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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/15199-8.txt b/15199-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aa56304 --- /dev/null +++ b/15199-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1481 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Reformed Librarie-Keeper (1650), by John Dury + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Reformed Librarie-Keeper (1650) + +Author: John Dury + +Release Date: February 28, 2005 [EBook #15199] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REFORMED LIBRARIE-KEEPER *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Linda Cantoni, and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + + +THE REFORMED LIBRARIE-KEEPER + +(1650) + + +JOHN DURY + + +_Introduction by_ + +RICHARD H. POPKIN + +_and_ + +THOMAS F. WRIGHT + + +Publication Number 220 + +WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK MEMORIAL LIBRARY + +University of California, Los Angeles + +1983 + + + + +GENERAL EDITOR + DAVID STUART RODES, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + +EDITORS + CHARLES L. BATTEN, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + GEORGE ROBERT GUFFEY, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + MAXIMILLIAN E. NOVAK, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + NANCY M. SHEA, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + THOMAS WRIGHT, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + +ADVISORY EDITORS + RALPH COHEN, _University of Virginia_ + WILLIAM E. CONWAY, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + VINTON A. DEARING, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + PHILLIP HARTH, _University of Wisconsin, Madison_ + LOUIS A. LANDA, _Princeton University_ + EARL MINER, _Princeton University_ + JAMES SUTHERLAND, _University College, London_ + NORMAN J.W. THROWER, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + ROBERT VOSPER, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + JOHN M. WALLACE, _University of Chicago_ + +PUBLICATIONS MANAGER + NANCY M. SHEA, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + +CORRESPONDING SECRETARY + BEVERLY J. ONLEY, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + +EDITORIAL ASSISTANT + FRANCES MIRIAM REED, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +This work, with its quaint sentiments and its grim picture of what +librarians were like in the mid-seventeenth century, is more than a +curiosity. John Dury was a very important figure in the Puritan +Revolution, offering proposal after proposal to prepare England for its +role in the millennium. _The Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ is an integral +part of that preparation. To appreciate it one must look at it in terms +of the plans of Dury and his associates, Samuel Hartlib and Johann Amos +Comenius, to reform the intellectual institutions of England so that the +prophecies in the books of Daniel and Revelation could be fulfilled +there. + +John Dury (1596-1680), the son of a Scottish Puritan, was raised in +Holland.[1] He studied at the University of Leiden, then at the French +Reformed seminaries at Sedan and Leiden, and later at Oxford. He was +ordained a Protestant minister and served first at Cologne and then at +the English church in the West Prussian city of Elbing. There he came in +contact with Samuel Hartlib (?-1662), a merchant, who was to devote +himself to many religious and scientific projects in England, and with +Johann Amos Comenius (1592-1670), the leader of the Moravian Brethren, +as well as with other great educational reformers of the Continent. The +three of them shared a common vision--that the advancement of knowledge, +the purification of the Christian churches, and the impending conversion +of the Jews were all antecedent steps to the commencement in the +foreseeable future of the millennium, the thousand-year reign of Christ +on earth. They saw the struggles of the Thirty Years' War and the +religious conflict in England as part of their development of +providential history. + +In terms of their common vision, each of them strove during the decade +1630-40 to help the world prepare for the great events to come. Comenius +started redoing the educational system through his textbooks and set +forth plans for attaining universal knowledge. Hartlib moved from +Germany to England, where he became a central organizing figure in both +the nascent scientific world and the theological world. He was in +contact with a wide variety of intellectuals and brought their ideas +together. (For instance, he apprised Dury of the millenarian theory of +Joseph Mede, which was to be so influential in the Puritan Revolution, +and he spread Comenius's ideas in England.) Dury devoted himself +principally to trying to unite all of the Protestant churches in Europe +and to this end began his peregrinations from Sweden and Germany to +Holland, Switzerland, France, and England. These travels were to +continue throughout the rest of his life, as he tried to negotiate an +agreement on the essentials of Christianity in preparation for Jesus' +return. + +In 1640, as the Puritan Revolution began, Hartlib, Comenius, and Dury +saw the developments in England as the opportunity to put their +scientific-religious plans into effect. They joined together in London +in 1641 and, with strong support, offered proposals to prepare England +for the millennium. They proposed setting up a new university in London +for developing universal knowledge. In spite of the strong backing they +had from leaders of the State and Church, Parliament was unable to fund +the project because of the turmoil of the time. Comenius left for the +Continent, while Hartlib and Dury advanced other projects and involved +themselves in the Westminster conference to reform the Church.[2] + +Hugh Trevor-Roper has called Hartlib, Dury, and Comenius "the real +philosophers, the only philosophers, of the English Revolution."[3] They +combined a long list of practical plans with an overall vision of how +these fitted into the needed antecedent events to the millennium. They +made proposals for improving and reforming many aspects of human +activities and human institutions. The advancement of knowledge, the +improvement of human life, and the purification of religion, which +included bringing the Jews and Christians together, would prepare +England for its role when God chose to transform human history. In a +long series of pamphlets and tracts, Hartlib and Dury turned Comenius's +theory into practical applications to the situation then prevailing in +England.[4] + +Dury outlined this program in a sermon he gave before Parliament on 26 +November 1645 entitled _Israels Call to March Out of Babylon unto +Jerusalem_. He pointed out that England, the new Israel, had a special +role in history, "for the Nations of great _Britain_ have made a new +thing in the world; a thing which hath not been done by any Nation in +the world, since the preaching of the Gospel in it, a thing which since +the Jewish Nation, in the daies of _Nehemiah_, was never heard of in any +Nation, that not only the Rulers, but the whole multitude of the people +should enter into a Covenant with their God, ... to walk in the waies +of his Word, to maintain the Cause of Religion, and to reform themselves +according to his will" (pp. 23-24). + +Since England was to be God's agent in history, Dury proclaimed at the +end of his sermon that "The Schooles of the Prophets, the +Universities[,] must be setled, purged and reformed with wholsom +constitutions, for the education of the sonnes of the Prophets, and the +government of their lives and with the soundnes and purity of spirituall +learning, that they may speak the true language of _Canaan_, and that +the gibberidge of Scholastical Divinity may be banished out of their +society" (p. 48). + +In the same year that he delivered this sermon, Dury married an aunt of +Lady Catherine Ranelagh and was brought in closer contact with Lady +Catherine's brother, Robert Boyle, and the young scientists of the +so-called Invisible College. Dury and Hartlib pressed for reforms that +would promote a better, more useful education from the lowest grades +upward. Convinced by the passage in Daniel 12:4 that knowledge shall +increase before the end of history, Dury and Hartlib sought various +opportunities to bring about this increase in knowledge through better +schools, better religious training, and better organization of +knowledge. Such organization would necessarily affect libraries since +they were an all-important component of the premillennial preparation. + +Between 1645 and 1650, Dury wrote a great many tracts on improving the +Church and society. These include an as yet unpublished one, dated 16 +August 1646, giving his views on the post of library keeper at Oxford. +The poor state of Oxford's library led Dury to observe that the +librarian is to be "a factor and trader for helpes to learning, a +treasurer to keep them and a dispenser to apply them to use, or to see +them well used, or at least not abused."[5] During his travels on the +Continent, Dury had visited Duke Augustus of Brunswick and was obviously +very impressed by the great library the Duke was assembling at +Wolfenbuttel. In his important _Seasonable Discourse_ of 1649 on +reforming religion and learning, Dury had proposed establishing in +London the first college for Jewish studies in the modern world. In this +proposal, he saw as a basic need the procurement of a collection of +Oriental books. Such a library was not just to store materials, but to +make them available and thereby increase knowledge. Hartlib, in a +pamphlet entitled _Considerations tending to the Happy Accomplishment of +England's Reformation in Church and State_, written in 1647 and +published in 1649, had proposed a central "Office of Addresse," an +information service dispensing spiritual and "bodily" information to all +who wished it. The holder of this office should, he said, correspond +with "Chiefe Library-Keepers of all places, whose proper employments +should bee to trade for the Advantages of Learning and Learned Men in +Books and MS[S] to whom he may apply himselfe to become beneficiall, +that such as Mind The End of their employment may reciprocate with him +in the way of Communication" (p. 49). + +Events surrounding the overthrow and execution of Charles I led Dury to +become more personally involved in library matters. After the king fled +from London, the royal goods were subject to various proposals, +including selling or burning. These schemes of disposal extended to his +books and manuscripts, which were stored in St. James's Palace. John +Selden is credited with preventing the sale of the royal library. +Bulstrode Whitelocke was appointed keeper of the king's medals and +library, and on 28 October 1650 Dury was appointed his deputy. According +to Anthony à Wood, Dury "did the drudgery of the place."[6] The books +and manuscripts were in terrible disorder and disarray, and Dury +carefully reorganized them. As soon as he took over, Dury stopped any +efforts to sell the books and ordered that the new chapel, built +originally for the wedding of King Charles I, be turned into a library. +He immediately ordered the printing of the Septuagint copy of the Bible +in the royal collection. + +In the same year that he became deputy keeper, Dury wrote the following +tract, one of a dozen he composed in 1650 on topics ranging from the +educational to the ecclesiastical. Among the latter was his introduction +to Thomas Thorowgood's book contending that the American Indians are +descended from the Israelites, a work that also served as promotional +material for New England colonization. + +That Dury's _The Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ is part of his reform program +preparatory to the onset of the millennium is apparent both from its +setting and its content. It was published in 1650 along with two other +tracts (not reprinted here)[7] and Dury's supplement to his _Reformed +School_, which itself had appeared a few months earlier. _The Reformed +School_ was a basic presentation of the ideas of Comenius, Hartlib, and +Dury for transforming the nature of education in such a way that from +infancy people would be directed in their striving toward universal +knowledge and spiritual betterment. The _Supplement to the Reformed +School_ deals with the role that universities should take in preparing +for the Kingdom of God, a role making them more actively part of the +world. + +Having placed educational institutions in the scheme of things +preparatory to the millennium, Dury then proceeds to place library +keeping and libraries in this scheme as well. Unfortunately, according +to Dury, library keepers had traditionally regarded their positions as +opportunities for profit and gain, not for "the service, which is to bee +don by them unto the Common-wealth of Israel, for the advancement of +Pietie and Learning" (p. 15). Library keepers "ought to becom Agents for +the advancement of universal Learning" and not just mercenary people (p. +17). Their role ought not to be just to guard the books but to make them +available to those seeking universal knowledge and understanding of the +Kingdom of God. + +The library and the library keeper can play important roles in making +knowledge available. As Dury points out, Oxford and Heidelberg have +failed to do so. Dury's work enumerates very practical problems that +need to be solved and integrates them into an overall picture of the +library keeper, the library, the school, and the church--all fundamental +components of a better world, if properly reformed. Reforming involves +practical changes directed by the spiritual goal of preparing for the +millennium. And it should be noticed that while Dury had time to worry +about how much librarians should be paid and how books should be +classified, and while he was occupied in getting the king's books in +their proper place on the shelf, he was also convinced that the +penultimate events before the onset of the millennium were about to take +place. A month after his official appointment as deputy library keeper, +Dury wrote the preface, dated 28 November 1650, to Abraham von +Franckenberg's _Clavis Apocalyptica_. This work in Dury's translation of +1651 states on the title page that it offers a key to the prophecies in +the books of Daniel and Revelation and "that the Prophetical Numbers com +to an end with the year of our Lord 1655." The work, which Dury strongly +endorses, lists as events "which are shortly to com to pass, collected +out of the XI and XVI Chapters of the REVELATION," the destruction of +the city of Rome, the end of the Turkish Empire, the conversion of the +Jews, and the ruin of the whole papacy. Thereupon, the Devil will be +cast out and shut up in the bottomless pit, and the Son of God will take +"possession of the Kingdom" and reign for the millennium (pp. [164-65]). + +As is all too evident, Dury's reform projects did not lead to the +millennium. He was active in England until sent abroad in 1654 as +Cromwell's unofficial agent. Again he traveled all over Protestant +Europe negotiating to reunite the churches. After the Restoration he was +unable to return to England and lived out his life on the Continent +trying to bring about Christian reunion. One of his last works, which +has not been located, was a shady _Touchant l'intelligence de +l'Apocalypse par l'Apocalypse même_ of 1674. His daughter married Henry +Oldenburg, who became a secretary of the Royal Society of England and +who helped bring about some of the scientific reforms Dury had +advocated. + +_Richard H. Popkin +Washington University_ + + * * * * * + +John Dury's place in the intellectual and religious life of +seventeenth-century England and Europe is amply demonstrated in the +preceding part of the introduction. This section focuses on _The +Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ itself, which was printed in 1650 with the +subheading _Two copies of Letters concerning the Place and Office of a +Librarie-Keeper_ (p. 15). The first letter concentrates on practical +questions of the organization and administration of the library, the +second relates the librarian's function to educational goals and, above +all else, to the mission of the Christian religion. The work's two-part +structure is a clue to a proper understanding of the genesis of _The +Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ and to its meaning and puts in ironic +perspective its usefulness for later academic librarianship. + +Because _The Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ appeared in the same year that +Dury became deputy librarian of the King's Library in St. James's +Palace, it has been assumed that he probably wrote the pamphlet as a +form of self-promotion to secure the job. An anonymous article in _The +Library_ in 1892, for instance, speculates that the pamphlet may have +been "composed for the special purpose of the Author's advancement" and +that Milton and Samuel Hartlib urged its production "to forward his +claims" while the Council of State was debating what to do with Charles +I's books.[8] Certainly the final sentence of the tract, with its +references to "the Hous" and "the Counsels of leading men in this +Common-wealth" (p. 31), suggests a connection with the debate, but the +tone of religious zeal that permeates the work, and especially the +second letter, seems to transcend any specific occasion. Moreover, +Hartlib, Dury's longtime friend and associate in millenarian causes and +the recipient and editor of these letters, claims that they and the +other, disparate works he selected for the volume are all "_fruits of +som of my Solicitations and Negotiations for the advancement of +Learning_" and as such "_are but preparatives towards that perfection +which wee may exspect by the advancement of the Kingdom of Christ, +wherein the Communion of Saints, by the graces of the Spirit, will +swallow up all these poor Rudiments of knowledg, which wee now grope +after by so manie helps_" (sig. A2r-v). + +There is, in fact, no way of knowing with certainty if Dury's motives +were "impure," especially since the exact date of the tract cannot be +determined, no entry existing for it in the Stationers' Register. +According to one of Dury's biographers, but with no reference to source, +the pamphlet was printed by William Dugard "shortly after" the latter's +release from prison in the early spring of 1650.[9] The Calendar of +State Papers and the records of Bulstrode Whitelocke indicate that Dury +was not officially considered for the library post before late summer +and not appointed until 28 October.[10] + +The contents of the letters themselves reveal Dury far ahead of his time +in his conception of the Complete Librarian, but later commentators have +generally not understood that the administrative reforms he advocated +were inseparable from his idea of the sacramental nature of the +librarian's office--and so have tended to dismiss the second letter +because it "merely repeats the ideas of the first with less practical +suggestion and in a more declamatory style."[11] Such a comment +illustrates how far we are from Dury's (and the age's) purposes and +hopes, and it shows a great misunderstanding of the religious and moral +context within which, for Dury, all human activity took place. As +Professor Popkin has shown, Dury considered libraries fundamental to the +preparation for the millennium: they housed the texts indispensable to +the spread of learning, which in turn was prerequisite to religious +unity and peace on earth and ultimately to the millennium itself; for +with enough of the right books, the Christian world could convert the +Jews, that final step which was to herald the reign of Christ on earth. +When, in the second letter, Dury refers to the "stewardship" of the +librarian he is speaking literally, not metaphorically. + +But if libraries were to serve their purpose in the grand scheme--that +is, to make texts easily available--extensive reforms were necessary, +and that is the burden of the first letter. Dury's cardinal principle is +that libraries should be _useful_ to people: "It is true that a fair +Librarie, is ... an ornament and credit to the place where it is [the +'jewel box' concept]; ... yet in effect it is no more then a dead Bodie +as now it is constituted, in comparison of what it might bee, if it were +animated with a publick Spirit to keep and use it, and _ordered as it +might bee for publick service_" (p. 17, my emphasis). The public that +Dury refers to is an academic faculty and not the general public. To +insure fullest use he goes on to advocate the necessity of a _printed_ +catalogue with yearly manuscript supplements to be issued as a +cumulative printed supplement every three years. He does not reach the +point of proposing a call-number system but stresses the importance of +shelf-location guides in the catalogue. He believes in aggressive +acquisition policies and the necessity of good faculty-librarian +relations, with the former advising the latter of the important books in +their fields of specialization. He urges what might now be called +"interlibrary loan" and other forms of sharing. To keep the librarian on +the straight and narrow, apparently a recurrent problem in Dury's day, +he recommends an annual meeting of a faculty board of governors where +the librarian will give his annual report and put on an exhibition of +the books he has acquired. To allay the temptation to make a little +money on the side by "trading" (Dury's obsessive term) in the library's +books for his personal profit, the librarian is to receive +administrative support for his various expenses during the year and, as +a scholar working with other scholars within his university instead of +as a mere factotum, the librarian is to receive an adequate salary +(perhaps the only one of Dury's reforms that must wait until the +millennium). + +The question remains to what extent Dury's duties as the deputy +librarian of the King's Library allowed him to implement the reforms he +advocated on paper. The probable answer is, not very much. The +librarian's duties and responsibilities described by Dury are those of +an academic, university librarian, interacting with the faculty and +participating fully in the intellectual life of a scholarly community. +The role of the librarian of the King's Library would have been that of +keeper of a static and isolated collection, and Dury is particularly +critical of a merely custodial role: "... their emploiment," he writes +of the typical librarian of his day, is "of little or no use further, +then to look to the Books committed to their custodie, that they may not +bee lost; or embezeled by those that use them: and this is all" (p. 16). + +The King's Library was unquestionably magnificent; Charles's father and +brother Henry had been particularly zealous in building it up, acquiring +such collections as that of Isaac Casaubon. And Charles had been the +recipient in 1628 of perhaps its greatest single treasure, the Codex +Alexandrinus, a fifth-century manuscript of the Bible in Greek, +certainly an item that would have interested Dury. The library had, in +fact, great scholarly potential, but its continued existence was +apparently an embarrassment to the Commonwealth, and the Puritan +government merely wanted an overseer. So, by the determination of +others, the post of deputy keeper of the King's Library was little but a +sinecure for Dury, leaving him free to pursue his many other interests +but powerless to implement the reforms he advocated in his pamphlet +within the only library over which he ever had direct control. Though he +retained the post until the Restoration, he left the library itself +early in 1654, never to return. + +The _DNB_ notes that Dury's life was "an incessant round of journeyings, +colloquies, correspondence, and publications." The account might also +have added that, sadly, it was a life of many failures and frustrations, +since his visionary scheme for the wholeness of life was so out of touch +with the jealousies and rivalries of those he encountered. But if the +larger vision that underlay _The Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ is now merely +a historical curiosity, the specific reforms that Dury advocated, as +seemingly impractical in his own time as his other schemes, proved to be +of lasting importance. Shorn of the millenarian vision that gave them +their point in Dury's own day, his ideas have become the accepted +standards of modern librarianship. Dury himself would not have been +heartened by his secular acceptance: "... For except Sciences bee +reformed in order to this Scope [of the Christian and millenarian +vision], the increas of knowledg will increas nothing but strife, pride +and confusion, from whence our sorrows will bee multiplied and +propagated unto posteritie...." (p. 31). + +_Thomas F. Wright +William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + + + + +NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION + + +[Footnote 1: For Dury's biography, see J. Minton Batten, _John Dury, +Advocate of Christian Reunion_ (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, +1944).] + +[Footnote 2: On the relation of Dury, Hartlib, and Comenius, see G.H. +Turnbull, _Hartlib, Dury and Comenius_ (Liverpool: University Press of +Liverpool, 1947).] + +[Footnote 3: Hugh Trevor-Roper, "Three Foreigners: The Philosophers of +the Puritan Revolution," in his _Religion, the Reformation, and Social +Change, and Other Essays_, 2d ed. (London: Macmillan, 1972), 240.] + +[Footnote 4: On the philosophical and theological theories of Dury, +Hartlib, and Comenius, see Richard H. Popkin, "The Third Force in +Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, Scepticism, Science, and Biblical +Prophecy," _Nouvelles de la République des Lettres_ (Spring 1983), and +Charles Webster, _The Great Instauration: Science, Medicine, and Reform, +1626-1660_ (London: Duckworth, 1975).] + +[Footnote 5: Quoted in Turnbull, 257.] + +[Footnote 6: _Athenae Oxonienses_, vol. 2 (London, 1692), col. 400.] + +[Footnote 7: The omitted works are _An Idea of Mathematicks_ by John +Pell (pp. 33-46) and _The description of one of the chiefest Libraries +which is in Germanie_, attributed either to Julius Scheurl or J. +Schwartzkopf (pp. [47]-65, in Latin). This seems to be the first +printing of _The description_, which was published separately at +Wolfenbuttel in 1653. John Pell's essay was written around 1630-34 and +was prepared for publication in 1634 by Hartlib, but was only actually +published as an addition to _The Reformed Librarie-Keeper_. It was of +some importance in making mathematics better known at the time.] + +[Footnote 8: "John Durie's _Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ and Its Author's +Career as a Librarian," _The Library_, 1st ser. 4 (1892), 82.] + +[Footnote 9: Ruth Shepard Granniss, "Biographical Sketch," _The Reformed +Librarie-Keeper_ (Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co., 1906), 31-32.] + +[Footnote 10: See "John Durie's _Reformed Librarie-Keeper_," 83.] + +[Footnote 11: Richard Garnett, "Librarianship in the Seventeenth +Century," in his _Essays in Librarianship and Bibliography_ (New York: +F.P. Harper, 1899), 187.] + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE + + +_The Reformed Librarie Keeper With a Supplement to the Reformed School_ +(1650) is reproduced from the copy in the Folger Shakespeare Library +(Shelf Mark D2882/Bd w/D2883). A typical type page (p. 7) measures 107 x +56 mm. Not reproduced here are two additional parts in the original +volume: _An Idea of Mathematicks_ by John Pell and _The description of +one of the chiefest Libraries which is in Germanie_, attributed either +to Julius Scheurl or J. Schwartzkopf. + + + + +THE REFORMED LIBRARIE-KEEPER + +With a Supplement to the + +Reformed-School, + +As subordinate to Colleges in Universities. + + +_BY_ + +JOHN DURIE. + + +Whereunto is added + +I. An idea of _Mathematicks_. + +II. The description of one of the chiefest Libraries which is in +_Germanie_, erected and ordered by one of the most Learned Princes in +_Europe_. + + +_LONDON_, + +Printed by _William Du-Gard_, and are to bee sold by _Rob. Littleberrie_ +at the sign of the _Unicorn_ in Little _Britain_. 1650. + + + + +To the Reader. + + +_Learned Reader!_ + +_These Tracts are the fruits of som of my Sollicitations and +Negotiations for the advancement of Learning. And I hope they may in +time becom somwhat effectual to rais thy Spirit to the exspectation of +greater things, which may bee raised upon such grounds as these. All +which are but preparatives towards that perfection which wee may exspect +by the advancement of the Kingdom of Christ, wherein the Communion of +Saints, by the graces of the Spirit, will swallow up all these poor +Rudiments of knowledg, which wee now grope after by so manie helps; and +till then in those endeavors I rest in the Truth._ + +Thy faithfull and + unwearied servant + + SAMUEL HARTLIB. + + + + +A SUPPLEMENT TO THE _Reformed School_. + + +_Loving freind!_ + +You have offered to mee that which I confess I did not reflect upon, +when I wrote the discours you have Published under the name of a +_Reformed School_; which is, that som may think by the waie of +Education, which I propose all Universities and eminent places of +Learning might subtilly bee undermined and made useless, becaus therein +a waie is shew'd how to initiate youths not onely to the Principles of +all Religious and Rational knowledg, and in the Exercises of all Moral +virtues, but in the grounds of all Civil emploiments, so far, as will +make them fit for all profitable undertakings in humane societies, +whence this will follow (in their apprehensions) that they shall have no +advantage by beeing sent to anie Universities, to attein anie further +perfection: becaus the Universities will not bee able to add anie thing +unto them, which by their own Industrie, they may not afterward attein +anie where els, as well as there. Truly it never came into my thoughts, +either directly or indirectly to make Universities useless; nor can it +bee rationally infer'd from anie thing in the matter form or end of that +discours of mine: but I will grant that such as can see no farther then +what wee now ordinarily attein unto; and withal think that there is no +_Plus ultra_ in nature atteinable above that which they have conceived, +such as I saie may frame to themselv's this jealousie against that +discours: but if they would rais their thoughts with mee a little above +the ordinarie pitch, and consider what the Nature of man is capable off: +and how far it may, by diligent instruction, by Method and +Communication, bee improved: they might rather bee induced to make this +inference, if the natural abilities of youths in a School (when +reformed) may bee thus far improved: how far more may they bee improved, +when they are past the age of Youth, and com to Manhood in Colleges and +Universities, if namely Colleges and Universities, could in the sphere +of their activities bee proportionally Reformed, as the Schools may bee +in their sphere: for it is rational to conclude thus: if the first step +of our Reformation will lead us thus far, how far will the second and +third lead us? and if Scholastical Exercises in Youths of eighteen or +twentie years, will advance them to that perfection of Learning and +Virtues, which few of double their age or none almost ever attein unto, +what will Collegial and Academical Exercises (if reformed and set upon +their proper Objects) bring them unto? I shall therefore to eas you, or +such as may have this scruple and jealousie over mee, declare that my +purpose is so far from making Colleges and Universities useless, that if +I might have my desire in them, they should becom a thousand times more +useful then now they are, that is, as far above the ordinarie State +wherein they are set, as this School is above the ordinarie waie of +Schooling: for if wee look upon the true and proper ends of School, +College and Universitie-studies and Exercises, wee shall see that as in +nature they are in a gradual proportion, distant from, and subordinate +unto each other, so they ought to rise one out of another, and bee built +upon each other's Foundations. + +The true and proper end of Schooling is to teach and Exercise Children +and Youths in the Grounds of all Learning and Virtues, so far as either +their capacitie in that age will suffer them to com, or is requisite to +apprehend the principles of useful matters, by which they may bee made +able to exercise themselvs in everie good Employment afterwards by +themselvs, and as the Proverb is, _sine Cortice natare_. The true and +proper end of Colleges should bee to bring together into one Societie +such as are able thus to Exercise themselvs in anie or all kind of +Studies, that by their mutual Association, Communication, and Assistance +in Reading, Meditating and conferring about profitable matters, they may +not onely perfit their own Abilities, but advance the superstructures of +all Learning to that perfection, which by such means is attainable. And +the true and proper End of Universities, should bee to publish unto the +World the Matters, which formerly have not been published; to discover +the Errors and hurtfulness of things mistaken for Truths; and to supplie +the defects and _desiderata_, which may bee servicable to all sorts of +Professions. + +Now according to those aimes and ends, I suppose it may bee inferred, +that none should bee dismissed out of the Schools, till they are able +to make use of all sorts of Books, and direct themselvs profitably in +everie cours of Studie or Action, whereunto their _Genius_ shall lead +them; and that none should bee admitted into anie Colleges, but such as +will join with others, to elaborate som profitable Tasks, for the +Advancement and facilitating of superstructures in things already by som +discovered, but not made common unto all; And that none should bee made +Publick Professors in Universities, but such as have not onely a Publick +aim, but som approved Abilities, to supply som defects and to Elaborate +som _desiderata_ of usefull knowledg, or to direct such as are studious, +how to order their thoughts in all Matters of search and Meditation, for +the discoverie of things not hitherto found out by others; but which in +probabilitie may bee found out by rational searching. + +Thus then I conceiv, that in a well-Reformed Common wealth, which is to +bee subordinate unto the Kingdom of Jesus Christ, wherein the Glorie of +God, the happiness of the nature of man: and the Glorious libertie of +the Sons of God is to bee revealed; all the subjects thereof should in +their Youth bee trained up in som Schools fit for their capacities, and +that over these Schools, som Overseers should bee appointed to look to +the cours of their Education, to see that none should bee left destitute +of som benefit of virtuous breeding, according to the several kinds of +emploiments, whereunto they may bee found most fit and inclinable, +whether it bee to bear som civil Office in the Common-wealth, or to bee +Mechanically emploied, or to bee bred to teach others humane Sciences, +or to bee imploied in Prophetical Exercises. As for this School, which +at this time I have delineated, it is proper to such of the Nobilitie, +Gentrie and better sort of Citizens, which are fit to bee made capable +to bear Offices in the Common-wealth: the other Schools may bee spoken +off in due time, so far as they are distinct from this, but that which +now I have to suggest is chiefly this, that as out of the Schools the +chois, which ought to bee made for Colleges, ought, _Cæteris paribus_, +onely to bee of such as are most fit to Advance the Ends of a Collegial +Association; so out of Colleges a chois ought to bee made of Professors +for the Universitie onely, of such as are fitted to advance the Ends of +Publick teaching in Universities, which are not to Repeat and +Compendiate that which others have published twentie times already, +over and over again, but to add unto the Common stock of humane +knowledg, that which others have not observed, to the end that all these +degrees of Studies and Exercises of the minde of man, beeing subordinate +unto the Kingdom of Jesus Christ, the happiness of Man by all Rational +and Spiritual waies of improving humane Abilities, may bee advanced unto +it's perfection in this life so far as may bee. + +But how far short wee com now of all these designs, I need not to relate +unto you: the Colleges as they are now Conformed, can scarce reach to +the half of that which the Schools might bring us unto: and the +Professors of the Universities com not up to that, which the Collegial +Associations might elaborate, if they were rightly directed to set their +Talents at work; and if the publick Spirit of Christian love and +ingenuitie did possess those, that are possessed of publick places in +the Colleges of the Universities. For if this Spirit did rule their Aims +and Endevors, there would bee no self-seeking, no partialitie, no envie, +nor anie cross actings for private ends, to the prejudice of the +Publick; but the generous love of virtue and of profitable Learning, +would swaie all their inclinations to a free conjunction; and make all +their endeavors subordinate unto the publick good of the Common-wealth +of Israël in the Communion of Saints. But how far this Principle of +acting is now wanting amongst us all, I shall not need to mention: you +have considered it long ago, and wee have together lamented that defect, +and the doleful effects thereof: our endevor must bee to seek out the +best means of a Reformation therein, and to make use of them as God +shall give us opportunities. And truly somthing of this kinde might bee +don, without anie great alteration or stir, even as matters now are +formed in the Colleges; if God would bee so gracious to us, as to beget +in the mindes of those that understand those things, a heartie Aim and +Resolution to benefit the Christian Common-wealth of Learning, by their +Collegial Relations and Associations one to another. For if men that are +ingenuous will call to minde the end first, for which God doth give them +all their Talents, and then also for which men of publick Spirits have +erected Colleges and Universities, and endowed the same with long and +competent maintenances; that such as are fit for Studies, and called to +bee Instrumental in the propagation of Truth and Virtue, might not bee +distracted with the care of the World, in reference to outward matters, +but might have all the conveniences which are imaginable to improve +those Talents to the utmost, either singly, or conveniently with others, +if (I saie) ingenuous Christians would minde these ends, for which the +benefit of their Talents from God and of their accommodations from men +to improve those Talents are bestowed upon them: it would not bee +possible for them; to be so unthankful towards God, and avers from the +rule of Christianitie, and from the love of doing good to the generation +wherein they live; that they should intend to lead a Collegial life +onely for their own private eas and conveniencie in outward things; that +beeing accommodated with all necessarie helps of the Bodie, they may +pleas themselvs onely in the cours of their Studies, with that +Reservation and Retiredness, which is proper to a Monkish life in Popish +Cloisters; wherein the Spirit of Mutual envie, of detraction and +division is more irreconcilably entertained, then in anie other +Societies of the World. For their Cloister-constitutions, obliging them +onely to the observation of som formal works as an _opus operatum_; for +which their maintenance is allowed them; they not knowing anie further +design of their life, or any greater happiness in this World, then to +pleas themselvs; bestow all the rest of their time and thoughts, as +their natural inclinations lead them, which is commonly to nothing els +but to self-love and Pride, which became a Provocation unto others, to +discover mutually their corruptions, which by reaction make them all +full of envie, of hatred, of evil surmises, and of malicious practices +one against another: so that no where Satan doth dwel and rule more +effectually, then in those Religious Houses, as they are falsly so +called. How much of this Monkish disposition doth remain as yet in the +formal Constitutions of Colleges, or in the Spirits of those that +partake of Collegial accommodations, is not a thing which I shall take +upon me to Judg; but I shall leav it to God, and to his daie to +discover; onely I would bee glad that all such as are true Israelites, +and know the end of their calling unto Christ, and are not willing to +burie their Talents, or to make them useless unto others, for whose +fakes they have received them would laie this matter to heart, that +their Aim in a Collegial life, should not bee to enjoie an easie +careless waie of subsistence by and for themselvs, to follow private +fancies in their Studies about matters of Learning; but that they +should minde the stewardship of their gifts and places, and the +advantages of their Association, whereby they might bee, (if they would +make use of it) able to elaborate som tasks, which otherwise cannot bee +brought to anie perfection, for the building up of the Citie of God in +our generations. There is no want of parts and abilities in the Spirits +of our men, but the waie to order them for publick life, and to bring +them together as stones fitly compacted to make up a perfect Palace, is +that which make's us all useless one to another; wee finde that now and +then, as it were by chance, som exquisite pieces of Learning, which som +have been hatching all their life time drop out; wherein appear's, +besides the usefulness of the Subject, or the uselesness thereof, som +inclination to bee found extraordinarie; but these endevors, disjointed +from publick Aims, advance little or nothing, the Happiness, which true +Learning rightly ordered in all the parts thereof; and Subordinate unto +Christianitie, is able to bring unto Mankind. Such pieces therefore serv +onely as a witness, to shew what wast there is of profitable time and +abilities, for want of loving combinations for publick Designs. It is +the observation of Forreigners concerning our Universities, that they +finde in them men of as great learning as any where els; but that they +lie as it were dead and unknown to the whole world of other men of +Learning; becaus they delight to live a retired and unsociable life: +this humor therefore amongst other parts of our Reformation, must by som +Gospel-principles and Rational inducements bee Reformed, not onely in +Colleges but in other Associations. The Lord teach us the waie of Truth +and Righteousness, that wee may profit in all things to advance the +glorie of his name in the Kingdom of his Son, in whom I rest + +_Your friend and servant_. + +J.D. + + + + +THE REFORMED LIBRARIE-KEEPER. + +BY + +JOHN DURIE. + + +_LONDON_, + +Printed by _William Du-gard_, + +_Anno Dom._ 1650. + + +THE _Reformed Librarie-Keeper_: + +OR + +Two copies of Letters concerning the Place and Office of a +Librarie-Keeper. + + +_The first Letter._ + +The Librarie-Keeper's place and Office, in most Countries (as most other +places and Offices both in Churches and Universities) are lookt upon, as +Places of profit and gain, and so accordingly sought after and valued in +that regard; and not in regard of the service, which is to bee don by +them unto the Common-wealth of Israël, for the advancement of Pietie and +Learning; for the most part, men look after the maintenance, and +livelihood setled upon their Places, more then upon the end and +usefulness of their emploiments; they seek themselvs and not the Publick +therein, and so they subordinate all the advantages of their places, to +purchase mainly two things thereby _viz._ an easie subsistence; and som +credit in comparison of others; nor is the last much regarded, if the +first may bee had; except it bee in cases of strife and debate, wherein +men are over-heated: for then indeed som will stand upon the point of +Honor, to the hazard of their temporal profits: but to speak in +particular of Librarie-Keepers, in most Universities that I know; nay +indeed in all, their places are but Mercenarie, and their emploiment of +little or no use further, then to look to the Books committed to their +custodie, that they may not bee lost; or embezeled by those that use +them: and this is all. + +I have been informed, that in Oxford (where the most famous Librarie now +exstant amongst Protestant-Christians is kept,) the setled maintenance +of the Librarie-keeper is not above fiftie or sixtie pound _per annum_; +but that it is accidentally, _viis & modis_ somtimes worth an hundred +pound: what the accidents are, and the waies by which they com, I have +not been curious to search after; but I have thought, that if the proper +emploiments of Librarie-keepers were taken into consideration as they +are, or may bee made useful to the advancement of Learning; and were +ordered and mainteined proportionally to the ends, which ought to bee +intended thereby; they would bee of exceeding great use to all sorts of +Scholars, and have an universal influence upon all the parts of +Learning, to produce and propagate the same unto perfection. For if +Librarie-keepers did understand themselvs in the nature of their work, +and would make themselvs, as they ought to bee, useful in their places +in a publick waie; they ought to becom Agents for the advancement of +universal Learning: and to this effect I could wish, that their places +might not bee made, as everie where they are, Mercenarie, but rather +Honorarie; and that with the competent allowance of two hundred pounds a +year; som emploiments should bee put upon them further then a bare +keeping of the Books. It is true that a fair Librarie, is not onely an +ornament and credit to the place where it is; but an useful commoditie +by it self to the publick; yet in effect it is no more then a dead Bodie +as now it is constituted, in comparison of what it might bee, if it were +animated with a publick Spirit to keep and use it, and ordered as it +might bee for publick service. For if such an allowance were setled upon +the emploiment as might maintain a man of parts and generous thoughts, +then a condition might bee annexed to the bestowing of the Place; that +none should bee called thereunto but such as had approved themselvs +zealous and profitable in som publick waies of Learning to advance the +same, or that should bee bound to certain tasks to bee prosecuted +towards that end, whereof a List might bee made, and the waie to trie +their Abilities in prosecuting the same should bee described, least in +after times, unprofitable men creep into the place, to frustrate the +publick of the benefit intended by the Doners towards posteritie. The +proper charge then of the Honorarie Librarie-Keeper in a Universitie +should bee thought upon, and the end of that Imploiment, in my +conception, is to keep the publick stock of Learning, which is in Books +and Manuscripts to increas it, and to propose it to others in the waie +which may bee most useful unto all; his work then is to bee a Factor and +Trader for helps to Learning, and a Treasurer to keep them, and a +dispenser to applie them to use, or to see them well used, or at least +not abused; And to do all this, First a _Catalogue_, of the Treasurie +committed unto his charge is to bee made, that is all the Books and +Manuscripts, according to the Titles whereunto they belong, are to bee +ranked in an order most easie and obvious to bee found, which I think is +that of Sciences and Languages; when first all the Books are divided +into their _subjectam materiam_ whereof they Treat, and then everie +kinde of matter subdivided into their several Languages: And as the +Catalogue should bee so made, that it may alwaies bee augmented as the +stock doth increas; so the place in the Librarie must bee left open for +the increas of the number of Books in their proper Seats, and in the +Printed Catalogue, a Reference is to bee made to the place where the +Books are to bee found in their Shelvs or repositories. When the stock +is thus known and fitted to bee exposed to the view of the Learned +World, Then the waie of Trading with it, both at home and abroad, is to +bee laid to heart both for the increas of the stock, and for the +improvement of it to use. For the increas of the stock both at home and +abroad, correspondencie should bee held with those that are eminent in +everie Science, to Trade with them for their profit, that what they want +and wee have, they may receiv upon condition, that what they have and +wee want, they should impart in that facultie where their eminencie doth +lie; As for such as are at home eminent in anie kinde, becaus they may +com by Native right to have use of the Librarie-Treasure, they are to +bee Traded withal in another waie, _viz._ that the things which are +gained from abroad, which as yet are not made common, and put to publick +use should bee promised and imparted to them for the increas of their +private stock of knowledg, to the end that what they have peculiar, may +also bee given in for a requital, so that the particularities of gifts +at home and abroad, are to meet as in a Center in the hand of the +Librarie-keeper, and hee is to Trade with the one by the other, to caus +them to multiplie the publick stock, whereof hee is a Treasurer and +Factor. + +Thus hee should Trade with those that are at home and abroad out of the +Universitie, and with those that are within the Universitie, hee should +have acquaintance to know all that are of anie parts, and how their vein +of Learning doth lie, to supplie helps unto them in their faculties from +without and from within the Nation, to put them upon the keeping of +correspondencie with men of their own strain, for the beating out of +matters not yet elaborated in Sciences; so that they may bee as his +Assistants and subordinate Factors in his Trade and in their own for +gaining of knowledg: Now becaus in all publick Agencies, it is fit that +som inspection should bee had over those that are intrusted therewith, +therefore in this Factorie and Trade for the increas of Learning, som +tie should bee upon those Librarie-keepers to oblige them to +carefulness. + +I would then upon this account, have an Order made that once in the +year, the Librarie-keeper should bee bound to give an account of his +Trading, and of his Profit in his Trade (as in all humane Trades Factors +ought, and use to do to their principals at least once a year) and to +this effect I would have it ordered, that the chief Doctors of each +facultie of the Universitie, should meet at a Convenient time in a week +of the year, to receiv the Accounts of his Trading, that hee may shew +them wherein the stock of Learning hath been increased, for that year's +space; and then hee is to produce the particulars which he hath gained +from abroad, and laie them before them all, that everie one in his own +facultie may declare in the presence of others, that which he thinketh +fit to bee added to the publick stock, and made common by the Catalogue +of Additionals, which everie year within the Universities is to bee +published in writing within the Librarie it self, and everie three +years (or sooner as the number of Additionals may bee great, or later, +if it bee smal) to bee put in Print and made common to those that are +abroad. And at this giving up of the accounts, as the Doctors are to +declare what they think worthie to bee added to the common stock of +Learning, each in their Facultie; so I would have them see what the +Charges and Pains are whereat the Librarie-Keeper hath been, that for +his encouragement, the extraordinarie expences in correspondencies and +transcriptions for the publick good, may bee allowed him out of som +Revenues, which should bee set a part to that effect, and disposed of +according to their joint-content and judgment in that matter. Here then +hee should bee bound to shew them the Lists of his correspondents, the +Letters from them in Answer to his, and the reckoning of his +extraordinarie expence should bee allowed him in that which hee is +indebted, or hath freely laid out to procure Rarities into the stock of +Learning. And becaus I understand that all the Book-Printers or +Stationars of the Common-wealth are bound of everie Book which is +Printed, to send a Copie into the Universitie Librarie; and it is +impossible for one man to read all the Books in all Faculties, to judg +of them what worth there is in them; nor hath everie one Abilitie to +judg of all kinde of Sciences what everie Autor doth handle, and how +sufficiently; therefore I would have at this time of giving accounts, +the Librarie-keeper also bound to produce the Catalogue of all the Books +sent unto the Universitie's Librarie by the Stationars that Printed +them; to the end that everie one of the Doctors in their own Faculties +should declare, whether or no they should bee added, and where they +should bee placed in the Catalogue of Additionals; For I do not think +that all Books and Treaties which in this age are Printed in all kindes, +should bee inserted into the Catalogue, and added to the stock of the +Librarie, discretion must bee used and confusion avoided, and a cours +taken to distinguish that which is profitable, from that which is +useless; and according to the verdict of that Societie, the usefulness +of Books for the publick is to bee determined; yet becaus there is +seldom anie Books wherein there is not somthing useful, and Books freely +given are not to bee cast away, but may bee kept, therefore I would have +a peculiar place appointed for such Books as shall bee laid aside to +keep them in, and a Catalogue of their Titles made Alphabetically in +reference to the Autor's name, with a note of distinction to shew the +Science to which they are to bee referred. These thoughts com thus +suddenly into my head, which in due time may bee more fully described, +if need bee, chiefly if, upon the ground of this account, som +competencie should bee found out and allowed to maintein such charges as +will bee requisite, towards the advancement of the Publick good of +Learning after this manner. + + +The second Letter. + +_Sir!_ + +In my last I gave you som incident thoughts, concerning the improvement +of an Honorarie Librarie-keeper's place, to shew the true end and use +thereof, and how the keepers thereof should bee regulated in the Trade, +which hee is to drive for the Advancement of Learning, and encouraged by +a competent maintenance, and supported in extraordinarie expences for +the same. Now I wish that som men of publick Spirits and lovers of +Learning, might bee made acquainted with the Action, upon such grounds +as were then briefly suggested; who know's but that in time somthing +might bee offered to the Trustees of the Nation, with better conceptions +then these I have suggested. + +For, if it bee considered that amongst manie Eminencies of this Nation, +the Librarie of Oxford is one of the most considerable for the +advancement of Learning, if rightly improved and Traded withal for the +good of Scholars at home and abroad; If this (I saie) bee rightly +considered and represented to the publick Reformers of this age, that +by this means this Nation as in other things, so especially for Pietie +and Learning, and by the advancement of both, may now bee made more +glorious then anie other in the world; No doubt such as in the Parlament +know the worth of Learning will not bee avers from further overtures, +which may bee made towards this purpose. What a great stir hath been +heretofore, about the Eminencie of the Librarie of Heidelberg, but what +use was made of it? It was ingrossed into the hands of a few, till it +became a Prey unto the Enemies of the Truth. If the Librarie-keeper had +been a man, that would have traded with it for the increas of true +Learning, it might have been preserved unto this daie in all the +rarities thereof, not so much by the shuttings up of the multitude of +Books, and the rareness thereof for antiquitie, as by the understandings +of men and their proficiencie to improv and dilate knowledg upon the +grounds which hee might have suggested unto others of parts, and so the +Librarie-rarities would not onely have been preserved in the spirits of +men, but have fructified abundantly therein unto this daie, whereas they +are now lost, becaus they were but a Talent digged in the ground; And +as they that had the keeping of that Librarie made it an Idol, to bee +respected and worshipped for a raritie by an implicite faith, without +anie benefit to those who did esteem of it a far off: so it was just +with God that it should fall into the hands of those that in all things +follow an Idolatrous waie, to blinde men with shewes without all +realitie of substantial virtue, which is onely eminent in this, that it +becometh profitable unto all, by dilating the light of knowledg, and the +love of grace and goodness in the hearts of all men, that are fit to +receiv the one and the other; And where this Aim is not in those that +are intrusted with publick places; there they in the end will bee found +unprofitable servants; for the trust which God hath put into their hands +to profit withal, they discharge not for the account which everie one is +to give unto him of his Stewardship, is not how careful hee hath kept +things of use unto himself, to pride himself in the possession of that +which others have not, (as the custom of men is, that know not what true +glorie is) but how faithfully and diligently hee hath distributed the +same to such as were worthie thereof for their good, that they might bee +stirred up both to glorifie God for his goodness; and to imitate him in +the Communication of all good things unto others for his sake freely. +This was Christ's Work on Earth to receiv us, unto the Glorie of God; +this was that which hee taught by this practice, that it is _more +blessed to give, then to receiv_. This is that which this envious World +cannot rellish, and what stop's the current of true love in the hearts +of men? Nothing so much as the self-seeking of men in the waies of +Learning, by which they covetously obstruct the fountains of life and +comfort, which might overflow and water abundantly the barren and +thirstie Souls of those that perish for want of address unto wisdom; +which in all the waies of humane and divine Learning might bee mainly +advanced, by the industrie of one man in such a place, whose Trade +should bee such as I formerly described, to deal with the spirits of all +men of parts, to set them a working one by and towards another, upon the +subjects which hee should bee intrusted withal to keep in the stock of +Learning. It is the Glorie and Riches of Nations and of great Cities, to +make themselvs the Center of Trade for all their Neighbors; and if they +can finde waies of politie, to oblige their Neighbors to receiv from +their Magazines the Commodities whereof they stand in need, it is +everie waie a great benefit unto the State, so it may bee in matters of +Learning, and by the Trade of Sciences this Church may oblige all the +Neighbor Churches, and that Universitie all Forreiners that Trade in +knowledg to receiv pretious Commodities, whereof they stand in need, +from our Magazines and Storehouses; if a painful Steward and dispenser +thereof, bee imploied and mainteined to use industrie for so blessed a +work, from whence much Glorie to God in the Gospel, and honor will +redound to the Nation. For although the waies of humane Learning are +almost infinite and wonderfully various, and have their peculiar uses in +the outward life of man, for which most men affect them, yet in one that +is to minde the universal good of all, the whole varietie and diversitie +of matters useful unto this present life, as they com within the sphere +of Learning must bee reduced, and may bee subordinate unto the +advancement of the Gospel of Christ, wherein the Glorie of the Nation, +at this and all times should bee thought to stand: And truly that is the +thing which take's most with mee, for which I would have that Librarie +thus improved by a faithful keeper, that when his Trade is set on foot, +with all those that are of eminent parts in their several faculties, +wee knowing who they are and wherein their eminencies do lie, may have +opportunities to provoke them to the right use thereof, by giving them +Objects from our store; and furnishing them with tasks and matters to +bee elaborated, which cannot bee diverted from the scope of God's glorie +to bee made known unto all men in Jesus Christ, for there is nothing of +knowledg in the minde of man, which may not bee conveniently referred to +the virtues of God in Christ, whereby the humane nature is to bee +exalted to that dignitie whereunto hee hath received it, that it should +by him rule over the whole Creation. And the want of this Aim to look +upon things in order to him, and to set them a working without relation +to him, is that which blast's all our endevors, and make's them determin +in confusion and disorder; For whatsoever is not directed in it's own +place with som reference unto him must bee overthrown; nor is there anie +waie left for anie to prosper in that which hee undertaketh, but to +learn to know him and respect him in it, for the advancement of the +Kingdom over the Souls of men, which by the Sanctified use of all +knowledg is chiefly effected. If then the Trade of Learning is to bee +set a foot in a publick waie, and regulated to deserv the countenance +of a Religious State, this Aim, and the waie of prosecuting of it must +bee intended and beaten out; For except Sciences bee reformed in order +to this Scope, the increas of knowledg will increas nothing but strife, +pride and confusion, from whence our sorrows will bee multiplied and +propagated unto posteritie; but if hee, who is to bee intrusted with the +managing of this Trade, bee addressed in the waie which leadeth unto +this Aim without partialitie, his negotiation will bee a blessing unto +this age and to posteritie. + +I have no time to inlarge upon this Subject, or to conceiv a formal and +regular discours, but the thoughts which thus fall into my minde I +impart unto you, that you may give them as hints unto others, who of +themselvs will bee able to inlarge them either to the Hous, or to such +as can in due time swaie the Counsels of leading men in this +Common-wealth. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Reformed Librarie-Keeper (1650), by John Dury + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REFORMED LIBRARIE-KEEPER *** + +***** This file should be named 15199-8.txt or 15199-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/9/15199/ + +Produced by David Starner, Linda Cantoni, and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + https://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. diff --git a/15199-8.zip b/15199-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8fd22e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/15199-8.zip diff --git a/15199.txt b/15199.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8db2555 --- /dev/null +++ b/15199.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1481 @@ +Project Gutenberg's The Reformed Librarie-Keeper (1650), by John Dury + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Reformed Librarie-Keeper (1650) + +Author: John Dury + +Release Date: February 28, 2005 [EBook #15199] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REFORMED LIBRARIE-KEEPER *** + + + + +Produced by David Starner, Linda Cantoni, and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + + + + + +THE AUGUSTAN REPRINT SOCIETY + + +THE REFORMED LIBRARIE-KEEPER + +(1650) + + +JOHN DURY + + +_Introduction by_ + +RICHARD H. POPKIN + +_and_ + +THOMAS F. WRIGHT + + +Publication Number 220 + +WILLIAM ANDREWS CLARK MEMORIAL LIBRARY + +University of California, Los Angeles + +1983 + + + + +GENERAL EDITOR + DAVID STUART RODES, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + +EDITORS + CHARLES L. BATTEN, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + GEORGE ROBERT GUFFEY, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + MAXIMILLIAN E. NOVAK, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + NANCY M. SHEA, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + THOMAS WRIGHT, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + +ADVISORY EDITORS + RALPH COHEN, _University of Virginia_ + WILLIAM E. CONWAY, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + VINTON A. DEARING, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + PHILLIP HARTH, _University of Wisconsin, Madison_ + LOUIS A. LANDA, _Princeton University_ + EARL MINER, _Princeton University_ + JAMES SUTHERLAND, _University College, London_ + NORMAN J.W. THROWER, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + ROBERT VOSPER, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + JOHN M. WALLACE, _University of Chicago_ + +PUBLICATIONS MANAGER + NANCY M. SHEA, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + +CORRESPONDING SECRETARY + BEVERLY J. ONLEY, _William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + +EDITORIAL ASSISTANT + FRANCES MIRIAM REED, _University of California, Los Angeles_ + + + + +INTRODUCTION + + +This work, with its quaint sentiments and its grim picture of what +librarians were like in the mid-seventeenth century, is more than a +curiosity. John Dury was a very important figure in the Puritan +Revolution, offering proposal after proposal to prepare England for its +role in the millennium. _The Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ is an integral +part of that preparation. To appreciate it one must look at it in terms +of the plans of Dury and his associates, Samuel Hartlib and Johann Amos +Comenius, to reform the intellectual institutions of England so that the +prophecies in the books of Daniel and Revelation could be fulfilled +there. + +John Dury (1596-1680), the son of a Scottish Puritan, was raised in +Holland.[1] He studied at the University of Leiden, then at the French +Reformed seminaries at Sedan and Leiden, and later at Oxford. He was +ordained a Protestant minister and served first at Cologne and then at +the English church in the West Prussian city of Elbing. There he came in +contact with Samuel Hartlib (?-1662), a merchant, who was to devote +himself to many religious and scientific projects in England, and with +Johann Amos Comenius (1592-1670), the leader of the Moravian Brethren, +as well as with other great educational reformers of the Continent. The +three of them shared a common vision--that the advancement of knowledge, +the purification of the Christian churches, and the impending conversion +of the Jews were all antecedent steps to the commencement in the +foreseeable future of the millennium, the thousand-year reign of Christ +on earth. They saw the struggles of the Thirty Years' War and the +religious conflict in England as part of their development of +providential history. + +In terms of their common vision, each of them strove during the decade +1630-40 to help the world prepare for the great events to come. Comenius +started redoing the educational system through his textbooks and set +forth plans for attaining universal knowledge. Hartlib moved from +Germany to England, where he became a central organizing figure in both +the nascent scientific world and the theological world. He was in +contact with a wide variety of intellectuals and brought their ideas +together. (For instance, he apprised Dury of the millenarian theory of +Joseph Mede, which was to be so influential in the Puritan Revolution, +and he spread Comenius's ideas in England.) Dury devoted himself +principally to trying to unite all of the Protestant churches in Europe +and to this end began his peregrinations from Sweden and Germany to +Holland, Switzerland, France, and England. These travels were to +continue throughout the rest of his life, as he tried to negotiate an +agreement on the essentials of Christianity in preparation for Jesus' +return. + +In 1640, as the Puritan Revolution began, Hartlib, Comenius, and Dury +saw the developments in England as the opportunity to put their +scientific-religious plans into effect. They joined together in London +in 1641 and, with strong support, offered proposals to prepare England +for the millennium. They proposed setting up a new university in London +for developing universal knowledge. In spite of the strong backing they +had from leaders of the State and Church, Parliament was unable to fund +the project because of the turmoil of the time. Comenius left for the +Continent, while Hartlib and Dury advanced other projects and involved +themselves in the Westminster conference to reform the Church.[2] + +Hugh Trevor-Roper has called Hartlib, Dury, and Comenius "the real +philosophers, the only philosophers, of the English Revolution."[3] They +combined a long list of practical plans with an overall vision of how +these fitted into the needed antecedent events to the millennium. They +made proposals for improving and reforming many aspects of human +activities and human institutions. The advancement of knowledge, the +improvement of human life, and the purification of religion, which +included bringing the Jews and Christians together, would prepare +England for its role when God chose to transform human history. In a +long series of pamphlets and tracts, Hartlib and Dury turned Comenius's +theory into practical applications to the situation then prevailing in +England.[4] + +Dury outlined this program in a sermon he gave before Parliament on 26 +November 1645 entitled _Israels Call to March Out of Babylon unto +Jerusalem_. He pointed out that England, the new Israel, had a special +role in history, "for the Nations of great _Britain_ have made a new +thing in the world; a thing which hath not been done by any Nation in +the world, since the preaching of the Gospel in it, a thing which since +the Jewish Nation, in the daies of _Nehemiah_, was never heard of in any +Nation, that not only the Rulers, but the whole multitude of the people +should enter into a Covenant with their God, ... to walk in the waies +of his Word, to maintain the Cause of Religion, and to reform themselves +according to his will" (pp. 23-24). + +Since England was to be God's agent in history, Dury proclaimed at the +end of his sermon that "The Schooles of the Prophets, the +Universities[,] must be setled, purged and reformed with wholsom +constitutions, for the education of the sonnes of the Prophets, and the +government of their lives and with the soundnes and purity of spirituall +learning, that they may speak the true language of _Canaan_, and that +the gibberidge of Scholastical Divinity may be banished out of their +society" (p. 48). + +In the same year that he delivered this sermon, Dury married an aunt of +Lady Catherine Ranelagh and was brought in closer contact with Lady +Catherine's brother, Robert Boyle, and the young scientists of the +so-called Invisible College. Dury and Hartlib pressed for reforms that +would promote a better, more useful education from the lowest grades +upward. Convinced by the passage in Daniel 12:4 that knowledge shall +increase before the end of history, Dury and Hartlib sought various +opportunities to bring about this increase in knowledge through better +schools, better religious training, and better organization of +knowledge. Such organization would necessarily affect libraries since +they were an all-important component of the premillennial preparation. + +Between 1645 and 1650, Dury wrote a great many tracts on improving the +Church and society. These include an as yet unpublished one, dated 16 +August 1646, giving his views on the post of library keeper at Oxford. +The poor state of Oxford's library led Dury to observe that the +librarian is to be "a factor and trader for helpes to learning, a +treasurer to keep them and a dispenser to apply them to use, or to see +them well used, or at least not abused."[5] During his travels on the +Continent, Dury had visited Duke Augustus of Brunswick and was obviously +very impressed by the great library the Duke was assembling at +Wolfenbuttel. In his important _Seasonable Discourse_ of 1649 on +reforming religion and learning, Dury had proposed establishing in +London the first college for Jewish studies in the modern world. In this +proposal, he saw as a basic need the procurement of a collection of +Oriental books. Such a library was not just to store materials, but to +make them available and thereby increase knowledge. Hartlib, in a +pamphlet entitled _Considerations tending to the Happy Accomplishment of +England's Reformation in Church and State_, written in 1647 and +published in 1649, had proposed a central "Office of Addresse," an +information service dispensing spiritual and "bodily" information to all +who wished it. The holder of this office should, he said, correspond +with "Chiefe Library-Keepers of all places, whose proper employments +should bee to trade for the Advantages of Learning and Learned Men in +Books and MS[S] to whom he may apply himselfe to become beneficiall, +that such as Mind The End of their employment may reciprocate with him +in the way of Communication" (p. 49). + +Events surrounding the overthrow and execution of Charles I led Dury to +become more personally involved in library matters. After the king fled +from London, the royal goods were subject to various proposals, +including selling or burning. These schemes of disposal extended to his +books and manuscripts, which were stored in St. James's Palace. John +Selden is credited with preventing the sale of the royal library. +Bulstrode Whitelocke was appointed keeper of the king's medals and +library, and on 28 October 1650 Dury was appointed his deputy. According +to Anthony a Wood, Dury "did the drudgery of the place."[6] The books +and manuscripts were in terrible disorder and disarray, and Dury +carefully reorganized them. As soon as he took over, Dury stopped any +efforts to sell the books and ordered that the new chapel, built +originally for the wedding of King Charles I, be turned into a library. +He immediately ordered the printing of the Septuagint copy of the Bible +in the royal collection. + +In the same year that he became deputy keeper, Dury wrote the following +tract, one of a dozen he composed in 1650 on topics ranging from the +educational to the ecclesiastical. Among the latter was his introduction +to Thomas Thorowgood's book contending that the American Indians are +descended from the Israelites, a work that also served as promotional +material for New England colonization. + +That Dury's _The Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ is part of his reform program +preparatory to the onset of the millennium is apparent both from its +setting and its content. It was published in 1650 along with two other +tracts (not reprinted here)[7] and Dury's supplement to his _Reformed +School_, which itself had appeared a few months earlier. _The Reformed +School_ was a basic presentation of the ideas of Comenius, Hartlib, and +Dury for transforming the nature of education in such a way that from +infancy people would be directed in their striving toward universal +knowledge and spiritual betterment. The _Supplement to the Reformed +School_ deals with the role that universities should take in preparing +for the Kingdom of God, a role making them more actively part of the +world. + +Having placed educational institutions in the scheme of things +preparatory to the millennium, Dury then proceeds to place library +keeping and libraries in this scheme as well. Unfortunately, according +to Dury, library keepers had traditionally regarded their positions as +opportunities for profit and gain, not for "the service, which is to bee +don by them unto the Common-wealth of Israel, for the advancement of +Pietie and Learning" (p. 15). Library keepers "ought to becom Agents for +the advancement of universal Learning" and not just mercenary people (p. +17). Their role ought not to be just to guard the books but to make them +available to those seeking universal knowledge and understanding of the +Kingdom of God. + +The library and the library keeper can play important roles in making +knowledge available. As Dury points out, Oxford and Heidelberg have +failed to do so. Dury's work enumerates very practical problems that +need to be solved and integrates them into an overall picture of the +library keeper, the library, the school, and the church--all fundamental +components of a better world, if properly reformed. Reforming involves +practical changes directed by the spiritual goal of preparing for the +millennium. And it should be noticed that while Dury had time to worry +about how much librarians should be paid and how books should be +classified, and while he was occupied in getting the king's books in +their proper place on the shelf, he was also convinced that the +penultimate events before the onset of the millennium were about to take +place. A month after his official appointment as deputy library keeper, +Dury wrote the preface, dated 28 November 1650, to Abraham von +Franckenberg's _Clavis Apocalyptica_. This work in Dury's translation of +1651 states on the title page that it offers a key to the prophecies in +the books of Daniel and Revelation and "that the Prophetical Numbers com +to an end with the year of our Lord 1655." The work, which Dury strongly +endorses, lists as events "which are shortly to com to pass, collected +out of the XI and XVI Chapters of the REVELATION," the destruction of +the city of Rome, the end of the Turkish Empire, the conversion of the +Jews, and the ruin of the whole papacy. Thereupon, the Devil will be +cast out and shut up in the bottomless pit, and the Son of God will take +"possession of the Kingdom" and reign for the millennium (pp. [164-65]). + +As is all too evident, Dury's reform projects did not lead to the +millennium. He was active in England until sent abroad in 1654 as +Cromwell's unofficial agent. Again he traveled all over Protestant +Europe negotiating to reunite the churches. After the Restoration he was +unable to return to England and lived out his life on the Continent +trying to bring about Christian reunion. One of his last works, which +has not been located, was a shady _Touchant l'intelligence de +l'Apocalypse par l'Apocalypse meme_ of 1674. His daughter married Henry +Oldenburg, who became a secretary of the Royal Society of England and +who helped bring about some of the scientific reforms Dury had +advocated. + +_Richard H. Popkin +Washington University_ + + * * * * * + +John Dury's place in the intellectual and religious life of +seventeenth-century England and Europe is amply demonstrated in the +preceding part of the introduction. This section focuses on _The +Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ itself, which was printed in 1650 with the +subheading _Two copies of Letters concerning the Place and Office of a +Librarie-Keeper_ (p. 15). The first letter concentrates on practical +questions of the organization and administration of the library, the +second relates the librarian's function to educational goals and, above +all else, to the mission of the Christian religion. The work's two-part +structure is a clue to a proper understanding of the genesis of _The +Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ and to its meaning and puts in ironic +perspective its usefulness for later academic librarianship. + +Because _The Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ appeared in the same year that +Dury became deputy librarian of the King's Library in St. James's +Palace, it has been assumed that he probably wrote the pamphlet as a +form of self-promotion to secure the job. An anonymous article in _The +Library_ in 1892, for instance, speculates that the pamphlet may have +been "composed for the special purpose of the Author's advancement" and +that Milton and Samuel Hartlib urged its production "to forward his +claims" while the Council of State was debating what to do with Charles +I's books.[8] Certainly the final sentence of the tract, with its +references to "the Hous" and "the Counsels of leading men in this +Common-wealth" (p. 31), suggests a connection with the debate, but the +tone of religious zeal that permeates the work, and especially the +second letter, seems to transcend any specific occasion. Moreover, +Hartlib, Dury's longtime friend and associate in millenarian causes and +the recipient and editor of these letters, claims that they and the +other, disparate works he selected for the volume are all "_fruits of +som of my Solicitations and Negotiations for the advancement of +Learning_" and as such "_are but preparatives towards that perfection +which wee may exspect by the advancement of the Kingdom of Christ, +wherein the Communion of Saints, by the graces of the Spirit, will +swallow up all these poor Rudiments of knowledg, which wee now grope +after by so manie helps_" (sig. A2r-v). + +There is, in fact, no way of knowing with certainty if Dury's motives +were "impure," especially since the exact date of the tract cannot be +determined, no entry existing for it in the Stationers' Register. +According to one of Dury's biographers, but with no reference to source, +the pamphlet was printed by William Dugard "shortly after" the latter's +release from prison in the early spring of 1650.[9] The Calendar of +State Papers and the records of Bulstrode Whitelocke indicate that Dury +was not officially considered for the library post before late summer +and not appointed until 28 October.[10] + +The contents of the letters themselves reveal Dury far ahead of his time +in his conception of the Complete Librarian, but later commentators have +generally not understood that the administrative reforms he advocated +were inseparable from his idea of the sacramental nature of the +librarian's office--and so have tended to dismiss the second letter +because it "merely repeats the ideas of the first with less practical +suggestion and in a more declamatory style."[11] Such a comment +illustrates how far we are from Dury's (and the age's) purposes and +hopes, and it shows a great misunderstanding of the religious and moral +context within which, for Dury, all human activity took place. As +Professor Popkin has shown, Dury considered libraries fundamental to the +preparation for the millennium: they housed the texts indispensable to +the spread of learning, which in turn was prerequisite to religious +unity and peace on earth and ultimately to the millennium itself; for +with enough of the right books, the Christian world could convert the +Jews, that final step which was to herald the reign of Christ on earth. +When, in the second letter, Dury refers to the "stewardship" of the +librarian he is speaking literally, not metaphorically. + +But if libraries were to serve their purpose in the grand scheme--that +is, to make texts easily available--extensive reforms were necessary, +and that is the burden of the first letter. Dury's cardinal principle is +that libraries should be _useful_ to people: "It is true that a fair +Librarie, is ... an ornament and credit to the place where it is [the +'jewel box' concept]; ... yet in effect it is no more then a dead Bodie +as now it is constituted, in comparison of what it might bee, if it were +animated with a publick Spirit to keep and use it, and _ordered as it +might bee for publick service_" (p. 17, my emphasis). The public that +Dury refers to is an academic faculty and not the general public. To +insure fullest use he goes on to advocate the necessity of a _printed_ +catalogue with yearly manuscript supplements to be issued as a +cumulative printed supplement every three years. He does not reach the +point of proposing a call-number system but stresses the importance of +shelf-location guides in the catalogue. He believes in aggressive +acquisition policies and the necessity of good faculty-librarian +relations, with the former advising the latter of the important books in +their fields of specialization. He urges what might now be called +"interlibrary loan" and other forms of sharing. To keep the librarian on +the straight and narrow, apparently a recurrent problem in Dury's day, +he recommends an annual meeting of a faculty board of governors where +the librarian will give his annual report and put on an exhibition of +the books he has acquired. To allay the temptation to make a little +money on the side by "trading" (Dury's obsessive term) in the library's +books for his personal profit, the librarian is to receive +administrative support for his various expenses during the year and, as +a scholar working with other scholars within his university instead of +as a mere factotum, the librarian is to receive an adequate salary +(perhaps the only one of Dury's reforms that must wait until the +millennium). + +The question remains to what extent Dury's duties as the deputy +librarian of the King's Library allowed him to implement the reforms he +advocated on paper. The probable answer is, not very much. The +librarian's duties and responsibilities described by Dury are those of +an academic, university librarian, interacting with the faculty and +participating fully in the intellectual life of a scholarly community. +The role of the librarian of the King's Library would have been that of +keeper of a static and isolated collection, and Dury is particularly +critical of a merely custodial role: "... their emploiment," he writes +of the typical librarian of his day, is "of little or no use further, +then to look to the Books committed to their custodie, that they may not +bee lost; or embezeled by those that use them: and this is all" (p. 16). + +The King's Library was unquestionably magnificent; Charles's father and +brother Henry had been particularly zealous in building it up, acquiring +such collections as that of Isaac Casaubon. And Charles had been the +recipient in 1628 of perhaps its greatest single treasure, the Codex +Alexandrinus, a fifth-century manuscript of the Bible in Greek, +certainly an item that would have interested Dury. The library had, in +fact, great scholarly potential, but its continued existence was +apparently an embarrassment to the Commonwealth, and the Puritan +government merely wanted an overseer. So, by the determination of +others, the post of deputy keeper of the King's Library was little but a +sinecure for Dury, leaving him free to pursue his many other interests +but powerless to implement the reforms he advocated in his pamphlet +within the only library over which he ever had direct control. Though he +retained the post until the Restoration, he left the library itself +early in 1654, never to return. + +The _DNB_ notes that Dury's life was "an incessant round of journeyings, +colloquies, correspondence, and publications." The account might also +have added that, sadly, it was a life of many failures and frustrations, +since his visionary scheme for the wholeness of life was so out of touch +with the jealousies and rivalries of those he encountered. But if the +larger vision that underlay _The Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ is now merely +a historical curiosity, the specific reforms that Dury advocated, as +seemingly impractical in his own time as his other schemes, proved to be +of lasting importance. Shorn of the millenarian vision that gave them +their point in Dury's own day, his ideas have become the accepted +standards of modern librarianship. Dury himself would not have been +heartened by his secular acceptance: "... For except Sciences bee +reformed in order to this Scope [of the Christian and millenarian +vision], the increas of knowledg will increas nothing but strife, pride +and confusion, from whence our sorrows will bee multiplied and +propagated unto posteritie...." (p. 31). + +_Thomas F. Wright +William Andrews Clark Memorial Library_ + + + + +NOTES TO THE INTRODUCTION + + +[Footnote 1: For Dury's biography, see J. Minton Batten, _John Dury, +Advocate of Christian Reunion_ (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, +1944).] + +[Footnote 2: On the relation of Dury, Hartlib, and Comenius, see G.H. +Turnbull, _Hartlib, Dury and Comenius_ (Liverpool: University Press of +Liverpool, 1947).] + +[Footnote 3: Hugh Trevor-Roper, "Three Foreigners: The Philosophers of +the Puritan Revolution," in his _Religion, the Reformation, and Social +Change, and Other Essays_, 2d ed. (London: Macmillan, 1972), 240.] + +[Footnote 4: On the philosophical and theological theories of Dury, +Hartlib, and Comenius, see Richard H. Popkin, "The Third Force in +Seventeenth-Century Philosophy, Scepticism, Science, and Biblical +Prophecy," _Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres_ (Spring 1983), and +Charles Webster, _The Great Instauration: Science, Medicine, and Reform, +1626-1660_ (London: Duckworth, 1975).] + +[Footnote 5: Quoted in Turnbull, 257.] + +[Footnote 6: _Athenae Oxonienses_, vol. 2 (London, 1692), col. 400.] + +[Footnote 7: The omitted works are _An Idea of Mathematicks_ by John +Pell (pp. 33-46) and _The description of one of the chiefest Libraries +which is in Germanie_, attributed either to Julius Scheurl or J. +Schwartzkopf (pp. [47]-65, in Latin). This seems to be the first +printing of _The description_, which was published separately at +Wolfenbuttel in 1653. John Pell's essay was written around 1630-34 and +was prepared for publication in 1634 by Hartlib, but was only actually +published as an addition to _The Reformed Librarie-Keeper_. It was of +some importance in making mathematics better known at the time.] + +[Footnote 8: "John Durie's _Reformed Librarie-Keeper_ and Its Author's +Career as a Librarian," _The Library_, 1st ser. 4 (1892), 82.] + +[Footnote 9: Ruth Shepard Granniss, "Biographical Sketch," _The Reformed +Librarie-Keeper_ (Chicago: A.C. McClurg & Co., 1906), 31-32.] + +[Footnote 10: See "John Durie's _Reformed Librarie-Keeper_," 83.] + +[Footnote 11: Richard Garnett, "Librarianship in the Seventeenth +Century," in his _Essays in Librarianship and Bibliography_ (New York: +F.P. Harper, 1899), 187.] + + + + +BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE + + +_The Reformed Librarie Keeper With a Supplement to the Reformed School_ +(1650) is reproduced from the copy in the Folger Shakespeare Library +(Shelf Mark D2882/Bd w/D2883). A typical type page (p. 7) measures 107 x +56 mm. Not reproduced here are two additional parts in the original +volume: _An Idea of Mathematicks_ by John Pell and _The description of +one of the chiefest Libraries which is in Germanie_, attributed either +to Julius Scheurl or J. Schwartzkopf. + + + + +THE REFORMED LIBRARIE-KEEPER + +With a Supplement to the + +Reformed-School, + +As subordinate to Colleges in Universities. + + +_BY_ + +JOHN DURIE. + + +Whereunto is added + +I. An idea of _Mathematicks_. + +II. The description of one of the chiefest Libraries which is in +_Germanie_, erected and ordered by one of the most Learned Princes in +_Europe_. + + +_LONDON_, + +Printed by _William Du-Gard_, and are to bee sold by _Rob. Littleberrie_ +at the sign of the _Unicorn_ in Little _Britain_. 1650. + + + + +To the Reader. + + +_Learned Reader!_ + +_These Tracts are the fruits of som of my Sollicitations and +Negotiations for the advancement of Learning. And I hope they may in +time becom somwhat effectual to rais thy Spirit to the exspectation of +greater things, which may bee raised upon such grounds as these. All +which are but preparatives towards that perfection which wee may exspect +by the advancement of the Kingdom of Christ, wherein the Communion of +Saints, by the graces of the Spirit, will swallow up all these poor +Rudiments of knowledg, which wee now grope after by so manie helps; and +till then in those endeavors I rest in the Truth._ + +Thy faithfull and + unwearied servant + + SAMUEL HARTLIB. + + + + +A SUPPLEMENT TO THE _Reformed School_. + + +_Loving freind!_ + +You have offered to mee that which I confess I did not reflect upon, +when I wrote the discours you have Published under the name of a +_Reformed School_; which is, that som may think by the waie of +Education, which I propose all Universities and eminent places of +Learning might subtilly bee undermined and made useless, becaus therein +a waie is shew'd how to initiate youths not onely to the Principles of +all Religious and Rational knowledg, and in the Exercises of all Moral +virtues, but in the grounds of all Civil emploiments, so far, as will +make them fit for all profitable undertakings in humane societies, +whence this will follow (in their apprehensions) that they shall have no +advantage by beeing sent to anie Universities, to attein anie further +perfection: becaus the Universities will not bee able to add anie thing +unto them, which by their own Industrie, they may not afterward attein +anie where els, as well as there. Truly it never came into my thoughts, +either directly or indirectly to make Universities useless; nor can it +bee rationally infer'd from anie thing in the matter form or end of that +discours of mine: but I will grant that such as can see no farther then +what wee now ordinarily attein unto; and withal think that there is no +_Plus ultra_ in nature atteinable above that which they have conceived, +such as I saie may frame to themselv's this jealousie against that +discours: but if they would rais their thoughts with mee a little above +the ordinarie pitch, and consider what the Nature of man is capable off: +and how far it may, by diligent instruction, by Method and +Communication, bee improved: they might rather bee induced to make this +inference, if the natural abilities of youths in a School (when +reformed) may bee thus far improved: how far more may they bee improved, +when they are past the age of Youth, and com to Manhood in Colleges and +Universities, if namely Colleges and Universities, could in the sphere +of their activities bee proportionally Reformed, as the Schools may bee +in their sphere: for it is rational to conclude thus: if the first step +of our Reformation will lead us thus far, how far will the second and +third lead us? and if Scholastical Exercises in Youths of eighteen or +twentie years, will advance them to that perfection of Learning and +Virtues, which few of double their age or none almost ever attein unto, +what will Collegial and Academical Exercises (if reformed and set upon +their proper Objects) bring them unto? I shall therefore to eas you, or +such as may have this scruple and jealousie over mee, declare that my +purpose is so far from making Colleges and Universities useless, that if +I might have my desire in them, they should becom a thousand times more +useful then now they are, that is, as far above the ordinarie State +wherein they are set, as this School is above the ordinarie waie of +Schooling: for if wee look upon the true and proper ends of School, +College and Universitie-studies and Exercises, wee shall see that as in +nature they are in a gradual proportion, distant from, and subordinate +unto each other, so they ought to rise one out of another, and bee built +upon each other's Foundations. + +The true and proper end of Schooling is to teach and Exercise Children +and Youths in the Grounds of all Learning and Virtues, so far as either +their capacitie in that age will suffer them to com, or is requisite to +apprehend the principles of useful matters, by which they may bee made +able to exercise themselvs in everie good Employment afterwards by +themselvs, and as the Proverb is, _sine Cortice natare_. The true and +proper end of Colleges should bee to bring together into one Societie +such as are able thus to Exercise themselvs in anie or all kind of +Studies, that by their mutual Association, Communication, and Assistance +in Reading, Meditating and conferring about profitable matters, they may +not onely perfit their own Abilities, but advance the superstructures of +all Learning to that perfection, which by such means is attainable. And +the true and proper End of Universities, should bee to publish unto the +World the Matters, which formerly have not been published; to discover +the Errors and hurtfulness of things mistaken for Truths; and to supplie +the defects and _desiderata_, which may bee servicable to all sorts of +Professions. + +Now according to those aimes and ends, I suppose it may bee inferred, +that none should bee dismissed out of the Schools, till they are able +to make use of all sorts of Books, and direct themselvs profitably in +everie cours of Studie or Action, whereunto their _Genius_ shall lead +them; and that none should bee admitted into anie Colleges, but such as +will join with others, to elaborate som profitable Tasks, for the +Advancement and facilitating of superstructures in things already by som +discovered, but not made common unto all; And that none should bee made +Publick Professors in Universities, but such as have not onely a Publick +aim, but som approved Abilities, to supply som defects and to Elaborate +som _desiderata_ of usefull knowledg, or to direct such as are studious, +how to order their thoughts in all Matters of search and Meditation, for +the discoverie of things not hitherto found out by others; but which in +probabilitie may bee found out by rational searching. + +Thus then I conceiv, that in a well-Reformed Common wealth, which is to +bee subordinate unto the Kingdom of Jesus Christ, wherein the Glorie of +God, the happiness of the nature of man: and the Glorious libertie of +the Sons of God is to bee revealed; all the subjects thereof should in +their Youth bee trained up in som Schools fit for their capacities, and +that over these Schools, som Overseers should bee appointed to look to +the cours of their Education, to see that none should bee left destitute +of som benefit of virtuous breeding, according to the several kinds of +emploiments, whereunto they may bee found most fit and inclinable, +whether it bee to bear som civil Office in the Common-wealth, or to bee +Mechanically emploied, or to bee bred to teach others humane Sciences, +or to bee imploied in Prophetical Exercises. As for this School, which +at this time I have delineated, it is proper to such of the Nobilitie, +Gentrie and better sort of Citizens, which are fit to bee made capable +to bear Offices in the Common-wealth: the other Schools may bee spoken +off in due time, so far as they are distinct from this, but that which +now I have to suggest is chiefly this, that as out of the Schools the +chois, which ought to bee made for Colleges, ought, _Caeteris paribus_, +onely to bee of such as are most fit to Advance the Ends of a Collegial +Association; so out of Colleges a chois ought to bee made of Professors +for the Universitie onely, of such as are fitted to advance the Ends of +Publick teaching in Universities, which are not to Repeat and +Compendiate that which others have published twentie times already, +over and over again, but to add unto the Common stock of humane +knowledg, that which others have not observed, to the end that all these +degrees of Studies and Exercises of the minde of man, beeing subordinate +unto the Kingdom of Jesus Christ, the happiness of Man by all Rational +and Spiritual waies of improving humane Abilities, may bee advanced unto +it's perfection in this life so far as may bee. + +But how far short wee com now of all these designs, I need not to relate +unto you: the Colleges as they are now Conformed, can scarce reach to +the half of that which the Schools might bring us unto: and the +Professors of the Universities com not up to that, which the Collegial +Associations might elaborate, if they were rightly directed to set their +Talents at work; and if the publick Spirit of Christian love and +ingenuitie did possess those, that are possessed of publick places in +the Colleges of the Universities. For if this Spirit did rule their Aims +and Endevors, there would bee no self-seeking, no partialitie, no envie, +nor anie cross actings for private ends, to the prejudice of the +Publick; but the generous love of virtue and of profitable Learning, +would swaie all their inclinations to a free conjunction; and make all +their endeavors subordinate unto the publick good of the Common-wealth +of Israel in the Communion of Saints. But how far this Principle of +acting is now wanting amongst us all, I shall not need to mention: you +have considered it long ago, and wee have together lamented that defect, +and the doleful effects thereof: our endevor must bee to seek out the +best means of a Reformation therein, and to make use of them as God +shall give us opportunities. And truly somthing of this kinde might bee +don, without anie great alteration or stir, even as matters now are +formed in the Colleges; if God would bee so gracious to us, as to beget +in the mindes of those that understand those things, a heartie Aim and +Resolution to benefit the Christian Common-wealth of Learning, by their +Collegial Relations and Associations one to another. For if men that are +ingenuous will call to minde the end first, for which God doth give them +all their Talents, and then also for which men of publick Spirits have +erected Colleges and Universities, and endowed the same with long and +competent maintenances; that such as are fit for Studies, and called to +bee Instrumental in the propagation of Truth and Virtue, might not bee +distracted with the care of the World, in reference to outward matters, +but might have all the conveniences which are imaginable to improve +those Talents to the utmost, either singly, or conveniently with others, +if (I saie) ingenuous Christians would minde these ends, for which the +benefit of their Talents from God and of their accommodations from men +to improve those Talents are bestowed upon them: it would not bee +possible for them; to be so unthankful towards God, and avers from the +rule of Christianitie, and from the love of doing good to the generation +wherein they live; that they should intend to lead a Collegial life +onely for their own private eas and conveniencie in outward things; that +beeing accommodated with all necessarie helps of the Bodie, they may +pleas themselvs onely in the cours of their Studies, with that +Reservation and Retiredness, which is proper to a Monkish life in Popish +Cloisters; wherein the Spirit of Mutual envie, of detraction and +division is more irreconcilably entertained, then in anie other +Societies of the World. For their Cloister-constitutions, obliging them +onely to the observation of som formal works as an _opus operatum_; for +which their maintenance is allowed them; they not knowing anie further +design of their life, or any greater happiness in this World, then to +pleas themselvs; bestow all the rest of their time and thoughts, as +their natural inclinations lead them, which is commonly to nothing els +but to self-love and Pride, which became a Provocation unto others, to +discover mutually their corruptions, which by reaction make them all +full of envie, of hatred, of evil surmises, and of malicious practices +one against another: so that no where Satan doth dwel and rule more +effectually, then in those Religious Houses, as they are falsly so +called. How much of this Monkish disposition doth remain as yet in the +formal Constitutions of Colleges, or in the Spirits of those that +partake of Collegial accommodations, is not a thing which I shall take +upon me to Judg; but I shall leav it to God, and to his daie to +discover; onely I would bee glad that all such as are true Israelites, +and know the end of their calling unto Christ, and are not willing to +burie their Talents, or to make them useless unto others, for whose +fakes they have received them would laie this matter to heart, that +their Aim in a Collegial life, should not bee to enjoie an easie +careless waie of subsistence by and for themselvs, to follow private +fancies in their Studies about matters of Learning; but that they +should minde the stewardship of their gifts and places, and the +advantages of their Association, whereby they might bee, (if they would +make use of it) able to elaborate som tasks, which otherwise cannot bee +brought to anie perfection, for the building up of the Citie of God in +our generations. There is no want of parts and abilities in the Spirits +of our men, but the waie to order them for publick life, and to bring +them together as stones fitly compacted to make up a perfect Palace, is +that which make's us all useless one to another; wee finde that now and +then, as it were by chance, som exquisite pieces of Learning, which som +have been hatching all their life time drop out; wherein appear's, +besides the usefulness of the Subject, or the uselesness thereof, som +inclination to bee found extraordinarie; but these endevors, disjointed +from publick Aims, advance little or nothing, the Happiness, which true +Learning rightly ordered in all the parts thereof; and Subordinate unto +Christianitie, is able to bring unto Mankind. Such pieces therefore serv +onely as a witness, to shew what wast there is of profitable time and +abilities, for want of loving combinations for publick Designs. It is +the observation of Forreigners concerning our Universities, that they +finde in them men of as great learning as any where els; but that they +lie as it were dead and unknown to the whole world of other men of +Learning; becaus they delight to live a retired and unsociable life: +this humor therefore amongst other parts of our Reformation, must by som +Gospel-principles and Rational inducements bee Reformed, not onely in +Colleges but in other Associations. The Lord teach us the waie of Truth +and Righteousness, that wee may profit in all things to advance the +glorie of his name in the Kingdom of his Son, in whom I rest + +_Your friend and servant_. + +J.D. + + + + +THE REFORMED LIBRARIE-KEEPER. + +BY + +JOHN DURIE. + + +_LONDON_, + +Printed by _William Du-gard_, + +_Anno Dom._ 1650. + + +THE _Reformed Librarie-Keeper_: + +OR + +Two copies of Letters concerning the Place and Office of a +Librarie-Keeper. + + +_The first Letter._ + +The Librarie-Keeper's place and Office, in most Countries (as most other +places and Offices both in Churches and Universities) are lookt upon, as +Places of profit and gain, and so accordingly sought after and valued in +that regard; and not in regard of the service, which is to bee don by +them unto the Common-wealth of Israel, for the advancement of Pietie and +Learning; for the most part, men look after the maintenance, and +livelihood setled upon their Places, more then upon the end and +usefulness of their emploiments; they seek themselvs and not the Publick +therein, and so they subordinate all the advantages of their places, to +purchase mainly two things thereby _viz._ an easie subsistence; and som +credit in comparison of others; nor is the last much regarded, if the +first may bee had; except it bee in cases of strife and debate, wherein +men are over-heated: for then indeed som will stand upon the point of +Honor, to the hazard of their temporal profits: but to speak in +particular of Librarie-Keepers, in most Universities that I know; nay +indeed in all, their places are but Mercenarie, and their emploiment of +little or no use further, then to look to the Books committed to their +custodie, that they may not bee lost; or embezeled by those that use +them: and this is all. + +I have been informed, that in Oxford (where the most famous Librarie now +exstant amongst Protestant-Christians is kept,) the setled maintenance +of the Librarie-keeper is not above fiftie or sixtie pound _per annum_; +but that it is accidentally, _viis & modis_ somtimes worth an hundred +pound: what the accidents are, and the waies by which they com, I have +not been curious to search after; but I have thought, that if the proper +emploiments of Librarie-keepers were taken into consideration as they +are, or may bee made useful to the advancement of Learning; and were +ordered and mainteined proportionally to the ends, which ought to bee +intended thereby; they would bee of exceeding great use to all sorts of +Scholars, and have an universal influence upon all the parts of +Learning, to produce and propagate the same unto perfection. For if +Librarie-keepers did understand themselvs in the nature of their work, +and would make themselvs, as they ought to bee, useful in their places +in a publick waie; they ought to becom Agents for the advancement of +universal Learning: and to this effect I could wish, that their places +might not bee made, as everie where they are, Mercenarie, but rather +Honorarie; and that with the competent allowance of two hundred pounds a +year; som emploiments should bee put upon them further then a bare +keeping of the Books. It is true that a fair Librarie, is not onely an +ornament and credit to the place where it is; but an useful commoditie +by it self to the publick; yet in effect it is no more then a dead Bodie +as now it is constituted, in comparison of what it might bee, if it were +animated with a publick Spirit to keep and use it, and ordered as it +might bee for publick service. For if such an allowance were setled upon +the emploiment as might maintain a man of parts and generous thoughts, +then a condition might bee annexed to the bestowing of the Place; that +none should bee called thereunto but such as had approved themselvs +zealous and profitable in som publick waies of Learning to advance the +same, or that should bee bound to certain tasks to bee prosecuted +towards that end, whereof a List might bee made, and the waie to trie +their Abilities in prosecuting the same should bee described, least in +after times, unprofitable men creep into the place, to frustrate the +publick of the benefit intended by the Doners towards posteritie. The +proper charge then of the Honorarie Librarie-Keeper in a Universitie +should bee thought upon, and the end of that Imploiment, in my +conception, is to keep the publick stock of Learning, which is in Books +and Manuscripts to increas it, and to propose it to others in the waie +which may bee most useful unto all; his work then is to bee a Factor and +Trader for helps to Learning, and a Treasurer to keep them, and a +dispenser to applie them to use, or to see them well used, or at least +not abused; And to do all this, First a _Catalogue_, of the Treasurie +committed unto his charge is to bee made, that is all the Books and +Manuscripts, according to the Titles whereunto they belong, are to bee +ranked in an order most easie and obvious to bee found, which I think is +that of Sciences and Languages; when first all the Books are divided +into their _subjectam materiam_ whereof they Treat, and then everie +kinde of matter subdivided into their several Languages: And as the +Catalogue should bee so made, that it may alwaies bee augmented as the +stock doth increas; so the place in the Librarie must bee left open for +the increas of the number of Books in their proper Seats, and in the +Printed Catalogue, a Reference is to bee made to the place where the +Books are to bee found in their Shelvs or repositories. When the stock +is thus known and fitted to bee exposed to the view of the Learned +World, Then the waie of Trading with it, both at home and abroad, is to +bee laid to heart both for the increas of the stock, and for the +improvement of it to use. For the increas of the stock both at home and +abroad, correspondencie should bee held with those that are eminent in +everie Science, to Trade with them for their profit, that what they want +and wee have, they may receiv upon condition, that what they have and +wee want, they should impart in that facultie where their eminencie doth +lie; As for such as are at home eminent in anie kinde, becaus they may +com by Native right to have use of the Librarie-Treasure, they are to +bee Traded withal in another waie, _viz._ that the things which are +gained from abroad, which as yet are not made common, and put to publick +use should bee promised and imparted to them for the increas of their +private stock of knowledg, to the end that what they have peculiar, may +also bee given in for a requital, so that the particularities of gifts +at home and abroad, are to meet as in a Center in the hand of the +Librarie-keeper, and hee is to Trade with the one by the other, to caus +them to multiplie the publick stock, whereof hee is a Treasurer and +Factor. + +Thus hee should Trade with those that are at home and abroad out of the +Universitie, and with those that are within the Universitie, hee should +have acquaintance to know all that are of anie parts, and how their vein +of Learning doth lie, to supplie helps unto them in their faculties from +without and from within the Nation, to put them upon the keeping of +correspondencie with men of their own strain, for the beating out of +matters not yet elaborated in Sciences; so that they may bee as his +Assistants and subordinate Factors in his Trade and in their own for +gaining of knowledg: Now becaus in all publick Agencies, it is fit that +som inspection should bee had over those that are intrusted therewith, +therefore in this Factorie and Trade for the increas of Learning, som +tie should bee upon those Librarie-keepers to oblige them to +carefulness. + +I would then upon this account, have an Order made that once in the +year, the Librarie-keeper should bee bound to give an account of his +Trading, and of his Profit in his Trade (as in all humane Trades Factors +ought, and use to do to their principals at least once a year) and to +this effect I would have it ordered, that the chief Doctors of each +facultie of the Universitie, should meet at a Convenient time in a week +of the year, to receiv the Accounts of his Trading, that hee may shew +them wherein the stock of Learning hath been increased, for that year's +space; and then hee is to produce the particulars which he hath gained +from abroad, and laie them before them all, that everie one in his own +facultie may declare in the presence of others, that which he thinketh +fit to bee added to the publick stock, and made common by the Catalogue +of Additionals, which everie year within the Universities is to bee +published in writing within the Librarie it self, and everie three +years (or sooner as the number of Additionals may bee great, or later, +if it bee smal) to bee put in Print and made common to those that are +abroad. And at this giving up of the accounts, as the Doctors are to +declare what they think worthie to bee added to the common stock of +Learning, each in their Facultie; so I would have them see what the +Charges and Pains are whereat the Librarie-Keeper hath been, that for +his encouragement, the extraordinarie expences in correspondencies and +transcriptions for the publick good, may bee allowed him out of som +Revenues, which should bee set a part to that effect, and disposed of +according to their joint-content and judgment in that matter. Here then +hee should bee bound to shew them the Lists of his correspondents, the +Letters from them in Answer to his, and the reckoning of his +extraordinarie expence should bee allowed him in that which hee is +indebted, or hath freely laid out to procure Rarities into the stock of +Learning. And becaus I understand that all the Book-Printers or +Stationars of the Common-wealth are bound of everie Book which is +Printed, to send a Copie into the Universitie Librarie; and it is +impossible for one man to read all the Books in all Faculties, to judg +of them what worth there is in them; nor hath everie one Abilitie to +judg of all kinde of Sciences what everie Autor doth handle, and how +sufficiently; therefore I would have at this time of giving accounts, +the Librarie-keeper also bound to produce the Catalogue of all the Books +sent unto the Universitie's Librarie by the Stationars that Printed +them; to the end that everie one of the Doctors in their own Faculties +should declare, whether or no they should bee added, and where they +should bee placed in the Catalogue of Additionals; For I do not think +that all Books and Treaties which in this age are Printed in all kindes, +should bee inserted into the Catalogue, and added to the stock of the +Librarie, discretion must bee used and confusion avoided, and a cours +taken to distinguish that which is profitable, from that which is +useless; and according to the verdict of that Societie, the usefulness +of Books for the publick is to bee determined; yet becaus there is +seldom anie Books wherein there is not somthing useful, and Books freely +given are not to bee cast away, but may bee kept, therefore I would have +a peculiar place appointed for such Books as shall bee laid aside to +keep them in, and a Catalogue of their Titles made Alphabetically in +reference to the Autor's name, with a note of distinction to shew the +Science to which they are to bee referred. These thoughts com thus +suddenly into my head, which in due time may bee more fully described, +if need bee, chiefly if, upon the ground of this account, som +competencie should bee found out and allowed to maintein such charges as +will bee requisite, towards the advancement of the Publick good of +Learning after this manner. + + +The second Letter. + +_Sir!_ + +In my last I gave you som incident thoughts, concerning the improvement +of an Honorarie Librarie-keeper's place, to shew the true end and use +thereof, and how the keepers thereof should bee regulated in the Trade, +which hee is to drive for the Advancement of Learning, and encouraged by +a competent maintenance, and supported in extraordinarie expences for +the same. Now I wish that som men of publick Spirits and lovers of +Learning, might bee made acquainted with the Action, upon such grounds +as were then briefly suggested; who know's but that in time somthing +might bee offered to the Trustees of the Nation, with better conceptions +then these I have suggested. + +For, if it bee considered that amongst manie Eminencies of this Nation, +the Librarie of Oxford is one of the most considerable for the +advancement of Learning, if rightly improved and Traded withal for the +good of Scholars at home and abroad; If this (I saie) bee rightly +considered and represented to the publick Reformers of this age, that +by this means this Nation as in other things, so especially for Pietie +and Learning, and by the advancement of both, may now bee made more +glorious then anie other in the world; No doubt such as in the Parlament +know the worth of Learning will not bee avers from further overtures, +which may bee made towards this purpose. What a great stir hath been +heretofore, about the Eminencie of the Librarie of Heidelberg, but what +use was made of it? It was ingrossed into the hands of a few, till it +became a Prey unto the Enemies of the Truth. If the Librarie-keeper had +been a man, that would have traded with it for the increas of true +Learning, it might have been preserved unto this daie in all the +rarities thereof, not so much by the shuttings up of the multitude of +Books, and the rareness thereof for antiquitie, as by the understandings +of men and their proficiencie to improv and dilate knowledg upon the +grounds which hee might have suggested unto others of parts, and so the +Librarie-rarities would not onely have been preserved in the spirits of +men, but have fructified abundantly therein unto this daie, whereas they +are now lost, becaus they were but a Talent digged in the ground; And +as they that had the keeping of that Librarie made it an Idol, to bee +respected and worshipped for a raritie by an implicite faith, without +anie benefit to those who did esteem of it a far off: so it was just +with God that it should fall into the hands of those that in all things +follow an Idolatrous waie, to blinde men with shewes without all +realitie of substantial virtue, which is onely eminent in this, that it +becometh profitable unto all, by dilating the light of knowledg, and the +love of grace and goodness in the hearts of all men, that are fit to +receiv the one and the other; And where this Aim is not in those that +are intrusted with publick places; there they in the end will bee found +unprofitable servants; for the trust which God hath put into their hands +to profit withal, they discharge not for the account which everie one is +to give unto him of his Stewardship, is not how careful hee hath kept +things of use unto himself, to pride himself in the possession of that +which others have not, (as the custom of men is, that know not what true +glorie is) but how faithfully and diligently hee hath distributed the +same to such as were worthie thereof for their good, that they might bee +stirred up both to glorifie God for his goodness; and to imitate him in +the Communication of all good things unto others for his sake freely. +This was Christ's Work on Earth to receiv us, unto the Glorie of God; +this was that which hee taught by this practice, that it is _more +blessed to give, then to receiv_. This is that which this envious World +cannot rellish, and what stop's the current of true love in the hearts +of men? Nothing so much as the self-seeking of men in the waies of +Learning, by which they covetously obstruct the fountains of life and +comfort, which might overflow and water abundantly the barren and +thirstie Souls of those that perish for want of address unto wisdom; +which in all the waies of humane and divine Learning might bee mainly +advanced, by the industrie of one man in such a place, whose Trade +should bee such as I formerly described, to deal with the spirits of all +men of parts, to set them a working one by and towards another, upon the +subjects which hee should bee intrusted withal to keep in the stock of +Learning. It is the Glorie and Riches of Nations and of great Cities, to +make themselvs the Center of Trade for all their Neighbors; and if they +can finde waies of politie, to oblige their Neighbors to receiv from +their Magazines the Commodities whereof they stand in need, it is +everie waie a great benefit unto the State, so it may bee in matters of +Learning, and by the Trade of Sciences this Church may oblige all the +Neighbor Churches, and that Universitie all Forreiners that Trade in +knowledg to receiv pretious Commodities, whereof they stand in need, +from our Magazines and Storehouses; if a painful Steward and dispenser +thereof, bee imploied and mainteined to use industrie for so blessed a +work, from whence much Glorie to God in the Gospel, and honor will +redound to the Nation. For although the waies of humane Learning are +almost infinite and wonderfully various, and have their peculiar uses in +the outward life of man, for which most men affect them, yet in one that +is to minde the universal good of all, the whole varietie and diversitie +of matters useful unto this present life, as they com within the sphere +of Learning must bee reduced, and may bee subordinate unto the +advancement of the Gospel of Christ, wherein the Glorie of the Nation, +at this and all times should bee thought to stand: And truly that is the +thing which take's most with mee, for which I would have that Librarie +thus improved by a faithful keeper, that when his Trade is set on foot, +with all those that are of eminent parts in their several faculties, +wee knowing who they are and wherein their eminencies do lie, may have +opportunities to provoke them to the right use thereof, by giving them +Objects from our store; and furnishing them with tasks and matters to +bee elaborated, which cannot bee diverted from the scope of God's glorie +to bee made known unto all men in Jesus Christ, for there is nothing of +knowledg in the minde of man, which may not bee conveniently referred to +the virtues of God in Christ, whereby the humane nature is to bee +exalted to that dignitie whereunto hee hath received it, that it should +by him rule over the whole Creation. And the want of this Aim to look +upon things in order to him, and to set them a working without relation +to him, is that which blast's all our endevors, and make's them determin +in confusion and disorder; For whatsoever is not directed in it's own +place with som reference unto him must bee overthrown; nor is there anie +waie left for anie to prosper in that which hee undertaketh, but to +learn to know him and respect him in it, for the advancement of the +Kingdom over the Souls of men, which by the Sanctified use of all +knowledg is chiefly effected. If then the Trade of Learning is to bee +set a foot in a publick waie, and regulated to deserv the countenance +of a Religious State, this Aim, and the waie of prosecuting of it must +bee intended and beaten out; For except Sciences bee reformed in order +to this Scope, the increas of knowledg will increas nothing but strife, +pride and confusion, from whence our sorrows will bee multiplied and +propagated unto posteritie; but if hee, who is to bee intrusted with the +managing of this Trade, bee addressed in the waie which leadeth unto +this Aim without partialitie, his negotiation will bee a blessing unto +this age and to posteritie. + +I have no time to inlarge upon this Subject, or to conceiv a formal and +regular discours, but the thoughts which thus fall into my minde I +impart unto you, that you may give them as hints unto others, who of +themselvs will bee able to inlarge them either to the Hous, or to such +as can in due time swaie the Counsels of leading men in this +Common-wealth. + + + + + +End of Project Gutenberg's The Reformed Librarie-Keeper (1650), by John Dury + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE REFORMED LIBRARIE-KEEPER *** + +***** This file should be named 15199.txt or 15199.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/5/1/9/15199/ + +Produced by David Starner, Linda Cantoni, and the PG Online +Distributed Proofreading Team. + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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