of two helpless young girls spread like wild
+fire, and searching parties scoured the territory surrounding Wickliffe
+and Bardwell. Two of the searching party, the Clark brothers, saw a man
+enter the Dupoyster cornfield; they got their guns and fired at the
+fleeing figure, but without effect; he got away, but they said he was a
+white man or nearly so. The search continued all day without effect, save
+the arrest of two or three strange Negroes. A bloodhound was brought from
+the penitentiary and put on the trail which he followed from the scene of
+the murder to the river and into the boat of a fisherman named Gordon.
+Gordon stated that he had ferried one man and only one across the river
+about about half past six the evening of July 5; that his passenger sat in
+front of him, and he was a white man or a very bright mulatto, who could
+not be told from a white man. The bloodhound was put across the river in
+the boat, and he struck a trail again at Bird's Point on the Missouri
+side, ran about three hundred yards to the cottage of a white farmer named
+Grant and there lay down refusing to go further.
+
+Thursday morning a brakesman on a freight train going out of Sikeston,
+Mo., discovered a Negro stealing a ride; he ordered him off and had hot
+words which terminated in a fight. The brakesman had the Negro arrested.
+When arrested, between 11 and 12 o'clock, he had on a dark woolen shirt,
+light pants and coat, and no vest. He had twelve dollars in paper, two
+silver dollars and ninety-five cents in change; he had also four rings in
+his pockets, a knife and a razor which were rusted and stained. The
+Sikeston authorities immediately jumped to the conclusion that this man
+was the murderer for whom the Kentuckians across the river were searching.
+They telegraphed to Bardwell that their prisoner had on no coat, but wore
+a blue vest and pants which would perhaps correspond with the coat found
+at the scene of the murder, and that the names of the murdered girls were
+in the rings found in his possession.
+
+As soon as this news was received, the sheriffs of Ballard and Carlisle
+counties and a posse(?) of thirty well-armed and determined Kentuckians,
+who had pledged their word the prisoner should be taken back to the scene
+of the supposed crime, to be executed there if proved to be the guilty
+man, chartered a train and at nine o'clock Thursday night started for
+Sikeston. Arriving there two hours later, the sheriff at Sikeston, who had
+no warrant for the prisoner's arrest and detention, delivered him into the
+hands of the mob without authority for so doing, and accompanied them to
+Bird's Point. The prisoner gave his name as Miller, his home at
+Springfield, and said he had never been in Kentucky in his life, but the
+sheriff turned him over to the mob to be taken to Wickliffe, that Frank
+Gordon, the fisherman, who had put a man across the river might identify
+him.
+
+In other words, the protection of the law was withdrawn from C.J. Miller,
+and he was given to a mob by this sheriff at Sikeston, who knew that the
+prisoner's life depended on one man's word. After an altercation with the
+train men, who wanted another $50 for taking the train back to Bird's
+Point, the crowd arrived there at three o'clock, Friday morning. Here was
+anchored _The Three States_, a ferryboat plying between Wickliffe, Ky,
+Cairo, Ill., and Bird's Point, Mo. This boat left Cairo at twelve o'clock,
+Thursday, with nearly three hundred of Cairo's best(?) citizens and thirty
+kegs of beer on board. This was consumed while the crowd and the
+bloodhound waited for the prisoner.
+
+When the prisoner was on board _The Three States_ the dog was turned
+loose, and after moving aimlessly around, followed the crowd to where
+Miller sat handcuffed and there stopped. The crowd closed in on the pair
+and insisted that the brute had identified him because of that action.
+When the boat reached Wickliffe, Gordon, the fisherman, was called on to
+say whether the prisoner was the man he ferried over the river the day of
+the murder.
+
+[Illustration: Lynching of C.J. Miller, at Bardwell, Kentucky, July 7,
+1893.]
+
+The sheriff of Ballard County informed him, sternly that if the prisoner
+was not the man, he (the fisherman) would be held responsible as knowing
+who the guilty man was. Gordon stated before, that the man he ferried
+across was a white man or a bright colored man; Miller was a dark brown
+skinned man, with kinky hair, "neither yellow nor black," says the _Cairo
+Evening Telegram_ of Friday, July 7. The fisherman went up to Miller from
+behind, looked at him without speaking for fully five minutes, then slowly
+said, "Yes, that's the man I crossed over." This was about six o'clock,
+Friday morning, and the crowd wished to hang Miller then and there. But
+Mr. Ray, the father of the girls, insisted that he be taken to Bardwell,
+the county seat of Ballard, and twelve miles inland. He said he thought a
+white man committed the crime, and that he was not satisfied that was the
+man. They took him to Bardwell and at ten o'clock, this same excited,
+unauthorized mob undertook to determine Miller's guilt. One of the Clark
+brothers who shot at a fleeing man in the Dupoyster cornfield, said the
+prisoner was the same man; the other said he was not, but the testimony of
+the first was accepted. A colored woman who had said she gave breakfast to
+a colored man clad in a blue flannel suit the morning of the murder, said
+positively that she had never seen Miller before. The gold rings found in
+his possession had no names in them, as had been asserted, and Mr. Ray
+said they did not belong to his daughters. Meantime a funeral pyre for the
+purpose of burning Miller to death had been erected in the center of the
+village. While the crowd swayed by passion was clamoring that he be burnt,
+Miller stepped forward and made the following statement: "My name is
+C.J. Miller. I am from Springfield, Ill.; my wife lives at 716 N. 2d
+Street. I am here among you today, looked upon as one of the most brutal
+men before the people. I stand here surrounded by men who are excited, men
+who are not willing to let the law take its course, and as far as the
+crime is concerned, I have committed no crime, and certainly no crime
+gross enough to deprive me of my life and liberty to walk upon the green
+earth."
+
+A telegram was sent to the chief of the police at Springfield, Ill.,
+asking if one C.J. Miller lived there. An answer in the negative was
+returned. A few hours after, it was ascertained that a man named Miller,
+and his wife, did live at the number the prisoner gave in his speech, but
+the information came to Bardwell too late to do the prisoner any good.
+Miller was taken to jail, every stitch of clothing literally torn from his
+body and examined again. On the lower left side of the bosom of his shirt
+was found a dark reddish spot about the size of a dime. Miller said it was
+paint which he had gotten on him at Jefferson Barracks. This spot was only
+on the right side, and could not be seen from the under side at all, thus
+showing it had not gone through the cloth as blood or any liquid substance
+would do.
+
+Chief-of-Police Mahaney, of Cairo, Ill., was with the prisoner, and he
+took his knife and scraped at the spot, particles of which came off in his
+hand. Miller told them to take his clothes to any expert, and if the spot
+was shown to be blood, they might do anything they wished with him. They
+took his clothes away and were gone some time. After a while they were
+brought back and thrown into the cell without a word. It is needless to
+say that if the spot had been found to be blood, that fact would have been
+announced, and the shirt retained as evidence. Meanwhile numbers of rough,
+drunken men crowded into the cell and tried to force a confession of the
+deed from the prisoner's lips. He refused to talk save to reiterate his
+innocence. To Mr. Mahaney, who talked seriously and kindly to him, telling
+him the mob meant to burn and torture him at three o'clock, Miller said:
+"Burning and torture here lasts but a little while, but if I die with a
+lie on my soul, I shall be tortured forever. I am innocent." For more than
+three hours, all sorts of pressure in the way of threats, abuse and
+urging, was brought to bear to force him to confess to the murder and thus
+justify the mob in its deed of murder. Miller remained firm; but as the
+hour drew near, and the crowd became more impatient, he asked for a
+priest. As none could be procured, he then asked for a Methodist minister,
+who came, prayed with the doomed man, baptized him and exhorted Miller to
+confess. To keep up the flagging spirits of the dense crowd around the
+jail, the rumor went out more than once, that Miller had confessed. But
+the solemn assurance of the minister, chief-of-police, and leading
+editor--who were with Miller all along--is that this rumor is absolutely
+false.
+
+At three o'clock the mob rushed to the jail to secure the prisoner. Mr.
+Ray had changed his mind about the promised burning; he was still in doubt
+as to the prisoner's guilt. He again addressed the crowd to that effect,
+urging them not to burn Miller, and the mob heeded him so far, that they
+compromised on hanging instead of burning, which was agreed to by Mr. Ray.
+There was a loud yell, and a rush was made for the prisoner. He was
+stripped naked, his clothing literally torn from his body, and his shirt
+was tied around his loins. Some one declared the rope was a "white man's
+death," and a log-chain, nearly a hundred feet in length, weighing over
+one hundred pounds, was placed round Miller's neck and body, and he was
+led and dragged through the streets of the village in that condition
+followed by thousands of people. He fainted from exhaustion several times,
+but was supported to the platform where they first intended burning him.
+
+The chain was hooked around his neck, a man climbed the telegraph pole and
+the other end of the chain was passed up to him and made fast to the
+cross-arm. Others brought a long forked stick which Miller was made to
+straddle. By this means he was raised several feet from the ground and
+then let fall. The first fall broke his neck, but he was raised in this
+way and let fall a second time. Numberless shots were fired into the
+dangling body, for most of that crowd were heavily armed, and had been
+drinking all day.
+
+Miller's body hung thus exposed from three to five o'clock, during which
+time, several photographs of him as he hung dangling at the end of the
+chain were taken, and his toes and fingers were cut off. His body was
+taken down, placed on the platform, the torch applied, and in a few
+moments there was nothing left of C.J. Miller save a few bones and ashes.
+Thus perished another of the many victims of Lynch Law, but it is the
+honest and sober belief of many who witnessed the scene that an innocent
+man has been barbarously and shockingly put to death in the glare of the
+nineteenth-century civilization, by those who profess to believe in
+Christianity, law and order.
+
+
+
+
+5
+
+LYNCHED FOR ANYTHING OR NOTHING
+
+(_Lynched for Wife Beating_)
+
+
+In nearly all communities wife beating is punishable with a fine, and in
+no community is it made a felony. Dave Jackson, of Abita, La., was a
+colored man who had beaten his wife. He had not killed her, nor seriously
+wounded her, but as Louisiana lynchers had not filled out their quota of
+crimes, his case was deemed of sufficient importance to apply the method
+of that barbarous people. He was in the custody of the officials, but the
+mob went to the jail and took him out in front of the prison and hanged
+him by the neck until he was dead. This was in Nov. 1893.
+
+
+HANGED FOR STEALING HOGS
+
+Details are very meagre of a lynching which occurred near Knox Point, La.,
+on the twenty-fourth of October, 1893. Upon one point, however, there was
+no uncertainty, and that is, that the persons lynched were Negroes. It was
+claimed that they had been stealing hogs, but even this claim had not been
+subjected to the investigation of a court. That matter was not considered
+necessary. A few of the neighbors who had lost hogs suspected these men
+were responsible for their loss, and made up their minds to furnish an
+example for others to be warned by. The two men were secured by a mob and
+hanged.
+
+
+LYNCHED FOR NO OFFENSE
+
+Perhaps the most characteristic feature of this record of lynch law for
+the year 1893, is the remarkable fact that five human beings were lynched
+and that the matter was considered of so little importance that the
+powerful press bureaus of the country did not consider the matter of
+enough importance to ascertain the causes for which they were hanged. It
+tells the world, with perhaps greater emphasis than any other feature of
+the record, that Lynch Law has become so common in the United States that
+the finding of the dead body of a Negro, suspended between heaven and
+earth to the limb of a tree, is of so slight importance that neither the
+civil authorities nor press agencies consider the matter worth
+investigating. July 21, in Shelby County, Tenn., a colored man by the name
+of Charles Martin was lynched. July 30, at Paris, Mo., a colored man named
+William Steen shared the same fate. December 28, Mack Segars was announced
+to have been lynched at Brantley, Alabama. August 31, at Yarborough,
+Texas, and on September 19, at Houston, a colored man was found lynched,
+but so little attention was paid to the matter that not only was no record
+made as to why these last two men were lynched, but even their names were
+not given. The dispatches simply stated that an unknown Negro was found
+lynched in each case.
+
+There are friends of humanity who feel their souls shrink from any
+compromise with murder, but whose deep and abiding reverence for womanhood
+causes them to hesitate in giving their support to this crusade against
+Lynch Law, out of fear that they may encourage the miscreants whose deeds
+are worse than murder. But to these friends it must appear certain that
+these five men could not have been guilty of any terrible crime. They were
+simply lynched by parties of men who had it in their power to kill them,
+and who chose to avenge some fancied wrong by murder, rather than submit
+their grievances to court.
+
+
+LYNCHED BECAUSE THEY WERE SAUCY
+
+At Moberly, Mo., February 18 and at Fort Madison, S.C., June 2, both in
+1892, a record was made in the line of lynching which should certainly
+appeal to every humanitarian who has any regard for the sacredness of
+human life. John Hughes, of Moberly, and Isaac Lincoln, of Fort Madison,
+and Will Lewis in Tullahoma, Tenn., suffered death for no more serious
+charge than that they "were saucy to white people." In the days of slavery
+it was held to be a very serious matter for a colored person to fail to
+yield the sidewalk at the demand of a white person, and it will not be
+surprising to find some evidence of this intolerance existing in the days
+of freedom. But the most that could be expected as a penalty for acting or
+speaking saucily to a white person would be a slight physical chastisement
+to make the Negro "know his place" or an arrest and fine. But Missouri,
+Tennessee and South Carolina chose to make precedents in their cases and
+as a result both men, after being charged with their offense and
+apprehended, were taken by a mob and lynched. The civil authorities, who
+in either case would have been very quick to satisfy the aggrieved white
+people had they complained and brought the prisoners to court, by imposing
+proper penalty upon them, did not feel it their duty to make any
+investigation after the Negroes were killed. They were dead and out of the
+way and as no one would be called upon to render an account for their
+taking off, the matter was dismissed from the public mind.
+
+
+LYNCHED FOR A QUARREL
+
+One of the most notable instances of lynching for the year 1893, occurred
+about the twentieth of September. It was notable for the fact that the
+mayor of the city exerted every available power to protect the victim of
+the lynching from the mob. In his splendid endeavor to uphold the law, the
+mayor called out the troops, and the result was a deadly fight between the
+militia and mob, nine of the mob being killed. The trouble occurred at
+Roanoke, Va. It is frequently claimed that lynchings occur only in
+sparsely settled districts, and, in fact, it is a favorite plea of
+governors and reverend apologists to couple two arrant falsehoods, stating
+that lynchings occur only because of assaults upon white women, and that
+these assaults occur and the lynchings follow in thinly inhabited
+districts where the power of the law is entirely inadequate to meet the
+emergency. This Roanoke case is a double refutation, for it not only
+disproves the alleged charge that the Negro assaulted a white woman, as
+was telegraphed all over the country at the time, but it also shows
+conclusively that even in one of the largest cities of the old state of
+Virginia, one of the original thirteen colonies, which prides itself of
+being the mother of presidents, it was possible for a lynching to occur in
+broad daylight under circumstances of revolting savagery.
+
+When the news first came from Roanoke of the contemplated lynching, it was
+stated that a big burly Negro had assaulted a white woman, that he had
+been apprehended and that the citizens were determined to summarily
+dispose of his case. Mayor Trout was a man who believed in maintaining the
+majesty of the law, and who at once gave notice that no lynching would be
+permitted in Roanoke, and that the Negro, whose name was Smith, being in
+the custody of the law, should be dealt with according to law; but the mob
+did not pay any attention to the brave words of the mayor. It evidently
+thought that it was only another case of swagger, such as frequently
+characterizes lynching episodes. Mayor Trout, finding immense crowds
+gathering about the city, and fearing an attempt to lynch Smith, called
+out the militia and stationed them at the jail.
+
+It was known that the woman refused to accuse Smith of assaulting her, and
+that his offense consisted in quarreling with her about the change of
+money in a transaction in which he bought something from her market booth.
+Both parties lost their temper, and the result was a row from which Smith
+had to make his escape. At once the old cry was sounded that the woman had
+been assaulted, and in a few hours all the town was wild with people
+thirsting for the assailant's blood. The further incidents of that day may
+well be told by a dispatch from Roanoke under date of the twenty-first of
+September and published in the _Chicago Record_. It says:
+
+  It is claimed by members of the military company that they frequently
+  warned the mob to keep away from the jail, under penalty of being shot.
+  Capt. Bird told them he was under orders to protect the prisoner whose
+  life the mob so eagerly sought, and come what may he would not allow him
+  to be taken by the mob. To this the crowd replied with hoots and
+  derisive jeers. The rioters appeared to become frenzied at the
+  determined stand taken by the men and Captain Bird, and finally a crowd
+  of excited men made a rush for the side door of the jail. The captain
+  directed his men to drive the would-be lynchers back.
+
+  At this moment the mob opened fire on the soldiers. This appeared for a
+  moment to startle the captain and his men. But it was only for a moment.
+  Then he coolly gave the command: "Ready! aim! fire!" The company obeyed
+  to the instant, and poured a volley of bullets into that part of the
+  mob which was trying to batter down the side door of the jail.
+
+  The rioters fell back before the fire of the militia, leaving one man
+  writhing in the agonies of death at the doorstep. There was a lull for a
+  moment. Then the word was quickly passed through the throng in front of
+  the jail and down the street that a man was killed. Then there was an
+  awful rush toward the little band of soldiers. Excited men were yelling
+  like demons.
+
+  The fight became general, and ere it was ended nine men were dead and
+  more than forty wounded.
+
+This stubborn stand on behalf of law and order disconcerted the crowd and
+it fell back in disorder. It did not long remain inactive but assembled
+again for a second assault. Having only a small band of militia, and
+knowing they would be absolutely at the mercy of the thousands who were
+gathering to wreak vengeance upon them, the mayor ordered them to disperse
+and go to their homes, and he himself, having been wounded, was quietly
+conveyed out of the city.
+
+The next day the mob grew in numbers and its rage increased in its
+intensity. There was no longer any doubt that Smith, innocent as he was of
+any crime, would be killed, for with the mayor out of the city and the
+governor of the state using no effort to control the mob, it was only a
+question of a few hours when the assault would be repeated and its victim
+put to death. All this happened as per programme. The description of that
+morning's carnival appeared in the paper above quoted and reads as
+follows:
+
+  A squad of twenty men took the negro Smith from three policemen just
+  before five o'clock this morning and hanged him to a hickory limb on
+  Ninth Avenue, in the residence section of the city. They riddled his
+  body with bullets and put a placard on it saying: "This is Mayor Trout's
+  friend." A coroner's jury of Bismel was summoned and viewed the body and
+  rendered a verdict of death at the hands of unknown men. Thousands of
+  persons visited the scene of the lynching between daylight and eight
+  o'clock when the body was cut down. After the jury had completed its
+  work the body was placed in the hands of officers, who were unable to
+  keep back the mob. Three hundred men tried to drag the body through the
+  streets of the town, but the Rev. Dr. Campbell of the First Presbyterian
+  church and Capt. R.B. Moorman, with pleas and by force prevented them.
+
+  Capt. Moorman hired a wagon and the body was put in it. It was then
+  conveyed to the bank of the Roanoke, about two miles from the scene of
+  the lynching. Here the body was dragged from the wagon by ropes for
+  about 200 yards and burned. Piles of dry brushwood were brought, and the
+  body was placed upon it, and more brushwood piled on the body, leaving
+  only the head bare. The whole pile was then saturated with coal oil and
+  a match was applied. The body was consumed within an hour. The cremation
+  was witnessed by several thousand people. At one time the mob threatened
+  to burn the Negro in Mayor Trout's yard.
+
+Thus did the people of Roanoke, Va., add this measure of proof to maintain
+our contention that it is only necessary to charge a Negro with a crime in
+order to secure his certain death. It was well known in the city before he
+was killed that he had not assaulted the woman with whom he had had the
+trouble, but he dared to have an altercation with a white woman, and he
+must pay the penalty. For an offense which would not in any civilized
+community have brought upon him a punishment greater than a fine of a few
+dollars, this unfortunate Negro was hung, shot and burned.
+
+
+SUSPECTED, INNOCENT AND LYNCHED
+
+Five persons, Benjamin Jackson, his wife, Mahala Jackson, his
+mother-in-law, Lou Carter, Rufus Bigley, were lynched near Quincy, Miss.,
+the charge against them being suspicion of well poisoning. It appears from
+the newspaper dispatches at that time that a family by the name of
+Woodruff was taken ill in September of 1892. As a result of their illness
+one or more of the family are said to have died, though that matter is not
+stated definitely. It was suspected that the cause of their illness was
+the existence of poison in the water, some miscreant having placed poison
+in the well. Suspicion pointed to a colored man named Benjamin Jackson who
+was at once arrested. With him also were arrested his wife and
+mother-in-law and all were held on the same charge.
+
+The matter came up for judicial investigation, but as might have been
+expected, the white people concluded it was unnecessary to wait the result
+of the investigation--that it was preferable to hang the accused first and
+try him afterward. By this method of procedure, the desired result was
+always obtained--the accused was hanged. Accordingly Benjamin Jackson was
+taken from the officers by a crowd of about two hundred people, while the
+inquest was being held, and hanged. After the killing of Jackson, the
+inquest was continued to ascertain the possible connection of the other
+persons charged with the crime. Against the wife and mother-in-law of the
+unfortunate man there was not the slightest evidence and the coroner's
+jury was fair enough to give them their liberty. They were declared
+innocent and returned to their homes. But this did not protect the women
+from the demands of the Christian white people of that section of the
+country. In any other land and with any other people, the fact that these
+two accused persons were women would have pleaded in their favor for
+protection and fair play, but that had no weight with the Mississippi
+Christians nor the further fact that a jury of white men had declared them
+innocent. The hanging of one victim on an unproven charge did not begin to
+satisfy the mob in its bloodthirsty demands and the result was that even
+after the women had been discharged, they were at once taken in charge by
+a mob, which hung them by the neck until they were dead.
+
+Still the mob was not satisfied. During the coroner's investigation the
+name of a fourth person, Rufus Bigley, was mentioned. He was acquainted
+with the Jacksons and that fact, together with some testimony adduced at
+the inquest, prompted the mob to decide that he should die also. Search
+was at once made for him and the next day he was apprehended. He was not
+given over into the hands of the civil authorities for trial nor did the
+coroner's inquest find that he was guilty, but the mob was quite
+sufficient in itself. After finding Bigley, he was strung up to a tree and
+his body left hanging, where it was found next day. It may be remarked
+here in passing that this instance of the moral degradation of the people
+of Mississippi did not excite any interest in the public at large.
+American Christianity heard of this awful affair and read of its details
+and neither press nor pulpit gave the matter more than a passing comment.
+Had it occurred in the wilds of interior Africa, there would have been an
+outcry from the humane people of this country against the savagery which
+would so mercilessly put men and women to death. But it was an evidence of
+American civilization to be passed by unnoticed, to be denied or condoned
+as the requirements of any future emergency might determine.
+
+
+LYNCHED FOR AN ATTEMPTED ASSAULT
+
+With only a little more aggravation than that of Smith who quarreled at
+Roanoke with the market woman, was the assault which operated as the
+incentive to a most brutal lynching in Memphis, Tenn. Memphis is one of
+the queen cities of the south, with a population of about seventy thousand
+souls--easily one of the twenty largest, most progressive and wealthiest
+cities of the United States. And yet in its streets there occurred a scene
+of shocking savagery which would have disgraced the Congo. No woman was
+harmed, no serious indignity suffered. Two women driving to town in a
+wagon, were suddenly accosted by Lee Walker. He claimed that he demanded
+something to eat. The women claimed that he attempted to assault them.
+They gave such an alarm that he ran away. At once the dispatches spread
+over the entire country that a big, burly Negro had brutally assaulted two
+women. Crowds began to search for the alleged fiend. While hunting him
+they shot another Negro dead in his tracks for refusing to stop when
+ordered to do so. After a few days Lee Walker was found, and put in jail
+in Memphis until the mob there was ready for him.
+
+The _Memphis Commercial_ of Sunday, July 23, contains a full account of
+the tragedy from which the following extracts are made:
+
+  At 12 o'clock last night, Lee Walker, who attempted to outrage Miss
+  Mollie McCadden, last Tuesday morning, was taken from the county jail
+  and hanged to a telegraph pole just north of the prison. All day rumors
+  were afloat that with nightfall an attack would be made upon the jail,
+  and as everyone anticipated that a vigorous resistance would be made, a
+  conflict between the mob and the authorities was feared.
+
+  At 10 o'clock Capt. O'Haver, Sergt. Horan and several patrolmen were on
+  hand, but they could do nothing with the crowd. An attack by the mob was
+  made on the door in the south wall, and it yielded. Sheriff McLendon and
+  several of his men threw themselves into the breach, but two or three of
+  the storming party shoved by. They were seized by the police, but were
+  not subdued, the officers refraining from using their clubs. The entire
+  mob might at first have been dispersed by ten policemen who would use
+  their clubs, but the sheriff insisted that no violence be done.
+
+  The mob got an iron rail and used it as a battering ram against the
+  lobby doors. Sheriff McLendon tried to stop them, and some one of the
+  mob knocked him down with a chair. Still he counseled moderation and
+  would not order his deputies and the police to disperse the crowd by
+  force. The pacific policy of the sheriff impressed the mob with the idea
+  that the officers were afraid, or at least would do them no harm, and
+  they redoubled their efforts, urged on by a big switchman. At 12 o'clock
+  the door of the prison was broken in with a rail.
+
+  As soon as the rapist was brought out of the door calls were heard for a
+  rope; then someone shouted, "Burn him!" But there was no time to make a
+  fire. When Walker got into the lobby a dozen of the men began beating
+  and stabbing him. He was half dragged, half carried to the corner of
+  Front Street and the alley between Sycamore and Mill, and hung to a
+  telegraph pole.
+
+  Walker made a desperate resistance. Two men entered his cell first and
+  ordered him to come forth. He refused, and they failing to drag him out,
+  others entered. He scratched and bit his assailants, wounding several of
+  them severely with his teeth. The mob retaliated by striking and cutting
+  him with fists and knives. When he reached the steps leading down to the
+  door he made another stand and was stabbed again and again. By the time
+  he reached the lobby his power to resist was gone, and he was shoved
+  along through the mob of yelling, cursing men and boys, who beat, spat
+  upon and slashed the wretch-like demon. One of the leaders of the mob
+  fell, and the crowd walked ruthlessly over him. He was badly hurt--a
+  jawbone fractured and internal injuries inflicted. After the lynching
+  friends took charge of him.
+
+  The mob proceeded north on Front Street with the victim, stopping at
+  Sycamore Street to get a rope from a grocery. "Take him to the iron
+  bridge on Main Street," yelled several men. The men who had hold of the
+  Negro were in a hurry to finish the job, however, and when they reached
+  the telephone pole at the corner of Front Street and the first alley
+  north of Sycamore they stopped. A hastily improvised noose was slipped
+  over the Negro's head, and several young men mounted a pile of lumber
+  near the pole and threw the rope over one of the iron stepping pins. The
+  Negro was lifted up until his feet were three feet above the ground, the
+  rope was made taut, and a corpse dangled in midair. A big fellow who
+  helped lead the mob pulled the Negro's legs until his neck cracked. The
+  wretch's clothes had been torn off, and, as he swung, the man who pulled
+  his legs mutilated the corpse.
+
+  One or two knife cuts, more or less, made little difference in the
+  appearance of the dead rapist, however, for before the rope was around
+  his neck his skin was cut almost to ribbons. One pistol shot was fired
+  while the corpse was hanging. A dozen voices protested against the use
+  of firearms, and there was no more shooting. The body was permitted to
+  hang for half an hour, then it was cut down and the rope divided among
+  those who lingered around the scene of the tragedy. Then it was
+  suggested that the corpse be burned, and it was done. The entire
+  performance, from the assault on the jail to the burning of the dead
+  Negro was witnessed by a score or so of policemen and as many deputy
+  sheriffs, but not a hand was lifted to stop the proceedings after the
+  jail door yielded.
+
+  As the body hung to the telegraph pole, blood streaming down from the
+  knife wounds in his neck, his hips and lower part of his legs also
+  slashed with knives, the crowd hurled expletives at him, swung the body
+  so that it was dashed against the pole, and, so far from the ghastly
+  sight proving trying to the nerves, the crowd looked on with
+  complaisance, if not with real pleasure. The Negro died hard. The neck
+  was not broken, as the body was drawn up without being given a fall, and
+  death came by strangulation. For fully ten minutes after he was strung
+  up the chest heaved occasionally, and there were convulsive movements of
+  the limbs. Finally he was pronounced dead, and a few minutes later
+  Detective Richardson climbed on a pile of staves and cut the rope. The
+  body fell in a ghastly heap, and the crowd laughed at the sound and
+  crowded around the prostrate body, a few kicking the inanimate carcass.
+
+  Detective Richardson, who is also a deputy coroner, then proceeded to
+  impanel the following jury of inquest: J.S. Moody, A.C. Waldran, B.J.
+  Childs, J.N. House, Nelson Bills, T.L. Smith, and A. Newhouse. After
+  viewing the body the inquest was adjourned without any testimony being
+  taken until 9 o'clock this morning. The jury will meet at the coroner's
+  office, 51 Beale Street, upstairs, and decide on a verdict. If no
+  witnesses are forthcoming, the jury will be able to arrive at a verdict
+  just the same, as all members of it saw the lynching. Then someone
+  raised the cry of "Burn him!" It was quickly taken up and soon resounded
+  from a hundred throats. Detective Richardson, for a long time,
+  single-handed, stood the crowd off. He talked and begged the men not to
+  bring disgrace on the city by burning the body, arguing that all the
+  vengeance possible had been wrought.
+
+  While this was going on a small crowd was busy starting a fire in the
+  middle of the street. The material was handy. Some bundles of staves
+  were taken from the adjoining lumber yard for kindling. Heavier wood was
+  obtained from the same source, and coal oil from a neighboring grocery.
+  Then the cries of "Burn him! Burn him!" were redoubled.
+
+  Half a dozen men seized the naked body. The crowd cheered. They marched
+  to the fire, and giving the body a swing, it was landed in the middle of
+  the fire. There was a cry for more wood, as the fire had begun to die
+  owing to the long delay. Willing hands procured the wood, and it was
+  piled up on the Negro, almost, for a time, obscuring him from view. The
+  head was in plain view, as also were the limbs, and one arm which stood
+  out high above the body, the elbow crooked, held in that position by a
+  stick of wood. In a few moments the hands began to swell, then came
+  great blisters over all the exposed parts of the body; then in places
+  the flesh was burned away and the bones began to show through. It was a
+  horrible sight, one which, perhaps, none there had ever witnessed
+  before. It proved too much for a large part of the crowd and the
+  majority of the mob left very shortly after the burning began.
+
+  But a large number stayed, and were not a bit set back by the sight of a
+  human body being burned to ashes. Two or three white women, accompanied
+  by their escorts, pushed to the front to obtain an unobstructed view,
+  and looked on with astonishing coolness and nonchalance. One man and
+  woman brought a little girl, not over twelve years old, apparently their
+  daughter, to view a scene which was calculated to drive sleep from the
+  child's eyes for many nights, if not to produce a permanent injury to
+  her nervous system. The comments of the crowd were varied. Some remarked
+  on the efficacy of this style of cure for rapists, others rejoiced that
+  men's wives and daughters were now safe from this wretch. Some laughed
+  as the flesh cracked and blistered, and while a large number pronounced
+  the burning of a dead body as a useless episode, not in all that throng
+  was a word of sympathy heard for the wretch himself.
+
+  The rope that was used to hang the Negro, and also that which was used
+  to lead him from the jail, were eagerly sought by relic hunters. They
+  almost fought for a chance to cut off a piece of rope, and in an
+  incredibly short time both ropes had disappeared and were scattered in
+  the pockets of the crowd in sections of from an inch to six inches long.
+  Others of the relic hunters remained until the ashes cooled to obtain
+  such ghastly relics as the teeth, nails, and bits of charred skin of the
+  immolated victim of his own lust. After burning the body the mob tied a
+  rope around the charred trunk and dragged it down Main Street to the
+  courthouse, where it was hanged to a center pole. The rope broke and the
+  corpse dropped with a thud, but it was again hoisted, the charred legs
+  barely touching the ground. The teeth were knocked out and the
+  fingernails cut off as souvenirs. The crowd made so much noise that the
+  police interfered. Undertaker Walsh was telephoned for, who took
+  charge of the body and carried it to his establishment, where it will be
+  prepared for burial in the potter's field today.
+
+[Illustration: Scene of lynching at Clanton, Alabama, August 1891.]
+
+[Illustration: Facsimile of back of photograph. W.R. MARTIN, Traveling
+Photographer. (Handwritten: This S.O.B. was hung at Clanton Ala. Friday
+Aug 21st/91 for murdering a little boy in cold blood for 35¢ in cash. He
+is a good specimen of your "Black Christian hung by White Heathens"
+[illegible] of the Committee.)]
+
+A prelude to this exhibition of nineteenth-century barbarism was the
+following telegram received by the _Chicago Inter Ocean_, at 2 o'clock,
+Saturday afternoon--ten hours before the lynching:
+
+  MEMPHIS TENN., July 22, To _Inter-Ocean_, Chicago.
+
+  Lee Walker, colored man, accused of raping white women, in jail here,
+  will be taken out and burned by whites tonight. Can you send Miss Ida
+  Wells to write it up? Answer. R.M. Martin, with _Public Ledger_.
+
+The _Public Ledger_ is one of the oldest evening daily papers in Memphis,
+and this telegram shows that the intentions of the mob were well known
+long before they were executed. The personnel of the mob is given by the
+_Memphis Appeal-Avalanche_. It says, "At first it seemed as if a crowd of
+roughs were the principals, but as it increased in size, men in all walks
+of life figured as leaders, although the majority were young men."
+
+This was the punishment meted out to a Negro, charged, not with rape, but
+attempted assault, and without any proof as to his guilt, for the women
+were not given a chance to identify him. It was only a little less
+horrible than the burning alive of Henry Smith, at Paris, Texas, February
+1, 1893, or that of Edward Coy, in Texarkana, Texas, February 20, 1892.
+Both were charged with assault on white women, and both were tied to the
+stake and burned while yet alive, in the presence of ten thousand persons.
+In the case of Coy, the white woman in the case applied the match, even
+while the victim protested his innocence.
+
+The cut which is here given is the exact reproduction of the photograph
+taken at the scene of the lynching at Clanton, Alabama, August, 1891. The
+cause for which the man was hanged is given in the words of the mob which
+were written on the back of the photograph, and they are also given. This
+photograph was sent to Judge A.W. Tourgee, of Mayville, N.Y.
+
+In some of these cases the mob affects to believe in the Negro's guilt.
+The world is told that the white woman in the case identifies him, or the
+prisoner "confesses." But in the lynching which took place in Barnwell
+County, South Carolina, April 24, 1893, the mob's victim, John Peterson,
+escaped and placed himself under Governor Tillman's protection; not only
+did he declare his innocence, but offered to prove an alibi, by white
+witnesses. Before his witnesses could be brought, the mob arrived at the
+Governor's mansion and demanded the prisoner. He was given up, and
+although the white woman in the case said he was not the man, he was
+hanged twenty-four hours after, and over a thousand bullets fired into his
+body, on the declaration that "a crime had been committed and someone had
+to hang for it."
+
+
+
+
+6
+
+HISTORY OF SOME CASES OF RAPE
+
+
+It has been claimed that the Southern white women have been slandered
+because, in defending the Negro race from the charge that all colored men,
+who are lynched, only pay penalty for assaulting women. It is certain that
+lynching mobs have not only refused to give the Negro a chance to defend
+himself, but have killed their victim with a full knowledge that the
+relationship of the alleged assailant with the woman who accused him, was
+voluntary and clandestine. As a matter of fact, one of the prime causes of
+the Lynch Law agitation has been a necessity for defending the Negro from
+this awful charge against him. This defense has been necessary because the
+apologists for outlawry insist that in no case has the accusing woman been
+a willing consort of her paramour, who is lynched because overtaken in
+wrong. It is well known, however, that such is the case. In July of this
+year, 1894, John Paul Bocock, a Southern white man living in New York, and
+assistant editor of the _New York Tribune_, took occasion to defy the
+publication of any instance where the lynched Negro was the victim of a
+white woman's falsehood. Such cases are not rare, but the press and people
+conversant with the facts, almost invariably suppress them.
+
+The _New York Sun_ of July 30,1894, contained a synopsis of interviews
+with leading congressmen and editors of the South. Speaker Crisp, of the
+House of Representatives, who was recently a Judge of the Supreme Court of
+Georgia, led in declaring that lynching seldom or never took place, save
+for vile crime against women and children. Dr. Hass, editor of the leading
+organ of the Methodist Church South, published in its columns that it was
+his belief that more than three hundred women had been assaulted by Negro
+men within three months. When asked to prove his charges, or give a single
+case upon which his "belief" was founded, he said that he could do so, but
+the details were unfit for publication. No other evidence but his "belief"
+could be adduced to substantiate this grave charge, yet Bishop Haygood, in
+the _Forum_ of October, 1893, quotes this "belief" in apology for
+lynching, and voluntarily adds: "It is my opinion that this is an
+underestimate." The "opinion" of this man, based upon a "belief," had
+greater weight coming from a man who has posed as a friend to "Our Brother
+in Black," and was accepted as authority. An interview of Miss Frances E.
+Willard, the great apostle of temperance, the daughter of abolitionists
+and a personal friend and helper of many individual colored people, has
+been quoted in support of the utterance of this calumny against a weak and
+defenseless race. In the _New York Voice_ of October 23, 1890, after a
+tour in the South, where she was told all these things by the "best white
+people," she said: "The grogshop is the Negro's center of power. Better
+whisky and more of it is the rallying cry of great, dark-faced mobs. The
+colored race multiplies like the locusts of Egypt. The grogshop is its
+center of power. The safety of woman, of childhood, the home, is menaced
+in a thousand localities at this moment, so that men dare not go beyond
+the sight of their own roof-tree."
+
+These charges so often reiterated, have had the effect of fastening the
+odium upon the race of a peculiar propensity for this foul crime. The
+Negro is thus forced to a defense of his good name, and this chapter will
+be devoted to the history of some of the cases where assault upon white
+women by Negroes is charged. He is not the aggressor in this fight, but
+the situation demands that the facts be given, and they will speak for
+themselves. Of the 1,115 Negro men, women and children hanged, shot and
+roasted alive from January 1, 1882, to January 1, 1894, inclusive, only
+348 of that number were charged with rape. Nearly 700 of these persons
+were lynched for any other reason which could be manufactured by a mob
+wishing to indulge in a lynching bee.
+
+
+A WHITE WOMAN'S FALSEHOOD
+
+The _Cleveland, Ohio, Gazette_, January 16, 1892, gives an account of one
+of these cases of "rape."
+
+Mrs. J.C. Underwood, the wife of a minister of Elyria, Ohio, accused an
+Afro-American of rape. She told her husband that during his absence in
+1888, stumping the state for the Prohibition Party, the man came to the
+kitchen door, forced his way in the house and insulted her. She tried to
+drive him out with a heavy poker, but he overpowered and chloroformed her,
+and when she revived her clothing was torn and she was in a horrible
+condition. She did not know the man, but could identify him. She
+subsequently pointed out William Offett, a married man, who was arrested,
+and, being in Ohio, was granted a trial.
+
+The prisoner vehemently denied the charge of rape, but confessed he went
+to Mrs. Underwood's residence at her invitation and was criminally
+intimate with her at her request. This availed him nothing against the
+sworn testimony of a minister's wife, a lady of the highest
+respectability. He was found guilty, and entered the penitentiary,
+December 14, 1888, for fifteen years. Sometime afterwards the woman's
+remorse led her to confess to her husband that the man was innocent. These
+are her words: "I met Offett at the postoffice. It was raining. He was
+polite to me, and as I had several bundles in my arms he offered to carry
+them home for me, which he did. He had a strange fascination for me, and I
+invited him to call on me. He called, bringing chestnuts and candy for the
+children. By this means we got them to leave us alone in the room. Then I
+sat on his lap. He made a proposal to me and I readily consented. Why I
+did so I do not know, but that I did is true. He visited me several times
+after that and each time I was indiscreet. I did not care after the first
+time. In fact I could not have resisted, and had no desire to resist."
+
+When asked by her husband why she told him she had been outraged, she
+said: "I had several reasons for telling you. One was the neighbors saw
+the fellow here, another was, I was afraid I had contracted a loathsome
+disease, and still another was that I feared I might give birth to a Negro
+baby. I hoped to save my reputation by telling you a deliberate lie." Her
+husband, horrified by the confession, had Offett, who had already served
+four years, released and secured a divorce.
+
+There have been many such cases throughout the South, with the difference
+that the Southern white men in insensate fury wreak their vengeance
+without intervention of law upon the Negro who consorts with their women.
+
+
+TRIED TO MANUFACTURE AN OUTRAGE
+
+The _Memphis (Tenn.) Ledger_, of June 8, 1892, has the following:
+
+  If Lillie Bailey, a rather pretty white girl, seventeen years of age,
+  who is now at the city hospital, would be somewhat less reserved about
+  her disgrace there would be some very nauseating details in the story of
+  her life. She is the mother of a little coon. The truth might reveal
+  fearful depravity or the evidence of a rank outrage. She will not
+  divulge the name of the man who has left such black evidence of her
+  disgrace, and in fact says it is a matter in which there can be no
+  interest to the outside world. She came to Memphis nearly three months
+  ago, and was taken in at the Woman's Refuge in the southern part of the
+  city. She remained there until a few weeks ago when the child was born.
+  The ladies in charge of the Refuge were horrified. The girl was at once
+  sent to the city hospital, where she has been since May 30. She is a
+  country girl. She came to Memphis from her father's farm, a short
+  distance from Hernando, Miss. Just when she left there she would not
+  say. In fact she says she came to Memphis from Arkansas, and says her
+  home is in that state. She is rather good looking, has blue eyes, a low
+  forehead and dark red hair. The ladies at the Woman's Refuge do not know
+  anything about the girl further than what they learned when she was an
+  inmate of the institution; and she would not tell much. When the child
+  was born an attempt was made to get the girl to reveal the name of the
+  Negro who had disgraced her, she obstinately refused and it was
+  impossible to elicit any information from her on the subject.
+
+Note the wording: "The truth might reveal fearful depravity or rank
+outrage." If it had been a white child or if Lillie Bailey had told a
+pitiful story of Negro outrage, it would have been a case of woman's
+weakness or assault and she could have remained at the Woman's Refuge. But
+a Negro child and to withhold its father's name and thus prevent the
+killing of another Negro "rapist" was a case of "fearful depravity." Had
+she revealed the father's name, he would have been lynched and his taking
+off charged to an assault upon a white woman.
+
+
+BURNED ALIVE FOR ADULTERY
+
+In Texarkana, Arkansas, Edward Coy was accused of assaulting a white
+woman. The press dispatches of February 18, 1892, told in detail how he
+was tied to a tree, the flesh cut from his body by men and boys, and after
+coal oil was poured over him, the woman he had assaulted gladly set fire
+to him, and 15,000 persons saw him burn to death. October 1, the _Chicago
+Inter Ocean_ contained the following account of that horror from the pen
+of the "Bystander" Judge Albion W. Tourgee--as the result of his
+investigations:
+
+  1. The woman who was paraded as victim of violence was of bad character;
+  her husband was a drunkard and a gambler.
+
+  2. She was publicly reported and generally known to have been criminally
+  intimate with Coy for more than a year previous.
+
+  3. She was compelled by threats, if not by violence, to make the charge
+  against the victim.
+
+  4. When she came to apply the match Coy asked her if she would burn him
+  after they had "been sweethearting" so long.
+
+  5. A large majority of the "superior" white men prominent in the affair
+  are the reputed fathers of mulatto children.
+
+  These are not pleasant facts, but they are illustrative of the vital
+  phase of the so-called race question, which should properly be
+  designated an earnest inquiry as to the best methods by which religion,
+  science, law and political power may be employed to excuse injustice,
+  barbarity and crime done to a people because of race and color. There
+  can be no possible belief that these people were inspired by any
+  consuming zeal to vindicate God's law against miscegenationists of the
+  most practical sort. The woman was a willing partner in the victim's
+  guilt, and being of the "superior" race must naturally have been more
+  guilty.
+
+
+NOT IDENTIFIED BUT LYNCHED
+
+February 11, 1893, there occurred in Shelby County, Tennessee, the fourth
+Negro lynching within fifteen months. The three first were lynched in the
+city of Memphis for firing on white men in self-defense. This Negro,
+Richard Neal, was lynched a few miles from the city limits, and the
+following is taken from the _Memphis (Tenn.) Scimitar_:
+
+  As the _Scimitar_ stated on Saturday the Negro, Richard Neal, who raped
+  Mrs. Jack White near Forest Hill, in this county, was lynched by a mob
+  of about 200 white citizens of the neighborhood. Sheriff McLendon,
+  accompanied by Deputies Perkins, App and Harvey and a _Scimitar_
+  reporter, arrived on the scene of the execution about 3:30 in the
+  afternoon. The body was suspended from the first limb of a post oak tree
+  by a new quarter-inch grass rope. A hangman's knot, evidently tied by an
+  expert, fitted snugly under the left ear of the corpse, and a new hame
+  string pinioned the victim's arms behind him. His legs were not tied.
+  The body was perfectly limber when the Sheriff's posse cut it down and
+  retained enough heat to warm the feet of Deputy Perkins, whose road cart
+  was converted into a hearse. On arriving with the body at Forest Hill
+  the Sheriff made a bargain with a stalwart young man with a blonde
+  mustache and deep blue eyes, who told the _Scimitar_ reporter that he
+  was the leader of the mob, to haul the body to Germantown for $3.
+
+  When within half-a-mile of Germantown the Sheriff and posse were
+  overtaken by Squire McDonald of Collierville, who had come down to hold
+  the inquest. The Squire had his jury with him, and it was agreed for the
+  convenience of all parties that he should proceed with the corpse to
+  Germantown and conduct the inquiry as to the cause of death. He did so,
+  and a verdict of death from hanging by parties unknown was returned in
+  due form.
+
+  The execution of Neal was done deliberately and by the best people of
+  the Collierville, Germantown and Forest Hill neighborhoods, without
+  passion or exhibition of anger.
+
+  He was arrested on Friday about ten o'clock, by Constable Bob Cash, who
+  carried him before Mrs. White. She said: "I think he is the man. I am
+  almost certain of it. If he isn't the man he is exactly like him."
+
+  The Negro's coat was torn also, and there were other circumstances
+  against him. The committee returned and made its report, and the
+  chairman put the question of guilt or innocence to a vote.
+
+  All who thought the proof strong enough to warrant execution were
+  invited to cross over to the other side of the road. Everybody but four
+  or five negroes crossed over.
+
+  The committee then placed Neal on a mule with his arms tied behind him,
+  and proceeded to the scene of the crime, followed by the mob. The rope,
+  with a noose already prepared, was tied to the limb nearest the spot
+  where the unpardonable sin was committed, and the doomed man's mule was
+  brought to a standstill beneath it.
+
+  Then Neal confessed. He said he was the right man, but denied that he
+  used force or threats to accomplish his purpose. It was a matter of
+  purchase, he claimed, and said the price paid was twenty-five cents. He
+  warned the colored men present to beware of white women and resist
+  temptation, for to yield to their blandishments or to the passions of
+  men, meant death.
+
+  While he was speaking, Mrs. White came from her home and calling
+  Constable Cash to one side, asked if he could not save the Negro's life.
+  The reply was, "No," and Mrs. White returned to the house.
+
+  When all was in readiness, the husband of Neal's victim leaped upon the
+  mule's back and adjusted the rope around the Negro's neck. No cap was
+  used, and Neal showed no fear, nor did he beg for mercy. The mule was
+  struck with a whip and bounded out from under Neal, leaving him
+  suspended in the air with his feet about three feet from the ground.
+
+
+DELIVERED TO THE MOB BY THE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE
+
+John Peterson, near Denmark, S.C., was suspected of rape, but escaped,
+went to Columbia, and placed himself under Gov. Tillman's protection,
+declaring he too could prove an alibi by white witnesses. A white reporter
+hearing his declaration volunteered to find these witnesses, and
+telegraphed the governor that he would be in Columbia with them on Monday.
+In the meantime the mob at Denmark, learning Peterson's whereabouts, went
+to the governor and demanded the prisoner. Gov. Tillman, who had during
+his canvass for reelection the year before, declared that he would lead a
+mob to lynch a Negro that assaulted a white woman, gave Peterson up to the
+mob. He was taken back to Denmark, and the white girl in the case as
+positively declared that he was not the man. But the verdict of the mob
+was that "the crime had been committed and somebody had to hang for it,
+and if he, Peterson, was not guilty of that he was of some other crime,"
+and he was hung, and his body riddled with 1,000 bullets.
+
+
+LYNCHED AS A WARNING
+
+Alabama furnishes a case in point. A colored man named Daniel Edwards,
+lived near Selma, Alabama, and worked for a family of a farmer near that
+place. This resulted in an intimacy between the young man and a daughter
+of the householder, which finally developed in the disgrace of the girl.
+After the birth of the child, the mother disclosed the fact that Edwards
+was its father. The relationship had been sustained for more than a year,
+and yet this colored man was apprehended, thrown into jail from whence he
+was taken by a mob of one hundred neighbors and hung to a tree and his
+body riddled with bullets. A dispatch which describes the lynching, ends
+as follows. "Upon his back was found pinned this morning the following:
+'Warning to all Negroes that are too intimate with white girls. This the
+work of one hundred best citizens of the South Side.'"
+
+There can be no doubt from the announcement made by this "one hundred best
+citizens" that they understood full well the character of the relationship
+which existed between Edwards and the girl, but when the dispatches were
+sent out, describing the affair, it was claimed that Edwards was lynched
+for rape.
+
+
+SUPPRESSING THE TRUTH
+
+In a county in Mississippi during the month of July the Associated Press
+dispatches sent out a report that the sheriff's eight-year-old daughter
+had been assaulted by a big, black, burly brute who had been promptly
+lynched. The facts which have since been investigated show that the girl
+was more than eighteen years old and that she was discovered by her father
+in this young man's room who was a servant on the place. But these facts
+the Associated Press has not given to the world, nor did the same agency
+acquaint the world with the fact that a Negro youth who was lynched in
+Tuscumbia, Ala., the same year on the same charge told the white girl who
+accused him before the mob, that he had met her in the woods often by
+appointment. There is a young mulatto in one of the State prisons of the
+South today who is there by charge of a young white woman to screen
+herself. He is a college graduate and had been corresponding with, and
+clandestinely visiting her until he was surprised and run out of her room
+en deshabille by her father. He was put in prison in another town to save
+his life from the mob and his lawyer advised that it were better to save
+his life by pleading guilty to charges made and being sentenced for years,
+than to attempt a defense by exhibiting the letters written him by this
+girl. In the latter event, the mob would surely murder him, while there
+was a chance for his life by adopting the former course. Names, places and
+dates are not given for the same reason.
+
+The excuse has come to be so safe, it is not surprising that a
+Philadelphia girl, beautiful and well educated, and of good family, should
+make a confession published in all the daily papers of that city October,
+1894, that she had been stealing for some time, and that to cover one of
+her thefts, she had said she had been bound and gagged in her father's
+house by a colored man, and money stolen therefrom by him. Had this been
+done in many localities, it would only have been necessary for her to
+"identify" the first Negro in that vicinity, to have brought about another
+lynching bee.
+
+
+A VILE SLANDER WITH SCANT RETRACTION
+
+The following published in the _Cleveland (Ohio) Leader_ of Oct. 23, 1894,
+only emphasizes our demand that a fair trial shall be given those accused
+of crime, and the protection of the law be extended until time for a
+defense be granted.
+
+  The sensational story sent out last night from Hicksville that a Negro
+  had outraged a little four-year-old girl proves to be a base canard. The
+  correspondents who went into the details should have taken the pains to
+  investigate, and the officials should have known more of the matter
+  before they gave out such grossly exaggerated information.
+
+  The Negro, Charles O'Neil, had been working for a couple of women and,
+  it seems, had worked all winter without being remunerated. There is a
+  little girl, and the girl's mother and grandmother evidently started the
+  story with idea of frightening the Negro out of the country and thus
+  balancing accounts. The town was considerably wrought up and for a time
+  things looked serious. The accused had a preliminary hearing today and
+  not an iota of evidence was produced to indicate that such a crime had
+  been committed, or that he had even attempted such an outrage. The
+  village marshal was frightened nearly out of his wits and did little to
+  quiet the excitement last night.
+
+  The affair was an outrage on the Negro, at the expense of innocent
+  childhood, a brainless fabrication from start to finish.
+
+The original story was sent throughout this country and England, but the
+_Cleveland Leader_, so far as known, is the only journal which has
+published these facts in refutation of the slander so often published
+against the race. Not only is it true that many of the alleged cases of
+rape against the Negro, are like the foregoing, but the same crime
+committed by white men against Negro women and girls, is never punished by
+mob or the law. A leading journal in South Carolina openly said some
+months ago that "it is not the same thing for a white man to assault a
+colored woman as for a colored man to assault a white woman, because the
+colored woman had no finer feelings nor virtue to be outraged!" Yet
+colored women have always had far more reason to complain of white men in
+this respect than ever white women have had of Negroes.
+
+
+ILLINOIS HAS A LYNCHING
+
+In the month of June, 1893, the proud commonwealth of Illinois joined the
+ranks of Lynching States. Illinois, which gave to the world the immortal
+heroes, Lincoln, Grant and Logan, trailed its banner of justice in the
+dust--dyed its hands red in the blood of a man not proven guilty of crime.
+
+June 3,1893, the country about Decatur, one of the largest cities of the
+state was startled with the cry that a white woman had been assaulted by a
+colored tramp. Three days later a colored man named Samuel Bush was
+arrested and put in jail. A white man testified that Bush, on the day of
+the assault, asked him where he could get a drink and he pointed to the
+house where the farmer's wife was subsequently said to have been
+assaulted. Bush said he went to the well but did not go near the house,
+and did not assault the woman. After he was arrested the alleged victim
+did not see him to identify him--he was presumed to be guilty.
+
+The citizens determined to kill him. The mob gathered, went to the jail,
+met with no resistance, took the suspected man, dragged him out tearing
+every stitch of clothing from his body, then hanged him to a telegraph
+pole. The grand jury refused to indict the lynchers though the names of
+over twenty persons who were leaders in the mob were well known. In fact
+twenty-two persons were indicted, but the grand jurors and the prosecuting
+attorney disagreed as to the form of the indictments, which caused the
+jurors to change their minds. All indictments were reconsidered and the
+matter was dropped. Not one of the dozens of men prominent in that murder
+have suffered a whit more inconvenience for the butchery of that man, than
+they would have suffered for shooting a dog.
+
+
+COLOR LINE JUSTICE
+
+In Baltimore, Maryland, a gang of white ruffians assaulted a respectable
+colored girl who was out walking with a young man of her own race. They
+held her escort and outraged the girl. It was a deed dastardly enough to
+arouse Southern blood, which gives its horror of rape as excuse for
+lawlessness, but she was a colored woman. The case went to the courts and
+they were acquitted.
+
+In Nashville, Tennessee, there was a white man, Pat Hanifan, who outraged
+a little colored girl, and from the physical injuries received she was
+ruined for life. He was jailed for six months, discharged, and is now a
+detective in that city. In the same city, last May, a white man outraged a
+colored girl in a drug store. He was arrested and released on bail at the
+trial. It was rumored that five hundred colored men had organized to lynch
+him. Two hundred and fifty white citizens armed themselves with
+Winchesters and guarded him. A cannon was placed in front of his home, and
+the Buchanan Rifles (State Militia) ordered to the scene for his
+protection. The colored mob did not show up. Only two weeks before, Eph.
+Grizzard, who had only been charged with rape upon a white woman, had been
+taken from the jail, with Governor Buchanan and the police and militia
+standing by, dragged through the streets in broad daylight, knives plunged
+into him at every step, and with every fiendish cruelty that a frenzied
+mob could devise, he was at last swung out on the bridge with hands cut to
+pieces as he tried to climb up the stanchions. A naked, bloody example of
+the bloodthirstiness of the nineteenth-century civilization of the Athens
+of the South! No cannon nor military were called out in his defense. He
+dared to visit a white woman.
+
+At the very moment when these civilized whites were announcing their
+determination "to protect their wives and daughters," by murdering
+Grizzard, a white man was in the same jail for raping eight-year-old
+Maggie Reese, a colored girl. He was not harmed. The "honor" of grown
+women who were glad enough to be supported by the Grizzard boys and Ed.
+Coy, as long as the liaison was not known, needed protection; they were
+white. The outrage upon helpless childhood needed no avenging in this
+case; she was black.
+
+A white man in Guthrie, Oklahoma Territory, two months after inflicted
+such injuries upon another colored girl that she died. He was not
+punished, but an attempt was made in the same town in the month of June to
+lynch a colored man who visited a white woman.
+
+In Memphis, Tennessee, in the month of June, Ellerton L. Dorr, who is the
+husband of Russell Hancock's widow, was arrested for attempted rape on
+Mattie Cole, a neighbor's cook; he was only prevented from accomplishing
+his purpose by the appearance of Mattie's employer. Dorr's friends say he
+was drunk and, not responsible for his actions. The grand jury refused to
+indict him and he was discharged.
+
+In Tallahassee, Florida, a colored girl, Charlotte Gilliam, was assaulted
+by white men. Her father went to have a warrant for their arrest issued,
+but the judge refused to issue it.
+
+In Bowling Green, Virginia, Moses Christopher, a colored lad, was charged
+with assault, September 10. He was indicted, tried, convicted and
+sentenced to death in one day. In the same state at Danville, two weeks
+before--August 29, Thomas J. Penn, a white man, committed a criminal
+assault upon Lina Hanna, a twelve-year-old colored girl, but he has not
+been tried, certainly not killed either by the law or the mob.
+
+In Surrey county, Virginia, C.L. Brock, a white man, criminally assaulted
+a ten-year-old colored girl, and threatened to kill her if she told.
+Notwithstanding, she confessed to her aunt, Mrs. Alice Bates, and the
+white brute added further crime by killing Mrs. Bates when she upbraided
+him about his crime upon her niece. He emptied the contents of his
+revolver into her body as she lay. Brock has never been apprehended, and
+no effort has been made to do so by the legal authorities.
+
+But even when punishment is meted out by law to white villians for this
+horrible crime, it is seldom or never that capital punishment is invoked.
+Two cases just clipped from the daily papers will suffice to show how this
+crime is punished when committed by white offenders and black.
+
+LOUISVILLE, KY., October 19.--Smith Young, colored, was today sentenced to
+be hanged. Young criminally assaulted a six-year-old child about six
+months ago.
+
+Jacques Blucher, the Pontiac Frenchman who was arrested at that place for
+a criminal assault on his daughter Fanny on July 29 last, pleaded nolo
+contendere when placed on trial at East Greenwich, near Providence, R.I.,
+Tuesday, and was sentenced to five years in State Prison.
+
+Charles Wilson was convicted of assault upon seven-year-old Mamie Keys in
+Philadelphia, in October, and sentenced to ten years in prison. He was
+white. Indianapolis courts sentenced a white man in September to eight
+years in prison for assault upon a twelve-year-old white girl.
+
+April 24, 1893, a lynching was set for Denmark, S.C., on the charge of
+rape. A white girl accused a Negro of assault, and the mob was about to
+lynch him. A few hours before the lynching three reputable white men rode
+into the town and solemnly testified that the accused Negro was at work
+with them 25 miles away on the day and at the hour the crime had been
+committed. He was accordingly set free. A white person's word is taken as
+absolutely for as against a Negro.
+
+
+
+
+7
+
+THE CRUSADE JUSTIFIED
+
+_(Appeal from America to the World_)
+
+
+It has been urged in criticism of the movement appealing to the English
+people for sympathy and support in our crusade against Lynch Law that our
+action was unpatriotic, vindictive and useless. It is not a part of the
+plan of this pamphlet to make any defense for that crusade nor to indict
+any apology for the motives which led to the presentation of the facts of
+American lynchings to the world at large. To those who are not willfully
+blind and unjustly critical, the record of more than a thousand lynchings
+in ten years is enough to justify any peaceable movement tending to
+ameliorate the conditions which led to this unprecedented slaughter of
+human beings.
+
+If America would not hear the cry of men, women and children whose dying
+groans ascended to heaven praying for relief, not only for them but for
+others who might soon be treated as they, then certainly no fair-minded
+person can charge disloyalty to those who make an appeal to the
+civilization of the world for such sympathy and help as it is possible to
+extend. If stating the facts of these lynchings, as they appeared from
+time to time in the white newspapers of America--the news gathered by
+white correspondents, compiled by white press bureaus and disseminated
+among white people--shows any vindictiveness, then the mind which so
+charges is not amenable to argument.
+
+But it is the desire of this pamphlet to urge that the crusade started and
+thus far continued has not been useless, but has been blessed with the
+most salutary results. The many evidences of the good results can not here
+be mentioned, but the thoughtful student of the situation can himself
+find ample proof. There need not here be mentioned the fact that for the
+first time since lynching began, has there been any occasion for the
+governors of the several states to speak out in reference to these crimes
+against law and order.
+
+No matter how heinous the act of the lynchers may have been, it was
+discussed only for a day or so and then dismissed from the attention of
+the public. In one or two instances the governor has called attention to
+the crime, but the civil processes entirely failed to bring the murderers
+to justice. Since the crusade against lynching was started, however,
+governors of states, newspapers, senators and representatives and bishops
+of churches have all been compelled to take cognizance of the prevalence
+of this crime and to speak in one way or another in the defense of the
+charge against this barbarism in the United States. This has not been
+because there was any latent spirit of justice voluntarily asserting
+itself, especially in those who do the lynching, but because the entire
+American people now feel, both North and South, that they are objects in
+the gaze of the civilized world and that for every lynching humanity asks
+that America render its account to civilization and itself.
+
+
+AWFUL BARBARISM IGNORED
+
+Much has been said during the months of September and October of 1894
+about the lynching of six colered men who on suspicion of incendiarism
+were made the victims of a most barbarous massacre.
+
+They were arrested, one by one, by officers of the law; they were
+handcuffed and chained together and by the officers of the law loaded in a
+wagon and deliberately driven into an ambush where a mob of lynchers
+awaited them. At the time and upon the chosen spot, in the darkness of the
+night and far removed from the habitation of any human soul, the wagon was
+halted and the mob fired upon the six manacled men, shooting them to death
+as no humane person would have shot dogs. Chained together as they were,
+in their awful struggles after the first volley, the victims tumbled out
+of the wagon upon the ground and there in the mud, struggling in their
+death throes, the victims were made the target of the murderous shotguns,
+which fired into the writhing, struggling, dying mass of humanity, until
+every spark of life was gone. Then the officers of the law who had them in
+charge, drove away to give the alarm and to tell the world that they had
+been waylaid and their prisoners forcibly taken from them and killed.
+
+It has been claimed that the prompt, vigorous and highly commendable steps
+of the governor of the State of Tennessee and the judge having
+jurisdiction over the crime, and of the citizens of Memphis generally, was
+the natural revolt of the humane conscience in that section of the
+country, and the determination of honest and honorable men to rid the
+community of such men as those who were guilty of this terrible massacre.
+It has further been claimed that this vigorous uprising of the people and
+this most commendably prompt action of the civil authorities, is ample
+proof that the American people will not tolerate the lynching of innocent
+men, and that in cases where brutal lynchings have not been promptly dealt
+with, the crimes on the part of the victims were such as to put them
+outside the pale of humanity and that the world considered their death a
+necessary sacrifice for the good of all.
+
+But this line of argument can in no possible way be truthfully sustained.
+The lynching of the six men in 1894, barbarous as it was, was in no way
+more barbarous than took nothing more than a passing notice. It was only
+the other lynchings which preceded it, and of which the public fact that
+the attention of the civilized world has been called to lynching in
+America which made the people of Tennessee feel the absolute necessity for
+a prompt, vigorous and just arraignment of all the murderers connected
+with that crime. Lynching is no longer "Our Problem," it is the problem of
+the civilized world, and Tennessee could not afford to refuse the legal
+measures which Christianity demands shall be used for the punishment of
+crime.
+
+
+MEMPHIS THEN AND NOW
+
+Only two years prior to the massacre of the six men near Memphis, that
+same city took part in a massacre in every way as bloody and brutal as
+that of September last. It was the murder of three young colored men and
+who were known to be among the most honorable, reliable, worthy and
+peaceable colored citizens of the community. All of them were engaged in
+the mercantile business, being members of a corporation which conducted a
+large grocery store, and one of the three being a letter carrier in the
+employ of the government. These three men were arrested for resisting an
+attack of a mob upon their store, in which melee none of the assailants,
+who had armed themselves for their devilish deeds by securing court
+processes, were killed or even seriously injured. But these three men were
+put in jail, and on three or four nights after their incarceration a mob
+of less than a dozen men, by collusion with the civil authorities, entered
+the jail, took the three men from the custody of the law and shot them to
+death. Memphis knew of this awful crime, knew then and knows today who the
+men were who committed it, and yet not the first step was ever taken to
+apprehend the guilty wretches who walk the streets today with the brand of
+murder upon their foreheads, but as safe from harm as the most upright
+citizen of that community. Memphis would have been just as calm and
+complacent and self-satisfied over the murder of the six colored men in
+1894 as it was over these three colored men in 1892, had it not recognized
+the fact that to escape the brand of barbarism it had not only to speak
+its denunciation but to act vigorously in vindication of its name.
+
+
+AN ALABAMA HORROR IGNORED
+
+A further instance of this absolute disregard of every principle of
+justice and the indifference to the barbarism of Lynch Law may be cited
+here, and is furnished by white residents in the city of Carrolton,
+Alabama. Several cases of arson had been discovered, and in their search
+for the guilty parties, suspicion was found to rest upon three men and a
+woman. The four suspects were Paul Hill, Paul Archer, William Archer, his
+brother, and a woman named Emma Fair. The prisoners were apprehended,
+earnestly asserted their innocence, but went to jail without making any
+resistance. They claimed that they could easily prove their innocence upon
+trial.
+
+One would suspect that the civilization which defends itself against the
+barbarisms of Lynch Law by stating that it lynches human beings only when
+they are guilty of awful attacks upon women and children, would have been
+very careful to have given these four prisoners, who were simply charged
+with arson, a fair trial, to which they were entitled upon every principle
+of law and humanity. Especially would this seem to be the case when if is
+considered that one of the prisoners charged was a woman, and if the
+nineteenth century has shown any advancement upon any lines of human
+action, it is preeminently shown in its reverence, respect and protection
+of its womanhood. But the people of Alabama failed to have any regard for
+womanhood whatever.
+
+The three men and the woman were put in jail to await trial. A few days
+later it was rumored that they were to be subjects of Lynch Law, and, sure
+enough, at night a mob of lynchers went to the jail, not to avenge any
+awful crime against womanhood, but to kill four people who had been
+suspected of setting a house on fire. They were caged in their cells,
+helpless and defenseless; they were at the mercy of civilized white
+Americans, who, armed with shotguns, were there to maintain the majesty of
+American law. And most effectively was their duty done by these splendid
+representatives of Governor Fishback's brave and honorable white
+southerners, who resent "outside interference." They lined themselves up
+in the most effective manner and poured volley after volley into the
+bodies of their helpless, pleading victims, who in their bolted prison
+cells could do nothing but suffer and die. Then these lynchers went
+quietly away and the bodies of the woman and three men were taken out and
+buried with as little ceremony as men would bury hogs.
+
+No one will say that the massacre near Memphis in 1894 was any worse than
+this bloody crime of Alabama in 1892. The details of this shocking affair
+were given to the public by the press, but public sentiment was not moved
+to action in the least; it was only a matter of a day's notice and then
+went to swell the list of murders which stand charged against the noble,
+Christian people of Alabama.
+
+
+AMERICA AWAKENED
+
+But there is now an awakened conscience throughout the land, and Lynch Law
+can not flourish in the future as it has in the past. The close of the
+year 1894 witnessed an aroused interest, an assertative humane principle
+which must tend to the extirpation of that crime. The awful butchery last
+mentioned failed to excite more than a passing comment In 1894, but far
+different is it today. Gov. Jones, of Alabama, in 1893 dared to speak out
+against the rule of the mob in no uncertain terms. His address indicated a
+most helpful result of the present agitation. In face of the many denials
+of the outrages on the one hand and apologies for lynchers on the other,
+Gov. Jones admits the awful lawlessness charged and refuses to join in
+the infamous plea made to condone the crime. No stronger nor more
+effective words have been said than those following from Gov. Jones.
+
+  While the ability of the state to deal with open revolts against the
+  supremacy of its laws has been ably demonstrated, I regret that
+  deplorable acts of violence have been perpetrated, in at least four
+  instances, within the past two years by mobs, whose sudden work and
+  quick dispersions rendered it impossible to protect their victims.
+  Within the past two years nine prisoners, who were either in jail or in
+  the custody of the officers, have been taken from them without
+  resistance, and put to death. There was doubt of the guilt of the
+  defendants in most of these cases, and few of them were charged with
+  capital offenses. None of them involved the crime of rape. The largest
+  rewards allowed by law were offered for the apprehension of the
+  offenders, and officers were charged to a vigilant performance of their
+  duties, and aided in some instances by the services of skilled
+  detectives; but not a single arrest has been made and the grand juries
+  in these counties have returned no bills of indictment. This would
+  indicate either that local public sentiment approved these acts of
+  violence or was too weak to punish them, or that the officers charged
+  with that duty were in some way lacking in their performance. The evil
+  cannot be cured or remedied by silence as to its existence. Unchecked,
+  it will continue until it becomes a reproach to our good name, and a
+  menace to our prosperity and peace; and it behooves you to exhaust all
+  remedies within your power to find better preventives for such crimes.
+
+
+A FRIENDLY WARNING
+
+From England comes a friendly voice which must give to every patriotic
+citizen food for earnese thought. Writing from London, to the _Chicago
+Inter Ocean_, Nov. 25, 1894, the distinguished compiler of our last
+census, Hon. Robert P. Porter, gives the American people a most
+interesting review of the antilynching crusade in England, submitting
+editorial opinions from all sections of England and Scotland, showing the
+consensus of British opinion on this subject. It hardly need be said, that
+without exception, the current of English thought deprecates the rule of
+mob law, and the conscience of England is shocked by the revelation made
+during the present crusade. In his letter Mr. Porter says:
+
+  While some English journals have joined certain American journals in
+  ridiculing the well-meaning people who have formed the antilynching
+  committee, there is a deep under current on this subject which is
+  injuring the Southern States far more than those who have not been drawn
+  into the question of English investment for the South as I have can
+  surmise. This feeling is by no means all sentiment. An Englishman whose
+  word and active cooperation could send a million sterling to any
+  legitimate Southern enterprise said the other day: "I will not invest a
+  farthing in States where these horrors occur. I have no particular
+  sympathy with the antilynching committee, but such outrages indicate to
+  my mind that where life is held to be of such little value there is even
+  less assurance that the laws will protect property. As I understand it
+  the States, not the national government, control in such matters, and
+  where those laws are strongest there is the best field for British
+  capital."
+
+Probably the most bitter attack on the antilynching committee has come
+from the _London Times_. Those Southern Governors who had their bombastic
+letters published in the _Times_, with favorable editorial comment, may
+have had their laugh at the antilynchers here too soon. A few days ago, in
+commenting on an interesting communication from Richard H. Edmonds, editor
+of the _Manufacturer's Record_, setting forth the industrial advantages of
+the Southern States, which was published in its columns, the _Times_ says:
+
+  Without in any way countenancing the impertinence of "antilynching"
+  committee, we may say that a state of things in which the killing of
+  Negroes by bloodthirsty mobs is an incident of not unfrequent occurrence
+  is not conducive to success in industry. Its existence, however, is a
+  serious obstacle to the success of the South in industry; for even now
+  Negro labor, which means at best inefficient labor, must be largely
+  relied on there, and its efficiency must be still further diminished by
+  spasmodic terrorism.
+
+  Those interested in the development of the resources of the Southern
+  States, and no one in proportion to his means has shown more faith in
+  the progress of the South than the writer of this article, must take
+  hold of this matter earnestly and intelligently. Sneering at the
+  antilynching committee will do no good. Back of them, in fact, if not in
+  form, is the public opinion of Great Britain. Even the _Times_ cannot
+  deny this. It may not be generally known in the United States, but while
+  the Southern and some of the Northern newspapers are making a target of
+  Miss Wells, the young colored woman who started this English movement,
+  and cracking their jokes at the expense of Miss Florence Balgarnie, who,
+  as honorable secretary, conducts the committee's correspondence, the
+  strongest sort of sentiment is really at the back of the movement. Here
+  we have crystallized every phase of political opinion. Extreme Unionists
+  like the Duke of Argyll and advanced home rulers such as Justin
+  McCarthy; Thomas Burt, the labor leader; Herbert Burrows, the Socialist,
+  and Tom Mann, representing all phases of the Labor party, are
+  cooperating with conservatives like Sir T. Eldon Gorst. But the real
+  strength of this committee is not visible to the casual observer. As a
+  matter of fact it represents many of the leading and most powerful
+  British journals. A.E. Fletcher is editor of the _London Daily
+  Chronicle_; P.W. Clayden is prominent in the counsels of the _London
+  Daily News_; Professor James Stuart is Gladstone's great friend and
+  editor of the _London Star_, William Byles is editor and proprietor of
+  the _Bradford Observer_, Sir Hugh Gilzen Reid is a leading Birmingham
+  editor; in short, this committee has secured if not the leading editors,
+  certainly important and warm friends, representing the Manchester
+  Guardian, the _Leeds Mercury_, the _Plymouth Western News, Newcastle
+  Leader_, the _London Daily Graphic_, the _Westminster Gazette_, the
+  _London Echo_, a host of minor papers all over the kingdom, and
+  practically the entire religious press of the kingdom.
+
+  The greatest victory for the antilynchers comes this morning in the
+  publication in the _London Times_ of William Lloyd Garrison's letter.
+  This letter will have immense effect here. It may have been printed in
+  full in the United States, but nevertheless I will quote a paragraph
+  which will strengthen the antilynchers greatly in their crusade here:
+
+  A year ago the South derided and resented Northern protests; today it
+  listens, explains and apologizes for its uncovered cruelties. Surely a
+  great triumph for a little woman to accomplish! It is the power of truth
+  simply and unreservedly spoken, for her language was inadequate to
+  describe the horrors exposed.
+
+If the Southern states are wise, and I say this with the earnestness of a
+friend and one who has built a home in the mountain regions of the South
+and thrown his lot in with them, they will not only listen, but stop
+lawlessness of all kinds. If they do, and thus secure the confidence of
+Englishmen, we may in the next decade realize some of the hopes for the
+new South we have so fondly cherished.
+
+
+
+
+8
+
+MISS WILLARD'S ATTITUDE
+
+
+No class of American citizens stands in greater need of the humane and
+thoughtful consideration of all sections of our country than do the
+colored people, nor does any class exceed us in the measure of grateful
+regard for acts of kindly interest in our behalf. It is, therefore, to us,
+a matter of keen regret that a Christian organization, so large and
+influential as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, should refuse to
+give its sympathy and support to our oppressed people who ask no further
+favor than the promotion of public sentiment which shall guarantee to
+every person accused of crime the safeguard of a fair and impartial trial,
+and protection from butchery by brutal mobs. Accustomed as we are to the
+indifference and apathy of Christian people, we would bear this instance
+of ill fortune in silence, had not Miss Willard gone out of her way to
+antagonize the cause so dear to our hearts by including in her Annual
+Address to the W.C.T.U. Convention at Cleveland, November 5, 1894, a
+studied, unjust and wholly unwarranted attack upon our work.
+
+In her address Miss Willard said:
+
+  The zeal for her race of Miss Ida B. Wells, a bright young colored
+  woman, has, it seems to me, clouded her perception as to who were her
+  friends and well-wishers in all high-minded and legitimate efforts to
+  banish the abomination of lynching and torture from the land of the free
+  and the home of the brave. It is my firm belief that in the statements
+  made by Miss Wells concerning white women having taken the initiative
+  in nameless acts between the races she has put an imputation upon half
+  the white race in this country that is unjust, and, save in the rarest
+  exceptional instances, wholly without foundation. This is the unanimous
+  opinion of the most disinterested and observant leaders of opinion whom
+  I have consulted on the subject, and I do not fear to say that the
+  laudable efforts she is making are greatly handicapped by statements of
+  this kind, nor to urge her as a friend and well-wisher to banish from
+  her vocabulary all such allusions as a source of weakness to the cause
+  she has at heart.
+
+This paragraph, brief as it is, contains two statements which have not the
+slightest foundation in fact. At no time, nor in any place, have I made
+statements "concerning white women having taken the initiative in nameless
+acts between the races." Further, at no time, or place nor under any
+circumstance, have I directly or inferentially "put an imputation upon
+half the white race in this country" and I challenge this "friend and
+well-wisher" to give proof of the truth of her charge. Miss Willard
+protests against lynching in one paragraph and then, in the next,
+deliberately misrepresents my position in order that she may criticise a
+movement, whose only purpose is to protect our oppressed race from
+vindictive slander and Lynch Law.
+
+What I have said and what I now repeat--in answer to her first charge--is,
+that colored men have been lynched for assault upon women, when the facts
+were plain that the relationship between the victim lynched and the
+alleged victim of his assault was voluntary, clandestine and illicit. For
+that very reason we maintain, that, in every section of our land, the
+accused should have a fair, impartial trial, so that a man who is colored
+shall not be hanged for an offense, which, if he were white, would not be
+adjudged a crime. Facts cited in another chapter--"History of Some Cases
+of Rape"--amply maintain this position. The publication of these facts in
+defense of the good name of the race casts no "imputation upon half the
+white race in this country" and no such imputation can be inferred except
+by persons deliberately determined to be unjust.
+
+But this is not the only injury which this cause has suffered at the hands
+of our "friend and well-wisher." It has been said that the Women's
+Christian Temperance Union, the most powerful organization of women in
+America, was misrepresented by me while I was in England. Miss Willard was
+in England at the time and knowing that no such misrepresentation came to
+her notice, she has permitted that impression to become fixed and
+widespread, when a word from her would have made the facts plain.
+
+I never at any time or place or in any way misrepresented that
+organization. When asked what concerted action had been taken by churches
+and great moral agencies in America to put down Lynch Law, I was compelled
+in truth to say that no such action had occurred, that pulpit, press and
+moral agencies in the main were silent and for reasons known to
+themselves, ignored the awful conditions which to the English people
+appeared so abhorent. Then the question was asked what the great moral
+reformers like Miss Frances Willard and Mr. Moody had done to suppress
+Lynch Law and again I answered nothing. That Mr. Moody had never said a
+word against lynching in any of his trips to the South, or in the North
+either, so far as was known, and that Miss Willard's only public utterance
+on the situation had condoned lynching and other unjust practices of the
+South against the Negro. When proof of these statements was demanded, I
+sent a letter containing a copy of the _New York Voice_, Oct. 23,1890, in
+which appeared Miss Willard's own words of wholesale slander against the
+colored race and condonation of Southern white people's outrages against
+us. My letter in part reads as follows:
+
+  But Miss Willard, the great temperance leader, went even further in
+  putting the seal of her approval upon the southerners' method of dealing
+  with the Negro. In October, 1890, the Women's Christian Temperance Union
+  held its national meeting at Atlanta, Georgia. It was the first time in
+  the history of the organization that it had gone south for a national
+  meeting, and met the southerners in their own homes. They were welcomed
+  with open arms. The governor of the state and the legislature gave
+  special audiences in the halls of state legislation to the temperance
+  workers. They set out to capture the northerners to their way of seeing
+  things, and without troubling to hear the Negro side of the question,
+  these temperance people accepted the white man's story of the problem
+  with which he had to deal. State organizers were appointed that year,
+  who had gone through the southern states since then, but in obedience to
+  southern prejudices have confined their work to white persons only. It
+  is only after Negroes are in prison for crimes that efforts of these
+  temperance women are exerted without regard to "race, color, or previous
+  condition." No "ounce of prevention" is used in their case; they are
+  black, and if these women went among the Negroes for this work, the
+  whites would not receive them. Except here and there, are found no
+  temperance workers of the Negro race; "the great dark-faced mobs" are
+  left the easy prey of the saloonkeepers.
+
+  There was pending in the National Congress at this time a Federal
+  Election Bill, the object being to give the National Government control
+  of the national elections in the several states. Had this bill become a
+  law, the Negro, whose vote has been systematically suppressed since 1875
+  in the southern states, would have had the protection of the National
+  Government, and his vote counted. The South would have been no longer
+  "solid"; the Southerners saw that the balance of power which they
+  unlawfully held in the House of Representatives and the Electoral
+  College, based on the Negro population, would be wrested from them. So
+  they nick-named the pending elections law the "Force Bill"--probably
+  because it would force them to disgorge their ill-gotten political
+  gains--and defeated it. While it was being discussed, the question was
+  submitted to Miss Willard: "What do you think of the race problem and
+  the Force Bill?"
+
+  Said Miss Willard: "Now, as to the 'race problem' in its minified,
+  current meaning, I am a true lover of the southern people--have spoken
+  and worked in, perhaps, 200 of their towns and cities; have been taken
+  into their love and confidence at scores of hospitable firesides; have
+  heard them pour out their hearts in the splendid frankness of their
+  impetuous natures. And I have said to them at such times: 'When I go
+  North there will be wafted to you no word from pen or voice that is not
+  loyal to what we are saying here and now.' Going South, a woman, a
+  temperance woman, and a Northern temperance woman--three great barriers
+  to their good will yonder--I was received by them with a confidence that
+  was one of the most delightful surprises of my life. I think we have
+  wronged the South, though we did not mean to do so. The reason was, in
+  part, that we had irreparably wronged ourselves by putting no safeguards
+  on the ballot box at the North that would sift out alien illiterates.
+  They rule our cities today; the saloon is their palace, and the toddy
+  stick their sceptre. It is not fair that they should vote, nor is it
+  fair that a plantation Negro, who can neither read nor write, whose
+  ideas are bounded by the fence of his own field and the price of his own
+  mule, should be entrusted with the ballot. We ought to have put an
+  educational test upon that ballot from the first. The Anglo-Saxon race
+  will never submit to be dominated by the Negro so long as his altitude
+  reaches no higher than the personal liberty of the saloon, and the power
+  of appreciating the amount of liquor that a dollar will buy. New England
+  would no more submit to this than South Carolina. 'Better whisky and
+  more of it' has been the rallying cry of great dark-faced mobs in the
+  Southern localities where local option was snowed under by the colored
+  vote. Temperance has no enemy like that, for it is unreasoning and
+  unreasonable. Tonight it promises in a great congregation to vote for
+  temperance at the polls tomorrow; but tomorrow twenty-five cents changes
+  that vote in favor of the liquor-seller.
+
+  "I pity the southerners, and I believe the great mass of them are as
+  conscientious and kindly intentioned toward the colored man as an equal
+  number of white church-members of the North. Would-be demagogues lead
+  the colored people to destruction. Half-drunken white roughs murder them
+  at the polls, or intimidate them so that they do not vote. But the
+  better class of people must not be blamed for this, and a more
+  thoroughly American population than the Christian people of the South
+  does not exist. They have the traditions, the kindness, the probity, the
+  courage of our forefathers. The problem on their hands is immeasurable.
+  The colored race multiplies like the locusts of Egypt. The grog-shop is
+  its center of power. 'The safety of woman, of childhood, of the home, is
+  menaced in a thousand localities at this moment, so that the men dare
+  not go beyond the sight of their own roof-tree.' How little we know of
+  all this, seated in comfort and affluence here at the North, descanting
+  upon the rights of every man to cast one vote and have it fairly
+  counted; that well-worn shibboleth invoked once more to dodge a living
+  issue.
+
+  "The fact is that illiterate colored men will not vote at the South
+  until the white population chooses to have them do so; and under similar
+  conditions they would not at the North." Here we have Miss Willard's
+  words in full, condoning fraud, violence, murder, at the ballot box;
+  rapine, shooting, hanging and burning; for all these things are done and
+  being done now by the Southern white people. She does not stop there,
+  but goes a step further to aid them in blackening the good name of an
+  entire race, as shown by the sentences quoted in the paragraph above.
+  These utterances, for which the colored people have never forgiven Miss
+  Willard, and which Frederick Douglass has denounced as false, are to be
+  found in full in the Voice of October 23,1890, a temperance organ
+  published at New York City.
+
+This letter appeared in the May number of _Fraternity_, the organ of the
+first Anti-Lynching society of Great Britain. When Lady Henry Somerset
+learned through Miss Florence Balgarnie that this letter had been
+published she informed me that if the interview was published she would
+take steps to let the public know that my statements must be received with
+caution. As I had no money to pay the printer to suppress the edition
+which was already published and these ladies did not care to do so, the
+May number of _Fraternity_ was sent to its subscribers as usual. Three
+days later there appeared in the daily _Westminster Gazette_ an
+"interview" with Miss Willard, written by Lady Henry Somerset, which was
+so subtly unjust in its wording that I was forced to reply in my own
+defense. In that reply I made only statements which, like those concerning
+Miss Willard's _Voice_ interview, have not been and cannot be denied. It
+was as follows:
+
+  LADY HENRY SOMERSET'S INTERVIEW WITH MISS WILLARD
+
+  To the Editor of the _Westminster Gazette_: Sir--The interview published
+  in your columns today hardly merits a reply, because of the indifference
+  to suffering manifested. Two ladies are represented sitting under a tree
+  at Reigate, and, after some preliminary remarks on the terrible subject
+  of lynching, Miss Willard laughingly replies by cracking a joke. And the
+  concluding sentence of the interview shows the object is not to
+  determine how best they may help the Negro who is being hanged, shot and
+  burned, but "to guard Miss Willard's reputation."
+
+  With me it is not myself nor my reputation, but the life of my people,
+  which is at stake, and I affirm that this is the first time to my
+  knowledge that Miss Willard has said a single word in denunciation of
+  lynching or demand for law. The year 1890, the one in which the
+  interview appears, had a larger lynching record than any previous year,
+  and the number and territory have increased, to say nothing of the human
+  beings burnt alive.
+
+  If so earnest as she would have the English public believe her to be,
+  why was she silent when five minutes were given me to speak last June at
+  Princes' Hall, and in Holborn Town Hall this May? I should say it was as
+  President of the Women's Christian Temperance Union of America she is
+  timid, because all these unions in the South emphasize the hatred of the
+  Negro by excluding him. There is not a single colored woman admitted to
+  the Southern W.C.T.U., but still Miss Willard blames the Negro for the
+  defeat of Prohibition in the South. Miss Willard quotes from
+  _Fraternity_, but forgets to add my immediate recognition of her
+  presence on the platform at Holborn Town Hall, when, amidst many other
+  resolutions on temperance and other subjects in which she is interested,
+  time was granted to carry an anti-lynching resolution. I was so thankful
+  for this crumb of her speechless presence that I hurried off to the
+  editor of _Fraternity_ and added a postscript to my article blazoning
+  forth that fact.
+
+  Any statements I have made concerning Miss Willard are confirmed by the
+  Hon. Frederick Douglass (late United States minister to Hayti) in a
+  speech delivered by him in Washington in January of this year, which has
+  since been published in a pamphlet. The fact is, Miss Willard is no
+  better or worse than the great bulk of white Americans on the Negro
+  questions. They are all afraid to speak out, and it is only British
+  public opinion which will move them, as I am thankful to see it has
+  already begun to move Miss Willard. I am, etc.,
+
+  May 21
+
+  IDA B. WELLS
+
+Unable to deny the truth of these assertions, the charge has been made
+that I have attacked Miss Willard and misrepresented the W.C.T.U. If to
+state facts is misrepresentation, then I plead guilty to the charge.
+
+I said then and repeat now, that in all the ten terrible years of
+shooting, hanging and burning of men, women and children in America, the
+Women's Christian Temperance Union never suggested one plan or made one
+move to prevent those awful crimes. If this statement is untrue the
+records of that organization would disprove it before the ink is dry. It
+is clearly an issue of fact and in all fairness this charge of
+misrepresentation should either be substantiated or withdrawn.
+
+It is not necessary, however, to make any representation concerning the
+W.C.T.U. and the lynching question. The record of that organization speaks
+for itself. During all the years prior to the agitation begun against
+Lynch Law, in which years men, women and children were scourged, hanged,
+shot and burned, the W.C.T.U. had no word, either of pity or protest; its
+great heart, which concerns itself about humanity the world over, was,
+toward our cause, pulseless as a stone. Let those who deny this speak by
+the record. Not until after the first British campaign, in 1893, was even
+a resolution passed by the body which is the self-constituted guardian for
+"God, home and native land."
+
+Nor need we go back to other years. The annual session of that
+organization held in Cleveland in November, 1894, made a record which
+confirms and emphasizes the silence charged against it. At that session,
+earnest efforts were made to secure the adoption of a resolution of
+protest against lynching. At that very time two men were being tried for
+the murder of six colored men who were arrested on charge of barn burning,
+chained together, and on pretense of being taken to jail, were driven into
+the woods where they were ambushed and all six shot to death. The six
+widows of the butchered men had just finished the most pathetic recital
+ever heard in any court room, and the mute appeal of twenty-seven orphans
+for justice touched the stoutest hearts. Only two weeks prior to the
+session, Gov. Jones of Alabama, in his last message to the retiring state
+legislature, cited the fact that in the two years just past, nine colored
+men had been taken from the legal authorities by lynching mobs and
+butchered in cold blood--and not one of these victims was even charged
+with an assault upon womanhood.
+
+It was thought that this great organization, in face of these facts, would
+not hesitate to place itself on record in a resolution of protest against
+this awful brutality towards colored people. Miss Willard gave assurance
+that such a resolution would be adopted, and that assurance was relied on.
+The record of the session shows in what good faith that assurance was
+kept. After recommending an expression against Lynch Law, the President
+attacked the antilynching movement, deliberately misrepresenting my
+position, and in her annual address, charging me with a statement I never
+made.
+
+Further than that, when the committee on resolutions reported their work,
+not a word was said against lynching. In the interest of the cause I
+smothered the resentment. I felt because of the unwarranted and unjust
+attack of the President, and labored with members to secure an expression
+of some kind, tending to abate the awful slaughter of my race. A
+resolution against lynching was introduced by Mrs. Fessenden and read, and
+then that great Christian body, which in its resolutions had expressed
+itself in opposition to the social amusement of card playing, athletic
+sports and promiscuous dancing; had protested against the licensing of
+saloons, inveighed against tobacco, pledged its allegiance to the
+Prohibition party, and thanked the Populist party in Kansas, the
+Republican party in California and the Democratic party in the South,
+wholly ignored the seven millions of colored people of this country whose
+plea was for a word of sympathy and support for the movement in their
+behalf. The resolution was not adopted, and the convention adjourned.
+
+In the _Union Signal_ Dec. 6, 1894, among the resolutions is found this
+one:
+
+  Resolved, That the National W.C.T.U, which has for years counted among
+  its departments that of peace and arbitration, is utterly opposed to all
+  lawless acts in any and all parts of our common lands and it urges these
+  principles upon the public, praying that the time may speedily come
+  when no human being shall be condemned without due process of law; and
+  when the unspeakable outrages which have so often provoked such
+  lawlessness shall be banished from the world, and childhood, maidenhood
+  and womanhood shall no more be the victims of atrocities worse than
+  death.
+
+This is not the resolution offered by Mrs. Fessenden. She offered the one
+passed last year by the W.C.T.U. which was a strong unequivocal
+denunciation of lynching. But she was told by the chairman of the
+committee on resolutions, Mrs. Rounds, that there was already a lynching
+resolution in the hands of the committee. Mrs. Fessenden yielded the floor
+on that assurance, and no resolution of any kind against lynching was
+submitted and none was voted upon, not even the one above, taken from the
+columns of the _Union Signal_, the organ of the national W.C.T.U!
+
+Even the wording of this resolution which was printed by the W.C.T.U.,
+reiterates the false and unjust charge which has been so often made as an
+excuse for lynchers. Statistics show that less than one-third of the
+lynching victims are hanged, shot and burned alive for "unspeakable
+outrages against womanhood, maidenhood and childhood;" and that nearly a
+thousand, including women and children, have been lynched upon any pretext
+whatsoever; and that all have met death upon the unsupported word of white
+men and women. Despite these facts this resolution which was printed,
+cloaks an apology for lawlessness, in the same paragraph which affects to
+condemn it, where it speaks of "the unspeakable outrages which have so
+often provoked such lawlessness."
+
+Miss Willard told me the day before the resolutions were offered that the
+Southern women present had held a caucus that day. This was after I, as
+fraternal delegate from the Woman's Mite Missionary Society of the A.M.E.
+Church at Cleveland, O., had been introduced to tender its greetings. In
+so doing I expressed the hope of the colored women that the W.C.T.U. would
+place itself on record as opposed to lynching which robbed them of
+husbands, fathers, brothers and sons and in many cases of women as well.
+No note was made either in the daily papers or the _Union Signal_ of that
+introduction and greeting, although every other incident of that morning
+was published. The failure to submit a lynching resolution and the wording
+of the one above appears to have been the result of that Southern caucus.
+
+On the same day I had a private talk with Miss Willard and told her she
+had been unjust to me and the cause in her annual address, and asked that
+she correct the statement that I had misrepresented the W.C.T.U, or that I
+had "put an imputation on one-half the white race in this country." She
+said that somebody in England told her it was a pity that I attacked the
+white women of America. "Oh," said I, "then you went out of your way to
+prejudice me and my cause in your annual address, not upon what you had
+heard me say, but what somebody had told you I said?" Her reply was that I
+must not blame her for her rhetorical expressions--that I had my way of
+expressing things and she had hers. I told her I most assuredly did blame
+her when those expressions were calculated to do such harm. I waited for
+an honest an unequivocal retraction of her statements based on "hearsay."
+Not a word of retraction or explanation was said in the convention and I
+remained misrepresented before that body through her connivance and
+consent.
+
+The editorial notes in the _Union Signal_, Dec. 6, 1894, however, contains
+the following:
+
+  In her repudiation of the charges brought by Miss Ida Wells against
+  white women as having taken the initiative in nameless crimes between
+  the races, Miss Willard said in her annual address that this statement
+  "put an unjust imputation upon half the white race." But as this
+  expression has been misunderstood she desires to declare that she did
+  not intend a literal interpretation to be given to the language used,
+  but employed it to express a tendency that might ensue in public thought
+  as a result of utterances so sweeping as some that have been made by
+  Miss Wells.
+
+Because this explanation is as unjust as the original offense, I am forced
+in self-defense to submit this account of differences. I desire no quarrel
+with the W.C.T.U., but my love for the truth is greater than my regard for
+an alleged friend who, through ignorance or design misrepresents in the
+most harmful way the cause of a long suffering race, and then unable to
+maintain the truth of her attack excuses herself as it were by the wave of
+the hand, declaring that "she did not intend a literal interpretation to
+be given to the language used." When the lives of men, women and children
+are at stake, when the inhuman butchers of innocents attempt to justify
+their barbarism by fastening upon a whole race the obloque of the most
+infamous of crimes, it is little less than criminal to apologize for the
+butchers today and tomorrow to repudiate the apology by declaring it a
+figure of speech.
+
+
+
+
+9
+
+LYNCHING RECORD FOR 1894
+
+
+
+The following tables are based on statistics taken from the columns of the
+_Chicago Tribune_, Jan. 1, 1895. They are a valuable appendix to the
+foregoing pages. They show, among other things, that in Louisiana, April
+23-28, eight Negroes were lynched because one white man was killed by the
+Negro, the latter acting in self defense. Only seven of them are given in
+the list.
+
+Near Memphis, Tenn., six Negroes were lynched--this time charged with
+burning barns. A trial of the indicted resulted in an acquittal, although
+it was shown on trial that the lynching was prearranged for them. Six
+widows and twenty-seven orphans are indebted to this mob for their
+condition, and this lynching swells the number to eleven Negroes lynched
+in and about Memphis since March 9, 1892.
+
+In Brooks County, Ga., Dec. 23, while this Christian country was preparing
+for Christmas celebration, seven Negroes were lynched in twenty-four hours
+because they refused, or were unable to tell the whereabouts of a colored
+man named Pike, who killed a white man. The wives and daughters of these
+lynched men were horribly and brutally outraged by the murderers of their
+husbands and fathers. But the mob has not been punished and again women
+and children are robbed of their protectors whose blood cries unavenged to
+Heaven and humanity. Georgia heads the list of lynching states.
+
+
+MURDER
+
+Jan. 9, Samuel Smith, Greenville, Ala., Jan. 11, Sherman Wagoner,
+Mitchell, Ind.; Jan. 12, Roscoe Parker, West Union, Ohio; Feb. 7, Henry
+Bruce, Gulch Co., Ark.; March 5, Sylvester Rhodes, Collins, Ga.; March 15,
+Richard Puryea, Stroudsburg, Pa.; March 29, Oliver Jackson, Montgomery,
+Ala.; March 30, ---- Saybrick, Fisher's Ferry, Miss.; April 14, William
+Lewis, Lanison, Ala.; April 23, Jefferson Luggle, Cherokee, Kan.; April
+23, Samuel Slaugate, Tallulah, La.; April 23, Thomas Claxton, Tallulah,
+La.; April 23, David Hawkins, Tallulah, La.; April 27, Thel Claxton,
+Tallulah, La.; April 27, Comp Claxton, Tallulah, La.; April 27, Scot
+Harvey, Tallulah, La.; April 27, Jerry McCly, Tallulah, La.; May 17, Henry
+Scott, Jefferson, Tex.; May 15, Coat Williams, Pine Grove, Fla.; June 2,
+Jefferson Crawford, Bethesda, S.C.; June 4, Thondo Underwood, Monroe, La.;
+June 8, Isaac Kemp, Cape Charles, Va.; June 13, Lon Hall, Sweethouse,
+Tex.; June 13, Bascom Cook, Sweethouse, Tex.; June 15, Luke Thomas,
+Biloxi, Miss.; June 29, John Williams, Sulphur, Tex.; June 29, Ulysses
+Hayden, Monett, Mo.; July 6, ---- Hood, Amite, Miss.; July 7, James Bell,
+Charlotte, Tenn.; Sept. 2, Henderson Hollander, Elkhorn, W. Va.; Sept. 14,
+Robert Williams, Concordia Parish, La.; Sept. 22, Luke Washington, Meghee,
+Ark.; Sept. 22, Richard Washington, Meghee, Ark.; Sept. 22, Henry
+Crobyson, Meghee, Ark.; Nov. 10, Lawrence Younger, Lloyd, Va.; Dec. 17,
+unknown Negro, Williamston, S.C.; Dec. 23, Samuel Taylor, Brooks County,
+Ga.; Dec. 23, Charles Frazier, Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 23, Samuel Pike,
+Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 22, Harry Sherard, Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 23,
+unknown Negro, Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 23, unknown Negro, Brooks County,
+Ga.; Dec. 23, unknown Negro, Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 26, Daniel McDonald,
+Winston County, Miss.; Dec. 23, William Carter, Winston County, Miss.
+
+
+RAPE
+
+Jan. 17, John Buckner, Valley Park, Mo.; Jan. 21, M.G. Cambell, Jellico
+Mines, Ky.; Jan. 27, unknown, Verona, Mo.; Feb. 11, Henry McCreeg, near
+Pioneer, Tenn.; April 6, Daniel Ahren, Greensboro, Ga.; April 15, Seymour
+Newland, Rushsylvania, Ohio; April 26, Robert Evarts, Jamaica, Ga.; April
+27, James Robinson, Manassas, Va.; April 27, Benjamin White, Manassas,
+Va.; May 15, Nim Young, Ocala, Fla.; May 22, unknown, Miller County, Ga.;
+June 13, unknown, Blackshear, Ga.; June 18, Owen Opliltree, Forsyth, Ga.;
+June 22, Henry Capus, Magnolia, Ark.; June 26, Caleb Godly, Bowling Green,
+Ky.; June 28, Fayette Franklin, Mitchell, Ga.; July 2, Joseph Johnson,
+Hiller's Creek, Mo.; July 6, Lewis Bankhead, Cooper, Ala.; July 16, Marion
+Howard, Scottsville, Ky.; July 20, William Griffith, Woodville, Tex.; Aug.
+12, William Nershbread, Rossville, Tenn.; Aug. 14, Marshall Boston,
+Frankfort, Ky; Sept. 19, David Gooseby, Atlanta, Ga.; Oct. 15, Willis
+Griffey, Princeton, Ky; Nov. 8, Lee Lawrence, Jasper County, Ga.; Nov. 10,
+Needham Smith, Tipton County, Tenn.; Nov. 14, Robert Mosely, Dolinite,
+Ala.; Dec. 4, William Jackson, Ocala, Fla.; Dec. 18, unknown, Marion
+County, Fla.
+
+
+UNKNOWN OFFENSES
+
+March 6, Lamsen Gregory, Bell's Depot, Tenn.; March 6, unknown woman, near
+Marche, Ark.; April 14, Alfred Brenn, Calhoun, Ga.; June 8, Harry Gill,
+West Lancaster, S.C.; Nov. 23, unknown, Landrum, S.C.; Dec. 5, Mrs. Teddy
+Arthur, Lincoln County, W. Va.
+
+
+DESPERADO
+
+Jan. 14, Charles Willis, Ocala, Fla.
+
+
+SUSPECTED INCENDIARISM
+
+Jan. 18, unknown, Bayou Sarah, La.
+
+
+SUSPECTED ARSON
+
+June 14, J.H. Dave, Monroe, La.
+
+
+ENTICING SERVANT AWAY
+
+Feb. 10, ---- Collins, Athens, Ga.
+
+
+TRAIN WRECKING
+
+Feb. 10, Jesse Dillingham, Smokeyville, Tex.
+
+
+HIGHWAY ROBBERY
+
+June 3, unknown, Dublin, Ga.
+
+
+INCENDIARISM
+
+Nov. 8, Gabe Nalls, Blackford, Ky.; Nov. 8, Ulysses Nails, Blackford, Ky.
+
+
+ARSON
+
+Dec. 20, James Allen, Brownsville, Tex.
+
+
+ASSAULT
+
+Dec. 23, George King, New Orleans, La.
+
+
+NO OFFENSE
+
+Dec. 28, Scott Sherman, Morehouse Parish, La.
+
+
+BURGLARY
+
+May 29, Henry Smith, Clinton, Miss.; May 29, William James, Clinton,
+Miss.
+
+
+ALLEGED RAPE
+
+June 4, Ready Murdock, Yazoo, Miss.
+
+
+ATTEMPTED RAPE
+
+July 14, unknown Negro, Biloxi, Miss.; July 26, Vance McClure, New Iberia,
+La.; July 26, William Tyler, Carlisle, Ky.; Sept. 14, James Smith, Stark,
+Fla.; Oct. 8, Henry Gibson, Fairfield, Tex.; Oct. 20, ---- Williams, Upper
+Marlboro, Md.; June 9, Lewis Williams, Hewett Springs, Miss.; June 28,
+George Linton, Brookhaven, Miss.; June 28, Edward White, Hudson, Ala.;
+July 6, George Pond, Fulton, Miss.; July 7, Augustus Pond, Tupelo, Miss.
+
+
+RACE PREJUDICE
+
+June 10, Mark Jacobs, Bienville, La.; July 24, unknown woman, Sampson
+County, Miss.
+
+
+INTRODUCING SMALLPOX
+
+June 10, James Perry, Knoxville, Ark.
+
+
+KIDNAPPING
+
+March 2, Lentige, Harland County, Ky.
+
+
+CONSPIRACY
+
+May 29, J.T. Burgis, Palatka, Fla.
+
+
+HORSE STEALING
+
+June 20, Archie Haynes, Mason County, Ky.; June 20, Burt Haynes, Mason
+County, Ky.; June 20, William Haynes, Mason County, Ky.
+
+
+WRITING LETTER TO WHITE WOMAN
+
+May 9, unknown Negro, West Texas.
+
+
+GIVING INFORMATION
+
+July 12, James Nelson, Abbeyville, S.C.
+
+
+STEALING
+
+Jan. 5, Alfred Davis, Live Oak County, Ark.
+
+
+LARCENY
+
+April 18, Henry Montgomery, Lewisburg, Tenn.
+
+
+POLITICAL CAUSES
+
+July 19, John Brownlee, Oxford, Ala.
+
+
+CONJURING
+
+July 20, Allen Myers, Rankin County, Miss.
+
+
+ATTEMPTED MURDER
+
+June 1, Frank Ballard, Jackson, Tenn.
+
+
+ALLEGED MURDER
+
+April 5, Negro, near Selma, Ala.; April 5, Negro, near Selma, Ala.
+
+
+WITHOUT CAUSE
+
+May 17, Samuel Wood, Gates City, Va.
+
+
+BARN BURNING
+
+April 22, Thomas Black, Tuscumbia, Ala.; April 22, John Williams,
+Tuscumbia, Ala.; April 22, Toney Johnson, Tuscumbia, Ala.; July 14,
+William Bell, Dixon, Tenn.; Sept. 1, Daniel Hawkins, Millington, Tenn.;
+Sept. 1, Robert Haynes, Millington, Tenn.; Sept. 1, Warner Williams,
+Millington, Tenn.; Sept. 1, Edward Hall, Millington, Tenn.; Sept. 1, John
+Haynes, Millington, Tenn.; Sept. 1, Graham White, Millington, Tenn.
+
+
+ASKING WHITE WOMAN TO MARRY HIM
+
+May 23, William Brooks, Galesline, Ark.
+
+
+OFFENSES CHARGED FOR LYNCHING
+
+Suspected arson, 2; stealing, 1; political causes, 1; murder, 45; rape,
+29; desperado, 1; suspected incendiarism, 1; train wrecking, 1; enticing
+servant away, 1; kidnapping, 1; unknown offense, 6; larceny, 1; barn
+burning, 10; writing letters to a white woman, 1; without cause, 1;
+burglary, 1; asking white woman to marry, 1; conspiracy, 1; attempted
+murder, 1; horse stealing, 3; highway robbery, 1; alleged rape, 1;
+attempted rape, 11; race prejudice, 2; introducing smallpox, 1; giving
+information, 1; conjuring, 1; incendiarism, 2; arson, 1; assault, 1; no
+offense, 1; alleged murder, 2; total (colored), 134.
+
+
+LYNCHING STATES
+
+Mississippi, 15; Arkansas, 8; Virginia, 5; Tennessee, 15; Alabama, 12;
+Kentucky, 12; Texas, 9; Georgia, 19; South Carolina, 5; Florida, 7;
+Louisiana, 15; Missouri, 4; Ohio, 2; Maryland, 1; West Virginia, 2;
+Indiana, 1; Kansas, 1; Pennsylvania, 1.
+
+
+LYNCHING BY THE MONTH
+
+January, 11; February, 17; March, 8; April, 36; May, 16; June, 31; July,
+21; August, 4; September, 17; October, 7; November, 9; December, 20; total
+colored and white, 197.
+
+
+WOMEN LYNCHED
+
+July 24, unknown woman, race prejudice, Sampson County, Miss.; March 6,
+unknown, woman, unknown offense, Marche, Ark.; Dec. 5, Mrs. Teddy Arthur,
+unknown cause, Lincoln County, W. Va.
+
+
+
+
+10
+
+THE REMEDY
+
+
+It is a well-established principle of law that every wrong has a remedy.
+Herein rests our respect for law. The Negro does not claim that all of the
+one thousand black men, women and children, who have been hanged, shot and
+burned alive during the past ten years, were innocent of the charges made
+against them. We have associated too long with the white man not to have
+copied his vices as well as his virtues. But we do insist that the
+punishment is not the same for both classes of criminals. In lynching,
+opportunity is not given the Negro to defend himself against the
+unsupported accusations of white men and women. The word of the accuser is
+held to be true and the excited bloodthirsty mob demands that the rule of
+law be reversed and instead of proving the accused to be guilty, the
+victim of their hate and revenge must prove himself innocent. No evidence
+he can offer will satisfy the mob; he is bound hand and foot and swung
+into eternity. Then to excuse its infamy, the mob almost invariably
+reports the monstrous falsehood that its victim made a full confession
+before he was hanged.
+
+With all military, legal and political power in their hands, only two of
+the lynching States have attempted a check by exercising the power which
+is theirs. Mayor Trout, of Roanoke, Virginia, called out the militia in
+1893, to protect a Negro prisoner, and in so doing nine men were killed
+and a number wounded. Then the mayor and militia withdrew, left the Negro
+to his fate and he was promptly lynched. The business men realized the
+blow to the town's were given light sentences, the highest being one of
+twelve financial interests, called the mayor home, the grand jury
+indicted and prosecuted the ringleaders of the mob. They months in State
+prison. The day he arrived at the penitentiary, he was pardoned by the
+governor of the State.
+
+The only other real attempt made by the authorities to protect a prisoner
+of the law, and which was more successful, was that of Gov. McKinley, of
+Ohio, who sent the militia to Washington Courthouse, O., in October, 1894,
+and five men were killed and twenty wounded in maintaining the principle
+that the law must be upheld.
+
+In South Carolina, in April, 1893, Gov. Tillman aided the mob by yielding
+up to be killed, a prisoner of the law, who had voluntarily placed himself
+under the Governor's protection. Public sentiment by its representatives
+has encouraged Lynch Law, and upon the revolution of this sentiment we
+must depend for its abolition.
+
+Therefore, we demand a fair trial by law for those accused of crime, and
+punishment by law after honest conviction. No maudlin sympathy for
+criminals is solicited, but we do ask that the law shall punish all alike.
+We earnestly desire those that control the forces which make public
+sentiment to join with us in the demand. Surely the humanitarian spirit of
+this country which reaches out to denounce the treatment of the Russian
+Jews, the Armenian Christians, the laboring poor of Europe, the Siberian
+exiles and the native women of India--will not longer refuse to lift its
+voice on this subject. If it were known that the cannibals or the savage
+Indians had burned three human beings alive in the past two years, the
+whole of Christendom would be roused, to devise ways and means to put a
+stop to it. Can you remain silent and inactive when such things are done
+in our own community and country? Is your duty to humanity in the United
+States less binding?
+
+What can you do, reader, to prevent lynching, to thwart anarchy and
+promote law and order throughout our land?
+
+1st. You can help disseminate the facts contained in this book by bringing
+them to the knowledge of every one with whom you come in contact, to the
+end that public sentiment may be revolutionized. Let the facts speak for
+themselves, with you as a medium.
+
+2d. You can be instrumental in having churches, missionary societies,
+Y.M.C.A.'s, W.C.T.U.'s and all Christian and moral forces in connection
+with your religious and social life, pass resolutions of condemnation and
+protest every time a lynching takes place; and see that they axe sent to
+the place where these outrages occur.
+
+3d. Bring to the intelligent consideration of Southern people the refusal
+of capital to invest where lawlessness and mob violence hold sway. Many
+labor organizations have declared by resolution that they would avoid
+lynch infested localities as they would the pestilence when seeking new
+homes. If the South wishes to build up its waste places quickly, there is
+no better way than to uphold the majesty of the law by enforcing obedience
+to the same, and meting out the same punishment to all classes of
+criminals, white as well as black. "Equality before the law," must become
+a fact as well as a theory before America is truly the "land of the free
+and the home of the brave."
+
+4th. Think and act on independent lines in this behalf, remembering that
+after all, it is the white man's civilization and the white man's
+government which are on trial. This crusade will determine whether that
+civilization can maintain itself by itself, or whether anarchy shall
+prevail; Whether this Nation shall write itself down a success at self
+government, or in deepest humiliation admit its failure complete; whether
+the precepts and theories of Christianity are professed and practiced by
+American white people as Golden Rules of thought and action, or adopted as
+a system of morals to be preached to, heathen until they attain to the
+intelligence which needs the system of Lynch Law.
+
+5th. Congressman Blair offered a resolution in the House of
+Representatives, August, 1894. The organized life of the country can
+speedily make this a law by sending resolutions to Congress indorsing Mr.
+Blair's bill and asking Congress to create the commission. In no better
+way can the question be settled, and the Negro does not fear the issue.
+The following is the resolution:
+
+  Resolved, By the House of Representatives and Senate in congress
+  assembled, That the committee on labor be instructed to investigate and
+  report the number, location and date of all alleged assaults by males
+  upon females throughout the country during the ten years last preceding
+  the passing of this joint resolution, for or on account of which
+  organized but unlawful violence has been inflicted or attempted to be
+  inflicted. Also to ascertain and report all facts of organized but
+  unlawful violence to the person, with the attendant facts and
+  circumstances, which have been inflicted upon accused persons alleged to
+  have been guilty of crimes punishable by due process of law which have
+  taken place in any part of the country within the ten years last
+  preceding the passage of this resolution. Such investigation shall be
+  made by the usual methods and agencies of the Department of Labor, and
+  report made to Congress as soon as the work can be satisfactorily done,
+  and the sum of $25,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is
+  hereby appropriated to pay the expenses out of any money in the treasury
+  not otherwise appropriated.
+
+The belief has been constantly expressed in England that in the United
+States, which has produced Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Henry Ward Beecher, James
+Russell Lowell, John G. Whittier and Abraham Lincoln there must be those
+of their descendants who would take hold of the work of inaugurating an
+era of law and order. The colored people of this country who have been
+loyal to the flag believe the same, and strong in that belief have begun
+this crusade. To those who still feel they have no obligation in the
+matter, we commend the following lines of Lowell on "Freedom."
+
+    Men! whose boast it is that ye
+    Come of fathers brave and free,
+    If there breathe on earth a slave
+    Are ye truly free and brave?
+    If ye do not feel the chain,
+    When it works a brother's pain,
+    Are ye not base slaves indeed,
+    Slaves unworthy to be freed?
+
+    Women! who shall one day bear
+    Sons to breathe New England air,
+    If ye hear without a blush,
+    Deeds to make the roused blood rush
+    Like red lava through your veins,
+    For your sisters now in chains,--
+    Answer! are ye fit to be
+    Mothers of the brave and free?
+
+    Is true freedom but to break
+    Fetters for our own dear sake,
+    And, with leathern hearts, forget
+    That we owe mankind a debt?
+    No! true freedom is to share
+    All the chains our brothers wear,
+    And, with heart and hand, to be
+    Earnest to make others free!
+
+    There are slaves who fear to speak
+    For the fallen and the weak;
+    They are slaves who will not choose
+    Hatred, scoffing, and abuse,
+    Rather than in silence shrink
+    From the truth they needs must think;
+    They are slaves who dare not be
+    In the right with two or three.
+
+
+A FIELD FOR PRACTICAL WORK
+
+The very frequent inquiry made after my lectures by interested friends is
+"What can I do to help the cause?" The answer always is: "Tell the world
+the facts." When the Christian world knows the alarming growth and extent
+of outlawry in our land, some means will be found to stop it.
+
+The object of this publication is to tell the facts, and friends of the
+cause can lend a helping hand by aiding in the distribution of these
+books. When I present our cause to a minister, editor, lecturer, or
+representative of any moral agency, the first demand is for facts and
+figures. Plainly, I can not then hand out a book with a twenty-five-cent
+tariff on the information contained. This would be only a new method in
+the book agents' art. In all such cases it is a pleasure to submit this
+book for investigation, with the certain assurance of gaining a friend to
+the cause.
+
+There are many agencies which may be enlisted in our cause by the general
+circulation of the facts herein contained. The preachers, teachers,
+editors and humanitarians of the white race, at home and abroad, must have
+facts laid before them, and it is our duty to supply these facts. The
+Central Anti-Lynching League, Room 9, 128 Clark St., Chicago, has
+established a Free Distribution Fund, the work of which can be promoted by
+all who are interested in this work.
+
+Antilynching leagues, societies and individuals can order books from this
+fund at agents' rates. The books will be sent to their order, or, if
+desired, will be distributed by the League among those whose cooperative
+aid we so greatly need. The writer hereof assures prompt distribution of
+books according to order, and public acknowledgment of all orders through
+the public press.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Red Record, by Ida B. Wells-Barnett
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RED RECORD ***
+
+***** This file should be named 14977-8.txt or 14977-8.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/9/7/14977/
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Melissa Er-Raqabi and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/14977-8.zip b/14977-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8f17b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/14977-8.zip
diff --git a/14977-h.zip b/14977-h.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c484c7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/14977-h.zip
diff --git a/14977-h/14977-h.htm b/14977-h/14977-h.htm
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba28d47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/14977-h/14977-h.htm
@@ -0,0 +1,4165 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+  <head>
+    <title>
+      The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Red Record:, by Ida B. Wells-Barnett.
+    </title>
+    <style type="text/css">
+/*<![CDATA[  XML blockout */
+<!--
+    p {  margin-top: .75em;
+         text-align: justify;
+         margin-bottom: .75em;
+         }
+    h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
+         text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
+         clear: both;
+         }
+    hr { width: 33%;
+	 margin-top: 2em;
+	 margin-bottom: 2em;
+         margin-left: auto;
+         margin-right: auto;
+         clear: both;
+       }
+
+    table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
+
+    body{margin-left: 10%;
+         margin-right: 10%;
+        }
+
+    .linenum  {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */
+    .blockquot{margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;}
+    .pagenum  {position: absolute; left: 92%; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;} /* page numbers */
+    .sidenote {width: 20%; padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em;
+               padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; margin-left: 1em;
+               float: right; clear: right; margin-top: 1em;
+               font-size: smaller; background: #eeeeee; border: dashed 1px;}
+
+    .bb       {border-bottom: solid 2px;}
+    .bl       {border-left: solid 2px;}
+    .bt       {border-top: solid 2px;}
+    .br       {border-right: solid 2px;}
+    .bbox     {border: solid 2px;}
+
+    .center   {text-align: center;}
+    .smcap    {font-variant: small-caps;}
+
+    .figcenter   {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
+
+    .figleft     {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top:
+                 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
+
+    .figright    {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;
+                 margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
+
+    .footnotes        {border: dashed 1px;}
+    .footnote         {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
+    .footnote .label  {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
+    .fnanchor         {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;}
+
+    .poem             {margin-left:10%; margin-right:10%; text-align: left;}
+    .poem br          {display: none;}
+    .poem .stanza     {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;}
+    .poem span        {display: block; margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;}
+    .poem span.i2     {display: block; margin-left: 2em;}
+    .poem span.i4     {display: block; margin-left: 4em;}
+    // -->
+    /* XML end  ]]>*/
+    </style>
+  </head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Red Record, by Ida B. Wells-Barnett
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Red Record
+       Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States
+
+Author: Ida B. Wells-Barnett
+
+Release Date: February 8, 2005 [EBook #14977]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RED RECORD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Melissa Er-Raqabi and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<hr style="width: 95%;" />
+<h1>The Red Record:</h1>
+<h2>Tabulated Statistics and<br />
+Alleged Causes of Lynching<br />
+in the United States<br /></h2>
+<h2>By Ida B. Wells-Barnett</h2>
+
+
+<p class="center"><b>1895</b>
+</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<p class="center">[<i>Transcriber's Note: This pamphlet was first published in 1895 but was
+subsequently reprinted. It's not apparent if the curiosities in spelling
+date back to the original or were introduced later; they have been
+retained as found, and the reader is left to decide. Please verify with
+another source before quoting this material.</i>]</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><b>PREFACE</b></h2>
+
+<p>HON. FREDERICK DOUGLASS'S LETTER</p>
+
+<p>DEAR MISS WELLS:</p>
+
+<p>Let me give you thanks for your faithful paper on the lynch abomination
+now generally practiced against colored people in the South. There has
+been no word equal to it in convincing power. I have spoken, but my word
+is feeble in comparison. You give us what you know and testify from actual
+knowledge. You have dealt with the facts with cool, painstaking fidelity,
+and left those naked and uncontradicted facts to speak for themselves.</p>
+
+<p>Brave woman! you have done your people and mine a service which can
+neither be weighed nor measured. If the American conscience were only half
+alive, if the American church and clergy were only half Christianized, if
+American moral sensibility were not hardened by persistent infliction of
+outrage and crime against colored people, a scream of horror, shame, and
+indignation would rise to Heaven wherever your pamphlet shall be read.</p>
+
+<p>But alas! even crime has power to reproduce itself and create conditions
+favorable to its own existence. It sometimes seems we are deserted by
+earth and Heaven&mdash;yet we must still think, speak and work, and trust in
+the power of a merciful God for final deliverance.</p>
+
+<p>
+Very truly and gratefully yours,<br />
+FREDERICK DOUGLASS<br />
+Cedar Hill, Anacostia, D.C.<br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2>CONTENTS</h2>
+
+<p>
+CHAPTER 1<br />
+<a href="#chap1">The Case Stated</a><br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER 2<br />
+<a href="#chap2">Lynch-Law Statistics</a><br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER 3<br />
+<a href="#chap3">Lynching Imbeciles</a><br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER 4<br />
+<a href="#chap4">Lynching of Innocent Men</a><br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER 5<br />
+<a href="#chap5">Lynched for Anything or Nothing</a><br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER 6<br />
+<a href="#chap6">History of Some Cases of Rape</a><br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER 7<br />
+<a href="#chap7">The Crusade Justified</a><br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER 8<br />
+<a href="#chap8">Miss Willard's Attitude</a><br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER 9<br />
+<a href="#chap9">Lynching Record for 1894</a><br />
+<br />
+CHAPTER 10<br />
+<a href="#chap10">The Remedy</a><br />
+</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="chap1" id="chap1" />1</h2>
+
+<h2><b>THE CASE STATED</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>The student of American sociology will find the year 1894 marked by a
+pronounced awakening of the public conscience to a system of anarchy and
+outlawry which had grown during a series of ten years to be so common,
+that scenes of unusual brutality failed to have any visible effect upon
+the humane sentiments of the people of our land.</p>
+
+<p>Beginning with the emancipation of the Negro, the inevitable result of
+unbribled power exercised for two and a half centuries, by the white man
+over the Negro, began to show itself in acts of conscienceless outlawry.
+During the slave regime, the Southern white man owned the Negro body and
+soul. It was to his interest to dwarf the soul and preserve the body.
+Vested with unlimited power over his slave, to subject him to any and all
+kinds of physical punishment, the white man was still restrained from such
+punishment as tended to injure the slave by abating his physical powers
+and thereby reducing his financial worth. While slaves were scourged
+mercilessly, and in countless cases inhumanly treated in other respects,
+still the white owner rarely permitted his anger to go so far as to take a
+life, which would entail upon him a loss of several hundred dollars. The
+slave was rarely killed, he was too valuable; it was easier and quite as
+effective, for discipline or revenge, to sell him &quot;Down South.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>But Emancipation came and the vested interests of the white man in the
+Negro's body were lost. The white man had no right to scourge the
+emancipated Negro, still less has he a right to kill him. But the Southern
+white people had been educated so long in that school of practice, in
+which might makes right, that they disdained to draw strict lines of
+action in dealing with the Negro. In slave times the Negro was kept
+subservient and submissive by the frequency and severity of the scourging,
+but, with freedom, a new system of intimidation came into vogue; the Negro
+was not only whipped and scourged; he was killed.</p>
+
+<p>Not all nor nearly all of the murders done by white men, during the past
+thirty years in the South, have come to light, but the statistics as
+gathered and preserved by white men, and which have not been questioned,
+show that during these years more than ten thousand Negroes have been
+killed in cold blood, without the formality of judicial trial and legal
+execution. And yet, as evidence of the absolute impunity with which the
+white man dares to kill a Negro, the same record shows that during all
+these years, and for all these murders only three white men have been
+tried, convicted, and executed. As no white man has been lynched for the
+murder of colored people, these three executions are the only instances of
+the death penalty being visited upon white men for murdering Negroes.</p>
+
+<p>Naturally enough the commission of these crimes began to tell upon the
+public conscience, and the Southern white man, as a tribute to the
+nineteenth-century civilization, was in a manner compelled to give excuses
+for his barbarism. His excuses have adapted themselves to the emergency,
+and are aptly outlined by that greatest of all Negroes, Frederick
+Douglass, in an article of recent date, in which he shows that there have
+been three distinct eras of Southern barbarism, to account for which three
+distinct excuses have been made.</p>
+
+<p>The first excuse given to the civilized world for the murder of
+unoffending Negroes was the necessity of the white man to repress and
+stamp out alleged &quot;race riots.&quot; For years immediately succeeding the war
+there was an appalling slaughter of colored people, and the wires usually
+conveyed to northern people and the world the intelligence, first, that an
+insurrection was being planned by Negroes, which, a few hours later, would
+prove to have been vigorously resisted by white men, and controlled with a
+resulting loss of several killed and wounded. It was always a remarkable
+feature in these insurrections and riots that only Negroes were killed
+during the rioting, and that all the white men escaped unharmed.</p>
+
+<p>From 1865 to 1872, hundreds of colored men and women were mercilessly
+murdered and the almost invariable reason assigned was that they met their
+death by being alleged participants in an insurrection or riot. But this
+story at last wore itself out. No insurrection ever materialized; no
+Negro rioter was ever apprehended and proven guilty, and no dynamite ever
+recorded the black man's protest against oppression and wrong. It was too
+much to ask thoughtful people to believe this transparent story, and the
+southern white people at last made up their minds that some other excuse
+must be had.</p>
+
+<p>Then came the second excuse, which had its birth during the turbulent
+times of reconstruction. By an amendment to the Constitution the Negro was
+given the right of franchise, and, theoretically at least, his ballot
+became his invaluable emblem of citizenship. In a government &quot;of the
+people, for the people, and by the people,&quot; the Negro's vote became an
+important factor in all matters of state and national politics. But this
+did not last long. The southern white man would not consider that the
+Negro had any right which a white man was bound to respect, and the idea
+of a republican form of government in the southern states grew into
+general contempt. It was maintained that &quot;This is a white man's
+government,&quot; and regardless of numbers the white man should rule. &quot;No
+Negro domination&quot; became the new legend on the sanguinary banner of the
+sunny South, and under it rode the Ku Klux Klan, the Regulators, and the
+lawless mobs, which for any cause chose to murder one man or a dozen as
+suited their purpose best. It was a long, gory campaign; the blood chills
+and the heart almost loses faith in Christianity when one thinks of Yazoo,
+Hamburg, Edgefield, Copiah, and the countless massacres of defenseless
+Negroes, whose only crime was the attempt to exercise their right to vote.</p>
+
+<p>But it was a bootless strife for colored people. The government which had
+made the Negro a citizen found itself unable to protect him. It gave him
+the right to vote, but denied him the protection which should have
+maintained that right. Scourged from his home; hunted through the swamps;
+hung by midnight raiders, and openly murdered in the light of day, the
+Negro clung to his right of franchise with a heroism which would have
+wrung admiration from the hearts of savages. He believed that in that
+small white ballot there was a subtle something which stood for manhood as
+well as citizenship, and thousands of brave black men went to their
+graves, exemplifying the one by dying for the other.</p>
+
+<p>The white man's victory soon became complete by fraud, violence,
+intimidation and murder. The franchise vouchsafed to the Negro grew to be
+a &quot;barren ideality,&quot; and regardless of numbers, the colored people found
+themselves voiceless in the councils of those whose duty it was to rule.
+With no longer the fear of &quot;Negro Domination&quot; before their eyes, the
+white man's second excuse became valueless. With the Southern governments
+all subverted and the Negro actually eliminated from all participation in
+state and national elections, there could be no longer an excuse for
+killing Negroes to prevent &quot;Negro Domination.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Brutality still continued; Negroes were whipped, scourged, exiled, shot
+and hung whenever and wherever it pleased the white man so to treat them,
+and as the civilized world with increasing persistency held the white
+people of the South to account for its outlawry, the murderers invented
+the third excuse&mdash;that Negroes had to be killed to avenge their assaults
+upon women. There could be framed no possible excuse more harmful to the
+Negro and more unanswerable if true in its sufficiency for the white man.</p>
+
+<p>Humanity abhors the assailant of womanhood, and this charge upon the Negro
+at once placed him beyond the pale of human sympathy. With such unanimity,
+earnestness and apparent candor was this charge made and reiterated that
+the world has accepted the story that the Negro is a monster which the
+Southern white man has painted him. And today, the Christian world feels,
+that while lynching is a crime, and lawlessness and anarchy the certain
+precursors of a nation's fall, it can not by word or deed, extend sympathy
+or help to a race of outlaws, who might mistake their plea for justice and
+deem it an excuse for their continued wrongs.</p>
+
+<p>The Negro has suffered much and is willing to suffer more. He recognizes
+that the wrongs of two centuries can not be righted in a day, and he tries
+to bear his burden with patience for today and be hopeful for tomorrow.
+But there comes a time when the veriest worm will turn, and the Negro
+feels today that after all the work he has done, all the sacrifices he has
+made, and all the suffering he has endured, if he did not, now, defend his
+name and manhood from this vile accusation, he would be unworthy even of
+the contempt of mankind. It is to this charge he now feels he must make
+answer.</p>
+
+<p>If the Southern people in defense of their lawlessness, would tell the
+truth and admit that colored men and women are lynched for almost any
+offense, from murder to a misdemeanor, there would not now be the
+necessity for this defense. But when they intentionally, maliciously and
+constantly belie the record and bolster up these falsehoods by the words
+of legislators, preachers, governors and bishops, then the Negro must give
+to the world his side of the awful story.</p>
+
+<p>A word as to the charge itself. In considering the third reason assigned
+by the Southern white people for the butchery of blacks, the question must
+be asked, what the white man means when he charges the black man with
+rape. Does he mean the crime which the statutes of the civilized states
+describe as such? Not by any means. With the Southern white man, any
+mesalliance existing between a white woman and a colored man is a
+sufficient foundation for the charge of rape. The Southern white man says
+that it is impossible for a voluntary alliance to exist between a white
+woman and a colored man, and therefore, the fact of an alliance is a proof
+of force. In numerous instances where colored men have have been lynched
+on the charge of rape, it was positively known at the time of lynching,
+and indisputably proven after the victim's death, that the relationship
+sustained between the man and woman was voluntary and clandestine, and
+that in no court of law could even the charge of assault have been
+successfully maintained.</p>
+
+<p>It was for the assertion of this fact, in the defense of her own race,
+that the writer hereof became an exile; her property destroyed and her
+return to her home forbidden under penalty of death, for writing the
+following editorial which was printed in her paper, the <i>Free Speech,</i> in
+Memphis, Tenn., May 21,1892:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Eight Negroes lynched since last issue of the <i>Free Speech</i> one at
+  Little Rock, Ark., last Saturday morning where the citizens broke(?)
+  into the penitentiary and got their man; three near Anniston, Ala., one
+  near New Orleans; and three at Clarksville, Ga., the last three for
+  killing a white man, and five on the same old racket&mdash;the new alarm
+  about raping white women. The same programme of hanging, then shooting
+  bullets into the lifeless bodies was carried out to the letter. Nobody
+  in this section of the country believes the old threadbare lie that
+  Negro men rape white women. If Southern white men are not careful, they
+  will overreach themselves and public sentiment will have a reaction; a
+  conclusion will then be reached which will be very damaging to the moral
+  reputation of their women.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>But threats cannot suppress the truth, and while the Negro suffers the
+soul deformity, resultant from two and a half centuries of slavery, he is
+no more guilty of this vilest of all vile charges than the white man who
+would blacken his name.</p>
+
+<p>During all the years of slavery, no such charge was ever made, not even
+during the dark days of the rebellion, when the white man, following the
+fortunes of war went to do battle for the maintenance of slavery. While
+the master was away fighting to forge the fetters upon the slave, he left
+his wife and children with no protectors save the Negroes themselves. And
+yet during those years of trust and peril, no Negro proved recreant to his
+trust and no white man returned to a home that had been dispoiled.</p>
+
+<p>Likewise during the period of alleged &quot;insurrection,&quot; and alarming &quot;race
+riots,&quot; it never occurred to the white man, that his wife and children
+were in danger of assault. Nor in the Reconstruction era, when the hue and
+cry was against &quot;Negro Domination,&quot; was there ever a thought that the
+domination would ever contaminate a fireside or strike to death the virtue
+of womanhood. It must appear strange indeed, to every thoughtful and
+candid man, that more than a quarter of a century elapsed before the Negro
+began to show signs of such infamous degeneration.</p>
+
+<p>In his remarkable apology for lynching, Bishop Haygood, of Georgia, says:
+&quot;No race, not the most savage, tolerates the rape of woman, but it may be
+said without reflection upon any other people that the Southern people are
+now and always have been most sensitive concerning the honor of their
+women&mdash;their mothers, wives, sisters and daughters.&quot; It is not the purpose
+of this defense to say one word against the white women of the South. Such
+need not be said, but it is their misfortune that the chivalrous white men
+of that section, in order to escape the deserved execration of the
+civilized world, should shield themselves by their cowardly and infamously
+false excuse, and call into question that very honor about which their
+distinguished priestly apologist claims they are most sensitive. To
+justify their own barbarism they assume a chivalry which they do not
+possess. True chivalry respects all womanhood, and no one who reads the
+record, as it is written in the faces of the million mulattoes in the
+South, will for a minute conceive that the southern white man had a very
+chivalrous regard for the honor due the women of his own race or respect
+for the womanhood which circumstances placed in his power. That chivalry
+which is &quot;most sensitive concerning the honor of women&quot; can hope for but
+little respect from the civilized world, when it confines itself entirely
+to the women who happen to be white. Virtue knows no color line, and the
+chivalry which depends upon complexion of skin and texture of hair can
+command no honest respect.</p>
+
+<p>When emancipation came to the Negroes, there arose in the northern part of
+the United States an almost divine sentiment among the noblest, purest
+and best white women of the North, who felt called to a mission to educate
+and Christianize the millions of southern exslaves. From every nook and
+corner of the North, brave young white women answered that call and left
+their cultured homes, their happy associations and their lives of ease,
+and with heroic determination went to the South to carry light and truth
+to the benighted blacks. It was a heroism no less than that which calls
+for volunteers for India, Africa and the Isles of the sea. To educate
+their unfortunate charges; to teach them the Christian virtues and to
+inspire in them the moral sentiments manifest in their own lives, these
+young women braved dangers whose record reads more like fiction than fact.
+They became social outlaws in the South. The peculiar sensitiveness of the
+southern white men for women, never shed its protecting influence about
+them. No friendly word from their own race cheered them in their work; no
+hospitable doors gave them the companionship like that from which they had
+come. No chivalrous white man doffed his hat in honor or respect. They
+were &quot;Nigger teachers&quot;&mdash;unpardonable offenders in the social ethics of the
+South, and were insulted, persecuted and ostracised, not by Negroes, but
+by the white manhood which boasts of its chivalry toward women.</p>
+
+<p>And yet these northern women worked on, year after year, unselfishly, with
+a heroism which amounted almost to martyrdom. Threading their way through
+dense forests, working in schoolhouse, in the cabin and in the church,
+thrown at all times and in all places among the unfortunate and lowly
+Negroes, whom they had come to find and to serve, these northern women,
+thousands and thousands of them, have spent more than a quarter of a
+century in giving to the colored people their splendid lessons for home
+and heart and soul. Without protection, save that which innocence gives to
+every good woman, they went about their work, fearing no assault and
+suffering none. Their chivalrous protectors were hundreds of miles away in
+their northern homes, and yet they never feared any &quot;great dark-faced
+mobs,&quot; they dared night or day to &quot;go beyond their own roof trees.&quot; They
+never complained of assaults, and no mob was ever called into existence to
+avenge crimes against them. Before the world adjudges the Negro a moral
+monster, a vicious assailant of womanhood and a menace to the sacred
+precincts of home, the colored people ask the consideration of the silent
+record of gratitude, respect, protection and devotion of the millions of
+the race in the South, to the thousands of northern white women who have
+served as teachers and missionaries since the war.</p>
+
+<p>The Negro may not have known what chivalry was, but he knew enough to
+preserve inviolate the womanhood of the South which was entrusted to his
+hands during the war. The finer sensibilities of his soul may have been
+crushed out by years of slavery, but his heart was full of gratitude to
+the white women of the North, who blessed his home and inspired his soul
+in all these years of freedom. Faithful to his trust in both of these
+instances, he should now have the impartial ear of the civilized world,
+when he dares to speak for himself as against the infamy wherewith he
+stands charged.</p>
+
+<p>It is his regret, that, in his own defense, he must disclose to the world
+that degree of dehumanizing brutality which fixes upon America the blot of
+a national crime. Whatever faults and failings other nations may have in
+their dealings with their own subjects or with other people, no other
+civilized nation stands condemned before the world with a series of crimes
+so peculiarly national. It becomes a painful duty of the Negro to
+reproduce a record which shows that a large portion of the American people
+avow anarchy, condone murder and defy the contempt of civilization. These
+pages are written in no spirit of vindictiveness, for all who give the
+subject consideration must concede that far too serious is the condition
+of that civilized government in which the spirit of unrestrained outlawry
+constantly increases in violence, and casts its blight over a continually
+growing area of territory. We plead not for the colored people alone, but
+for all victims of the terrible injustice which puts men and women to
+death without form of law. During the year 1894, there were 132 persons
+executed in the United States by due form of law, while in the same year,
+197 persons were put to death by mobs who gave the victims no opportunity
+to make a lawful defense. No comment need be made upon a condition of
+public sentiment responsible for such alarming results.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of the pages which follow shall be to give the record which
+has been made, not by colored men, but that which is the result of
+compilations made by white men, of reports sent over the civilized world
+by white men in the South. Out of their own mouths shall the murderers be
+condemned. For a number of years the <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, admittedly one of
+the leading journals of America, has made a specialty of the compilation
+of statistics touching upon lynching. The data compiled by that journal
+and published to the world January 1, 1894, up to the present time has not
+been disputed. In order to be safe from the charge of exaggeration, the
+incidents hereinafter reported have been confined to those vouched for by
+the Tribune.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="chap2" id="chap2" />2</h2>
+
+<h2><b>LYNCH-LAW STATISTICS</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>From the record published in the <i>Chicago Tribune</i>, January 1, 1894, the
+following computation of lynching statistics is made referring only to the
+colored victims of Lynch Law during the year 1893:</p>
+
+<p><b>ARSON</b></p>
+
+<p>Sept. 15, Paul Hill, Carrollton, Ala.; Sept. 15, Paul Archer, Carrollton,
+Ala.; Sept. 15, William Archer, Carrollton, Ala.; Sept. 15, Emma Fair,
+Carrollton, Ala.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>SUSPECTED ROBBERY</b></p>
+
+<p>Dec. 23, unknown negro, Fannin, Miss.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ASSAULT</b></p>
+
+<p>Dec. 25, Calvin Thomas, near Brainbridge, Ga.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ATTEMPTED ASSAULT</b></p>
+
+<p>Dec. 28, Tillman Green, Columbia, La.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>INCENDIARISM</b></p>
+
+<p>Jan. 26, Patrick Wells, Quincy, Fla.; Feb. 9, Frank Harrell, Dickery,
+Miss.; Feb. 9, William Filder, Dickery, Miss.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ATTEMPTED RAPE</b></p>
+
+<p>Feb. 21, Richard Mays, Springville, Mo.; Aug. 14, Dug Hazleton,
+Carrollton, Ga.; Sept. 1, Judge McNeil, Cadiz, Ky.; Sept. 11, Frank Smith,
+Newton, Miss.; Sept. 16, William Jackson, Nevada, Mo.; Sept. 19, Riley
+Gulley, Pine Apple, Ala.; Oct. 9, John Davis, Shorterville, Ala.; Nov. 8,
+Robert Kennedy, Spartansburg, S.C.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>BURGLARY</b></p>
+
+<p>Feb. 16, Richard Forman, Granada, Miss.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>WIFE BEATING</b></p>
+
+<p>Oct. 14, David Jackson, Covington, La.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ATTEMPTED MURDER</b></p>
+
+<p>Sept. 21, Thomas Smith, Roanoke, Va.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ATTEMPTED ROBBERY</b></p>
+
+<p>Dec. 12, four unknown negroes, near Selma, Ala.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>RACE PREJUDICE</b></p>
+
+<p>Jan. 30, Thomas Carr, Kosciusko, Miss.; Feb. 7, William Butler, Hickory
+Creek, Texas; Aug. 27, Charles Tart, Lyons Station, Miss.; Dec. 7, Robert
+Greenwood, Cross county, Ark.; July 14, Allen Butler, Lawrenceville, Ill.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>THIEVES </b></p>
+
+<p>Oct. 24, two unknown negroes, Knox Point, La.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ALLEGED BARN BURNING </b></p>
+
+<p>Nov. 4, Edward Wagner, Lynchburg, Va.; Nov. 4, William Wagner, Lynchburg,
+Va.; Nov. 4, Samuel Motlow, Lynchburg, Va.; Nov. 4, Eliza Motlow,
+Lynchburg, Va.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ALLEGED MURDER </b></p>
+
+<p>Jan. 21, Robert Landry, St. James Parish, La.; Jan. 21, Chicken George,
+St. James Parish, La.; Jan. 21, Richard Davis, St. James Parish, La.; Dec.
+8, Benjamin Menter, Berlin, Ala.; Dec. 8, Robert Wilkins, Berlin, Ala.;
+Dec. 8, Joseph Gevhens, Berlin, Ala.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ALLEGED COMPLICITY IN MURDER </b></p>
+
+<p>Sept. 16, Valsin Julian, Jefferson Parish, La.; Sept. 16, Basil Julian,
+Jefferson Parish, La.; Sept. 16, Paul Julian, Jefferson Parish, La.; Sept.
+16, John Willis, Jefferson Parish, La.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MURDER </b></p>
+
+<p>June 29, Samuel Thorp, Savannah, Ga.; June 29, George S. Riechen,
+Waynesboro, Ga.; June 30, Joseph Bird, Wilberton, I.T.; July 1, James
+Lamar, Darien, Ga.; July 28, Henry Miller, Dallas, Texas; July 28, Ada
+Hiers, Walterboro, S.C.; July 28, Alexander Brown, Bastrop, Texas; July
+30, W.G. Jamison, Quincy, Ill.; Sept. 1, John Ferguson, Lawrens, S.C.;
+Sept. 1, Oscar Johnston, Berkeley, S.C.; Sept. 1, Henry Ewing, Berkeley,
+S.C.; Sept. 8, William Smith, Camden, Ark.; Sept. 15, Staples Green,
+Livingston, Ala.; Sept. 29, Hiram Jacobs, Mount Vernon, Ga.; Sept. 29,
+Lucien Mannet, Mount Vernon, Ga.; Sept. 29, Hire Bevington, Mount Vernon,
+Ga.; Sept. 29, Weldon Gordon, Mount Vernon, Ga.; Sept. 29, Parse
+Strickland, Mount Vernon, Ga.; Oct. 20, William Dalton, Cartersville, Ga.;
+Oct. 27, M.B. Taylor, Wise Court House, Va.; Oct. 27, Isaac Williams,
+Madison, Ga.; Nov. 10, Miller Davis, Center Point, Ark.; Nov. 14, John
+Johnston, Auburn, N.Y.</p>
+
+<p>Sept. 27, Calvin Stewart, Langley, S.C.; Sept. 29, Henry Coleman, Denton,
+La.; Oct. 18, William Richards, Summerfield, Ga.; Oct. 18, James Dickson,
+Summerfield, Ga.; Oct. 27, Edward Jenkins, Clayton county, Ga.; Nov. 9,
+Henry Boggs, Fort White, Fla.; Nov. 14, three unknown negroes, Lake City
+Junction, Fla.; Nov. 14, D.T. Nelson, Varney, Ark.; Nov. 29, Newton Jones,
+Baxley, Ga.; Dec. 2, Lucius Holt, Concord, Ga.; Dec. 10, two unknown
+negroes, Richmond, Ala.; July 12, Henry Fleming, Columbus, Miss.; July 17,
+unknown negro, Briar Field, Ala.; July 18, Meredith Lewis, Roseland, La.
+July 29, Edward Bill, Dresden, Tenn.; Aug. 1, Henry Reynolds, Montgomery,
+Tenn.; Aug. 9, unknown negro, McCreery, Ark.; Aug. 12, unknown negro,
+Brantford, Fla.; Aug. 18, Charles Walton, Morganfield, Ky; Aug. 21,
+Charles Tait, near Memphis, Tenn.; Aug. 28, Leonard Taylor, New Castle,
+Ky; Sept. 8, Benjamin Jackson, Quincy, Miss.; Sept. 14, John Williams,
+Jackson, Tenn.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>SELF-DEFENSE</b></p>
+
+<p>July 30, unknown negro, Wingo, Ky.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>POISONING WELLS</b></p>
+
+<p>Aug. 18, two unknown negroes, Franklin Parish, La.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ALLEGED WELL POISONING</b></p>
+
+<p>Sept. 15, Benjamin Jackson, Jackson, Miss.; Sept. 15, Mahala Jackson,
+Jackson, Miss.; Sept. 15, Louisa Carter, Jackson, Miss.; Sept. 15, W.A.
+Haley, Jackson, Miss.; Sept. 16, Rufus Bigley, Jackson, Miss.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>INSULTING WHITES</b></p>
+
+<p>Feb. 18, John Hughes, Moberly, Mo.; June 2, Isaac Lincoln, Fort Madison,
+S.C.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MURDEROUS ASSAULT</b></p>
+
+<p>April 20, Daniel Adams, Selina, Kan.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>NO OFFENSE</b></p>
+
+<p>July 21, Charles Martin, Shelby Co., Tenn.; July 30, William Steen, Paris,
+Miss.; Aug. 31, unknown negro, Yarborough, Tex.; Sept. 30, unknown negro,
+Houston, Tex.; Dec. 28, Mack Segars, Brantley, Ala.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ALLEGED RAPE</b></p>
+
+<p>July 7, Charles T. Miller, Bardwell, Ky.; Aug. 10, Daniel Lewis, Waycross,
+Ga.; Aug. 10, James Taylor, Waycross, Ga.; Aug. 10, John Chambers,
+Waycross, Ga.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ALLEGED STOCK POISONING</b></p>
+
+<p>Dec. 16, Henry G. Givens, Nebro, Ky.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>SUSPECTED MURDER</b></p>
+
+<p>Dec. 23, Sloan Allen, West Mississippi.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>SUSPICION OF RAPE</b></p>
+
+<p>Feb. 14, Andy Blount, Chattanooga, Tenn.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>TURNING STATE'S EVIDENCE</b></p>
+
+<p>Dec. 19, William Ferguson, Adele, Ga.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>RAPE</b></p>
+
+<p>Jan. 19, James Williams, Pickens Co., Ala.; Feb. 11, unknown negro, Forest
+Hill, Tenn.; Feb. 26, Joseph Hayne, or Paine, Jellico, Tenn.; Nov. 1,
+Abner Anthony, Hot Springs, Va.; Nov. 1, Thomas Hill, Spring Place, Ga.;
+April 24, John Peterson, Denmark, S.C.; May 6, Samuel Gaillard, &mdash;&mdash;,
+S.C.; May 10, Haywood Banks, or Marksdale, Columbia, S.C.; May 12, Israel
+Halliway, Napoleonville, La.; May 12, unknown negro, Wytheville, Va.; May
+31, John Wallace, Jefferson Springs, Ark.; June 3, Samuel Bush, Decatur,
+Ill.; June 8, L.C. Dumas, Gleason, Tenn.; June 13, William Shorter,
+Winchester, Va.; June 14, George Williams, near Waco, Tex.; June 24,
+Daniel Edwards, Selina or Selma, Ala.; June 27, Ernest Murphy, Daleville,
+Ala.; July 6, unknown negro, Poplar Head, La.; July 6, unknown negro,
+Poplar Head, La.; July 12, Robert Larkin, Oscola, Tex.; July 17, Warren
+Dean, Stone Creek, Ga.; July 21, unknown negro, Brantford, Fla.; July 17,
+John Cotton, Connersville, Ark.; July 22, Lee Walker, New Albany, Miss.;
+July 26, &mdash;&mdash; Handy, Suansea, S.C.; July 30, William Thompson, Columbia,
+S.C.; July 28, Isaac Harper, Calera, Ala.; July 30, Thomas Preston,
+Columbia, S.C.; July 30, Handy Kaigler, Columbia, S.C.; Aug. 13, Monroe
+Smith, Springfield, Ala.; Aug. 19, negro tramp, near Paducah, Ky.; Aug.
+21, John Nilson, near Leavenworth, Kan.; Aug. 23, Jacob Davis, Green Wood,
+S.C.; Sept. 2, William Arkinson, McKenney, Ky.; Sept. 16, unknown negro,
+Centerville, Ala.; Sept. 16, Jessie Mitchell, Amelia C.H., Va.; Sept. 25,
+Perry Bratcher, New Boston, Tex.; Oct. 9, William Lacey, Jasper, Ala.;
+Oct. 22, John Gamble, Pikesville, Tenn.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>OFFENSES CHARGED ARE AS FOLLOWS</b></p>
+
+<p>Rape, 39; attempted rape, 8; alleged rape, 4; suspicion of rape, 1;
+murder, 44; alleged murder, 6; alleged complicity in murder, 4; murderous
+assault, 1; attempted murder, 1; attempted robbery, 4; arson, 4;
+incendiarism, 3; alleged stock poisoning, 1; poisoning wells, 2; alleged
+poisoning wells, 5; burglary, 1; wife beating, 1; self-defense, 1;
+suspected robbery, 1; assault and battery, 1; insulting whites, 2;
+malpractice, 1; alleged barn burning, 4; stealing, 2; unknown offense, 4;
+no offense, 1; race prejudice, 4; total, 159.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>LYNCHINGS BY STATES</b></p>
+
+<p>Alabama, 25; Arkansas, 7; Florida, 7; Georgia, 24; Indian Territory, 1;
+Illinois, 3; Kansas, 2; Kentucky, 8; Louisiana, 18; Mississippi, 17;
+Missouri, 3; New York, 1; South Carolina, 15; Tennessee, 10; Texas, 8;
+Virginia, 10.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>RECORD FOR THE YEAR 1892</b></p>
+
+<p>While it is intended that the record here presented shall include
+specially the lynchings of 1893, it will not be amiss to give the record
+for the year preceding. The facts contended for will always appear
+manifest&mdash;that not one-third of the victims lynched were charged with
+rape, and further that the charges made embraced a range of offenses from
+murders to misdemeanors.</p>
+
+<p>In 1892 there were 241 persons lynched. The entire number is divided among
+the following states:</p>
+
+<p>Alabama, 22; Arkansas, 25; California, 3; Florida, 11; Georgia, 17; Idaho,
+8; Illinois, 1; Kansas, 3; Kentucky, 9; Louisiana, 29; Maryland, 1;
+Mississippi, 16; Missouri, 6; Montana, 4; New York, 1; North Carolina, 5;
+North Dakota, 1; Ohio, 3; South Carolina, 5; Tennessee, 28; Texas, 15;
+Virginia, 7; West Virginia, 5; Wyoming, 9; Arizona Territory, 3; Oklahoma,
+2.</p>
+
+<p>Of this number 160 were of Negro descent. Four of them were lynched in New
+York, Ohio and Kansas; the remainder were murdered in the South. Five of
+this number were females. The charges for which they were lynched cover a
+wide range. They are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>Rape, 46; murder, 58; rioting, 3; race prejudice, 6; no cause given, 4;
+incendiarism, 6; robbery, 6; assault and battery, 1; attempted rape, 11;
+suspected robbery, 4; larceny, 1; self-defense, 1; insulting women, 2;
+desperadoes, 6; fraud, 1; attempted murder, 2; no offense stated, boy and
+girl, 2.</p>
+
+<p>In the case of the boy and girl above referred to, their father, named
+Hastings, was accused of the murder of a white man; his fourteen-year-old
+daughter and sixteen-year-old son were hanged and their bodies filled with
+bullets, then the father was also lynched. This was in November, 1892, at
+Jonesville, Louisiana.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="chap3" id="chap3" />3</h2>
+
+<h2><b>LYNCHING IMBECILES</b></h2>
+
+<h3><i>(An Arkansas Butchery)</i></h3>
+
+
+<p>The only excuse which capital punishment attempts to find is upon the
+theory that the criminal is past the power of reformation and his life is
+a constant menace to the community. If, however, he is mentally
+unbalanced, irresponsible for his acts, there can be no more inhuman act
+conceived of than the wilful sacrifice of his life. So thoroughly is that
+principle grounded in the law, that all civilized society surrounds human
+life with a safeguard, which prevents the execution of a criminal who is
+insane, even if sane at the time of his criminal act. Should he become
+insane after its commission the law steps in and protects him during the
+period of his insanity. But Lynch Law has no such regard for human life.
+Assuming for itself an absolute supremacy over the law of the land, it has
+time and again dyed its hands in the blood of men who were imbeciles. Two
+or three noteworthy cases will suffice to show with what inhuman ferocity
+irresponsible men have been put to death by this system of injustice.</p>
+
+<p>An instance occurred during the year 1892 in Arkansas, a report of which
+is given in full in the <i>Arkansas Democrat</i>, published at Little Rock, in
+that state, on the eleventh day of February of that year. The paper
+mentioned is perhaps one of the leading weeklies in that state and the
+account given in detail has every mark of a careful and conscientious
+investigation. The victims of this tragedy were a colored man, named Hamp
+Biscoe, his wife and a thirteen-year-old son. Hamp Biscoe, it appears, was
+a hard working, thrifty farmer, who lived near England, Arkansas, upon a
+small farm with his family. The investigation of the tragedy was
+conducted by a resident of Arkansas named R.B. Caries, a white man, who
+furnished the account to the <i>Arkansas Democrat</i> over his own signature.
+He says the original trouble which led to the lynching was a quarrel
+between Biscoe and a white man about a debt. About six years after Biscoe
+preempted his land, a white man made a demand of $100 upon him for
+services in showing him the land and making the sale. Biscoe denied the
+service and refused to pay the demand. The white man, however, brought
+suit, obtained judgment for the hundred dollars and Biscoe's farm was sold
+to pay the judgment.</p>
+
+<p>The suit, judgment and subsequent legal proceedings appear to have driven
+Biscoe almost crazy and brooding over his wrongs he grew to be a confirmed
+imbecile. He would allow but few men, white or colored, to come upon his
+place, as he suspected every stranger to be planning to steal his farm. A
+week preceding the tragedy, a white man named Venable, whose farm adjoined
+Biscoe's, let down the fence and proceeded to drive through Biscoe's
+field. The latter saw him; grew very excited, cursed him and drove him
+from his farm with bitter oaths and violent threats. Venable went away and
+secured a warrant for Biscoe's arrest. This warrant was placed in the
+hands of a constable named John Ford, who took a colored deputy and two
+white men out to Biscoe's farm to make the arrest. When they arrived at
+the house Biscoe refused to be arrested and warned them he would shoot if
+they persisted in their attempt to arrest him. The warning was unheeded by
+Ford, who entered upon the premises, when Biscoe, true to his word, fired
+upon him. The load tore a part of his clothes from his body, one shot
+going through his arm and entering his breast. After he had fallen, Ford
+drew his revolver and shot Biscoe in the head and his wife through the
+arm. The Negro deputy then began firing and struck Biscoe in the small of
+the back. Ford's wound was not dangerous and in a few days he was able to
+be around again. Biscoe, however, was so severely shot that he was unable
+to stand after the firing was over.</p>
+
+<p>Two other white men hearing the exchange of shots went to the rescue of
+the officers, forced open the door of Biscoe's cabin and arrested him, his
+wife and thirteen-year-old son, and took them, together with a babe at the
+breast, to a small frame house near the depot and put them under guard.
+The subsequent proceedings were briefly told by Mr. Carlee in the columns
+of the <i>Arkansas Democrat</i> above mentioned, from whose account the
+following excerpt is taken:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>It was rumored here that the Negroes were to be lynched that night, but
+  I do not think it was generally credited, as it was not believed that
+  Ford was greatly hurt and the Negro was held to be fatally injured and
+  crazy at that. But that night, about 8 o'clock, a party of perhaps
+  twelve or fifteen men, a number of whom were known to the guards, came
+  to the house and told the Negro guards they would take care of the
+  prisoners now, and for them to leave; as they did not obey at once they
+  were persuaded to leave with words that did not admit of delay.</p>
+
+<p>  The woman began to cry and said, &quot;You intend to kill us to get our
+  money.&quot; They told her to hush (she was heavy with child and had a child
+  at her breast) as they intended to give her a nice present. The guards
+  heard no more, but hastened to a Negro church near by and urged the
+  preacher to go up and stop the mob. A few minutes after, the shooting
+  began, perhaps about forty shots being fired. The white men then left
+  rapidly and the Negroes went to the house. Hamp Biscoe and his wife were
+  killed, the baby had a slight wound across the upper lip; the boy was
+  still alive and lived until after midnight, talking rationally and
+  telling who did the shooting.</p>
+
+<p>  He said when they came in and shot his father, he attempted to run out
+  of doors and a young man shot him in the bowels and that he fell. He saw
+  another man shoot his mother and a taller young man, whom he did not
+  know, shoot his father. After they had killed them, the young man who
+  had shot his mother pulled off her stockings and took $220 in currency
+  that she had hid there. The men then came to the door where the boy was
+  lying and one of them turned him over and put his pistol to his breast
+  and shot him again. This is the story the dying boy told as near as I
+  can get it. It is quite singular that the guards and those who had
+  conversed with him were not required to testify. The woman was known to
+  have the money as she had exposed it that day. She also had $36 in
+  silver, which the plunderer of the body did not get. The Negro was
+  undoubtedly insane and had been for several years. The citizens of this
+  community condemn the murder and have no sympathy with it. The Negro was
+  a well-to-do farmer, but had become crazed because he was convinced some
+  plot had been made to steal his land and only a few days ago declared
+  that he expected to die in defense of his home in a short time and he
+  did not care how soon. The killing of a woman with the child at her
+  breast and in her condition, and also a young boy, was extremely brutal.
+  As for Hamp Biscoe he was dangerous and should long have been confined
+  in the insane asylum. Such were the facts as near as I can get them and
+  you can use them as you see fit, but I would prefer you would suppress
+  the names charged by the Negroes with the killing.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Perhaps the civilized world will think, that with all these facts laid
+before the public, by a writer who signs his name to his communication, in
+a land where grand juries are sworn to investigate, where judges and
+juries are sworn to administer the law and sheriffs are paid to execute
+the decrees of the courts, and where, in fact, every instrument of
+civilization is supposed to work for the common good of all citizens, that
+this matter was duly investigated, the criminals apprehended and the
+punishment meted out to the murderers. But this is a mistake; nothing of
+the kind was done or attempted. Six months after the publication, above
+referred to, an investigator, writing to find out what had been done in
+the matter, received the following reply:</p>
+
+<p>
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">OFFICE OF</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">S.S. GLOVER,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">SHERIFF AND COLLECTOR,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">LONOKE COUNTY.</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Lonoke, Ark., 9-12-1892</span><br />
+<br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Geo. Washington, Esq.,</span><br />
+<span style="margin-left: 3em;">Chicago, Ill.</span><br />
+</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>DEAR SIR:&mdash;The parties who killed Hamp Briscoe February the ninth, have
+  never been arrested. The parties are still in the county. It was done by
+  some of the citizens, and those who know will not tell.</p>
+
+<p>  S.S. GLOVER, Sheriff</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thus acts the mob with the victim of its fury, conscious that it will
+never be called to an account. Not only is this true, but the moral
+support of those who are chosen by the people to execute the law, is
+frequently given to the support of lawlessness and mob violence. The press
+and even the pulpit, in the main either by silence or open apology, have
+condoned and encouraged this state of anarchy.</p>
+
+
+
+<p><b>TORTURED AND BURNED IN TEXAS</b></p>
+
+<p>Never In the history of civilization has any Christian people stooped to
+such shocking brutality and indescribable barbarism as that which
+characterized the people of Paris, Texas, and adjacent communities on the
+first of February, 1893. The cause of this awful outbreak of human passion
+was the murder of a four-year-old child, daughter of a man named Vance.
+This man, Vance, had been a police officer in Paris for years, and was
+known to be a man of bad temper, overbearing manner and given to harshly
+treating the prisoners under his care. He had arrested Smith and, it is
+said, cruelly mistreated him. Whether or not the murder of his child was
+an art of fiendish revenge, it has not been shown, but many persons who
+know of the incident have suggested that the secret of the attack on the
+child lay in a desire for revenge against its father.</p>
+
+<p>In the same town there lived a Negro, named Henry Smith, a well-known
+character, a kind of roustabout, who was generally considered a harmless,
+weak-minded fellow, not capable of doing any important work, but
+sufficiently able to do chores and odd jobs around the houses of the white
+people who cared to employ him. A few days before the final tragedy, this
+man, Smith, was accused of murdering Myrtle Vance. The crime of murder was
+of itself bad enough, and to prove that against Smith would have been
+amply sufficient in Texas to have committed him to the gallows, but the
+finding of the child so exasperated the father and his friends, that they
+at once shamefully exaggerated the facts and declared that the babe had
+been ruthlessly assaulted and then killed. The truth was bad enough, but
+the white people of the community made it a point to exaggerate every
+detail of the awful affair, and to inflame the public mind so that nothing
+less than immediate and violent death would satisfy the populace. As a
+matter of fact, the child was not brutally assaulted as the world has been
+told in excuse for the awful barbarism of that day. Persons who saw the
+child after its death, have stated, under the most solemn pledge to truth,
+that there was no evidence of such an assault as was published at that
+time, only a slight abrasion and discoloration was noticeable and that
+mostly about the neck. In spite of this fact, so eminent a man as Bishop
+Haygood deliberately and, it must also appear, maliciously falsified the
+fact by stating that the child was torn limb from limb, or to quote his
+own words, &quot;First outraged with demoniacal cruelty and then taken by her
+heels and torn asunder in the mad wantonness of gorilla ferocity.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Nothing is farther from the truth than that statement. It is a
+coldblooded, deliberate, brutal falsehood which this Christian(?) Bishop
+uses to bolster up the infamous plea that the people of Paris were driven
+to insanity by learning that the little child had been viciously
+assaulted, choked to death, and then torn to pieces by a demon in human
+form. It was a brutal murder, but no more brutal than hundreds of murders
+which occur in this country, and which have been equalled every year in
+fiendishness and brutality, and for which the death penalty is prescribed
+by law and inflicted only after the person has been legally adjudged
+guilty of the crime. Those who knew Smith, believe that Vance had at some
+time given him cause to seek revenge and that this fearful crime was the
+outgrowth of his attempt to avenge himself of some real or fancied wrong.
+That the murderer was known as an imbecile, had no effect whatever upon
+the people who thirsted for his blood. They determined to make an example
+of him and proceeded to carry out their purpose with unspeakably greater
+ferocity than that which characterized the half-crazy object of their
+revenge.</p>
+
+<p>For a day or so after the child was found in the woods, Smith remained in
+the vicinity as if nothing had happened, and when finally becoming aware
+that he was suspected, he made an attempt to escape. He was apprehended,
+however, not far from the scene of his crime and the news flashed across
+the country that the white Christian people of Paris, Texas and the
+communities thereabout had deliberately determined to lay aside all forms
+of law and inaugurate an entirely new form of punishment for the murder.
+They absolutely refused to make any inquiry as to the sanity or insanity
+of their prisoner, but set the day and hour when in the presence of
+assembled thousands they put their helpless victim to the stake, tortured
+him, and then burned him to death for the delectation and satisfaction of
+Christian people.</p>
+
+<p>Lest it might be charged that any description of the deeds of that day are
+exaggerated, a white man's description which was published in the white
+journals of this country is used. The <i>New York Sun</i> of February 2, 1893,
+contains an account, from which we make the following excerpt:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>PARIS, Tex., Feb. 1, 1893.&mdash;Henry Smith, the negro ravisher of
+  four-year-old Myrtle Vance, has expiated in part his awful crime by
+  death at the stake. Ever since the perpetration of his awful crime this
+  city and the entire surrounding country has been in a wild frenzy of
+  excitement. When the news came last night that he had been captured at
+  Hope, Ark., that he had been identified by B.B. Sturgeon, James T.
+  Hicks, and many other of the Paris searching party, the city was wild
+  with joy over the apprehension of the brute. Hundreds of people poured
+  into the city from the adjoining country and the word passed from lip
+  to lip that the punishment of the fiend should fit the crime that death
+  by fire was the penalty Smith should pay for the most atrocious murder
+  and terrible outrage in Texas history. Curious and sympathizing alike,
+  they came on train and wagons, on horse, and on foot to see if the frail
+  mind of a man could think of a way to sufficiently punish the
+  perpetrator of so terrible a crime. Whisky shops were closed, unruly
+  mobs were dispersed, schools were dismissed by a proclamation from the
+  mayor, and everything was done in a business-like manner.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><b>MEETING OF CITIZENS</b></p>
+
+<p>About 2 o'clock Friday a mass meeting was called at the courthouse and
+captains appointed to search for the child. She was found mangled beyond
+recognition, covered with leaves and brush as above mentioned. As soon as
+it was learned upon the recovery of the body that the crime was so
+atrocious the whole town turned out in the chase. The railroads put up
+bulletins offering free transportation to all who would join in the
+search. Posses went in every direction, and not a stone was left unturned.
+Smith was tracked to Detroit on foot, where he jumped on a freight train
+and left for his old home in Hempstead county, Arkansas. To this county he
+was tracked and yesterday captured at Clow, a flag station on the Arkansas
+&amp; Louisiana railway about twenty miles north of Hope. Upon being
+questioned the fiend denied everything, but upon being stripped for
+examination his undergarments were seen to be spattered with blood and a
+part of his shirt was torn off. He was kept under heavy guard at Hope last
+night, and later on confessed the crime.</p>
+
+<p>This morning he was brought through Texarkana, where 5,000 people awaited
+the train, anxious to see a man who had received the fate of Ed. Coy. At
+that place speeches were made by prominent Paris citizens, who asked that
+the prisoner be not molested by Texarkana people, but that the guard be
+allowed to deliver him up to the outraged and indignant citizens of Paris.
+Along the road the train gathered strength from the various towns, the
+people crowded upon the platforms and tops of coaches anxious to see the
+lynching and the negro who was soon to be delivered to an infuriated mob.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>BURNED AT THE STAKE</b></p>
+
+<p>Arriving here at 12 o'clock the train was met by a surging mass of
+humanity 10,000 strong. The negro was placed upon a carnival float in
+mockery of a king upon his throne, and, followed by an immense crowd, was
+escorted through the city so that all might see the most inhuman monster
+known in current history. The line of march was up Main Street to the
+square, around the square down Clarksville street to Church Street, thence
+to the open prairies about 300 yards from the Texas &amp; Pacific depot. Here
+Smith was placed upon a scaffold, six feet square and ten feet high,
+securely bound, within the view of all beholders. Here the victim was
+tortured for fifty minutes by red-hot iron brands thrust against his
+quivering body. Commencing at the feet the brands were placed against him
+inch by inch until they were thrust against the face. Then, being
+apparently dead, kerosene was poured upon him, cottonseed hulls placed
+beneath him and set on fire. In less time than it takes to relate it, the
+tortured man was wafted beyond the grave to another fire, hotter and more
+terrible than the one just experienced.</p>
+
+<p>Curiosity seekers have carried away already all that was left of the
+memorable event, even to pieces of charcoal. The cause of the crime was
+that Henry Vance when a deputy policeman, in the course of his duty was
+called to arrest Henry Smith for being drunk and disorderly. The Negro was
+unruly, and Vance was forced to use his club. The Negro swore vengeance,
+and several times assaulted Vance. In his greed for revenge, last
+Thursday, he grabbed up the little girl and committed the crime. The
+father is prostrated with grief and the mother now lies at death's door,
+but she has lived to see the slayer of her innocent babe suffer the most
+horrible death that could be conceived.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>TORTURE BEYOND DESCRIPTION</b></p>
+
+<p>Words to describe the awful torture inflicted upon Smith cannot be found.
+The Negro, for a long time after starting on the journey to Paris, did not
+realize his plight. At last when he was told that he must die by slow
+torture he begged for protection. His agony was awful. He pleaded and
+writhed in bodily and mental pain. Scarcely had the train reached Paris
+than this torture commenced. His clothes were torn off piecemeal and
+scattered in the crowd, people catching the shreds and putting them away
+as mementos. The child's father, her brother, and two uncles then gathered
+about the Negro as he lay fastened to the torture platform and thrust hot
+irons into his quivering flesh. It was horrible&mdash;the man dying by slow
+torture in the midst of smoke from his own burning flesh. Every groan from
+the fiend, every contortion of his body was cheered by the thickly packed
+crowd of 10,000 persons. The mass of beings 600 yards in diameter, the
+scaffold being the center. After burning the feet and legs, the hot
+irons&mdash;plenty of fresh ones being at hand&mdash;were rolled up and down Smith's
+stomach, back, and arms. Then the eyes were burned out and irons were
+thrust down his throat.</p>
+
+<p>The men of the Vance family having wreaked vengeance, the crowd piled all
+kinds of combustible stuff around the scaffold, poured oil on it and set
+it afire. The Negro rolled and tossed out of the mass, only to be pushed
+back by the people nearest him. He tossed out again, and was roped and
+pulled back. Hundreds of people turned away, but the vast crowd still
+looked calmly on. People were here from every part of this section. They
+came from Dallas, Fort Worth, Sherman, Denison, Bonham, Texarkana, Fort
+Smith, Ark., and a party of fifteen came from Hempstead county, Arkansas,
+where he was captured. Every train that came in was loaded to its utmost
+capacity, and there were demands at many points for special trains to
+bring the people here to see the unparalleled punishment for an
+unparalleled crime. When the news of the burning went over the country
+like wildfire, at every country town anvils boomed forth the announcement.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>SHOULD HAVE BEEN IN AN ASYLUM</b></p>
+
+<p>It may not be amiss in connection with this awful affair, in proof of our
+assertion that Smith was an imbecile, to give the testimony of a
+well-known colored minister, who lived at Paris, Texas, at the time of the
+lynching. He was a witness of the awful scenes there enacted, and
+attempted, in the name of God and humanity, to interfere in the programme.
+He barely escaped with his life, was driven out of the city and became an
+exile because of his actions. Reverend King was in New York about the
+middle of February, and he was there interviewed for a daily paper for
+that city, and we quote his account as an eye witness of the affair. Said
+he:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>I was ridden out of Paris on a rail because I was the only man in Lamar
+  county to raise my voice against the lynching of Smith. I opposed the
+  illegal measures before the arrival of Henry Smith as a prisoner, and I
+  was warned that I might meet his fate if I was not careful; but the
+  sense of justice made me bold, and when I saw the poor wretch trembling
+  with fear, and got so near him that I could hear his teeth chatter, I
+  determined to stand by him to the last.</p>
+
+<p>  I hated him for his crime, but two crimes do not make a virtue; and in
+  the brief conversation I had with Smith I was more firmly convinced than
+  ever that he was irresponsible.</p>
+
+<p>  I had known Smith for years, and there were times when Smith was out of
+  his head for weeks. Two years ago I made an effort to have him put in an
+  asylum, but the white people were trying to fasten the murder of a young
+  colored girl upon him, and would not listen. For days before the murder
+  of the little Vance girl, Smith was out of his head and dangerous. He
+  had just undergone an attack of delirium tremens and was in no condition
+  to be allowed at large. He realized his condition, for I spoke with him
+  not three weeks ago, and in answer to my exhortations, he promised to
+  reform. The next time I saw him was on the day of his execution.</p>
+
+<p>  &quot;Drink did it! drink did it,&quot; he sobbed. Then bowing his face in his
+  hands, he asked: &quot;Is it true, did I kill her? Oh, my God, my God!&quot; For a
+  moment he seemed to forget the awful fate that awaited him, and his body
+  swayed to and fro with grief. Some one seized me by the shoulder and
+  hurled me back, and Smith fell writhing to the ground in terror as four
+  men seized his arms to drag him to the float on which he was to be
+  exhibited before he was finally burned at the stake.</p>
+
+<p>  I followed the procession and wept aloud as I saw little children of my
+  own race follow the unfortunate man and taunt him with jeers. Even at
+  the stake, children of both sexes and colors gathered in groups, and
+  when the father of the murdered child raised the hissing iron with which
+  he was about to torture the helpless victim, the children became as
+  frantic as the grown people and struggled forward to obtain places of
+  advantage.</p>
+
+<p>  It was terrible. One little tot scarcely older than little Myrtle Vance
+  clapped her baby hands as her father held her on his shoulders above the
+  heads of the people.</p>
+
+<p>  &quot;For God's sake,&quot; I shouted, &quot;send the children home.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>  &quot;No, no,&quot; shouted a hundred maddened voices; &quot;let them learn a lesson.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>  I love children, but as I looked about the little faces distorted with
+  passion and the bloodshot eyes of the cruel parents who held them high
+  in their arms, I thanked God that I have none of my own.</p>
+
+<p>  As the hot iron sank deep into poor Henry's flesh a hideous yell rent
+  the air, and, with a sound as terrible as the cry, of lost souls on
+  judgment day, 20,000 maddened people took up the victim's cry of agony
+  and a prolonged howl of maddened glee rent the air.</p>
+
+<p>  No one was himself now. Every man, woman and child in that awful crowd
+  was worked up to a greater frenzy than that which actuated Smith's
+  horrible crime. The people were capable of any new atrocity now, and as
+  Smith's yells became more and more frequent, it was difficult to hold
+  the crowd back, so anxious were the savages to participate in the
+  sickening tortures.</p>
+
+<p>  For half an hour I tried to pray as the beads of agony rolled down my
+  forehead and bathed my face.</p>
+
+<p>  For an instant a hush spread over the people. I could stand no more, and
+  with a superhuman effort dashed through the compact mass of humanity and
+  stood at the foot of the burning scaffold.</p>
+
+<p>  &quot;In the name of God,&quot; I cried, &quot;I command you to cease this torture.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>  The heavy butt of a Winchester rifle descended on my head and I fell to
+  the ground. Rough hands seized me and angry men bore me away, and I was
+  thankful.</p>
+
+<p>  At the outskirts of the crowd I was attacked again, and then several
+  men, no doubt glad to get away from the fearful place, escorted me to my
+  home, where I was allowed to take a small amount of clothing. A jeering
+  crowd gathered without, and when I appeared at the door ready hands
+  seized me and I was placed upon a rail, and, with curses and oaths,
+  taken to the railway station and placed upon a train. As the train moved
+  out some one thrust a roll of bills into my hand and said, &quot;God bless
+  you, but it was no use.&quot;</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When asked if he should ever return to Paris, Mr. King said: &quot;I shall
+never go south again. The impressions of that awful day will stay with me
+forever.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="chap4" id="chap4" />4</h2>
+
+<h2>LYNCHING OF INNOCENT MEN</h2>
+
+<h3>(Lynched on Account of Relationship)</h3>
+
+
+<p>If no other reason appealed to the sober sense of the American people to
+check the growth of Lynch Law, the absolute unreliability and recklessness
+of the mob in inflicting punishment for crimes done, should do so. Several
+instances of this spirit have occurred in the year past. In Louisiana,
+near New Orleans, in July, 1893, Roselius Julian, a colored man, shot and
+killed a white judge, named Victor Estopinal. The cause of the shooting
+has never been definitely ascertained. It is claimed that the Negro
+resented an insult to his wife, and the killing of the white man was an
+act of a Negro (who dared) to defend his home. The judge was killed in the
+court house, and Julian, heavily armed, made his escape to the swamps near
+the city. He has never been apprehended, nor has any information ever been
+gleaned as to his whereabouts. A mob determined to secure the fugitive
+murderer and burn him alive. The swamps were hunted through and through in
+vain, when, being unable to wreak their revenge upon the murderer, the mob
+turned its attention to his unfortunate relatives. Dispatches from New
+Orleans, dated September 19, 1893, described the affair as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Posses were immediately organized and the surrounding country was
+  scoured, but the search was fruitless so far as the real criminal was
+  concerned. The mother, three brothers and two sisters of the Negro were
+  arrested yesterday at the Black Ridge in the rear of the city by the
+  police and taken to the little jail on Judge Estopinal's place about
+  Southport, because of the belief that they were succoring the fugitive.</p>
+
+<p>  About 11 o'clock twenty-five men, some armed with rifles and shotguns,
+  came up to the jail. They unlocked the door and held a conference among
+  themselves as to what they should do. Some were in favor of hanging the
+  five, while others insisted that only two of the brothers should be
+  strung up. This was finally agreed to, and the two doomed negroes were
+  hurried to a pasture one hundred yards distant, and there asked to take
+  their last chance of saving their lives by making a confession, but the
+  Negroes made no reply. They were then told to kneel down and pray. One
+  did so, the other remained standing, but both prayed fervently. The
+  taller Negro was then hoisted up. The shorter Negro stood gazing at the
+  horrible death of his brother without flinching. Five minutes later he
+  was also hanged. The mob decided to take the remaining brother out to
+  Camp Parapet and hang him there. The other two were to be taken out and
+  flogged, with an order to get out of the parish in less than half an
+  hour. The third brother, Paul, was taken out to the camp, which is about
+  a mile distant in the interior, and there he was hanged to a tree.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Another young man, who was in no way related to Julian, who perhaps did
+not even know the man and who was entirely innocent of any offense in
+connection therewith, was murdered by the same mob. The same paper says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>During the search for Julian on Saturday one branch of the posse visited
+  the house of a Negro family in the neighborhood of Camp Parapet, and
+  failing to find the object of their search, tried to induce John Willis,
+  a young Negro, to disclose the whereabouts of Julian. He refused to do
+  so, or could not do so, and was kicked to death by the gang.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><b>AN INDIANA CASE</b></p>
+
+<p>Almost equal to the ferocity of the mob which killed the three brothers,
+Julian and the unoffending, John Willis, because of the murder of Judge
+Estopinal, was the action of a mob near Vincennes, Ind. In this case a
+wealthy colored man, named Allen Butler, who was well known in the
+community, and enjoyed the confidence and respect of the entire country,
+was made the victim of a mob and hung because his son had become unduly
+intimate with a white girl who was a servant around his house. There was
+no pretense that the facts were otherwise than as here stated. The woman
+lived at Butler's house as a servant, and she and Butler's son fell in
+love with each other, and later it was found that the girl was in a
+delicate condition. It was claimed, but with how much truth no one has
+ever been able to tell, that the father had procured an abortion, or
+himself had operated on the girl, and that she had left the house to go
+back to her home. It was never claimed that the father was in any way
+responsible for the action of his son, but the authorities procured the
+arrest of both father and son, and at the preliminary examination the
+father gave bail to appear before the Grand Jury when it should convene.
+On the same night, however, the mob took the matter in hand and with the
+intention of hanging the son. It assembled near Sumner, while the boy, who
+had been unable to give bail, was lodged in jail at Lawrenceville. As it
+was impossible to reach Lawrenceville and hang the son, the leaders of the
+mob concluded they would go to Butler's house and hang him. Butler was
+found at his home, taken out by the mob and hung to a tree. This was in
+the lawabiding state of Indiana, which furnished the United States its
+last president and which claims all the honor, pride and glory of northern
+civilization. None of the leaders of the mob were apprehended, and no
+steps whatever were taken to bring the murderers to justice.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>KILLED FOR HIS STEPFATHER'S CRIME</b></p>
+
+<p>An account has been given of the cremation of Henry Smith, at Paris,
+Texas, for the murder of the infant child of a man named Vance. It would
+appear that human ferocity was not sated when it vented itself upon a
+human being by burning his eyes out, by thrusting a red-hot iron down his
+throat, and then by burning his body to ashes. Henry Smith, the victim of
+these savage orgies, was beyond all the power of torture, but a few miles
+outside of Paris, some members of the community concluded that it would be
+proper to kill a stepson named William Butler as a partial penalty for the
+original crime. This young man, against whom no word has ever been said,
+and who was in fact an orderly, peaceable boy, had been watched with the
+severest scrutiny by members of the mob who believed he knew something of
+the whereabouts of Smith. He declared from the very first that he did not
+know where his stepfather was, which statement was well proven to be a
+fact after the discovery of Smith in Arkansas, whence he had fled through
+swamps and woods and unfrequented places. Yet Butler was apprehended,
+placed under arrest, and on the night of February 6, taken out on Hickory
+Creek, five miles southeast of Paris, and hung for his stepfather's crime.
+After his body was suspended in the air, the mob filled it with bullets.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>LYNCHED BECAUSE THE JURY ACQUITTED HIM</b></p>
+
+<p>The entire system of the judiciary of this country is in the hands of
+white people. To this add the fact of the inherent prejudice against
+colored people, and it will be clearly seen that a white jury is certain
+to find a Negro prisoner guilty if there is the least evidence to warrant
+such a finding.</p>
+
+<p>Meredith Lewis was arrested in Roseland, La., in July of last year. A
+white jury found him not guilty of the crime of murder wherewith he stood
+charged. This did not suit the mob. A few nights after the verdict was
+rendered, and he declared to be innocent, a mob gathered in his vicinity
+and went to his house. He was called, and suspecting nothing, went
+outside. He was seized and hurried off to a convenient spot and hanged by
+the neck until he was dead for the murder of a woman of which the jury had
+said he was innocent.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>LYNCHED AS A SCAPEGOAT</b></p>
+
+<p>Wednesday, July 5, about 10 o'clock in the morning, a terrible crime was
+committed within four miles of Wickliffe, Ky. Two girls, Mary and Ruby
+Ray, were found murdered a short distance from their home. The news of
+this terrible cowardly murder of two helpless young girls spread like wild
+fire, and searching parties scoured the territory surrounding Wickliffe
+and Bardwell. Two of the searching party, the Clark brothers, saw a man
+enter the Dupoyster cornfield; they got their guns and fired at the
+fleeing figure, but without effect; he got away, but they said he was a
+white man or nearly so. The search continued all day without effect, save
+the arrest of two or three strange Negroes. A bloodhound was brought from
+the penitentiary and put on the trail which he followed from the scene of
+the murder to the river and into the boat of a fisherman named Gordon.
+Gordon stated that he had ferried one man and only one across the river
+about about half past six the evening of July 5; that his passenger sat in
+front of him, and he was a white man or a very bright mulatto, who could
+not be told from a white man. The bloodhound was put across the river in
+the boat, and he struck a trail again at Bird's Point on the Missouri
+side, ran about three hundred yards to the cottage of a white farmer named
+Grant and there lay down refusing to go further.</p>
+
+<p>Thursday morning a brakesman on a freight train going out of Sikeston,
+Mo., discovered a Negro stealing a ride; he ordered him off and had hot
+words which terminated in a fight. The brakesman had the Negro arrested.
+When arrested, between 11 and 12 o'clock, he had on a dark woolen shirt,
+light pants and coat, and no vest. He had twelve dollars in paper, two
+silver dollars and ninety-five cents in change; he had also four rings in
+his pockets, a knife and a razor which were rusted and stained. The
+Sikeston authorities immediately jumped to the conclusion that this man
+was the murderer for whom the Kentuckians across the river were searching.
+They telegraphed to Bardwell that their prisoner had on no coat, but wore
+a blue vest and pants which would perhaps correspond with the coat found
+at the scene of the murder, and that the names of the murdered girls were
+in the rings found in his possession.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as this news was received, the sheriffs of Ballard and Carlisle
+counties and a posse(?) of thirty well-armed and determined Kentuckians,
+who had pledged their word the prisoner should be taken back to the scene
+of the supposed crime, to be executed there if proved to be the guilty
+man, chartered a train and at nine o'clock Thursday night started for
+Sikeston. Arriving there two hours later, the sheriff at Sikeston, who had
+no warrant for the prisoner's arrest and detention, delivered him into the
+hands of the mob without authority for so doing, and accompanied them to
+Bird's Point. The prisoner gave his name as Miller, his home at
+Springfield, and said he had never been in Kentucky in his life, but the
+sheriff turned him over to the mob to be taken to Wickliffe, that Frank
+Gordon, the fisherman, who had put a man across the river might identify
+him.</p>
+
+<p>In other words, the protection of the law was withdrawn from C.J. Miller,
+and he was given to a mob by this sheriff at Sikeston, who knew that the
+prisoner's life depended on one man's word. After an altercation with the
+train men, who wanted another $50 for taking the train back to Bird's
+Point, the crowd arrived there at three o'clock, Friday morning. Here was
+anchored <i>The Three States</i>, a ferryboat plying between Wickliffe, Ky,
+Cairo, Ill., and Bird's Point, Mo. This boat left Cairo at twelve o'clock,
+Thursday, with nearly three hundred of Cairo's best(?) citizens and thirty
+kegs of beer on board. This was consumed while the crowd and the
+bloodhound waited for the prisoner.</p>
+
+<p>When the prisoner was on board <i>The Three States</i> the dog was turned
+loose, and after moving aimlessly around, followed the crowd to where
+Miller sat handcuffed and there stopped. The crowd closed in on the pair
+and insisted that the brute had identified him because of that action.
+When the boat reached Wickliffe, Gordon, the fisherman, was called on to
+say whether the prisoner was the man he ferried over the river the day of
+the murder.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/gs099th.png"
+alt="Lynching of C.J. Miller, at Bardwell, Kentucky, July 7, 1893."
+title="Lynching of C.J. Miller, at Bardwell, Kentucky, July 7, 1893." />
+</div>
+<p class="center"><b>Lynching of C.J. Miller, at Bardwell, Kentucky, July 7, 1893.</b></p>
+
+<p>The sheriff of Ballard County informed him, sternly that if the prisoner
+was not the man, he (the fisherman) would be held responsible as knowing
+who the guilty man was. Gordon stated before, that the man he ferried
+across was a white man or a bright colored man; Miller was a dark brown
+skinned man, with kinky hair, &quot;neither yellow nor black,&quot; says the <i>Cairo
+Evening Telegram</i> of Friday, July 7. The fisherman went up to Miller from
+behind, looked at him without speaking for fully five minutes, then slowly
+said, &quot;Yes, that's the man I crossed over.&quot; This was about six o'clock,
+Friday morning, and the crowd wished to hang Miller then and there. But
+Mr. Ray, the father of the girls, insisted that he be taken to Bardwell,
+the county seat of Ballard, and twelve miles inland. He said he thought a
+white man committed the crime, and that he was not satisfied that was the
+man. They took him to Bardwell and at ten o'clock, this same excited,
+unauthorized mob undertook to determine Miller's guilt. One of the Clark
+brothers who shot at a fleeing man in the Dupoyster cornfield, said the
+prisoner was the same man; the other said he was not, but the testimony of
+the first was accepted. A colored woman who had said she gave breakfast to
+a colored man clad in a blue flannel suit the morning of the murder, said
+positively that she had never seen Miller before. The gold rings found in
+his possession had no names in them, as had been asserted, and Mr. Ray
+said they did not belong to his daughters. Meantime a funeral pyre for the
+purpose of burning Miller to death had been erected in the center of the
+village. While the crowd swayed by passion was clamoring that he be burnt,
+Miller stepped forward and made the following statement: &quot;My name is
+C.J. Miller. I am from Springfield, Ill.; my wife lives at 716 N. 2d
+Street. I am here among you today, looked upon as one of the most brutal
+men before the people. I stand here surrounded by men who are excited, men
+who are not willing to let the law take its course, and as far as the
+crime is concerned, I have committed no crime, and certainly no crime
+gross enough to deprive me of my life and liberty to walk upon the green
+earth.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>A telegram was sent to the chief of the police at Springfield, Ill.,
+asking if one C.J. Miller lived there. An answer in the negative was
+returned. A few hours after, it was ascertained that a man named Miller,
+and his wife, did live at the number the prisoner gave in his speech, but
+the information came to Bardwell too late to do the prisoner any good.
+Miller was taken to jail, every stitch of clothing literally torn from his
+body and examined again. On the lower left side of the bosom of his shirt
+was found a dark reddish spot about the size of a dime. Miller said it was
+paint which he had gotten on him at Jefferson Barracks. This spot was only
+on the right side, and could not be seen from the under side at all, thus
+showing it had not gone through the cloth as blood or any liquid substance
+would do.</p>
+
+<p>Chief-of-Police Mahaney, of Cairo, Ill., was with the prisoner, and he
+took his knife and scraped at the spot, particles of which came off in his
+hand. Miller told them to take his clothes to any expert, and if the spot
+was shown to be blood, they might do anything they wished with him. They
+took his clothes away and were gone some time. After a while they were
+brought back and thrown into the cell without a word. It is needless to
+say that if the spot had been found to be blood, that fact would have been
+announced, and the shirt retained as evidence. Meanwhile numbers of rough,
+drunken men crowded into the cell and tried to force a confession of the
+deed from the prisoner's lips. He refused to talk save to reiterate his
+innocence. To Mr. Mahaney, who talked seriously and kindly to him, telling
+him the mob meant to burn and torture him at three o'clock, Miller said:
+&quot;Burning and torture here lasts but a little while, but if I die with a
+lie on my soul, I shall be tortured forever. I am innocent.&quot; For more than
+three hours, all sorts of pressure in the way of threats, abuse and
+urging, was brought to bear to force him to confess to the murder and thus
+justify the mob in its deed of murder. Miller remained firm; but as the
+hour drew near, and the crowd became more impatient, he asked for a
+priest. As none could be procured, he then asked for a Methodist minister,
+who came, prayed with the doomed man, baptized him and exhorted Miller to
+confess. To keep up the flagging spirits of the dense crowd around the
+jail, the rumor went out more than once, that Miller had confessed. But
+the solemn assurance of the minister, chief-of-police, and leading
+editor&mdash;who were with Miller all along&mdash;is that this rumor is absolutely
+false.</p>
+
+<p>At three o'clock the mob rushed to the jail to secure the prisoner. Mr.
+Ray had changed his mind about the promised burning; he was still in doubt
+as to the prisoner's guilt. He again addressed the crowd to that effect,
+urging them not to burn Miller, and the mob heeded him so far, that they
+compromised on hanging instead of burning, which was agreed to by Mr. Ray.
+There was a loud yell, and a rush was made for the prisoner. He was
+stripped naked, his clothing literally torn from his body, and his shirt
+was tied around his loins. Some one declared the rope was a &quot;white man's
+death,&quot; and a log-chain, nearly a hundred feet in length, weighing over
+one hundred pounds, was placed round Miller's neck and body, and he was
+led and dragged through the streets of the village in that condition
+followed by thousands of people. He fainted from exhaustion several times,
+but was supported to the platform where they first intended burning him.</p>
+
+<p>The chain was hooked around his neck, a man climbed the telegraph pole and
+the other end of the chain was passed up to him and made fast to the
+cross-arm. Others brought a long forked stick which Miller was made to
+straddle. By this means he was raised several feet from the ground and
+then let fall. The first fall broke his neck, but he was raised in this
+way and let fall a second time. Numberless shots were fired into the
+dangling body, for most of that crowd were heavily armed, and had been
+drinking all day.</p>
+
+<p>Miller's body hung thus exposed from three to five o'clock, during which
+time, several photographs of him as he hung dangling at the end of the
+chain were taken, and his toes and fingers were cut off. His body was
+taken down, placed on the platform, the torch applied, and in a few
+moments there was nothing left of C.J. Miller save a few bones and ashes.
+Thus perished another of the many victims of Lynch Law, but it is the
+honest and sober belief of many who witnessed the scene that an innocent
+man has been barbarously and shockingly put to death in the glare of the
+nineteenth-century civilization, by those who profess to believe in
+Christianity, law and order.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="chap5" id="chap5" />5</h2>
+
+<h2><b>LYNCHED FOR ANYTHING OR NOTHING</b></h2>
+
+<h3>(<i>Lynched for Wife Beating</i>)</h3>
+
+
+<p>In nearly all communities wife beating is punishable with a fine, and in
+no community is it made a felony. Dave Jackson, of Abita, La., was a
+colored man who had beaten his wife. He had not killed her, nor seriously
+wounded her, but as Louisiana lynchers had not filled out their quota of
+crimes, his case was deemed of sufficient importance to apply the method
+of that barbarous people. He was in the custody of the officials, but the
+mob went to the jail and took him out in front of the prison and hanged
+him by the neck until he was dead. This was in Nov. 1893.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>HANGED FOR STEALING HOGS</b></p>
+
+<p>Details are very meagre of a lynching which occurred near Knox Point, La.,
+on the twenty-fourth of October, 1893. Upon one point, however, there was
+no uncertainty, and that is, that the persons lynched were Negroes. It was
+claimed that they had been stealing hogs, but even this claim had not been
+subjected to the investigation of a court. That matter was not considered
+necessary. A few of the neighbors who had lost hogs suspected these men
+were responsible for their loss, and made up their minds to furnish an
+example for others to be warned by. The two men were secured by a mob and
+hanged.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>LYNCHED FOR NO OFFENSE</b></p>
+
+<p>Perhaps the most characteristic feature of this record of lynch law for
+the year 1893, is the remarkable fact that five human beings were lynched
+and that the matter was considered of so little importance that the
+powerful press bureaus of the country did not consider the matter of
+enough importance to ascertain the causes for which they were hanged. It
+tells the world, with perhaps greater emphasis than any other feature of
+the record, that Lynch Law has become so common in the United States that
+the finding of the dead body of a Negro, suspended between heaven and
+earth to the limb of a tree, is of so slight importance that neither the
+civil authorities nor press agencies consider the matter worth
+investigating. July 21, in Shelby County, Tenn., a colored man by the name
+of Charles Martin was lynched. July 30, at Paris, Mo., a colored man named
+William Steen shared the same fate. December 28, Mack Segars was announced
+to have been lynched at Brantley, Alabama. August 31, at Yarborough,
+Texas, and on September 19, at Houston, a colored man was found lynched,
+but so little attention was paid to the matter that not only was no record
+made as to why these last two men were lynched, but even their names were
+not given. The dispatches simply stated that an unknown Negro was found
+lynched in each case.</p>
+
+<p>There are friends of humanity who feel their souls shrink from any
+compromise with murder, but whose deep and abiding reverence for womanhood
+causes them to hesitate in giving their support to this crusade against
+Lynch Law, out of fear that they may encourage the miscreants whose deeds
+are worse than murder. But to these friends it must appear certain that
+these five men could not have been guilty of any terrible crime. They were
+simply lynched by parties of men who had it in their power to kill them,
+and who chose to avenge some fancied wrong by murder, rather than submit
+their grievances to court.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>LYNCHED BECAUSE THEY WERE SAUCY</b></p>
+
+<p>At Moberly, Mo., February 18 and at Fort Madison, S.C., June 2, both in
+1892, a record was made in the line of lynching which should certainly
+appeal to every humanitarian who has any regard for the sacredness of
+human life. John Hughes, of Moberly, and Isaac Lincoln, of Fort Madison,
+and Will Lewis in Tullahoma, Tenn., suffered death for no more serious
+charge than that they &quot;were saucy to white people.&quot; In the days of slavery
+it was held to be a very serious matter for a colored person to fail to
+yield the sidewalk at the demand of a white person, and it will not be
+surprising to find some evidence of this intolerance existing in the days
+of freedom. But the most that could be expected as a penalty for acting or
+speaking saucily to a white person would be a slight physical chastisement
+to make the Negro &quot;know his place&quot; or an arrest and fine. But Missouri,
+Tennessee and South Carolina chose to make precedents in their cases and
+as a result both men, after being charged with their offense and
+apprehended, were taken by a mob and lynched. The civil authorities, who
+in either case would have been very quick to satisfy the aggrieved white
+people had they complained and brought the prisoners to court, by imposing
+proper penalty upon them, did not feel it their duty to make any
+investigation after the Negroes were killed. They were dead and out of the
+way and as no one would be called upon to render an account for their
+taking off, the matter was dismissed from the public mind.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>LYNCHED FOR A QUARREL</b></p>
+
+<p>One of the most notable instances of lynching for the year 1893, occurred
+about the twentieth of September. It was notable for the fact that the
+mayor of the city exerted every available power to protect the victim of
+the lynching from the mob. In his splendid endeavor to uphold the law, the
+mayor called out the troops, and the result was a deadly fight between the
+militia and mob, nine of the mob being killed. The trouble occurred at
+Roanoke, Va. It is frequently claimed that lynchings occur only in
+sparsely settled districts, and, in fact, it is a favorite plea of
+governors and reverend apologists to couple two arrant falsehoods, stating
+that lynchings occur only because of assaults upon white women, and that
+these assaults occur and the lynchings follow in thinly inhabited
+districts where the power of the law is entirely inadequate to meet the
+emergency. This Roanoke case is a double refutation, for it not only
+disproves the alleged charge that the Negro assaulted a white woman, as
+was telegraphed all over the country at the time, but it also shows
+conclusively that even in one of the largest cities of the old state of
+Virginia, one of the original thirteen colonies, which prides itself of
+being the mother of presidents, it was possible for a lynching to occur in
+broad daylight under circumstances of revolting savagery.</p>
+
+<p>When the news first came from Roanoke of the contemplated lynching, it was
+stated that a big burly Negro had assaulted a white woman, that he had
+been apprehended and that the citizens were determined to summarily
+dispose of his case. Mayor Trout was a man who believed in maintaining the
+majesty of the law, and who at once gave notice that no lynching would be
+permitted in Roanoke, and that the Negro, whose name was Smith, being in
+the custody of the law, should be dealt with according to law; but the mob
+did not pay any attention to the brave words of the mayor. It evidently
+thought that it was only another case of swagger, such as frequently
+characterizes lynching episodes. Mayor Trout, finding immense crowds
+gathering about the city, and fearing an attempt to lynch Smith, called
+out the militia and stationed them at the jail.</p>
+
+<p>It was known that the woman refused to accuse Smith of assaulting her, and
+that his offense consisted in quarreling with her about the change of
+money in a transaction in which he bought something from her market booth.
+Both parties lost their temper, and the result was a row from which Smith
+had to make his escape. At once the old cry was sounded that the woman had
+been assaulted, and in a few hours all the town was wild with people
+thirsting for the assailant's blood. The further incidents of that day may
+well be told by a dispatch from Roanoke under date of the twenty-first of
+September and published in the <i>Chicago Record</i>. It says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>It is claimed by members of the military company that they frequently
+  warned the mob to keep away from the jail, under penalty of being shot.
+  Capt. Bird told them he was under orders to protect the prisoner whose
+  life the mob so eagerly sought, and come what may he would not allow him
+  to be taken by the mob. To this the crowd replied with hoots and
+  derisive jeers. The rioters appeared to become frenzied at the
+  determined stand taken by the men and Captain Bird, and finally a crowd
+  of excited men made a rush for the side door of the jail. The captain
+  directed his men to drive the would-be lynchers back.</p>
+
+<p>  At this moment the mob opened fire on the soldiers. This appeared for a
+  moment to startle the captain and his men. But it was only for a moment.
+  Then he coolly gave the command: &quot;Ready! aim! fire!&quot; The company obeyed
+  to the instant, and poured a volley of bullets into that part of the
+  mob which was trying to batter down the side door of the jail.</p>
+
+<p>  The rioters fell back before the fire of the militia, leaving one man
+  writhing in the agonies of death at the doorstep. There was a lull for a
+  moment. Then the word was quickly passed through the throng in front of
+  the jail and down the street that a man was killed. Then there was an
+  awful rush toward the little band of soldiers. Excited men were yelling
+  like demons.</p>
+
+<p>  The fight became general, and ere it was ended nine men were dead and
+  more than forty wounded.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This stubborn stand on behalf of law and order disconcerted the crowd and
+it fell back in disorder. It did not long remain inactive but assembled
+again for a second assault. Having only a small band of militia, and
+knowing they would be absolutely at the mercy of the thousands who were
+gathering to wreak vengeance upon them, the mayor ordered them to disperse
+and go to their homes, and he himself, having been wounded, was quietly
+conveyed out of the city.</p>
+
+<p>The next day the mob grew in numbers and its rage increased in its
+intensity. There was no longer any doubt that Smith, innocent as he was of
+any crime, would be killed, for with the mayor out of the city and the
+governor of the state using no effort to control the mob, it was only a
+question of a few hours when the assault would be repeated and its victim
+put to death. All this happened as per programme. The description of that
+morning's carnival appeared in the paper above quoted and reads as
+follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A squad of twenty men took the negro Smith from three policemen just
+  before five o'clock this morning and hanged him to a hickory limb on
+  Ninth Avenue, in the residence section of the city. They riddled his
+  body with bullets and put a placard on it saying: &quot;This is Mayor Trout's
+  friend.&quot; A coroner's jury of Bismel was summoned and viewed the body and
+  rendered a verdict of death at the hands of unknown men. Thousands of
+  persons visited the scene of the lynching between daylight and eight
+  o'clock when the body was cut down. After the jury had completed its
+  work the body was placed in the hands of officers, who were unable to
+  keep back the mob. Three hundred men tried to drag the body through the
+  streets of the town, but the Rev. Dr. Campbell of the First Presbyterian
+  church and Capt. R.B. Moorman, with pleas and by force prevented them.</p>
+
+<p>  Capt. Moorman hired a wagon and the body was put in it. It was then
+  conveyed to the bank of the Roanoke, about two miles from the scene of
+  the lynching. Here the body was dragged from the wagon by ropes for
+  about 200 yards and burned. Piles of dry brushwood were brought, and the
+  body was placed upon it, and more brushwood piled on the body, leaving
+  only the head bare. The whole pile was then saturated with coal oil and
+  a match was applied. The body was consumed within an hour. The cremation
+  was witnessed by several thousand people. At one time the mob threatened
+  to burn the Negro in Mayor Trout's yard.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thus did the people of Roanoke, Va., add this measure of proof to maintain
+our contention that it is only necessary to charge a Negro with a crime in
+order to secure his certain death. It was well known in the city before he
+was killed that he had not assaulted the woman with whom he had had the
+trouble, but he dared to have an altercation with a white woman, and he
+must pay the penalty. For an offense which would not in any civilized
+community have brought upon him a punishment greater than a fine of a few
+dollars, this unfortunate Negro was hung, shot and burned.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>SUSPECTED, INNOCENT AND LYNCHED</b></p>
+
+<p>Five persons, Benjamin Jackson, his wife, Mahala Jackson, his
+mother-in-law, Lou Carter, Rufus Bigley, were lynched near Quincy, Miss.,
+the charge against them being suspicion of well poisoning. It appears from
+the newspaper dispatches at that time that a family by the name of
+Woodruff was taken ill in September of 1892. As a result of their illness
+one or more of the family are said to have died, though that matter is not
+stated definitely. It was suspected that the cause of their illness was
+the existence of poison in the water, some miscreant having placed poison
+in the well. Suspicion pointed to a colored man named Benjamin Jackson who
+was at once arrested. With him also were arrested his wife and
+mother-in-law and all were held on the same charge.</p>
+
+<p>The matter came up for judicial investigation, but as might have been
+expected, the white people concluded it was unnecessary to wait the result
+of the investigation&mdash;that it was preferable to hang the accused first and
+try him afterward. By this method of procedure, the desired result was
+always obtained&mdash;the accused was hanged. Accordingly Benjamin Jackson was
+taken from the officers by a crowd of about two hundred people, while the
+inquest was being held, and hanged. After the killing of Jackson, the
+inquest was continued to ascertain the possible connection of the other
+persons charged with the crime. Against the wife and mother-in-law of the
+unfortunate man there was not the slightest evidence and the coroner's
+jury was fair enough to give them their liberty. They were declared
+innocent and returned to their homes. But this did not protect the women
+from the demands of the Christian white people of that section of the
+country. In any other land and with any other people, the fact that these
+two accused persons were women would have pleaded in their favor for
+protection and fair play, but that had no weight with the Mississippi
+Christians nor the further fact that a jury of white men had declared them
+innocent. The hanging of one victim on an unproven charge did not begin to
+satisfy the mob in its bloodthirsty demands and the result was that even
+after the women had been discharged, they were at once taken in charge by
+a mob, which hung them by the neck until they were dead.</p>
+
+<p>Still the mob was not satisfied. During the coroner's investigation the
+name of a fourth person, Rufus Bigley, was mentioned. He was acquainted
+with the Jacksons and that fact, together with some testimony adduced at
+the inquest, prompted the mob to decide that he should die also. Search
+was at once made for him and the next day he was apprehended. He was not
+given over into the hands of the civil authorities for trial nor did the
+coroner's inquest find that he was guilty, but the mob was quite
+sufficient in itself. After finding Bigley, he was strung up to a tree and
+his body left hanging, where it was found next day. It may be remarked
+here in passing that this instance of the moral degradation of the people
+of Mississippi did not excite any interest in the public at large.
+American Christianity heard of this awful affair and read of its details
+and neither press nor pulpit gave the matter more than a passing comment.
+Had it occurred in the wilds of interior Africa, there would have been an
+outcry from the humane people of this country against the savagery which
+would so mercilessly put men and women to death. But it was an evidence of
+American civilization to be passed by unnoticed, to be denied or condoned
+as the requirements of any future emergency might determine.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>LYNCHED FOR AN ATTEMPTED ASSAULT</b></p>
+
+<p>With only a little more aggravation than that of Smith who quarreled at
+Roanoke with the market woman, was the assault which operated as the
+incentive to a most brutal lynching in Memphis, Tenn. Memphis is one of
+the queen cities of the south, with a population of about seventy thousand
+souls&mdash;easily one of the twenty largest, most progressive and wealthiest
+cities of the United States. And yet in its streets there occurred a scene
+of shocking savagery which would have disgraced the Congo. No woman was
+harmed, no serious indignity suffered. Two women driving to town in a
+wagon, were suddenly accosted by Lee Walker. He claimed that he demanded
+something to eat. The women claimed that he attempted to assault them.
+They gave such an alarm that he ran away. At once the dispatches spread
+over the entire country that a big, burly Negro had brutally assaulted two
+women. Crowds began to search for the alleged fiend. While hunting him
+they shot another Negro dead in his tracks for refusing to stop when
+ordered to do so. After a few days Lee Walker was found, and put in jail
+in Memphis until the mob there was ready for him.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>Memphis Commercial</i> of Sunday, July 23, contains a full account of
+the tragedy from which the following extracts are made:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>At 12 o'clock last night, Lee Walker, who attempted to outrage Miss
+  Mollie McCadden, last Tuesday morning, was taken from the county jail
+  and hanged to a telegraph pole just north of the prison. All day rumors
+  were afloat that with nightfall an attack would be made upon the jail,
+  and as everyone anticipated that a vigorous resistance would be made, a
+  conflict between the mob and the authorities was feared.</p>
+
+<p>  At 10 o'clock Capt. O'Haver, Sergt. Horan and several patrolmen were on
+  hand, but they could do nothing with the crowd. An attack by the mob was
+  made on the door in the south wall, and it yielded. Sheriff McLendon and
+  several of his men threw themselves into the breach, but two or three of
+  the storming party shoved by. They were seized by the police, but were
+  not subdued, the officers refraining from using their clubs. The entire
+  mob might at first have been dispersed by ten policemen who would use
+  their clubs, but the sheriff insisted that no violence be done.</p>
+
+<p>  The mob got an iron rail and used it as a battering ram against the
+  lobby doors. Sheriff McLendon tried to stop them, and some one of the
+  mob knocked him down with a chair. Still he counseled moderation and
+  would not order his deputies and the police to disperse the crowd by
+  force. The pacific policy of the sheriff impressed the mob with the idea
+  that the officers were afraid, or at least would do them no harm, and
+  they redoubled their efforts, urged on by a big switchman. At 12 o'clock
+  the door of the prison was broken in with a rail.</p>
+
+<p>  As soon as the rapist was brought out of the door calls were heard for a
+  rope; then someone shouted, &quot;Burn him!&quot; But there was no time to make a
+  fire. When Walker got into the lobby a dozen of the men began beating
+  and stabbing him. He was half dragged, half carried to the corner of
+  Front Street and the alley between Sycamore and Mill, and hung to a
+  telegraph pole.</p>
+
+<p>  Walker made a desperate resistance. Two men entered his cell first and
+  ordered him to come forth. He refused, and they failing to drag him out,
+  others entered. He scratched and bit his assailants, wounding several of
+  them severely with his teeth. The mob retaliated by striking and cutting
+  him with fists and knives. When he reached the steps leading down to the
+  door he made another stand and was stabbed again and again. By the time
+  he reached the lobby his power to resist was gone, and he was shoved
+  along through the mob of yelling, cursing men and boys, who beat, spat
+  upon and slashed the wretch-like demon. One of the leaders of the mob
+  fell, and the crowd walked ruthlessly over him. He was badly hurt&mdash;a
+  jawbone fractured and internal injuries inflicted. After the lynching
+  friends took charge of him.</p>
+
+<p>  The mob proceeded north on Front Street with the victim, stopping at
+  Sycamore Street to get a rope from a grocery. &quot;Take him to the iron
+  bridge on Main Street,&quot; yelled several men. The men who had hold of the
+  Negro were in a hurry to finish the job, however, and when they reached
+  the telephone pole at the corner of Front Street and the first alley
+  north of Sycamore they stopped. A hastily improvised noose was slipped
+  over the Negro's head, and several young men mounted a pile of lumber
+  near the pole and threw the rope over one of the iron stepping pins. The
+  Negro was lifted up until his feet were three feet above the ground, the
+  rope was made taut, and a corpse dangled in midair. A big fellow who
+  helped lead the mob pulled the Negro's legs until his neck cracked. The
+  wretch's clothes had been torn off, and, as he swung, the man who pulled
+  his legs mutilated the corpse.</p>
+
+<p>  One or two knife cuts, more or less, made little difference in the
+  appearance of the dead rapist, however, for before the rope was around
+  his neck his skin was cut almost to ribbons. One pistol shot was fired
+  while the corpse was hanging. A dozen voices protested against the use
+  of firearms, and there was no more shooting. The body was permitted to
+  hang for half an hour, then it was cut down and the rope divided among
+  those who lingered around the scene of the tragedy. Then it was
+  suggested that the corpse be burned, and it was done. The entire
+  performance, from the assault on the jail to the burning of the dead
+  Negro was witnessed by a score or so of policemen and as many deputy
+  sheriffs, but not a hand was lifted to stop the proceedings after the
+  jail door yielded.</p>
+
+<p>  As the body hung to the telegraph pole, blood streaming down from the
+  knife wounds in his neck, his hips and lower part of his legs also
+  slashed with knives, the crowd hurled expletives at him, swung the body
+  so that it was dashed against the pole, and, so far from the ghastly
+  sight proving trying to the nerves, the crowd looked on with
+  complaisance, if not with real pleasure. The Negro died hard. The neck
+  was not broken, as the body was drawn up without being given a fall, and
+  death came by strangulation. For fully ten minutes after he was strung
+  up the chest heaved occasionally, and there were convulsive movements of
+  the limbs. Finally he was pronounced dead, and a few minutes later
+  Detective Richardson climbed on a pile of staves and cut the rope. The
+  body fell in a ghastly heap, and the crowd laughed at the sound and
+  crowded around the prostrate body, a few kicking the inanimate carcass.</p>
+
+<p>  Detective Richardson, who is also a deputy coroner, then proceeded to
+  impanel the following jury of inquest: J.S. Moody, A.C. Waldran, B.J.
+  Childs, J.N. House, Nelson Bills, T.L. Smith, and A. Newhouse. After
+  viewing the body the inquest was adjourned without any testimony being
+  taken until 9 o'clock this morning. The jury will meet at the coroner's
+  office, 51 Beale Street, upstairs, and decide on a verdict. If no
+  witnesses are forthcoming, the jury will be able to arrive at a verdict
+  just the same, as all members of it saw the lynching. Then someone
+  raised the cry of &quot;Burn him!&quot; It was quickly taken up and soon resounded
+  from a hundred throats. Detective Richardson, for a long time,
+  single-handed, stood the crowd off. He talked and begged the men not to
+  bring disgrace on the city by burning the body, arguing that all the
+  vengeance possible had been wrought.</p>
+
+<p>  While this was going on a small crowd was busy starting a fire in the
+  middle of the street. The material was handy. Some bundles of staves
+  were taken from the adjoining lumber yard for kindling. Heavier wood was
+  obtained from the same source, and coal oil from a neighboring grocery.
+  Then the cries of &quot;Burn him! Burn him!&quot; were redoubled.</p>
+
+<p>  Half a dozen men seized the naked body. The crowd cheered. They marched
+  to the fire, and giving the body a swing, it was landed in the middle of
+  the fire. There was a cry for more wood, as the fire had begun to die
+  owing to the long delay. Willing hands procured the wood, and it was
+  piled up on the Negro, almost, for a time, obscuring him from view. The
+  head was in plain view, as also were the limbs, and one arm which stood
+  out high above the body, the elbow crooked, held in that position by a
+  stick of wood. In a few moments the hands began to swell, then came
+  great blisters over all the exposed parts of the body; then in places
+  the flesh was burned away and the bones began to show through. It was a
+  horrible sight, one which, perhaps, none there had ever witnessed
+  before. It proved too much for a large part of the crowd and the
+  majority of the mob left very shortly after the burning began.</p>
+
+<p>  But a large number stayed, and were not a bit set back by the sight of a
+  human body being burned to ashes. Two or three white women, accompanied
+  by their escorts, pushed to the front to obtain an unobstructed view,
+  and looked on with astonishing coolness and nonchalance. One man and
+  woman brought a little girl, not over twelve years old, apparently their
+  daughter, to view a scene which was calculated to drive sleep from the
+  child's eyes for many nights, if not to produce a permanent injury to
+  her nervous system. The comments of the crowd were varied. Some remarked
+  on the efficacy of this style of cure for rapists, others rejoiced that
+  men's wives and daughters were now safe from this wretch. Some laughed
+  as the flesh cracked and blistered, and while a large number pronounced
+  the burning of a dead body as a useless episode, not in all that throng
+  was a word of sympathy heard for the wretch himself.</p>
+
+<p>  The rope that was used to hang the Negro, and also that which was used
+  to lead him from the jail, were eagerly sought by relic hunters. They
+  almost fought for a chance to cut off a piece of rope, and in an
+  incredibly short time both ropes had disappeared and were scattered in
+  the pockets of the crowd in sections of from an inch to six inches long.
+  Others of the relic hunters remained until the ashes cooled to obtain
+  such ghastly relics as the teeth, nails, and bits of charred skin of the
+  immolated victim of his own lust. After burning the body the mob tied a
+  rope around the charred trunk and dragged it down Main Street to the
+  courthouse, where it was hanged to a center pole. The rope broke and the
+  corpse dropped with a thud, but it was again hoisted, the charred legs
+  barely touching the ground. The teeth were knocked out and the
+  fingernails cut off as souvenirs. The crowd made so much noise that the
+  police interfered. Undertaker Walsh was telephoned for, who took
+  charge of the body and carried it to his establishment, where it will be
+  prepared for burial in the potter's field today.</p></blockquote>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/gs100th.png"
+alt="Scene of lynching at Clanton, Alabama, August 1891."
+title="Scene of lynching at Clanton, Alabama, August 1891." />
+</div>
+<p class="center"><b>Scene of lynching at Clanton, Alabama, August 1891.</b></p>
+
+<div class="figcenter">
+<img src="images/gs101th.png"
+alt="Facsimile of back of photograph."
+title="Facsimile of back of photograph." />
+</div>
+<p class="center"><b>Facsimile of back of photograph. W.R. MARTIN, Traveling Photographer. (Handwritten: This S.O.B. was hung at Clanton Ala. Friday Aug 21st/91 for murdering a little boy in cold blood for 35&cent; in cash. He is a good specimen of your &quot;Black Christian hung by White Heathens&quot; [illegible] of the Committee.)</b></p>
+
+
+<p>A prelude to this exhibition of nineteenth-century barbarism was the
+following telegram received by the <i>Chicago Inter Ocean</i>, at 2 o'clock,
+Saturday afternoon&mdash;ten hours before the lynching:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>MEMPHIS TENN., July 22, To <i>Inter-Ocean</i>, Chicago.</p>
+
+<p>  Lee Walker, colored man, accused of raping white women, in jail here,
+  will be taken out and burned by whites tonight. Can you send Miss Ida
+  Wells to write it up? Answer. R.M. Martin, with <i>Public Ledger</i>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The <i>Public Ledger</i> is one of the oldest evening daily papers in Memphis,
+and this telegram shows that the intentions of the mob were well known
+long before they were executed. The personnel of the mob is given by the
+<i>Memphis Appeal-Avalanche</i>. It says, &quot;At first it seemed as if a crowd of
+roughs were the principals, but as it increased in size, men in all walks
+of life figured as leaders, although the majority were young men.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>This was the punishment meted out to a Negro, charged, not with rape, but
+attempted assault, and without any proof as to his guilt, for the women
+were not given a chance to identify him. It was only a little less
+horrible than the burning alive of Henry Smith, at Paris, Texas, February
+1, 1893, or that of Edward Coy, in Texarkana, Texas, February 20, 1892.
+Both were charged with assault on white women, and both were tied to the
+stake and burned while yet alive, in the presence of ten thousand persons.
+In the case of Coy, the white woman in the case applied the match, even
+while the victim protested his innocence.</p>
+
+<p>The cut which is here given is the exact reproduction of the photograph
+taken at the scene of the lynching at Clanton, Alabama, August, 1891. The
+cause for which the man was hanged is given in the words of the mob which
+were written on the back of the photograph, and they are also given. This
+photograph was sent to Judge A.W. Tourgee, of Mayville, N.Y.</p>
+
+<p>In some of these cases the mob affects to believe in the Negro's guilt.
+The world is told that the white woman in the case identifies him, or the
+prisoner &quot;confesses.&quot; But in the lynching which took place in Barnwell
+County, South Carolina, April 24, 1893, the mob's victim, John Peterson,
+escaped and placed himself under Governor Tillman's protection; not only
+did he declare his innocence, but offered to prove an alibi, by white
+witnesses. Before his witnesses could be brought, the mob arrived at the
+Governor's mansion and demanded the prisoner. He was given up, and
+although the white woman in the case said he was not the man, he was
+hanged twenty-four hours after, and over a thousand bullets fired into his
+body, on the declaration that &quot;a crime had been committed and someone had
+to hang for it.&quot;</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="chap6" id="chap6" />6</h2>
+
+<h2><b>HISTORY OF SOME CASES OF RAPE</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>It has been claimed that the Southern white women have been slandered
+because, in defending the Negro race from the charge that all colored men,
+who are lynched, only pay penalty for assaulting women. It is certain that
+lynching mobs have not only refused to give the Negro a chance to defend
+himself, but have killed their victim with a full knowledge that the
+relationship of the alleged assailant with the woman who accused him, was
+voluntary and clandestine. As a matter of fact, one of the prime causes of
+the Lynch Law agitation has been a necessity for defending the Negro from
+this awful charge against him. This defense has been necessary because the
+apologists for outlawry insist that in no case has the accusing woman been
+a willing consort of her paramour, who is lynched because overtaken in
+wrong. It is well known, however, that such is the case. In July of this
+year, 1894, John Paul Bocock, a Southern white man living in New York, and
+assistant editor of the <i>New York Tribune</i>, took occasion to defy the
+publication of any instance where the lynched Negro was the victim of a
+white woman's falsehood. Such cases are not rare, but the press and people
+conversant with the facts, almost invariably suppress them.</p>
+
+<p>The <i>New York Sun</i> of July 30,1894, contained a synopsis of interviews
+with leading congressmen and editors of the South. Speaker Crisp, of the
+House of Representatives, who was recently a Judge of the Supreme Court of
+Georgia, led in declaring that lynching seldom or never took place, save
+for vile crime against women and children. Dr. Hass, editor of the leading
+organ of the Methodist Church South, published in its columns that it was
+his belief that more than three hundred women had been assaulted by Negro
+men within three months. When asked to prove his charges, or give a single
+case upon which his &quot;belief&quot; was founded, he said that he could do so, but
+the details were unfit for publication. No other evidence but his &quot;belief&quot;
+could be adduced to substantiate this grave charge, yet Bishop Haygood, in
+the <i>Forum</i> of October, 1893, quotes this &quot;belief&quot; in apology for
+lynching, and voluntarily adds: &quot;It is my opinion that this is an
+underestimate.&quot; The &quot;opinion&quot; of this man, based upon a &quot;belief,&quot; had
+greater weight coming from a man who has posed as a friend to &quot;Our Brother
+in Black,&quot; and was accepted as authority. An interview of Miss Frances E.
+Willard, the great apostle of temperance, the daughter of abolitionists
+and a personal friend and helper of many individual colored people, has
+been quoted in support of the utterance of this calumny against a weak and
+defenseless race. In the <i>New York Voice</i> of October 23, 1890, after a
+tour in the South, where she was told all these things by the &quot;best white
+people,&quot; she said: &quot;The grogshop is the Negro's center of power. Better
+whisky and more of it is the rallying cry of great, dark-faced mobs. The
+colored race multiplies like the locusts of Egypt. The grogshop is its
+center of power. The safety of woman, of childhood, the home, is menaced
+in a thousand localities at this moment, so that men dare not go beyond
+the sight of their own roof-tree.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>These charges so often reiterated, have had the effect of fastening the
+odium upon the race of a peculiar propensity for this foul crime. The
+Negro is thus forced to a defense of his good name, and this chapter will
+be devoted to the history of some of the cases where assault upon white
+women by Negroes is charged. He is not the aggressor in this fight, but
+the situation demands that the facts be given, and they will speak for
+themselves. Of the 1,115 Negro men, women and children hanged, shot and
+roasted alive from January 1, 1882, to January 1, 1894, inclusive, only
+348 of that number were charged with rape. Nearly 700 of these persons
+were lynched for any other reason which could be manufactured by a mob
+wishing to indulge in a lynching bee.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>A WHITE WOMAN'S FALSEHOOD</b></p>
+
+<p>The <i>Cleveland, Ohio, Gazette</i>, January 16, 1892, gives an account of one
+of these cases of &quot;rape.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. J.C. Underwood, the wife of a minister of Elyria, Ohio, accused an
+Afro-American of rape. She told her husband that during his absence in
+1888, stumping the state for the Prohibition Party, the man came to the
+kitchen door, forced his way in the house and insulted her. She tried to
+drive him out with a heavy poker, but he overpowered and chloroformed her,
+and when she revived her clothing was torn and she was in a horrible
+condition. She did not know the man, but could identify him. She
+subsequently pointed out William Offett, a married man, who was arrested,
+and, being in Ohio, was granted a trial.</p>
+
+<p>The prisoner vehemently denied the charge of rape, but confessed he went
+to Mrs. Underwood's residence at her invitation and was criminally
+intimate with her at her request. This availed him nothing against the
+sworn testimony of a minister's wife, a lady of the highest
+respectability. He was found guilty, and entered the penitentiary,
+December 14, 1888, for fifteen years. Sometime afterwards the woman's
+remorse led her to confess to her husband that the man was innocent. These
+are her words: &quot;I met Offett at the postoffice. It was raining. He was
+polite to me, and as I had several bundles in my arms he offered to carry
+them home for me, which he did. He had a strange fascination for me, and I
+invited him to call on me. He called, bringing chestnuts and candy for the
+children. By this means we got them to leave us alone in the room. Then I
+sat on his lap. He made a proposal to me and I readily consented. Why I
+did so I do not know, but that I did is true. He visited me several times
+after that and each time I was indiscreet. I did not care after the first
+time. In fact I could not have resisted, and had no desire to resist.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>When asked by her husband why she told him she had been outraged, she
+said: &quot;I had several reasons for telling you. One was the neighbors saw
+the fellow here, another was, I was afraid I had contracted a loathsome
+disease, and still another was that I feared I might give birth to a Negro
+baby. I hoped to save my reputation by telling you a deliberate lie.&quot; Her
+husband, horrified by the confession, had Offett, who had already served
+four years, released and secured a divorce.</p>
+
+<p>There have been many such cases throughout the South, with the difference
+that the Southern white men in insensate fury wreak their vengeance
+without intervention of law upon the Negro who consorts with their women.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>TRIED TO MANUFACTURE AN OUTRAGE</b></p>
+
+<p>The <i>Memphis (Tenn.) Ledger</i>, of June 8, 1892, has the following:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>If Lillie Bailey, a rather pretty white girl, seventeen years of age,
+  who is now at the city hospital, would be somewhat less reserved about
+  her disgrace there would be some very nauseating details in the story of
+  her life. She is the mother of a little coon. The truth might reveal
+  fearful depravity or the evidence of a rank outrage. She will not
+  divulge the name of the man who has left such black evidence of her
+  disgrace, and in fact says it is a matter in which there can be no
+  interest to the outside world. She came to Memphis nearly three months
+  ago, and was taken in at the Woman's Refuge in the southern part of the
+  city. She remained there until a few weeks ago when the child was born.
+  The ladies in charge of the Refuge were horrified. The girl was at once
+  sent to the city hospital, where she has been since May 30. She is a
+  country girl. She came to Memphis from her father's farm, a short
+  distance from Hernando, Miss. Just when she left there she would not
+  say. In fact she says she came to Memphis from Arkansas, and says her
+  home is in that state. She is rather good looking, has blue eyes, a low
+  forehead and dark red hair. The ladies at the Woman's Refuge do not know
+  anything about the girl further than what they learned when she was an
+  inmate of the institution; and she would not tell much. When the child
+  was born an attempt was made to get the girl to reveal the name of the
+  Negro who had disgraced her, she obstinately refused and it was
+  impossible to elicit any information from her on the subject.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Note the wording: &quot;The truth might reveal fearful depravity or rank
+outrage.&quot; If it had been a white child or if Lillie Bailey had told a
+pitiful story of Negro outrage, it would have been a case of woman's
+weakness or assault and she could have remained at the Woman's Refuge. But
+a Negro child and to withhold its father's name and thus prevent the
+killing of another Negro &quot;rapist&quot; was a case of &quot;fearful depravity.&quot; Had
+she revealed the father's name, he would have been lynched and his taking
+off charged to an assault upon a white woman.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>BURNED ALIVE FOR ADULTERY</b></p>
+
+<p>In Texarkana, Arkansas, Edward Coy was accused of assaulting a white
+woman. The press dispatches of February 18, 1892, told in detail how he
+was tied to a tree, the flesh cut from his body by men and boys, and after
+coal oil was poured over him, the woman he had assaulted gladly set fire
+to him, and 15,000 persons saw him burn to death. October 1, the <i>Chicago
+Inter Ocean</i> contained the following account of that horror from the pen
+of the &quot;Bystander&quot; Judge Albion W. Tourgee&mdash;as the result of his
+investigations:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>1. The woman who was paraded as victim of violence was of bad character;
+  her husband was a drunkard and a gambler.</p>
+
+<p>  2. She was publicly reported and generally known to have been criminally
+  intimate with Coy for more than a year previous.</p>
+
+<p>  3. She was compelled by threats, if not by violence, to make the charge
+  against the victim.</p>
+
+<p>  4. When she came to apply the match Coy asked her if she would burn him
+  after they had &quot;been sweethearting&quot; so long.</p>
+
+<p>  5. A large majority of the &quot;superior&quot; white men prominent in the affair
+  are the reputed fathers of mulatto children.</p>
+
+<p>  These are not pleasant facts, but they are illustrative of the vital
+  phase of the so-called race question, which should properly be
+  designated an earnest inquiry as to the best methods by which religion,
+  science, law and political power may be employed to excuse injustice,
+  barbarity and crime done to a people because of race and color. There
+  can be no possible belief that these people were inspired by any
+  consuming zeal to vindicate God's law against miscegenationists of the
+  most practical sort. The woman was a willing partner in the victim's
+  guilt, and being of the &quot;superior&quot; race must naturally have been more
+  guilty.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><b>NOT IDENTIFIED BUT LYNCHED</b></p>
+
+<p>February 11, 1893, there occurred in Shelby County, Tennessee, the fourth
+Negro lynching within fifteen months. The three first were lynched in the
+city of Memphis for firing on white men in self-defense. This Negro,
+Richard Neal, was lynched a few miles from the city limits, and the
+following is taken from the <i>Memphis (Tenn.) Scimitar</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>As the <i>Scimitar</i> stated on Saturday the Negro, Richard Neal, who raped
+  Mrs. Jack White near Forest Hill, in this county, was lynched by a mob
+  of about 200 white citizens of the neighborhood. Sheriff McLendon,
+  accompanied by Deputies Perkins, App and Harvey and a <i>Scimitar</i>
+  reporter, arrived on the scene of the execution about 3:30 in the
+  afternoon. The body was suspended from the first limb of a post oak tree
+  by a new quarter-inch grass rope. A hangman's knot, evidently tied by an
+  expert, fitted snugly under the left ear of the corpse, and a new hame
+  string pinioned the victim's arms behind him. His legs were not tied.
+  The body was perfectly limber when the Sheriff's posse cut it down and
+  retained enough heat to warm the feet of Deputy Perkins, whose road cart
+  was converted into a hearse. On arriving with the body at Forest Hill
+  the Sheriff made a bargain with a stalwart young man with a blonde
+  mustache and deep blue eyes, who told the <i>Scimitar</i> reporter that he
+  was the leader of the mob, to haul the body to Germantown for $3.</p>
+
+<p>  When within half-a-mile of Germantown the Sheriff and posse were
+  overtaken by Squire McDonald of Collierville, who had come down to hold
+  the inquest. The Squire had his jury with him, and it was agreed for the
+  convenience of all parties that he should proceed with the corpse to
+  Germantown and conduct the inquiry as to the cause of death. He did so,
+  and a verdict of death from hanging by parties unknown was returned in
+  due form.</p>
+
+<p>  The execution of Neal was done deliberately and by the best people of
+  the Collierville, Germantown and Forest Hill neighborhoods, without
+  passion or exhibition of anger.</p>
+
+<p>  He was arrested on Friday about ten o'clock, by Constable Bob Cash, who
+  carried him before Mrs. White. She said: &quot;I think he is the man. I am
+  almost certain of it. If he isn't the man he is exactly like him.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>  The Negro's coat was torn also, and there were other circumstances
+  against him. The committee returned and made its report, and the
+  chairman put the question of guilt or innocence to a vote.</p>
+
+<p>  All who thought the proof strong enough to warrant execution were
+  invited to cross over to the other side of the road. Everybody but four
+  or five negroes crossed over.</p>
+
+<p>  The committee then placed Neal on a mule with his arms tied behind him,
+  and proceeded to the scene of the crime, followed by the mob. The rope,
+  with a noose already prepared, was tied to the limb nearest the spot
+  where the unpardonable sin was committed, and the doomed man's mule was
+  brought to a standstill beneath it.</p>
+
+<p>  Then Neal confessed. He said he was the right man, but denied that he
+  used force or threats to accomplish his purpose. It was a matter of
+  purchase, he claimed, and said the price paid was twenty-five cents. He
+  warned the colored men present to beware of white women and resist
+  temptation, for to yield to their blandishments or to the passions of
+  men, meant death.</p>
+
+<p>  While he was speaking, Mrs. White came from her home and calling
+  Constable Cash to one side, asked if he could not save the Negro's life.
+  The reply was, &quot;No,&quot; and Mrs. White returned to the house.</p>
+
+<p>  When all was in readiness, the husband of Neal's victim leaped upon the
+  mule's back and adjusted the rope around the Negro's neck. No cap was
+  used, and Neal showed no fear, nor did he beg for mercy. The mule was
+  struck with a whip and bounded out from under Neal, leaving him
+  suspended in the air with his feet about three feet from the ground.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><b>DELIVERED TO THE MOB BY THE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE</b></p>
+
+<p>John Peterson, near Denmark, S.C., was suspected of rape, but escaped,
+went to Columbia, and placed himself under Gov. Tillman's protection,
+declaring he too could prove an alibi by white witnesses. A white reporter
+hearing his declaration volunteered to find these witnesses, and
+telegraphed the governor that he would be in Columbia with them on Monday.
+In the meantime the mob at Denmark, learning Peterson's whereabouts, went
+to the governor and demanded the prisoner. Gov. Tillman, who had during
+his canvass for reelection the year before, declared that he would lead a
+mob to lynch a Negro that assaulted a white woman, gave Peterson up to the
+mob. He was taken back to Denmark, and the white girl in the case as
+positively declared that he was not the man. But the verdict of the mob
+was that &quot;the crime had been committed and somebody had to hang for it,
+and if he, Peterson, was not guilty of that he was of some other crime,&quot;
+and he was hung, and his body riddled with 1,000 bullets.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>LYNCHED AS A WARNING</b></p>
+
+<p>Alabama furnishes a case in point. A colored man named Daniel Edwards,
+lived near Selma, Alabama, and worked for a family of a farmer near that
+place. This resulted in an intimacy between the young man and a daughter
+of the householder, which finally developed in the disgrace of the girl.
+After the birth of the child, the mother disclosed the fact that Edwards
+was its father. The relationship had been sustained for more than a year,
+and yet this colored man was apprehended, thrown into jail from whence he
+was taken by a mob of one hundred neighbors and hung to a tree and his
+body riddled with bullets. A dispatch which describes the lynching, ends
+as follows. &quot;Upon his back was found pinned this morning the following:
+'Warning to all Negroes that are too intimate with white girls. This the
+work of one hundred best citizens of the South Side.'&quot;</p>
+
+<p>There can be no doubt from the announcement made by this &quot;one hundred best
+citizens&quot; that they understood full well the character of the relationship
+which existed between Edwards and the girl, but when the dispatches were
+sent out, describing the affair, it was claimed that Edwards was lynched
+for rape.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>SUPPRESSING THE TRUTH</b></p>
+
+<p>In a county in Mississippi during the month of July the Associated Press
+dispatches sent out a report that the sheriff's eight-year-old daughter
+had been assaulted by a big, black, burly brute who had been promptly
+lynched. The facts which have since been investigated show that the girl
+was more than eighteen years old and that she was discovered by her father
+in this young man's room who was a servant on the place. But these facts
+the Associated Press has not given to the world, nor did the same agency
+acquaint the world with the fact that a Negro youth who was lynched in
+Tuscumbia, Ala., the same year on the same charge told the white girl who
+accused him before the mob, that he had met her in the woods often by
+appointment. There is a young mulatto in one of the State prisons of the
+South today who is there by charge of a young white woman to screen
+herself. He is a college graduate and had been corresponding with, and
+clandestinely visiting her until he was surprised and run out of her room
+en deshabille by her father. He was put in prison in another town to save
+his life from the mob and his lawyer advised that it were better to save
+his life by pleading guilty to charges made and being sentenced for years,
+than to attempt a defense by exhibiting the letters written him by this
+girl. In the latter event, the mob would surely murder him, while there
+was a chance for his life by adopting the former course. Names, places and
+dates are not given for the same reason.</p>
+
+<p>The excuse has come to be so safe, it is not surprising that a
+Philadelphia girl, beautiful and well educated, and of good family, should
+make a confession published in all the daily papers of that city October,
+1894, that she had been stealing for some time, and that to cover one of
+her thefts, she had said she had been bound and gagged in her father's
+house by a colored man, and money stolen therefrom by him. Had this been
+done in many localities, it would only have been necessary for her to
+&quot;identify&quot; the first Negro in that vicinity, to have brought about another
+lynching bee.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>A VILE SLANDER WITH SCANT RETRACTION</b></p>
+
+<p>The following published in the <i>Cleveland (Ohio) Leader</i> of Oct. 23, 1894,
+only emphasizes our demand that a fair trial shall be given those accused
+of crime, and the protection of the law be extended until time for a
+defense be granted.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The sensational story sent out last night from Hicksville that a Negro
+  had outraged a little four-year-old girl proves to be a base canard. The
+  correspondents who went into the details should have taken the pains to
+  investigate, and the officials should have known more of the matter
+  before they gave out such grossly exaggerated information.</p>
+
+<p>  The Negro, Charles O'Neil, had been working for a couple of women and,
+  it seems, had worked all winter without being remunerated. There is a
+  little girl, and the girl's mother and grandmother evidently started the
+  story with idea of frightening the Negro out of the country and thus
+  balancing accounts. The town was considerably wrought up and for a time
+  things looked serious. The accused had a preliminary hearing today and
+  not an iota of evidence was produced to indicate that such a crime had
+  been committed, or that he had even attempted such an outrage. The
+  village marshal was frightened nearly out of his wits and did little to
+  quiet the excitement last night.</p>
+
+<p>  The affair was an outrage on the Negro, at the expense of innocent
+  childhood, a brainless fabrication from start to finish.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The original story was sent throughout this country and England, but the
+<i>Cleveland Leader</i>, so far as known, is the only journal which has
+published these facts in refutation of the slander so often published
+against the race. Not only is it true that many of the alleged cases of
+rape against the Negro, are like the foregoing, but the same crime
+committed by white men against Negro women and girls, is never punished by
+mob or the law. A leading journal in South Carolina openly said some
+months ago that &quot;it is not the same thing for a white man to assault a
+colored woman as for a colored man to assault a white woman, because the
+colored woman had no finer feelings nor virtue to be outraged!&quot; Yet
+colored women have always had far more reason to complain of white men in
+this respect than ever white women have had of Negroes.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ILLINOIS HAS A LYNCHING</b></p>
+
+<p>In the month of June, 1893, the proud commonwealth of Illinois joined the
+ranks of Lynching States. Illinois, which gave to the world the immortal
+heroes, Lincoln, Grant and Logan, trailed its banner of justice in the
+dust&mdash;dyed its hands red in the blood of a man not proven guilty of crime.</p>
+
+<p>June 3,1893, the country about Decatur, one of the largest cities of the
+state was startled with the cry that a white woman had been assaulted by a
+colored tramp. Three days later a colored man named Samuel Bush was
+arrested and put in jail. A white man testified that Bush, on the day of
+the assault, asked him where he could get a drink and he pointed to the
+house where the farmer's wife was subsequently said to have been
+assaulted. Bush said he went to the well but did not go near the house,
+and did not assault the woman. After he was arrested the alleged victim
+did not see him to identify him&mdash;he was presumed to be guilty.</p>
+
+<p>The citizens determined to kill him. The mob gathered, went to the jail,
+met with no resistance, took the suspected man, dragged him out tearing
+every stitch of clothing from his body, then hanged him to a telegraph
+pole. The grand jury refused to indict the lynchers though the names of
+over twenty persons who were leaders in the mob were well known. In fact
+twenty-two persons were indicted, but the grand jurors and the prosecuting
+attorney disagreed as to the form of the indictments, which caused the
+jurors to change their minds. All indictments were reconsidered and the
+matter was dropped. Not one of the dozens of men prominent in that murder
+have suffered a whit more inconvenience for the butchery of that man, than
+they would have suffered for shooting a dog.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>COLOR LINE JUSTICE</b></p>
+
+<p>In Baltimore, Maryland, a gang of white ruffians assaulted a respectable
+colored girl who was out walking with a young man of her own race. They
+held her escort and outraged the girl. It was a deed dastardly enough to
+arouse Southern blood, which gives its horror of rape as excuse for
+lawlessness, but she was a colored woman. The case went to the courts and
+they were acquitted.</p>
+
+<p>In Nashville, Tennessee, there was a white man, Pat Hanifan, who outraged
+a little colored girl, and from the physical injuries received she was
+ruined for life. He was jailed for six months, discharged, and is now a
+detective in that city. In the same city, last May, a white man outraged a
+colored girl in a drug store. He was arrested and released on bail at the
+trial. It was rumored that five hundred colored men had organized to lynch
+him. Two hundred and fifty white citizens armed themselves with
+Winchesters and guarded him. A cannon was placed in front of his home, and
+the Buchanan Rifles (State Militia) ordered to the scene for his
+protection. The colored mob did not show up. Only two weeks before, Eph.
+Grizzard, who had only been charged with rape upon a white woman, had been
+taken from the jail, with Governor Buchanan and the police and militia
+standing by, dragged through the streets in broad daylight, knives plunged
+into him at every step, and with every fiendish cruelty that a frenzied
+mob could devise, he was at last swung out on the bridge with hands cut to
+pieces as he tried to climb up the stanchions. A naked, bloody example of
+the bloodthirstiness of the nineteenth-century civilization of the Athens
+of the South! No cannon nor military were called out in his defense. He
+dared to visit a white woman.</p>
+
+<p>At the very moment when these civilized whites were announcing their
+determination &quot;to protect their wives and daughters,&quot; by murdering
+Grizzard, a white man was in the same jail for raping eight-year-old
+Maggie Reese, a colored girl. He was not harmed. The &quot;honor&quot; of grown
+women who were glad enough to be supported by the Grizzard boys and Ed.
+Coy, as long as the liaison was not known, needed protection; they were
+white. The outrage upon helpless childhood needed no avenging in this
+case; she was black.</p>
+
+<p>A white man in Guthrie, Oklahoma Territory, two months after inflicted
+such injuries upon another colored girl that she died. He was not
+punished, but an attempt was made in the same town in the month of June to
+lynch a colored man who visited a white woman.</p>
+
+<p>In Memphis, Tennessee, in the month of June, Ellerton L. Dorr, who is the
+husband of Russell Hancock's widow, was arrested for attempted rape on
+Mattie Cole, a neighbor's cook; he was only prevented from accomplishing
+his purpose by the appearance of Mattie's employer. Dorr's friends say he
+was drunk and, not responsible for his actions. The grand jury refused to
+indict him and he was discharged.</p>
+
+<p>In Tallahassee, Florida, a colored girl, Charlotte Gilliam, was assaulted
+by white men. Her father went to have a warrant for their arrest issued,
+but the judge refused to issue it.</p>
+
+<p>In Bowling Green, Virginia, Moses Christopher, a colored lad, was charged
+with assault, September 10. He was indicted, tried, convicted and
+sentenced to death in one day. In the same state at Danville, two weeks
+before&mdash;August 29, Thomas J. Penn, a white man, committed a criminal
+assault upon Lina Hanna, a twelve-year-old colored girl, but he has not
+been tried, certainly not killed either by the law or the mob.</p>
+
+<p>In Surrey county, Virginia, C.L. Brock, a white man, criminally assaulted
+a ten-year-old colored girl, and threatened to kill her if she told.
+Notwithstanding, she confessed to her aunt, Mrs. Alice Bates, and the
+white brute added further crime by killing Mrs. Bates when she upbraided
+him about his crime upon her niece. He emptied the contents of his
+revolver into her body as she lay. Brock has never been apprehended, and
+no effort has been made to do so by the legal authorities.</p>
+
+<p>But even when punishment is meted out by law to white villians for this
+horrible crime, it is seldom or never that capital punishment is invoked.
+Two cases just clipped from the daily papers will suffice to show how this
+crime is punished when committed by white offenders and black.</p>
+
+<p>LOUISVILLE, KY., October 19.&mdash;Smith Young, colored, was today sentenced to
+be hanged. Young criminally assaulted a six-year-old child about six
+months ago.</p>
+
+<p>Jacques Blucher, the Pontiac Frenchman who was arrested at that place for
+a criminal assault on his daughter Fanny on July 29 last, pleaded nolo
+contendere when placed on trial at East Greenwich, near Providence, R.I.,
+Tuesday, and was sentenced to five years in State Prison.</p>
+
+<p>Charles Wilson was convicted of assault upon seven-year-old Mamie Keys in
+Philadelphia, in October, and sentenced to ten years in prison. He was
+white. Indianapolis courts sentenced a white man in September to eight
+years in prison for assault upon a twelve-year-old white girl.</p>
+
+<p>April 24, 1893, a lynching was set for Denmark, S.C., on the charge of
+rape. A white girl accused a Negro of assault, and the mob was about to
+lynch him. A few hours before the lynching three reputable white men rode
+into the town and solemnly testified that the accused Negro was at work
+with them 25 miles away on the day and at the hour the crime had been
+committed. He was accordingly set free. A white person's word is taken as
+absolutely for as against a Negro.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="chap7" id="chap7" />7</h2>
+
+<h2>THE CRUSADE JUSTIFIED</h2>
+
+<h3><i>(Appeal from America to the World</i>)</h3>
+
+
+<p>It has been urged in criticism of the movement appealing to the English
+people for sympathy and support in our crusade against Lynch Law that our
+action was unpatriotic, vindictive and useless. It is not a part of the
+plan of this pamphlet to make any defense for that crusade nor to indict
+any apology for the motives which led to the presentation of the facts of
+American lynchings to the world at large. To those who are not willfully
+blind and unjustly critical, the record of more than a thousand lynchings
+in ten years is enough to justify any peaceable movement tending to
+ameliorate the conditions which led to this unprecedented slaughter of
+human beings.</p>
+
+<p>If America would not hear the cry of men, women and children whose dying
+groans ascended to heaven praying for relief, not only for them but for
+others who might soon be treated as they, then certainly no fair-minded
+person can charge disloyalty to those who make an appeal to the
+civilization of the world for such sympathy and help as it is possible to
+extend. If stating the facts of these lynchings, as they appeared from
+time to time in the white newspapers of America&mdash;the news gathered by
+white correspondents, compiled by white press bureaus and disseminated
+among white people&mdash;shows any vindictiveness, then the mind which so
+charges is not amenable to argument.</p>
+
+<p>But it is the desire of this pamphlet to urge that the crusade started and
+thus far continued has not been useless, but has been blessed with the
+most salutary results. The many evidences of the good results can not here
+be mentioned, but the thoughtful student of the situation can himself
+find ample proof. There need not here be mentioned the fact that for the
+first time since lynching began, has there been any occasion for the
+governors of the several states to speak out in reference to these crimes
+against law and order.</p>
+
+<p>No matter how heinous the act of the lynchers may have been, it was
+discussed only for a day or so and then dismissed from the attention of
+the public. In one or two instances the governor has called attention to
+the crime, but the civil processes entirely failed to bring the murderers
+to justice. Since the crusade against lynching was started, however,
+governors of states, newspapers, senators and representatives and bishops
+of churches have all been compelled to take cognizance of the prevalence
+of this crime and to speak in one way or another in the defense of the
+charge against this barbarism in the United States. This has not been
+because there was any latent spirit of justice voluntarily asserting
+itself, especially in those who do the lynching, but because the entire
+American people now feel, both North and South, that they are objects in
+the gaze of the civilized world and that for every lynching humanity asks
+that America render its account to civilization and itself.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>AWFUL BARBARISM IGNORED</b></p>
+
+<p>Much has been said during the months of September and October of 1894
+about the lynching of six colered men who on suspicion of incendiarism
+were made the victims of a most barbarous massacre.</p>
+
+<p>They were arrested, one by one, by officers of the law; they were
+handcuffed and chained together and by the officers of the law loaded in a
+wagon and deliberately driven into an ambush where a mob of lynchers
+awaited them. At the time and upon the chosen spot, in the darkness of the
+night and far removed from the habitation of any human soul, the wagon was
+halted and the mob fired upon the six manacled men, shooting them to death
+as no humane person would have shot dogs. Chained together as they were,
+in their awful struggles after the first volley, the victims tumbled out
+of the wagon upon the ground and there in the mud, struggling in their
+death throes, the victims were made the target of the murderous shotguns,
+which fired into the writhing, struggling, dying mass of humanity, until
+every spark of life was gone. Then the officers of the law who had them in
+charge, drove away to give the alarm and to tell the world that they had
+been waylaid and their prisoners forcibly taken from them and killed.</p>
+
+<p>It has been claimed that the prompt, vigorous and highly commendable steps
+of the governor of the State of Tennessee and the judge having
+jurisdiction over the crime, and of the citizens of Memphis generally, was
+the natural revolt of the humane conscience in that section of the
+country, and the determination of honest and honorable men to rid the
+community of such men as those who were guilty of this terrible massacre.
+It has further been claimed that this vigorous uprising of the people and
+this most commendably prompt action of the civil authorities, is ample
+proof that the American people will not tolerate the lynching of innocent
+men, and that in cases where brutal lynchings have not been promptly dealt
+with, the crimes on the part of the victims were such as to put them
+outside the pale of humanity and that the world considered their death a
+necessary sacrifice for the good of all.</p>
+
+<p>But this line of argument can in no possible way be truthfully sustained.
+The lynching of the six men in 1894, barbarous as it was, was in no way
+more barbarous than took nothing more than a passing notice. It was only
+the other lynchings which preceded it, and of which the public fact that
+the attention of the civilized world has been called to lynching in
+America which made the people of Tennessee feel the absolute necessity for
+a prompt, vigorous and just arraignment of all the murderers connected
+with that crime. Lynching is no longer &quot;Our Problem,&quot; it is the problem of
+the civilized world, and Tennessee could not afford to refuse the legal
+measures which Christianity demands shall be used for the punishment of
+crime.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MEMPHIS THEN AND NOW</b></p>
+
+<p>Only two years prior to the massacre of the six men near Memphis, that
+same city took part in a massacre in every way as bloody and brutal as
+that of September last. It was the murder of three young colored men and
+who were known to be among the most honorable, reliable, worthy and
+peaceable colored citizens of the community. All of them were engaged in
+the mercantile business, being members of a corporation which conducted a
+large grocery store, and one of the three being a letter carrier in the
+employ of the government. These three men were arrested for resisting an
+attack of a mob upon their store, in which melee none of the assailants,
+who had armed themselves for their devilish deeds by securing court
+processes, were killed or even seriously injured. But these three men were
+put in jail, and on three or four nights after their incarceration a mob
+of less than a dozen men, by collusion with the civil authorities, entered
+the jail, took the three men from the custody of the law and shot them to
+death. Memphis knew of this awful crime, knew then and knows today who the
+men were who committed it, and yet not the first step was ever taken to
+apprehend the guilty wretches who walk the streets today with the brand of
+murder upon their foreheads, but as safe from harm as the most upright
+citizen of that community. Memphis would have been just as calm and
+complacent and self-satisfied over the murder of the six colored men in
+1894 as it was over these three colored men in 1892, had it not recognized
+the fact that to escape the brand of barbarism it had not only to speak
+its denunciation but to act vigorously in vindication of its name.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>AN ALABAMA HORROR IGNORED</b></p>
+
+<p>A further instance of this absolute disregard of every principle of
+justice and the indifference to the barbarism of Lynch Law may be cited
+here, and is furnished by white residents in the city of Carrolton,
+Alabama. Several cases of arson had been discovered, and in their search
+for the guilty parties, suspicion was found to rest upon three men and a
+woman. The four suspects were Paul Hill, Paul Archer, William Archer, his
+brother, and a woman named Emma Fair. The prisoners were apprehended,
+earnestly asserted their innocence, but went to jail without making any
+resistance. They claimed that they could easily prove their innocence upon
+trial.</p>
+
+<p>One would suspect that the civilization which defends itself against the
+barbarisms of Lynch Law by stating that it lynches human beings only when
+they are guilty of awful attacks upon women and children, would have been
+very careful to have given these four prisoners, who were simply charged
+with arson, a fair trial, to which they were entitled upon every principle
+of law and humanity. Especially would this seem to be the case when if is
+considered that one of the prisoners charged was a woman, and if the
+nineteenth century has shown any advancement upon any lines of human
+action, it is preeminently shown in its reverence, respect and protection
+of its womanhood. But the people of Alabama failed to have any regard for
+womanhood whatever.</p>
+
+<p>The three men and the woman were put in jail to await trial. A few days
+later it was rumored that they were to be subjects of Lynch Law, and, sure
+enough, at night a mob of lynchers went to the jail, not to avenge any
+awful crime against womanhood, but to kill four people who had been
+suspected of setting a house on fire. They were caged in their cells,
+helpless and defenseless; they were at the mercy of civilized white
+Americans, who, armed with shotguns, were there to maintain the majesty of
+American law. And most effectively was their duty done by these splendid
+representatives of Governor Fishback's brave and honorable white
+southerners, who resent &quot;outside interference.&quot; They lined themselves up
+in the most effective manner and poured volley after volley into the
+bodies of their helpless, pleading victims, who in their bolted prison
+cells could do nothing but suffer and die. Then these lynchers went
+quietly away and the bodies of the woman and three men were taken out and
+buried with as little ceremony as men would bury hogs.</p>
+
+<p>No one will say that the massacre near Memphis in 1894 was any worse than
+this bloody crime of Alabama in 1892. The details of this shocking affair
+were given to the public by the press, but public sentiment was not moved
+to action in the least; it was only a matter of a day's notice and then
+went to swell the list of murders which stand charged against the noble,
+Christian people of Alabama.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>AMERICA AWAKENED</b></p>
+
+<p>But there is now an awakened conscience throughout the land, and Lynch Law
+can not flourish in the future as it has in the past. The close of the
+year 1894 witnessed an aroused interest, an assertative humane principle
+which must tend to the extirpation of that crime. The awful butchery last
+mentioned failed to excite more than a passing comment In 1894, but far
+different is it today. Gov. Jones, of Alabama, in 1893 dared to speak out
+against the rule of the mob in no uncertain terms. His address indicated a
+most helpful result of the present agitation. In face of the many denials
+of the outrages on the one hand and apologies for lynchers on the other,
+Gov. Jones admits the awful lawlessness charged and refuses to join in
+the infamous plea made to condone the crime. No stronger nor more
+effective words have been said than those following from Gov. Jones.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>While the ability of the state to deal with open revolts against the
+  supremacy of its laws has been ably demonstrated, I regret that
+  deplorable acts of violence have been perpetrated, in at least four
+  instances, within the past two years by mobs, whose sudden work and
+  quick dispersions rendered it impossible to protect their victims.
+  Within the past two years nine prisoners, who were either in jail or in
+  the custody of the officers, have been taken from them without
+  resistance, and put to death. There was doubt of the guilt of the
+  defendants in most of these cases, and few of them were charged with
+  capital offenses. None of them involved the crime of rape. The largest
+  rewards allowed by law were offered for the apprehension of the
+  offenders, and officers were charged to a vigilant performance of their
+  duties, and aided in some instances by the services of skilled
+  detectives; but not a single arrest has been made and the grand juries
+  in these counties have returned no bills of indictment. This would
+  indicate either that local public sentiment approved these acts of
+  violence or was too weak to punish them, or that the officers charged
+  with that duty were in some way lacking in their performance. The evil
+  cannot be cured or remedied by silence as to its existence. Unchecked,
+  it will continue until it becomes a reproach to our good name, and a
+  menace to our prosperity and peace; and it behooves you to exhaust all
+  remedies within your power to find better preventives for such crimes.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p><b>A FRIENDLY WARNING</b></p>
+
+<p>From England comes a friendly voice which must give to every patriotic
+citizen food for earnese thought. Writing from London, to the <i>Chicago
+Inter Ocean</i>, Nov. 25, 1894, the distinguished compiler of our last
+census, Hon. Robert P. Porter, gives the American people a most
+interesting review of the antilynching crusade in England, submitting
+editorial opinions from all sections of England and Scotland, showing the
+consensus of British opinion on this subject. It hardly need be said, that
+without exception, the current of English thought deprecates the rule of
+mob law, and the conscience of England is shocked by the revelation made
+during the present crusade. In his letter Mr. Porter says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>While some English journals have joined certain American journals in
+  ridiculing the well-meaning people who have formed the antilynching
+  committee, there is a deep under current on this subject which is
+  injuring the Southern States far more than those who have not been drawn
+  into the question of English investment for the South as I have can
+  surmise. This feeling is by no means all sentiment. An Englishman whose
+  word and active cooperation could send a million sterling to any
+  legitimate Southern enterprise said the other day: &quot;I will not invest a
+  farthing in States where these horrors occur. I have no particular
+  sympathy with the antilynching committee, but such outrages indicate to
+  my mind that where life is held to be of such little value there is even
+  less assurance that the laws will protect property. As I understand it
+  the States, not the national government, control in such matters, and
+  where those laws are strongest there is the best field for British
+  capital.&quot;</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Probably the most bitter attack on the antilynching committee has come
+from the <i>London Times</i>. Those Southern Governors who had their bombastic
+letters published in the <i>Times</i>, with favorable editorial comment, may
+have had their laugh at the antilynchers here too soon. A few days ago, in
+commenting on an interesting communication from Richard H. Edmonds, editor
+of the <i>Manufacturer's Record</i>, setting forth the industrial advantages of
+the Southern States, which was published in its columns, the <i>Times</i> says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Without in any way countenancing the impertinence of &quot;antilynching&quot;
+  committee, we may say that a state of things in which the killing of
+  Negroes by bloodthirsty mobs is an incident of not unfrequent occurrence
+  is not conducive to success in industry. Its existence, however, is a
+  serious obstacle to the success of the South in industry; for even now
+  Negro labor, which means at best inefficient labor, must be largely
+  relied on there, and its efficiency must be still further diminished by
+  spasmodic terrorism.</p>
+
+<p>  Those interested in the development of the resources of the Southern
+  States, and no one in proportion to his means has shown more faith in
+  the progress of the South than the writer of this article, must take
+  hold of this matter earnestly and intelligently. Sneering at the
+  antilynching committee will do no good. Back of them, in fact, if not in
+  form, is the public opinion of Great Britain. Even the <i>Times</i> cannot
+  deny this. It may not be generally known in the United States, but while
+  the Southern and some of the Northern newspapers are making a target of
+  Miss Wells, the young colored woman who started this English movement,
+  and cracking their jokes at the expense of Miss Florence Balgarnie, who,
+  as honorable secretary, conducts the committee's correspondence, the
+  strongest sort of sentiment is really at the back of the movement. Here
+  we have crystallized every phase of political opinion. Extreme Unionists
+  like the Duke of Argyll and advanced home rulers such as Justin
+  McCarthy; Thomas Burt, the labor leader; Herbert Burrows, the Socialist,
+  and Tom Mann, representing all phases of the Labor party, are
+  cooperating with conservatives like Sir T. Eldon Gorst. But the real
+  strength of this committee is not visible to the casual observer. As a
+  matter of fact it represents many of the leading and most powerful
+  British journals. A.E. Fletcher is editor of the <i>London Daily
+  Chronicle</i>; P.W. Clayden is prominent in the counsels of the <i>London
+  Daily News</i>; Professor James Stuart is Gladstone's great friend and
+  editor of the <i>London Star</i>, William Byles is editor and proprietor of
+  the <i>Bradford Observer</i>, Sir Hugh Gilzen Reid is a leading Birmingham
+  editor; in short, this committee has secured if not the leading editors,
+  certainly important and warm friends, representing the Manchester
+  Guardian, the <i>Leeds Mercury</i>, the <i>Plymouth Western News, Newcastle
+  Leader</i>, the <i>London Daily Graphic</i>, the <i>Westminster Gazette</i>, the
+  <i>London Echo</i>, a host of minor papers all over the kingdom, and
+  practically the entire religious press of the kingdom.</p>
+
+<p>  The greatest victory for the antilynchers comes this morning in the
+  publication in the <i>London Times</i> of William Lloyd Garrison's letter.
+  This letter will have immense effect here. It may have been printed in
+  full in the United States, but nevertheless I will quote a paragraph
+  which will strengthen the antilynchers greatly in their crusade here:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>A year ago the South derided and resented Northern protests; today it
+  listens, explains and apologizes for its uncovered cruelties. Surely a
+  great triumph for a little woman to accomplish! It is the power of truth
+  simply and unreservedly spoken, for her language was inadequate to
+  describe the horrors exposed.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>If the Southern states are wise, and I say this with the earnestness of a
+friend and one who has built a home in the mountain regions of the South
+and thrown his lot in with them, they will not only listen, but stop
+lawlessness of all kinds. If they do, and thus secure the confidence of
+Englishmen, we may in the next decade realize some of the hopes for the
+new South we have so fondly cherished.</p></blockquote>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="chap8" id="chap8" />8</h2>
+
+<h2><b>MISS WILLARD'S ATTITUDE</b></h2>
+
+
+<p>No class of American citizens stands in greater need of the humane and
+thoughtful consideration of all sections of our country than do the
+colored people, nor does any class exceed us in the measure of grateful
+regard for acts of kindly interest in our behalf. It is, therefore, to us,
+a matter of keen regret that a Christian organization, so large and
+influential as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, should refuse to
+give its sympathy and support to our oppressed people who ask no further
+favor than the promotion of public sentiment which shall guarantee to
+every person accused of crime the safeguard of a fair and impartial trial,
+and protection from butchery by brutal mobs. Accustomed as we are to the
+indifference and apathy of Christian people, we would bear this instance
+of ill fortune in silence, had not Miss Willard gone out of her way to
+antagonize the cause so dear to our hearts by including in her Annual
+Address to the W.C.T.U. Convention at Cleveland, November 5, 1894, a
+studied, unjust and wholly unwarranted attack upon our work.</p>
+
+<p>In her address Miss Willard said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>The zeal for her race of Miss Ida B. Wells, a bright young colored
+  woman, has, it seems to me, clouded her perception as to who were her
+  friends and well-wishers in all high-minded and legitimate efforts to
+  banish the abomination of lynching and torture from the land of the free
+  and the home of the brave. It is my firm belief that in the statements
+  made by Miss Wells concerning white women having taken the initiative
+  in nameless acts between the races she has put an imputation upon half
+  the white race in this country that is unjust, and, save in the rarest
+  exceptional instances, wholly without foundation. This is the unanimous
+  opinion of the most disinterested and observant leaders of opinion whom
+  I have consulted on the subject, and I do not fear to say that the
+  laudable efforts she is making are greatly handicapped by statements of
+  this kind, nor to urge her as a friend and well-wisher to banish from
+  her vocabulary all such allusions as a source of weakness to the cause
+  she has at heart.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This paragraph, brief as it is, contains two statements which have not the
+slightest foundation in fact. At no time, nor in any place, have I made
+statements &quot;concerning white women having taken the initiative in nameless
+acts between the races.&quot; Further, at no time, or place nor under any
+circumstance, have I directly or inferentially &quot;put an imputation upon
+half the white race in this country&quot; and I challenge this &quot;friend and
+well-wisher&quot; to give proof of the truth of her charge. Miss Willard
+protests against lynching in one paragraph and then, in the next,
+deliberately misrepresents my position in order that she may criticise a
+movement, whose only purpose is to protect our oppressed race from
+vindictive slander and Lynch Law.</p>
+
+<p>What I have said and what I now repeat&mdash;in answer to her first charge&mdash;is,
+that colored men have been lynched for assault upon women, when the facts
+were plain that the relationship between the victim lynched and the
+alleged victim of his assault was voluntary, clandestine and illicit. For
+that very reason we maintain, that, in every section of our land, the
+accused should have a fair, impartial trial, so that a man who is colored
+shall not be hanged for an offense, which, if he were white, would not be
+adjudged a crime. Facts cited in another chapter&mdash;&quot;History of Some Cases
+of Rape&quot;&mdash;amply maintain this position. The publication of these facts in
+defense of the good name of the race casts no &quot;imputation upon half the
+white race in this country&quot; and no such imputation can be inferred except
+by persons deliberately determined to be unjust.</p>
+
+<p>But this is not the only injury which this cause has suffered at the hands
+of our &quot;friend and well-wisher.&quot; It has been said that the Women's
+Christian Temperance Union, the most powerful organization of women in
+America, was misrepresented by me while I was in England. Miss Willard was
+in England at the time and knowing that no such misrepresentation came to
+her notice, she has permitted that impression to become fixed and
+widespread, when a word from her would have made the facts plain.</p>
+
+<p>I never at any time or place or in any way misrepresented that
+organization. When asked what concerted action had been taken by churches
+and great moral agencies in America to put down Lynch Law, I was compelled
+in truth to say that no such action had occurred, that pulpit, press and
+moral agencies in the main were silent and for reasons known to
+themselves, ignored the awful conditions which to the English people
+appeared so abhorent. Then the question was asked what the great moral
+reformers like Miss Frances Willard and Mr. Moody had done to suppress
+Lynch Law and again I answered nothing. That Mr. Moody had never said a
+word against lynching in any of his trips to the South, or in the North
+either, so far as was known, and that Miss Willard's only public utterance
+on the situation had condoned lynching and other unjust practices of the
+South against the Negro. When proof of these statements was demanded, I
+sent a letter containing a copy of the <i>New York Voice</i>, Oct. 23,1890, in
+which appeared Miss Willard's own words of wholesale slander against the
+colored race and condonation of Southern white people's outrages against
+us. My letter in part reads as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>But Miss Willard, the great temperance leader, went even further in
+  putting the seal of her approval upon the southerners' method of dealing
+  with the Negro. In October, 1890, the Women's Christian Temperance Union
+  held its national meeting at Atlanta, Georgia. It was the first time in
+  the history of the organization that it had gone south for a national
+  meeting, and met the southerners in their own homes. They were welcomed
+  with open arms. The governor of the state and the legislature gave
+  special audiences in the halls of state legislation to the temperance
+  workers. They set out to capture the northerners to their way of seeing
+  things, and without troubling to hear the Negro side of the question,
+  these temperance people accepted the white man's story of the problem
+  with which he had to deal. State organizers were appointed that year,
+  who had gone through the southern states since then, but in obedience to
+  southern prejudices have confined their work to white persons only. It
+  is only after Negroes are in prison for crimes that efforts of these
+  temperance women are exerted without regard to &quot;race, color, or previous
+  condition.&quot; No &quot;ounce of prevention&quot; is used in their case; they are
+  black, and if these women went among the Negroes for this work, the
+  whites would not receive them. Except here and there, are found no
+  temperance workers of the Negro race; &quot;the great dark-faced mobs&quot; are
+  left the easy prey of the saloonkeepers.</p>
+
+<p>  There was pending in the National Congress at this time a Federal
+  Election Bill, the object being to give the National Government control
+  of the national elections in the several states. Had this bill become a
+  law, the Negro, whose vote has been systematically suppressed since 1875
+  in the southern states, would have had the protection of the National
+  Government, and his vote counted. The South would have been no longer
+  &quot;solid&quot;; the Southerners saw that the balance of power which they
+  unlawfully held in the House of Representatives and the Electoral
+  College, based on the Negro population, would be wrested from them. So
+  they nick-named the pending elections law the &quot;Force Bill&quot;&mdash;probably
+  because it would force them to disgorge their ill-gotten political
+  gains&mdash;and defeated it. While it was being discussed, the question was
+  submitted to Miss Willard: &quot;What do you think of the race problem and
+  the Force Bill?&quot;</p>
+
+<p>  Said Miss Willard: &quot;Now, as to the 'race problem' in its minified,
+  current meaning, I am a true lover of the southern people&mdash;have spoken
+  and worked in, perhaps, 200 of their towns and cities; have been taken
+  into their love and confidence at scores of hospitable firesides; have
+  heard them pour out their hearts in the splendid frankness of their
+  impetuous natures. And I have said to them at such times: 'When I go
+  North there will be wafted to you no word from pen or voice that is not
+  loyal to what we are saying here and now.' Going South, a woman, a
+  temperance woman, and a Northern temperance woman&mdash;three great barriers
+  to their good will yonder&mdash;I was received by them with a confidence that
+  was one of the most delightful surprises of my life. I think we have
+  wronged the South, though we did not mean to do so. The reason was, in
+  part, that we had irreparably wronged ourselves by putting no safeguards
+  on the ballot box at the North that would sift out alien illiterates.
+  They rule our cities today; the saloon is their palace, and the toddy
+  stick their sceptre. It is not fair that they should vote, nor is it
+  fair that a plantation Negro, who can neither read nor write, whose
+  ideas are bounded by the fence of his own field and the price of his own
+  mule, should be entrusted with the ballot. We ought to have put an
+  educational test upon that ballot from the first. The Anglo-Saxon race
+  will never submit to be dominated by the Negro so long as his altitude
+  reaches no higher than the personal liberty of the saloon, and the power
+  of appreciating the amount of liquor that a dollar will buy. New England
+  would no more submit to this than South Carolina. 'Better whisky and
+  more of it' has been the rallying cry of great dark-faced mobs in the
+  Southern localities where local option was snowed under by the colored
+  vote. Temperance has no enemy like that, for it is unreasoning and
+  unreasonable. Tonight it promises in a great congregation to vote for
+  temperance at the polls tomorrow; but tomorrow twenty-five cents changes
+  that vote in favor of the liquor-seller.</p>
+
+<p>  &quot;I pity the southerners, and I believe the great mass of them are as
+  conscientious and kindly intentioned toward the colored man as an equal
+  number of white church-members of the North. Would-be demagogues lead
+  the colored people to destruction. Half-drunken white roughs murder them
+  at the polls, or intimidate them so that they do not vote. But the
+  better class of people must not be blamed for this, and a more
+  thoroughly American population than the Christian people of the South
+  does not exist. They have the traditions, the kindness, the probity, the
+  courage of our forefathers. The problem on their hands is immeasurable.
+  The colored race multiplies like the locusts of Egypt. The grog-shop is
+  its center of power. 'The safety of woman, of childhood, of the home, is
+  menaced in a thousand localities at this moment, so that the men dare
+  not go beyond the sight of their own roof-tree.' How little we know of
+  all this, seated in comfort and affluence here at the North, descanting
+  upon the rights of every man to cast one vote and have it fairly
+  counted; that well-worn shibboleth invoked once more to dodge a living
+  issue.</p>
+
+<p>  &quot;The fact is that illiterate colored men will not vote at the South
+  until the white population chooses to have them do so; and under similar
+  conditions they would not at the North.&quot; Here we have Miss Willard's
+  words in full, condoning fraud, violence, murder, at the ballot box;
+  rapine, shooting, hanging and burning; for all these things are done and
+  being done now by the Southern white people. She does not stop there,
+  but goes a step further to aid them in blackening the good name of an
+  entire race, as shown by the sentences quoted in the paragraph above.
+  These utterances, for which the colored people have never forgiven Miss
+  Willard, and which Frederick Douglass has denounced as false, are to be
+  found in full in the Voice of October 23,1890, a temperance organ
+  published at New York City.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This letter appeared in the May number of <i>Fraternity</i>, the organ of the
+first Anti-Lynching society of Great Britain. When Lady Henry Somerset
+learned through Miss Florence Balgarnie that this letter had been
+published she informed me that if the interview was published she would
+take steps to let the public know that my statements must be received with
+caution. As I had no money to pay the printer to suppress the edition
+which was already published and these ladies did not care to do so, the
+May number of <i>Fraternity</i> was sent to its subscribers as usual. Three
+days later there appeared in the daily <i>Westminster Gazette</i> an
+&quot;interview&quot; with Miss Willard, written by Lady Henry Somerset, which was
+so subtly unjust in its wording that I was forced to reply in my own
+defense. In that reply I made only statements which, like those concerning
+Miss Willard's <i>Voice</i> interview, have not been and cannot be denied. It
+was as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p><b>LADY HENRY SOMERSET'S INTERVIEW WITH MISS WILLARD</b></p>
+
+<p>  To the Editor of the <i>Westminster Gazette</i>: Sir&mdash;The interview published
+  in your columns today hardly merits a reply, because of the indifference
+  to suffering manifested. Two ladies are represented sitting under a tree
+  at Reigate, and, after some preliminary remarks on the terrible subject
+  of lynching, Miss Willard laughingly replies by cracking a joke. And the
+  concluding sentence of the interview shows the object is not to
+  determine how best they may help the Negro who is being hanged, shot and
+  burned, but &quot;to guard Miss Willard's reputation.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>  With me it is not myself nor my reputation, but the life of my people,
+  which is at stake, and I affirm that this is the first time to my
+  knowledge that Miss Willard has said a single word in denunciation of
+  lynching or demand for law. The year 1890, the one in which the
+  interview appears, had a larger lynching record than any previous year,
+  and the number and territory have increased, to say nothing of the human
+  beings burnt alive.</p>
+
+<p>  If so earnest as she would have the English public believe her to be,
+  why was she silent when five minutes were given me to speak last June at
+  Princes' Hall, and in Holborn Town Hall this May? I should say it was as
+  President of the Women's Christian Temperance Union of America she is
+  timid, because all these unions in the South emphasize the hatred of the
+  Negro by excluding him. There is not a single colored woman admitted to
+  the Southern W.C.T.U., but still Miss Willard blames the Negro for the
+  defeat of Prohibition in the South. Miss Willard quotes from
+  <i>Fraternity</i>, but forgets to add my immediate recognition of her
+  presence on the platform at Holborn Town Hall, when, amidst many other
+  resolutions on temperance and other subjects in which she is interested,
+  time was granted to carry an anti-lynching resolution. I was so thankful
+  for this crumb of her speechless presence that I hurried off to the
+  editor of <i>Fraternity</i> and added a postscript to my article blazoning
+  forth that fact.</p>
+
+<p>  Any statements I have made concerning Miss Willard are confirmed by the
+  Hon. Frederick Douglass (late United States minister to Hayti) in a
+  speech delivered by him in Washington in January of this year, which has
+  since been published in a pamphlet. The fact is, Miss Willard is no
+  better or worse than the great bulk of white Americans on the Negro
+  questions. They are all afraid to speak out, and it is only British
+  public opinion which will move them, as I am thankful to see it has
+  already begun to move Miss Willard. I am, etc.,</p>
+
+<p>  May 21</p>
+
+<p>  IDA B. WELLS</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Unable to deny the truth of these assertions, the charge has been made
+that I have attacked Miss Willard and misrepresented the W.C.T.U. If to
+state facts is misrepresentation, then I plead guilty to the charge.</p>
+
+<p>I said then and repeat now, that in all the ten terrible years of
+shooting, hanging and burning of men, women and children in America, the
+Women's Christian Temperance Union never suggested one plan or made one
+move to prevent those awful crimes. If this statement is untrue the
+records of that organization would disprove it before the ink is dry. It
+is clearly an issue of fact and in all fairness this charge of
+misrepresentation should either be substantiated or withdrawn.</p>
+
+<p>It is not necessary, however, to make any representation concerning the
+W.C.T.U. and the lynching question. The record of that organization speaks
+for itself. During all the years prior to the agitation begun against
+Lynch Law, in which years men, women and children were scourged, hanged,
+shot and burned, the W.C.T.U. had no word, either of pity or protest; its
+great heart, which concerns itself about humanity the world over, was,
+toward our cause, pulseless as a stone. Let those who deny this speak by
+the record. Not until after the first British campaign, in 1893, was even
+a resolution passed by the body which is the self-constituted guardian for
+&quot;God, home and native land.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Nor need we go back to other years. The annual session of that
+organization held in Cleveland in November, 1894, made a record which
+confirms and emphasizes the silence charged against it. At that session,
+earnest efforts were made to secure the adoption of a resolution of
+protest against lynching. At that very time two men were being tried for
+the murder of six colored men who were arrested on charge of barn burning,
+chained together, and on pretense of being taken to jail, were driven into
+the woods where they were ambushed and all six shot to death. The six
+widows of the butchered men had just finished the most pathetic recital
+ever heard in any court room, and the mute appeal of twenty-seven orphans
+for justice touched the stoutest hearts. Only two weeks prior to the
+session, Gov. Jones of Alabama, in his last message to the retiring state
+legislature, cited the fact that in the two years just past, nine colored
+men had been taken from the legal authorities by lynching mobs and
+butchered in cold blood&mdash;and not one of these victims was even charged
+with an assault upon womanhood.</p>
+
+<p>It was thought that this great organization, in face of these facts, would
+not hesitate to place itself on record in a resolution of protest against
+this awful brutality towards colored people. Miss Willard gave assurance
+that such a resolution would be adopted, and that assurance was relied on.
+The record of the session shows in what good faith that assurance was
+kept. After recommending an expression against Lynch Law, the President
+attacked the antilynching movement, deliberately misrepresenting my
+position, and in her annual address, charging me with a statement I never
+made.</p>
+
+<p>Further than that, when the committee on resolutions reported their work,
+not a word was said against lynching. In the interest of the cause I
+smothered the resentment. I felt because of the unwarranted and unjust
+attack of the President, and labored with members to secure an expression
+of some kind, tending to abate the awful slaughter of my race. A
+resolution against lynching was introduced by Mrs. Fessenden and read, and
+then that great Christian body, which in its resolutions had expressed
+itself in opposition to the social amusement of card playing, athletic
+sports and promiscuous dancing; had protested against the licensing of
+saloons, inveighed against tobacco, pledged its allegiance to the
+Prohibition party, and thanked the Populist party in Kansas, the
+Republican party in California and the Democratic party in the South,
+wholly ignored the seven millions of colored people of this country whose
+plea was for a word of sympathy and support for the movement in their
+behalf. The resolution was not adopted, and the convention adjourned.</p>
+
+<p>In the <i>Union Signal</i> Dec. 6, 1894, among the resolutions is found this
+one:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Resolved, That the National W.C.T.U, which has for years counted among
+  its departments that of peace and arbitration, is utterly opposed to all
+  lawless acts in any and all parts of our common lands and it urges these
+  principles upon the public, praying that the time may speedily come
+  when no human being shall be condemned without due process of law; and
+  when the unspeakable outrages which have so often provoked such
+  lawlessness shall be banished from the world, and childhood, maidenhood
+  and womanhood shall no more be the victims of atrocities worse than
+  death.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This is not the resolution offered by Mrs. Fessenden. She offered the one
+passed last year by the W.C.T.U. which was a strong unequivocal
+denunciation of lynching. But she was told by the chairman of the
+committee on resolutions, Mrs. Rounds, that there was already a lynching
+resolution in the hands of the committee. Mrs. Fessenden yielded the floor
+on that assurance, and no resolution of any kind against lynching was
+submitted and none was voted upon, not even the one above, taken from the
+columns of the <i>Union Signal</i>, the organ of the national W.C.T.U!</p>
+
+<p>Even the wording of this resolution which was printed by the W.C.T.U.,
+reiterates the false and unjust charge which has been so often made as an
+excuse for lynchers. Statistics show that less than one-third of the
+lynching victims are hanged, shot and burned alive for &quot;unspeakable
+outrages against womanhood, maidenhood and childhood;&quot; and that nearly a
+thousand, including women and children, have been lynched upon any pretext
+whatsoever; and that all have met death upon the unsupported word of white
+men and women. Despite these facts this resolution which was printed,
+cloaks an apology for lawlessness, in the same paragraph which affects to
+condemn it, where it speaks of &quot;the unspeakable outrages which have so
+often provoked such lawlessness.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>Miss Willard told me the day before the resolutions were offered that the
+Southern women present had held a caucus that day. This was after I, as
+fraternal delegate from the Woman's Mite Missionary Society of the A.M.E.
+Church at Cleveland, O., had been introduced to tender its greetings. In
+so doing I expressed the hope of the colored women that the W.C.T.U. would
+place itself on record as opposed to lynching which robbed them of
+husbands, fathers, brothers and sons and in many cases of women as well.
+No note was made either in the daily papers or the <i>Union Signal</i> of that
+introduction and greeting, although every other incident of that morning
+was published. The failure to submit a lynching resolution and the wording
+of the one above appears to have been the result of that Southern caucus.</p>
+
+<p>On the same day I had a private talk with Miss Willard and told her she
+had been unjust to me and the cause in her annual address, and asked that
+she correct the statement that I had misrepresented the W.C.T.U, or that I
+had &quot;put an imputation on one-half the white race in this country.&quot; She
+said that somebody in England told her it was a pity that I attacked the
+white women of America. &quot;Oh,&quot; said I, &quot;then you went out of your way to
+prejudice me and my cause in your annual address, not upon what you had
+heard me say, but what somebody had told you I said?&quot; Her reply was that I
+must not blame her for her rhetorical expressions&mdash;that I had my way of
+expressing things and she had hers. I told her I most assuredly did blame
+her when those expressions were calculated to do such harm. I waited for
+an honest an unequivocal retraction of her statements based on &quot;hearsay.&quot;
+Not a word of retraction or explanation was said in the convention and I
+remained misrepresented before that body through her connivance and
+consent.</p>
+
+<p>The editorial notes in the <i>Union Signal</i>, Dec. 6, 1894, however, contains
+the following:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>In her repudiation of the charges brought by Miss Ida Wells against
+  white women as having taken the initiative in nameless crimes between
+  the races, Miss Willard said in her annual address that this statement
+  &quot;put an unjust imputation upon half the white race.&quot; But as this
+  expression has been misunderstood she desires to declare that she did
+  not intend a literal interpretation to be given to the language used,
+  but employed it to express a tendency that might ensue in public thought
+  as a result of utterances so sweeping as some that have been made by
+  Miss Wells.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Because this explanation is as unjust as the original offense, I am forced
+in self-defense to submit this account of differences. I desire no quarrel
+with the W.C.T.U., but my love for the truth is greater than my regard for
+an alleged friend who, through ignorance or design misrepresents in the
+most harmful way the cause of a long suffering race, and then unable to
+maintain the truth of her attack excuses herself as it were by the wave of
+the hand, declaring that &quot;she did not intend a literal interpretation to
+be given to the language used.&quot; When the lives of men, women and children
+are at stake, when the inhuman butchers of innocents attempt to justify
+their barbarism by fastening upon a whole race the obloque of the most
+infamous of crimes, it is little less than criminal to apologize for the
+butchers today and tomorrow to repudiate the apology by declaring it a
+figure of speech.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="chap9" id="chap9" />9</h2>
+
+<h2><b>LYNCHING RECORD FOR 1894</b></h2>
+
+
+
+<p>The following tables are based on statistics taken from the columns of the
+<i>Chicago Tribune</i>, Jan. 1, 1895. They are a valuable appendix to the
+foregoing pages. They show, among other things, that in Louisiana, April
+23-28, eight Negroes were lynched because one white man was killed by the
+Negro, the latter acting in self defense. Only seven of them are given in
+the list.</p>
+
+<p>Near Memphis, Tenn., six Negroes were lynched&mdash;this time charged with
+burning barns. A trial of the indicted resulted in an acquittal, although
+it was shown on trial that the lynching was prearranged for them. Six
+widows and twenty-seven orphans are indebted to this mob for their
+condition, and this lynching swells the number to eleven Negroes lynched
+in and about Memphis since March 9, 1892.</p>
+
+<p>In Brooks County, Ga., Dec. 23, while this Christian country was preparing
+for Christmas celebration, seven Negroes were lynched in twenty-four hours
+because they refused, or were unable to tell the whereabouts of a colored
+man named Pike, who killed a white man. The wives and daughters of these
+lynched men were horribly and brutally outraged by the murderers of their
+husbands and fathers. But the mob has not been punished and again women
+and children are robbed of their protectors whose blood cries unavenged to
+Heaven and humanity. Georgia heads the list of lynching states.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>MURDER</b></p>
+
+<p>Jan. 9, Samuel Smith, Greenville, Ala., Jan. 11, Sherman Wagoner,
+Mitchell, Ind.; Jan. 12, Roscoe Parker, West Union, Ohio; Feb. 7, Henry
+Bruce, Gulch Co., Ark.; March 5, Sylvester Rhodes, Collins, Ga.; March 15,
+Richard Puryea, Stroudsburg, Pa.; March 29, Oliver Jackson, Montgomery,
+Ala.; March 30, &mdash;&mdash; Saybrick, Fisher's Ferry, Miss.; April 14, William
+Lewis, Lanison, Ala.; April 23, Jefferson Luggle, Cherokee, Kan.; April
+23, Samuel Slaugate, Tallulah, La.; April 23, Thomas Claxton, Tallulah,
+La.; April 23, David Hawkins, Tallulah, La.; April 27, Thel Claxton,
+Tallulah, La.; April 27, Comp Claxton, Tallulah, La.; April 27, Scot
+Harvey, Tallulah, La.; April 27, Jerry McCly, Tallulah, La.; May 17, Henry
+Scott, Jefferson, Tex.; May 15, Coat Williams, Pine Grove, Fla.; June 2,
+Jefferson Crawford, Bethesda, S.C.; June 4, Thondo Underwood, Monroe, La.;
+June 8, Isaac Kemp, Cape Charles, Va.; June 13, Lon Hall, Sweethouse,
+Tex.; June 13, Bascom Cook, Sweethouse, Tex.; June 15, Luke Thomas,
+Biloxi, Miss.; June 29, John Williams, Sulphur, Tex.; June 29, Ulysses
+Hayden, Monett, Mo.; July 6, &mdash;&mdash; Hood, Amite, Miss.; July 7, James Bell,
+Charlotte, Tenn.; Sept. 2, Henderson Hollander, Elkhorn, W. Va.; Sept. 14,
+Robert Williams, Concordia Parish, La.; Sept. 22, Luke Washington, Meghee,
+Ark.; Sept. 22, Richard Washington, Meghee, Ark.; Sept. 22, Henry
+Crobyson, Meghee, Ark.; Nov. 10, Lawrence Younger, Lloyd, Va.; Dec. 17,
+unknown Negro, Williamston, S.C.; Dec. 23, Samuel Taylor, Brooks County,
+Ga.; Dec. 23, Charles Frazier, Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 23, Samuel Pike,
+Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 22, Harry Sherard, Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 23,
+unknown Negro, Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 23, unknown Negro, Brooks County,
+Ga.; Dec. 23, unknown Negro, Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 26, Daniel McDonald,
+Winston County, Miss.; Dec. 23, William Carter, Winston County, Miss.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>RAPE</b></p>
+
+<p>Jan. 17, John Buckner, Valley Park, Mo.; Jan. 21, M.G. Cambell, Jellico
+Mines, Ky.; Jan. 27, unknown, Verona, Mo.; Feb. 11, Henry McCreeg, near
+Pioneer, Tenn.; April 6, Daniel Ahren, Greensboro, Ga.; April 15, Seymour
+Newland, Rushsylvania, Ohio; April 26, Robert Evarts, Jamaica, Ga.; April
+27, James Robinson, Manassas, Va.; April 27, Benjamin White, Manassas,
+Va.; May 15, Nim Young, Ocala, Fla.; May 22, unknown, Miller County, Ga.;
+June 13, unknown, Blackshear, Ga.; June 18, Owen Opliltree, Forsyth, Ga.;
+June 22, Henry Capus, Magnolia, Ark.; June 26, Caleb Godly, Bowling Green,
+Ky.; June 28, Fayette Franklin, Mitchell, Ga.; July 2, Joseph Johnson,
+Hiller's Creek, Mo.; July 6, Lewis Bankhead, Cooper, Ala.; July 16, Marion
+Howard, Scottsville, Ky.; July 20, William Griffith, Woodville, Tex.; Aug.
+12, William Nershbread, Rossville, Tenn.; Aug. 14, Marshall Boston,
+Frankfort, Ky; Sept. 19, David Gooseby, Atlanta, Ga.; Oct. 15, Willis
+Griffey, Princeton, Ky; Nov. 8, Lee Lawrence, Jasper County, Ga.; Nov. 10,
+Needham Smith, Tipton County, Tenn.; Nov. 14, Robert Mosely, Dolinite,
+Ala.; Dec. 4, William Jackson, Ocala, Fla.; Dec. 18, unknown, Marion
+County, Fla.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>UNKNOWN OFFENSES</b></p>
+
+<p>March 6, Lamsen Gregory, Bell's Depot, Tenn.; March 6, unknown woman, near
+Marche, Ark.; April 14, Alfred Brenn, Calhoun, Ga.; June 8, Harry Gill,
+West Lancaster, S.C.; Nov. 23, unknown, Landrum, S.C.; Dec. 5, Mrs. Teddy
+Arthur, Lincoln County, W. Va.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>DESPERADO</b></p>
+
+<p>Jan. 14, Charles Willis, Ocala, Fla.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>SUSPECTED INCENDIARISM</b></p>
+
+<p>Jan. 18, unknown, Bayou Sarah, La.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>SUSPECTED ARSON</b></p>
+
+<p>June 14, J.H. Dave, Monroe, La.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ENTICING SERVANT AWAY</b></p>
+
+<p>Feb. 10, &mdash;&mdash; Collins, Athens, Ga.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>TRAIN WRECKING</b></p>
+
+<p>Feb. 10, Jesse Dillingham, Smokeyville, Tex.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>HIGHWAY ROBBERY</b></p>
+
+<p>June 3, unknown, Dublin, Ga.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>INCENDIARISM</b></p>
+
+<p>Nov. 8, Gabe Nalls, Blackford, Ky.; Nov. 8, Ulysses Nails, Blackford, Ky.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ARSON</b></p>
+
+<p>Dec. 20, James Allen, Brownsville, Tex.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ASSAULT</b></p>
+
+<p>Dec. 23, George King, New Orleans, La.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>NO OFFENSE</b></p>
+
+<p>Dec. 28, Scott Sherman, Morehouse Parish, La.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>BURGLARY</b></p>
+
+<p>May 29, Henry Smith, Clinton, Miss.; May 29, William James, Clinton,
+Miss.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ALLEGED RAPE</b></p>
+
+<p>June 4, Ready Murdock, Yazoo, Miss.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ATTEMPTED RAPE</b></p>
+
+<p>July 14, unknown Negro, Biloxi, Miss.; July 26, Vance McClure, New Iberia,
+La.; July 26, William Tyler, Carlisle, Ky.; Sept. 14, James Smith, Stark,
+Fla.; Oct. 8, Henry Gibson, Fairfield, Tex.; Oct. 20, &mdash;&mdash; Williams, Upper
+Marlboro, Md.; June 9, Lewis Williams, Hewett Springs, Miss.; June 28,
+George Linton, Brookhaven, Miss.; June 28, Edward White, Hudson, Ala.;
+July 6, George Pond, Fulton, Miss.; July 7, Augustus Pond, Tupelo, Miss.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>RACE PREJUDICE</b></p>
+
+<p>June 10, Mark Jacobs, Bienville, La.; July 24, unknown woman, Sampson
+County, Miss.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>INTRODUCING SMALLPOX</b></p>
+
+<p>June 10, James Perry, Knoxville, Ark.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>KIDNAPPING</b></p>
+
+<p>March 2, Lentige, Harland County, Ky.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>CONSPIRACY</b></p>
+
+<p>May 29, J.T. Burgis, Palatka, Fla.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>HORSE STEALING</b></p>
+
+<p>June 20, Archie Haynes, Mason County, Ky.; June 20, Burt Haynes, Mason
+County, Ky.; June 20, William Haynes, Mason County, Ky.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>WRITING LETTER TO WHITE WOMAN</b></p>
+
+<p>May 9, unknown Negro, West Texas.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>GIVING INFORMATION</b></p>
+
+<p>July 12, James Nelson, Abbeyville, S.C.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>STEALING</b></p>
+
+<p>Jan. 5, Alfred Davis, Live Oak County, Ark.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>LARCENY</b></p>
+
+<p>April 18, Henry Montgomery, Lewisburg, Tenn.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>POLITICAL CAUSES</b></p>
+
+<p>July 19, John Brownlee, Oxford, Ala.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>CONJURING</b></p>
+
+<p>July 20, Allen Myers, Rankin County, Miss.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ATTEMPTED MURDER</b></p>
+
+<p>June 1, Frank Ballard, Jackson, Tenn.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ALLEGED MURDER</b></p>
+
+<p>April 5, Negro, near Selma, Ala.; April 5, Negro, near Selma, Ala.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>WITHOUT CAUSE</b></p>
+
+<p>May 17, Samuel Wood, Gates City, Va.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>BARN BURNING</b></p>
+
+<p>April 22, Thomas Black, Tuscumbia, Ala.; April 22, John Williams,
+Tuscumbia, Ala.; April 22, Toney Johnson, Tuscumbia, Ala.; July 14,
+William Bell, Dixon, Tenn.; Sept. 1, Daniel Hawkins, Millington, Tenn.;
+Sept. 1, Robert Haynes, Millington, Tenn.; Sept. 1, Warner Williams,
+Millington, Tenn.; Sept. 1, Edward Hall, Millington, Tenn.; Sept. 1, John
+Haynes, Millington, Tenn.; Sept. 1, Graham White, Millington, Tenn.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>ASKING WHITE WOMAN TO MARRY HIM</b></p>
+
+<p>May 23, William Brooks, Galesline, Ark.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>OFFENSES CHARGED FOR LYNCHING</b></p>
+
+<p>Suspected arson, 2; stealing, 1; political causes, 1; murder, 45; rape,
+29; desperado, 1; suspected incendiarism, 1; train wrecking, 1; enticing
+servant away, 1; kidnapping, 1; unknown offense, 6; larceny, 1; barn
+burning, 10; writing letters to a white woman, 1; without cause, 1;
+burglary, 1; asking white woman to marry, 1; conspiracy, 1; attempted
+murder, 1; horse stealing, 3; highway robbery, 1; alleged rape, 1;
+attempted rape, 11; race prejudice, 2; introducing smallpox, 1; giving
+information, 1; conjuring, 1; incendiarism, 2; arson, 1; assault, 1; no
+offense, 1; alleged murder, 2; total (colored), 134.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>LYNCHING STATES</b></p>
+
+<p>Mississippi, 15; Arkansas, 8; Virginia, 5; Tennessee, 15; Alabama, 12;
+Kentucky, 12; Texas, 9; Georgia, 19; South Carolina, 5; Florida, 7;
+Louisiana, 15; Missouri, 4; Ohio, 2; Maryland, 1; West Virginia, 2;
+Indiana, 1; Kansas, 1; Pennsylvania, 1.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>LYNCHING BY THE MONTH</b></p>
+
+<p>January, 11; February, 17; March, 8; April, 36; May, 16; June, 31; July,
+21; August, 4; September, 17; October, 7; November, 9; December, 20; total
+colored and white, 197.</p>
+
+
+<p><b>WOMEN LYNCHED</b></p>
+
+<p>July 24, unknown woman, race prejudice, Sampson County, Miss.; March 6,
+unknown, woman, unknown offense, Marche, Ark.; Dec. 5, Mrs. Teddy Arthur,
+unknown cause, Lincoln County, W. Va.</p>
+
+
+
+<hr style="width: 65%;" />
+<h2><a name="chap10" id="chap10" />10</h2>
+
+<h2>THE REMEDY</h2>
+
+
+<p>It is a well-established principle of law that every wrong has a remedy.
+Herein rests our respect for law. The Negro does not claim that all of the
+one thousand black men, women and children, who have been hanged, shot and
+burned alive during the past ten years, were innocent of the charges made
+against them. We have associated too long with the white man not to have
+copied his vices as well as his virtues. But we do insist that the
+punishment is not the same for both classes of criminals. In lynching,
+opportunity is not given the Negro to defend himself against the
+unsupported accusations of white men and women. The word of the accuser is
+held to be true and the excited bloodthirsty mob demands that the rule of
+law be reversed and instead of proving the accused to be guilty, the
+victim of their hate and revenge must prove himself innocent. No evidence
+he can offer will satisfy the mob; he is bound hand and foot and swung
+into eternity. Then to excuse its infamy, the mob almost invariably
+reports the monstrous falsehood that its victim made a full confession
+before he was hanged.</p>
+
+<p>With all military, legal and political power in their hands, only two of
+the lynching States have attempted a check by exercising the power which
+is theirs. Mayor Trout, of Roanoke, Virginia, called out the militia in
+1893, to protect a Negro prisoner, and in so doing nine men were killed
+and a number wounded. Then the mayor and militia withdrew, left the Negro
+to his fate and he was promptly lynched. The business men realized the
+blow to the town's were given light sentences, the highest being one of
+twelve financial interests, called the mayor home, the grand jury
+indicted and prosecuted the ringleaders of the mob. They months in State
+prison. The day he arrived at the penitentiary, he was pardoned by the
+governor of the State.</p>
+
+<p>The only other real attempt made by the authorities to protect a prisoner
+of the law, and which was more successful, was that of Gov. McKinley, of
+Ohio, who sent the militia to Washington Courthouse, O., in October, 1894,
+and five men were killed and twenty wounded in maintaining the principle
+that the law must be upheld.</p>
+
+<p>In South Carolina, in April, 1893, Gov. Tillman aided the mob by yielding
+up to be killed, a prisoner of the law, who had voluntarily placed himself
+under the Governor's protection. Public sentiment by its representatives
+has encouraged Lynch Law, and upon the revolution of this sentiment we
+must depend for its abolition.</p>
+
+<p>Therefore, we demand a fair trial by law for those accused of crime, and
+punishment by law after honest conviction. No maudlin sympathy for
+criminals is solicited, but we do ask that the law shall punish all alike.
+We earnestly desire those that control the forces which make public
+sentiment to join with us in the demand. Surely the humanitarian spirit of
+this country which reaches out to denounce the treatment of the Russian
+Jews, the Armenian Christians, the laboring poor of Europe, the Siberian
+exiles and the native women of India&mdash;will not longer refuse to lift its
+voice on this subject. If it were known that the cannibals or the savage
+Indians had burned three human beings alive in the past two years, the
+whole of Christendom would be roused, to devise ways and means to put a
+stop to it. Can you remain silent and inactive when such things are done
+in our own community and country? Is your duty to humanity in the United
+States less binding?</p>
+
+<p>What can you do, reader, to prevent lynching, to thwart anarchy and
+promote law and order throughout our land?</p>
+
+<p>1st. You can help disseminate the facts contained in this book by bringing
+them to the knowledge of every one with whom you come in contact, to the
+end that public sentiment may be revolutionized. Let the facts speak for
+themselves, with you as a medium.</p>
+
+<p>2d. You can be instrumental in having churches, missionary societies,
+Y.M.C.A.'s, W.C.T.U.'s and all Christian and moral forces in connection
+with your religious and social life, pass resolutions of condemnation and
+protest every time a lynching takes place; and see that they axe sent to
+the place where these outrages occur.</p>
+
+<p>3d. Bring to the intelligent consideration of Southern people the refusal
+of capital to invest where lawlessness and mob violence hold sway. Many
+labor organizations have declared by resolution that they would avoid
+lynch infested localities as they would the pestilence when seeking new
+homes. If the South wishes to build up its waste places quickly, there is
+no better way than to uphold the majesty of the law by enforcing obedience
+to the same, and meting out the same punishment to all classes of
+criminals, white as well as black. &quot;Equality before the law,&quot; must become
+a fact as well as a theory before America is truly the &quot;land of the free
+and the home of the brave.&quot;</p>
+
+<p>4th. Think and act on independent lines in this behalf, remembering that
+after all, it is the white man's civilization and the white man's
+government which are on trial. This crusade will determine whether that
+civilization can maintain itself by itself, or whether anarchy shall
+prevail; Whether this Nation shall write itself down a success at self
+government, or in deepest humiliation admit its failure complete; whether
+the precepts and theories of Christianity are professed and practiced by
+American white people as Golden Rules of thought and action, or adopted as
+a system of morals to be preached to, heathen until they attain to the
+intelligence which needs the system of Lynch Law.</p>
+
+<p>5th. Congressman Blair offered a resolution in the House of
+Representatives, August, 1894. The organized life of the country can
+speedily make this a law by sending resolutions to Congress indorsing Mr.
+Blair's bill and asking Congress to create the commission. In no better
+way can the question be settled, and the Negro does not fear the issue.
+The following is the resolution:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>Resolved, By the House of Representatives and Senate in congress
+  assembled, That the committee on labor be instructed to investigate and
+  report the number, location and date of all alleged assaults by males
+  upon females throughout the country during the ten years last preceding
+  the passing of this joint resolution, for or on account of which
+  organized but unlawful violence has been inflicted or attempted to be
+  inflicted. Also to ascertain and report all facts of organized but
+  unlawful violence to the person, with the attendant facts and
+  circumstances, which have been inflicted upon accused persons alleged to
+  have been guilty of crimes punishable by due process of law which have
+  taken place in any part of the country within the ten years last
+  preceding the passage of this resolution. Such investigation shall be
+  made by the usual methods and agencies of the Department of Labor, and
+  report made to Congress as soon as the work can be satisfactorily done,
+  and the sum of $25,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is
+  hereby appropriated to pay the expenses out of any money in the treasury
+  not otherwise appropriated.</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The belief has been constantly expressed in England that in the United
+States, which has produced Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Henry Ward Beecher, James
+Russell Lowell, John G. Whittier and Abraham Lincoln there must be those
+of their descendants who would take hold of the work of inaugurating an
+era of law and order. The colored people of this country who have been
+loyal to the flag believe the same, and strong in that belief have begun
+this crusade. To those who still feel they have no obligation in the
+matter, we commend the following lines of Lowell on &quot;Freedom.&quot;</p>
+
+<div class="poem"><div class="stanza">
+<span>Men! whose boast it is that ye<br /></span>
+<span>Come of fathers brave and free,<br /></span>
+<span>If there breathe on earth a slave<br /></span>
+<span>Are ye truly free and brave?<br /></span>
+<span>If ye do not feel the chain,<br /></span>
+<span>When it works a brother's pain,<br /></span>
+<span>Are ye not base slaves indeed,<br /></span>
+<span>Slaves unworthy to be freed?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span>Women! who shall one day bear<br /></span>
+<span>Sons to breathe New England air,<br /></span>
+<span>If ye hear without a blush,<br /></span>
+<span>Deeds to make the roused blood rush<br /></span>
+<span>Like red lava through your veins,<br /></span>
+<span>For your sisters now in chains,&mdash;<br /></span>
+<span>Answer! are ye fit to be<br /></span>
+<span>Mothers of the brave and free?<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span>Is true freedom but to break<br /></span>
+<span>Fetters for our own dear sake,<br /></span>
+<span>And, with leathern hearts, forget<br /></span>
+<span>That we owe mankind a debt?<br /></span>
+<span>No! true freedom is to share<br /></span>
+<span>All the chains our brothers wear,<br /></span>
+<span>And, with heart and hand, to be<br /></span>
+<span>Earnest to make others free!<br /></span>
+</div><div class="stanza">
+<span>There are slaves who fear to speak<br /></span>
+<span>For the fallen and the weak;<br /></span>
+<span>They are slaves who will not choose<br /></span>
+<span>Hatred, scoffing, and abuse,<br /></span>
+<span>Rather than in silence shrink<br /></span>
+<span>From the truth they needs must think;<br /></span>
+<span>They are slaves who dare not be<br /></span>
+<span>In the right with two or three.<br /></span>
+</div></div>
+
+
+<p><b>A FIELD FOR PRACTICAL WORK</b></p>
+
+<p>The very frequent inquiry made after my lectures by interested friends is
+&quot;What can I do to help the cause?&quot; The answer always is: &quot;Tell the world
+the facts.&quot; When the Christian world knows the alarming growth and extent
+of outlawry in our land, some means will be found to stop it.</p>
+
+<p>The object of this publication is to tell the facts, and friends of the
+cause can lend a helping hand by aiding in the distribution of these
+books. When I present our cause to a minister, editor, lecturer, or
+representative of any moral agency, the first demand is for facts and
+figures. Plainly, I can not then hand out a book with a twenty-five-cent
+tariff on the information contained. This would be only a new method in
+the book agents' art. In all such cases it is a pleasure to submit this
+book for investigation, with the certain assurance of gaining a friend to
+the cause.</p>
+
+<p>There are many agencies which may be enlisted in our cause by the general
+circulation of the facts herein contained. The preachers, teachers,
+editors and humanitarians of the white race, at home and abroad, must have
+facts laid before them, and it is our duty to supply these facts. The
+Central Anti-Lynching League, Room 9, 128 Clark St., Chicago, has
+established a Free Distribution Fund, the work of which can be promoted by
+all who are interested in this work.</p>
+
+<p>Antilynching leagues, societies and individuals can order books from this
+fund at agents' rates. The books will be sent to their order, or, if
+desired, will be distributed by the League among those whose cooperative
+aid we so greatly need. The writer hereof assures prompt distribution of
+books according to order, and public acknowledgment of all orders through
+the public press.</p>
+
+<hr style="width: 95%;" />
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Red Record, by Ida B. Wells-Barnett
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RED RECORD ***
+
+***** This file should be named 14977-h.htm or 14977-h.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/9/7/14977/
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Melissa Er-Raqabi and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
+
+</pre>
+
+</body>
+</html>
diff --git a/14977-h/images/gs099th.png b/14977-h/images/gs099th.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b83a70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/14977-h/images/gs099th.png
diff --git a/14977-h/images/gs100th.png b/14977-h/images/gs100th.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90aafe9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/14977-h/images/gs100th.png
diff --git a/14977-h/images/gs101th.png b/14977-h/images/gs101th.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aad906e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/14977-h/images/gs101th.png
diff --git a/14977.txt b/14977.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6d27dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/14977.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4039 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Red Record, by Ida B. Wells-Barnett
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Red Record
+       Tabulated Statistics and Alleged Causes of Lynching in the United States
+
+Author: Ida B. Wells-Barnett
+
+Release Date: February 8, 2005 [EBook #14977]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RED RECORD ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Melissa Er-Raqabi and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Red Record:
+Tabulated Statistics and
+Alleged Causes of Lynching
+in the United States
+
+By Ida B. Wells-Barnett
+
+
+1895
+
+[Transcriber's Note: This pamphlet was first published in 1895 but was
+subsequently reprinted. It's not apparent if the curiosities in spelling
+date back to the original or were introduced later; they have been
+retained as found, and the reader is left to decide. Please verify with
+another source before quoting this material.]
+
+
+PREFACE
+
+HON. FREDERICK DOUGLASS'S LETTER
+
+DEAR MISS WELLS:
+
+Let me give you thanks for your faithful paper on the lynch abomination
+now generally practiced against colored people in the South. There has
+been no word equal to it in convincing power. I have spoken, but my word
+is feeble in comparison. You give us what you know and testify from actual
+knowledge. You have dealt with the facts with cool, painstaking fidelity,
+and left those naked and uncontradicted facts to speak for themselves.
+
+Brave woman! you have done your people and mine a service which can
+neither be weighed nor measured. If the American conscience were only half
+alive, if the American church and clergy were only half Christianized, if
+American moral sensibility were not hardened by persistent infliction of
+outrage and crime against colored people, a scream of horror, shame, and
+indignation would rise to Heaven wherever your pamphlet shall be read.
+
+But alas! even crime has power to reproduce itself and create conditions
+favorable to its own existence. It sometimes seems we are deserted by
+earth and Heaven--yet we must still think, speak and work, and trust in
+the power of a merciful God for final deliverance.
+
+Very truly and gratefully yours,
+FREDERICK DOUGLASS
+Cedar Hill, Anacostia, D.C.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+CHAPTER 1
+The Case Stated      57
+
+CHAPTER 2
+Lynch-Law Statistics      65
+
+CHAPTER 3
+Lynching Imbeciles      73
+
+CHAPTER 4
+Lynching of Innocent Men      84
+
+CHAPTER 5
+Lynched for Anything or Nothing      93
+
+CHAPTER 6
+History of Some Cases of Rape      108
+
+CHAPTER 7
+The Crusade Justified      121
+
+CHAPTER 8
+Miss Willard's Attitude      129
+
+CHAPTER 9
+Lynching Record for 1894      139
+
+CHAPTER 10
+The Remedy      147
+
+
+
+
+1
+
+THE CASE STATED
+
+
+The student of American sociology will find the year 1894 marked by a
+pronounced awakening of the public conscience to a system of anarchy and
+outlawry which had grown during a series of ten years to be so common,
+that scenes of unusual brutality failed to have any visible effect upon
+the humane sentiments of the people of our land.
+
+Beginning with the emancipation of the Negro, the inevitable result of
+unbribled power exercised for two and a half centuries, by the white man
+over the Negro, began to show itself in acts of conscienceless outlawry.
+During the slave regime, the Southern white man owned the Negro body and
+soul. It was to his interest to dwarf the soul and preserve the body.
+Vested with unlimited power over his slave, to subject him to any and all
+kinds of physical punishment, the white man was still restrained from such
+punishment as tended to injure the slave by abating his physical powers
+and thereby reducing his financial worth. While slaves were scourged
+mercilessly, and in countless cases inhumanly treated in other respects,
+still the white owner rarely permitted his anger to go so far as to take a
+life, which would entail upon him a loss of several hundred dollars. The
+slave was rarely killed, he was too valuable; it was easier and quite as
+effective, for discipline or revenge, to sell him "Down South."
+
+But Emancipation came and the vested interests of the white man in the
+Negro's body were lost. The white man had no right to scourge the
+emancipated Negro, still less has he a right to kill him. But the Southern
+white people had been educated so long in that school of practice, in
+which might makes right, that they disdained to draw strict lines of
+action in dealing with the Negro. In slave times the Negro was kept
+subservient and submissive by the frequency and severity of the scourging,
+but, with freedom, a new system of intimidation came into vogue; the Negro
+was not only whipped and scourged; he was killed.
+
+Not all nor nearly all of the murders done by white men, during the past
+thirty years in the South, have come to light, but the statistics as
+gathered and preserved by white men, and which have not been questioned,
+show that during these years more than ten thousand Negroes have been
+killed in cold blood, without the formality of judicial trial and legal
+execution. And yet, as evidence of the absolute impunity with which the
+white man dares to kill a Negro, the same record shows that during all
+these years, and for all these murders only three white men have been
+tried, convicted, and executed. As no white man has been lynched for the
+murder of colored people, these three executions are the only instances of
+the death penalty being visited upon white men for murdering Negroes.
+
+Naturally enough the commission of these crimes began to tell upon the
+public conscience, and the Southern white man, as a tribute to the
+nineteenth-century civilization, was in a manner compelled to give excuses
+for his barbarism. His excuses have adapted themselves to the emergency,
+and are aptly outlined by that greatest of all Negroes, Frederick
+Douglass, in an article of recent date, in which he shows that there have
+been three distinct eras of Southern barbarism, to account for which three
+distinct excuses have been made.
+
+The first excuse given to the civilized world for the murder of
+unoffending Negroes was the necessity of the white man to repress and
+stamp out alleged "race riots." For years immediately succeeding the war
+there was an appalling slaughter of colored people, and the wires usually
+conveyed to northern people and the world the intelligence, first, that an
+insurrection was being planned by Negroes, which, a few hours later, would
+prove to have been vigorously resisted by white men, and controlled with a
+resulting loss of several killed and wounded. It was always a remarkable
+feature in these insurrections and riots that only Negroes were killed
+during the rioting, and that all the white men escaped unharmed.
+
+From 1865 to 1872, hundreds of colored men and women were mercilessly
+murdered and the almost invariable reason assigned was that they met their
+death by being alleged participants in an insurrection or riot. But this
+story at last wore itself out. No insurrection ever materialized; no
+Negro rioter was ever apprehended and proven guilty, and no dynamite ever
+recorded the black man's protest against oppression and wrong. It was too
+much to ask thoughtful people to believe this transparent story, and the
+southern white people at last made up their minds that some other excuse
+must be had.
+
+Then came the second excuse, which had its birth during the turbulent
+times of reconstruction. By an amendment to the Constitution the Negro was
+given the right of franchise, and, theoretically at least, his ballot
+became his invaluable emblem of citizenship. In a government "of the
+people, for the people, and by the people," the Negro's vote became an
+important factor in all matters of state and national politics. But this
+did not last long. The southern white man would not consider that the
+Negro had any right which a white man was bound to respect, and the idea
+of a republican form of government in the southern states grew into
+general contempt. It was maintained that "This is a white man's
+government," and regardless of numbers the white man should rule. "No
+Negro domination" became the new legend on the sanguinary banner of the
+sunny South, and under it rode the Ku Klux Klan, the Regulators, and the
+lawless mobs, which for any cause chose to murder one man or a dozen as
+suited their purpose best. It was a long, gory campaign; the blood chills
+and the heart almost loses faith in Christianity when one thinks of Yazoo,
+Hamburg, Edgefield, Copiah, and the countless massacres of defenseless
+Negroes, whose only crime was the attempt to exercise their right to vote.
+
+But it was a bootless strife for colored people. The government which had
+made the Negro a citizen found itself unable to protect him. It gave him
+the right to vote, but denied him the protection which should have
+maintained that right. Scourged from his home; hunted through the swamps;
+hung by midnight raiders, and openly murdered in the light of day, the
+Negro clung to his right of franchise with a heroism which would have
+wrung admiration from the hearts of savages. He believed that in that
+small white ballot there was a subtle something which stood for manhood as
+well as citizenship, and thousands of brave black men went to their
+graves, exemplifying the one by dying for the other.
+
+The white man's victory soon became complete by fraud, violence,
+intimidation and murder. The franchise vouchsafed to the Negro grew to be
+a "barren ideality," and regardless of numbers, the colored people found
+themselves voiceless in the councils of those whose duty it was to rule.
+With no longer the fear of "Negro Domination" before their eyes, the
+white man's second excuse became valueless. With the Southern governments
+all subverted and the Negro actually eliminated from all participation in
+state and national elections, there could be no longer an excuse for
+killing Negroes to prevent "Negro Domination."
+
+Brutality still continued; Negroes were whipped, scourged, exiled, shot
+and hung whenever and wherever it pleased the white man so to treat them,
+and as the civilized world with increasing persistency held the white
+people of the South to account for its outlawry, the murderers invented
+the third excuse--that Negroes had to be killed to avenge their assaults
+upon women. There could be framed no possible excuse more harmful to the
+Negro and more unanswerable if true in its sufficiency for the white man.
+
+Humanity abhors the assailant of womanhood, and this charge upon the Negro
+at once placed him beyond the pale of human sympathy. With such unanimity,
+earnestness and apparent candor was this charge made and reiterated that
+the world has accepted the story that the Negro is a monster which the
+Southern white man has painted him. And today, the Christian world feels,
+that while lynching is a crime, and lawlessness and anarchy the certain
+precursors of a nation's fall, it can not by word or deed, extend sympathy
+or help to a race of outlaws, who might mistake their plea for justice and
+deem it an excuse for their continued wrongs.
+
+The Negro has suffered much and is willing to suffer more. He recognizes
+that the wrongs of two centuries can not be righted in a day, and he tries
+to bear his burden with patience for today and be hopeful for tomorrow.
+But there comes a time when the veriest worm will turn, and the Negro
+feels today that after all the work he has done, all the sacrifices he has
+made, and all the suffering he has endured, if he did not, now, defend his
+name and manhood from this vile accusation, he would be unworthy even of
+the contempt of mankind. It is to this charge he now feels he must make
+answer.
+
+If the Southern people in defense of their lawlessness, would tell the
+truth and admit that colored men and women are lynched for almost any
+offense, from murder to a misdemeanor, there would not now be the
+necessity for this defense. But when they intentionally, maliciously and
+constantly belie the record and bolster up these falsehoods by the words
+of legislators, preachers, governors and bishops, then the Negro must give
+to the world his side of the awful story.
+
+A word as to the charge itself. In considering the third reason assigned
+by the Southern white people for the butchery of blacks, the question must
+be asked, what the white man means when he charges the black man with
+rape. Does he mean the crime which the statutes of the civilized states
+describe as such? Not by any means. With the Southern white man, any
+mesalliance existing between a white woman and a colored man is a
+sufficient foundation for the charge of rape. The Southern white man says
+that it is impossible for a voluntary alliance to exist between a white
+woman and a colored man, and therefore, the fact of an alliance is a proof
+of force. In numerous instances where colored men have have been lynched
+on the charge of rape, it was positively known at the time of lynching,
+and indisputably proven after the victim's death, that the relationship
+sustained between the man and woman was voluntary and clandestine, and
+that in no court of law could even the charge of assault have been
+successfully maintained.
+
+It was for the assertion of this fact, in the defense of her own race,
+that the writer hereof became an exile; her property destroyed and her
+return to her home forbidden under penalty of death, for writing the
+following editorial which was printed in her paper, the _Free Speech,_ in
+Memphis, Tenn., May 21,1892:
+
+  Eight Negroes lynched since last issue of the _Free Speech_ one at
+  Little Rock, Ark., last Saturday morning where the citizens broke(?)
+  into the penitentiary and got their man; three near Anniston, Ala., one
+  near New Orleans; and three at Clarksville, Ga., the last three for
+  killing a white man, and five on the same old racket--the new alarm
+  about raping white women. The same programme of hanging, then shooting
+  bullets into the lifeless bodies was carried out to the letter. Nobody
+  in this section of the country believes the old threadbare lie that
+  Negro men rape white women. If Southern white men are not careful, they
+  will overreach themselves and public sentiment will have a reaction; a
+  conclusion will then be reached which will be very damaging to the moral
+  reputation of their women.
+
+But threats cannot suppress the truth, and while the Negro suffers the
+soul deformity, resultant from two and a half centuries of slavery, he is
+no more guilty of this vilest of all vile charges than the white man who
+would blacken his name.
+
+During all the years of slavery, no such charge was ever made, not even
+during the dark days of the rebellion, when the white man, following the
+fortunes of war went to do battle for the maintenance of slavery. While
+the master was away fighting to forge the fetters upon the slave, he left
+his wife and children with no protectors save the Negroes themselves. And
+yet during those years of trust and peril, no Negro proved recreant to his
+trust and no white man returned to a home that had been dispoiled.
+
+Likewise during the period of alleged "insurrection," and alarming "race
+riots," it never occurred to the white man, that his wife and children
+were in danger of assault. Nor in the Reconstruction era, when the hue and
+cry was against "Negro Domination," was there ever a thought that the
+domination would ever contaminate a fireside or strike to death the virtue
+of womanhood. It must appear strange indeed, to every thoughtful and
+candid man, that more than a quarter of a century elapsed before the Negro
+began to show signs of such infamous degeneration.
+
+In his remarkable apology for lynching, Bishop Haygood, of Georgia, says:
+"No race, not the most savage, tolerates the rape of woman, but it may be
+said without reflection upon any other people that the Southern people are
+now and always have been most sensitive concerning the honor of their
+women--their mothers, wives, sisters and daughters." It is not the purpose
+of this defense to say one word against the white women of the South. Such
+need not be said, but it is their misfortune that the chivalrous white men
+of that section, in order to escape the deserved execration of the
+civilized world, should shield themselves by their cowardly and infamously
+false excuse, and call into question that very honor about which their
+distinguished priestly apologist claims they are most sensitive. To
+justify their own barbarism they assume a chivalry which they do not
+possess. True chivalry respects all womanhood, and no one who reads the
+record, as it is written in the faces of the million mulattoes in the
+South, will for a minute conceive that the southern white man had a very
+chivalrous regard for the honor due the women of his own race or respect
+for the womanhood which circumstances placed in his power. That chivalry
+which is "most sensitive concerning the honor of women" can hope for but
+little respect from the civilized world, when it confines itself entirely
+to the women who happen to be white. Virtue knows no color line, and the
+chivalry which depends upon complexion of skin and texture of hair can
+command no honest respect.
+
+When emancipation came to the Negroes, there arose in the northern part of
+the United States an almost divine sentiment among the noblest, purest
+and best white women of the North, who felt called to a mission to educate
+and Christianize the millions of southern exslaves. From every nook and
+corner of the North, brave young white women answered that call and left
+their cultured homes, their happy associations and their lives of ease,
+and with heroic determination went to the South to carry light and truth
+to the benighted blacks. It was a heroism no less than that which calls
+for volunteers for India, Africa and the Isles of the sea. To educate
+their unfortunate charges; to teach them the Christian virtues and to
+inspire in them the moral sentiments manifest in their own lives, these
+young women braved dangers whose record reads more like fiction than fact.
+They became social outlaws in the South. The peculiar sensitiveness of the
+southern white men for women, never shed its protecting influence about
+them. No friendly word from their own race cheered them in their work; no
+hospitable doors gave them the companionship like that from which they had
+come. No chivalrous white man doffed his hat in honor or respect. They
+were "Nigger teachers"--unpardonable offenders in the social ethics of the
+South, and were insulted, persecuted and ostracised, not by Negroes, but
+by the white manhood which boasts of its chivalry toward women.
+
+And yet these northern women worked on, year after year, unselfishly, with
+a heroism which amounted almost to martyrdom. Threading their way through
+dense forests, working in schoolhouse, in the cabin and in the church,
+thrown at all times and in all places among the unfortunate and lowly
+Negroes, whom they had come to find and to serve, these northern women,
+thousands and thousands of them, have spent more than a quarter of a
+century in giving to the colored people their splendid lessons for home
+and heart and soul. Without protection, save that which innocence gives to
+every good woman, they went about their work, fearing no assault and
+suffering none. Their chivalrous protectors were hundreds of miles away in
+their northern homes, and yet they never feared any "great dark-faced
+mobs," they dared night or day to "go beyond their own roof trees." They
+never complained of assaults, and no mob was ever called into existence to
+avenge crimes against them. Before the world adjudges the Negro a moral
+monster, a vicious assailant of womanhood and a menace to the sacred
+precincts of home, the colored people ask the consideration of the silent
+record of gratitude, respect, protection and devotion of the millions of
+the race in the South, to the thousands of northern white women who have
+served as teachers and missionaries since the war.
+
+The Negro may not have known what chivalry was, but he knew enough to
+preserve inviolate the womanhood of the South which was entrusted to his
+hands during the war. The finer sensibilities of his soul may have been
+crushed out by years of slavery, but his heart was full of gratitude to
+the white women of the North, who blessed his home and inspired his soul
+in all these years of freedom. Faithful to his trust in both of these
+instances, he should now have the impartial ear of the civilized world,
+when he dares to speak for himself as against the infamy wherewith he
+stands charged.
+
+It is his regret, that, in his own defense, he must disclose to the world
+that degree of dehumanizing brutality which fixes upon America the blot of
+a national crime. Whatever faults and failings other nations may have in
+their dealings with their own subjects or with other people, no other
+civilized nation stands condemned before the world with a series of crimes
+so peculiarly national. It becomes a painful duty of the Negro to
+reproduce a record which shows that a large portion of the American people
+avow anarchy, condone murder and defy the contempt of civilization. These
+pages are written in no spirit of vindictiveness, for all who give the
+subject consideration must concede that far too serious is the condition
+of that civilized government in which the spirit of unrestrained outlawry
+constantly increases in violence, and casts its blight over a continually
+growing area of territory. We plead not for the colored people alone, but
+for all victims of the terrible injustice which puts men and women to
+death without form of law. During the year 1894, there were 132 persons
+executed in the United States by due form of law, while in the same year,
+197 persons were put to death by mobs who gave the victims no opportunity
+to make a lawful defense. No comment need be made upon a condition of
+public sentiment responsible for such alarming results.
+
+The purpose of the pages which follow shall be to give the record which
+has been made, not by colored men, but that which is the result of
+compilations made by white men, of reports sent over the civilized world
+by white men in the South. Out of their own mouths shall the murderers be
+condemned. For a number of years the _Chicago Tribune_, admittedly one of
+the leading journals of America, has made a specialty of the compilation
+of statistics touching upon lynching. The data compiled by that journal
+and published to the world January 1, 1894, up to the present time has not
+been disputed. In order to be safe from the charge of exaggeration, the
+incidents hereinafter reported have been confined to those vouched for by
+the Tribune.
+
+
+
+
+2
+
+LYNCH-LAW STATISTICS
+
+
+From the record published in the _Chicago Tribune_, January 1, 1894, the
+following computation of lynching statistics is made referring only to the
+colored victims of Lynch Law during the year 1893:
+
+ARSON
+
+Sept. 15, Paul Hill, Carrollton, Ala.; Sept. 15, Paul Archer, Carrollton,
+Ala.; Sept. 15, William Archer, Carrollton, Ala.; Sept. 15, Emma Fair,
+Carrollton, Ala.
+
+
+SUSPECTED ROBBERY
+
+Dec. 23, unknown negro, Fannin, Miss.
+
+
+ASSAULT
+
+Dec. 25, Calvin Thomas, near Brainbridge, Ga.
+
+
+ATTEMPTED ASSAULT
+
+Dec. 28, Tillman Green, Columbia, La.
+
+
+INCENDIARISM
+
+Jan. 26, Patrick Wells, Quincy, Fla.; Feb. 9, Frank Harrell, Dickery,
+Miss.; Feb. 9, William Filder, Dickery, Miss.
+
+
+ATTEMPTED RAPE
+
+Feb. 21, Richard Mays, Springville, Mo.; Aug. 14, Dug Hazleton,
+Carrollton, Ga.; Sept. 1, Judge McNeil, Cadiz, Ky.; Sept. 11, Frank Smith,
+Newton, Miss.; Sept. 16, William Jackson, Nevada, Mo.; Sept. 19, Riley
+Gulley, Pine Apple, Ala.; Oct. 9, John Davis, Shorterville, Ala.; Nov. 8,
+Robert Kennedy, Spartansburg, S.C.
+
+
+BURGLARY
+
+Feb. 16, Richard Forman, Granada, Miss.
+
+
+WIFE BEATING
+
+Oct. 14, David Jackson, Covington, La.
+
+
+ATTEMPTED MURDER
+
+Sept. 21, Thomas Smith, Roanoke, Va.
+
+
+ATTEMPTED ROBBERY
+
+Dec. 12, four unknown negroes, near Selma, Ala.
+
+
+RACE PREJUDICE
+
+Jan. 30, Thomas Carr, Kosciusko, Miss.; Feb. 7, William Butler, Hickory
+Creek, Texas; Aug. 27, Charles Tart, Lyons Station, Miss.; Dec. 7, Robert
+Greenwood, Cross county, Ark.; July 14, Allen Butler, Lawrenceville, Ill.
+
+
+THIEVES
+
+Oct. 24, two unknown negroes, Knox Point, La.
+
+
+ALLEGED BARN BURNING
+
+Nov. 4, Edward Wagner, Lynchburg, Va.; Nov. 4, William Wagner, Lynchburg,
+Va.; Nov. 4, Samuel Motlow, Lynchburg, Va.; Nov. 4, Eliza Motlow,
+Lynchburg, Va.
+
+
+ALLEGED MURDER
+
+Jan. 21, Robert Landry, St. James Parish, La.; Jan. 21, Chicken George,
+St. James Parish, La.; Jan. 21, Richard Davis, St. James Parish, La.; Dec.
+8, Benjamin Menter, Berlin, Ala.; Dec. 8, Robert Wilkins, Berlin, Ala.;
+Dec. 8, Joseph Gevhens, Berlin, Ala.
+
+
+ALLEGED COMPLICITY IN MURDER
+
+Sept. 16, Valsin Julian, Jefferson Parish, La.; Sept. 16, Basil Julian,
+Jefferson Parish, La.; Sept. 16, Paul Julian, Jefferson Parish, La.; Sept.
+16, John Willis, Jefferson Parish, La.
+
+
+MURDER
+
+June 29, Samuel Thorp, Savannah, Ga.; June 29, George S. Riechen,
+Waynesboro, Ga.; June 30, Joseph Bird, Wilberton, I.T.; July 1, James
+Lamar, Darien, Ga.; July 28, Henry Miller, Dallas, Texas; July 28, Ada
+Hiers, Walterboro, S.C.; July 28, Alexander Brown, Bastrop, Texas; July
+30, W.G. Jamison, Quincy, Ill.; Sept. 1, John Ferguson, Lawrens, S.C.;
+Sept. 1, Oscar Johnston, Berkeley, S.C.; Sept. 1, Henry Ewing, Berkeley,
+S.C.; Sept. 8, William Smith, Camden, Ark.; Sept. 15, Staples Green,
+Livingston, Ala.; Sept. 29, Hiram Jacobs, Mount Vernon, Ga.; Sept. 29,
+Lucien Mannet, Mount Vernon, Ga.; Sept. 29, Hire Bevington, Mount Vernon,
+Ga.; Sept. 29, Weldon Gordon, Mount Vernon, Ga.; Sept. 29, Parse
+Strickland, Mount Vernon, Ga.; Oct. 20, William Dalton, Cartersville, Ga.;
+Oct. 27, M.B. Taylor, Wise Court House, Va.; Oct. 27, Isaac Williams,
+Madison, Ga.; Nov. 10, Miller Davis, Center Point, Ark.; Nov. 14, John
+Johnston, Auburn, N.Y.
+
+Sept. 27, Calvin Stewart, Langley, S.C.; Sept. 29, Henry Coleman, Denton,
+La.; Oct. 18, William Richards, Summerfield, Ga.; Oct. 18, James Dickson,
+Summerfield, Ga.; Oct. 27, Edward Jenkins, Clayton county, Ga.; Nov. 9,
+Henry Boggs, Fort White, Fla.; Nov. 14, three unknown negroes, Lake City
+Junction, Fla.; Nov. 14, D.T. Nelson, Varney, Ark.; Nov. 29, Newton Jones,
+Baxley, Ga.; Dec. 2, Lucius Holt, Concord, Ga.; Dec. 10, two unknown
+negroes, Richmond, Ala.; July 12, Henry Fleming, Columbus, Miss.; July 17,
+unknown negro, Briar Field, Ala.; July 18, Meredith Lewis, Roseland, La.
+July 29, Edward Bill, Dresden, Tenn.; Aug. 1, Henry Reynolds, Montgomery,
+Tenn.; Aug. 9, unknown negro, McCreery, Ark.; Aug. 12, unknown negro,
+Brantford, Fla.; Aug. 18, Charles Walton, Morganfield, Ky; Aug. 21,
+Charles Tait, near Memphis, Tenn.; Aug. 28, Leonard Taylor, New Castle,
+Ky; Sept. 8, Benjamin Jackson, Quincy, Miss.; Sept. 14, John Williams,
+Jackson, Tenn.
+
+
+SELF-DEFENSE
+
+July 30, unknown negro, Wingo, Ky.
+
+
+POISONING WELLS
+
+Aug. 18, two unknown negroes, Franklin Parish, La.
+
+
+ALLEGED WELL POISONING
+
+Sept. 15, Benjamin Jackson, Jackson, Miss.; Sept. 15, Mahala Jackson,
+Jackson, Miss.; Sept. 15, Louisa Carter, Jackson, Miss.; Sept. 15, W.A.
+Haley, Jackson, Miss.; Sept. 16, Rufus Bigley, Jackson, Miss.
+
+
+INSULTING WHITES
+
+Feb. 18, John Hughes, Moberly, Mo.; June 2, Isaac Lincoln, Fort Madison,
+S.C.
+
+
+MURDEROUS ASSAULT
+
+April 20, Daniel Adams, Selina, Kan.
+
+
+NO OFFENSE
+
+July 21, Charles Martin, Shelby Co., Tenn.; July 30, William Steen, Paris,
+Miss.; Aug. 31, unknown negro, Yarborough, Tex.; Sept. 30, unknown negro,
+Houston, Tex.; Dec. 28, Mack Segars, Brantley, Ala.
+
+
+ALLEGED RAPE
+
+July 7, Charles T. Miller, Bardwell, Ky.; Aug. 10, Daniel Lewis, Waycross,
+Ga.; Aug. 10, James Taylor, Waycross, Ga.; Aug. 10, John Chambers,
+Waycross, Ga.
+
+
+ALLEGED STOCK POISONING
+
+Dec. 16, Henry G. Givens, Nebro, Ky.
+
+
+SUSPECTED MURDER
+
+Dec. 23, Sloan Allen, West Mississippi.
+
+
+SUSPICION OF RAPE
+
+Feb. 14, Andy Blount, Chattanooga, Tenn.
+
+
+TURNING STATE'S EVIDENCE
+
+Dec. 19, William Ferguson, Adele, Ga.
+
+
+RAPE
+
+Jan. 19, James Williams, Pickens Co., Ala.; Feb. 11, unknown negro, Forest
+Hill, Tenn.; Feb. 26, Joseph Hayne, or Paine, Jellico, Tenn.; Nov. 1,
+Abner Anthony, Hot Springs, Va.; Nov. 1, Thomas Hill, Spring Place, Ga.;
+April 24, John Peterson, Denmark, S.C.; May 6, Samuel Gaillard, ----,
+S.C.; May 10, Haywood Banks, or Marksdale, Columbia, S.C.; May 12, Israel
+Halliway, Napoleonville, La.; May 12, unknown negro, Wytheville, Va.; May
+31, John Wallace, Jefferson Springs, Ark.; June 3, Samuel Bush, Decatur,
+Ill.; June 8, L.C. Dumas, Gleason, Tenn.; June 13, William Shorter,
+Winchester, Va.; June 14, George Williams, near Waco, Tex.; June 24,
+Daniel Edwards, Selina or Selma, Ala.; June 27, Ernest Murphy, Daleville,
+Ala.; July 6, unknown negro, Poplar Head, La.; July 6, unknown negro,
+Poplar Head, La.; July 12, Robert Larkin, Oscola, Tex.; July 17, Warren
+Dean, Stone Creek, Ga.; July 21, unknown negro, Brantford, Fla.; July 17,
+John Cotton, Connersville, Ark.; July 22, Lee Walker, New Albany, Miss.;
+July 26, ---- Handy, Suansea, S.C.; July 30, William Thompson, Columbia,
+S.C.; July 28, Isaac Harper, Calera, Ala.; July 30, Thomas Preston,
+Columbia, S.C.; July 30, Handy Kaigler, Columbia, S.C.; Aug. 13, Monroe
+Smith, Springfield, Ala.; Aug. 19, negro tramp, near Paducah, Ky.; Aug.
+21, John Nilson, near Leavenworth, Kan.; Aug. 23, Jacob Davis, Green Wood,
+S.C.; Sept. 2, William Arkinson, McKenney, Ky.; Sept. 16, unknown negro,
+Centerville, Ala.; Sept. 16, Jessie Mitchell, Amelia C.H., Va.; Sept. 25,
+Perry Bratcher, New Boston, Tex.; Oct. 9, William Lacey, Jasper, Ala.;
+Oct. 22, John Gamble, Pikesville, Tenn.
+
+
+OFFENSES CHARGED ARE AS FOLLOWS
+
+Rape, 39; attempted rape, 8; alleged rape, 4; suspicion of rape, 1;
+murder, 44; alleged murder, 6; alleged complicity in murder, 4; murderous
+assault, 1; attempted murder, 1; attempted robbery, 4; arson, 4;
+incendiarism, 3; alleged stock poisoning, 1; poisoning wells, 2; alleged
+poisoning wells, 5; burglary, 1; wife beating, 1; self-defense, 1;
+suspected robbery, 1; assault and battery, 1; insulting whites, 2;
+malpractice, 1; alleged barn burning, 4; stealing, 2; unknown offense, 4;
+no offense, 1; race prejudice, 4; total, 159.
+
+
+LYNCHINGS BY STATES
+
+Alabama, 25; Arkansas, 7; Florida, 7; Georgia, 24; Indian Territory, 1;
+Illinois, 3; Kansas, 2; Kentucky, 8; Louisiana, 18; Mississippi, 17;
+Missouri, 3; New York, 1; South Carolina, 15; Tennessee, 10; Texas, 8;
+Virginia, 10.
+
+
+RECORD FOR THE YEAR 1892
+
+While it is intended that the record here presented shall include
+specially the lynchings of 1893, it will not be amiss to give the record
+for the year preceding. The facts contended for will always appear
+manifest--that not one-third of the victims lynched were charged with
+rape, and further that the charges made embraced a range of offenses from
+murders to misdemeanors.
+
+In 1892 there were 241 persons lynched. The entire number is divided among
+the following states:
+
+Alabama, 22; Arkansas, 25; California, 3; Florida, 11; Georgia, 17; Idaho,
+8; Illinois, 1; Kansas, 3; Kentucky, 9; Louisiana, 29; Maryland, 1;
+Mississippi, 16; Missouri, 6; Montana, 4; New York, 1; North Carolina, 5;
+North Dakota, 1; Ohio, 3; South Carolina, 5; Tennessee, 28; Texas, 15;
+Virginia, 7; West Virginia, 5; Wyoming, 9; Arizona Territory, 3; Oklahoma,
+2.
+
+Of this number 160 were of Negro descent. Four of them were lynched in New
+York, Ohio and Kansas; the remainder were murdered in the South. Five of
+this number were females. The charges for which they were lynched cover a
+wide range. They are as follows:
+
+Rape, 46; murder, 58; rioting, 3; race prejudice, 6; no cause given, 4;
+incendiarism, 6; robbery, 6; assault and battery, 1; attempted rape, 11;
+suspected robbery, 4; larceny, 1; self-defense, 1; insulting women, 2;
+desperadoes, 6; fraud, 1; attempted murder, 2; no offense stated, boy and
+girl, 2.
+
+In the case of the boy and girl above referred to, their father, named
+Hastings, was accused of the murder of a white man; his fourteen-year-old
+daughter and sixteen-year-old son were hanged and their bodies filled with
+bullets, then the father was also lynched. This was in November, 1892, at
+Jonesville, Louisiana.
+
+
+
+
+3
+
+LYNCHING IMBECILES
+
+_(An Arkansas Butchery)_
+
+
+The only excuse which capital punishment attempts to find is upon the
+theory that the criminal is past the power of reformation and his life is
+a constant menace to the community. If, however, he is mentally
+unbalanced, irresponsible for his acts, there can be no more inhuman act
+conceived of than the wilful sacrifice of his life. So thoroughly is that
+principle grounded in the law, that all civilized society surrounds human
+life with a safeguard, which prevents the execution of a criminal who is
+insane, even if sane at the time of his criminal act. Should he become
+insane after its commission the law steps in and protects him during the
+period of his insanity. But Lynch Law has no such regard for human life.
+Assuming for itself an absolute supremacy over the law of the land, it has
+time and again dyed its hands in the blood of men who were imbeciles. Two
+or three noteworthy cases will suffice to show with what inhuman ferocity
+irresponsible men have been put to death by this system of injustice.
+
+An instance occurred during the year 1892 in Arkansas, a report of which
+is given in full in the _Arkansas Democrat_, published at Little Rock, in
+that state, on the eleventh day of February of that year. The paper
+mentioned is perhaps one of the leading weeklies in that state and the
+account given in detail has every mark of a careful and conscientious
+investigation. The victims of this tragedy were a colored man, named Hamp
+Biscoe, his wife and a thirteen-year-old son. Hamp Biscoe, it appears, was
+a hard working, thrifty farmer, who lived near England, Arkansas, upon a
+small farm with his family. The investigation of the tragedy was
+conducted by a resident of Arkansas named R.B. Caries, a white man, who
+furnished the account to the _Arkansas Democrat_ over his own signature.
+He says the original trouble which led to the lynching was a quarrel
+between Biscoe and a white man about a debt. About six years after Biscoe
+preempted his land, a white man made a demand of $100 upon him for
+services in showing him the land and making the sale. Biscoe denied the
+service and refused to pay the demand. The white man, however, brought
+suit, obtained judgment for the hundred dollars and Biscoe's farm was sold
+to pay the judgment.
+
+The suit, judgment and subsequent legal proceedings appear to have driven
+Biscoe almost crazy and brooding over his wrongs he grew to be a confirmed
+imbecile. He would allow but few men, white or colored, to come upon his
+place, as he suspected every stranger to be planning to steal his farm. A
+week preceding the tragedy, a white man named Venable, whose farm adjoined
+Biscoe's, let down the fence and proceeded to drive through Biscoe's
+field. The latter saw him; grew very excited, cursed him and drove him
+from his farm with bitter oaths and violent threats. Venable went away and
+secured a warrant for Biscoe's arrest. This warrant was placed in the
+hands of a constable named John Ford, who took a colored deputy and two
+white men out to Biscoe's farm to make the arrest. When they arrived at
+the house Biscoe refused to be arrested and warned them he would shoot if
+they persisted in their attempt to arrest him. The warning was unheeded by
+Ford, who entered upon the premises, when Biscoe, true to his word, fired
+upon him. The load tore a part of his clothes from his body, one shot
+going through his arm and entering his breast. After he had fallen, Ford
+drew his revolver and shot Biscoe in the head and his wife through the
+arm. The Negro deputy then began firing and struck Biscoe in the small of
+the back. Ford's wound was not dangerous and in a few days he was able to
+be around again. Biscoe, however, was so severely shot that he was unable
+to stand after the firing was over.
+
+Two other white men hearing the exchange of shots went to the rescue of
+the officers, forced open the door of Biscoe's cabin and arrested him, his
+wife and thirteen-year-old son, and took them, together with a babe at the
+breast, to a small frame house near the depot and put them under guard.
+The subsequent proceedings were briefly told by Mr. Carlee in the columns
+of the _Arkansas Democrat_ above mentioned, from whose account the
+following excerpt is taken:
+
+  It was rumored here that the Negroes were to be lynched that night, but
+  I do not think it was generally credited, as it was not believed that
+  Ford was greatly hurt and the Negro was held to be fatally injured and
+  crazy at that. But that night, about 8 o'clock, a party of perhaps
+  twelve or fifteen men, a number of whom were known to the guards, came
+  to the house and told the Negro guards they would take care of the
+  prisoners now, and for them to leave; as they did not obey at once they
+  were persuaded to leave with words that did not admit of delay.
+
+  The woman began to cry and said, "You intend to kill us to get our
+  money." They told her to hush (she was heavy with child and had a child
+  at her breast) as they intended to give her a nice present. The guards
+  heard no more, but hastened to a Negro church near by and urged the
+  preacher to go up and stop the mob. A few minutes after, the shooting
+  began, perhaps about forty shots being fired. The white men then left
+  rapidly and the Negroes went to the house. Hamp Biscoe and his wife were
+  killed, the baby had a slight wound across the upper lip; the boy was
+  still alive and lived until after midnight, talking rationally and
+  telling who did the shooting.
+
+  He said when they came in and shot his father, he attempted to run out
+  of doors and a young man shot him in the bowels and that he fell. He saw
+  another man shoot his mother and a taller young man, whom he did not
+  know, shoot his father. After they had killed them, the young man who
+  had shot his mother pulled off her stockings and took $220 in currency
+  that she had hid there. The men then came to the door where the boy was
+  lying and one of them turned him over and put his pistol to his breast
+  and shot him again. This is the story the dying boy told as near as I
+  can get it. It is quite singular that the guards and those who had
+  conversed with him were not required to testify. The woman was known to
+  have the money as she had exposed it that day. She also had $36 in
+  silver, which the plunderer of the body did not get. The Negro was
+  undoubtedly insane and had been for several years. The citizens of this
+  community condemn the murder and have no sympathy with it. The Negro was
+  a well-to-do farmer, but had become crazed because he was convinced some
+  plot had been made to steal his land and only a few days ago declared
+  that he expected to die in defense of his home in a short time and he
+  did not care how soon. The killing of a woman with the child at her
+  breast and in her condition, and also a young boy, was extremely brutal.
+  As for Hamp Biscoe he was dangerous and should long have been confined
+  in the insane asylum. Such were the facts as near as I can get them and
+  you can use them as you see fit, but I would prefer you would suppress
+  the names charged by the Negroes with the killing.
+
+Perhaps the civilized world will think, that with all these facts laid
+before the public, by a writer who signs his name to his communication, in
+a land where grand juries are sworn to investigate, where judges and
+juries are sworn to administer the law and sheriffs are paid to execute
+the decrees of the courts, and where, in fact, every instrument of
+civilization is supposed to work for the common good of all citizens, that
+this matter was duly investigated, the criminals apprehended and the
+punishment meted out to the murderers. But this is a mistake; nothing of
+the kind was done or attempted. Six months after the publication, above
+referred to, an investigator, writing to find out what had been done in
+the matter, received the following reply:
+
+  OFFICE OF
+  S.S. GLOVER,
+  SHERIFF AND COLLECTOR,
+  LONOKE COUNTY.
+
+  Lonoke, Ark., 9-12-1892
+
+  Geo. Washington, Esq.,
+  Chicago, Ill.
+
+  DEAR SIR:--The parties who killed Hamp Briscoe February the ninth, have
+  never been arrested. The parties are still in the county. It was done by
+  some of the citizens, and those who know will not tell.
+
+  S.S. GLOVER, Sheriff
+
+Thus acts the mob with the victim of its fury, conscious that it will
+never be called to an account. Not only is this true, but the moral
+support of those who are chosen by the people to execute the law, is
+frequently given to the support of lawlessness and mob violence. The press
+and even the pulpit, in the main either by silence or open apology, have
+condoned and encouraged this state of anarchy.
+
+
+TORTURED AND BURNED IN TEXAS
+
+Never In the history of civilization has any Christian people stooped to
+such shocking brutality and indescribable barbarism as that which
+characterized the people of Paris, Texas, and adjacent communities on the
+first of February, 1893. The cause of this awful outbreak of human passion
+was the murder of a four-year-old child, daughter of a man named Vance.
+This man, Vance, had been a police officer in Paris for years, and was
+known to be a man of bad temper, overbearing manner and given to harshly
+treating the prisoners under his care. He had arrested Smith and, it is
+said, cruelly mistreated him. Whether or not the murder of his child was
+an art of fiendish revenge, it has not been shown, but many persons who
+know of the incident have suggested that the secret of the attack on the
+child lay in a desire for revenge against its father.
+
+In the same town there lived a Negro, named Henry Smith, a well-known
+character, a kind of roustabout, who was generally considered a harmless,
+weak-minded fellow, not capable of doing any important work, but
+sufficiently able to do chores and odd jobs around the houses of the white
+people who cared to employ him. A few days before the final tragedy, this
+man, Smith, was accused of murdering Myrtle Vance. The crime of murder was
+of itself bad enough, and to prove that against Smith would have been
+amply sufficient in Texas to have committed him to the gallows, but the
+finding of the child so exasperated the father and his friends, that they
+at once shamefully exaggerated the facts and declared that the babe had
+been ruthlessly assaulted and then killed. The truth was bad enough, but
+the white people of the community made it a point to exaggerate every
+detail of the awful affair, and to inflame the public mind so that nothing
+less than immediate and violent death would satisfy the populace. As a
+matter of fact, the child was not brutally assaulted as the world has been
+told in excuse for the awful barbarism of that day. Persons who saw the
+child after its death, have stated, under the most solemn pledge to truth,
+that there was no evidence of such an assault as was published at that
+time, only a slight abrasion and discoloration was noticeable and that
+mostly about the neck. In spite of this fact, so eminent a man as Bishop
+Haygood deliberately and, it must also appear, maliciously falsified the
+fact by stating that the child was torn limb from limb, or to quote his
+own words, "First outraged with demoniacal cruelty and then taken by her
+heels and torn asunder in the mad wantonness of gorilla ferocity."
+
+Nothing is farther from the truth than that statement. It is a
+coldblooded, deliberate, brutal falsehood which this Christian(?) Bishop
+uses to bolster up the infamous plea that the people of Paris were driven
+to insanity by learning that the little child had been viciously
+assaulted, choked to death, and then torn to pieces by a demon in human
+form. It was a brutal murder, but no more brutal than hundreds of murders
+which occur in this country, and which have been equalled every year in
+fiendishness and brutality, and for which the death penalty is prescribed
+by law and inflicted only after the person has been legally adjudged
+guilty of the crime. Those who knew Smith, believe that Vance had at some
+time given him cause to seek revenge and that this fearful crime was the
+outgrowth of his attempt to avenge himself of some real or fancied wrong.
+That the murderer was known as an imbecile, had no effect whatever upon
+the people who thirsted for his blood. They determined to make an example
+of him and proceeded to carry out their purpose with unspeakably greater
+ferocity than that which characterized the half-crazy object of their
+revenge.
+
+For a day or so after the child was found in the woods, Smith remained in
+the vicinity as if nothing had happened, and when finally becoming aware
+that he was suspected, he made an attempt to escape. He was apprehended,
+however, not far from the scene of his crime and the news flashed across
+the country that the white Christian people of Paris, Texas and the
+communities thereabout had deliberately determined to lay aside all forms
+of law and inaugurate an entirely new form of punishment for the murder.
+They absolutely refused to make any inquiry as to the sanity or insanity
+of their prisoner, but set the day and hour when in the presence of
+assembled thousands they put their helpless victim to the stake, tortured
+him, and then burned him to death for the delectation and satisfaction of
+Christian people.
+
+Lest it might be charged that any description of the deeds of that day are
+exaggerated, a white man's description which was published in the white
+journals of this country is used. The _New York Sun_ of February 2, 1893,
+contains an account, from which we make the following excerpt:
+
+  PARIS, Tex., Feb. 1, 1893.--Henry Smith, the negro ravisher of
+  four-year-old Myrtle Vance, has expiated in part his awful crime by
+  death at the stake. Ever since the perpetration of his awful crime this
+  city and the entire surrounding country has been in a wild frenzy of
+  excitement. When the news came last night that he had been captured at
+  Hope, Ark., that he had been identified by B.B. Sturgeon, James T.
+  Hicks, and many other of the Paris searching party, the city was wild
+  with joy over the apprehension of the brute. Hundreds of people poured
+  into the city from the adjoining country and the word passed from lip
+  to lip that the punishment of the fiend should fit the crime that death
+  by fire was the penalty Smith should pay for the most atrocious murder
+  and terrible outrage in Texas history. Curious and sympathizing alike,
+  they came on train and wagons, on horse, and on foot to see if the frail
+  mind of a man could think of a way to sufficiently punish the
+  perpetrator of so terrible a crime. Whisky shops were closed, unruly
+  mobs were dispersed, schools were dismissed by a proclamation from the
+  mayor, and everything was done in a business-like manner.
+
+
+MEETING OF CITIZENS
+
+About 2 o'clock Friday a mass meeting was called at the courthouse and
+captains appointed to search for the child. She was found mangled beyond
+recognition, covered with leaves and brush as above mentioned. As soon as
+it was learned upon the recovery of the body that the crime was so
+atrocious the whole town turned out in the chase. The railroads put up
+bulletins offering free transportation to all who would join in the
+search. Posses went in every direction, and not a stone was left unturned.
+Smith was tracked to Detroit on foot, where he jumped on a freight train
+and left for his old home in Hempstead county, Arkansas. To this county he
+was tracked and yesterday captured at Clow, a flag station on the Arkansas
+& Louisiana railway about twenty miles north of Hope. Upon being
+questioned the fiend denied everything, but upon being stripped for
+examination his undergarments were seen to be spattered with blood and a
+part of his shirt was torn off. He was kept under heavy guard at Hope last
+night, and later on confessed the crime.
+
+This morning he was brought through Texarkana, where 5,000 people awaited
+the train, anxious to see a man who had received the fate of Ed. Coy. At
+that place speeches were made by prominent Paris citizens, who asked that
+the prisoner be not molested by Texarkana people, but that the guard be
+allowed to deliver him up to the outraged and indignant citizens of Paris.
+Along the road the train gathered strength from the various towns, the
+people crowded upon the platforms and tops of coaches anxious to see the
+lynching and the negro who was soon to be delivered to an infuriated mob.
+
+
+BURNED AT THE STAKE
+
+Arriving here at 12 o'clock the train was met by a surging mass of
+humanity 10,000 strong. The negro was placed upon a carnival float in
+mockery of a king upon his throne, and, followed by an immense crowd, was
+escorted through the city so that all might see the most inhuman monster
+known in current history. The line of march was up Main Street to the
+square, around the square down Clarksville street to Church Street, thence
+to the open prairies about 300 yards from the Texas & Pacific depot. Here
+Smith was placed upon a scaffold, six feet square and ten feet high,
+securely bound, within the view of all beholders. Here the victim was
+tortured for fifty minutes by red-hot iron brands thrust against his
+quivering body. Commencing at the feet the brands were placed against him
+inch by inch until they were thrust against the face. Then, being
+apparently dead, kerosene was poured upon him, cottonseed hulls placed
+beneath him and set on fire. In less time than it takes to relate it, the
+tortured man was wafted beyond the grave to another fire, hotter and more
+terrible than the one just experienced.
+
+Curiosity seekers have carried away already all that was left of the
+memorable event, even to pieces of charcoal. The cause of the crime was
+that Henry Vance when a deputy policeman, in the course of his duty was
+called to arrest Henry Smith for being drunk and disorderly. The Negro was
+unruly, and Vance was forced to use his club. The Negro swore vengeance,
+and several times assaulted Vance. In his greed for revenge, last
+Thursday, he grabbed up the little girl and committed the crime. The
+father is prostrated with grief and the mother now lies at death's door,
+but she has lived to see the slayer of her innocent babe suffer the most
+horrible death that could be conceived.
+
+
+TORTURE BEYOND DESCRIPTION
+
+Words to describe the awful torture inflicted upon Smith cannot be found.
+The Negro, for a long time after starting on the journey to Paris, did not
+realize his plight. At last when he was told that he must die by slow
+torture he begged for protection. His agony was awful. He pleaded and
+writhed in bodily and mental pain. Scarcely had the train reached Paris
+than this torture commenced. His clothes were torn off piecemeal and
+scattered in the crowd, people catching the shreds and putting them away
+as mementos. The child's father, her brother, and two uncles then gathered
+about the Negro as he lay fastened to the torture platform and thrust hot
+irons into his quivering flesh. It was horrible--the man dying by slow
+torture in the midst of smoke from his own burning flesh. Every groan from
+the fiend, every contortion of his body was cheered by the thickly packed
+crowd of 10,000 persons. The mass of beings 600 yards in diameter, the
+scaffold being the center. After burning the feet and legs, the hot
+irons--plenty of fresh ones being at hand--were rolled up and down Smith's
+stomach, back, and arms. Then the eyes were burned out and irons were
+thrust down his throat.
+
+The men of the Vance family having wreaked vengeance, the crowd piled all
+kinds of combustible stuff around the scaffold, poured oil on it and set
+it afire. The Negro rolled and tossed out of the mass, only to be pushed
+back by the people nearest him. He tossed out again, and was roped and
+pulled back. Hundreds of people turned away, but the vast crowd still
+looked calmly on. People were here from every part of this section. They
+came from Dallas, Fort Worth, Sherman, Denison, Bonham, Texarkana, Fort
+Smith, Ark., and a party of fifteen came from Hempstead county, Arkansas,
+where he was captured. Every train that came in was loaded to its utmost
+capacity, and there were demands at many points for special trains to
+bring the people here to see the unparalleled punishment for an
+unparalleled crime. When the news of the burning went over the country
+like wildfire, at every country town anvils boomed forth the announcement.
+
+
+SHOULD HAVE BEEN IN AN ASYLUM
+
+It may not be amiss in connection with this awful affair, in proof of our
+assertion that Smith was an imbecile, to give the testimony of a
+well-known colored minister, who lived at Paris, Texas, at the time of the
+lynching. He was a witness of the awful scenes there enacted, and
+attempted, in the name of God and humanity, to interfere in the programme.
+He barely escaped with his life, was driven out of the city and became an
+exile because of his actions. Reverend King was in New York about the
+middle of February, and he was there interviewed for a daily paper for
+that city, and we quote his account as an eye witness of the affair. Said
+he:
+
+  I was ridden out of Paris on a rail because I was the only man in Lamar
+  county to raise my voice against the lynching of Smith. I opposed the
+  illegal measures before the arrival of Henry Smith as a prisoner, and I
+  was warned that I might meet his fate if I was not careful; but the
+  sense of justice made me bold, and when I saw the poor wretch trembling
+  with fear, and got so near him that I could hear his teeth chatter, I
+  determined to stand by him to the last.
+
+  I hated him for his crime, but two crimes do not make a virtue; and in
+  the brief conversation I had with Smith I was more firmly convinced than
+  ever that he was irresponsible.
+
+  I had known Smith for years, and there were times when Smith was out of
+  his head for weeks. Two years ago I made an effort to have him put in an
+  asylum, but the white people were trying to fasten the murder of a young
+  colored girl upon him, and would not listen. For days before the murder
+  of the little Vance girl, Smith was out of his head and dangerous. He
+  had just undergone an attack of delirium tremens and was in no condition
+  to be allowed at large. He realized his condition, for I spoke with him
+  not three weeks ago, and in answer to my exhortations, he promised to
+  reform. The next time I saw him was on the day of his execution.
+
+  "Drink did it! drink did it," he sobbed. Then bowing his face in his
+  hands, he asked: "Is it true, did I kill her? Oh, my God, my God!" For a
+  moment he seemed to forget the awful fate that awaited him, and his body
+  swayed to and fro with grief. Some one seized me by the shoulder and
+  hurled me back, and Smith fell writhing to the ground in terror as four
+  men seized his arms to drag him to the float on which he was to be
+  exhibited before he was finally burned at the stake.
+
+  I followed the procession and wept aloud as I saw little children of my
+  own race follow the unfortunate man and taunt him with jeers. Even at
+  the stake, children of both sexes and colors gathered in groups, and
+  when the father of the murdered child raised the hissing iron with which
+  he was about to torture the helpless victim, the children became as
+  frantic as the grown people and struggled forward to obtain places of
+  advantage.
+
+  It was terrible. One little tot scarcely older than little Myrtle Vance
+  clapped her baby hands as her father held her on his shoulders above the
+  heads of the people.
+
+  "For God's sake," I shouted, "send the children home."
+
+  "No, no," shouted a hundred maddened voices; "let them learn a lesson."
+
+  I love children, but as I looked about the little faces distorted with
+  passion and the bloodshot eyes of the cruel parents who held them high
+  in their arms, I thanked God that I have none of my own.
+
+  As the hot iron sank deep into poor Henry's flesh a hideous yell rent
+  the air, and, with a sound as terrible as the cry, of lost souls on
+  judgment day, 20,000 maddened people took up the victim's cry of agony
+  and a prolonged howl of maddened glee rent the air.
+
+  No one was himself now. Every man, woman and child in that awful crowd
+  was worked up to a greater frenzy than that which actuated Smith's
+  horrible crime. The people were capable of any new atrocity now, and as
+  Smith's yells became more and more frequent, it was difficult to hold
+  the crowd back, so anxious were the savages to participate in the
+  sickening tortures.
+
+  For half an hour I tried to pray as the beads of agony rolled down my
+  forehead and bathed my face.
+
+  For an instant a hush spread over the people. I could stand no more, and
+  with a superhuman effort dashed through the compact mass of humanity and
+  stood at the foot of the burning scaffold.
+
+  "In the name of God," I cried, "I command you to cease this torture."
+
+  The heavy butt of a Winchester rifle descended on my head and I fell to
+  the ground. Rough hands seized me and angry men bore me away, and I was
+  thankful.
+
+  At the outskirts of the crowd I was attacked again, and then several
+  men, no doubt glad to get away from the fearful place, escorted me to my
+  home, where I was allowed to take a small amount of clothing. A jeering
+  crowd gathered without, and when I appeared at the door ready hands
+  seized me and I was placed upon a rail, and, with curses and oaths,
+  taken to the railway station and placed upon a train. As the train moved
+  out some one thrust a roll of bills into my hand and said, "God bless
+  you, but it was no use."
+
+When asked if he should ever return to Paris, Mr. King said: "I shall
+never go south again. The impressions of that awful day will stay with me
+forever."
+
+
+LYNCHING OF INNOCENT MEN
+
+(Lynched on Account of Relationship)
+
+If no other reason appealed to the sober sense of the American people to
+check the growth of Lynch Law, the absolute unreliability and recklessness
+of the mob in inflicting punishment for crimes done, should do so. Several
+instances of this spirit have occurred in the year past. In Louisiana,
+near New Orleans, in July, 1893, Roselius Julian, a colored man, shot and
+killed a white judge, named Victor Estopinal. The cause of the shooting
+has never been definitely ascertained. It is claimed that the Negro
+resented an insult to his wife, and the killing of the white man was an
+act of a Negro (who dared) to defend his home. The judge was killed in the
+court house, and Julian, heavily armed, made his escape to the swamps near
+the city. He has never been apprehended, nor has any information ever been
+gleaned as to his whereabouts. A mob determined to secure the fugitive
+murderer and burn him alive. The swamps were hunted through and through in
+vain, when, being unable to wreak their revenge upon the murderer, the mob
+turned its attention to his unfortunate relatives. Dispatches from New
+Orleans, dated September 19, 1893, described the affair as follows:
+
+  Posses were immediately organized and the surrounding country was
+  scoured, but the search was fruitless so far as the real criminal was
+  concerned. The mother, three brothers and two sisters of the Negro were
+  arrested yesterday at the Black Ridge in the rear of the city by the
+  police and taken to the little jail on Judge Estopinal's place about
+  Southport, because of the belief that they were succoring the fugitive.
+
+  About 11 o'clock twenty-five men, some armed with rifles and shotguns,
+  came up to the jail. They unlocked the door and held a conference among
+  themselves as to what they should do. Some were in favor of hanging the
+  five, while others insisted that only two of the brothers should be
+  strung up. This was finally agreed to, and the two doomed negroes were
+  hurried to a pasture one hundred yards distant, and there asked to take
+  their last chance of saving their lives by making a confession, but the
+  Negroes made no reply. They were then told to kneel down and pray. One
+  did so, the other remained standing, but both prayed fervently. The
+  taller Negro was then hoisted up. The shorter Negro stood gazing at the
+  horrible death of his brother without flinching. Five minutes later he
+  was also hanged. The mob decided to take the remaining brother out to
+  Camp Parapet and hang him there. The other two were to be taken out and
+  flogged, with an order to get out of the parish in less than half an
+  hour. The third brother, Paul, was taken out to the camp, which is about
+  a mile distant in the interior, and there he was hanged to a tree.
+
+Another young man, who was in no way related to Julian, who perhaps did
+not even know the man and who was entirely innocent of any offense in
+connection therewith, was murdered by the same mob. The same paper says:
+
+  During the search for Julian on Saturday one branch of the posse visited
+  the house of a Negro family in the neighborhood of Camp Parapet, and
+  failing to find the object of their search, tried to induce John Willis,
+  a young Negro, to disclose the whereabouts of Julian. He refused to do
+  so, or could not do so, and was kicked to death by the gang.
+
+
+AN INDIANA CASE
+
+Almost equal to the ferocity of the mob which killed the three brothers,
+Julian and the unoffending, John Willis, because of the murder of Judge
+Estopinal, was the action of a mob near Vincennes, Ind. In this case a
+wealthy colored man, named Allen Butler, who was well known in the
+community, and enjoyed the confidence and respect of the entire country,
+was made the victim of a mob and hung because his son had become unduly
+intimate with a white girl who was a servant around his house. There was
+no pretense that the facts were otherwise than as here stated. The woman
+lived at Butler's house as a servant, and she and Butler's son fell in
+love with each other, and later it was found that the girl was in a
+delicate condition. It was claimed, but with how much truth no one has
+ever been able to tell, that the father had procured an abortion, or
+himself had operated on the girl, and that she had left the house to go
+back to her home. It was never claimed that the father was in any way
+responsible for the action of his son, but the authorities procured the
+arrest of both father and son, and at the preliminary examination the
+father gave bail to appear before the Grand Jury when it should convene.
+On the same night, however, the mob took the matter in hand and with the
+intention of hanging the son. It assembled near Sumner, while the boy, who
+had been unable to give bail, was lodged in jail at Lawrenceville. As it
+was impossible to reach Lawrenceville and hang the son, the leaders of the
+mob concluded they would go to Butler's house and hang him. Butler was
+found at his home, taken out by the mob and hung to a tree. This was in
+the lawabiding state of Indiana, which furnished the United States its
+last president and which claims all the honor, pride and glory of northern
+civilization. None of the leaders of the mob were apprehended, and no
+steps whatever were taken to bring the murderers to justice.
+
+
+KILLED FOR HIS STEPFATHER'S CRIME
+
+An account has been given of the cremation of Henry Smith, at Paris,
+Texas, for the murder of the infant child of a man named Vance. It would
+appear that human ferocity was not sated when it vented itself upon a
+human being by burning his eyes out, by thrusting a red-hot iron down his
+throat, and then by burning his body to ashes. Henry Smith, the victim of
+these savage orgies, was beyond all the power of torture, but a few miles
+outside of Paris, some members of the community concluded that it would be
+proper to kill a stepson named William Butler as a partial penalty for the
+original crime. This young man, against whom no word has ever been said,
+and who was in fact an orderly, peaceable boy, had been watched with the
+severest scrutiny by members of the mob who believed he knew something of
+the whereabouts of Smith. He declared from the very first that he did not
+know where his stepfather was, which statement was well proven to be a
+fact after the discovery of Smith in Arkansas, whence he had fled through
+swamps and woods and unfrequented places. Yet Butler was apprehended,
+placed under arrest, and on the night of February 6, taken out on Hickory
+Creek, five miles southeast of Paris, and hung for his stepfather's crime.
+After his body was suspended in the air, the mob filled it with bullets.
+
+
+LYNCHED BECAUSE THE JURY ACQUITTED HIM
+
+The entire system of the judiciary of this country is in the hands of
+white people. To this add the fact of the inherent prejudice against
+colored people, and it will be clearly seen that a white jury is certain
+to find a Negro prisoner guilty if there is the least evidence to warrant
+such a finding.
+
+Meredith Lewis was arrested in Roseland, La., in July of last year. A
+white jury found him not guilty of the crime of murder wherewith he stood
+charged. This did not suit the mob. A few nights after the verdict was
+rendered, and he declared to be innocent, a mob gathered in his vicinity
+and went to his house. He was called, and suspecting nothing, went
+outside. He was seized and hurried off to a convenient spot and hanged by
+the neck until he was dead for the murder of a woman of which the jury had
+said he was innocent.
+
+
+LYNCHED AS A SCAPEGOAT
+
+Wednesday, July 5, about 10 o'clock in the morning, a terrible crime was
+committed within four miles of Wickliffe, Ky. Two girls, Mary and Ruby
+Ray, were found murdered a short distance from their home. The news of
+this terrible cowardly murder of two helpless young girls spread like wild
+fire, and searching parties scoured the territory surrounding Wickliffe
+and Bardwell. Two of the searching party, the Clark brothers, saw a man
+enter the Dupoyster cornfield; they got their guns and fired at the
+fleeing figure, but without effect; he got away, but they said he was a
+white man or nearly so. The search continued all day without effect, save
+the arrest of two or three strange Negroes. A bloodhound was brought from
+the penitentiary and put on the trail which he followed from the scene of
+the murder to the river and into the boat of a fisherman named Gordon.
+Gordon stated that he had ferried one man and only one across the river
+about about half past six the evening of July 5; that his passenger sat in
+front of him, and he was a white man or a very bright mulatto, who could
+not be told from a white man. The bloodhound was put across the river in
+the boat, and he struck a trail again at Bird's Point on the Missouri
+side, ran about three hundred yards to the cottage of a white farmer named
+Grant and there lay down refusing to go further.
+
+Thursday morning a brakesman on a freight train going out of Sikeston,
+Mo., discovered a Negro stealing a ride; he ordered him off and had hot
+words which terminated in a fight. The brakesman had the Negro arrested.
+When arrested, between 11 and 12 o'clock, he had on a dark woolen shirt,
+light pants and coat, and no vest. He had twelve dollars in paper, two
+silver dollars and ninety-five cents in change; he had also four rings in
+his pockets, a knife and a razor which were rusted and stained. The
+Sikeston authorities immediately jumped to the conclusion that this man
+was the murderer for whom the Kentuckians across the river were searching.
+They telegraphed to Bardwell that their prisoner had on no coat, but wore
+a blue vest and pants which would perhaps correspond with the coat found
+at the scene of the murder, and that the names of the murdered girls were
+in the rings found in his possession.
+
+As soon as this news was received, the sheriffs of Ballard and Carlisle
+counties and a posse(?) of thirty well-armed and determined Kentuckians,
+who had pledged their word the prisoner should be taken back to the scene
+of the supposed crime, to be executed there if proved to be the guilty
+man, chartered a train and at nine o'clock Thursday night started for
+Sikeston. Arriving there two hours later, the sheriff at Sikeston, who had
+no warrant for the prisoner's arrest and detention, delivered him into the
+hands of the mob without authority for so doing, and accompanied them to
+Bird's Point. The prisoner gave his name as Miller, his home at
+Springfield, and said he had never been in Kentucky in his life, but the
+sheriff turned him over to the mob to be taken to Wickliffe, that Frank
+Gordon, the fisherman, who had put a man across the river might identify
+him.
+
+In other words, the protection of the law was withdrawn from C.J. Miller,
+and he was given to a mob by this sheriff at Sikeston, who knew that the
+prisoner's life depended on one man's word. After an altercation with the
+train men, who wanted another $50 for taking the train back to Bird's
+Point, the crowd arrived there at three o'clock, Friday morning. Here was
+anchored _The Three States_, a ferryboat plying between Wickliffe, Ky,
+Cairo, Ill., and Bird's Point, Mo. This boat left Cairo at twelve o'clock,
+Thursday, with nearly three hundred of Cairo's best(?) citizens and thirty
+kegs of beer on board. This was consumed while the crowd and the
+bloodhound waited for the prisoner.
+
+When the prisoner was on board _The Three States_ the dog was turned
+loose, and after moving aimlessly around, followed the crowd to where
+Miller sat handcuffed and there stopped. The crowd closed in on the pair
+and insisted that the brute had identified him because of that action.
+When the boat reached Wickliffe, Gordon, the fisherman, was called on to
+say whether the prisoner was the man he ferried over the river the day of
+the murder.
+
+[Illustration: Lynching of C.J. Miller, at Bardwell, Kentucky, July 7,
+1893.]
+
+The sheriff of Ballard County informed him, sternly that if the prisoner
+was not the man, he (the fisherman) would be held responsible as knowing
+who the guilty man was. Gordon stated before, that the man he ferried
+across was a white man or a bright colored man; Miller was a dark brown
+skinned man, with kinky hair, "neither yellow nor black," says the _Cairo
+Evening Telegram_ of Friday, July 7. The fisherman went up to Miller from
+behind, looked at him without speaking for fully five minutes, then slowly
+said, "Yes, that's the man I crossed over." This was about six o'clock,
+Friday morning, and the crowd wished to hang Miller then and there. But
+Mr. Ray, the father of the girls, insisted that he be taken to Bardwell,
+the county seat of Ballard, and twelve miles inland. He said he thought a
+white man committed the crime, and that he was not satisfied that was the
+man. They took him to Bardwell and at ten o'clock, this same excited,
+unauthorized mob undertook to determine Miller's guilt. One of the Clark
+brothers who shot at a fleeing man in the Dupoyster cornfield, said the
+prisoner was the same man; the other said he was not, but the testimony of
+the first was accepted. A colored woman who had said she gave breakfast to
+a colored man clad in a blue flannel suit the morning of the murder, said
+positively that she had never seen Miller before. The gold rings found in
+his possession had no names in them, as had been asserted, and Mr. Ray
+said they did not belong to his daughters. Meantime a funeral pyre for the
+purpose of burning Miller to death had been erected in the center of the
+village. While the crowd swayed by passion was clamoring that he be burnt,
+Miller stepped forward and made the following statement: "My name is
+C.J. Miller. I am from Springfield, Ill.; my wife lives at 716 N. 2d
+Street. I am here among you today, looked upon as one of the most brutal
+men before the people. I stand here surrounded by men who are excited, men
+who are not willing to let the law take its course, and as far as the
+crime is concerned, I have committed no crime, and certainly no crime
+gross enough to deprive me of my life and liberty to walk upon the green
+earth."
+
+A telegram was sent to the chief of the police at Springfield, Ill.,
+asking if one C.J. Miller lived there. An answer in the negative was
+returned. A few hours after, it was ascertained that a man named Miller,
+and his wife, did live at the number the prisoner gave in his speech, but
+the information came to Bardwell too late to do the prisoner any good.
+Miller was taken to jail, every stitch of clothing literally torn from his
+body and examined again. On the lower left side of the bosom of his shirt
+was found a dark reddish spot about the size of a dime. Miller said it was
+paint which he had gotten on him at Jefferson Barracks. This spot was only
+on the right side, and could not be seen from the under side at all, thus
+showing it had not gone through the cloth as blood or any liquid substance
+would do.
+
+Chief-of-Police Mahaney, of Cairo, Ill., was with the prisoner, and he
+took his knife and scraped at the spot, particles of which came off in his
+hand. Miller told them to take his clothes to any expert, and if the spot
+was shown to be blood, they might do anything they wished with him. They
+took his clothes away and were gone some time. After a while they were
+brought back and thrown into the cell without a word. It is needless to
+say that if the spot had been found to be blood, that fact would have been
+announced, and the shirt retained as evidence. Meanwhile numbers of rough,
+drunken men crowded into the cell and tried to force a confession of the
+deed from the prisoner's lips. He refused to talk save to reiterate his
+innocence. To Mr. Mahaney, who talked seriously and kindly to him, telling
+him the mob meant to burn and torture him at three o'clock, Miller said:
+"Burning and torture here lasts but a little while, but if I die with a
+lie on my soul, I shall be tortured forever. I am innocent." For more than
+three hours, all sorts of pressure in the way of threats, abuse and
+urging, was brought to bear to force him to confess to the murder and thus
+justify the mob in its deed of murder. Miller remained firm; but as the
+hour drew near, and the crowd became more impatient, he asked for a
+priest. As none could be procured, he then asked for a Methodist minister,
+who came, prayed with the doomed man, baptized him and exhorted Miller to
+confess. To keep up the flagging spirits of the dense crowd around the
+jail, the rumor went out more than once, that Miller had confessed. But
+the solemn assurance of the minister, chief-of-police, and leading
+editor--who were with Miller all along--is that this rumor is absolutely
+false.
+
+At three o'clock the mob rushed to the jail to secure the prisoner. Mr.
+Ray had changed his mind about the promised burning; he was still in doubt
+as to the prisoner's guilt. He again addressed the crowd to that effect,
+urging them not to burn Miller, and the mob heeded him so far, that they
+compromised on hanging instead of burning, which was agreed to by Mr. Ray.
+There was a loud yell, and a rush was made for the prisoner. He was
+stripped naked, his clothing literally torn from his body, and his shirt
+was tied around his loins. Some one declared the rope was a "white man's
+death," and a log-chain, nearly a hundred feet in length, weighing over
+one hundred pounds, was placed round Miller's neck and body, and he was
+led and dragged through the streets of the village in that condition
+followed by thousands of people. He fainted from exhaustion several times,
+but was supported to the platform where they first intended burning him.
+
+The chain was hooked around his neck, a man climbed the telegraph pole and
+the other end of the chain was passed up to him and made fast to the
+cross-arm. Others brought a long forked stick which Miller was made to
+straddle. By this means he was raised several feet from the ground and
+then let fall. The first fall broke his neck, but he was raised in this
+way and let fall a second time. Numberless shots were fired into the
+dangling body, for most of that crowd were heavily armed, and had been
+drinking all day.
+
+Miller's body hung thus exposed from three to five o'clock, during which
+time, several photographs of him as he hung dangling at the end of the
+chain were taken, and his toes and fingers were cut off. His body was
+taken down, placed on the platform, the torch applied, and in a few
+moments there was nothing left of C.J. Miller save a few bones and ashes.
+Thus perished another of the many victims of Lynch Law, but it is the
+honest and sober belief of many who witnessed the scene that an innocent
+man has been barbarously and shockingly put to death in the glare of the
+nineteenth-century civilization, by those who profess to believe in
+Christianity, law and order.
+
+
+
+
+5
+
+LYNCHED FOR ANYTHING OR NOTHING
+
+(_Lynched for Wife Beating_)
+
+
+In nearly all communities wife beating is punishable with a fine, and in
+no community is it made a felony. Dave Jackson, of Abita, La., was a
+colored man who had beaten his wife. He had not killed her, nor seriously
+wounded her, but as Louisiana lynchers had not filled out their quota of
+crimes, his case was deemed of sufficient importance to apply the method
+of that barbarous people. He was in the custody of the officials, but the
+mob went to the jail and took him out in front of the prison and hanged
+him by the neck until he was dead. This was in Nov. 1893.
+
+
+HANGED FOR STEALING HOGS
+
+Details are very meagre of a lynching which occurred near Knox Point, La.,
+on the twenty-fourth of October, 1893. Upon one point, however, there was
+no uncertainty, and that is, that the persons lynched were Negroes. It was
+claimed that they had been stealing hogs, but even this claim had not been
+subjected to the investigation of a court. That matter was not considered
+necessary. A few of the neighbors who had lost hogs suspected these men
+were responsible for their loss, and made up their minds to furnish an
+example for others to be warned by. The two men were secured by a mob and
+hanged.
+
+
+LYNCHED FOR NO OFFENSE
+
+Perhaps the most characteristic feature of this record of lynch law for
+the year 1893, is the remarkable fact that five human beings were lynched
+and that the matter was considered of so little importance that the
+powerful press bureaus of the country did not consider the matter of
+enough importance to ascertain the causes for which they were hanged. It
+tells the world, with perhaps greater emphasis than any other feature of
+the record, that Lynch Law has become so common in the United States that
+the finding of the dead body of a Negro, suspended between heaven and
+earth to the limb of a tree, is of so slight importance that neither the
+civil authorities nor press agencies consider the matter worth
+investigating. July 21, in Shelby County, Tenn., a colored man by the name
+of Charles Martin was lynched. July 30, at Paris, Mo., a colored man named
+William Steen shared the same fate. December 28, Mack Segars was announced
+to have been lynched at Brantley, Alabama. August 31, at Yarborough,
+Texas, and on September 19, at Houston, a colored man was found lynched,
+but so little attention was paid to the matter that not only was no record
+made as to why these last two men were lynched, but even their names were
+not given. The dispatches simply stated that an unknown Negro was found
+lynched in each case.
+
+There are friends of humanity who feel their souls shrink from any
+compromise with murder, but whose deep and abiding reverence for womanhood
+causes them to hesitate in giving their support to this crusade against
+Lynch Law, out of fear that they may encourage the miscreants whose deeds
+are worse than murder. But to these friends it must appear certain that
+these five men could not have been guilty of any terrible crime. They were
+simply lynched by parties of men who had it in their power to kill them,
+and who chose to avenge some fancied wrong by murder, rather than submit
+their grievances to court.
+
+
+LYNCHED BECAUSE THEY WERE SAUCY
+
+At Moberly, Mo., February 18 and at Fort Madison, S.C., June 2, both in
+1892, a record was made in the line of lynching which should certainly
+appeal to every humanitarian who has any regard for the sacredness of
+human life. John Hughes, of Moberly, and Isaac Lincoln, of Fort Madison,
+and Will Lewis in Tullahoma, Tenn., suffered death for no more serious
+charge than that they "were saucy to white people." In the days of slavery
+it was held to be a very serious matter for a colored person to fail to
+yield the sidewalk at the demand of a white person, and it will not be
+surprising to find some evidence of this intolerance existing in the days
+of freedom. But the most that could be expected as a penalty for acting or
+speaking saucily to a white person would be a slight physical chastisement
+to make the Negro "know his place" or an arrest and fine. But Missouri,
+Tennessee and South Carolina chose to make precedents in their cases and
+as a result both men, after being charged with their offense and
+apprehended, were taken by a mob and lynched. The civil authorities, who
+in either case would have been very quick to satisfy the aggrieved white
+people had they complained and brought the prisoners to court, by imposing
+proper penalty upon them, did not feel it their duty to make any
+investigation after the Negroes were killed. They were dead and out of the
+way and as no one would be called upon to render an account for their
+taking off, the matter was dismissed from the public mind.
+
+
+LYNCHED FOR A QUARREL
+
+One of the most notable instances of lynching for the year 1893, occurred
+about the twentieth of September. It was notable for the fact that the
+mayor of the city exerted every available power to protect the victim of
+the lynching from the mob. In his splendid endeavor to uphold the law, the
+mayor called out the troops, and the result was a deadly fight between the
+militia and mob, nine of the mob being killed. The trouble occurred at
+Roanoke, Va. It is frequently claimed that lynchings occur only in
+sparsely settled districts, and, in fact, it is a favorite plea of
+governors and reverend apologists to couple two arrant falsehoods, stating
+that lynchings occur only because of assaults upon white women, and that
+these assaults occur and the lynchings follow in thinly inhabited
+districts where the power of the law is entirely inadequate to meet the
+emergency. This Roanoke case is a double refutation, for it not only
+disproves the alleged charge that the Negro assaulted a white woman, as
+was telegraphed all over the country at the time, but it also shows
+conclusively that even in one of the largest cities of the old state of
+Virginia, one of the original thirteen colonies, which prides itself of
+being the mother of presidents, it was possible for a lynching to occur in
+broad daylight under circumstances of revolting savagery.
+
+When the news first came from Roanoke of the contemplated lynching, it was
+stated that a big burly Negro had assaulted a white woman, that he had
+been apprehended and that the citizens were determined to summarily
+dispose of his case. Mayor Trout was a man who believed in maintaining the
+majesty of the law, and who at once gave notice that no lynching would be
+permitted in Roanoke, and that the Negro, whose name was Smith, being in
+the custody of the law, should be dealt with according to law; but the mob
+did not pay any attention to the brave words of the mayor. It evidently
+thought that it was only another case of swagger, such as frequently
+characterizes lynching episodes. Mayor Trout, finding immense crowds
+gathering about the city, and fearing an attempt to lynch Smith, called
+out the militia and stationed them at the jail.
+
+It was known that the woman refused to accuse Smith of assaulting her, and
+that his offense consisted in quarreling with her about the change of
+money in a transaction in which he bought something from her market booth.
+Both parties lost their temper, and the result was a row from which Smith
+had to make his escape. At once the old cry was sounded that the woman had
+been assaulted, and in a few hours all the town was wild with people
+thirsting for the assailant's blood. The further incidents of that day may
+well be told by a dispatch from Roanoke under date of the twenty-first of
+September and published in the _Chicago Record_. It says:
+
+  It is claimed by members of the military company that they frequently
+  warned the mob to keep away from the jail, under penalty of being shot.
+  Capt. Bird told them he was under orders to protect the prisoner whose
+  life the mob so eagerly sought, and come what may he would not allow him
+  to be taken by the mob. To this the crowd replied with hoots and
+  derisive jeers. The rioters appeared to become frenzied at the
+  determined stand taken by the men and Captain Bird, and finally a crowd
+  of excited men made a rush for the side door of the jail. The captain
+  directed his men to drive the would-be lynchers back.
+
+  At this moment the mob opened fire on the soldiers. This appeared for a
+  moment to startle the captain and his men. But it was only for a moment.
+  Then he coolly gave the command: "Ready! aim! fire!" The company obeyed
+  to the instant, and poured a volley of bullets into that part of the
+  mob which was trying to batter down the side door of the jail.
+
+  The rioters fell back before the fire of the militia, leaving one man
+  writhing in the agonies of death at the doorstep. There was a lull for a
+  moment. Then the word was quickly passed through the throng in front of
+  the jail and down the street that a man was killed. Then there was an
+  awful rush toward the little band of soldiers. Excited men were yelling
+  like demons.
+
+  The fight became general, and ere it was ended nine men were dead and
+  more than forty wounded.
+
+This stubborn stand on behalf of law and order disconcerted the crowd and
+it fell back in disorder. It did not long remain inactive but assembled
+again for a second assault. Having only a small band of militia, and
+knowing they would be absolutely at the mercy of the thousands who were
+gathering to wreak vengeance upon them, the mayor ordered them to disperse
+and go to their homes, and he himself, having been wounded, was quietly
+conveyed out of the city.
+
+The next day the mob grew in numbers and its rage increased in its
+intensity. There was no longer any doubt that Smith, innocent as he was of
+any crime, would be killed, for with the mayor out of the city and the
+governor of the state using no effort to control the mob, it was only a
+question of a few hours when the assault would be repeated and its victim
+put to death. All this happened as per programme. The description of that
+morning's carnival appeared in the paper above quoted and reads as
+follows:
+
+  A squad of twenty men took the negro Smith from three policemen just
+  before five o'clock this morning and hanged him to a hickory limb on
+  Ninth Avenue, in the residence section of the city. They riddled his
+  body with bullets and put a placard on it saying: "This is Mayor Trout's
+  friend." A coroner's jury of Bismel was summoned and viewed the body and
+  rendered a verdict of death at the hands of unknown men. Thousands of
+  persons visited the scene of the lynching between daylight and eight
+  o'clock when the body was cut down. After the jury had completed its
+  work the body was placed in the hands of officers, who were unable to
+  keep back the mob. Three hundred men tried to drag the body through the
+  streets of the town, but the Rev. Dr. Campbell of the First Presbyterian
+  church and Capt. R.B. Moorman, with pleas and by force prevented them.
+
+  Capt. Moorman hired a wagon and the body was put in it. It was then
+  conveyed to the bank of the Roanoke, about two miles from the scene of
+  the lynching. Here the body was dragged from the wagon by ropes for
+  about 200 yards and burned. Piles of dry brushwood were brought, and the
+  body was placed upon it, and more brushwood piled on the body, leaving
+  only the head bare. The whole pile was then saturated with coal oil and
+  a match was applied. The body was consumed within an hour. The cremation
+  was witnessed by several thousand people. At one time the mob threatened
+  to burn the Negro in Mayor Trout's yard.
+
+Thus did the people of Roanoke, Va., add this measure of proof to maintain
+our contention that it is only necessary to charge a Negro with a crime in
+order to secure his certain death. It was well known in the city before he
+was killed that he had not assaulted the woman with whom he had had the
+trouble, but he dared to have an altercation with a white woman, and he
+must pay the penalty. For an offense which would not in any civilized
+community have brought upon him a punishment greater than a fine of a few
+dollars, this unfortunate Negro was hung, shot and burned.
+
+
+SUSPECTED, INNOCENT AND LYNCHED
+
+Five persons, Benjamin Jackson, his wife, Mahala Jackson, his
+mother-in-law, Lou Carter, Rufus Bigley, were lynched near Quincy, Miss.,
+the charge against them being suspicion of well poisoning. It appears from
+the newspaper dispatches at that time that a family by the name of
+Woodruff was taken ill in September of 1892. As a result of their illness
+one or more of the family are said to have died, though that matter is not
+stated definitely. It was suspected that the cause of their illness was
+the existence of poison in the water, some miscreant having placed poison
+in the well. Suspicion pointed to a colored man named Benjamin Jackson who
+was at once arrested. With him also were arrested his wife and
+mother-in-law and all were held on the same charge.
+
+The matter came up for judicial investigation, but as might have been
+expected, the white people concluded it was unnecessary to wait the result
+of the investigation--that it was preferable to hang the accused first and
+try him afterward. By this method of procedure, the desired result was
+always obtained--the accused was hanged. Accordingly Benjamin Jackson was
+taken from the officers by a crowd of about two hundred people, while the
+inquest was being held, and hanged. After the killing of Jackson, the
+inquest was continued to ascertain the possible connection of the other
+persons charged with the crime. Against the wife and mother-in-law of the
+unfortunate man there was not the slightest evidence and the coroner's
+jury was fair enough to give them their liberty. They were declared
+innocent and returned to their homes. But this did not protect the women
+from the demands of the Christian white people of that section of the
+country. In any other land and with any other people, the fact that these
+two accused persons were women would have pleaded in their favor for
+protection and fair play, but that had no weight with the Mississippi
+Christians nor the further fact that a jury of white men had declared them
+innocent. The hanging of one victim on an unproven charge did not begin to
+satisfy the mob in its bloodthirsty demands and the result was that even
+after the women had been discharged, they were at once taken in charge by
+a mob, which hung them by the neck until they were dead.
+
+Still the mob was not satisfied. During the coroner's investigation the
+name of a fourth person, Rufus Bigley, was mentioned. He was acquainted
+with the Jacksons and that fact, together with some testimony adduced at
+the inquest, prompted the mob to decide that he should die also. Search
+was at once made for him and the next day he was apprehended. He was not
+given over into the hands of the civil authorities for trial nor did the
+coroner's inquest find that he was guilty, but the mob was quite
+sufficient in itself. After finding Bigley, he was strung up to a tree and
+his body left hanging, where it was found next day. It may be remarked
+here in passing that this instance of the moral degradation of the people
+of Mississippi did not excite any interest in the public at large.
+American Christianity heard of this awful affair and read of its details
+and neither press nor pulpit gave the matter more than a passing comment.
+Had it occurred in the wilds of interior Africa, there would have been an
+outcry from the humane people of this country against the savagery which
+would so mercilessly put men and women to death. But it was an evidence of
+American civilization to be passed by unnoticed, to be denied or condoned
+as the requirements of any future emergency might determine.
+
+
+LYNCHED FOR AN ATTEMPTED ASSAULT
+
+With only a little more aggravation than that of Smith who quarreled at
+Roanoke with the market woman, was the assault which operated as the
+incentive to a most brutal lynching in Memphis, Tenn. Memphis is one of
+the queen cities of the south, with a population of about seventy thousand
+souls--easily one of the twenty largest, most progressive and wealthiest
+cities of the United States. And yet in its streets there occurred a scene
+of shocking savagery which would have disgraced the Congo. No woman was
+harmed, no serious indignity suffered. Two women driving to town in a
+wagon, were suddenly accosted by Lee Walker. He claimed that he demanded
+something to eat. The women claimed that he attempted to assault them.
+They gave such an alarm that he ran away. At once the dispatches spread
+over the entire country that a big, burly Negro had brutally assaulted two
+women. Crowds began to search for the alleged fiend. While hunting him
+they shot another Negro dead in his tracks for refusing to stop when
+ordered to do so. After a few days Lee Walker was found, and put in jail
+in Memphis until the mob there was ready for him.
+
+The _Memphis Commercial_ of Sunday, July 23, contains a full account of
+the tragedy from which the following extracts are made:
+
+  At 12 o'clock last night, Lee Walker, who attempted to outrage Miss
+  Mollie McCadden, last Tuesday morning, was taken from the county jail
+  and hanged to a telegraph pole just north of the prison. All day rumors
+  were afloat that with nightfall an attack would be made upon the jail,
+  and as everyone anticipated that a vigorous resistance would be made, a
+  conflict between the mob and the authorities was feared.
+
+  At 10 o'clock Capt. O'Haver, Sergt. Horan and several patrolmen were on
+  hand, but they could do nothing with the crowd. An attack by the mob was
+  made on the door in the south wall, and it yielded. Sheriff McLendon and
+  several of his men threw themselves into the breach, but two or three of
+  the storming party shoved by. They were seized by the police, but were
+  not subdued, the officers refraining from using their clubs. The entire
+  mob might at first have been dispersed by ten policemen who would use
+  their clubs, but the sheriff insisted that no violence be done.
+
+  The mob got an iron rail and used it as a battering ram against the
+  lobby doors. Sheriff McLendon tried to stop them, and some one of the
+  mob knocked him down with a chair. Still he counseled moderation and
+  would not order his deputies and the police to disperse the crowd by
+  force. The pacific policy of the sheriff impressed the mob with the idea
+  that the officers were afraid, or at least would do them no harm, and
+  they redoubled their efforts, urged on by a big switchman. At 12 o'clock
+  the door of the prison was broken in with a rail.
+
+  As soon as the rapist was brought out of the door calls were heard for a
+  rope; then someone shouted, "Burn him!" But there was no time to make a
+  fire. When Walker got into the lobby a dozen of the men began beating
+  and stabbing him. He was half dragged, half carried to the corner of
+  Front Street and the alley between Sycamore and Mill, and hung to a
+  telegraph pole.
+
+  Walker made a desperate resistance. Two men entered his cell first and
+  ordered him to come forth. He refused, and they failing to drag him out,
+  others entered. He scratched and bit his assailants, wounding several of
+  them severely with his teeth. The mob retaliated by striking and cutting
+  him with fists and knives. When he reached the steps leading down to the
+  door he made another stand and was stabbed again and again. By the time
+  he reached the lobby his power to resist was gone, and he was shoved
+  along through the mob of yelling, cursing men and boys, who beat, spat
+  upon and slashed the wretch-like demon. One of the leaders of the mob
+  fell, and the crowd walked ruthlessly over him. He was badly hurt--a
+  jawbone fractured and internal injuries inflicted. After the lynching
+  friends took charge of him.
+
+  The mob proceeded north on Front Street with the victim, stopping at
+  Sycamore Street to get a rope from a grocery. "Take him to the iron
+  bridge on Main Street," yelled several men. The men who had hold of the
+  Negro were in a hurry to finish the job, however, and when they reached
+  the telephone pole at the corner of Front Street and the first alley
+  north of Sycamore they stopped. A hastily improvised noose was slipped
+  over the Negro's head, and several young men mounted a pile of lumber
+  near the pole and threw the rope over one of the iron stepping pins. The
+  Negro was lifted up until his feet were three feet above the ground, the
+  rope was made taut, and a corpse dangled in midair. A big fellow who
+  helped lead the mob pulled the Negro's legs until his neck cracked. The
+  wretch's clothes had been torn off, and, as he swung, the man who pulled
+  his legs mutilated the corpse.
+
+  One or two knife cuts, more or less, made little difference in the
+  appearance of the dead rapist, however, for before the rope was around
+  his neck his skin was cut almost to ribbons. One pistol shot was fired
+  while the corpse was hanging. A dozen voices protested against the use
+  of firearms, and there was no more shooting. The body was permitted to
+  hang for half an hour, then it was cut down and the rope divided among
+  those who lingered around the scene of the tragedy. Then it was
+  suggested that the corpse be burned, and it was done. The entire
+  performance, from the assault on the jail to the burning of the dead
+  Negro was witnessed by a score or so of policemen and as many deputy
+  sheriffs, but not a hand was lifted to stop the proceedings after the
+  jail door yielded.
+
+  As the body hung to the telegraph pole, blood streaming down from the
+  knife wounds in his neck, his hips and lower part of his legs also
+  slashed with knives, the crowd hurled expletives at him, swung the body
+  so that it was dashed against the pole, and, so far from the ghastly
+  sight proving trying to the nerves, the crowd looked on with
+  complaisance, if not with real pleasure. The Negro died hard. The neck
+  was not broken, as the body was drawn up without being given a fall, and
+  death came by strangulation. For fully ten minutes after he was strung
+  up the chest heaved occasionally, and there were convulsive movements of
+  the limbs. Finally he was pronounced dead, and a few minutes later
+  Detective Richardson climbed on a pile of staves and cut the rope. The
+  body fell in a ghastly heap, and the crowd laughed at the sound and
+  crowded around the prostrate body, a few kicking the inanimate carcass.
+
+  Detective Richardson, who is also a deputy coroner, then proceeded to
+  impanel the following jury of inquest: J.S. Moody, A.C. Waldran, B.J.
+  Childs, J.N. House, Nelson Bills, T.L. Smith, and A. Newhouse. After
+  viewing the body the inquest was adjourned without any testimony being
+  taken until 9 o'clock this morning. The jury will meet at the coroner's
+  office, 51 Beale Street, upstairs, and decide on a verdict. If no
+  witnesses are forthcoming, the jury will be able to arrive at a verdict
+  just the same, as all members of it saw the lynching. Then someone
+  raised the cry of "Burn him!" It was quickly taken up and soon resounded
+  from a hundred throats. Detective Richardson, for a long time,
+  single-handed, stood the crowd off. He talked and begged the men not to
+  bring disgrace on the city by burning the body, arguing that all the
+  vengeance possible had been wrought.
+
+  While this was going on a small crowd was busy starting a fire in the
+  middle of the street. The material was handy. Some bundles of staves
+  were taken from the adjoining lumber yard for kindling. Heavier wood was
+  obtained from the same source, and coal oil from a neighboring grocery.
+  Then the cries of "Burn him! Burn him!" were redoubled.
+
+  Half a dozen men seized the naked body. The crowd cheered. They marched
+  to the fire, and giving the body a swing, it was landed in the middle of
+  the fire. There was a cry for more wood, as the fire had begun to die
+  owing to the long delay. Willing hands procured the wood, and it was
+  piled up on the Negro, almost, for a time, obscuring him from view. The
+  head was in plain view, as also were the limbs, and one arm which stood
+  out high above the body, the elbow crooked, held in that position by a
+  stick of wood. In a few moments the hands began to swell, then came
+  great blisters over all the exposed parts of the body; then in places
+  the flesh was burned away and the bones began to show through. It was a
+  horrible sight, one which, perhaps, none there had ever witnessed
+  before. It proved too much for a large part of the crowd and the
+  majority of the mob left very shortly after the burning began.
+
+  But a large number stayed, and were not a bit set back by the sight of a
+  human body being burned to ashes. Two or three white women, accompanied
+  by their escorts, pushed to the front to obtain an unobstructed view,
+  and looked on with astonishing coolness and nonchalance. One man and
+  woman brought a little girl, not over twelve years old, apparently their
+  daughter, to view a scene which was calculated to drive sleep from the
+  child's eyes for many nights, if not to produce a permanent injury to
+  her nervous system. The comments of the crowd were varied. Some remarked
+  on the efficacy of this style of cure for rapists, others rejoiced that
+  men's wives and daughters were now safe from this wretch. Some laughed
+  as the flesh cracked and blistered, and while a large number pronounced
+  the burning of a dead body as a useless episode, not in all that throng
+  was a word of sympathy heard for the wretch himself.
+
+  The rope that was used to hang the Negro, and also that which was used
+  to lead him from the jail, were eagerly sought by relic hunters. They
+  almost fought for a chance to cut off a piece of rope, and in an
+  incredibly short time both ropes had disappeared and were scattered in
+  the pockets of the crowd in sections of from an inch to six inches long.
+  Others of the relic hunters remained until the ashes cooled to obtain
+  such ghastly relics as the teeth, nails, and bits of charred skin of the
+  immolated victim of his own lust. After burning the body the mob tied a
+  rope around the charred trunk and dragged it down Main Street to the
+  courthouse, where it was hanged to a center pole. The rope broke and the
+  corpse dropped with a thud, but it was again hoisted, the charred legs
+  barely touching the ground. The teeth were knocked out and the
+  fingernails cut off as souvenirs. The crowd made so much noise that the
+  police interfered. Undertaker Walsh was telephoned for, who took
+  charge of the body and carried it to his establishment, where it will be
+  prepared for burial in the potter's field today.
+
+[Illustration: Scene of lynching at Clanton, Alabama, August 1891.]
+
+[Illustration: Facsimile of back of photograph. W.R. MARTIN, Traveling
+Photographer. (Handwritten: This S.O.B. was hung at Clanton Ala. Friday
+Aug 21st/91 for murdering a little boy in cold blood for 35c in cash. He
+is a good specimen of your "Black Christian hung by White Heathens"
+[illegible] of the Committee.)]
+
+A prelude to this exhibition of nineteenth-century barbarism was the
+following telegram received by the _Chicago Inter Ocean_, at 2 o'clock,
+Saturday afternoon--ten hours before the lynching:
+
+  MEMPHIS TENN., July 22, To _Inter-Ocean_, Chicago.
+
+  Lee Walker, colored man, accused of raping white women, in jail here,
+  will be taken out and burned by whites tonight. Can you send Miss Ida
+  Wells to write it up? Answer. R.M. Martin, with _Public Ledger_.
+
+The _Public Ledger_ is one of the oldest evening daily papers in Memphis,
+and this telegram shows that the intentions of the mob were well known
+long before they were executed. The personnel of the mob is given by the
+_Memphis Appeal-Avalanche_. It says, "At first it seemed as if a crowd of
+roughs were the principals, but as it increased in size, men in all walks
+of life figured as leaders, although the majority were young men."
+
+This was the punishment meted out to a Negro, charged, not with rape, but
+attempted assault, and without any proof as to his guilt, for the women
+were not given a chance to identify him. It was only a little less
+horrible than the burning alive of Henry Smith, at Paris, Texas, February
+1, 1893, or that of Edward Coy, in Texarkana, Texas, February 20, 1892.
+Both were charged with assault on white women, and both were tied to the
+stake and burned while yet alive, in the presence of ten thousand persons.
+In the case of Coy, the white woman in the case applied the match, even
+while the victim protested his innocence.
+
+The cut which is here given is the exact reproduction of the photograph
+taken at the scene of the lynching at Clanton, Alabama, August, 1891. The
+cause for which the man was hanged is given in the words of the mob which
+were written on the back of the photograph, and they are also given. This
+photograph was sent to Judge A.W. Tourgee, of Mayville, N.Y.
+
+In some of these cases the mob affects to believe in the Negro's guilt.
+The world is told that the white woman in the case identifies him, or the
+prisoner "confesses." But in the lynching which took place in Barnwell
+County, South Carolina, April 24, 1893, the mob's victim, John Peterson,
+escaped and placed himself under Governor Tillman's protection; not only
+did he declare his innocence, but offered to prove an alibi, by white
+witnesses. Before his witnesses could be brought, the mob arrived at the
+Governor's mansion and demanded the prisoner. He was given up, and
+although the white woman in the case said he was not the man, he was
+hanged twenty-four hours after, and over a thousand bullets fired into his
+body, on the declaration that "a crime had been committed and someone had
+to hang for it."
+
+
+
+
+6
+
+HISTORY OF SOME CASES OF RAPE
+
+
+It has been claimed that the Southern white women have been slandered
+because, in defending the Negro race from the charge that all colored men,
+who are lynched, only pay penalty for assaulting women. It is certain that
+lynching mobs have not only refused to give the Negro a chance to defend
+himself, but have killed their victim with a full knowledge that the
+relationship of the alleged assailant with the woman who accused him, was
+voluntary and clandestine. As a matter of fact, one of the prime causes of
+the Lynch Law agitation has been a necessity for defending the Negro from
+this awful charge against him. This defense has been necessary because the
+apologists for outlawry insist that in no case has the accusing woman been
+a willing consort of her paramour, who is lynched because overtaken in
+wrong. It is well known, however, that such is the case. In July of this
+year, 1894, John Paul Bocock, a Southern white man living in New York, and
+assistant editor of the _New York Tribune_, took occasion to defy the
+publication of any instance where the lynched Negro was the victim of a
+white woman's falsehood. Such cases are not rare, but the press and people
+conversant with the facts, almost invariably suppress them.
+
+The _New York Sun_ of July 30,1894, contained a synopsis of interviews
+with leading congressmen and editors of the South. Speaker Crisp, of the
+House of Representatives, who was recently a Judge of the Supreme Court of
+Georgia, led in declaring that lynching seldom or never took place, save
+for vile crime against women and children. Dr. Hass, editor of the leading
+organ of the Methodist Church South, published in its columns that it was
+his belief that more than three hundred women had been assaulted by Negro
+men within three months. When asked to prove his charges, or give a single
+case upon which his "belief" was founded, he said that he could do so, but
+the details were unfit for publication. No other evidence but his "belief"
+could be adduced to substantiate this grave charge, yet Bishop Haygood, in
+the _Forum_ of October, 1893, quotes this "belief" in apology for
+lynching, and voluntarily adds: "It is my opinion that this is an
+underestimate." The "opinion" of this man, based upon a "belief," had
+greater weight coming from a man who has posed as a friend to "Our Brother
+in Black," and was accepted as authority. An interview of Miss Frances E.
+Willard, the great apostle of temperance, the daughter of abolitionists
+and a personal friend and helper of many individual colored people, has
+been quoted in support of the utterance of this calumny against a weak and
+defenseless race. In the _New York Voice_ of October 23, 1890, after a
+tour in the South, where she was told all these things by the "best white
+people," she said: "The grogshop is the Negro's center of power. Better
+whisky and more of it is the rallying cry of great, dark-faced mobs. The
+colored race multiplies like the locusts of Egypt. The grogshop is its
+center of power. The safety of woman, of childhood, the home, is menaced
+in a thousand localities at this moment, so that men dare not go beyond
+the sight of their own roof-tree."
+
+These charges so often reiterated, have had the effect of fastening the
+odium upon the race of a peculiar propensity for this foul crime. The
+Negro is thus forced to a defense of his good name, and this chapter will
+be devoted to the history of some of the cases where assault upon white
+women by Negroes is charged. He is not the aggressor in this fight, but
+the situation demands that the facts be given, and they will speak for
+themselves. Of the 1,115 Negro men, women and children hanged, shot and
+roasted alive from January 1, 1882, to January 1, 1894, inclusive, only
+348 of that number were charged with rape. Nearly 700 of these persons
+were lynched for any other reason which could be manufactured by a mob
+wishing to indulge in a lynching bee.
+
+
+A WHITE WOMAN'S FALSEHOOD
+
+The _Cleveland, Ohio, Gazette_, January 16, 1892, gives an account of one
+of these cases of "rape."
+
+Mrs. J.C. Underwood, the wife of a minister of Elyria, Ohio, accused an
+Afro-American of rape. She told her husband that during his absence in
+1888, stumping the state for the Prohibition Party, the man came to the
+kitchen door, forced his way in the house and insulted her. She tried to
+drive him out with a heavy poker, but he overpowered and chloroformed her,
+and when she revived her clothing was torn and she was in a horrible
+condition. She did not know the man, but could identify him. She
+subsequently pointed out William Offett, a married man, who was arrested,
+and, being in Ohio, was granted a trial.
+
+The prisoner vehemently denied the charge of rape, but confessed he went
+to Mrs. Underwood's residence at her invitation and was criminally
+intimate with her at her request. This availed him nothing against the
+sworn testimony of a minister's wife, a lady of the highest
+respectability. He was found guilty, and entered the penitentiary,
+December 14, 1888, for fifteen years. Sometime afterwards the woman's
+remorse led her to confess to her husband that the man was innocent. These
+are her words: "I met Offett at the postoffice. It was raining. He was
+polite to me, and as I had several bundles in my arms he offered to carry
+them home for me, which he did. He had a strange fascination for me, and I
+invited him to call on me. He called, bringing chestnuts and candy for the
+children. By this means we got them to leave us alone in the room. Then I
+sat on his lap. He made a proposal to me and I readily consented. Why I
+did so I do not know, but that I did is true. He visited me several times
+after that and each time I was indiscreet. I did not care after the first
+time. In fact I could not have resisted, and had no desire to resist."
+
+When asked by her husband why she told him she had been outraged, she
+said: "I had several reasons for telling you. One was the neighbors saw
+the fellow here, another was, I was afraid I had contracted a loathsome
+disease, and still another was that I feared I might give birth to a Negro
+baby. I hoped to save my reputation by telling you a deliberate lie." Her
+husband, horrified by the confession, had Offett, who had already served
+four years, released and secured a divorce.
+
+There have been many such cases throughout the South, with the difference
+that the Southern white men in insensate fury wreak their vengeance
+without intervention of law upon the Negro who consorts with their women.
+
+
+TRIED TO MANUFACTURE AN OUTRAGE
+
+The _Memphis (Tenn.) Ledger_, of June 8, 1892, has the following:
+
+  If Lillie Bailey, a rather pretty white girl, seventeen years of age,
+  who is now at the city hospital, would be somewhat less reserved about
+  her disgrace there would be some very nauseating details in the story of
+  her life. She is the mother of a little coon. The truth might reveal
+  fearful depravity or the evidence of a rank outrage. She will not
+  divulge the name of the man who has left such black evidence of her
+  disgrace, and in fact says it is a matter in which there can be no
+  interest to the outside world. She came to Memphis nearly three months
+  ago, and was taken in at the Woman's Refuge in the southern part of the
+  city. She remained there until a few weeks ago when the child was born.
+  The ladies in charge of the Refuge were horrified. The girl was at once
+  sent to the city hospital, where she has been since May 30. She is a
+  country girl. She came to Memphis from her father's farm, a short
+  distance from Hernando, Miss. Just when she left there she would not
+  say. In fact she says she came to Memphis from Arkansas, and says her
+  home is in that state. She is rather good looking, has blue eyes, a low
+  forehead and dark red hair. The ladies at the Woman's Refuge do not know
+  anything about the girl further than what they learned when she was an
+  inmate of the institution; and she would not tell much. When the child
+  was born an attempt was made to get the girl to reveal the name of the
+  Negro who had disgraced her, she obstinately refused and it was
+  impossible to elicit any information from her on the subject.
+
+Note the wording: "The truth might reveal fearful depravity or rank
+outrage." If it had been a white child or if Lillie Bailey had told a
+pitiful story of Negro outrage, it would have been a case of woman's
+weakness or assault and she could have remained at the Woman's Refuge. But
+a Negro child and to withhold its father's name and thus prevent the
+killing of another Negro "rapist" was a case of "fearful depravity." Had
+she revealed the father's name, he would have been lynched and his taking
+off charged to an assault upon a white woman.
+
+
+BURNED ALIVE FOR ADULTERY
+
+In Texarkana, Arkansas, Edward Coy was accused of assaulting a white
+woman. The press dispatches of February 18, 1892, told in detail how he
+was tied to a tree, the flesh cut from his body by men and boys, and after
+coal oil was poured over him, the woman he had assaulted gladly set fire
+to him, and 15,000 persons saw him burn to death. October 1, the _Chicago
+Inter Ocean_ contained the following account of that horror from the pen
+of the "Bystander" Judge Albion W. Tourgee--as the result of his
+investigations:
+
+  1. The woman who was paraded as victim of violence was of bad character;
+  her husband was a drunkard and a gambler.
+
+  2. She was publicly reported and generally known to have been criminally
+  intimate with Coy for more than a year previous.
+
+  3. She was compelled by threats, if not by violence, to make the charge
+  against the victim.
+
+  4. When she came to apply the match Coy asked her if she would burn him
+  after they had "been sweethearting" so long.
+
+  5. A large majority of the "superior" white men prominent in the affair
+  are the reputed fathers of mulatto children.
+
+  These are not pleasant facts, but they are illustrative of the vital
+  phase of the so-called race question, which should properly be
+  designated an earnest inquiry as to the best methods by which religion,
+  science, law and political power may be employed to excuse injustice,
+  barbarity and crime done to a people because of race and color. There
+  can be no possible belief that these people were inspired by any
+  consuming zeal to vindicate God's law against miscegenationists of the
+  most practical sort. The woman was a willing partner in the victim's
+  guilt, and being of the "superior" race must naturally have been more
+  guilty.
+
+
+NOT IDENTIFIED BUT LYNCHED
+
+February 11, 1893, there occurred in Shelby County, Tennessee, the fourth
+Negro lynching within fifteen months. The three first were lynched in the
+city of Memphis for firing on white men in self-defense. This Negro,
+Richard Neal, was lynched a few miles from the city limits, and the
+following is taken from the _Memphis (Tenn.) Scimitar_:
+
+  As the _Scimitar_ stated on Saturday the Negro, Richard Neal, who raped
+  Mrs. Jack White near Forest Hill, in this county, was lynched by a mob
+  of about 200 white citizens of the neighborhood. Sheriff McLendon,
+  accompanied by Deputies Perkins, App and Harvey and a _Scimitar_
+  reporter, arrived on the scene of the execution about 3:30 in the
+  afternoon. The body was suspended from the first limb of a post oak tree
+  by a new quarter-inch grass rope. A hangman's knot, evidently tied by an
+  expert, fitted snugly under the left ear of the corpse, and a new hame
+  string pinioned the victim's arms behind him. His legs were not tied.
+  The body was perfectly limber when the Sheriff's posse cut it down and
+  retained enough heat to warm the feet of Deputy Perkins, whose road cart
+  was converted into a hearse. On arriving with the body at Forest Hill
+  the Sheriff made a bargain with a stalwart young man with a blonde
+  mustache and deep blue eyes, who told the _Scimitar_ reporter that he
+  was the leader of the mob, to haul the body to Germantown for $3.
+
+  When within half-a-mile of Germantown the Sheriff and posse were
+  overtaken by Squire McDonald of Collierville, who had come down to hold
+  the inquest. The Squire had his jury with him, and it was agreed for the
+  convenience of all parties that he should proceed with the corpse to
+  Germantown and conduct the inquiry as to the cause of death. He did so,
+  and a verdict of death from hanging by parties unknown was returned in
+  due form.
+
+  The execution of Neal was done deliberately and by the best people of
+  the Collierville, Germantown and Forest Hill neighborhoods, without
+  passion or exhibition of anger.
+
+  He was arrested on Friday about ten o'clock, by Constable Bob Cash, who
+  carried him before Mrs. White. She said: "I think he is the man. I am
+  almost certain of it. If he isn't the man he is exactly like him."
+
+  The Negro's coat was torn also, and there were other circumstances
+  against him. The committee returned and made its report, and the
+  chairman put the question of guilt or innocence to a vote.
+
+  All who thought the proof strong enough to warrant execution were
+  invited to cross over to the other side of the road. Everybody but four
+  or five negroes crossed over.
+
+  The committee then placed Neal on a mule with his arms tied behind him,
+  and proceeded to the scene of the crime, followed by the mob. The rope,
+  with a noose already prepared, was tied to the limb nearest the spot
+  where the unpardonable sin was committed, and the doomed man's mule was
+  brought to a standstill beneath it.
+
+  Then Neal confessed. He said he was the right man, but denied that he
+  used force or threats to accomplish his purpose. It was a matter of
+  purchase, he claimed, and said the price paid was twenty-five cents. He
+  warned the colored men present to beware of white women and resist
+  temptation, for to yield to their blandishments or to the passions of
+  men, meant death.
+
+  While he was speaking, Mrs. White came from her home and calling
+  Constable Cash to one side, asked if he could not save the Negro's life.
+  The reply was, "No," and Mrs. White returned to the house.
+
+  When all was in readiness, the husband of Neal's victim leaped upon the
+  mule's back and adjusted the rope around the Negro's neck. No cap was
+  used, and Neal showed no fear, nor did he beg for mercy. The mule was
+  struck with a whip and bounded out from under Neal, leaving him
+  suspended in the air with his feet about three feet from the ground.
+
+
+DELIVERED TO THE MOB BY THE GOVERNOR OF THE STATE
+
+John Peterson, near Denmark, S.C., was suspected of rape, but escaped,
+went to Columbia, and placed himself under Gov. Tillman's protection,
+declaring he too could prove an alibi by white witnesses. A white reporter
+hearing his declaration volunteered to find these witnesses, and
+telegraphed the governor that he would be in Columbia with them on Monday.
+In the meantime the mob at Denmark, learning Peterson's whereabouts, went
+to the governor and demanded the prisoner. Gov. Tillman, who had during
+his canvass for reelection the year before, declared that he would lead a
+mob to lynch a Negro that assaulted a white woman, gave Peterson up to the
+mob. He was taken back to Denmark, and the white girl in the case as
+positively declared that he was not the man. But the verdict of the mob
+was that "the crime had been committed and somebody had to hang for it,
+and if he, Peterson, was not guilty of that he was of some other crime,"
+and he was hung, and his body riddled with 1,000 bullets.
+
+
+LYNCHED AS A WARNING
+
+Alabama furnishes a case in point. A colored man named Daniel Edwards,
+lived near Selma, Alabama, and worked for a family of a farmer near that
+place. This resulted in an intimacy between the young man and a daughter
+of the householder, which finally developed in the disgrace of the girl.
+After the birth of the child, the mother disclosed the fact that Edwards
+was its father. The relationship had been sustained for more than a year,
+and yet this colored man was apprehended, thrown into jail from whence he
+was taken by a mob of one hundred neighbors and hung to a tree and his
+body riddled with bullets. A dispatch which describes the lynching, ends
+as follows. "Upon his back was found pinned this morning the following:
+'Warning to all Negroes that are too intimate with white girls. This the
+work of one hundred best citizens of the South Side.'"
+
+There can be no doubt from the announcement made by this "one hundred best
+citizens" that they understood full well the character of the relationship
+which existed between Edwards and the girl, but when the dispatches were
+sent out, describing the affair, it was claimed that Edwards was lynched
+for rape.
+
+
+SUPPRESSING THE TRUTH
+
+In a county in Mississippi during the month of July the Associated Press
+dispatches sent out a report that the sheriff's eight-year-old daughter
+had been assaulted by a big, black, burly brute who had been promptly
+lynched. The facts which have since been investigated show that the girl
+was more than eighteen years old and that she was discovered by her father
+in this young man's room who was a servant on the place. But these facts
+the Associated Press has not given to the world, nor did the same agency
+acquaint the world with the fact that a Negro youth who was lynched in
+Tuscumbia, Ala., the same year on the same charge told the white girl who
+accused him before the mob, that he had met her in the woods often by
+appointment. There is a young mulatto in one of the State prisons of the
+South today who is there by charge of a young white woman to screen
+herself. He is a college graduate and had been corresponding with, and
+clandestinely visiting her until he was surprised and run out of her room
+en deshabille by her father. He was put in prison in another town to save
+his life from the mob and his lawyer advised that it were better to save
+his life by pleading guilty to charges made and being sentenced for years,
+than to attempt a defense by exhibiting the letters written him by this
+girl. In the latter event, the mob would surely murder him, while there
+was a chance for his life by adopting the former course. Names, places and
+dates are not given for the same reason.
+
+The excuse has come to be so safe, it is not surprising that a
+Philadelphia girl, beautiful and well educated, and of good family, should
+make a confession published in all the daily papers of that city October,
+1894, that she had been stealing for some time, and that to cover one of
+her thefts, she had said she had been bound and gagged in her father's
+house by a colored man, and money stolen therefrom by him. Had this been
+done in many localities, it would only have been necessary for her to
+"identify" the first Negro in that vicinity, to have brought about another
+lynching bee.
+
+
+A VILE SLANDER WITH SCANT RETRACTION
+
+The following published in the _Cleveland (Ohio) Leader_ of Oct. 23, 1894,
+only emphasizes our demand that a fair trial shall be given those accused
+of crime, and the protection of the law be extended until time for a
+defense be granted.
+
+  The sensational story sent out last night from Hicksville that a Negro
+  had outraged a little four-year-old girl proves to be a base canard. The
+  correspondents who went into the details should have taken the pains to
+  investigate, and the officials should have known more of the matter
+  before they gave out such grossly exaggerated information.
+
+  The Negro, Charles O'Neil, had been working for a couple of women and,
+  it seems, had worked all winter without being remunerated. There is a
+  little girl, and the girl's mother and grandmother evidently started the
+  story with idea of frightening the Negro out of the country and thus
+  balancing accounts. The town was considerably wrought up and for a time
+  things looked serious. The accused had a preliminary hearing today and
+  not an iota of evidence was produced to indicate that such a crime had
+  been committed, or that he had even attempted such an outrage. The
+  village marshal was frightened nearly out of his wits and did little to
+  quiet the excitement last night.
+
+  The affair was an outrage on the Negro, at the expense of innocent
+  childhood, a brainless fabrication from start to finish.
+
+The original story was sent throughout this country and England, but the
+_Cleveland Leader_, so far as known, is the only journal which has
+published these facts in refutation of the slander so often published
+against the race. Not only is it true that many of the alleged cases of
+rape against the Negro, are like the foregoing, but the same crime
+committed by white men against Negro women and girls, is never punished by
+mob or the law. A leading journal in South Carolina openly said some
+months ago that "it is not the same thing for a white man to assault a
+colored woman as for a colored man to assault a white woman, because the
+colored woman had no finer feelings nor virtue to be outraged!" Yet
+colored women have always had far more reason to complain of white men in
+this respect than ever white women have had of Negroes.
+
+
+ILLINOIS HAS A LYNCHING
+
+In the month of June, 1893, the proud commonwealth of Illinois joined the
+ranks of Lynching States. Illinois, which gave to the world the immortal
+heroes, Lincoln, Grant and Logan, trailed its banner of justice in the
+dust--dyed its hands red in the blood of a man not proven guilty of crime.
+
+June 3,1893, the country about Decatur, one of the largest cities of the
+state was startled with the cry that a white woman had been assaulted by a
+colored tramp. Three days later a colored man named Samuel Bush was
+arrested and put in jail. A white man testified that Bush, on the day of
+the assault, asked him where he could get a drink and he pointed to the
+house where the farmer's wife was subsequently said to have been
+assaulted. Bush said he went to the well but did not go near the house,
+and did not assault the woman. After he was arrested the alleged victim
+did not see him to identify him--he was presumed to be guilty.
+
+The citizens determined to kill him. The mob gathered, went to the jail,
+met with no resistance, took the suspected man, dragged him out tearing
+every stitch of clothing from his body, then hanged him to a telegraph
+pole. The grand jury refused to indict the lynchers though the names of
+over twenty persons who were leaders in the mob were well known. In fact
+twenty-two persons were indicted, but the grand jurors and the prosecuting
+attorney disagreed as to the form of the indictments, which caused the
+jurors to change their minds. All indictments were reconsidered and the
+matter was dropped. Not one of the dozens of men prominent in that murder
+have suffered a whit more inconvenience for the butchery of that man, than
+they would have suffered for shooting a dog.
+
+
+COLOR LINE JUSTICE
+
+In Baltimore, Maryland, a gang of white ruffians assaulted a respectable
+colored girl who was out walking with a young man of her own race. They
+held her escort and outraged the girl. It was a deed dastardly enough to
+arouse Southern blood, which gives its horror of rape as excuse for
+lawlessness, but she was a colored woman. The case went to the courts and
+they were acquitted.
+
+In Nashville, Tennessee, there was a white man, Pat Hanifan, who outraged
+a little colored girl, and from the physical injuries received she was
+ruined for life. He was jailed for six months, discharged, and is now a
+detective in that city. In the same city, last May, a white man outraged a
+colored girl in a drug store. He was arrested and released on bail at the
+trial. It was rumored that five hundred colored men had organized to lynch
+him. Two hundred and fifty white citizens armed themselves with
+Winchesters and guarded him. A cannon was placed in front of his home, and
+the Buchanan Rifles (State Militia) ordered to the scene for his
+protection. The colored mob did not show up. Only two weeks before, Eph.
+Grizzard, who had only been charged with rape upon a white woman, had been
+taken from the jail, with Governor Buchanan and the police and militia
+standing by, dragged through the streets in broad daylight, knives plunged
+into him at every step, and with every fiendish cruelty that a frenzied
+mob could devise, he was at last swung out on the bridge with hands cut to
+pieces as he tried to climb up the stanchions. A naked, bloody example of
+the bloodthirstiness of the nineteenth-century civilization of the Athens
+of the South! No cannon nor military were called out in his defense. He
+dared to visit a white woman.
+
+At the very moment when these civilized whites were announcing their
+determination "to protect their wives and daughters," by murdering
+Grizzard, a white man was in the same jail for raping eight-year-old
+Maggie Reese, a colored girl. He was not harmed. The "honor" of grown
+women who were glad enough to be supported by the Grizzard boys and Ed.
+Coy, as long as the liaison was not known, needed protection; they were
+white. The outrage upon helpless childhood needed no avenging in this
+case; she was black.
+
+A white man in Guthrie, Oklahoma Territory, two months after inflicted
+such injuries upon another colored girl that she died. He was not
+punished, but an attempt was made in the same town in the month of June to
+lynch a colored man who visited a white woman.
+
+In Memphis, Tennessee, in the month of June, Ellerton L. Dorr, who is the
+husband of Russell Hancock's widow, was arrested for attempted rape on
+Mattie Cole, a neighbor's cook; he was only prevented from accomplishing
+his purpose by the appearance of Mattie's employer. Dorr's friends say he
+was drunk and, not responsible for his actions. The grand jury refused to
+indict him and he was discharged.
+
+In Tallahassee, Florida, a colored girl, Charlotte Gilliam, was assaulted
+by white men. Her father went to have a warrant for their arrest issued,
+but the judge refused to issue it.
+
+In Bowling Green, Virginia, Moses Christopher, a colored lad, was charged
+with assault, September 10. He was indicted, tried, convicted and
+sentenced to death in one day. In the same state at Danville, two weeks
+before--August 29, Thomas J. Penn, a white man, committed a criminal
+assault upon Lina Hanna, a twelve-year-old colored girl, but he has not
+been tried, certainly not killed either by the law or the mob.
+
+In Surrey county, Virginia, C.L. Brock, a white man, criminally assaulted
+a ten-year-old colored girl, and threatened to kill her if she told.
+Notwithstanding, she confessed to her aunt, Mrs. Alice Bates, and the
+white brute added further crime by killing Mrs. Bates when she upbraided
+him about his crime upon her niece. He emptied the contents of his
+revolver into her body as she lay. Brock has never been apprehended, and
+no effort has been made to do so by the legal authorities.
+
+But even when punishment is meted out by law to white villians for this
+horrible crime, it is seldom or never that capital punishment is invoked.
+Two cases just clipped from the daily papers will suffice to show how this
+crime is punished when committed by white offenders and black.
+
+LOUISVILLE, KY., October 19.--Smith Young, colored, was today sentenced to
+be hanged. Young criminally assaulted a six-year-old child about six
+months ago.
+
+Jacques Blucher, the Pontiac Frenchman who was arrested at that place for
+a criminal assault on his daughter Fanny on July 29 last, pleaded nolo
+contendere when placed on trial at East Greenwich, near Providence, R.I.,
+Tuesday, and was sentenced to five years in State Prison.
+
+Charles Wilson was convicted of assault upon seven-year-old Mamie Keys in
+Philadelphia, in October, and sentenced to ten years in prison. He was
+white. Indianapolis courts sentenced a white man in September to eight
+years in prison for assault upon a twelve-year-old white girl.
+
+April 24, 1893, a lynching was set for Denmark, S.C., on the charge of
+rape. A white girl accused a Negro of assault, and the mob was about to
+lynch him. A few hours before the lynching three reputable white men rode
+into the town and solemnly testified that the accused Negro was at work
+with them 25 miles away on the day and at the hour the crime had been
+committed. He was accordingly set free. A white person's word is taken as
+absolutely for as against a Negro.
+
+
+
+
+7
+
+THE CRUSADE JUSTIFIED
+
+_(Appeal from America to the World_)
+
+
+It has been urged in criticism of the movement appealing to the English
+people for sympathy and support in our crusade against Lynch Law that our
+action was unpatriotic, vindictive and useless. It is not a part of the
+plan of this pamphlet to make any defense for that crusade nor to indict
+any apology for the motives which led to the presentation of the facts of
+American lynchings to the world at large. To those who are not willfully
+blind and unjustly critical, the record of more than a thousand lynchings
+in ten years is enough to justify any peaceable movement tending to
+ameliorate the conditions which led to this unprecedented slaughter of
+human beings.
+
+If America would not hear the cry of men, women and children whose dying
+groans ascended to heaven praying for relief, not only for them but for
+others who might soon be treated as they, then certainly no fair-minded
+person can charge disloyalty to those who make an appeal to the
+civilization of the world for such sympathy and help as it is possible to
+extend. If stating the facts of these lynchings, as they appeared from
+time to time in the white newspapers of America--the news gathered by
+white correspondents, compiled by white press bureaus and disseminated
+among white people--shows any vindictiveness, then the mind which so
+charges is not amenable to argument.
+
+But it is the desire of this pamphlet to urge that the crusade started and
+thus far continued has not been useless, but has been blessed with the
+most salutary results. The many evidences of the good results can not here
+be mentioned, but the thoughtful student of the situation can himself
+find ample proof. There need not here be mentioned the fact that for the
+first time since lynching began, has there been any occasion for the
+governors of the several states to speak out in reference to these crimes
+against law and order.
+
+No matter how heinous the act of the lynchers may have been, it was
+discussed only for a day or so and then dismissed from the attention of
+the public. In one or two instances the governor has called attention to
+the crime, but the civil processes entirely failed to bring the murderers
+to justice. Since the crusade against lynching was started, however,
+governors of states, newspapers, senators and representatives and bishops
+of churches have all been compelled to take cognizance of the prevalence
+of this crime and to speak in one way or another in the defense of the
+charge against this barbarism in the United States. This has not been
+because there was any latent spirit of justice voluntarily asserting
+itself, especially in those who do the lynching, but because the entire
+American people now feel, both North and South, that they are objects in
+the gaze of the civilized world and that for every lynching humanity asks
+that America render its account to civilization and itself.
+
+
+AWFUL BARBARISM IGNORED
+
+Much has been said during the months of September and October of 1894
+about the lynching of six colered men who on suspicion of incendiarism
+were made the victims of a most barbarous massacre.
+
+They were arrested, one by one, by officers of the law; they were
+handcuffed and chained together and by the officers of the law loaded in a
+wagon and deliberately driven into an ambush where a mob of lynchers
+awaited them. At the time and upon the chosen spot, in the darkness of the
+night and far removed from the habitation of any human soul, the wagon was
+halted and the mob fired upon the six manacled men, shooting them to death
+as no humane person would have shot dogs. Chained together as they were,
+in their awful struggles after the first volley, the victims tumbled out
+of the wagon upon the ground and there in the mud, struggling in their
+death throes, the victims were made the target of the murderous shotguns,
+which fired into the writhing, struggling, dying mass of humanity, until
+every spark of life was gone. Then the officers of the law who had them in
+charge, drove away to give the alarm and to tell the world that they had
+been waylaid and their prisoners forcibly taken from them and killed.
+
+It has been claimed that the prompt, vigorous and highly commendable steps
+of the governor of the State of Tennessee and the judge having
+jurisdiction over the crime, and of the citizens of Memphis generally, was
+the natural revolt of the humane conscience in that section of the
+country, and the determination of honest and honorable men to rid the
+community of such men as those who were guilty of this terrible massacre.
+It has further been claimed that this vigorous uprising of the people and
+this most commendably prompt action of the civil authorities, is ample
+proof that the American people will not tolerate the lynching of innocent
+men, and that in cases where brutal lynchings have not been promptly dealt
+with, the crimes on the part of the victims were such as to put them
+outside the pale of humanity and that the world considered their death a
+necessary sacrifice for the good of all.
+
+But this line of argument can in no possible way be truthfully sustained.
+The lynching of the six men in 1894, barbarous as it was, was in no way
+more barbarous than took nothing more than a passing notice. It was only
+the other lynchings which preceded it, and of which the public fact that
+the attention of the civilized world has been called to lynching in
+America which made the people of Tennessee feel the absolute necessity for
+a prompt, vigorous and just arraignment of all the murderers connected
+with that crime. Lynching is no longer "Our Problem," it is the problem of
+the civilized world, and Tennessee could not afford to refuse the legal
+measures which Christianity demands shall be used for the punishment of
+crime.
+
+
+MEMPHIS THEN AND NOW
+
+Only two years prior to the massacre of the six men near Memphis, that
+same city took part in a massacre in every way as bloody and brutal as
+that of September last. It was the murder of three young colored men and
+who were known to be among the most honorable, reliable, worthy and
+peaceable colored citizens of the community. All of them were engaged in
+the mercantile business, being members of a corporation which conducted a
+large grocery store, and one of the three being a letter carrier in the
+employ of the government. These three men were arrested for resisting an
+attack of a mob upon their store, in which melee none of the assailants,
+who had armed themselves for their devilish deeds by securing court
+processes, were killed or even seriously injured. But these three men were
+put in jail, and on three or four nights after their incarceration a mob
+of less than a dozen men, by collusion with the civil authorities, entered
+the jail, took the three men from the custody of the law and shot them to
+death. Memphis knew of this awful crime, knew then and knows today who the
+men were who committed it, and yet not the first step was ever taken to
+apprehend the guilty wretches who walk the streets today with the brand of
+murder upon their foreheads, but as safe from harm as the most upright
+citizen of that community. Memphis would have been just as calm and
+complacent and self-satisfied over the murder of the six colored men in
+1894 as it was over these three colored men in 1892, had it not recognized
+the fact that to escape the brand of barbarism it had not only to speak
+its denunciation but to act vigorously in vindication of its name.
+
+
+AN ALABAMA HORROR IGNORED
+
+A further instance of this absolute disregard of every principle of
+justice and the indifference to the barbarism of Lynch Law may be cited
+here, and is furnished by white residents in the city of Carrolton,
+Alabama. Several cases of arson had been discovered, and in their search
+for the guilty parties, suspicion was found to rest upon three men and a
+woman. The four suspects were Paul Hill, Paul Archer, William Archer, his
+brother, and a woman named Emma Fair. The prisoners were apprehended,
+earnestly asserted their innocence, but went to jail without making any
+resistance. They claimed that they could easily prove their innocence upon
+trial.
+
+One would suspect that the civilization which defends itself against the
+barbarisms of Lynch Law by stating that it lynches human beings only when
+they are guilty of awful attacks upon women and children, would have been
+very careful to have given these four prisoners, who were simply charged
+with arson, a fair trial, to which they were entitled upon every principle
+of law and humanity. Especially would this seem to be the case when if is
+considered that one of the prisoners charged was a woman, and if the
+nineteenth century has shown any advancement upon any lines of human
+action, it is preeminently shown in its reverence, respect and protection
+of its womanhood. But the people of Alabama failed to have any regard for
+womanhood whatever.
+
+The three men and the woman were put in jail to await trial. A few days
+later it was rumored that they were to be subjects of Lynch Law, and, sure
+enough, at night a mob of lynchers went to the jail, not to avenge any
+awful crime against womanhood, but to kill four people who had been
+suspected of setting a house on fire. They were caged in their cells,
+helpless and defenseless; they were at the mercy of civilized white
+Americans, who, armed with shotguns, were there to maintain the majesty of
+American law. And most effectively was their duty done by these splendid
+representatives of Governor Fishback's brave and honorable white
+southerners, who resent "outside interference." They lined themselves up
+in the most effective manner and poured volley after volley into the
+bodies of their helpless, pleading victims, who in their bolted prison
+cells could do nothing but suffer and die. Then these lynchers went
+quietly away and the bodies of the woman and three men were taken out and
+buried with as little ceremony as men would bury hogs.
+
+No one will say that the massacre near Memphis in 1894 was any worse than
+this bloody crime of Alabama in 1892. The details of this shocking affair
+were given to the public by the press, but public sentiment was not moved
+to action in the least; it was only a matter of a day's notice and then
+went to swell the list of murders which stand charged against the noble,
+Christian people of Alabama.
+
+
+AMERICA AWAKENED
+
+But there is now an awakened conscience throughout the land, and Lynch Law
+can not flourish in the future as it has in the past. The close of the
+year 1894 witnessed an aroused interest, an assertative humane principle
+which must tend to the extirpation of that crime. The awful butchery last
+mentioned failed to excite more than a passing comment In 1894, but far
+different is it today. Gov. Jones, of Alabama, in 1893 dared to speak out
+against the rule of the mob in no uncertain terms. His address indicated a
+most helpful result of the present agitation. In face of the many denials
+of the outrages on the one hand and apologies for lynchers on the other,
+Gov. Jones admits the awful lawlessness charged and refuses to join in
+the infamous plea made to condone the crime. No stronger nor more
+effective words have been said than those following from Gov. Jones.
+
+  While the ability of the state to deal with open revolts against the
+  supremacy of its laws has been ably demonstrated, I regret that
+  deplorable acts of violence have been perpetrated, in at least four
+  instances, within the past two years by mobs, whose sudden work and
+  quick dispersions rendered it impossible to protect their victims.
+  Within the past two years nine prisoners, who were either in jail or in
+  the custody of the officers, have been taken from them without
+  resistance, and put to death. There was doubt of the guilt of the
+  defendants in most of these cases, and few of them were charged with
+  capital offenses. None of them involved the crime of rape. The largest
+  rewards allowed by law were offered for the apprehension of the
+  offenders, and officers were charged to a vigilant performance of their
+  duties, and aided in some instances by the services of skilled
+  detectives; but not a single arrest has been made and the grand juries
+  in these counties have returned no bills of indictment. This would
+  indicate either that local public sentiment approved these acts of
+  violence or was too weak to punish them, or that the officers charged
+  with that duty were in some way lacking in their performance. The evil
+  cannot be cured or remedied by silence as to its existence. Unchecked,
+  it will continue until it becomes a reproach to our good name, and a
+  menace to our prosperity and peace; and it behooves you to exhaust all
+  remedies within your power to find better preventives for such crimes.
+
+
+A FRIENDLY WARNING
+
+From England comes a friendly voice which must give to every patriotic
+citizen food for earnese thought. Writing from London, to the _Chicago
+Inter Ocean_, Nov. 25, 1894, the distinguished compiler of our last
+census, Hon. Robert P. Porter, gives the American people a most
+interesting review of the antilynching crusade in England, submitting
+editorial opinions from all sections of England and Scotland, showing the
+consensus of British opinion on this subject. It hardly need be said, that
+without exception, the current of English thought deprecates the rule of
+mob law, and the conscience of England is shocked by the revelation made
+during the present crusade. In his letter Mr. Porter says:
+
+  While some English journals have joined certain American journals in
+  ridiculing the well-meaning people who have formed the antilynching
+  committee, there is a deep under current on this subject which is
+  injuring the Southern States far more than those who have not been drawn
+  into the question of English investment for the South as I have can
+  surmise. This feeling is by no means all sentiment. An Englishman whose
+  word and active cooperation could send a million sterling to any
+  legitimate Southern enterprise said the other day: "I will not invest a
+  farthing in States where these horrors occur. I have no particular
+  sympathy with the antilynching committee, but such outrages indicate to
+  my mind that where life is held to be of such little value there is even
+  less assurance that the laws will protect property. As I understand it
+  the States, not the national government, control in such matters, and
+  where those laws are strongest there is the best field for British
+  capital."
+
+Probably the most bitter attack on the antilynching committee has come
+from the _London Times_. Those Southern Governors who had their bombastic
+letters published in the _Times_, with favorable editorial comment, may
+have had their laugh at the antilynchers here too soon. A few days ago, in
+commenting on an interesting communication from Richard H. Edmonds, editor
+of the _Manufacturer's Record_, setting forth the industrial advantages of
+the Southern States, which was published in its columns, the _Times_ says:
+
+  Without in any way countenancing the impertinence of "antilynching"
+  committee, we may say that a state of things in which the killing of
+  Negroes by bloodthirsty mobs is an incident of not unfrequent occurrence
+  is not conducive to success in industry. Its existence, however, is a
+  serious obstacle to the success of the South in industry; for even now
+  Negro labor, which means at best inefficient labor, must be largely
+  relied on there, and its efficiency must be still further diminished by
+  spasmodic terrorism.
+
+  Those interested in the development of the resources of the Southern
+  States, and no one in proportion to his means has shown more faith in
+  the progress of the South than the writer of this article, must take
+  hold of this matter earnestly and intelligently. Sneering at the
+  antilynching committee will do no good. Back of them, in fact, if not in
+  form, is the public opinion of Great Britain. Even the _Times_ cannot
+  deny this. It may not be generally known in the United States, but while
+  the Southern and some of the Northern newspapers are making a target of
+  Miss Wells, the young colored woman who started this English movement,
+  and cracking their jokes at the expense of Miss Florence Balgarnie, who,
+  as honorable secretary, conducts the committee's correspondence, the
+  strongest sort of sentiment is really at the back of the movement. Here
+  we have crystallized every phase of political opinion. Extreme Unionists
+  like the Duke of Argyll and advanced home rulers such as Justin
+  McCarthy; Thomas Burt, the labor leader; Herbert Burrows, the Socialist,
+  and Tom Mann, representing all phases of the Labor party, are
+  cooperating with conservatives like Sir T. Eldon Gorst. But the real
+  strength of this committee is not visible to the casual observer. As a
+  matter of fact it represents many of the leading and most powerful
+  British journals. A.E. Fletcher is editor of the _London Daily
+  Chronicle_; P.W. Clayden is prominent in the counsels of the _London
+  Daily News_; Professor James Stuart is Gladstone's great friend and
+  editor of the _London Star_, William Byles is editor and proprietor of
+  the _Bradford Observer_, Sir Hugh Gilzen Reid is a leading Birmingham
+  editor; in short, this committee has secured if not the leading editors,
+  certainly important and warm friends, representing the Manchester
+  Guardian, the _Leeds Mercury_, the _Plymouth Western News, Newcastle
+  Leader_, the _London Daily Graphic_, the _Westminster Gazette_, the
+  _London Echo_, a host of minor papers all over the kingdom, and
+  practically the entire religious press of the kingdom.
+
+  The greatest victory for the antilynchers comes this morning in the
+  publication in the _London Times_ of William Lloyd Garrison's letter.
+  This letter will have immense effect here. It may have been printed in
+  full in the United States, but nevertheless I will quote a paragraph
+  which will strengthen the antilynchers greatly in their crusade here:
+
+  A year ago the South derided and resented Northern protests; today it
+  listens, explains and apologizes for its uncovered cruelties. Surely a
+  great triumph for a little woman to accomplish! It is the power of truth
+  simply and unreservedly spoken, for her language was inadequate to
+  describe the horrors exposed.
+
+If the Southern states are wise, and I say this with the earnestness of a
+friend and one who has built a home in the mountain regions of the South
+and thrown his lot in with them, they will not only listen, but stop
+lawlessness of all kinds. If they do, and thus secure the confidence of
+Englishmen, we may in the next decade realize some of the hopes for the
+new South we have so fondly cherished.
+
+
+
+
+8
+
+MISS WILLARD'S ATTITUDE
+
+
+No class of American citizens stands in greater need of the humane and
+thoughtful consideration of all sections of our country than do the
+colored people, nor does any class exceed us in the measure of grateful
+regard for acts of kindly interest in our behalf. It is, therefore, to us,
+a matter of keen regret that a Christian organization, so large and
+influential as the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, should refuse to
+give its sympathy and support to our oppressed people who ask no further
+favor than the promotion of public sentiment which shall guarantee to
+every person accused of crime the safeguard of a fair and impartial trial,
+and protection from butchery by brutal mobs. Accustomed as we are to the
+indifference and apathy of Christian people, we would bear this instance
+of ill fortune in silence, had not Miss Willard gone out of her way to
+antagonize the cause so dear to our hearts by including in her Annual
+Address to the W.C.T.U. Convention at Cleveland, November 5, 1894, a
+studied, unjust and wholly unwarranted attack upon our work.
+
+In her address Miss Willard said:
+
+  The zeal for her race of Miss Ida B. Wells, a bright young colored
+  woman, has, it seems to me, clouded her perception as to who were her
+  friends and well-wishers in all high-minded and legitimate efforts to
+  banish the abomination of lynching and torture from the land of the free
+  and the home of the brave. It is my firm belief that in the statements
+  made by Miss Wells concerning white women having taken the initiative
+  in nameless acts between the races she has put an imputation upon half
+  the white race in this country that is unjust, and, save in the rarest
+  exceptional instances, wholly without foundation. This is the unanimous
+  opinion of the most disinterested and observant leaders of opinion whom
+  I have consulted on the subject, and I do not fear to say that the
+  laudable efforts she is making are greatly handicapped by statements of
+  this kind, nor to urge her as a friend and well-wisher to banish from
+  her vocabulary all such allusions as a source of weakness to the cause
+  she has at heart.
+
+This paragraph, brief as it is, contains two statements which have not the
+slightest foundation in fact. At no time, nor in any place, have I made
+statements "concerning white women having taken the initiative in nameless
+acts between the races." Further, at no time, or place nor under any
+circumstance, have I directly or inferentially "put an imputation upon
+half the white race in this country" and I challenge this "friend and
+well-wisher" to give proof of the truth of her charge. Miss Willard
+protests against lynching in one paragraph and then, in the next,
+deliberately misrepresents my position in order that she may criticise a
+movement, whose only purpose is to protect our oppressed race from
+vindictive slander and Lynch Law.
+
+What I have said and what I now repeat--in answer to her first charge--is,
+that colored men have been lynched for assault upon women, when the facts
+were plain that the relationship between the victim lynched and the
+alleged victim of his assault was voluntary, clandestine and illicit. For
+that very reason we maintain, that, in every section of our land, the
+accused should have a fair, impartial trial, so that a man who is colored
+shall not be hanged for an offense, which, if he were white, would not be
+adjudged a crime. Facts cited in another chapter--"History of Some Cases
+of Rape"--amply maintain this position. The publication of these facts in
+defense of the good name of the race casts no "imputation upon half the
+white race in this country" and no such imputation can be inferred except
+by persons deliberately determined to be unjust.
+
+But this is not the only injury which this cause has suffered at the hands
+of our "friend and well-wisher." It has been said that the Women's
+Christian Temperance Union, the most powerful organization of women in
+America, was misrepresented by me while I was in England. Miss Willard was
+in England at the time and knowing that no such misrepresentation came to
+her notice, she has permitted that impression to become fixed and
+widespread, when a word from her would have made the facts plain.
+
+I never at any time or place or in any way misrepresented that
+organization. When asked what concerted action had been taken by churches
+and great moral agencies in America to put down Lynch Law, I was compelled
+in truth to say that no such action had occurred, that pulpit, press and
+moral agencies in the main were silent and for reasons known to
+themselves, ignored the awful conditions which to the English people
+appeared so abhorent. Then the question was asked what the great moral
+reformers like Miss Frances Willard and Mr. Moody had done to suppress
+Lynch Law and again I answered nothing. That Mr. Moody had never said a
+word against lynching in any of his trips to the South, or in the North
+either, so far as was known, and that Miss Willard's only public utterance
+on the situation had condoned lynching and other unjust practices of the
+South against the Negro. When proof of these statements was demanded, I
+sent a letter containing a copy of the _New York Voice_, Oct. 23,1890, in
+which appeared Miss Willard's own words of wholesale slander against the
+colored race and condonation of Southern white people's outrages against
+us. My letter in part reads as follows:
+
+  But Miss Willard, the great temperance leader, went even further in
+  putting the seal of her approval upon the southerners' method of dealing
+  with the Negro. In October, 1890, the Women's Christian Temperance Union
+  held its national meeting at Atlanta, Georgia. It was the first time in
+  the history of the organization that it had gone south for a national
+  meeting, and met the southerners in their own homes. They were welcomed
+  with open arms. The governor of the state and the legislature gave
+  special audiences in the halls of state legislation to the temperance
+  workers. They set out to capture the northerners to their way of seeing
+  things, and without troubling to hear the Negro side of the question,
+  these temperance people accepted the white man's story of the problem
+  with which he had to deal. State organizers were appointed that year,
+  who had gone through the southern states since then, but in obedience to
+  southern prejudices have confined their work to white persons only. It
+  is only after Negroes are in prison for crimes that efforts of these
+  temperance women are exerted without regard to "race, color, or previous
+  condition." No "ounce of prevention" is used in their case; they are
+  black, and if these women went among the Negroes for this work, the
+  whites would not receive them. Except here and there, are found no
+  temperance workers of the Negro race; "the great dark-faced mobs" are
+  left the easy prey of the saloonkeepers.
+
+  There was pending in the National Congress at this time a Federal
+  Election Bill, the object being to give the National Government control
+  of the national elections in the several states. Had this bill become a
+  law, the Negro, whose vote has been systematically suppressed since 1875
+  in the southern states, would have had the protection of the National
+  Government, and his vote counted. The South would have been no longer
+  "solid"; the Southerners saw that the balance of power which they
+  unlawfully held in the House of Representatives and the Electoral
+  College, based on the Negro population, would be wrested from them. So
+  they nick-named the pending elections law the "Force Bill"--probably
+  because it would force them to disgorge their ill-gotten political
+  gains--and defeated it. While it was being discussed, the question was
+  submitted to Miss Willard: "What do you think of the race problem and
+  the Force Bill?"
+
+  Said Miss Willard: "Now, as to the 'race problem' in its minified,
+  current meaning, I am a true lover of the southern people--have spoken
+  and worked in, perhaps, 200 of their towns and cities; have been taken
+  into their love and confidence at scores of hospitable firesides; have
+  heard them pour out their hearts in the splendid frankness of their
+  impetuous natures. And I have said to them at such times: 'When I go
+  North there will be wafted to you no word from pen or voice that is not
+  loyal to what we are saying here and now.' Going South, a woman, a
+  temperance woman, and a Northern temperance woman--three great barriers
+  to their good will yonder--I was received by them with a confidence that
+  was one of the most delightful surprises of my life. I think we have
+  wronged the South, though we did not mean to do so. The reason was, in
+  part, that we had irreparably wronged ourselves by putting no safeguards
+  on the ballot box at the North that would sift out alien illiterates.
+  They rule our cities today; the saloon is their palace, and the toddy
+  stick their sceptre. It is not fair that they should vote, nor is it
+  fair that a plantation Negro, who can neither read nor write, whose
+  ideas are bounded by the fence of his own field and the price of his own
+  mule, should be entrusted with the ballot. We ought to have put an
+  educational test upon that ballot from the first. The Anglo-Saxon race
+  will never submit to be dominated by the Negro so long as his altitude
+  reaches no higher than the personal liberty of the saloon, and the power
+  of appreciating the amount of liquor that a dollar will buy. New England
+  would no more submit to this than South Carolina. 'Better whisky and
+  more of it' has been the rallying cry of great dark-faced mobs in the
+  Southern localities where local option was snowed under by the colored
+  vote. Temperance has no enemy like that, for it is unreasoning and
+  unreasonable. Tonight it promises in a great congregation to vote for
+  temperance at the polls tomorrow; but tomorrow twenty-five cents changes
+  that vote in favor of the liquor-seller.
+
+  "I pity the southerners, and I believe the great mass of them are as
+  conscientious and kindly intentioned toward the colored man as an equal
+  number of white church-members of the North. Would-be demagogues lead
+  the colored people to destruction. Half-drunken white roughs murder them
+  at the polls, or intimidate them so that they do not vote. But the
+  better class of people must not be blamed for this, and a more
+  thoroughly American population than the Christian people of the South
+  does not exist. They have the traditions, the kindness, the probity, the
+  courage of our forefathers. The problem on their hands is immeasurable.
+  The colored race multiplies like the locusts of Egypt. The grog-shop is
+  its center of power. 'The safety of woman, of childhood, of the home, is
+  menaced in a thousand localities at this moment, so that the men dare
+  not go beyond the sight of their own roof-tree.' How little we know of
+  all this, seated in comfort and affluence here at the North, descanting
+  upon the rights of every man to cast one vote and have it fairly
+  counted; that well-worn shibboleth invoked once more to dodge a living
+  issue.
+
+  "The fact is that illiterate colored men will not vote at the South
+  until the white population chooses to have them do so; and under similar
+  conditions they would not at the North." Here we have Miss Willard's
+  words in full, condoning fraud, violence, murder, at the ballot box;
+  rapine, shooting, hanging and burning; for all these things are done and
+  being done now by the Southern white people. She does not stop there,
+  but goes a step further to aid them in blackening the good name of an
+  entire race, as shown by the sentences quoted in the paragraph above.
+  These utterances, for which the colored people have never forgiven Miss
+  Willard, and which Frederick Douglass has denounced as false, are to be
+  found in full in the Voice of October 23,1890, a temperance organ
+  published at New York City.
+
+This letter appeared in the May number of _Fraternity_, the organ of the
+first Anti-Lynching society of Great Britain. When Lady Henry Somerset
+learned through Miss Florence Balgarnie that this letter had been
+published she informed me that if the interview was published she would
+take steps to let the public know that my statements must be received with
+caution. As I had no money to pay the printer to suppress the edition
+which was already published and these ladies did not care to do so, the
+May number of _Fraternity_ was sent to its subscribers as usual. Three
+days later there appeared in the daily _Westminster Gazette_ an
+"interview" with Miss Willard, written by Lady Henry Somerset, which was
+so subtly unjust in its wording that I was forced to reply in my own
+defense. In that reply I made only statements which, like those concerning
+Miss Willard's _Voice_ interview, have not been and cannot be denied. It
+was as follows:
+
+  LADY HENRY SOMERSET'S INTERVIEW WITH MISS WILLARD
+
+  To the Editor of the _Westminster Gazette_: Sir--The interview published
+  in your columns today hardly merits a reply, because of the indifference
+  to suffering manifested. Two ladies are represented sitting under a tree
+  at Reigate, and, after some preliminary remarks on the terrible subject
+  of lynching, Miss Willard laughingly replies by cracking a joke. And the
+  concluding sentence of the interview shows the object is not to
+  determine how best they may help the Negro who is being hanged, shot and
+  burned, but "to guard Miss Willard's reputation."
+
+  With me it is not myself nor my reputation, but the life of my people,
+  which is at stake, and I affirm that this is the first time to my
+  knowledge that Miss Willard has said a single word in denunciation of
+  lynching or demand for law. The year 1890, the one in which the
+  interview appears, had a larger lynching record than any previous year,
+  and the number and territory have increased, to say nothing of the human
+  beings burnt alive.
+
+  If so earnest as she would have the English public believe her to be,
+  why was she silent when five minutes were given me to speak last June at
+  Princes' Hall, and in Holborn Town Hall this May? I should say it was as
+  President of the Women's Christian Temperance Union of America she is
+  timid, because all these unions in the South emphasize the hatred of the
+  Negro by excluding him. There is not a single colored woman admitted to
+  the Southern W.C.T.U., but still Miss Willard blames the Negro for the
+  defeat of Prohibition in the South. Miss Willard quotes from
+  _Fraternity_, but forgets to add my immediate recognition of her
+  presence on the platform at Holborn Town Hall, when, amidst many other
+  resolutions on temperance and other subjects in which she is interested,
+  time was granted to carry an anti-lynching resolution. I was so thankful
+  for this crumb of her speechless presence that I hurried off to the
+  editor of _Fraternity_ and added a postscript to my article blazoning
+  forth that fact.
+
+  Any statements I have made concerning Miss Willard are confirmed by the
+  Hon. Frederick Douglass (late United States minister to Hayti) in a
+  speech delivered by him in Washington in January of this year, which has
+  since been published in a pamphlet. The fact is, Miss Willard is no
+  better or worse than the great bulk of white Americans on the Negro
+  questions. They are all afraid to speak out, and it is only British
+  public opinion which will move them, as I am thankful to see it has
+  already begun to move Miss Willard. I am, etc.,
+
+  May 21
+
+  IDA B. WELLS
+
+Unable to deny the truth of these assertions, the charge has been made
+that I have attacked Miss Willard and misrepresented the W.C.T.U. If to
+state facts is misrepresentation, then I plead guilty to the charge.
+
+I said then and repeat now, that in all the ten terrible years of
+shooting, hanging and burning of men, women and children in America, the
+Women's Christian Temperance Union never suggested one plan or made one
+move to prevent those awful crimes. If this statement is untrue the
+records of that organization would disprove it before the ink is dry. It
+is clearly an issue of fact and in all fairness this charge of
+misrepresentation should either be substantiated or withdrawn.
+
+It is not necessary, however, to make any representation concerning the
+W.C.T.U. and the lynching question. The record of that organization speaks
+for itself. During all the years prior to the agitation begun against
+Lynch Law, in which years men, women and children were scourged, hanged,
+shot and burned, the W.C.T.U. had no word, either of pity or protest; its
+great heart, which concerns itself about humanity the world over, was,
+toward our cause, pulseless as a stone. Let those who deny this speak by
+the record. Not until after the first British campaign, in 1893, was even
+a resolution passed by the body which is the self-constituted guardian for
+"God, home and native land."
+
+Nor need we go back to other years. The annual session of that
+organization held in Cleveland in November, 1894, made a record which
+confirms and emphasizes the silence charged against it. At that session,
+earnest efforts were made to secure the adoption of a resolution of
+protest against lynching. At that very time two men were being tried for
+the murder of six colored men who were arrested on charge of barn burning,
+chained together, and on pretense of being taken to jail, were driven into
+the woods where they were ambushed and all six shot to death. The six
+widows of the butchered men had just finished the most pathetic recital
+ever heard in any court room, and the mute appeal of twenty-seven orphans
+for justice touched the stoutest hearts. Only two weeks prior to the
+session, Gov. Jones of Alabama, in his last message to the retiring state
+legislature, cited the fact that in the two years just past, nine colored
+men had been taken from the legal authorities by lynching mobs and
+butchered in cold blood--and not one of these victims was even charged
+with an assault upon womanhood.
+
+It was thought that this great organization, in face of these facts, would
+not hesitate to place itself on record in a resolution of protest against
+this awful brutality towards colored people. Miss Willard gave assurance
+that such a resolution would be adopted, and that assurance was relied on.
+The record of the session shows in what good faith that assurance was
+kept. After recommending an expression against Lynch Law, the President
+attacked the antilynching movement, deliberately misrepresenting my
+position, and in her annual address, charging me with a statement I never
+made.
+
+Further than that, when the committee on resolutions reported their work,
+not a word was said against lynching. In the interest of the cause I
+smothered the resentment. I felt because of the unwarranted and unjust
+attack of the President, and labored with members to secure an expression
+of some kind, tending to abate the awful slaughter of my race. A
+resolution against lynching was introduced by Mrs. Fessenden and read, and
+then that great Christian body, which in its resolutions had expressed
+itself in opposition to the social amusement of card playing, athletic
+sports and promiscuous dancing; had protested against the licensing of
+saloons, inveighed against tobacco, pledged its allegiance to the
+Prohibition party, and thanked the Populist party in Kansas, the
+Republican party in California and the Democratic party in the South,
+wholly ignored the seven millions of colored people of this country whose
+plea was for a word of sympathy and support for the movement in their
+behalf. The resolution was not adopted, and the convention adjourned.
+
+In the _Union Signal_ Dec. 6, 1894, among the resolutions is found this
+one:
+
+  Resolved, That the National W.C.T.U, which has for years counted among
+  its departments that of peace and arbitration, is utterly opposed to all
+  lawless acts in any and all parts of our common lands and it urges these
+  principles upon the public, praying that the time may speedily come
+  when no human being shall be condemned without due process of law; and
+  when the unspeakable outrages which have so often provoked such
+  lawlessness shall be banished from the world, and childhood, maidenhood
+  and womanhood shall no more be the victims of atrocities worse than
+  death.
+
+This is not the resolution offered by Mrs. Fessenden. She offered the one
+passed last year by the W.C.T.U. which was a strong unequivocal
+denunciation of lynching. But she was told by the chairman of the
+committee on resolutions, Mrs. Rounds, that there was already a lynching
+resolution in the hands of the committee. Mrs. Fessenden yielded the floor
+on that assurance, and no resolution of any kind against lynching was
+submitted and none was voted upon, not even the one above, taken from the
+columns of the _Union Signal_, the organ of the national W.C.T.U!
+
+Even the wording of this resolution which was printed by the W.C.T.U.,
+reiterates the false and unjust charge which has been so often made as an
+excuse for lynchers. Statistics show that less than one-third of the
+lynching victims are hanged, shot and burned alive for "unspeakable
+outrages against womanhood, maidenhood and childhood;" and that nearly a
+thousand, including women and children, have been lynched upon any pretext
+whatsoever; and that all have met death upon the unsupported word of white
+men and women. Despite these facts this resolution which was printed,
+cloaks an apology for lawlessness, in the same paragraph which affects to
+condemn it, where it speaks of "the unspeakable outrages which have so
+often provoked such lawlessness."
+
+Miss Willard told me the day before the resolutions were offered that the
+Southern women present had held a caucus that day. This was after I, as
+fraternal delegate from the Woman's Mite Missionary Society of the A.M.E.
+Church at Cleveland, O., had been introduced to tender its greetings. In
+so doing I expressed the hope of the colored women that the W.C.T.U. would
+place itself on record as opposed to lynching which robbed them of
+husbands, fathers, brothers and sons and in many cases of women as well.
+No note was made either in the daily papers or the _Union Signal_ of that
+introduction and greeting, although every other incident of that morning
+was published. The failure to submit a lynching resolution and the wording
+of the one above appears to have been the result of that Southern caucus.
+
+On the same day I had a private talk with Miss Willard and told her she
+had been unjust to me and the cause in her annual address, and asked that
+she correct the statement that I had misrepresented the W.C.T.U, or that I
+had "put an imputation on one-half the white race in this country." She
+said that somebody in England told her it was a pity that I attacked the
+white women of America. "Oh," said I, "then you went out of your way to
+prejudice me and my cause in your annual address, not upon what you had
+heard me say, but what somebody had told you I said?" Her reply was that I
+must not blame her for her rhetorical expressions--that I had my way of
+expressing things and she had hers. I told her I most assuredly did blame
+her when those expressions were calculated to do such harm. I waited for
+an honest an unequivocal retraction of her statements based on "hearsay."
+Not a word of retraction or explanation was said in the convention and I
+remained misrepresented before that body through her connivance and
+consent.
+
+The editorial notes in the _Union Signal_, Dec. 6, 1894, however, contains
+the following:
+
+  In her repudiation of the charges brought by Miss Ida Wells against
+  white women as having taken the initiative in nameless crimes between
+  the races, Miss Willard said in her annual address that this statement
+  "put an unjust imputation upon half the white race." But as this
+  expression has been misunderstood she desires to declare that she did
+  not intend a literal interpretation to be given to the language used,
+  but employed it to express a tendency that might ensue in public thought
+  as a result of utterances so sweeping as some that have been made by
+  Miss Wells.
+
+Because this explanation is as unjust as the original offense, I am forced
+in self-defense to submit this account of differences. I desire no quarrel
+with the W.C.T.U., but my love for the truth is greater than my regard for
+an alleged friend who, through ignorance or design misrepresents in the
+most harmful way the cause of a long suffering race, and then unable to
+maintain the truth of her attack excuses herself as it were by the wave of
+the hand, declaring that "she did not intend a literal interpretation to
+be given to the language used." When the lives of men, women and children
+are at stake, when the inhuman butchers of innocents attempt to justify
+their barbarism by fastening upon a whole race the obloque of the most
+infamous of crimes, it is little less than criminal to apologize for the
+butchers today and tomorrow to repudiate the apology by declaring it a
+figure of speech.
+
+
+
+
+9
+
+LYNCHING RECORD FOR 1894
+
+
+
+The following tables are based on statistics taken from the columns of the
+_Chicago Tribune_, Jan. 1, 1895. They are a valuable appendix to the
+foregoing pages. They show, among other things, that in Louisiana, April
+23-28, eight Negroes were lynched because one white man was killed by the
+Negro, the latter acting in self defense. Only seven of them are given in
+the list.
+
+Near Memphis, Tenn., six Negroes were lynched--this time charged with
+burning barns. A trial of the indicted resulted in an acquittal, although
+it was shown on trial that the lynching was prearranged for them. Six
+widows and twenty-seven orphans are indebted to this mob for their
+condition, and this lynching swells the number to eleven Negroes lynched
+in and about Memphis since March 9, 1892.
+
+In Brooks County, Ga., Dec. 23, while this Christian country was preparing
+for Christmas celebration, seven Negroes were lynched in twenty-four hours
+because they refused, or were unable to tell the whereabouts of a colored
+man named Pike, who killed a white man. The wives and daughters of these
+lynched men were horribly and brutally outraged by the murderers of their
+husbands and fathers. But the mob has not been punished and again women
+and children are robbed of their protectors whose blood cries unavenged to
+Heaven and humanity. Georgia heads the list of lynching states.
+
+
+MURDER
+
+Jan. 9, Samuel Smith, Greenville, Ala., Jan. 11, Sherman Wagoner,
+Mitchell, Ind.; Jan. 12, Roscoe Parker, West Union, Ohio; Feb. 7, Henry
+Bruce, Gulch Co., Ark.; March 5, Sylvester Rhodes, Collins, Ga.; March 15,
+Richard Puryea, Stroudsburg, Pa.; March 29, Oliver Jackson, Montgomery,
+Ala.; March 30, ---- Saybrick, Fisher's Ferry, Miss.; April 14, William
+Lewis, Lanison, Ala.; April 23, Jefferson Luggle, Cherokee, Kan.; April
+23, Samuel Slaugate, Tallulah, La.; April 23, Thomas Claxton, Tallulah,
+La.; April 23, David Hawkins, Tallulah, La.; April 27, Thel Claxton,
+Tallulah, La.; April 27, Comp Claxton, Tallulah, La.; April 27, Scot
+Harvey, Tallulah, La.; April 27, Jerry McCly, Tallulah, La.; May 17, Henry
+Scott, Jefferson, Tex.; May 15, Coat Williams, Pine Grove, Fla.; June 2,
+Jefferson Crawford, Bethesda, S.C.; June 4, Thondo Underwood, Monroe, La.;
+June 8, Isaac Kemp, Cape Charles, Va.; June 13, Lon Hall, Sweethouse,
+Tex.; June 13, Bascom Cook, Sweethouse, Tex.; June 15, Luke Thomas,
+Biloxi, Miss.; June 29, John Williams, Sulphur, Tex.; June 29, Ulysses
+Hayden, Monett, Mo.; July 6, ---- Hood, Amite, Miss.; July 7, James Bell,
+Charlotte, Tenn.; Sept. 2, Henderson Hollander, Elkhorn, W. Va.; Sept. 14,
+Robert Williams, Concordia Parish, La.; Sept. 22, Luke Washington, Meghee,
+Ark.; Sept. 22, Richard Washington, Meghee, Ark.; Sept. 22, Henry
+Crobyson, Meghee, Ark.; Nov. 10, Lawrence Younger, Lloyd, Va.; Dec. 17,
+unknown Negro, Williamston, S.C.; Dec. 23, Samuel Taylor, Brooks County,
+Ga.; Dec. 23, Charles Frazier, Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 23, Samuel Pike,
+Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 22, Harry Sherard, Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 23,
+unknown Negro, Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 23, unknown Negro, Brooks County,
+Ga.; Dec. 23, unknown Negro, Brooks County, Ga.; Dec. 26, Daniel McDonald,
+Winston County, Miss.; Dec. 23, William Carter, Winston County, Miss.
+
+
+RAPE
+
+Jan. 17, John Buckner, Valley Park, Mo.; Jan. 21, M.G. Cambell, Jellico
+Mines, Ky.; Jan. 27, unknown, Verona, Mo.; Feb. 11, Henry McCreeg, near
+Pioneer, Tenn.; April 6, Daniel Ahren, Greensboro, Ga.; April 15, Seymour
+Newland, Rushsylvania, Ohio; April 26, Robert Evarts, Jamaica, Ga.; April
+27, James Robinson, Manassas, Va.; April 27, Benjamin White, Manassas,
+Va.; May 15, Nim Young, Ocala, Fla.; May 22, unknown, Miller County, Ga.;
+June 13, unknown, Blackshear, Ga.; June 18, Owen Opliltree, Forsyth, Ga.;
+June 22, Henry Capus, Magnolia, Ark.; June 26, Caleb Godly, Bowling Green,
+Ky.; June 28, Fayette Franklin, Mitchell, Ga.; July 2, Joseph Johnson,
+Hiller's Creek, Mo.; July 6, Lewis Bankhead, Cooper, Ala.; July 16, Marion
+Howard, Scottsville, Ky.; July 20, William Griffith, Woodville, Tex.; Aug.
+12, William Nershbread, Rossville, Tenn.; Aug. 14, Marshall Boston,
+Frankfort, Ky; Sept. 19, David Gooseby, Atlanta, Ga.; Oct. 15, Willis
+Griffey, Princeton, Ky; Nov. 8, Lee Lawrence, Jasper County, Ga.; Nov. 10,
+Needham Smith, Tipton County, Tenn.; Nov. 14, Robert Mosely, Dolinite,
+Ala.; Dec. 4, William Jackson, Ocala, Fla.; Dec. 18, unknown, Marion
+County, Fla.
+
+
+UNKNOWN OFFENSES
+
+March 6, Lamsen Gregory, Bell's Depot, Tenn.; March 6, unknown woman, near
+Marche, Ark.; April 14, Alfred Brenn, Calhoun, Ga.; June 8, Harry Gill,
+West Lancaster, S.C.; Nov. 23, unknown, Landrum, S.C.; Dec. 5, Mrs. Teddy
+Arthur, Lincoln County, W. Va.
+
+
+DESPERADO
+
+Jan. 14, Charles Willis, Ocala, Fla.
+
+
+SUSPECTED INCENDIARISM
+
+Jan. 18, unknown, Bayou Sarah, La.
+
+
+SUSPECTED ARSON
+
+June 14, J.H. Dave, Monroe, La.
+
+
+ENTICING SERVANT AWAY
+
+Feb. 10, ---- Collins, Athens, Ga.
+
+
+TRAIN WRECKING
+
+Feb. 10, Jesse Dillingham, Smokeyville, Tex.
+
+
+HIGHWAY ROBBERY
+
+June 3, unknown, Dublin, Ga.
+
+
+INCENDIARISM
+
+Nov. 8, Gabe Nalls, Blackford, Ky.; Nov. 8, Ulysses Nails, Blackford, Ky.
+
+
+ARSON
+
+Dec. 20, James Allen, Brownsville, Tex.
+
+
+ASSAULT
+
+Dec. 23, George King, New Orleans, La.
+
+
+NO OFFENSE
+
+Dec. 28, Scott Sherman, Morehouse Parish, La.
+
+
+BURGLARY
+
+May 29, Henry Smith, Clinton, Miss.; May 29, William James, Clinton,
+Miss.
+
+
+ALLEGED RAPE
+
+June 4, Ready Murdock, Yazoo, Miss.
+
+
+ATTEMPTED RAPE
+
+July 14, unknown Negro, Biloxi, Miss.; July 26, Vance McClure, New Iberia,
+La.; July 26, William Tyler, Carlisle, Ky.; Sept. 14, James Smith, Stark,
+Fla.; Oct. 8, Henry Gibson, Fairfield, Tex.; Oct. 20, ---- Williams, Upper
+Marlboro, Md.; June 9, Lewis Williams, Hewett Springs, Miss.; June 28,
+George Linton, Brookhaven, Miss.; June 28, Edward White, Hudson, Ala.;
+July 6, George Pond, Fulton, Miss.; July 7, Augustus Pond, Tupelo, Miss.
+
+
+RACE PREJUDICE
+
+June 10, Mark Jacobs, Bienville, La.; July 24, unknown woman, Sampson
+County, Miss.
+
+
+INTRODUCING SMALLPOX
+
+June 10, James Perry, Knoxville, Ark.
+
+
+KIDNAPPING
+
+March 2, Lentige, Harland County, Ky.
+
+
+CONSPIRACY
+
+May 29, J.T. Burgis, Palatka, Fla.
+
+
+HORSE STEALING
+
+June 20, Archie Haynes, Mason County, Ky.; June 20, Burt Haynes, Mason
+County, Ky.; June 20, William Haynes, Mason County, Ky.
+
+
+WRITING LETTER TO WHITE WOMAN
+
+May 9, unknown Negro, West Texas.
+
+
+GIVING INFORMATION
+
+July 12, James Nelson, Abbeyville, S.C.
+
+
+STEALING
+
+Jan. 5, Alfred Davis, Live Oak County, Ark.
+
+
+LARCENY
+
+April 18, Henry Montgomery, Lewisburg, Tenn.
+
+
+POLITICAL CAUSES
+
+July 19, John Brownlee, Oxford, Ala.
+
+
+CONJURING
+
+July 20, Allen Myers, Rankin County, Miss.
+
+
+ATTEMPTED MURDER
+
+June 1, Frank Ballard, Jackson, Tenn.
+
+
+ALLEGED MURDER
+
+April 5, Negro, near Selma, Ala.; April 5, Negro, near Selma, Ala.
+
+
+WITHOUT CAUSE
+
+May 17, Samuel Wood, Gates City, Va.
+
+
+BARN BURNING
+
+April 22, Thomas Black, Tuscumbia, Ala.; April 22, John Williams,
+Tuscumbia, Ala.; April 22, Toney Johnson, Tuscumbia, Ala.; July 14,
+William Bell, Dixon, Tenn.; Sept. 1, Daniel Hawkins, Millington, Tenn.;
+Sept. 1, Robert Haynes, Millington, Tenn.; Sept. 1, Warner Williams,
+Millington, Tenn.; Sept. 1, Edward Hall, Millington, Tenn.; Sept. 1, John
+Haynes, Millington, Tenn.; Sept. 1, Graham White, Millington, Tenn.
+
+
+ASKING WHITE WOMAN TO MARRY HIM
+
+May 23, William Brooks, Galesline, Ark.
+
+
+OFFENSES CHARGED FOR LYNCHING
+
+Suspected arson, 2; stealing, 1; political causes, 1; murder, 45; rape,
+29; desperado, 1; suspected incendiarism, 1; train wrecking, 1; enticing
+servant away, 1; kidnapping, 1; unknown offense, 6; larceny, 1; barn
+burning, 10; writing letters to a white woman, 1; without cause, 1;
+burglary, 1; asking white woman to marry, 1; conspiracy, 1; attempted
+murder, 1; horse stealing, 3; highway robbery, 1; alleged rape, 1;
+attempted rape, 11; race prejudice, 2; introducing smallpox, 1; giving
+information, 1; conjuring, 1; incendiarism, 2; arson, 1; assault, 1; no
+offense, 1; alleged murder, 2; total (colored), 134.
+
+
+LYNCHING STATES
+
+Mississippi, 15; Arkansas, 8; Virginia, 5; Tennessee, 15; Alabama, 12;
+Kentucky, 12; Texas, 9; Georgia, 19; South Carolina, 5; Florida, 7;
+Louisiana, 15; Missouri, 4; Ohio, 2; Maryland, 1; West Virginia, 2;
+Indiana, 1; Kansas, 1; Pennsylvania, 1.
+
+
+LYNCHING BY THE MONTH
+
+January, 11; February, 17; March, 8; April, 36; May, 16; June, 31; July,
+21; August, 4; September, 17; October, 7; November, 9; December, 20; total
+colored and white, 197.
+
+
+WOMEN LYNCHED
+
+July 24, unknown woman, race prejudice, Sampson County, Miss.; March 6,
+unknown, woman, unknown offense, Marche, Ark.; Dec. 5, Mrs. Teddy Arthur,
+unknown cause, Lincoln County, W. Va.
+
+
+
+
+10
+
+THE REMEDY
+
+
+It is a well-established principle of law that every wrong has a remedy.
+Herein rests our respect for law. The Negro does not claim that all of the
+one thousand black men, women and children, who have been hanged, shot and
+burned alive during the past ten years, were innocent of the charges made
+against them. We have associated too long with the white man not to have
+copied his vices as well as his virtues. But we do insist that the
+punishment is not the same for both classes of criminals. In lynching,
+opportunity is not given the Negro to defend himself against the
+unsupported accusations of white men and women. The word of the accuser is
+held to be true and the excited bloodthirsty mob demands that the rule of
+law be reversed and instead of proving the accused to be guilty, the
+victim of their hate and revenge must prove himself innocent. No evidence
+he can offer will satisfy the mob; he is bound hand and foot and swung
+into eternity. Then to excuse its infamy, the mob almost invariably
+reports the monstrous falsehood that its victim made a full confession
+before he was hanged.
+
+With all military, legal and political power in their hands, only two of
+the lynching States have attempted a check by exercising the power which
+is theirs. Mayor Trout, of Roanoke, Virginia, called out the militia in
+1893, to protect a Negro prisoner, and in so doing nine men were killed
+and a number wounded. Then the mayor and militia withdrew, left the Negro
+to his fate and he was promptly lynched. The business men realized the
+blow to the town's were given light sentences, the highest being one of
+twelve financial interests, called the mayor home, the grand jury
+indicted and prosecuted the ringleaders of the mob. They months in State
+prison. The day he arrived at the penitentiary, he was pardoned by the
+governor of the State.
+
+The only other real attempt made by the authorities to protect a prisoner
+of the law, and which was more successful, was that of Gov. McKinley, of
+Ohio, who sent the militia to Washington Courthouse, O., in October, 1894,
+and five men were killed and twenty wounded in maintaining the principle
+that the law must be upheld.
+
+In South Carolina, in April, 1893, Gov. Tillman aided the mob by yielding
+up to be killed, a prisoner of the law, who had voluntarily placed himself
+under the Governor's protection. Public sentiment by its representatives
+has encouraged Lynch Law, and upon the revolution of this sentiment we
+must depend for its abolition.
+
+Therefore, we demand a fair trial by law for those accused of crime, and
+punishment by law after honest conviction. No maudlin sympathy for
+criminals is solicited, but we do ask that the law shall punish all alike.
+We earnestly desire those that control the forces which make public
+sentiment to join with us in the demand. Surely the humanitarian spirit of
+this country which reaches out to denounce the treatment of the Russian
+Jews, the Armenian Christians, the laboring poor of Europe, the Siberian
+exiles and the native women of India--will not longer refuse to lift its
+voice on this subject. If it were known that the cannibals or the savage
+Indians had burned three human beings alive in the past two years, the
+whole of Christendom would be roused, to devise ways and means to put a
+stop to it. Can you remain silent and inactive when such things are done
+in our own community and country? Is your duty to humanity in the United
+States less binding?
+
+What can you do, reader, to prevent lynching, to thwart anarchy and
+promote law and order throughout our land?
+
+1st. You can help disseminate the facts contained in this book by bringing
+them to the knowledge of every one with whom you come in contact, to the
+end that public sentiment may be revolutionized. Let the facts speak for
+themselves, with you as a medium.
+
+2d. You can be instrumental in having churches, missionary societies,
+Y.M.C.A.'s, W.C.T.U.'s and all Christian and moral forces in connection
+with your religious and social life, pass resolutions of condemnation and
+protest every time a lynching takes place; and see that they axe sent to
+the place where these outrages occur.
+
+3d. Bring to the intelligent consideration of Southern people the refusal
+of capital to invest where lawlessness and mob violence hold sway. Many
+labor organizations have declared by resolution that they would avoid
+lynch infested localities as they would the pestilence when seeking new
+homes. If the South wishes to build up its waste places quickly, there is
+no better way than to uphold the majesty of the law by enforcing obedience
+to the same, and meting out the same punishment to all classes of
+criminals, white as well as black. "Equality before the law," must become
+a fact as well as a theory before America is truly the "land of the free
+and the home of the brave."
+
+4th. Think and act on independent lines in this behalf, remembering that
+after all, it is the white man's civilization and the white man's
+government which are on trial. This crusade will determine whether that
+civilization can maintain itself by itself, or whether anarchy shall
+prevail; Whether this Nation shall write itself down a success at self
+government, or in deepest humiliation admit its failure complete; whether
+the precepts and theories of Christianity are professed and practiced by
+American white people as Golden Rules of thought and action, or adopted as
+a system of morals to be preached to, heathen until they attain to the
+intelligence which needs the system of Lynch Law.
+
+5th. Congressman Blair offered a resolution in the House of
+Representatives, August, 1894. The organized life of the country can
+speedily make this a law by sending resolutions to Congress indorsing Mr.
+Blair's bill and asking Congress to create the commission. In no better
+way can the question be settled, and the Negro does not fear the issue.
+The following is the resolution:
+
+  Resolved, By the House of Representatives and Senate in congress
+  assembled, That the committee on labor be instructed to investigate and
+  report the number, location and date of all alleged assaults by males
+  upon females throughout the country during the ten years last preceding
+  the passing of this joint resolution, for or on account of which
+  organized but unlawful violence has been inflicted or attempted to be
+  inflicted. Also to ascertain and report all facts of organized but
+  unlawful violence to the person, with the attendant facts and
+  circumstances, which have been inflicted upon accused persons alleged to
+  have been guilty of crimes punishable by due process of law which have
+  taken place in any part of the country within the ten years last
+  preceding the passage of this resolution. Such investigation shall be
+  made by the usual methods and agencies of the Department of Labor, and
+  report made to Congress as soon as the work can be satisfactorily done,
+  and the sum of $25,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is
+  hereby appropriated to pay the expenses out of any money in the treasury
+  not otherwise appropriated.
+
+The belief has been constantly expressed in England that in the United
+States, which has produced Wm. Lloyd Garrison, Henry Ward Beecher, James
+Russell Lowell, John G. Whittier and Abraham Lincoln there must be those
+of their descendants who would take hold of the work of inaugurating an
+era of law and order. The colored people of this country who have been
+loyal to the flag believe the same, and strong in that belief have begun
+this crusade. To those who still feel they have no obligation in the
+matter, we commend the following lines of Lowell on "Freedom."
+
+    Men! whose boast it is that ye
+    Come of fathers brave and free,
+    If there breathe on earth a slave
+    Are ye truly free and brave?
+    If ye do not feel the chain,
+    When it works a brother's pain,
+    Are ye not base slaves indeed,
+    Slaves unworthy to be freed?
+
+    Women! who shall one day bear
+    Sons to breathe New England air,
+    If ye hear without a blush,
+    Deeds to make the roused blood rush
+    Like red lava through your veins,
+    For your sisters now in chains,--
+    Answer! are ye fit to be
+    Mothers of the brave and free?
+
+    Is true freedom but to break
+    Fetters for our own dear sake,
+    And, with leathern hearts, forget
+    That we owe mankind a debt?
+    No! true freedom is to share
+    All the chains our brothers wear,
+    And, with heart and hand, to be
+    Earnest to make others free!
+
+    There are slaves who fear to speak
+    For the fallen and the weak;
+    They are slaves who will not choose
+    Hatred, scoffing, and abuse,
+    Rather than in silence shrink
+    From the truth they needs must think;
+    They are slaves who dare not be
+    In the right with two or three.
+
+
+A FIELD FOR PRACTICAL WORK
+
+The very frequent inquiry made after my lectures by interested friends is
+"What can I do to help the cause?" The answer always is: "Tell the world
+the facts." When the Christian world knows the alarming growth and extent
+of outlawry in our land, some means will be found to stop it.
+
+The object of this publication is to tell the facts, and friends of the
+cause can lend a helping hand by aiding in the distribution of these
+books. When I present our cause to a minister, editor, lecturer, or
+representative of any moral agency, the first demand is for facts and
+figures. Plainly, I can not then hand out a book with a twenty-five-cent
+tariff on the information contained. This would be only a new method in
+the book agents' art. In all such cases it is a pleasure to submit this
+book for investigation, with the certain assurance of gaining a friend to
+the cause.
+
+There are many agencies which may be enlisted in our cause by the general
+circulation of the facts herein contained. The preachers, teachers,
+editors and humanitarians of the white race, at home and abroad, must have
+facts laid before them, and it is our duty to supply these facts. The
+Central Anti-Lynching League, Room 9, 128 Clark St., Chicago, has
+established a Free Distribution Fund, the work of which can be promoted by
+all who are interested in this work.
+
+Antilynching leagues, societies and individuals can order books from this
+fund at agents' rates. The books will be sent to their order, or, if
+desired, will be distributed by the League among those whose cooperative
+aid we so greatly need. The writer hereof assures prompt distribution of
+books according to order, and public acknowledgment of all orders through
+the public press.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Red Record, by Ida B. Wells-Barnett
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE RED RECORD ***
+
+***** This file should be named 14977.txt or 14977.zip *****
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+        https://www.gutenberg.org/1/4/9/7/14977/
+
+Produced by Suzanne Shell, Melissa Er-Raqabi and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+https://gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at https://www.pglaf.org.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
+https://pglaf.org/fundraising.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at https://pglaf.org
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit https://pglaf.org
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including including checks, online payments and credit card
+donations.  To donate, please visit: https://pglaf.org/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     https://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
diff --git a/14977.zip b/14977.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..643fd4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/14977.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..437f5b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #14977 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14977)