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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Life and Adventures of Kit Carson, the
+Nestor of the Rocky Mountains, from Facts Narrated by Himself, by De Witt
+C. Peters
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Life and Adventures of Kit Carson, the Nestor of the Rocky Mountains, from Facts Narrated by Himself
+
+
+Author: De Witt C. Peters
+
+
+
+Release Date: July 12, 2005  [eBook #16274]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF KIT
+CARSON, THE NESTOR OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, FROM FACTS NARRATED BY
+HIMSELF***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Alicia Williams, William Flis, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 16274-h.htm or 16274-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/2/7/16274/16274-h/16274-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/2/7/16274/16274-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF KIT CARSON, THE NESTOR OF THE ROCKY
+MOUNTAINS, FROM FACTS NARRATED BY HIMSELF
+
+by
+
+DE WITT C. PETERS, M.D.,
+Late Assistant Surgeon U.S.A.
+
+With Original Illustrations, Drawn by Lumley,
+Engraved by N. Orr & Co.
+
+New York:
+W.R.C. Clark & Co.,
+348 Broadway.
+W.H. Tinson, Stereotyper and Printer,
+Rear of 43 & 45 Centre Street, N.Y.
+
+MDCCCLVIII
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  "All are but parts of one stupendous whole,
+  Whose body nature is, and God the soul."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: KIT AND HIS FAVORITE HORSE "APACHE."]
+
+
+
+
+TO
+
+COL. CERAN ST. VRAIN,
+
+OF NEW MEXICO.
+
+
+DEAR SIR,
+
+You were first among the brave mountaineers to discover and direct the
+manly energy, extraordinary natural ability, and unyielding courage
+which have attached to the subject of this volume; and, as among the
+first Americans who put foot on the Rocky Mountains, you are perhaps
+best acquainted with the history of the men, who, for fifty years,
+have lived there. CHRISTOPHER CARSON, after a long life, now crowned
+with successful and honorable achievements, still looks upon you,
+sir, as his earliest patron, and places your name on the list of his
+warmest friends. Through a life of unusual activity and duration,
+which, reflecting honor and renown upon your name, has given you a
+distinguished position among your countrymen, you have never been
+known to forget a duty to your fellow man.
+
+For these considerations, the dedication of this volume to you cannot
+but appear appropriate. That he may continue to merit a place in your
+confidence and esteem is the earnest desire of
+
+THE AUTHOR.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FERNANDEZ DE TAOS, NEW MEXICO.
+
+SIR:
+
+We, the undersigned citizens of the Territory of New Mexico, have been
+acquainted with Mr. CHRISTOPHER CARSON for a number of years, indeed
+almost from the time of his first arrival in the country. We have been
+his companions both in the mountains and as a private citizen. We are
+also acquainted with the fact that for the past few months, during his
+leisure hours, he has been engaged dictating his life. This is, to
+our certain knowledge, the only authentic biography of himself and his
+travels that has ever been written. We heartily recommend THIS BOOK
+to the reading community for perusal, as it presents a life out of the
+usual routine of business, and is checkered with adventures which
+have tried this bold and daring man. We are cognizant of most of the
+details of the book, and vouch for their accuracy.
+
+Very respectfully,
+
+CERAN ST. VRAIN, LIEUT. COL. N.M. VOLUNTEERS.
+
+CHARLES BEAUBIEN, LATE CIRCUIT JUDGE.
+
+
+
+
+THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
+
+
+The pages here presented to the public form a book of facts. They
+unfold for the student, as does no other work yet extant, the great
+interior wilderness of the territories belonging to the United States.
+The scenic views, though plainly colored and wrought by the hand of
+an unpretending artist, inasmuch as they portray a part of the North
+American continent which is unsurpassed by any other country on the
+face of the earth, will not fail to interest the American public. In
+addition to this, the reader is introduced to an intimate acquaintance
+with the Indian races of the countries which He east and west of the
+Rocky Mountains. The savage warrior and hunter is presented, stripped
+of all the decorations with which writers of fiction have dressed
+him. He is seen in his ferocity and gentleness, in his rascality and
+nobility, in his boyhood, manhood, and old age, and in his wisdom and
+ignorance. The attentive reader will learn of his approximations to
+truth, his bundle of superstitions, his acts at home and on the war
+path, his success while following the buffalo and engaging the wild
+Rocky Mountain bear, that terror of the western wilderness. He will
+also behold him carrying devastation to the homes of the New Mexican
+settlers, and freely spilling their best blood to satiate a savage
+revenge. He will see him attacking and massacring parties of the white
+men traveling across the prairies, and trace him in his savage wars
+with the early settlers and frontiersmen.
+
+In order to acquire these important _data_ that they might be added
+to the pages of American history and form a reliable record, it was
+necessary that some brave, bold and determined man should become an
+actor on the scenes and among the races described. Such an actor
+has been, and yet is, Christopher Carson, the Nestor of the Rocky
+Mountains; and, it is the experience, as well as the acts, of his
+stirring life, which the following pages present.
+
+In olden times there existed, in the Rocky Mountains, a race
+familiarly known by the name of "Trappers and Hunters." They are now
+almost extinct. Their history has not yet been written. Pen paintings,
+drawn from the imagination, founded upon distant views of their
+exploits and adventures, have occasionally served, as do legends,
+to "adorn a tale." The volume now offered to the public, gives their
+history as related by one whose name as a trapper and hunter of the
+"Far West," stands second to none; by a man, who, for fifteen years,
+saw not the face of a white woman, or slept under a roof; who, during
+those long years, with his rifle alone, killed over two thousand
+buffalo, between four and five thousand deer, antelope and elk,
+besides wild game, such as bears, wild turkeys, prairie chickens,
+etc., etc. in numbers beyond calculation. On account of their
+originality, daring and interest, the real facts, concerning this race
+of trappers and hunters, will be handed down to posterity as matters
+belonging to history.
+
+As is the case with the Indian, the race of the "Simon Pure Trapper"
+is nearly run. The advance of civilization, keeping up its untiring
+march to the westward, is daily encroaching upon their wild haunts and
+bringing the day close at hand when warrior and trapper will depart
+forever to their "Happy Hunting Grounds."
+
+With the extinction of the great fur companies, the trappers of "Olden
+Time" disbanded and separated.
+
+The greatest number of these men, to be found at the present day,
+reside in the Territory of New Mexico; which, in the time of their
+prosperity, was the country where they located their head quarters. In
+this Territory, Christopher Carson now resides. His name, in the Rocky
+Mountains, has been familiarly known for more than a quarter of a
+century; and, from its association with the names of great explorers
+and military men, is now spread throughout the civilized world. It has
+been generally conceded, and the concession has become strengthened
+by time, that no small share of the benefits derived from these
+explorations and campaigns, as well as the safety of the commands
+themselves, was and is due to the sagacity, skill, experience,
+advice and labor of Christopher Carson. The exploring parties, and
+expeditions here referred to, are those which he accompanied in the
+capacity of chief guide and adviser.
+
+His sober habits, strict honor, and great regard for truth, have
+endeared him to all who can call him friend; and, among such may be
+enumerated names belonging to some of the most distinguished men whose
+deeds are recorded on the pages of American history. His past life has
+been a mystery which this book will unveil. Instead of Kit Carson as
+by imagination--a bold braggart and reckless, improvident hero of the
+rifle--he will appear a retired man, and one who is very reserved in
+his intercourse with others. This fact, alone, will account for the
+difficulty which has hitherto attended presenting the public with an
+accurate history of his life.
+
+A few years since, the writer of this work first met Christopher
+Carson. It needed neither a second introduction, nor the assistance of
+a friendly panegyric, to enable him to discover in Christopher Carson
+those traits of manhood, which are esteemed by the great and good to
+be distinguishing ornaments of character. This acquaintance ripened
+into a friendship of the purest stamp. Since then, the writer has been
+the intimate friend and, companion of Christopher Carson, at his home,
+in the wild scenes of the chase, on the war trail, and upon the field
+of battle. For a long period, in common with hundreds--and, we might
+with truth add, thousands, the writer has desired to see Christopher
+Carson's wonderful career made public for the world of readers; but,
+while this idea was germinating in his brain, he did not, for an
+instant, flatter himself that the pleasant task would ever be assigned
+to him. Finally, however, at the urgent solicitation of many personal
+friends, Christopher Carson dictated the facts upon which this book
+is written. They were then placed in the writer's hands, with
+instructions to add to them such information as had fallen under his
+observation, during quite extensive travels over a large part of the
+wide expanse of country, which has been Christopher Carson's theatre
+for action.
+
+The book is a book of solid truth; therefore, the faults in the style,
+arrangement and composition, become affairs of minor consideration.
+For this reason, the writer makes no apologies to embarrass the
+critics.
+
+Christopher Carson, physically, is small in stature, but of compact
+frame-work. He has a large and finely developed head, a twinkling
+grey eye, and hair of a sandy color, which he wears combed back _à la
+Franklin mode_. His education having been much neglected in his
+youth, he is deficient in theoretical learning. By natural abilities,
+however, he has greatly compensated for this defect. He speaks the
+French and Spanish languages fluently, besides being a perfect master
+of several Indian dialects. In Indian customs, their manners, habits
+and the groundwork of their conduct, no man on the American continent
+is better skilled.
+
+The writer, while on a foreign tour, once had the opportunity and
+pleasure of hearing Gordon Cumming and other hunters of less note,
+discourse on their hunting exploits; furthermore, in our own country,
+while seated around camp-fires and in log houses, he has listened to
+the adventures of ancient and modern Nimrods in the chase; besides
+these facts, he has both seen and read much of hunting exploits; but,
+no hunter ever filled his fancy so perfectly, as does Christopher
+Carson, a man who acts and never boasts.
+
+Without further comment, the reader is presented with the work, while
+the writer cherishes the hope, that the facts, which for the first
+time are given to the world, will prove to be both interesting and
+important as jottings of history.
+
+The author begs leave to return to his friend, C. HATCH SMITH, A.M.,
+of Brooklyn, New York, his acknowledgment for valuable assistance in
+revising, correcting and arranging his manuscript.
+
+196 Twenty-third street, New York.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+Carson's Birthplace--His Emigration to Missouri--Early Prospects--Is
+an Apprentice--Stories of the Rocky Mountains--He Enlists to go
+there--Adventures on the Prairies--Broaders is Wounded--Carson's Nerve
+put to the Test--Rude Amputation--Safe Arrival at Santa Fé--Goes
+to Taos and learns the Spanish Language--Early
+Vicissitudes--Disappointment and Attempt to return to Missouri--Is
+employed as an Interpreter, Teamster, etc., 13
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+The news of the Defeat of Mr. Young's Trapping Party by the Indians
+reaches Taos--Young raises a Party to chastise the Indians--Kit Carson
+becomes a Conspicuous Member of the Expedition--The Indians are found
+on Salt River--The Fight--Trapping Exploits--A new Country--Trials
+and Vicissitudes--Sacramento Valley--California and its Roman
+Catholic Missions in 1829--Another Indian Fight--Sale of Furs--Indian
+Depredations--Kit Carson and Twelve Trappers engage with the Indians
+in a Battle--Return to the Camp with recovered Property, 30
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+The Return from California to New Mexico--San Fernando and the Peublo
+of Los Angelos--Description of these Peublos--Passports demanded at
+Los Angelos--Trouble with the Mexican Authorities--Kit Carson sent on
+with the Pack Animals--One Trapper shoots another--The Mexicans become
+frightened--Indians come into Camp with their Weapons concealed--Cool
+Reception, by Kit Carson--Arrival at Santa Fé and Taos--Money realized
+soon parted with--Carson joins another Expedition--The Rivers trapped
+on--Four Men Killed by Blackfeet Indians--Kit Carson joins Gaunt's
+Party--The Parks--Winter Quarters--Crow Indian Depredations--Kit
+Carson and his Party in Pursuit--the Fight--Winter on the
+Arkansas--Another Expedition--Two Deserters--Kit Carson sent
+in Pursuit--The Fate of the Runaways--Adventures with
+Indians--Hair-breadth Escape made by Kit Carson, 42
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Kit Carson and two Companions plan a Hunt for themselves--The Great
+Success met with--Return to Taos--Sale of the Beaver Fur--Kit
+Carson joins Captain Lee and goes on a Trading Expedition--Winter
+Quarters--Kit Carson is sent in Pursuit of a Thief--Overtakes and
+is obliged to shoot the Runaway--Property recovered--The Return to
+Camp--The Sale of Goods--Kit Carson joins Fitzpatrick and Party--Kit
+Carson organizes a Hunting Party--His Encounter with two Grizzly
+Bears--The Summer Rendezvous--Kit Carson joins fifty Trappers and
+goes to the Country of the Blackfeet Indians--Annoyances received from
+these Indians--Winter Quarters in 1832--Horses Stolen--Kit Carson
+and eleven Men in Pursuit--A Parley--A Fight--Kit Carson severely
+wounded--His great Sufferings and Fortitude--His Convalescence--The
+Retreat--A New Expedition--A Braggadocio--Kit Carson Fights a Duel and
+Wounds his man--Duels in the Rocky Mountains in Olden Times, 68
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+The Fall Hunt--McCoy of the Hudson's Bay Company organizes a Trapping
+Party which Kit Carson joins--The Hunt--Scarcity of Beaver on Humboldt
+River--The Party is divided--Kit Carson with a majority of the
+Men goes to Fort Hall--Hardships and Privations met with--Buffalo
+Hunt--All their Animals stolen in the Night by a Party of Blackfeet
+Indians--Arrival of McCoy from Fort Walla Walla--The Rendezvous--Kit
+Carson joins a strong Band--The Small Pox among the Blackfeet
+Indians--The Crow Indians on good terms with the Whites--Intense
+Cold--Immense Herds of Buffalo--Danger of their goring to death the
+Horses--The Spring Hunt--The Blackfeet Indian Village overtaken--A
+desperate Fight with these Indians--The Rendezvous--Sir William Stuart
+and a favorite Missionary--Kit Carson goes on a Trading Expedition to
+the Navajoe Indians--The Return--He accepts the post of Hunter of the
+Trading Post at Brown's Hole, 106
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Bridger and Carson trapping on the Black Hills--The Main Camp--The
+Rendezvous--Winter Quarters on the Yellow Stone--Carson with forty men
+in a desperate fight with the Blackfeet Indians--A Council--Sentinel
+posted--One Thousand Warriors come to punish the Trappers--The War
+Dance--The Courage of the Savages deserts them--Winter Quarters--The
+Spring Hunt--Another Fight with the Blackfeet--Continued
+Annoyances--The Trappers abandon the Country--The Rocky Mountains
+and Alps compared--Other Trapping Expeditions--Beaver becoming
+scarce--Prices of Fur reduced--Kit Carson and the Trappers give
+up their Vocation--The Journey to Bent's Fort--Mitchell the
+Mountaineer--His Eccentricities, 127
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Kit Carson is employed as Hunter to Bent's Fort--His Career for
+Eight Years--Messrs. Bent and St. Vrain--The commencement of his
+Acquaintance with John C. Fremont on a Steamboat--Is employed as
+a Guide by the Great Explorer--The Journey--Arrival at Fort
+Laramie--Indian Difficulties--The business of the Expedition
+completed--Return to Fort Laramie--Kit Carson goes to Taos and is
+married--He is employed as Hunter to a Train of Wagons bound for the
+States--Meeting with Captain Cook and four companies of U.S. Dragoons
+on Walnut Creek--Mexicans in Trouble--Kit Carson carries a Letter
+for them to Santa Fé--Indians on the Route--His safe Arrival--Amijos'
+advance Guard massacred by the Texians--The one Survivor--The
+Retreat--Kit Carson returns to Bent's Fort--His Adventures with the
+Utahs and narrow escape from Death--The Texians disarmed--The Express
+Ride performed, 147
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Kit Carson visits Fremont's Camp--Goes on the Second
+Exploring Expedition--The Necessary Arrangements--Trip to Salt
+Lake--Explorations there--Carson is dispatched to Fort Hall for
+Supplies--Their Operations at Salt Lake--The Great Island--The Journey
+to the Columbia River in Oregon--Incidents on the Route--Tlamath
+Lake--The Journey to California--The Trials and Privations met with
+while crossing the Sierra Nevada Mountains--Mr. Preuss is lost
+but finds the Party again--Arrival at Sutter's Fort in a Destitute
+Condition--Two of the Party become deranged--The Route on the Return
+Trip--Mexicans come into their Camp asking Aid and Protection--Indian
+Depredations--Carson and Godey start on a Daring Adventure--The
+Pursuit--The Thieves overtaken--These Two White Men attack Thirty
+Indians--The Victory--Horses retaken--The Return to Camp--One of their
+Companions killed--The Journey continued--Arrival at Bent's Fort--The
+"Fourth of July" Dinner, 178
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Kit Carson concludes to become a Farmer--He is joined in the
+Enterprise by a Friend--They build a Ranche on the Cimeron
+River--Descriptions of Mexican Customs and Country--Fremont once more
+at Bent's Fort--Express sent for Kit Carson to join the Expedition as
+Guide--The Ranche Sold, and the Departure--The Third Expedition and
+its Explorations--Difficulties with the Mexican-Californians--General
+Castro's Orders to leave the Country--Determination to Fight--Fremont
+goes to Lawson's Fort--Fremont and his Men encounter a Thousand
+Indians--The Battle and the Victory--The news that War had
+been declared between the United States and Mexico reaches
+Fremont--Lieutenant Gillespie rescued from the Indians--Three of the
+party killed in the Night by Indians--The Savages repulsed--The Burial
+of Comrades, 232
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Fremont en route for California--His men are anxious to punish the
+Tlamath Indians--Kit Carson, in command of ten Men, is sent on ahead
+to reconnoitre--He discovers the main Village of these Indians--The
+Attack and the Victory--Beautiful Lodges--The Trophies mostly
+destroyed--Fremont saves Kit Carson's Life--The Journey resumed--The
+Sacramento Valley--An Indian Ambuscade--One Savage defies the
+Party--Kit Carson shoots him--The Tlamath Indians still on the War
+Path--Another Lesson given to them--A Thief is shot--Arrival at
+Lawson's Trading Post--A period of Inactivity--A Detachment sent
+to capture Sonoma--Prisoners taken--The Mexicans come to punish
+the Americans--Their Courage deserts them--The Retreat--The
+Pursuit--Fremont goes to Sutter's Fort and establishes a Military
+Post--Monterey is taken by the American Squadron--Fremont marches
+there--Further Operations--The taking of Los Angelos, 261
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+Kit Carson is sent Overland as Bearer of Dispatches to
+Washington--The Preparation and the Start--The Journey--Privations and
+Sufferings--Meeting with General Kearney--The General takes Carson
+as his Guide and sends on the Dispatches by Fitzpatrick--The
+March--Arrival at Warner's Ranche--Mexicans on the Road--Preparations
+for a Battle--The Battle--Disastrous Consequences--Kit Carson and
+Lieutenant Beale offer to run the lines of the Mexican Sentinels and
+carry Information to San Diego of Kearney's critical position--The
+Daring Undertaking--The Sufferings they encountered--Their
+Arrival--Reinforcements sent out--Lieutenant Beale is Delirious from
+the Privations he has undergone--Gen. Kearney and his Command finally
+reach and join the other American Forces in California, 274
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+A Command of Six Hundred Men is sent against Los Angelos--The Mexican
+Army evacuates the Town--Its Capture--Rumors of an Attack to be made
+on Fremont's Command--The Mexicans surrender--The Winter
+Quarters--Kit Carson is ordered to carry Dispatches overland to
+Washington--Lieutenant Beale accompanies him--A Night Attack made by
+the Indians--Arrival in the United States--Kit Carson's Introduction
+to Col. Benton and Mrs. Fremont--Hospitality offered to him at
+Washington--Kit Carson receives the Appointment of Lieutenant in the
+Rifle Corps of the U.S. Army from President Polk--He is ordered to
+carry Dispatches to California--The Journey--A Brush with the
+Camanche Indians--Arrival at Santa Fé--More trouble with hostile
+Indians--Arrival at Los Angelos--Dispatches delivered--Kit Carson
+is assigned to do Duty with the Dragoons--Is ordered to Guard Tajon
+Pass--The Winter spent there--Is ordered again to carry Dispatches to
+Washington--The Journey and its Adventures--The return to New Mexico,
+297
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+Kit Carson at his Home--The Apache Indians become hostile--An
+Expedition sent against them--It is not successful--Another is
+organized, with which, Kit Carson goes as Guide--Two Indian Chiefs
+captured--Other Incidents of the Trip--Colonel Beall attempts to force
+the Indians to give up Mexican Captives--Two thousand Savages on the
+Arkansas River--The Visit to them--Kit Carson emigrates and builds a
+Ranche at Rayado--Description of the Valley--The Massacre of a Santa
+Fé Merchant--His Wife is made Prisoner--The Expedition sent to rescue
+her--The Indians overtaken--Bad Counsel and Management--The commanding
+Officer wounded--Mrs. White's Body found--Severe Snow-storm on the
+Plains--One Man frozen to Death--Kit Carson returns to Rayado--The
+occupation of a Farmer resumed--The Apaches steal from the Settlers
+nearly all their Animals--Kit Carson with thirteen others in the
+Pursuit--The Surprise--A running Fight--The Animals recovered--A
+gallant Sergeant and his Fate--Kit Carson and Goodel go on a Trading
+Expedition to meet California Emigrants at Fort Laramie--Humorous
+Adventures--The Dangers that beset the Road to New
+Mexico--Hair-breadth Escape--Arrival at Taos, 322
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Kit Carson reaches Home--Himself and Neighbors robbed by the
+Apaches--Major Grier goes in Pursuit of, and recaptures the stolen
+Stock--A Plot organized by White Men to murder two Santa Fé Traders
+for their Money--The Disclosure--Kit Carson goes to the Rescue of the
+Traders--The Camp of United States Recruits--Captain Snell with twenty
+Men joins Kit Carson and they two make the Arrest of Fox--Gratitude
+expressed by the Traders--Money offered but refused--The Prisoner
+taken to Taos and incarcerated--Kit Carson receives a magnificent Pair
+of Revolvers as a Present from the grateful Traders--The return
+to Rayado--A Trading Expedition to the United States--The return
+Journey--An Encounter with the Cheyenne Indians--A State of
+Suspense--The Deliverance from Danger by a Message sent by a Mexican
+Runner--The arrival at Rayado, 361
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+Kit Carson's last Trapping Expedition--He embarks in a
+Speculation--His Trip to California with a large Flock of Sheep--The
+Method employed by Mexicans in driving Herds and their Dexterity--Kit
+Carson goes to San Francisco--Its wonderful Growth--Maxwell joins Kit
+Carson at Sacramento City--The Lucky Speculation--The Return Trip to
+New Mexico and its Adventures--The Mormon Delegate to Congress informs
+Kit Carson of his Appointment as Indian Agent--Kit Carson enters
+upon the Duties of his Office--Bell's Fight with the Apaches on
+Red River--Kit Carson's Interview with the same Indian--High-handed
+Measures on the Part of the Apaches--Davidson's desperate Fight with
+them--The Soldiers defeated with severe loss--Davidson's Bravery is
+unjustly questioned--Kit Carson's Opinion of it--The Apaches elated by
+their Victory--Their Imitations of the Actions of Military Men, 389
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+A fresh Campaign set on foot--Col. Cook in Command--Kit Carson goes
+as Guide--The Apaches and Utahs leagued together--The Roughness of
+the Country and the Privations to which the Command was exposed--The
+Indians overhauled--A running Fight--The Advantages gained--The Chase
+resumed--The Apaches resort to their old Tricks--Col. Cook is obliged
+to return to Abiquiu--A Utah taken Prisoner through Mistake--Kit
+Carson goes to Taos and has a Conference with the Chiefs of the Utah
+Nation--Cook's second Scout--He is caught in a furious Snow-storm and
+obliged to return to Rio Colorado--Major Brooks and Reinforcements
+come to the Rescue--Major Brooks on the Lookout, but fails to find the
+Indians--Carleton's Expedition--Kit Carson goes with it as Guide--The
+Adventures met with--Kit Carson's Prophecy comes true--The Muache Band
+of Utahs summoned by Kit Carson to a Grand Council--Troubles brewing
+among these Indians--The Small Pox carries off their Head Men, 434
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+The Commencement of a formidable Indian War--High-handed Measures
+on the Part of the Indians--The Governor of New Mexico raises five
+hundred Mexican Volunteers and places them under the Command of
+Colonel St. Vrain--Colonel Fauntleroy placed in Command of all
+the Forces--Kit Carson is chosen as Chief Guide--The Campaign
+commenced--The Trail found--The Indians are met and the first Fight
+and its Consequences--An Excitement in Camp--The Indians again
+overtaken--The return to Fort Massachusetts--Intense Cold Weather
+experienced--The Second Campaign--Colonel Fauntleroy surprises the
+Main Camp of the Enemy--The War and Scalp Dance broken up--Terrible
+Slaughter of the Indians--The Great Amount of Plunder taken and
+destroyed--Another small Party of Indians surprised and routed--St.
+Vrain equally fortunate in his Campaign--The Indians sue for
+Peace--The Council held and Treaties signed--Kit Carson opposes the
+making of them--The poor Protection Indian Treaties usually afford
+to Settlers--Kit Carson's House at Taos and his Indian Friends--His
+Attachment for his Family put to the test--Cowardice of a Mexican--Kit
+Carson's Friends as they look upon him--His influence over
+Indians--General remarks--Conclusion, 466
+
+
+
+
+LIFE OF KIT CARSON.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+    Carson's Birthplace--His Emigration to Missouri--Early
+    Prospects--Is an Apprentice--Stories of the Rocky
+    Mountains--He Enlists to go there--Adventures on the
+    Prairies--Broaders is Wounded--Carson's Nerve put to the
+    Test--Rude Amputation--Safe Arrival at Santa Fé--Goes to
+    Taos and learns the Spanish Language--Early
+    Vicissitudes--Disappointment and Attempt to return to
+    Missouri--Is employed as an Interpreter, Teamster, etc.
+
+
+It is now a well-established fact, that no State in the American Union
+has given birth to so many distinguished pioneers and explorers of
+its boundless Territories, as the commonwealth of Kentucky. An Author,
+whose task is to tell of a Hero, his bravery, endurance, privations,
+integrity, self-denial and deeds of daring, carries the _morale_ with
+which to gain at once for these characteristics the assent of the
+reader, by the simple assertion, "My Hero was born a Kentuckian."
+Indeed, in America, to be a native of the State of Kentucky, is to
+inherit all the attributes of a brave man, a safe counsellor and a
+true friend. It is, at least, certain that this State, whether the
+fact is due to its inland and salubrious climate, or to its habits of
+physical training, has added many a Hero unto humanity.
+
+Christopher Carson, by his countrymen familiarly called "Kit Carson,"
+was born in the County of Madison, State of Kentucky, on the 24th day
+of December, 1809. The Carson family were among the first settlers
+of Kentucky, and became owners of fine farms. Besides being an
+industrious and skillful farmer, the father of Kit Carson was a
+celebrated hunter. When the Indians of Kentucky became quieted down,
+putting an end to the calls upon his courage and skill as a woodsman,
+he settled into a simple, respectable farmer. This monotonous life
+did not suit his disposition; and, as the tide of emigration into the
+wilds of Missouri was then commencing, where both game and the red man
+still roamed, he resolved to migrate in that direction. It was only
+one year after the birth of his son Christopher, that Mr. Carson sold
+his estate in Kentucky and established himself, with his large family,
+in that part of the State of Missouri now known as Howard County. At
+this time Howard County, Missouri, was a wilderness, on the remote
+American frontier. At his new home, the father was in his element. His
+reputation of carrying an unerring rifle and always enacting the deeds
+of a brave man, was not long in following him into this wilderness.
+Mr. Carson's only assistant, on his first arrival in Howard County,
+was his eldest son, Moses Carson, who was afterwards settled in the
+State of California, where he resided twenty-five years before the
+great California gold discovery was made.
+
+For two or three years after arriving at their new home, the Carson
+family, with a few neighbors, lived in a picketed log fort; and when
+they were engaged in agricultural pursuits, working their farms, and
+so forth, it was necessary to plough, sow and reap under guard,
+men being stationed at the sides and extremities of their fields to
+prevent the working party from being surprised and massacred by wild
+and hostile savages who infested the country. At this time the small
+pox, that disease which has proved such a terrible scourge to the
+Indian, had but seldom visited him.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: This disease has probably been the worst enemy with which
+the red man of America has had to contend. By terrible experience he
+has become familiarized with its ravages, and has resorted to the most
+desperate remedies for its cure. Among many tribes, the afflicted are
+obliged to form camps by themselves; and, thus left alone, they die by
+scores. One of their favorite remedies, when the scourge first makes
+its appearance, is to plunge into the nearest river, by which they
+think to purify themselves. This course, however, in reality, tends
+to shorten their existence. When the small pox rages among the
+Aborigines, a most unenviable position is held by their "Medicine
+Man." He is obliged to give a strict account of himself; and, if so
+unfortunate as to lose a chief, or other great personage, is sure
+to pay the penalty by parting with his own life. The duties of the
+"Medicine Man" among the Indians are so mixed up with witchcraft
+and jugglery, so filled with the pretence of savage quackery, so
+completely rude and unfounded as to principle, that it is impossible
+to define the practice for any useful end. About five years since, a
+young gentleman of scientific habits, who was attached to an exploring
+party, accidentally became separated from his companions. In his
+wanderings, he fell in with a band of hostile Sioux Indians, who
+would quickly have dispatched him, had he not succeeded immediately
+in convincing them of his wonderful powers. It so happened that this
+gentleman was well informed in the theory of vaccination, and it
+struck him that by impressing on the savages his skill, he might
+extricate himself. By the aid of signs, a lancet and some virus, he
+set himself to work, and soon saw that he had gained a reputation
+which saved him his scalp. He first vaccinated his own arm, after
+which all of the Indians present solicited his magic touch, to save
+them from the loathsome disease. The result was, that he found he had
+enlisted himself in an active practice. After a few days, the Indians
+were delighted with the results, and began to look upon their prisoner
+as possessed of superhuman knowledge. They feared to do him injury,
+and finally resolved to let him go; of which privilege, it is almost
+unnecessary to say, he was delighted to avail himself, and was not
+long in finding his friends.]
+
+The incidents which enliven and add interest to the historic page,
+have proved of spontaneous and vigorous growth in the new settlements
+of America. Nearly every book which deals with the early planting and
+progress of the American colonists and pioneers, contains full, and
+frequently glowing, descriptions of exploits in the forest; strifes of
+the hunter; fights with the savages; fearful and terrible surprises of
+lurking warriors, as they arouse the brave settler and his family
+from their midnight dreams by the wild, death-announcing war-whoop;
+hair-breadth escapes from the larger kinds of game, boldly bearded in
+their lair; the manly courage which never yields, but surmounts every
+obstacle presented by the unbroken and boundless forest; all these
+are subjects and facts which have already so many counterparts in
+book-thought, accessible to the general reader, that their details
+may be safely omitted during the boyhood days of young Carson. It is
+better, therefore, to pass over the youthful period of his eventful
+life, until he began to ripen into manhood.
+
+Kit Carson, at fifteen years of age, was no ordinary person. He had at
+this early age earned, and well earned, a reputation, on the basis
+of which the prediction was ventured in his behalf, that he would not
+fail to make and leave a mark upon the hearts of his countrymen. Those
+who knew him at the age of fifteen, hesitated not to say, "Kit Carson
+is the boy who will grow into a man of influence and renown."
+
+The chief points of his character which elicited this prediction were
+thus early clearly marked. Some of his traits were kindness and
+good qualities of heart, determined perseverance, indomitable will,
+unflinching courage, great quickness and shrewdness of perception, and
+promptitude in execution. The predictions uttered by the hardy rangers
+of the forest concerning a boy like Carson are seldom at fault; and
+Kit was one who, by many a youthful feat worthy the muscle of riper
+years, had endeared himself to their honest love. It was among such
+men and for such reason, that Kit Carson thus early in life had won
+the influence and rewards of a general favorite.
+
+His frame was slight, below the medium stature, closely knit together,
+and endowed with extraordinary elasticity. He had, even then, stood
+the test of much hard usage. What the body lacked in strength was more
+than compensated for by his indomitable will; consequently, at this
+early age, he was considered capable of performing a frontier man's
+work, both in tilling the soil and handling the rifle.
+
+It was at this period of his eventful life that his father, acting
+partially under the advice of friends, determined that his son Kit
+should learn a trade. A few miles from Kit's forest home, there lived
+a Mr. David Workman, a saddler. To him he was apprenticed. With Mr.
+Workman young Carson remained two years, enjoying both the confidence
+and respect of his employer; but, mourning over the awl, the hide
+of new leather, the buckle and strap; for, the glorious shade of the
+mighty forest; the wild battle with buffalo and bear; the crack of
+the unerring rifle, pointed at the trembling deer. Saddlery is an
+honorable employment; but saddlery never made a greater mistake than
+when it strove to hitch to its traces the bold impulse, the wild
+yearning, the sinewy muscle of Kit Carson. Harness-making was so
+irksome to his ardent temperament and brave heart, that he resolved to
+take advantage of the first favorable opportunity and quit it forever.
+With him, to resolve has ever been followed by action. During the
+latter part of his stay with Mr. Workman, many stories of adventures
+in the Rocky Mountains reached the ear of the youthful Kentuckian in
+his Missouri home. The almost miraculous _hyperbole_ which flavored
+the narratives were not long in awakening in his breast a strong
+desire to share in such stirring events. The venturesome mind at last
+became inspired. He determined to go; and, giving his restless spirit
+full sway, in 1826, joined a party bound for his boyish fancy-pictures
+of the Elysian Fields. The leader of this expedition required no
+second request from young Carson before enrolling his name on the
+company-list. The hardy woodsman saw stamped upon the frank and open
+countenance of the boy who stood before him those sterling qualities
+which have since made his name a household word. These formed a
+passport which, on the spot, awakened the respect and unlocked the
+hearts of those whose companionship he sought.
+
+The work of preparation was now commenced by the different parties to
+the expedition. All of the arrangements having been finally completed,
+the bold and hardy band soon started upon their journey. Their route
+lay over the vast, and then unexplored territory, bounded by the Rocky
+Mountains on the one side, and the Missouri River on the other. Before
+them lay, stretched out in almost never-ending space, those great
+prairies, the half of which are still unknown to the white man.
+Crossing the plains in 1826 was an entirely different feat from what
+it is at this day. Where, then, were the published guides? Where were
+the charts indicating the eligible camping grounds with their springs
+of pure water? These _oases_ of the American Sahara were not yet
+acquainted with the white man's foot. The herds of buffaloes, the
+droves of wild horses, knew not the crack of the white man's rifle.
+They had fled only at the approach of the native Indian warrior and
+the yearly fires of the prairie. It was a difficult task to find a man
+who had gazed on the lofty peaks of the mountain ranges which formed a
+serpentine division of the vast American Territories, or who had drank
+the waters at the camping places on the prairies. The traveller
+at that day was, in every force of meaning which the word extends,
+literally, an explorer, whose chosen object was the task of a hero.
+The Indians themselves could give no information of the route beyond
+the confined limits of their hunting ranges. The path which this
+pioneer party entered was existent only in the imagination of the
+book-making geographer, about as accurate and useful from its detail,
+as the route of Baron Munchausen to the icelands of the North Pole on
+the back of his eagle. The whole expanse of the rolling prairie, to
+those brave hearts, was one boundless uncertainty. This language may
+possibly be pronounced redundant. It may be in phrase; it is not in
+fact. The carpet-knight, the holiday ranger, the book-worm explorer,
+knows but little of the herculean work which has furnished for the
+world a practical knowledge of the western half of the North American
+continent. We shall see in the progress of this work whether the
+adventures of Kit Carson entitle him to a place in the heart of the
+American nation on the same shelf with his compeers.
+
+In that day, the fierce red-man chief scoured the broad prairies, a
+petty king in his tribe, a ruler of his wild domain. Bold, haughty,
+cautious, wily, unrelenting, revengeful, he led his impassioned
+warriors in the chase and to battle. Even to-day, the lurking Indian
+foeman is no mean adversary to be laughed and brushed out of the way,
+notwithstanding disease, war, assassination and necessary chastisement
+have united rapidly to decimate his race, thereby gradually lessening
+its power. Thirty years ago the rolling plains were alive with them,
+and their numbers alone made them formidable. It is not strange that
+the untutored savages of the prairie, like those of their race who
+hailed with ungovernable curiosity the landing of the Pilgrims on
+Plymouth Rock, should have been attracted by the wonderful inventions
+of the white-man intruder. A very short period of time served to turn
+this ungovernable curiosity into troublesome thieving. Knowing no law
+but their wild traditionary rules, they wrested from the adventurous
+pioneer, his rifle, knife, axe, wagon, harness, horse, powder, ball,
+flint, watch, compass, cooking utensils, and so forth. The result was,
+sanguinary engagements ensued, which led to bitter hostility between
+the two races. Doubtless the opinion may be controverted, but it
+nevertheless shall be hazarded, that, until the weaker party shall be
+exterminated by the stronger, the wild war-whoop, with its keen-edged
+knife and death-dealing rifle accompaniments, will continue, from time
+to time, to palsy the nerve, and arouse the courage of the pioneer
+white man. The Indian, in his attack, no longer showers cloth-yard
+arrows upon his foe. He has learned to kill his adversary with the
+voice of thunder and the unseen bullet.
+
+The bold traveller, whose pathway lies over those great highroads
+which lead to the Pacific, must still watch for the red man's ambush
+by day; and, by night, sleep under the protecting vigilance of the
+faithful, quick-sighted sentinel. The savage never forgives his own or
+his ancestor's foe. Every generation of them learns from tradition the
+trials and exploits of its tribe. From earliest boyhood these form the
+burden of their education in history; and, on performing the feat of
+courage or strength which admits them to the councils of the braves,
+their nation's wrongs are uppermost in their thoughts, causing them to
+thirst for a revenge which sooner or later gives them a grave, making
+themselves, in turn, an object of revenge.
+
+It has already appeared that when Kit Carson entered upon his first
+expedition, game was to be had in abundance. His route lay across the
+western wilds to Santa Fé. All this distance the bulk of provisions,
+consisting of a small quantity of flour and bacon, had to be
+transported by himself and his companions. These articles were kept
+as a reserve, and were looked upon as luxuries; for, that man was
+estimated to be a very poor shot who could not obtain, with his rifle,
+all the animal food he required for his individual sustenance. These
+hunters, however, well understood the laws which govern and the
+advantages which follow division of labor. Everything was so arranged,
+both for this and subsequent expeditions, by which a regular hunter
+was appointed, and each man assigned some particular duty according
+to his capacity. These appointments were usually made by the leader
+of the party, whose supervision was acknowledged by general consent on
+account of his known experience and capability. This plan was the more
+necessary in order to avoid confusion.
+
+The caravan had hardly launched out on its long and tedious tramp,
+when an accident occurred which came very near proving serious in its
+results. For several days the men had been greatly annoyed by wolves
+who appeared more than usually ravenous and bold.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: There are two species of these animals found on the
+western prairie. One is small, called the Jackal; the other much
+larger. The latter, or larger species, are found of various, colors,
+but more frequently grey. The color, however, varies with the season
+and often from other causes. Many of their habits are strikingly
+similar to those of the domestic dog, with the simple difference
+that the wolf is unreclaimed from his wild state. The connecting link
+between the prairie wolf and the domestic dog is the cur found among
+the Indians. The Indian cur, by a casual observer, could be easily
+mistaken for a prairie wolf. Near the Rocky Mountains, and in them,
+these animals are found of immense size; but, being cowardly, they are
+not dangerous. The first night a person sleeps on a prairie is ever
+afterwards vividly impressed upon his memory. The serenade of the
+wolves with which he is honored, is apt to be distinctly remembered.
+It is far from agreeable, and seldom fails to awaken unpleasant
+forebodings concerning the future; and, the idea that these fellows
+may be soon clearing his bones, is not very genial to the fancy. To
+the wolf the graveyard is anything but consecrated ground; and, if a
+person is very chary of his cadaver, he had better not leave it on the
+Western Plains. The wolf is quite choice in his viands whenever the
+opportunity offers, and will, at any time, leave the carcass of an
+Indian for that of a white man. Old frontiersmen, speaking of the
+wolves, usually style them as "their dogs;" and, after a night when
+these animals have kept up an incessant barking, they will express
+wonder by asking what has been disturbing "their hounds." The flesh of
+the mountain wolf, when cooked, has something of the smell and taste
+of mutton, but it is very rank.]
+
+In order to frighten the wolves, the teamsters would occasionally
+shoot them. One of the members of the expedition was obliged to take
+a fresh rifle from a wagon. In taking the gun out, the hammer of the
+lock caught against some projecting object, which caused it to be
+partially set. Having become freed, however, before it was fully set,
+it came down and fired the gun. The contents of the barrel were sent
+through the man's arm. No member of the expedition was conversant with
+surgical knowledge. Here was an occasion to shake the nerves of any
+feeling man; and, beneath the rough exterior of the western ranger,
+there runs as deep a stream of true humanity as can be found anywhere
+on the American continent. Every suggestion was offered and every
+effort was put forth which heart feeling chained to anxiety and the
+terrible necessity, could offer. Every remedy which promised a good
+result was duly weighed; and, if pronounced worthy of trial, it was
+adopted. The sufferer had kind, though rough nurses; but, the absence
+of scientific skill, under such emergency, proved a sad want for the
+unfortunate man. Notwithstanding their united efforts, Broader's arm
+grew alarmingly worse. It soon became manifest to all that he must
+part with his arm, or lose his life; perhaps both. At this critical
+period, a consultation was held, in which the suffering patient
+joined. Due deliberation was extended to all the symptoms. The giving
+of advice in such a council by men who could only give judgment from
+an imaginary stand-point, must strike the heart of true sympathy
+as having been painful in no ordinary degree. After every possible
+argument had been offered in favor of saving the arm, the final
+decision of the council was that it must come off. The next difficulty
+which presented itself was quite as formidable as the expression of
+a correct judgment. Who should perform the office of surgeon, was the
+knotty question? Again the consultations became exciting and intensely
+painful. The members of the council, however, took it upon themselves
+to designate the persons, and chose Carson with two others. These
+immediately set at work to execute their sad but necessary task. The
+arrangements were all hastily, but carefully made, and the cutting
+begun. The instruments used were a razor, an old saw; and, to arrest
+the hemorrhage, the king bolt taken from one of the wagons was heated
+and applied to serve as an actual cautery. The operation, rudely
+performed, with rude instruments, by unpractised hands, excited to
+action only by the spur of absolute necessity, proved, nevertheless,
+entirely successful. Before the caravan arrived at Santa Fé the
+patient had so far recovered that he was able to take care of himself.
+
+Besides this unfortunate affair, nothing worthy of note transpired,
+beyond the general record of their route, during the remainder of
+their journey. The latter would be too voluminous for the general
+reader, and has already served its purpose as an assistant to other
+exploring parties, both from published account and conversational
+directions. The party entered Santa Fé in the month of November. Very
+soon after, Kit Carson left his companions and proceeded to Fernandez
+de Taos, a Mexican town, which lies about eighty miles to the
+northeast of the capital of New Mexico. During the winter that
+followed his arrival in the territory of New Mexico, Kit lived with an
+old mountaineer by the name of Kin Cade, who very kindly offered him a
+home. It was at this period of his life that he commenced studying
+the Spanish language. His friend Kin Cade became his assistant in this
+task. At the same time Kit neglected no opportunity to learn all he
+could about the Rocky Mountains. He little thought, then, that these
+earth-formed giants were to become his future home, and so gloriously
+to herald his name throughout the entire civilized globe.
+
+The pinching effects of want now attacked poor Kit. He could obtain no
+employment. His expectations in this respect, as well as his earnest
+efforts, received so little encouragement that he began, finally,
+to despond. Extreme poverty is a wet damper on the fires of the best
+genius; but, as was the case with Kit, it does not effectually put
+it out. Kit saw with sorrow that he must retrace his steps. To obtain
+means to carry out his ardent desires, in the spring of 1827 he
+started on a backward trip to Missouri. Every step he took in this
+direction was accompanied with such displeasure, that had it not been
+his best and surest policy, he would have mastered any difficulties
+of another and better course, had such offered. Four hundred and fifty
+miles from Santa Fé, being about one half the distance across the
+prairies, had been accomplished by the party Kit had joined for this
+homeward trip. The fording of the Arkansas River had been reached.
+Here Kit's party met with some traders bound for New Mexico. They
+offered him employment, which he gladly accepted; and, in their
+company, retraced his steps back to Santa Fé But when arrived at
+Santa Fé, Kit found himself again without money. He was afforded
+an opportunity to obtain a wardrobe, but to the mountaineer, such
+property would be entirely a superfluity. He feels nearly independent
+on the score of clothing, as he considers that he needs but little
+raiment, and that little he is always proud to owe to his beloved
+rifle. This brings to his hand buckskins in plenty, and his own
+ingenuity is the fashion-plate by which they are manufactured into
+wearable and comfortable vesture. There is one article of clothing,
+however, for which the frontiersman feels an ardent predilection. It
+is a woollen shirt. This article, Kit really needed; and, in equal
+pace with his necessity, ran his anxiety that something should offer
+by which to obtain one. The reader may smile at this; and, so does Kit
+at this day, as he recounts the fact in his own inimitable style. But
+Kit says that to obtain a woollen shirt then, was, to him, no laughing
+matter. At a moment when he almost despaired of gaining employment, he
+received an offer to go as a teamster with an expedition bound to El
+Paso. This opportunity was a chance for success not to be lost, and
+he closed with the proposition. After faithfully performing his
+engagement, he, however, returned to Santa Fé, where he made a short
+stay, and then proceeded to Taos. In this town Kit entered into the
+service of Mr. Ewing Young, who was a trader and trapper. The reader
+may prepare again for a smile, as he will now learn that Kit became
+a cook. Mr. Ewing Young has the satisfaction of boasting that the
+renowned Kit Carson once performed the responsible and arduous duties
+of a master cook in the culinary department of his establishment; and
+that, for these valuable services, labor, care and diligence, he gave
+to Kit, as a _quid pro quo_, his board. In this way Kit supported
+himself in his straitened circumstances until the following spring.
+
+What was the bright thought which made the bold, the ardent, the
+energetic Kit Carson accept this menial office? Surely the brain metal
+which was so brightly polished when he set out from Howard county,
+Missouri, must have been sadly rusted. Not so! The hope which buoyed
+up his spirits while he attempted to rival French pastry and English
+beef with American venison and Buffalo meat on the table of Mr. Ewing
+Young, was that some trapper, or hunter, would come into Taos, their
+favorite place of resort; and, by being ready for an emergency, he
+would obtain an opportunity for gaining a permission to join them. His
+intention was certainly good, but it lacked the bright crown of good
+intention--success. In the spring of 1828, much chagrined with his,
+so far, continued bad luck, and no prospect of gaining his object
+appearing, he again joined a homeward-bound party and with it,
+sorrowfully, started for Missouri. But, as on the former trip
+homeward, he met on the route a party bound for Santa Fé. That
+indomitable ingredient in his composition, an iron will, caused him
+once more to turn his face westward. He joined this party and returned
+to Santa Fé, in order again to tempt fortune for an opportunity
+to reach the Rocky Mountains. But during all these changes and
+counterchanges Kit had not been idle. He had picked up considerable
+knowledge, and, to his other stock of accomplishments, had added the
+ability to speak the Spanish language.
+
+On arriving once more at Santa Fé, he fell in with Col. Tramell, who
+was at that time a well-known trader. Col Tramell needed a Spanish
+interpreter. Kit obtained the post, and set out with him for
+Chihuahua, one of the Mexican States. Here again Kit made a change in
+his employment. In Chihuahua he fell in with Mr. Robert McKnight.
+To him he hired out as a teamster, and in this capacity went to the
+copper mines which are found near to the Rio Gila. Amid the weary
+necessities of this humble but honorable calling, Kit's heart was
+constantly alive with ambition to become a hunter and trapper. He knew
+that he was expert with the rifle, which had been his boyish toy, and
+felt confident that he could rely upon it as an assistant to gain an
+honest living. His constant thought at this time was, let him now be
+engaged in whatever calling chance offered and necessity caused him
+to accept, the final pursuit of his life would be as a hunter and
+trapper. Here, then, is presented a fair example of the strife, both
+inward and outward, through which a young man of courage and ambition
+must expect to pass before he can win position, influence, and the
+comforts of life, whatever the scene of his action, or whatever the
+choice of employment suitable to his talent and genius. Kit Carson
+was determined, no matter what might be the obstacles which presented
+themselves, to be a hunter and trapper.
+
+The reader will have made a sad mistake if he has concluded, that
+during the time which has intervened since Kit started from Missouri,
+he has been roaming in a country where there was less danger than when
+he was in the picketed fort with his father. Such a supposition would
+be greatly at fault. The towns in New Mexico, at this early period,
+were almost entirely at the mercy of the Indians. The Mexicans were
+nearly destitute of means to defend themselves. Very few of the
+Anglo-Saxon race had entered this territory, and those who had
+were, in turn, exposed to the vacillating wills of the proverbially
+treacherous Mexicans. A man like Kit Carson, however, born and bred in
+danger, cared but little about this state of affairs. The dangers did
+not enter into his calculations of chance to overcome the difficulties
+which beset the pathway which the alluring hopes of his ambition had
+marked out. Not long afterward, he left the copper mines, and once
+more bent his steps to Taos, in company with a small party. At Taos,
+he found a band of trappers which had been sent out by Mr. Ewing
+Young. While _en route_ for the river Colorado of the _west_, in
+pursuit of game, they had been attacked by a band of Indians. After
+fighting an entire day, they had been compelled to retreat, and
+returned to New Mexico.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+    The news of the Defeat of Mr. Young's Trapping Party by the
+    Indians reaches Taos--Young raises a Party to chastise the
+    Indians--Kit Carson becomes a Conspicuous Member of the
+    Expedition--The Indians are found on Salt River--The
+    Fight--Trapping Exploits--A new Country--Trials and
+    Vicissitudes--Sacramento Valley--California and its Roman
+    Catholic Missions in 1829--Another Indian Fight--Sale of
+    Furs--Indian Depredations--Kit Carson and Twelve Trappers
+    engage with the Indians in a Battle--Return to the Camp with
+    recovered Property.
+
+
+The news of the attack and defeat of his men by the Indians, was
+brought to Mr. Ewing Young at Taos by a member of the unfortunate
+expedition. On learning the causes which brought this unpleasant
+termination to his enterprise, Mr. Young raised a party of forty men,
+consisting of Americans, Canadians and Frenchmen, and put himself at
+its head. Kit Carson was received into the party, and soon became
+one of its most prominent and efficient aids. Mr. Young's object was
+two-fold: first, to chastise the Indians; and, second, to make all he
+could out of the expedition by employing the men in their calling
+as trappers. Under the Mexican laws, licenses were required from the
+government to all Mexicans who set out on trapping expeditions. These
+were not granted to citizens of the United States. This was not
+the mere will of governmental officials; the Mexican statutory law
+prohibited the granting of licenses to citizens of the United States.
+This law was, however, often made a dead letter by Americans; for,
+they frequently, but stealthily evaded it. In order, therefore, to
+hoodwink the Mexican authorities, Mr. Young had to resort to various
+expedients. His preparations were so carefully and secretly made, that
+the real business he had in contemplation did not transpire, or even a
+suspicion gain currency as to his intended whereabouts.
+
+In April, 1829, the party set out, eager to bring about results equal
+to their anticipations. At first, to avoid the curiosity and inquiring
+disposition of the Mexicans, they traveled northward, as if their
+destination was into the territory of the United States. Hints had
+been sufficiently freely bestowed upon the Mexicans to lead them to
+believe that such was the destination of the party. After journeying
+fifty miles in this direction, and feeling themselves free from the
+scrutiny of the Mexican authorities, they changed their course to the
+southwest, and travelled through the country occupied by the Navajoes,
+who are an interesting and dangerous race of Indians, even to the
+trader of this day. On their route, the company passed through Zuni,
+a Peublo town; thence they traveled to the head of Salt River, one
+of the tributaries of the Rio Gila. Here they discovered the band of
+Indians who had attacked and defeated the former party. As soon as the
+Indians discovered the party of trappers, they became eager for the
+affray. The usual preliminaries for such fights were, therefore,
+quickly made on both sides. Young directed the greater part of his men
+to lie in ambush, for he felt confident that the Indians did not know
+his strength. The bands of savages who covered the hills round about
+mistook the halt necessary to complete the ambush for cowardice and
+fear on the part of the whites. At this their courage arose, to such
+a degree, that they made a bold charge against, as they supposed,
+the small party of white men who were visible. They were allowed to
+advance well into the trap, until, by the position of the trappers
+in ambush, they came under a cross fire. At the word of command, a
+general volley was fired into the advance column. Fifteen warriors
+fell dead, and many others were wounded. The Indians became
+panic-stricken, and the trappers immediately following up their
+advantage, advanced from cover. The warriors did not rally for a
+second attack, but fled in every direction, leaving Young, with his
+party, masters of the field. Strange as it has ever seemed, to the
+inquiring mind, in those days and for many succeeding years, companies
+of white men from fifty to sixty in number could wage successful war
+against whole tribes of Indians, who could easily muster a thousand
+fighting men. A reason often given for this is, that the trappers of
+the western wilds are invariably "dead shots" with the rifle and
+well versed in Indian strategy. On the other hand, the red men were,
+comparatively speaking, poorly armed, and could not travel together
+for any length of time in large parties, because they depended for
+food chiefly upon hunting. Had there existed no other cause, the means
+of obtaining provision being limited, must have compelled them to
+separate. Very frequently whole tribes are reduced to depend upon
+daily hunts. The bravery of the Indians is of a different stamp from
+that which is exhibited by the whites, especially where the white man
+is a Simon-pure western trapper. The white man on the prairie or in
+the mountains, knows but too well that if attacked by Indians he
+must conquer or die. It was, and is, seldom that a company out on an
+expedition has any place of refuge to which it may retreat. Here is
+the principal reason why the trapper is so seldom defeated. He cannot
+afford to lose his life to a certainty, and consequently will not
+allow a defeat.
+
+After this fight, Young's party trapped down the Salt River to San
+Francisco River, and thence on up to the head of the latter stream.
+The Indians failed not to hover on their pathway, and to make nightly
+attacks upon their party. Frequently they would crawl into camp and
+steal a trap, or kill a mule or a horse, and do whatever other damage
+they could secretly. At the head of the San Francisco River the
+company was divided. It was so arranged, that one party was to proceed
+to the valley of the Sacramento in California. Of this detachment
+Kit Carson was a member. The other party had orders to return to New
+Mexico for the purpose of procuring traps to replace those stolen.
+This latter party was also commissioned to take and dispose of the
+stock of beaver already on hand. The party bound for California was
+eighteen in number. Of this party Mr. Young took command. Previous to
+setting out, a few days were devoted to hunting. They only succeeded,
+however, in killing three deer. The meat of these animals they
+prepared to take with them, as they were about to journey into a
+country never before explored. The skins of the three deer were
+converted into tanks for carrying water. They had learned from some
+friendly Indians that the country over which they had to pass _en
+route_ was destitute of water. The red men told them additionally
+that the valley (meaning the Sacramento) was beautiful, and that the
+streams were full of beaver. All of this information the trappers
+found was true. For four days they travelled over a barren country,
+where not one drop of water could be found. At each night's
+camping-place, small allowances of water from the tanks was
+distributed by the commander to each man and animal. A guard was then
+stationed over the remainder to prevent any accident from depriving
+the company of this now precious article of sustenance. At the close
+of the fourth day, however, they again found water. The instinct
+exhibited by the pack mules on this occasion was truly remarkable.
+Long before any member of the party thought that water was so near,
+the mules, with unerring certainty, had smelt it, and each one,
+according to his remaining strength, had hurried on to partake of it.
+The result was, that when the first mule had reached the water, the
+remainder were scattered along upon the trail for a great distance.
+The company encamped here, and remained two days to recruit.
+
+The journey was renewed on the third day, the route being still over a
+similar kind of country, necessitating both man and beast to submit to
+similar privations as to water. In four days more they came in sight
+of the great Cañon of the Colorado, which failed not to awaken a
+thrill of delight in every member of the party. Just before reaching
+the Cañon they met a party of Mohave Indians, of whom they purchased
+an old mare. She was killed and eaten by the party with great gusto.
+The party remained three days on the banks of the Colorado recruiting
+their strength. While remaining here, another party of Mohave Indians
+visited them, from whom they procured a small quantity of corn
+and beans. Leaving the Colorado they recommenced their journey and
+travelled southwest. In three days they arrived at a stream which
+rises in the coast range, runs northeast and is lost in the sands of
+the Great Basin. About two years previous to their arrival here, three
+trappers by the names of Smith, Sublett, and Jackson, with a large
+party of men, had a desperate fight in this neighborhood with hostile
+Indians. They, also, had learned from friendly Indians of the wonders
+of the Sacramento Valley, and were _en route_ to explore it when
+attacked. Four only out of their entire company escaped with their
+lives. These succeeded in making their way to the nearest Mexican
+settlements, which they reached in a state of complete destitution,
+after many hardships. Young and his party followed the dry bed of this
+river for several days before they came to any visible water. It may
+be interesting to some of our readers to know that there are many of
+these curious rivers in western America, which, for miles disappear
+from the surface of the earth, and, probably, run through the
+quicksand beneath, as they reappear again. The outline of the river
+usually exists between the place of its disappearance and the place
+where the water again comes to the surface of the earth. By digging
+a few feet into the sand within the outline, the water is generally
+obtained. It takes but a short time, however, for the hole thus made
+to fill up again. On quitting this river, the party journeyed to the
+westward, and, in four days, came to the Mission of San Gabriel. Here
+they found one Roman Catholic priest, fifteen Mexican soldiers, and
+about one thousand Indians. Belonging to this little colony were
+eighty thousand head of cattle, fine fields and vineyards. Literally
+the work and life of the Jewish patriarchs were here being reënacted.
+
+    "A shepherd on the mighty plain he watched his roving store."
+
+To the half-starved followers of Mr. Young, this Mission appeared to
+be a "Paradise of Earth." They remained here, however, but one day.
+Having nothing else to trade, they parted with their butcher knives,
+receiving for four of them one fat ox. It would all appear a fabulous
+tale, were we to incorporate into this narrative a history, or even a
+slight description of the immensity of the herds of horses and cattle
+which once roamed over the plains and valleys of California and New
+Mexico. It is but a few years since, that some wealthy Mexicans
+owned herds in these parts of America which they numbered by tens of
+thousands. They were, however, almost valueless for want of a market;
+and, until the tide of emigration poured in, developing the resources
+of the country by its demand for provisions and labor, horses and
+cattle were sold for a mere trifle. In one day's march from San
+Gabriel, Young and his party arrived at another Roman Catholic
+Mission, called San Fernando. This establishment was on a much smaller
+scale than the first. Young and his hardy followers, however, stopping
+only for a few hours, pushed on for the Sacramento River, which proved
+to be distant only a few days' march. Their course from San Fernando
+was northeast. The last part of their journey led through a delightful
+tract of country, where water, grass and game existed in abundance,
+seemingly a foretaste of the success which awaited their further
+advance. Selecting an eligible camping site, Young here rested his
+party for some time. When they were fully recruited, the party started
+for the San Joaquin, and commenced trapping down the river. What gave
+the men great surprise, they discovered unmistakable signs of another
+trapping party. In a short time it appeared that they were close to a
+party belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company, commanded by Peter Ogden.
+Young's men, however, continued setting their traps on the San Joaquin
+and its tributaries. The two parties were near each other for some
+time, and as deer, elk, and antelope existed by thousands around them,
+which it was no trouble to kill in any numbers desirable, they
+fared well. On again reaching the Sacramento River, the two parties
+separated. Mr. Ogden, with his party, set out for the Columbia River,
+while Mr. Young's party encamped where they were, for the remainder of
+the summer. As the season for trapping had passed, they employed their
+time in hunting and preparing meat for future necessity.
+
+It was here that Kit Carson soon distinguished himself as a superior
+hunter, which reputation he has maintained ever since, no matter who
+have been his antagonists. Not but that Kit may have had his equals;
+but that it is next to an impossibility to find his superior. At all
+events, the world has given Kit Carson the title of "Nestor of the
+Rocky Mountains," for his reputation as a hunter alone; and as his
+biographer, we take pleasure in recording the facts by which the title
+has been earned and maintained. Let the reader possess himself of the
+facts, as they shall appear divested of any and every picture which
+fancy or partiality may accidentally cause us to paint, and even then
+Kit Carson will not lose the title. On the contrary, it will become
+the more indelibly stamped upon his brow.
+
+During the sojourn of the trappers on the Sacramento, an event
+occurred which exhibited the readiness with which these men responded
+to calls upon them for aid in a just cause. A few of the Indians
+belonging to the Mission of the San Rafael, after committing some
+excesses, deserted from those to whom they had pretended friendship.
+The priest having charge of the Mission sent a strong force to search
+for the fugitives. They were found secreted in an Indian village,
+the inhabitants of which were not on friendly terms with the priest's
+party. A demand was made that the deserters should be given up, which
+being refused, a fight ensued, and the priest's party was defeated.
+Assistance was now asked from the trappers. The request was complied
+with by Carson and eleven of his companions, who volunteered for the
+occasion. Thus reinforced, the vanquished party returned and resumed
+the fight, but with a far different result. The Indian village was
+captured and one third of its inhabitants killed. The day following
+a second demand to deliver up the deserters was complied with. Carson
+and his companions then left the priest's party and rejoined their
+camp. A short time after this affair had happened, Mr. Young carried
+the furs he had on hand to the Mission of San Rafael, where he was
+so fortunate as to find a captain of a trading schooner to whom he
+succeeded in disposing of the entire stock. With the money accruing
+from the sale, he purchased horses and then rejoined his company.
+
+A circumstance occurred a few days after Mr. Young's return, which
+proved to be a good warning to the party for their future vigilance.
+During one dark night, some Indians, eluding the watch of the
+sentinels, succeeded in entering the camp and moving off sixty horses.
+As soon as the robbery was discovered, which had been the more easily
+accomplished because the trappers, not apprehending danger, had
+allowed the animals to take care of themselves, Mr. Young directed
+Kit Carson to take twelve men with the remaining horses, fourteen in
+number, and pursue the thieves. Carson, in obedience to his orders,
+immediately started for the Sierra Nevada Mountains, following the
+trail of the Indians. After travelling one hundred miles he came up
+with the robbers, and discovered them in the act of feasting upon
+horse-flesh, six of their own animals having been killed to supply the
+viands. Doubtless stolen fruit made the feast all the sweeter to the
+savages, but Kit determined to mingle a little of the bitter as a
+condiment to the roasted flesh. Gathering his men well together, and
+approaching very close to the foe without being discovered, he gave
+the order to charge. His men needed no second command. They fell upon
+the feasting savages like a thunderbolt, scattering them right and
+left without mercy. Eight of the warriors were killed in the short
+conflict which ensued. The remainder were allowed to escape. With some
+difficulty they next succeeded in recovering all their horses, except
+the six which had been killed. With their horses, and three children
+taken prisoners, they returned to camp. It is unnecessary to add that,
+to men thus isolated in the wilderness, Kit and his party were hailed
+with joyful greetings when their complete success became known. To
+them their horses were like the good ship to the hardy sailors on the
+mighty ocean. The joyful reaction which followed such complete success
+was in ratio to the fears which the continuing suspense had excited.
+
+Kit Carson, though at that day a youth in years and experience when
+compared with the other members of the party of which he was then an
+associate, had risen rapidly in the estimation of all, and had excited
+the admiration and enlisted in his behalf the confidence of the entire
+band. When called upon to add his counsel and advice to the general
+fund of knowledge offered by the trappers concerning any doubtful or
+difficult enterprise, his masterly foresight and shrewdness, as well
+as clearness in attending to details, alone gave him willing auditors.
+But it was the retired manner and modest deportment, which he
+invariably wore, that won for him the love of his associates. Such
+characteristics failed not to surprise, in no ordinary degree, those
+who could boast a long lifetime of experience in Indian countries.
+Kit Carson's powers of quickly conceiving thoughts, on difficult
+emergencies, which pointed out the safest and best plans of action,
+"just the things that ought to be done," and his bravery, which, in
+his youth, sometimes amounted to rashness, were the component parts of
+his ability which thus caused his companions to follow his leadership.
+His courage, promptitude, willingness, self-reliance, caution,
+sympathy, and care for the wounded, marked him at once as the
+master-mind and safest counsellor. His first trapping expedition
+gained him so much credit, that from the time it was concluded, he
+found no difficulty in joining any band of trappers, no matter how
+select the party. In this respect the mountaineers resemble sea-faring
+men, who invariably dislike new and untried hands, because such are so
+apt to give more trouble than assistance. Green hands, therefore, are
+treated with indifference when they apply to be admitted as members on
+a contemplated hunt. The reader will here see one difficulty which
+had to be overcome by Carson, and which kept him so long in want of
+employment. From this time Kit carried a rifle and worked from an
+experience which commanded admiration, respect, and esteem wherever
+he went, and with whatever party he became connected. Like the great
+Napoleon, when he joined the army for his first campaign, he was a
+hero in spite of his youth among men grown grey with experience.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+    The Return from California to New Mexico--San Fernando and the
+    Peublo of Los Angelos--Description of these Peublos--Passports
+    demanded at Los Angelos--Trouble with the Mexican
+    Authorities--Kit Carson sent on with the Pack Animals
+    One Trapper shoots another--The Mexicans become
+    frightened--Indians come into Camp with their Weapons
+    concealed--Cool Reception by Kit Carson--Arrival at Santa
+    Fé and Taos--Money realized soon parted with--Carson joins
+    another Expedition--The Rivers trapped on--Four Men Killed
+    by Blackfeet Indians--Kit Carson joins Gaunt's Party--The
+    Parks--Winter Quarters--Crow Indian Depredations--Kit
+    Carson and his Party in Pursuit--the Fight--Winter on the
+    Arkansas--Another Expedition--Two Deserters--Kit Carson
+    sent in Pursuit--The Fate of the Runaways--Adventures with
+    Indians--Hair-breadth Escape made by Kit Carson.
+
+
+In September, Mr. Young, having accomplished all that he had intended,
+informed his men that he was going to New Mexico. The homeward
+route was through most of the country over which they had previously
+traveled. The preparations for the journey having been completed, the
+party started, touching on the way at the Mission of San Fernando, and
+thence through to the Peublo of Los Angelos. Scattered over various
+parts of the dominion of Old Mexico are these Peublos, or Indian
+villages, called so because they are inhabited by Indians who bear
+that name. These are the true descendants of the ancient Aztecs, who
+were once the subjects of the Montezumas. They are usually a quiet
+and industrious race, and are most devout in their religious worship,
+according to the principles, forms, and ceremonies of the Roman
+Catholic Church. They have not failed to inherit the superstition of
+their forefathers. Not withstanding the changes which time, with its
+cohorts of emigration, books, religious teachings, association with
+other races, mechanics, science and art, in greater or less degree,
+has introduced into their country, and accomplished under their eyes,
+they still believe that some day their great chief will return to
+them; accordingly, in each and every one of their towns, they keep a
+watch-fire burning, in order, on his advent, to let him know where his
+children live.
+
+At Los Angelos the Mexican authorities came to the trappers and
+demanded their passports. On finding that such articles of paper
+authority did not form any part of a trapper's outfit, they determined
+to arrest them. Fear, however, prevented their determination from
+assuming any very formidable action. Former experience in a similar
+matter of official duty had taught those Mexicans that the American
+trappers were men of a peculiarly resolute nature. Fair and legitimate
+means were therefore laid aside, and a foul policy adopted. They
+commenced supplying them with "firewater," thus attacking them in a
+weak point. When they should become fully inebriated they considered
+the matter of their arrest both easy and certain.
+
+Mr. Young, seeing the intentions of the authorities, and their
+underhanded method of carrying them out, determined to thwart them.
+He directed Carson to take three men, the loose animals and the camp
+equipage, and move on, with the instructions, that if he did not soon
+join him, to push on; that if he did not eventually overtake him, to
+report in New Mexico that the main party had been massacred. Young
+succeeded in collecting his men as best he could, for they were yet
+sufficiently sober to retain a little of their reason. The treacherous
+Mexicans, however, continued annoying the commander of the trappers by
+gratuitously offering the men all the liquor they desired. One by one,
+the trappers were allowing themselves to be easily conquered, as the
+effects of the liquor began to be more active. They would soon have
+fallen a complete prey to their enemies, had not a most singular
+circumstance put the Mexicans to flight. One of the trappers, named
+James Higgins, without any provocation and without any excuse, except
+that he was intoxicated, shot a man named James Lawrence, inflicting
+a slight wound. Such conduct so terrified the Mexicans that they took
+sudden and precipitous leave. This happened, very fortunately, before
+the party arrived at the mission of San Gabriel, where they would
+all have been arrested, and perhaps killed, by the Mexicans, aided by
+parties and reinforcements at the mission.
+
+About dark, Young, by urging his half-drunken men into a forced march,
+succeeded in overtaking Carson. At the first supply of water, they
+went into camp. A night of sleep soon set the brains of Young's
+trappers once more to rights. The next day the party, most of them
+sufficiently ashamed of their drunken debauch, commenced with vigor
+the homeward march. They continued nine days almost upon their former
+track, when outward bound. On the ninth day, they once more stood on
+the banks of the Colorado River.
+
+While encamped on this stream, a band of five hundred Indians made
+their appearance and entered the camp. The rascals professed the
+greatest friendship for the trappers, but their actions not fully
+measuring their words, the white men looked to Carson for advice. He
+had discovered that beneath their articles of dress their weapons were
+very carefully concealed; and from this circumstance it became quite
+clearly apparent the Indians intended to massacre the entire party.
+Here Carson's boldness proved, as it had before, and did many a time
+afterwards, the safety of himself and friends or associates. At the
+time the Indians entered the camp, Carson, with only a few of the
+party, occupied it; the rest were out visiting their traps, which it
+was their general custom to set whenever they arrived at a suitable
+stream. Kit having thus become satisfied concerning the design of the
+savages, and feeling that the salvation of the entire party rested
+upon his courage and wisdom, made up his mind that boldness was the
+wisest policy he could adopt. He found present among the warriors one
+who could speak the Spanish language. Through him he ordered the
+red men "to leave the camp. In the event of their not doing so
+immediately, he and his friends would, without further parley,
+commence hostilities, and would be sure each in killing his man,
+although they might all in the end lose their own lives."
+
+The Indians had been accustomed to act about as they chose with such
+small parties of Mexicans as they chanced to meet, and consequently
+were taken completely by surprise at Kit's unusual boldness. Seeing
+that they would inevitably lose several of their braves if they
+made any hostile demonstration, they chose the discreet part of best
+policy, and departed. As a general rule, no matter what the profit or
+urgent necessity which chance offers, these Indians will not hazard a
+contest when, to a certainty, they must expect their own killed will
+equal the number of scalps which they can obtain. This rule, and
+doubtless some fearfulness on the part of the Indians, saved the lives
+of the entire band.
+
+As has already appeared, the trappers were on the banks of the
+Colorado at the time this affair happened. They continued their work
+on it, descending the south side until they reached tide water, when
+they changed their camp on to the Gila, and continued trapping up this
+river as far as the mouth of the San Pedro. Near the outlet of this
+river, they discovered a large herd of horses and mules; on a closer
+examination, they found that they were in the possession of a band
+of Indians who had formerly given them some of their gratuitous
+hostilities. Not having forgotten their former troubles with these
+people, they determined to pay them off in their own coin by depriving
+them of the herd. A short search sufficed to discover the Indian camp.
+Without waiting an instant, they put their horses to their speed and
+charged in among the huts. The Indians were so completely taken by
+surprise, that they became panic-struck and fled in every direction.
+They, however, rallied somewhat, and a running fight commenced which
+lasted some time, but which did not change matters in favor of the
+Indians. The entire herd fell into the possession of the trappers.
+
+On the same evening, after the men had wrapped themselves up in their
+blankets and laid down for a sleep, and while enjoying their slumbers,
+a noise reached their ears which sounded very much like distant
+thunder; but a close application of the sense of hearing showed
+plainly that an enemy was near at hand. Springing up, with rifle in
+hand--for generally in the mountains a man's gun rests in the same
+blanket with himself on all sleeping occasions--they sallied forth to
+reconnoitre, and discovered a few warriors driving along a band of at
+least two hundred horses. The trappers comprehended instantly that the
+warriors had been to the Mexican settlements in Sonora on a thieving
+expedition, and that the horses had changed hands with only one party
+to the bargain. The opportunity to instill a lesson on the savage
+marauders was too good to be lost.
+
+They saluted the thieves with a volley from their rifles, which, with
+the bullet-whizzing about their heads and bodies, so astonished them,
+that they seemed almost immediately to forget their stolen property,
+and to think only of a precipitous flight. In a few moments, the
+whites found themselves masters of the field, and also of the
+property. To return the animals to their owners was an impossibility;
+Mr. Young, therefore, selected as many of the best horses as he needed
+for himself and men, and game being very scarce, killed two and dried
+most of the meat for future use, turning the remainder loose. Such
+either became wild mustangs or fell again into the clutches of the
+Indians. The company then renewed their trapping, and continued it up
+the Gila to a point opposite the copper mines of New Mexico. Here they
+left the river and proceeded to the copper mines, where they found Mr.
+Robert McKnight engaged in trading with the neighboring Indian tribes.
+These mines were not then, and ever since have not been, worked. The
+holes which had many years before been made by the miners--but who
+they were is unknown--formed a safe hiding-place for their skins. The
+stock of beaver was therefore placed under the care of Mr. McKnight.
+Young and his men then renewed their march, and in due time arrived
+safely at Santa Fé. Here they purchased licenses to trade with the
+Indians who live about the copper mines. With these licenses as
+protection papers, they returned to where the skins were concealed.
+Having once more recovered their fur, they returned with it to Santa
+Fé. The deserted mines of New Mexico show incontrovertible signs
+of having been successfully and extensively worked, at some remote
+period, for various kinds of metals. They have proved a knotty
+historical problem to many an investigating mind; for their authentic
+history has fallen, and probably will ever remain in oblivion. It
+may have been that about a century ago the Spaniards, with Indian
+assistants, worked them; and the savages becoming hostile to their
+employers, in some sudden fit of frenzy may have massacred the
+Spaniards. There is a legendary story circulating, similar to the
+traditions of the Indians, giving this explanation. The more probable
+hypothesis, however, is that the Indians themselves, many centuries in
+the past, were versed to some extent in the art of mining, and carried
+on the business in these mines; but from indolence or, to them,
+uselessness of the metals, the work was abandoned, and their
+descendants failed to obtain the knowledge which their ancestors
+possessed. These mines, and those which exist nearer to the large
+towns, will some day render New Mexico a profitable and rich field for
+the learned antiquary.
+
+The ruse which Mr. Young found absolutely necessary to employ, in
+order to blind the Mexican authorities, succeeded so well, that when
+the fur arrived at Santa Fe, every one considered the trappers had
+made a very good trade. The amount of beaver thus brought in amounted
+to two thousand pounds. The market price was twelve dollars the pound.
+The proceeds, therefore, of the entire trip were nearly twenty-four
+thousand dollars. The division of this handsome sum gave to each man
+several hundred dollars. It was during the month of April, 1830, that
+Mr. Young's party again reached the town of Taos. Here they disbanded,
+having completed their enterprise. Like as Jack, when he returns
+from his battles with old ocean, having a pocket well lined with hard
+earnings, fails not to plunge into excess, with the determination to
+make up for the pleasure lost by years of toil, the brave mountaineers
+courted merrymaking. From their own accounts, they passed a short
+time gloriously. This similarity of disposition between trappers and
+sailors, in regard to pleasure's syren cup and its consequent draft
+upon their treasures, causing them to forget the risk of life and
+limb and the expense of their valuable time, is most remarkable. These
+hardy trappers, like reliable old salts, proved to be as true to the
+bowl as they had been to their steel; for, most of the party, in a
+very brief space of time, were penniless and ready to be fitted
+out for another expedition. Young Kit, at this period of his life,
+imitated the example set by his elders, for he wished to be considered
+by them as an equal and a friend. He, however, passed through
+this terrible ordeal, which most frequently ruins its votary,
+and eventually came out brighter, clearer and more noble for the
+conscience-polish which he received. He contracted no bad habits,
+but learned the usefulness and happiness of resisting temptation, and
+became so well schooled that he was able, by the caution and advice of
+wisdom founded on experience, to prevent many a promising and skillful
+hand from grasping ruin in the same vortex.
+
+The scenes of pleasure lasted until the fall of 1830. Kit then joined
+his second trapping expedition. This band had been formed for the
+purpose of trapping the principal streams of the Rocky Mountains. Mr.
+Fitzpatrick, a trapper well known and respected by the mountaineers,
+had charge of the party. He was, at that time, well acquainted by
+experience with the Rocky Mountains, and has, since then, gained an
+enviable fame as an Indian Agent. The new party travelled North and
+commenced operations on the Platte River, which they followed down
+stream to one of its tributaries, the Sweet Water River. From
+here they worked on until they reached the Green River. Hence they
+journeyed to Jackson's Hole, which is a fork of the Great Columbia
+River. After making a short stay at this point they started for the
+Salmon River. Here they were joined by a band of their own party, who
+had left Taos some days in advance of the main body, and for whom they
+were then hunting. The whole party, as now organized, remained where
+they were throughout the winter of 1830 and 1831, employed in killing
+only the amount of game necessary for their sustenance. An unfortunate
+affair here happened to them. Four of their men, while hunting
+buffalo, were attacked and killed by a party of Blackfeet Indians.
+No other incident occurred during the winter to change the everyday
+routine. In April of 1831, they recommenced trapping, shaping their
+course for Bear River. This is the principal stream that empties into
+GREAT SALT LAKE. Thence they returned to Green River, where they found
+some Trappers under the command of Mr. Sinclair, who left New Mexico
+soon after Mr. Fitzpatrick's party and had wintered on the Bear River.
+Among many other facts, they learned from this party that Captain
+Gaunt, who was an old mountaineer well known to most of the whites
+present, had passed the winter on the Laramie River, and that he
+was then with his men in the New Park. Kit Carson and four of his
+companions determined to join him. For this purpose they started, and,
+after ten days of steady travel, found his party.
+
+There are two of these natural Parks in the Rocky Mountains. To
+distinguish them they are called the Old Park and the New Park. As
+their names imply, they are fair natural examples of the manufactured
+parks of civilization. In some things nature has lavished upon them
+charms and beauties which no human skill can imitate. These parks are
+favorite haunts of the deer, antelope and elk, while the streams which
+run through them are well stocked with otter and beaver. Kit and
+his companions were graciously received by Gaunt; and, with him they
+trapped the streams in the vicinity of the New Park and the plains of
+Laramie to the South fork of the Platte. Having finished here, they
+left for the Arkansas, remaining there while their captain went to
+Taos to dispose of their stock of furs and to make such purchases of
+necessaries as the men required. Gaunt returned after an absence of
+two months; when, trapping operations were resumed on the Arkansas
+River, which they trapped until it froze over. The party then went
+into Winter Quarters.
+
+The business of trapping for beaver is no child's play. A person
+unaccustomed to it may possibly look upon it as no very difficult
+task. A single trial is usually sufficient to satisfy the uninitiated
+on this point; for, the beaver, above all other wild animals of
+America is endowed with an extraordinary amount of instinct. His
+handiwork and habits sufficiently attest this.
+
+There are bands of Indians living in the Northwestern part of America
+who really believe that the beaver has almost as much intelligence as
+an Indian, holding and maintaining that all the difference that exists
+between a beaver and an Indian, is, that the latter has been endowed
+by the Great Spirit with power and capabilities to catch the former.
+Some of the stories which old mountaineers occasionally inflict upon
+an inquisitive traveller are somewhat startling; nevertheless, what
+this amphibious animal really performs is truly astounding, and
+oftentimes the truth fails to gain credence.
+
+During the winter the trappers had many very pleasant times, for they
+had little work beyond the task of making themselves comfortable.
+The snow fell to a great depth, which proved rather hard for their
+animals. By dint of cutting down cottonwood trees and gathering the
+bark and branches for fodder, they managed to prevent them from dying
+of starvation. The buffalo existed about there in great abundance;
+and, early in the winter, they had taken the precaution to kill and
+prepare a large supply of this kind of game, while it was in good
+condition. As the season advanced therefore, the trappers found
+themselves living quite sumptuously.
+
+In the month of January, the daily routine of their lives was
+rather unpleasantly disturbed. A party of fifty Crow Indians made an
+unfriendly visit to their camp on one very dark night. They succeeded
+in stealing nine of their loose animals, with which they escaped
+unperceived. Early the next morning, the _signs_ of the Indians were
+discovered. Kit Carson, with twelve of his companions, immediately
+saddled their horses and started in pursuit. It was very difficult
+to follow the trail of the Indians from the fact that many herds of
+buffalo had crossed and repeatedly recrossed it during the night,
+making the tracks very indistinct. Having traveled forty miles, their
+horses, which were very poor in flesh, became fatigued, causing them
+to think of making a halt. After due consultation, it was agreed that
+they had best go into camp. With this object in view they traveled
+towards some timber which was near by. On arriving at the woods,
+the advance of the party, to their surprise and not less to their
+satisfaction, discovered the smoke of their enemies' fires. The
+distance between the parties was inconsiderable; but, in order that
+their movements might be made unobserved, the trappers retreated to
+a secluded spot where they awaited the night, judging it best to take
+the party by surprise. Their first care was to secure and provide for
+their animals. The second was to prepare their arms. As soon as it
+would do for them to move, they started, eager for the strife. It was
+judged best first to make a half circuit and then approach the Indians
+from the direction they themselves were travelling, as from this
+source, they wisely judged the red men would be less apprehensive of
+an attack. Their movements were made slowly and with great care in
+order not to alarm the savages. Having obtained a position close
+enough to observe the strength of their enemies, they stopped to
+reconnoitre. The men then crept for a long distance on their hands and
+knees until finally they obtained a full view of the Indians, which
+showed them that the savages had erected two rough forts and that they
+were now divided into two parties. A dance was in progress in honor of
+the robbery so recently perpetrated, which proved conclusively, that
+they were without even a suspicion of danger. Just outside one of the
+forts, the nine stolen animals were securely tied. This sight did not
+tend to allay the wrath of the trappers. They resolved that come what
+might the attempt to regain their property and punish the Indians
+should be made notwithstanding their strength. To insure success in
+spite of their weakness, they determined to conceal themselves and
+wait quietly until the Indians had lain down for sleep. During this
+time of suspense the trappers were subjected to great suffering
+for the weather was intensely cold and they possessed but a scanty
+allowance of clothing fit for such work. But as there is an end to all
+things, there was an end to the dance and other festivities and the
+savages sought their rest. At last the time for action arrived. Kit
+Carson and five of his companions commenced crawling towards the
+stolen horses, which, on reaching, were easily set free by cutting
+their halters. They then threw snow-balls at them and by this means
+drove them away without disturbing the sleeping Indians. The trappers
+who acted as a reserve party soon after joined Kit and his companions;
+and, after retreating some distance in order to be out of the hearing
+of the enemy, they held a council to obtain the views of each member
+of the party as to their next step. It appeared that a difference of
+opinion existed; some of the men were in favor of returning, having
+recovered their property and sustained no damage. The remainder,
+those who had lost no animals, wanted satisfaction for the trouble
+and hardship they had undergone while in pursuit of the thieves.
+Kit Carson and two others composed this latter party and thus were
+determined to punish the thieves, let the consequences of the attempt
+be ever so fatal. The more peaceful party, seeing this earnestness,
+could not do otherwise than lend their aid in the fight and cheerfully
+did so.
+
+There always existed such a feeling of brotherly love among the old
+trappers of the Rocky Mountains, that the hour of peril was never the
+hour for separation or desertion. This instance affords a fair example
+how the minority could easily rule the majority when the minority held
+to the side of danger. The whole band were now unanimous in favor of
+the attack.
+
+Kit Carson, who had from the first acted as captain, ordered three
+men to take the recovered animals back to where they had secured their
+saddle horses. Then, with his comrades, he marched directly for the
+Indian camp. A dog belonging to the enemy first gave the alarm of
+approaching danger to the Indians; but not until Kit and his party
+were within a few paces of the first fort. As soon as the occupants
+of the fort heard the noise they sprang to their feet, and thus became
+fair marks for the unerring rifles of the trappers. The whites did not
+throw away a single shot; every ball struck a warrior in some vital
+spot. Those who survived retreated to the fort occupied by their
+friends, and, as soon as possible, commenced returning the fire; but
+without execution, as the trappers, on discharging their first volley,
+had well concealed themselves behind trees, from whence they were
+shooting only when sure of an object. It was now nearly daybreak; and
+as the savages discovered the weakness of the attacking party, they
+resolved to charge, feeling sure of success. They did so; but the
+white men, who were expert fighters in this kind of warfare, quietly
+waited until the Indians were fully exposed. They then fired and
+killed five warriors. The remainder immediately retreated into the
+fort.
+
+After considerable deliberation, the Indians decided once more to make
+a sortie. On they came, and this time with such determination that
+the trappers could not withstand the assault, but were compelled to
+retreat. They disputed, however, every inch of ground over which they
+trod, as they fell back from one tree to another, continually making
+their bullets tell with terrible effect on their foes. The three men
+who had been sent back with the horses had joined their comrades soon
+after they had commenced retreating. They had heard the incessant
+firing and had become convinced that the fight was hotly contested and
+that their services were required. On their joining, the whole party
+resolved to make one more stand, and as soon as the Indians saw this,
+they wavered and finally drew off. Both sides had now, seemingly, had
+enough of fighting, and hostilities soon after entirely ceased, the
+savages marching back and leaving the whites masters of the field.
+Several of the trappers were slightly, but none dangerously, wounded.
+The Indians had paid dearly, in numbers killed, for their rascality.
+Finding the coast clear, Carson and his men set out and soon rejoined
+their comrades on the Arkansas River. In the Spring, after having
+_cached_ their fur, the whole band departed for Laramie River on
+another expedition.
+
+While on the south fork of the Platte, two of the party deserted,
+taking with them three of their best animals. Suspecting their design,
+Gaunt sent Kit Carson and another man in pursuit of the fugitives, who
+had one day the start. As was suspected, the two deserters had gone
+to the camp where the beaver fur was concealed and buried. They had
+succeeded in digging it up and stealing about three hundred pounds of
+this valuable property, belonging to the company in general, share and
+share alike. Carson and his companion failed entirely in their
+efforts to find the two men. Doubtless they never lived to enjoy their
+ill-gotten wealth; for, notwithstanding careful search was made, the
+men were never heard from afterwards. It is probable that they were
+killed by Indians, a fate which they, at least, richly merited.
+
+This old camp, the reader will please bear in mind, was on the
+Arkansas River. Kit Carson and his comrade, after finding that the two
+deserters had thus succeeded in stealing the fur which had been buried
+by the company, made every further effort which lay in their power
+to recover it. As has also been seen, they were unsuccessful. It now
+remained for them to determine their future course. The country was so
+infested with hostile Indians that it made their position, thus
+alone, very precarious. To regain their commander's company was almost
+impracticable; at least, without a more important object to make the
+risk necessary, it was a foolhardy attempt. Time in learning the loss
+was of no great importance either to their leader or their party.
+Sooner or later this, as a matter of course, would be fully shown. Kit
+and his comrade, therefore, determined to remain where they were, in
+the old camp; and, to this end, immediately arranged everything so
+that they could make a successful defence in case they should be
+attacked by the savages. They did not dare to venture out far from
+their fortifications; but, this was no great trial to them, as game
+existed in great plenty and came very near their fortifications. While
+one slept, the other stood on guard. It was their intention to await
+the return of their party; but, at the expiration of one month,
+they were quite happily relieved from their perilous position. Mr.
+Blackwell, Mr. Gaunt's partner, arrived from the United States. He was
+accompanied by fifteen men, and brought with him a complete outfit
+for the entire band. Kit and his comrade had been expecting and were
+anxiously looking for this party. They were also made quite happy in
+obtaining the articles of outfit which would render their wild life
+more agreeable and easy. Shortly after this arrival, four men from
+the trapping party came into camp and brought the news as to the
+whereabouts of Gaunt and his men. They were overjoyed at finding Kit
+and his comrade, as they said that they had hunted for them in all
+directions; and, finally had given up all hopes of ever seeing them
+again. The whole party now began the march to join Gaunt at the Ballo
+Salado.[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: Salt Springs.]
+
+These Springs form the head waters of the south fork of the River
+Platte. When four days' journey had been accomplished, and while they
+were partaking of their breakfast in camp, an alarm of Indians was
+given by one of the men. He had accidentally discovered the red skin
+rascals as they were prowling about the camp. A rush was instantly
+made by the trappers, with rifles in hand, to save their horses.
+Shots were fired and one Indian fell. The rest of the band made off as
+empty-handed as they came, with one exception. One brave had succeeded
+in capturing and mounting a horse before the white men could reach
+him. Notwithstanding he had a dead brother lying on the ground, he
+appeared to be altogether too polite to make the trappers a longer
+visit; at least, without a proper introduction. On the contrary, he
+galloped off; seemingly, quite proud of his trophy. Had it not been
+that the trappers had taken the precaution to hobble their horses
+before turning them out to graze, they would have lost them all in
+this attempted stampede.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: These stampedes are a source of great profit to the
+Indians of the Plains. It is by this means they deprive the caravans
+of their animals. The Camanches are particularly expert and daring
+in this kind of robbery. They even train horses to run from one given
+point to another in expectancy of caravans. When a camp is made which
+is nearly in range they turn their trained animals loose, who at once
+fly across the plain, penetrating and passing through the camp of
+their victims. All of the picketed animals will endeavor to follow,
+and usually succeed in following, the trained horses. Such are
+invariably led into the haunts of the thieves, who easily secure them.
+Young horses and mules are easily frightened; and, in the havoc which
+generally ensues, oftentimes great injury is done to the runaways
+themselves. The sight of a stampede on a grand scale requires steady
+nerves to witness without tremor; and, woe to the footman who cannot
+get out of the way when the frightened animals come along. At times,
+when the herd is very large, the horses scatter over the open country
+and are irrecoverably lost; and, such as do not become wild, fall a
+prey to the ravenous wolves. Such, most frequently, is the fate of
+stampeded horses which have been bred in the States, not being trained
+by a prairie-life experience to take care of themselves. Instead of
+bravely stopping and fighting off the wolves, they run. The whole pack
+are sure to leave the bolder animals and make for the runaways, which
+they seldom fail to overtake and dispatch. Four years since, one of
+these stampedes occurred on the Plains of a band of horses, in which
+there were several hundred valuable animals. It was attended with very
+heavy loss to the owners. Through the courage and great exertions of
+those who had the animals in charge, many were recovered, but none
+without having sustained more or less injury.
+
+A favorite policy of the Indian horse thieves is to creep into camp,
+cut loose one animal and thoroughly frighten him. This animal seldom
+fails to frighten the remainder, when away they all go with long ropes
+and picket pins dangling after them. The latter sometimes act like
+harpoons, being thrown with such impetus as to strike and instantly
+kill a valuable steed from among the brother runaways. At other times,
+the limbs of the running horses get entangled in the ropes, when they
+are suddenly thrown. Such seldom escape without broken legs or severe
+contusions, which are often incurable. The necessity of traveling on,
+at any rate, renders it an impossibility to undertake the cure, when
+it might be practicable under other circumstances.]
+
+This day the party travelled fifty miles and thought themselves clear
+of Indians, as there were no visible signs of their presence. The
+experience of the day, however, had admonished them to be on their
+guard against surprise. To make things sure as to their animals, they
+fastened them to stakes driven in the earth, sufficient rope being
+given them for grazing. The place selected for their camp was a
+beautiful spot, being on a small stream which empties into the
+Arkansas, the water of which is sparkling and clear. There are many of
+these charming little brooks which, emptying into, form this river.
+To the general traveler, however, they present one great drawback as
+eligible camping sites. Their banks are usually pretty thickly lined
+with rattlesnakes. The mountaineer is quite well accustomed and
+reconciled to this venomous reptile, as they abound in nearly every
+section of his hunting and trapping grounds. Not so however with the
+mere visitor of, or casual traveller over, the Western Territories. To
+them his rattlesnake-ship is a formidable personage.
+
+The rattlesnake rarely moves after sunset. The night air is generally
+too chilling for him. In the day time they are a noble enemy, always
+warning their antagonist of their hostile intentions by springing
+their rattles, thus giving a person warning of his danger. By these
+two wise provisions of the Creator the power of this otherwise
+terrible reptile, is so limited or restrained, that the trapper rarely
+gives him a thought unless he comes in direct contact. Although they
+are so numerous, it very seldom happens that either the Indian or the
+trapper is bitten by them.
+
+The party had not been long at rest before their suspicions were
+aroused that hostile Indians were near them. A faithful dog belonging
+to the camp kept up a furious barking, much more lustily than when
+wolves annoyed him. An extra guard was therefore immediately posted,
+when the remainder of the party lay down; but, not for sleep. They
+expected at every moment that their services would be needed to defend
+the camp. Everything however passed as usual during the night; and,
+with the morning, all suspicion was laid aside. Kit Carson, with three
+companions, proposed a visit to a fork of a river close by, to look
+for signs of beaver. They had been informed that these animals were
+numerous in this particular stream. Carson and the three men had
+been absent about one hour when the signs of Indians proved to be
+realities, in the shape of a bold and well-sustained charge upon their
+camp. The rascals succeeded in running off all of their loose animals.
+
+Four of the men immediately saddled the fleetest of the remaining
+horses and instantly gave chase. After a quick run they came up with
+the savages and immediately gave them battle. A sharp skirmish ensued
+in which one of the warriors was killed, when the remainder fled,
+leaving the property once more in the hands of its rightful owners.
+The men however did not come off entirely safe. One of them received
+a very severe wound; which, eventually, gave him considerable
+difficulty; but from the effects of which he finally recovered.
+
+Kit and his companions in the mean time, in order to reach their
+destination, found it necessary, unless they should take a long and
+circuitous route, to cross one of those lofty peaks for which the
+Rocky Mountains are so famous. The ascent was however commenced and
+successfully accomplished; but, not without labor and an occasional
+resting-place being sought for breathing their animals. In due time,
+they reached the desired stream; but, the beaver signs did not appear.
+Finding their errand had proved entirely useless, they started to
+return into camp. Experience had taught them that the longest way
+round was, in this case, the quickest way home. Taking therefore a
+circuitous route, they avoided recrossing the lofty mountain peak
+already alluded to. As they were riding carelessly homeward, beguiling
+the time with anecdote and remark upon their future prospects, the
+scenery around them, with an occasional sight at some kind of game,
+what should appear ahead of them but four Indian warriors, remarkably
+well mounted, painted and decked with feathers, showing, conclusively,
+that they were out upon the war-path. As soon as Kit and his
+companions saw the warriors, and without one word as to their proper
+and best action being interchanged, they simultaneously put spurs to
+their horses and dashed at the Indians in order quickly to bring
+them within range of their rifles. The pace became a hot one; but, as
+suddenly as the charge had been commenced, so suddenly the trappers
+found that they had, this time "caught a Tartar;" for, as they dashed
+on, sixty warriors, fully armed and splendidly mounted, came into view
+from beneath a hill where they were awaiting in ambush.
+
+There was but one course for the trappers to take and that was to run
+the gauntlet, which they did in gallant style, although twenty yards
+would have frequently measured the distance between them and the
+hostile savages. The bullets from the rifles of the Indians flew about
+their ears thick and fast, for a heavy fire was opened upon them,
+as they passed, and incessantly kept up until they were out of their
+reach. The trappers did not return a shot. It would not have been
+according to their custom. There is no one thing Simon-pure trappers
+consider to be a greater folly than firing their rifles on such an
+occasion as is here described. There is nothing they so much dread as
+being left on foot with an empty gun and no time to load, when perhaps
+a single shot might change defeat into victory; sure captivity into
+freedom, or a dead companion into a laughing, jolly and lovable
+help-mate, ready for setting a trap or to engage in the next bloody
+skirmish. This must inevitably happen if, after the rider has fired,
+among the score or so of passing bullets, one of them, perchance, took
+a peculiar fancy for a vital organ of his horse. The mortally wounded
+animal would make no account of dismounting his master and leaving
+him to the tender mercies of the refined savages. In every close and
+unequal contest, such as above detailed, they only think of the surest
+and speediest method of escape, leaving revenge to be obtained on some
+more fitting and favorable occasion. For some unaccountable reason the
+savages did not give chase.
+
+As soon as Carson and his comrades had got out of the reach of the
+Indians they began to recall the suspicions concerning signs of
+Indians which their faithful dog had aroused. Fears for the safety of
+their companions arose accordingly. Therefore, giving spurs to their
+horses they pushed on with vigor to know the worst. The facts that
+awaited them at camp concerning the attack by the Indians, stealing
+and rescue of the horses gave them therefore but little surprise. They
+had already surmised the reason why the Indians had thus set a trap
+for them. Having been watching the camp during the night and finding
+the white men fully on the alert and carefully guarding against any
+surprise, they had quietly waited until suspicion of their proximity
+had been entirely laid aside. The departure of Carson and his
+companions from camp was doubtless seen by the savages and afforded
+them a clear proof that the white men had forgotten their fears. As
+Kit's departure with the men weakened the camp party the Indians had
+gathered together sufficient courage to make a bold charge for the
+coveted plunder. The final result, however, which led to their losing
+the stolen property, and the life of one of their braves, had caused
+them to think of an attack upon Kit's party; thus, obtaining by its
+massacre, revenge for their dead companion; and, the horses which Kit
+and his comrades rode would have been a consolation for their failure
+to retain the horses obtained at the camp. The attack was skillfully
+planned and would undoubtedly have succeeded, but for the unexpected
+daring and promptitude displayed by Kit and his comrades. The Indians
+had not looked for the bold charge upon their advance party; but,
+on the contrary, they had been prepared for a chase and fight in the
+opposite direction. Had such a skirmish taken place, nothing beyond
+an absolute miracle, or change of the laws of nature, could have saved
+the little band. Kit and his friends had reason, therefore, to be very
+thankful for their safety. They all felt that they had retained their
+scalps by a very close shave. To use the expressive language of Carson
+employed in narrating the event "The red skins made a good attempt
+but, thank God, failed."
+
+Two of the trappers had received, in this affray, wounds; which proved
+to be of a serious nature: much more so than they or their companions
+thought on the first examination given them. In consequence, the whole
+party was obliged to halt and again go into camp, having accomplished
+but a very short remove from their savage foes. It became necessary
+to maintain a strong and careful guard during the succeeding night,
+notwithstanding the labors of the past day and night had been more
+than usually arduous. However, they succeeded in passing the night
+without further molestation. The next morning, it was found necessary
+to make a litter for one of the wounded men whose condition had grown
+to be much worse.
+
+The method which the mountaineers adopt for making a litter, they have
+taken from the Indians, and is as follows. Take two strong poles, six
+feet of which, at either extremity, is allowed for shafts, or handles,
+while the patient lies in the intermediate space on a buffalo robe, or
+strong sacking, which-ever is most convenient. Two mules or horses
+of the same size are then selected; and, to saddles upon each of the
+animals, the poles, at their extremities, are fastened. Another and
+simpler plan, but one not so comfortable to the patient, is to take
+the two poles as before and attach them strongly to a saddle on but
+one animal, while the two ends are allowed to drag upon the ground.
+Directly in the rear of the horse the patient's bed is affixed. If the
+poles are long they will act as springs, especially when the wood used
+is of a kind which has considerable elasticity.
+
+Having arranged everything to the satisfaction and comfort of the
+wounded men, the party commenced their march and in four days reached
+Gaunt's camp where they rested until the wounded men had nearly
+recovered. This simple fact shows the careful and sympathizing care
+which the mountaineers of the west ever exhibit towards each other in
+distress. It speaks more than would volumes of mere praise, concerning
+their character for true manhood.
+
+When the wounded men had so far recovered that they could safely
+proceed, the whole party, now quite strong in its numerical power, as
+well as skill and mountaineer experience, departed for, and, in due
+time, arrived at the Old Park. The coveted beaver however were scarce
+there, for other trappers had preceded them; and, to employ trapping
+phrase, "had caught all the fur in those streams that could be taken
+that season." This was an unpleasant condition for their business
+prospects; but, as the old adage hath it, "what could not be cured was
+quietly endured." Catching beaver is not always a matter of choice.
+The beaver themselves have considerable to say on the subject.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+    Kit Carson and two Companions plan a Hunt for themselves--The
+    Great Success met with--Return to Taos--Sale of the Beaver
+    Fur--Kit Carson joins Captain Lee and goes on a Trading
+    Expedition--Winter Quarters--Kit Carson is sent in Pursuit
+    of a Thief--Overtakes and is obliged to shoot the
+    Runaway--Property recovered--The Return to Camp--The Sale
+    of Goods--Kit Carson joins Fitzpatrick and Party--Kit Carson
+    organizes a Hunting Party--His Encounter with two Grizzly
+    Bears--The Summer Rendezvous--Kit Carson joins fifty Trappers
+    and goes to the Country of the Blackfeet Indians--Annoyances
+    received from these Indians--Winter Quarters in 1832--Horses
+    Stolen--Kit Carson and eleven Men in Pursuit--A Parley--A
+    Fight--Kit Carson severely wounded--His great Sufferings
+    and Fortitude--His Convalescence--The Retreat--A New
+    Expedition--Braggadocio--Kit Carson Fights a Duel and Wounds
+    his man--Duels in the Rocky Mountains in Olden Times.
+
+
+The fortunes of Gaunt's party in not finding game continued to grow
+darker and darker as they traveled from stream to stream. The men
+began to grow disheartened at this succession of failures. Kit Carson,
+finally, became so tired of going empty handed, that he resolved to
+try a hunt upon his own account. On stating his intentions to the
+party, two of his old companions offered to join him. These were
+gladly accepted by Kit; and, had they not been deterred by the
+consideration that their dangers would be greatly augmented if they
+worked with so small a party, others would most willingly have joined
+his company. With the good wishes, therefore, of Gaunt and his entire
+band, Kit and his two brave comrades boldly and confidently commenced
+their march.
+
+The plan Kit adopted was to confine his operations exclusively to the
+mountain streams and not to venture out upon the Prairie. By taking
+this course he hoped to avoid much of the danger to be apprehended
+from Indians.[5]
+
+[Footnote 5: The mountain Indians, during the Summer season generally
+come down from their secure retreats and are engaged either in hunting
+buffalo, or marching on the war-path. When they are at peace with the
+Indians of the Plains, which is rarely the case, they join them, and,
+together, with their united strength and skill, they make piratical
+excursions into the Settlements of the Mexicans. While out on this
+business, they leave their families in some secluded spot for abundant
+caution, placing them under the guardianship of the old men, assisted
+by some of the younger members of the tribe.]
+
+For several months they followed the business of trapping without
+being in any way annoyed by the Indians. Their success was abundant.
+At the end of the season they had gathered together a splendid stock
+of beaver fur and began to think of a homeward trip. Having made
+everything ready, they finally started for Taos. True, their party
+was small and the risks they ran of attacks from hostile and covetous
+Indians were imminent; but, fortune, or Providence favored them and
+there was finally a satisfactory end to their anxieties; for, after a
+quick march over the plains, they arrived safely at Taos. Beaver fur
+was, at the time of their arrival, in great demand and prices ruled
+correspondingly high. Kit and his comrades obtained the benefit of
+this state of the market and disposed of their fine stock to great
+advantage.
+
+The money realized, so far as Kit's two comrades were concerned, was
+soon expended in fleeting pleasures and a new outfit for the next
+trapping expedition which might offer. Kit's former experience had
+been sufficient on this score, and he had become impressed with the
+highly important fact that there existed a much wiser course to be
+pursued. With his characteristic consistency, Kit acted upon this
+conviction and wisely saved his hard earnings.
+
+While remaining at Taos, Kit Carson met with Captain Lee, formerly of
+the United States Army; but, at this time, a partner of Bent and
+St. Vrain, two names as familiarly known to the mountaineers as the
+household words of their boyhood days.
+
+Captain Lee was purchasing goods for the purpose of trading with
+and supplying the trappers. He desired Kit Carson to join in his
+enterprise and made him an offer which was accepted.
+
+In the latter part of October 1832, with their goods well packed
+and properly fitted for the rough transportation which they must
+necessarily be subjected to, they set out to find the trappers. They
+traveled for some distance on a route well known as the "Old Spanish
+Trail." This is nothing more than a mule path which leads from New
+Mexico to California.
+
+Having arrived safely at White River, they continued their march down
+stream, following the windings of the river until they came to Green
+River. Green River, they forded and then struck across the country for
+the Winty River which is a branch of the Green River.
+
+Here they found Mr. Robidoux who had a party of twenty men in his
+employ and who was engaged both in trapping and trading according as
+opportunity presented itself. Soon after these parties met, snow
+began to fall, indicating the approach of the cold season. A mutual
+understanding having been arrived at, the two parties joined together
+and began to establish Winter Quarters suitable for the whole.
+
+They selected a site for their permanent camp on the Winty River, at
+its mouth, where the men made themselves as comfortable as possible
+under such circumstances. They were provided with skin lodges, so
+common among the Indians of America, and which according to Kit's
+mountaineer experience are very comfortable substitutes for houses.
+
+During the winter Mr. Robidoux lost six of his most valuable and
+high-priced horses, in the following manner. Attached to the camp
+there was a California Indian who was employed by Mr. Robidoux, a keen
+and shrewd savage: and one, whose acquaintance with the trappers had
+enabled him to gain the confidence of Mr. Robidoux. He was also an
+expert with the rifle and possessed undoubted courage with great
+bodily strength and activity. These qualifications made him a
+troublesome customer in a skirmish.
+
+This Indian's education on the score of property rights had not been
+as well attended to as the methods of attack and defence in the chase
+and on the war path. By some, not strange, personal argument, he
+concluded to appropriate the six valuable horses above mentioned, in
+the law wordy vocabulary of civilization, "to his own, use, benefit
+and behoof, without asking the consent, good-will, approbation,
+permission and personal, directions of the said owner, to wit Mr.
+Robidoux."
+
+As these horses were worth, even at that remote spot on the great
+American Continent, the just and full sum of two hundred dollars each,
+making a round sum total of twelve hundred dollars, Mr. Robidoux was
+not content to pocket the loss; or, much less, to allow the rascal to
+enjoy ill-gotten wealth on the principle that "stolen fruit is sweet."
+He determined, if possible to show him that some stolen fruit is
+bitter.
+
+Knowing Kit Carson's reputation for skill and his fearless
+disposition, as soon as he had discovered his loss, he came and
+requested him to pursue the Indian. Kit Carson is a man who never
+works without orders except when he is leader. He therefore informed
+Captain Lee of Mr. Robidoux's request and asked permission to serve
+his friend. This, as a matter of course, was readily granted by
+Captain Lee; when, Kit instantly made his preparations for the
+adventure. He was very soon on horseback, well armed and well prepared
+for hard and close work.
+
+There chanced, near by to the camp, to be an Indian village belonging
+to the Utah Tribe. The whites were on friendly terms with the
+inhabitants of this village, which determined Carson to seek out, from
+among their warriors, one active and intelligent brave, and get him to
+join in the chase. This was the more easily accomplished as Carson's
+reputation for skill, courage and experience was already well known in
+this tribe. He, himself, had made a large circle of acquaintance among
+the braves, and many of them had become strongly attached to him. Some
+of these attachments have existed for years and are still maintained;
+for, a fact well known, the American Indian warrior, as a general
+rule, is true and unchangeable in his friendships. With this object
+in view, Carson, putting his horse to his speed, started for the Utah
+village. On making his errand known to such of the braves as enjoyed
+his confidence, he found no difficulty in engaging a well-known
+warrior, and one on whom he knew he could rely, to accompany him. The
+wily savage was soon ready for the march, when Kit gave the word to
+start. Both men were splendidly mounted. Their pace was that of no
+sluggard. The high-conditioned animals which they rode seemed to
+catch the eager spirit of their masters, and entering into it, bent
+themselves to their work with determination accordingly. To discover
+the trail of the deserter and to study its various characteristics,
+a science of no mean or useless order in the matter of a woodman's
+education, required the two men to slacken their pace for a short
+time. The tracks made by the stolen animals, however, were well
+marked; and, to such practised eyes, afforded a certain indication
+as to their route. Again putting their horses to their speed, with
+compressed lips and eyes directed to the trail before them, Carson and
+the Indian warrior dashed on, feeling confident, that, if the rascal
+escaped with his ill-gotten booty, the sin would not be laid upon
+their shoulders. The trail led down the Green River. This fact made
+Carson conclude that California was the destination aimed at in the
+deserter's calculations. Kit and his Indian brave had accomplished
+about one hundred miles, having, not once, lost sight of the trail,
+when, most unfortunately for Kit, the horse of the Indian was suddenly
+taken sick and his strength gave out completely. The Indian could go
+no further except on foot, and this mode of travel he was unwilling to
+adopt, refusing absolutely Carson's request made to him to do so. This
+was an unpleasant predicament, especially as the rascal, who formed
+the chase, was a dangerous antagonist even to an experienced fighter
+and in an honest cause. Goaded on by the fear of punishment for theft,
+Carson well knew that he would require all of his own address to
+purchase success; for, the rascal would not fail to make a most
+desperate resistance. But Kit Carson's courage arose, as the
+difficulties of the adventure seemed to multiply. With a farewell word
+to his Indian companion, he put spurs to his horse and entered boldly
+upon the trail alone, being determined to run every hazard, which the
+unhappy accident to the Indian's horse seemed to require at his hands.
+The spectacle here presented to the reader, is one which exhibits Kit
+Carson in his true character both as a faithful and earnest friend,
+and a determined and dangerous adversary. Such is his character. A
+life of most singular events has never yet found him false to his
+friend or his manhood. While he is not rash in judgment, he is
+consummately skillful, quick and brave. Onward he dashed, never for an
+instant taking his eagle eye from the tracks which formed his compass.
+Think not that such tracks are easily traced. None but a practised and
+ready eye can follow them to any advantageous end. To trace them even
+at a snail's pace, for an unpractised eye, is like the child putting
+pen and ink to paper through his first copy-book of penmanship. Many
+and many an awful blot and horribly crooked line will doubtless carry
+the simile fully and strikingly to the mind. But the result which
+crowned Kit's effort showed conclusively that, notwithstanding he had
+followed the trail for over one hundred and thirty miles, he had made
+no blots or crooked lines. At the distance of thirty miles from the
+place where he parted with his Indian companion, Kit discovered the
+chase. His pace now became tremendous. The wily savage had descried
+him almost at the same instant that he was discovered by Kit, and
+instantly prepared for a desperate encounter. With this object in
+view, the savage turned to seek a cover from whence he could fire upon
+his adversary and reload long before he should himself become exposed
+to a shot. The rascal's plan was good enough, but he was too slow in
+its execution to overcome Kit's activity. Kit had unslung his rifle as
+soon as he saw his enemy. Anticipating the object of the savage, he,
+instantly, covered him with his rifle. His horse was now at full speed
+and he was rapidly nearing the Indian. At the moment he discovered
+that the Indian had reached his cover and before he could take
+advantage of it, without relaxing his horse's speed, he fired. The
+ball from Carson's rifle was so well directed that the Indian, as it
+struck him, gave one bound and then fell dead in his tracks. At the
+same instant the rascal's rifle went off with a sharp report, sending
+a bullet whizzing at some distance from the line of Carson's approach.
+The fact of the Indian's rifle being fired at all is a sufficient
+explanation of what was his intent, had his career not been so
+suddenly cut short, thereby preventing its fulfillment.
+
+The words of an old trapper are here very much to the point. The
+author was, on a fitting occasion, questioning him in regard to Kit
+Carson's capabilities with the rifle. Said he: "If a man has a serious
+quarrel with Kit Carson, he had better not let him get the _first
+sight over his rifle_; for, if he succeeds in this, his adversary is
+as good as dead."
+
+An intimate acquaintance and tried friendship with Kit Carson has,
+since then, repeatedly furnished occasions which have confirmed this
+trapper's statement; although, in the first instance, a person will
+find it no easy task to render an altercation necessary, for Kit
+Carson holds his passions fully under control; and, besides, they are
+of a very conciliatory type. No man will sooner shun a difficulty when
+justice, honor and necessity do not warrant strife.
+
+The work of collecting the horses was soon accomplished, when Carson
+immediately commenced his journey back to the camp. This he reached
+in safety, after overcoming a few minor difficulties caused by his
+charge; and, had the satisfaction of returning the six horses to Mr.
+Robidoux in as good condition as they were the night on which they
+were stolen; and, also, of informing him that there was one rascal
+less in the world to prey upon honest people.
+
+This event served to interrupt the monotony and routine of winter camp
+duty, affording a basis for many a long yarn during the evening
+hours around the camp fires. These trappers, especially whenever a
+green-eyed bundle of curiosity chances to seek their company, can spin
+yarns most wondrous. The habits of the beaver and their remarkable
+instinct, form a fit subject for their active imagination. It would
+doubtless add very much to the interest of these pages if we could set
+down a few of these anecdotes and tales for the general reader; but,
+the task would be hopeless as to its accomplishment. To give them
+life and reality, they require all the surroundings of time, place and
+occasion; there should be the dark night; the wild whistling wind; the
+shaking tent with its covering of skins; the roasted venison, bear's
+meat, or horse flesh; the rifles standing in the corners; the lamp of
+bear's grease; in fine, all the similitude of camp life. Then the wild
+stories of bear fightings, beaver intelligence, Indian deviltry, and
+hairbreadth escapes, become intensely real. The auditor hangs upon
+each word which falls from the lips of the supposed sage orator with
+eager earnestness, while curiosity never becomes satisfied.
+
+"Ah! Jones, that is a whopper."
+
+"Sure as I live, but the beaver slept every night with the trapper,
+and in the day time, if he left the tent, the beaver would fall to
+work and make a dam across the floor of the tent, using the chist,
+skins, arms and everything."
+
+"Oh! Jones!"
+
+"But, I tell you it is true. Tame a beaver once, and you'll find I'se
+tellin' a plain statement as true as ever a Padre made."
+
+"Padre! who'd believe a Mexican priest? Mr. Jones, that tame beaver
+of your'n must have been born in the States, where he hadn't trees and
+mud to build dams with, and had to resort to furnitur."
+
+"That beaver," responded Jones, "was as near like a human bein' as any
+man present."
+
+"How do you make that out, Mr. Jones?"
+
+"Why, one day his master died. Well, they tried all they could to
+console the beaver, but it 'twant no use. He wouldn't be consoled.
+All he did was to git an ole shoe belonging to his master, an' if he
+didn't haul that ere shoe around day after day wherever he went. Well,
+the beaver 'gan to grow thin, and one night they found he was a dyin',
+jest from starvin' himself to death and a huggin' the ole shoe."
+
+"Oh! Jones," said the greenhorn, "you don't expect I'll swallow all
+that yarn?"
+
+But Mr. Jones and all of the other trappers present preserved an
+imperturbable dignity of mien, as if the very reference to the animal
+mentioned demanded from them all due reverence.
+
+"Well, but that was not doing as a human being would do. I never seen
+a man carry an old shoe around till he died from starvin'."
+
+"That is neither here nor there," continued Mr. Jones. "It was when
+the trapper first made the beaver's acquaintance that he showed he
+knew as much as a human critter. At that time he had one wife and
+lived with her all alone in a hole, side o' the dam. They had two sons
+and a darter. The darter the old beaver had married to a fine lookin'
+young beaver who lived t'other side the dam."
+
+The whistle which the neophyte here gave seemed to give great
+dissatisfaction to all of the trappers present. One of them quietly
+asked him--
+
+"Is that the way, youngster, you'se bin eddicated in perliteniss of
+manners? If it is, I know a beaver who kin larn you sumthin'. In the
+fust place, if a young beaver ever kums inter the presence of the ole
+uns, especially if she's, that is the ole uns, a female beaver, the
+young un 'mediately fetches his right fore paw up to his forehead,
+jest 'hind the right eyebrow, an' makes a reverintial bow of cerimony
+in salute. I'se seen that ar' oftener than you've put one leg ahead of
+t'other yit, young un."
+
+The trappers present all confirmed the truth of this statement by
+a solemn nod of assent to the query, "Ain't that true, gentlemen?"
+which, at least, served to prevent unceremonious whistling.
+
+It is thus that we might go on and fill page after page with this
+picture-talk of the trappers. Some of their yarns are pretty tightly
+strained, but most of them contain a capital hit and are usually
+founded on the facts. It is a well authenticated fact that the beaver
+has but one mate; and, that they live together a loving couple, as if
+husband and wife. As to their _liaisons_, coquetry, flirting and so
+forth, doubtless the society in some parts of the human family will
+bear a faithful resemblance in these respects also. As an example of
+industry the world will look in vain for a better one than is afforded
+by the little beaver of the Western Rivers. Look at them patiently
+felling the tallest trees; and, so nicely adjusting their fall and
+calculating their height, that they strike the opposite bank of their
+stream gaining a fixed and permanent lodgment. It is thus that these
+wonderful little creatures will often erect dams across wide rivers
+and effectually stop the rushing torrents.
+
+As has appeared, after collecting the six horses, Kit Carson returned
+with them safely into camp. A few days subsequent to this occurrence,
+a band of trappers belonging to another party _en route_, entered the
+camp. These men reported that Fitzpatrick and Bridger were encamped
+on Snake River distant about fifteen days' journey. This was too good
+news for Captain Lee and Kit to warrant their remaining any longer
+idle. They doubted not but that they should be able to dispose of
+their goods to these parties. With this object in view, they prepared
+for the march and started. Their journey, although perilous and
+laborious, was successfully accomplished. Messrs. Fitzpatrick and
+Bridger received and entertained them very hospitably, and purchased
+their entire stock, paying therefor in beaver fur. Kit Carson then
+joined Fitzpatrick's band, but remained with it only one month.
+His reason for separating from it was, that there were too many men
+congregated together either to accomplish much, or to make the general
+result profitable in the distribution. He, accordingly, arranged
+an enterprise upon his own account; and, from his well-established
+reputation, found more men than he wanted ready to join him. From
+those who applied, he selected but three. These were men of the best
+material; and, no man could judge a trapper's qualifications better
+than Kit Carson.
+
+With his three men he immediately set out for the Laramie River. On
+this stream and its tributaries, he spent the summer. Perhaps our
+readers will look for a full description of the course which the
+American trapper pursues in order to catch beaver. It is very simple
+in its detail but difficult and tedious in its application. The trap
+is the common steel trap made in the usual form; if there is any
+difference, it is larger and more powerful. It is set in the haunts
+of the beaver with a particular kind of bait[6] known chiefly among
+trappers. It is a singular fact that, frequently, old beavers will be
+discovered springing the traps, by the aid of a stick. If discovered
+at his work, he seems to enjoy hugely the vexation of the trappers
+which they sometimes exhibit. An old trapper, however, especially if
+he be a Frenchman or Mexican, feels so much pride in the matter, that
+he will cover up his vexation under assumed politeness, as if the
+beaver could understand and appreciate his language.
+
+[Footnote 6: Animalium patris testiculum.]
+
+But to escape from these pleasing digressions, Kit Carson and his men
+concluded their summer's work with unusual success. Their exertions
+had been crowned with rewards which surpassed their fondest
+anticipations. As the wintry months were again fast coming on, Kit and
+his men determined to rejoin Bridger's' command. The return trip,
+was therefore commenced and duly prosecuted. Late one afternoon,
+just after the little party had gone into camp, Kit, having lingered
+somewhat behind, suddenly rode into the camp ground and leaped from
+his horse, giving it in care of one of the men. With his rifle, he
+then started in pursuit of game for supper. He walked on about one
+mile from the camp and there came upon the fresh tracks of some elk.
+Following up the trail he discovered the game grazing on the side of
+a hill. In the neighborhood of the animals there were some low and
+craggy pine trees. Moving along with great care, he finally gained the
+cover of the trees, which brought him in close proximity to the
+elk, and within certain range of his rifle. This care was the more
+necessary as his party had been without meat diet for some time and
+began to be greatly in need thereof. These ever wary animals saw, or
+scented him; or, at any rate, became conscious of approaching danger
+from some cause, before he could reach the spot from which he desired
+to take his aim. They had commenced moving; and, in another instant,
+would have bounded away, out of all reach of his rifle. His eye and
+piece, however, were too quick for them; for, bringing his piece into
+position and without dwelling upon his aim, he sped a bullet after the
+largest and the fattest of the noble game before him. He had wisely
+allowed for the first leap, for his shot caught the nimble animal in
+mid air and brought him to the earth, writhing in his death agony with
+a fearful wound through the heart and lungs, from which there was
+no escape. One quiver ran through the frame of the beautiful animal,
+when, he breathed his last. The echoing sound of the rifle shot had
+hardly died away, to which the true hunter ever listens with unfeigned
+pleasure as the sweetest of music on his ear, whenever he has seen
+that his game is surely within his grasp, the last faint melody was
+broken in upon and completely lost in a terrific roar from the woods
+directly behind him. Instantly turning his head to note the source
+of this sound, the meaning and cause of which he well knew by his
+experienced woodman's ear, educated until its nicety was truly
+wonderful, he saw two huge and terribly angry grizzly bears. As his
+eye first rested upon these unwelcome guests, they were bounding
+towards him, their eyes flashing fiery passion, their pearly teeth
+glittering with eagerness to mangle his flesh, and their monstrous
+fore-arms, hung with sharp, bony claws, ready and anxious to hug his
+body in a close and most loving embrace. There was not much time for
+Kit to scratch his head and cogitate. In fact, one instant spent in
+thought then would have proved his death warrant without hope of
+a reprieve. Messrs. Bruin evidently considered their domain most
+unjustly intruded upon. The gentle elk and deer mayhap were their
+dancing boys and girls; and, like many a petty king in savage land,
+they may have dined late and were now enjoying a scenic treat of
+their ballet troupe. At all events Kit required no second thought to
+perceive that the monarchs of the American forest were unappeasably
+angry and were fast nearing him with mighty stride. Dropping his
+rifle, the little leaden bullet of which would now have been worth
+to him its weight in gold if it could by some magic wand have been
+transferred from the heart of the elk back into its breech, he bounded
+from his position in close imitation of the elk, but with better
+success. The trees! he hoped and prayed, as he fairly flew over the
+ground with the bears hot in chase, for one quick grasp at a sturdy
+sapling. By good fortune, or special Providence, his hope, or prayer,
+was answered. Grasping a lower limb he swung his body up into the
+first tier of branches just as passing Bruin brushed against one of
+his legs. Bears climb trees and Kit Carson was not ignorant of the
+fact. Instantly drawing his keen-edged hunting knife, he cut away for
+dear life at a thick short branch. The knife and his energy conquered
+the cutting just as Messrs. Bruin had gathered themselves up for an
+ascent, a proceeding on their part to which Mr. Carson would not give
+assent. Mr. Carson was well acquainted with the Messrs. Bruin's pride
+in, and extreme consideration for, their noses. A few sharp raps made
+with the severed branch upon the noses of the ascending bears, while
+they fairly made them to howl with pain and rage, caused them hastily
+to beat a retreat. This scene of ascending, getting their noses
+tickled and again descending howling with pain and rage now kept
+Mr. Carson and Messrs. Bruin actively busy for some time. The huge
+monsters and monarchs of the mountains were determined not to give it
+up so. Such a full and fair chase and to be beaten by a simple
+white man on their own domain! This evidently galled their sensitive
+natures. It is true the roaring of the bears in his rear had
+stimulated Mr. Carson in the race, so much so, that he undoubtedly
+ran at the top of his speed; and, being naturally, as well as by long
+practice, very fleet of foot, he had managed to outstrip his pursuers
+in the race. It is true he had made short work of climbing the tree
+and here again had very innocently beaten the bears at their own game
+and one in which they took great pride. It is more than probable that
+the bears were in too good condition to run well. Had it been early
+spring time they would doubtless have been much lower in flesh. That
+was their own fault too; they should have known that racing time
+cannot be made on high condition. After leaving their hibernating
+quarters they should have been less given to a sumptuous habit at the
+table.
+
+[Illustration: Two huge and terribly angry grizzly bears were bounding
+towards him, their eyes flashing fiery passion, their pearly teeth
+glittering with eagerness to mangle his flesh, and their monstrous
+forearms, hung with sharp, bony claws, ready and anxious to hug his
+body in a close and most loving embrace.--PAGE 83.]
+
+Affairs were, however, by no manner of means settled. They had the
+daring trespasser on their domain treed, and almost within their
+reach; and, indeed, to keep out of the way of their uncomely claws,
+Kit was obliged to gather himself up in the smallest possible space
+and cling to the topmost boughs. The bears now allowed themselves
+a short respite for breathing, during which they gave vent to their
+wrath by many shrill screeches. Then they renewed their endeavors to
+force the hunter from his resting place. Mounted on their hind paws
+they would reach for him; but, the blows with the stick, applied
+freely to their noses, would make them desist. In vain did they
+exhaust every means to force the man to descend; he was not to be
+driven or coaxed. The hard knocks they had sustained upon their
+noses had now aroused them almost to madness. Together they made one
+desperate effort to tear Kit from the tree. As in all their previous
+attempts, they were foiled, and their ardor dampened and cooled by the
+drumming operations upon their noses, which this time was so freely
+and strongly applied upon one of them as to make him lachrymate and
+cry out with pain. One at a time they departed; but, it was not
+until they had been out of sight and hearing for some time that Kit
+considered it safe to venture down from the tree; when, he hastened to
+regain and immediately to reload his rifle.
+
+Thus ended an adventure in which Kit Carson considers that he failed
+to lose life and limb by the narrowest miss that ever occurred to him.
+Although he has killed much more than his _quantum_ of this kind of
+game, and has gained what is a practical advantage to every western
+hunter, to wit: a knowledge of all their abilities with which they
+enforce sway, Kit Carson regards this adventure in the light of a
+warning. It is a warning too which he never allows himself to forget;
+consequently, whenever he has hunted since, he watches as closely
+for signs of Mr. Bruin as he does for the game he seeks; it would,
+therefore, be a difficult matter for the bears again to surprise him.
+Some of the most desperate battles on record between hunters and wild
+animals are narrated of encounters with the bear tribe.
+
+Several years ago, a Mexican by the name of Armador Sanchez, still
+well known in the Rocky Mountains as a brave and skillful hunter, had
+a fight with a bear which lasted several hours. This terrible battle
+ended by both the combatants being laid prostrate upon the ground, so
+completely exhausted as to be utterly unable to reach each other from
+the want of physical strength. In this condition they spent one night;
+and, on the following morning, when the brave Mexican hunter had
+recovered sufficiently to be able to creep to his antagonist, he found
+him dead. This close conflict grew out of the hunter's noble daring
+in endeavoring to save the life of a Mexican boy, whom, at the instant
+the hunter attacked the beast, the bear was about to tear into pieces.
+At one time the bear had the youth in his terrible clutches in such
+a manner that it was impossible for him to plant a shot in any vital
+organ. But nothing daunted, with his rifle and revolver, he lodged
+several bullets in other parts of the fierce monster. Still the
+savage animal clung to the unfortunate boy, endeavoring to tear him to
+pieces, and horribly mangling him in every part of his body. The noble
+hunter could resist no longer, and dropping his pistols and rifle, he
+drew his sheath-knife and slung shot, and, after winding his blanket
+around his left arm to protects it, rushed in and compelled the animal
+to turn upon him. Wounds were freely given and returned; but, the wary
+Mexican fought with such dexterity and determination, that the bear
+finally became so mad with pain and rage that by a tremendous effort,
+with one blow of his powerful paw, he knocked the brave hunter
+headlong upon the ground, where he lay some time before recovering his
+breath. Instead of following up this advantage, the brute, doubtless
+being deceived because the man did not move, commenced examining and
+licking his own bleeding wounds. But the brave hunter had now got his
+spirit so completely up, that he determined to conquer his antagonist
+or die. Early in the fight, by a blow from his slung-shot, he had
+succeeded in breaking the bear's lower jaw. This had greatly disabled
+the animal and undoubtedly was the successful wound which eventually
+gave Sanchez the victory. When he felt himself sufficiently rested,
+he renewed the fight; and, by adopting various manoeuvres, in which he
+was greatly assisted by some adjacent trees, succeeded in putting in
+several telling blows with his knife. Again the animal became aroused
+to madness unendurable, and, gathering himself up for a final effort,
+succeeded in planting a terrible blow on the hunter's head, which once
+more brought him to the ground. From this blow and the previous loss
+of blood, the brave man fainted entirely away. How long he remained
+in this state he could not tell; but, on becoming again conscious,
+he found that the victory was on his side, for the bear had already
+breathed his last. The poor boy, notwithstanding his wounds, as soon
+as the battle was decided; and, as he supposed, at the cost of his
+friend's life, started for a neighboring fort, and, reaching it the
+following morning, reported the affair. A party of men well armed
+immediately marched to the rescue. They found the brave hunter in a
+most pitiful condition, with his flesh terribly mangled, his clothes
+torn into ribbons, and his back and shoulders one mass of lacerated
+wounds. His reason had already become unseated. In his native language
+he would call out to his now visionary foe, "If you are a brave man,
+come on." Although the most delicate care and assistance was rendered
+to Sanchez, it was many weeks before he was able to resume his
+occupation; and, even then, he owed his life to the wonderful
+recuperative powers of his healthy and iron constitution. Had the
+fact been otherwise, he could not have survived his injuries. One more
+brave heart must have yielded its last drop of heroic blood in defence
+of youthful weakness. This picture, because it does not exaggerate the
+facts, we leave with regret; for, it is a pleasure to contemplate
+such nobility of character, whatever be the name which declares the
+governmental allegiance of the hero.
+
+It is not going beyond the bounds of truth to assert that the grizzly
+bear of the Rocky Mountains is as formidable an enemy as the hunter
+is called upon to meet, wherever the hunting-ground and whatever the
+animal which opponents to our assertion may set up. When caught out on
+the open prairie, where he can be attacked on horseback and lassoed,
+the chances are against the bear; but, in a broken country, woe to his
+assailants, unless life is saved by some trick; or, happy fortune; a
+lucky shot; a telling blow, like Sanchez's with his slung-shot;
+or, the fanciful drumming, such as was Kit's, on the noses of
+his antagonists; or, some other equally singular and unlooked-for
+expedient. The weight of one of these monsters often runs as high as
+fifteen hundred pounds; and, their fore paws, which they can manage
+with the greatest dexterity, frequently measure fourteen inches. The
+courage, sagacity and skill invariably evinced by this species of
+bear, when engaged in a fight, is not equaled by any other wild animal
+on the face of the globe, not excepting the lion.
+
+We take pleasure in here giving further publicity to the careful
+research and plain truths which have emanated from the pen of that
+distinguished and successful traveler Dr. Livingston. The new ideas
+which appear in his pages in regard to the courage of the "King of
+Beasts," have served, in a measure, to correct the general impression,
+and to bring down from its high-stilted hyperbole the courage,
+sagacity and terrible power of the lion, which, he states, are
+overrated. We do not desire to contradict published statements any
+farther than our own personal knowledge extends; hence, we give
+our authority for our statements in regard to the lion, very well
+satisfied ourself with Dr. Livingstone's love of truth and earnest
+candor. So much for the lion. Our statements in regard to the Rocky
+Mountain grizzly bear rest upon our own knowledge and investigation,
+gathered in his own haunts and on his own wild domain; and, as such,
+are given upon our own responsibility. Because brave American woodsmen
+can readily conquer the monarch of the American forest; and because
+the chicken-hearted Afric son, or dweller, trembles before the steady
+glare of the Afric King of Beasts, _ergo_ his bearship must in popular
+opinion, play subordinate to his lionship. For the sake of truth,
+we should like to see the Spanish arena once open for a fighting
+encounter between a Rocky Mountain bear and an African lion, full and
+native grown specimens of each. The bull-fights all good men abhor;
+but, such a battle would serve to set at rest a fast-growing doubt
+among naturalists; and, so far, would prove available to science and
+the cause of truth. We would readily stake a purse on the bear.
+
+With the Indians of the West, who live mostly by hunting, among whom,
+nine out of ten would, single handed, readily face a score of native
+lion spearsmen and, we verily believe, put them to flight; a man is
+considered a great brave who, alone, will undertake to kill a grizzly
+bear. If he succeeds, which is very rarely the case, his fortune in
+his tribe is made, once and for all. The reputation he gains will
+cling to and follow him into his grave and form one of the chief
+burdens of the tradition which bears his name to posterity. The
+Indians usually hunt and attack him in large parties; and, when the
+contest becomes really earnest, it requires a most immoderate amount
+of yelling, and fierce cry for the onset, to keep their bravery up in
+fighting trim. The victory is seldom gained without the sacrifice
+of several lives. The mounted hunter almost invariably finds it a
+difficult task to bring his charger even within shooting range of this
+kind of game. On an untrained or young horse the accomplishment of
+this feat is next to an impossibility; for, instinct seems to teach
+them the true character of the game even though they approach it for
+the first time.[7]
+
+[Footnote 7: The author once saw thirty brave and determined men in
+pursuit of an old grizzly bear and her two cubs near the head waters
+of the Arkansas River. In vain they urged their horses to the chase.
+Not a single steed in the entire band could be induced to run for the
+game. The old bear was quite thin and her young nearly half grown and
+were very fleet of foot. The chase lasted for about three miles, but
+not a man present was able to obtain a shot, because their riding
+animals were so completely frightened as to be almost unmanageable;
+consequently, the bears made good their escape. The last that was seen
+of them was their dim outlines as they traveled leisurely up a deep
+ravine.]
+
+Darkness closed in about Kit Carson before he could reach his camp;
+and, indeed, the sky was so cloudy that it was with great difficulty
+he found his way to it. The idea of sending out a pack animal for
+the elk was out of the question; therefore, the whole party went,
+supperless, to bed. In the morning they breakfasted upon a beaver
+found in one of their traps; for, they well knew that, long before
+daylight, the prowling wolves had feasted upon the elk; hence, they
+resigned it without a visit. The flavor of the meat of the beaver is
+not very palatable and the trappers rarely use it; never when they can
+do better. Not so with its tail. To this they are very partial; and,
+when properly boiled, it is, indeed, a great delicacy.
+
+Believing that Bridger would visit this place, Kit ordered his men
+to make a permanent camp. Kit's sagacity was not at fault in this
+hypothesis; for, in fifteen days, this famous old mountaineer made his
+appearance accompanied by his whole band. The two parties once
+more consolidated and started for the summer rendezvous, which was
+appointed to be held on the Green River.
+
+Upon their arrival at this place, they found congregated, all the
+principal trappers of the Rocky Mountains. They were divided into two
+camps, and numbered about two hundred men. The objects which brought
+them thus together were, the disposal of their fur and the purchase of
+supplies.
+
+When all the parties had reported their arrival, the trading commenced
+and was conducted upon a basis which gave general satisfaction. The
+most exorbitant and fabulous prices ruled for such articles as the
+mountaineers required. Sugar and coffee brought two dollars the pint;
+powder, the same; and ordinary blankets were sold at fifteen and
+twenty-five dollars each.
+
+Coffee, sugar, and even flour, were luxuries not every day indulged in
+by the hardy mountaineers. They seldom partook of such dainties; not
+more frequently than two or three times in the year, and then, merely
+as rare treats. Their standard food was game and wild vegetables when
+in their season.
+
+This meeting of the trappers continued in progress during two months.
+It was then dissolved; and, once more the bold mountaineers formed
+into bands of a size convenient for trapping, and started out to
+engage in the fall hunt. Kit Carson joined a party of fifty men which
+was bound for the country occupied by the Blackfeet Indians, and which
+lies on and adjacent to the head waters of the Missouri River. The
+party met with very poor success in catching beaver, but had their
+fill of annoyances from the tribe of savages already referred to.
+Finally the state of affairs between the trappers and the Indians
+became so desperate, that a white man could not leave his camp and
+go a distance of a single mile alone without being fired upon, so
+completely and untiringly was their camp surrounded and watched by
+this wily and dangerous tribe of Indians.
+
+This state of affairs led them to the determination to quit the
+country, as the trapping season was far advanced. With this line of
+policy they began the march; and, in the month of November, 1832,
+arrived on the banks of the Big Snake River where they established
+winter quarters and remained until the subsequent February.
+
+During these winter months, the quiet monotony of their life was
+unexpectedly broken in upon by a band of their old enemies, the
+Blackfeet Indians. Taking advantage of an unusually dark night they
+entered the camp and succeeded in running off eighteen of their
+horses. In consideration of their leniency displayed towards them when
+they were engaged trapping in their own country, then merely acting
+on the defensive, this act on the part of the savages appeared to the
+trappers to be more than they ought peaceably to bear. Such appeared
+to be the general opinion, and it was determined that a party should
+be sent out to recover the property and inflict a chastisement upon
+the hostile savages which they would not soon forget. Kit Carson with
+eleven men to accompany him was selected for this delicate but highly
+important service. Having prepared everything for the route, the party
+started and after fifty miles of sharp riding through the snow,
+came up with the savages. The progress of the Indians had been,
+fortunately, considerably retarded by the necessity of breaking a
+path through the deep snow, which had but very recently fallen. The
+trappers instantly made an attempt to recover their animals which were
+found grazing on the side of a hill, the Indians having previously
+come to a halt. In doing this, shots were exchanged by both parties
+without effect. The savages had on snow shoes which gave them
+considerable advantage over the trappers. After some manoeuvering, the
+Indians asked for a parley which was granted. On these occasions, it
+is customary for one man from each party to advance to a spot about
+halfway between the contending parties and there have a talk. The
+rascals, through their representative, informed the trappers through
+their representative, that they had supposed that they had been
+committing a robbery upon the Snake Indians; and, that they did not
+desire to steal from the white men.
+
+The trappers, believing these tales to be false, considered this a
+mere ruse on the part of the Indians to make them unwary of passing
+events. However, they put the very natural query to them, why, if they
+were so friendly disposed, they did not follow out their usual custom;
+and, on seeing them approach, lay down their arms and advance to meet
+their white brothers, so that they might have a smoke together and
+talk over their difficulties and thus amicably settle matters.
+
+Their replies to this query contained nothing but evasions. Finally,
+however, it having been mutually agreed upon, both parties disarmed
+and marched to the place where their representatives were talking. The
+Calumet was then prepared, lighted and handed around to each person
+present, it being puffed once or twice by every one of the savages
+and every one of the whites. The council then commenced. The head
+men among the savages led off by making several lengthy and unmeaning
+speeches. In their replies, the trappers came directly to the point,
+and said they could hear no overtures for peace, until their property
+was restored to them. The Indians, upon hearing this demand several
+times repeated, began to presume upon their strength, assuming an
+overbearing demeanor. After considerable talk among themselves, they
+sent out and brought in five of the poorest horses, declaring that
+it was the only number they could return. The trappers, upon hearing
+this, ran for their arms; when, the Indians instantly started for
+theirs. The fight was now renewed by both parties. Kit Carson, in the
+rush made for the rifles, and one of his companions named Markhead,
+succeeded in getting hold of their weapons first; and consequently,
+they formed the advance in the return to the contest. They selected
+for their antagonists, two Indians who were close together; but, who
+were partially concealed behind separate trees. As Kit was on the
+point of raising his rifle to fire he saw by a quick side glance at
+Markhead, that he was working at the lock of his gun without paying
+attention to his adversary who was aiming at him with, almost, a
+certainty of killing him. Kit instantly changed the direction of his
+rifle and fired, sending a bullet through the heart of Markhead's
+adversary; but, in thus saving the life of his friend, he was obliged,
+for the instant, to neglect his own adversary. A quick glance showed
+him the fellow sighting over his rifle and that the mouth of the
+Indian's gun covered his breast. Upon the instant he endeavored to
+dodge the bullet, but he was unsuccessful in doing so completely. It
+struck him in such a way that, first cutting the skin of his neck and
+glancing, it passed through his left shoulder. The head of the bone,
+of the arm in the shoulder was shattered; but, fortunately, the
+main artery of the arm escaped injury. Notwithstanding his wound Kit
+immediately endeavored to reload his rifle. In this effort he was
+unsuccessful, for his left arm hung powerless by his side. He was
+obliged, therefore, to remain a mere spectator during the remainder
+of the fight; when, being overcome by the loss of blood and the
+consequent fast increasing weakness, he threw himself upon the ground.
+The fight continued to be hotly contested by both the trappers and
+Indians until, gradually, the firing ceased, when the trappers drew
+off and went into camp. They did not dare to light any fires, as they
+would inevitably bring the Indians upon them. With nothing but their
+saddle-blankets to protect them from the bitter cold, even the safe
+and sound members of the party suffered severely. Kit's condition
+failed not to arouse the heartfelt sympathy of his friends, for there
+was not one among them who would not have readily risked life and limb
+to save Kit's. But his condition was most critical; at the least, he
+was in a most unenviable condition. His wounds bled profusely,
+and, the blood, as it oozed out, froze to the rude dressings. This,
+undoubtedly, in the final result, was beneficial to him, as the cold
+acted as a partial check upon the hemorrhage. It was, however, none
+the less painful to endure. He bore his agonizing sufferings without
+a single murmur, exhibiting in patient fortitude and resignation the
+same brave spirit and dauntless courage which distinguished him in
+every action. Not once did a single complaint escape from his lips.
+Had he received this wound within the pales of civilization with its
+concomitant constitution, he might never have recovered the use of
+his arm. In the pure air, and with a constitution in the best possible
+trim, after all danger from hemorrhage had passed, his chances to
+recover were favorable; and, finally, resulted in giving him once
+more, the full use of his arm.
+
+That night the trappers held a council. It was decided, that, although
+the result of the fight had been that they had given the Indians a
+sound thrashing, there having been several braves killed while they
+had suffered only in one wounded, they were, nevertheless, not then
+strong enough to pursue the savages farther. They adopted therefore
+the policy of returning to the camp and reporting their progress.
+
+On their arrival, a council was immediately called and their
+adventures duly rehearsed. The result was that a second party was
+immediately organized comprising thirty men. Under the command of
+Bridger, this party followed the trail for some days, but returned to
+camp without finding the savages. They, after their late engagement,
+had made their way as fast as possible into distant parts. A short
+time after this, the weather moderated and it was time for the spring
+hunt.
+
+This was now commenced and continued quite active for several weeks on
+the Green and Snake Rivers. The success of the trappers was far beyond
+their most sanguine expectations. Beaver fur seemed absolutely to
+rain down upon them. The season having passed, they went into summer
+rendezvous on the banks of the Green River. This was brought about
+by the arrival of the traders with their supplies. The whole force of
+trappers, therefore, again rested until the first week of September;
+when, they again broke up their camp for the fall hunt.
+
+Some time previous to this last named event Kit Carson, having
+recovered from the effects of his wounds, was very reluctantly drawn
+into an "affair of honor." The circumstances of this occurrence we
+give in detail for two reasons. It was an event in Carson's life,
+and therefore is required at our hands; but, it serves to exhibit the
+manner of the duello among these western mountaineers which throws
+around the circumstance the importance of an example in their manners
+and customs. By itself, so far as Kit Carson was concerned, it was of
+very little importance, serving but little, in his opinion, to adorn
+the story of his life.
+
+Among the men congregated at the rendezvous, there was a Captain
+Shunan, a powerful Frenchman. The Captain was exceedingly overbearing
+in his intercourse with all around him. Upon the slightest pretext, he
+was sure to endeavor to involve some of the trappers in a quarrel.
+The result was that he was heartily despised by all, although, for the
+sake of peace, he was allowed to go unmolested. One day his conduct
+was particularly offensive to the entire command; for, after having
+had two fist fights with a couple of weak and inoffensive men,
+he commenced boasting that he could easily flog all the Frenchmen
+present; and, as to the Americans, he said that "he could cut a stick
+and switch them." Such actions and manners, at last, attracted Kit
+Carson's notice and caused him to be greatly annoyed. He thought the
+matter over and concluded that if Captain Shunan was allowed to gather
+many more such detestable laurels, he would soon become even more bold
+and troublesome. As no other member of the company seemed disposed to
+put a check upon such unmanly behavior, he quietly determined to make
+the affair his own.
+
+An opportunity soon presented itself. A number of the company had
+congregated together and were engaged in conversation, when Captain
+Shunan began anew his bullying language; this time a little more
+boisterous than usual. Kit Carson advancing into the centre of the
+company and placing himself in front of the Captain thus addressed
+him:
+
+"Shunan, before you stands the humblest specimen of an American in
+this band of trappers, among whom, there are, to my certain knowledge,
+men who could easily chastise you; but, being peaceably disposed,
+they keep aloof from you. At any rate, I assume the responsibility of
+ordering you to cease your threats, or I will be under the necessity
+of killing you."
+
+To this Captain Shunan did not reply; but, immediately after Kit
+Carson had closed his remarks, he turned upon his heel and walked
+directly for his lodge.
+
+Kit Carson was too well versed in trapper rules not to read the
+meaning of this action. He, therefore, walked off also; but, in
+the direction of his own lodge. In a brief space of time, both men
+appeared before the camp, each mounted on their respective horses. The
+affair had drawn together the whole band, and they were now, quietly,
+so many witnesses of the facts here recorded.
+
+Captain Shunan was armed with his rifle. Kit Carson had taken merely
+a single-barrel dragoon pistol which happened to be the first weapon
+that had fallen in his way, because of his hurry to be on the ground.
+The two men now rode rapidly towards one another, until their horses'
+heads almost touched, when both horsemen reined up, and Kit Carson
+addressed Captain Shunan as follows:
+
+"Am I the person you are looking for?"
+
+Captain Shunan replied, "No!"
+
+It was apparent that this reply of Captain Shunan was a falsehood;
+for, while giving it utterance, he raised his rifle in the act of
+shooting, bringing it to his shoulder and covering his antagonist.
+Before, however, Captain Shunan could discharge his gun, the ball from
+Kit Carson's pistol shattered his forearm, causing the rifle to tilt
+upwards, which changed the direction of its contents in such a
+way that Kit Carson received a wound in his scalp while the powder
+severely burnt his face.
+
+[Illustration: Before, however, Captain Shunan could discharge his
+gun, the ball from Kit Carson's pistol shattered his forearm.--PAGE
+100.]
+
+It was the universal opinion of the spectators of this unhappy scene
+that both parties fired nearly at the same instant. The facts of the
+case show very plainly, first, that Captain Shunan's intent was to
+kill his antagonist. Why did he aim at Kit Carson's breast? Second,
+that Kit Carson's shot was delivered perhaps a second or two in
+advance of Captain Shunan's; third, that Kit Carson did not desire to
+kill his antagonist, but merely to save his own life, by disabling
+his adversary. The fact that his shot struck first and hit Captain
+Shunan's right arm is sufficient proof of this. When Kit Carson's
+well-known and indisputable skill with all kinds of fire-arms is taken
+into the account; and that, notwithstanding this skill, he hit his
+adversary in one of only two places (his right or left arms) which
+would have rendered his aim with the rifle uncertain, the statement
+that Kit Carson did not intend to kill his adversary becomes an
+incontrovertible fact. Last, had Kit Carson not gained a second in
+advance in the firing, he would have lost his own life, inevitably;
+and, the emphatic "No!" the lie of his antagonist, would have been
+crowned with success. Such plain deception seldom is allowed to
+triumph by an all-wise Providence.
+
+In judging Kit Carson in this matter, the reader will commit an
+ungenerous error if he fails to allow to be placed, in the balance of
+judgment, the stirring deeds and daily hair-breadth risks Kit Carson,
+during so many years of his eventful life, was constantly called upon
+to take a part in and undergo. We take leave of this unfortunate scene
+in his life, feeling confident a just public opinion will see in it no
+cause to pluck from the brow of Kit Carson any of the laurels which it
+has been called upon to place there. As a man of truth, honor, virtue,
+and reverence for the laws of his country, Kit Carson has few equals
+and no superior among Americans. It needed not this incident to
+establish his courage; that had long been proven to be undoubted. Nor
+did the result elate his feelings in the least. He met his companions
+without a smile, and invariably expressed his regrets that he felt it
+to be his duty, for the good order and peace of the camp, to interfere
+in the matter. On the other hand, when he espoused the cause of the
+majority in maintaining the right, he was not a man to be easily
+thwarted. When the affair was ended, Kit was congratulated and
+received the thanks of nearly every individual present; for, each felt
+that a load of most vexatious and troublesome responsibility had been
+taken from his shoulders. The good fellowship immediately introduced
+into the camp was also a circumstance of mark.
+
+The wounded man was carried to his quarters and every attention shown
+him in the power of his companions. His punishment had the effect
+completely to subdue him.
+
+These duels among the old trappers of the Rocky Mountains were not
+very unfrequent occurrences. Men, situated as they were, beyond the
+reach of the mighty arm of the law, find it absolutely necessary to
+legislate for themselves. It is not within our province to advocate
+either the right or wrong of duelling; for, with the best of
+reasoning, there will always exist a difference of opinion on the
+subject. In the case of these mountaineers, when any serious offence
+was given, the man receiving the injury to body or fame held the right
+of demanding satisfaction. The interests of the entire band required
+an immediate settlement of difficulties, so that their future plans
+could be carried out in concert. In their dealings with each other
+they were strictly honorable; and when by any mischance a rogue crept
+into their ranks, if detected in any rascality, he was summarily and
+severely dealt with. Their duels were serious events; for, oftentimes
+both men were killed. In fact, the case could hardly be otherwise.
+They were men of unflinching courage, and their weapons were generally
+rifles, which, from long practice, they held with a certain and deadly
+aim. We cannot better close this passage in the life of Kit Carson
+than to quote the language held in 1846 by the Biographer[8] of the
+great explorer, JOHN CHARLES FREMONT:
+
+"He" (Christopher Carson) "is a remarkably peaceable and quiet man,
+temperate in his habits, and strictly moral in his deportment. In a
+letter written from California, in 1847, introducing Carson as the
+bearer of dispatches to the government, Col. Fremont says: 'with me,
+Carson and truth mean the same thing. He is always the same--gallant
+and disinterested.' He is kind-hearted, and averse to all quarrelsome
+and turbulent scenes, and has never been engaged in any mere personal
+broils or encounters, except on one single occasion, which he
+sometimes modestly describes to his friends. The narrative is fully
+confirmed by an eye-witness, of whose presence at the time he was not
+aware, and whose account he has probably never seen or heard of. I
+shall tell the story as it is gathered from them both.[9]
+
+[Footnote 8: Charles Wentworth Upham.]
+
+[Footnote 9: The reader will easily correct the few discrepancies
+of facts contained in this statement, by the narrative which is from
+Carson himself, and given with a view to publication.]
+
+"In the year 1835, the Rev. Samuel Parker made an exploring and
+missionary tour, under the auspices of the American Board of
+Commissioners for Foreign Missions, beyond the Rocky Mountains, and as
+far as the settlements on the Columbia River. In his printed journal
+he gives an account of the incident to which I am referring; it
+occurred on the 12th of August, at a point on the borders of Green
+River, beyond the South Pass, on the occasion of a 'rendezvous,' that
+is, on a spot selected for Indians, trappers, and hunters to bring to
+market their peltries, and obtain supplies from the agents of the Fur
+Companies. There was a large concourse of savage tribes, and all the
+various denizens of the wilderness. There were Frenchmen, Spaniards,
+Dutchmen, Canadians, and Western backwoodsmen. The Rev. Mr. Parker
+happened to be there, to witness the strange gathering. Of course
+there were some rude characters, and not a little irregularity and
+disorder. Conflicts were liable to arise between quarrelsome persons,
+growing out of the feuds among the tribes, and animosities between the
+representatives of different nations, all actuated by pride of race or
+country.
+
+"A hunter, named Shunan, a Frenchman, who was well known by the title
+of the 'big bully of the mountains,' mounted his horse with a loaded
+rifle, and dashing defiantly around, challenged any person, of any
+nationality, to meet him in single combat. He boasted of his
+exploits, and used the most insulting and irritating language, and was
+particularly insolent and abusive towards Americans, whom he described
+as only worth being whipped with switches. Kit Carson was in the
+crowd, and his patriotic spirit kindled at the taunt. He at once
+stepped forward and said, 'I am an American, the most trifling one
+among them, but if you wish to die, I will accept your challenge.'
+Shunan defied him. Carson at once leaped upon his horse, with a loaded
+pistol, and both dashed into close conflict. They fired, almost at the
+same moment, but Carson an instant the quickest. Their horses' heads
+touched. Shunan's ball just grazed Carson's cheek, near the left eye,
+and cut off some locks of his hair. Carson's ball entered Shunan's
+hand, came out at the wrist, and passed through his arm above the
+elbow. The bully begged his life, and it was spared.
+
+"This put an effectual stop to all such insolent proceedings, and
+Americans were insulted no longer. Carson is still living, being yet,
+indeed, in his prime. His faithful commander has recorded his name
+on the geography of the continent, by calling after him a river and a
+lake, in the great basin they explored together."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+    The Fall Hunt--McCoy of the Hudson's Bay Company organizes a
+    Trapping Party which Kit Carson joins--The Hunt--Scarcity of
+    Beaver on Humboldt River--The Party is divided--Kit Carson
+    with a majority of the Men goes to Fort Hall--Hardships and
+    Privations met with--Buffalo Hunt--All their Animals stolen
+    in the Night by a Party of Blackfeet Indians--Arrival of McCoy
+    from Fort Walla Walla--The Rendezvous--Kit Carson joins a
+    strong Band--The Small Pox among the Blackfeet Indians--The
+    Crow Indians on good terms with the Whites--Intense
+    Cold--Immense Herds of Buffalo--Danger of their goring to
+    death the Horses--The Spring Hunt--The Blackfeet Indian
+    Village overtaken--A desperate Fight with these Indians--The
+    Rendezvous--Sir William Stuart and a favorite Missionary--Kit
+    Carson goes an a Trading Expedition to the Navajoe
+    Indians--The Return--He accepts the post of Hunter of the
+    Trading Post at Brown's Hole.
+
+
+Arrangements for the fall hunt were now in active progress among the
+trappers. Though the reader may find some similarity of fact and idea
+as we progress in this part of the Life of Kit Carson, the interest
+which hangs about it, nevertheless, will not, or should not be
+dampened, because this pen-painting of his long and active experience
+is a better and more faithful exhibit of those qualifications,
+knowledge and skill which afterwards made him, first the guide and
+then the bosom friend of the illustrious Fremont, than any assertions
+whether authenticated by published record, whether rested upon
+statement on knowledge, information and belief of acquaintances and
+friends, or, whether facts taken from the thousand allusions to his
+exploits which have from time to time flooded the press of the United
+States.
+
+The company of trappers which had been so fortunate as to secure the
+services of Kit Carson, for facts seem now to warrant us in employing
+this language of just praise, set out for the Yellow Stone River,
+which stream they safely reached, and on which they set their traps.
+Dame Fortune here seemed to be in unpleasant mood. Crossing the
+country from the Yellow Stone to the Big Horn River, they again
+courted the old lady's smile with stoical patience, but with no better
+results. They next extended their efforts to the three forks of the
+Missouri River; also, to the Big Snake River. The fickle old lady
+proved scornful on all these streams, and finally, on the latter
+stream and its tributaries they wintered.
+
+In this section of the country they fell in with Mr. Thomas McCoy,
+a trader who was in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company. In his
+trading operations Mr. McCoy had been unsuccessful and had concluded
+to organize a trapping expedition. The inducements which he held out
+led Kit Carson and five of his companions to become members of his
+party. With him they traveled to Mary's River,[10] from whence reports
+had circulated that beaver existed in great abundance. The party
+struck upon this stream high up and slowly followed it down to
+where it is lost in the Great Basin. Their success here was not
+satisfactory; consequently, the party returned to the Big Snake River.
+By McCoy's direction the party tarried upon this river for some time
+when it was divided. McCoy and a small escort started for Fort Walla
+Walla. Kit Carson and the majority of the men took up their line of
+march for Fort Hall. While en route, the latter division was subjected
+to the greatest privations imaginable. Among the worst of these was
+hunger, as their trail led through a barren region of country. For a
+short time, they managed to subsist upon a small supply of nutritious
+roots which had been provided in advance. This source finally gave
+out, when their affairs assumed a most desperate attitude. To keep
+from starving, they bled their mules and drank the warm red blood with
+avidity, so acutely had the days of fasting sharpened their appetites.
+This operation, however could not be repeated without endangering the
+lives of their animals. These also were on a short allowance of food,
+for the grass was very poor and scanty. The whole party had become
+frightfully reduced in strength, and began to think it necessary to
+kill some of their animals, which at this time they could but ill
+spare. In this terrible condition they met with a band of Indians who
+proved to be of a friendly disposition. The party was then only
+about four days' journey from Fort Hall. Most unhappily, the Indians
+themselves possessed but a scanty supply of provisions, and no more
+than their immediate wants required. It was not without considerable
+manoeuvering and talk, during which all the skill and Indian
+experience possessed by Kit Carson were brought into active
+requisition, that the savages were prevailed upon to trade with the
+trappers. By the trade the half famished men obtained a fat horse,
+which was immediately killed, and on which they regaled with as much
+relish as the epicure in the settlements enjoys his "joint of roast
+beef."
+
+[Footnote 10: We give the name which was applied to this river at the
+date of the facts related in the text. It is now called the Humboldt
+River.]
+
+To a man not accustomed to this kind of meat, mule flesh and horse
+flesh would not be likely to prove over tempting or appropriate
+viands. Let him feel the pangs of hunger very sharply, and his ideas
+of lusciousness and propriety in respect to food will rapidly change.
+The civilized world has condemned the practice as belonging to
+barbarians. A mountaineer, not being quite so fastidious, scouts these
+ideas, considering them foolish prejudices of people who have never
+been forced by necessity to test the wisdom of their condemnation. Let
+the epicurean sages have their choice, eat horse flesh or starve,
+and, they confidently maintain, horse flesh would gradually grow to be
+considered a dainty, the rarer over beef, in proportion to its greater
+cost.
+
+The trappers of the western prairies, who wander thousands of miles
+over barren as well as fertile lands, where game cannot exist from
+stern necessity, are compelled to submit to all kinds of vicissitudes;
+but, with buoyant spirits, they conquer results, which, a faint heart
+and yielding courage would behold almost in their grasp but fail to
+reach.
+
+An emergency calls forth skill and great energies; and, in an
+unexplored country where, as in the case here recorded, everything
+living suddenly disappears, it is then that the wits of a trapper save
+his life when an ordinary traveler would lie down and die.
+
+Kit Carson and his men, at last, succeeded in reaching Fort Hall. They
+were kindly received and amply provided for by the whites who then
+occupied it as a trading post. Here they rapidly recruited their
+strength, and in the course of a few days felt able to start out upon
+a buffalo hunt. Reports had come in that large numbers of buffalo
+existed in close proximity to the Fort. Kit Carson and his men were
+not the kind who live upon the bounty of others when game can be had
+in return for the necessary effort to find. They were also not the
+men to hoard their stock of provisions whenever they met parties in
+distress. The first query which different bands of trappers offer
+to each other on meeting in the wilderness, is, "Does game exist in
+plenty," or "is game plenty in such and such sections of country?"
+This takes precedence over the commonplace question, "What's the
+news?" Oftentimes, when venturing into distant and unexplored
+districts of territory they were obliged to take their chances of
+finding sustenance; but, they hardly ever neglected an opportunity
+to inform themselves on the subject: on the contrary, they often
+sacrificed both time and profits in order to secure correct details.
+Any other course would have been fool-hardy rashness, just fit for
+parties of over-bold inexperience to take the consequences of.
+
+Hunting the buffalo is a manly and interesting sport; and, as Kit
+Carson on this occasion engaged in it with successful results, it
+might be interesting to the general reader, and, in this place the
+unity of the narrative seems to require, a complete and practical
+description of the manner of taking the buffalo. We have, however
+deferred this part of our duty to an occasion when Kit Carson had
+his friend John C. Fremont upon his first buffalo hunt. We shall then
+permit the bold Explorer to tell the story of a buffalo hunt in our
+behalf.[11]
+
+[Footnote 11: See page 161.]
+
+During their sojourn at Fort Hall, the hardy trappers were not idle.
+Besides the calls upon them by the hunt, they set to work with great
+industry repairing their saddles, clothing and moccasins. With the
+aid of a few buck-skins, usually procured from Indians, and a few rude
+tools, they soon accomplished wonders.
+
+To give the reader an appropriate view of the genius to conquer
+obstacles displayed by the mountaineers, he must picture one of them
+just starting upon a long journey over the prairies and through
+the mountains. His wagon and harness trappings, if he chances to be
+possessed of worldly effects sufficient to warrant him in purchasing a
+first-class outfit, present a neat and trim appearance. Follow him
+to the point of his destination, and there the reader will discover,
+perhaps, a hundredth part of the original vehicle and trappings.
+While en route, the bold and self-reliant man has met with a hundred
+accidents. He has been repeatedly called upon to mend and patch both
+wagon and harness, besides his own clothing. Though he now presents a
+dilapidated appearance, he is none the less a man; and, if his name
+is known as a regular trapper and mountaineer, he is immediately a
+welcomed and honored guest. If the broadcloth of a prince covered his
+back, spotless, scientifically shaped and foreign woven, his reception
+would not be more heartfelt and sincerely cordial. It is amusing to
+see the raw-hide patches of harness, wagon and clothing, now become
+dry and hard as oak. To have dispensed with the use of buckskin on his
+route, would have been like cutting off the right arm of the gallant
+pioneer. Buckskin and the western wilds of America are almost
+synonymous terms; at least, the one suggests the other, and therefore
+they are of the same brotherhood. The traveler in these regions of
+this day fails not to learn and appreciate its value. It has not only
+furnished material for clothing, but has been used to repair almost
+every article in daily use. Even the camp and tea-kettle, as well as
+the frying, milk and saucepan, bedstead and hammock, chair and table,
+all have had their buckskin appendage, as fast as any of them have
+become injured or broken.
+
+Everything being in readiness, Carson set out with his followers for
+their hunting-grounds. Their pace was one of so much rapidity, that
+after one day's march they discovered signs of the buffalo. On the
+following morning immense herds were in sight. A suitable place for a
+camp was soon selected, and everything which could impede their work
+well stowed away. The best marksmen were selected for hunters, and the
+remainder of the party detailed to take care of the meat as fast
+as the hunters should bring it in. Poles were planted on the open
+prairies, and from one to the other ropes of hide were stretched. Upon
+these ropes strips of the buffalo meat were hung for curing,
+which consists of merely drying it in the sun's rays. After it is
+sufficiently dried, it is taken down and bound up in bundles.
+During the time of hunting and curing, the trappers feasted upon
+the delicacies of the game, which consist of the tongue, liver and
+peculiar fat which is found along the back of the buffalo. Their past
+sufferings from hunger had made them so determined in the work of
+procuring game, that in a few days they possessed meat sufficient to
+load down all their pack animals. They now thought about returning to
+Fort Hall. Their pace, however, rendered so by their weighty game, was
+very slow. Their old enemies, the Blackfeet Indians, had discovered
+them while engaged in this hunt. They followed them on the march to
+the Fort, the trappers being wholly unaware of their presence; in
+fact, the idea of hostile Indians had not troubled their thoughts.
+
+Two or three nights after they arrived at the Fort, taking advantage
+of a dark evening, the Indians deprived them of all their animals.
+This was the result of carelessness on the part of one of the men,
+which, under the circumstances, was excusable. The party had encamped
+just without the pickets of the Fort, but had taken the precaution to
+secure their horses and mules while they slept, by placing them in the
+_corral_[12] belonging to the station. A sentinel was put upon duty
+over the corral, in order to make everything doubly secure. In the
+latter part of the night, nearly at daybreak, the sentinel saw two
+persons advance and deliberately let down the bars leading into the
+yard and drive out the animals. He mistook these men for two of
+his companions who were authorized to take the herd out to graze.
+Concluding, therefore, without going to them, that he was relieved,
+he sought his resting-place and was soon fast asleep. In the morning,
+anxious inquiries were made for the horses and mules, when a
+very short investigation revealed the truth of matters. It was,
+undoubtedly, very fortunate for the sentinel that he fell into the
+error alluded to. It was very apparent that the two advanced Indians
+who let down the bars were backed up by a strong party. The signs
+of Indians, discovered afterwards, proved this beyond a doubt. Their
+reserve party were posted where the least resistance on the part of
+the sentinel would have been followed by his quick and certain death.
+This successful theft was, no doubt, considered by the Indians a cause
+for great rejoicing. It may have formed the basis of promoting the
+brave who planned and directed it, as the animals had been obtained
+without the loss of a man or even the receiving of a wound. The
+parties living at the Fort were equally as poorly off for horses
+and mules as were now the trappers. The same Indians had recently
+performed the same trick upon them. The loss was most severely felt by
+the trappers, inasmuch as they had not a single animal left upon which
+to give chase. Nothing remained for them to enact, except a stoical
+indifference over their loss and await the return of McCoy, who had
+agreed, after finishing his business at Fort Walla Walla, to rejoin,
+them at Fort Hall.
+
+[Footnote 12: _Corral_, a barnyard.]
+
+This tribe of Indians, the Blackfeet, whose meddlesome dispositions
+have so frequently brought them in contact with Kit Carson in such and
+dissimilar affairs, occupy the country on the Yellow Stone River and
+about the head waters of the Missouri. There are other tribes in close
+proximity, the most important of which is the tribe called the Crows.
+When Kit Carson first entered upon his wild career the Blackfeet
+Indians numbered nearly thirty thousand souls. They were greatly
+reduced in numbers within the next six or seven years, between 1832
+and 1839. In the last-named year, in consequence of the ravages of
+the small pox, heretofore alluded to and which prevailed the
+year previous, they had lost at least fifty per cent. The Indian
+computations of 1850, according to Brownell, give their numbers at
+only about thirteen thousand. They are one of the finest races of the
+American Aborigines. Powerful in frame and development; well trained
+in horsemanship, although in this they are surpassed by the Camanches;
+capable of great endurance; and, usually well fitted as to arms,
+dress, horse trappings, _et cætera_, they generally prove knotty
+customers as enemies. We ought not to pass by this notice of the
+Blackfeet Indians without calling the attention of the inquisitive
+reader to a remarkable proof which is afforded by the whole
+intercourse of these western trappers with the Blackfeet Indians, as
+thus detailed by Kit Carson, of an assertion hazarded some years ago
+by Charles De Wolf Brownell, in his admirable work upon the Indian
+races of North and South America. On pages 465-6, Mr. Brownell comes
+to the defence of the Crow tribe of Indians, which, up to that time,
+had been characterized as a "lawless, thieving horde of savages."
+"But," says Mr. Brownell, "those best acquainted with their character
+and disposition, speak of them as honest and trustworthy." The
+adventures of Kit Carson among both the Crow and the Blackfeet
+Indians, we think, demonstrate pretty conclusively which of these
+contiguous tribes are the horse stealers. The Crows, it will be
+remembered, are more particularly inhabitants of the mountainous
+regions. The Blackfeet have ever been their sworn and implacable foes.
+Their burials of the hatchet have been few and far between, and
+never in deep soil. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at that
+the Blackfeet reputation should extend to the Crows; but, although
+circumstances exist which condemn the latter, they are few in number
+compared with the sins laid by the traders and trappers at the
+tent-doors of the former.
+
+After the lapse of one month McCoy made his appearance and, most
+opportunely, brought an extra supply of animals. The camp was soon
+struck and the whole band started for the rendezvous, which had been
+appointed to convene at the mouth of Horse Creek on the Green River.
+They reached this place after several days of hard travel. As usual,
+trading operations did not commence until all the regular bands
+of trappers had arrived and reported. They were then commenced and
+continued through a period of twenty days. Here Kit Carson left the
+company under McCoy and joined a company under the management of a
+Mr. Fontenelle which numbered one hundred men. This party went to and
+trapped on the Yellow Stone River. On commencing operations the party
+was divided into fifty trappers and fifty keepers. The duties of the
+former were to take the beaver and provide game for food. The latter
+to guard their property and cook. The trappers were now in the midst
+of their sworn foes, the Blackfeet Indians. They felt themselves
+sufficiently strong and were desirous to pay off old scores. They
+therefore trapped where they pleased, being determined to dispute
+the right of possession to the country if attacked. They were not,
+however, molested. A good reason appeared for this, soon after,
+brought by some friendly Indians belonging to the Crow Tribe. They
+informed the whites that the small pox was making terrible havoc with
+the Blackfeet Indians. Thousands were dying and fears were entertained
+that the whole tribe would be cut off. In order to attend to their
+sick they had secluded themselves. The trapping season being nearly
+over, as the streams began to freeze, the party commenced looking out
+for a camping site.
+
+In conjunction with the main body of the Crow nation they proceeded to
+a well protected valley and erected their lodges, making themselves
+as comfortable as possible under the circumstances. As the season
+advanced, the cold became more severe, until at last, it was more
+intense than ever before experienced by the trappers or Indians. Fuel,
+however, was abundant, and, excepting the inconvenience of keeping
+unusually large fires, they suffered but little. Not so with their
+animals. It was with the greatest difficulty that they preserved
+them from starvation. By the most unwearied exertions, however, they
+succeeded in obtaining food enough barely to keep them alive until the
+weather became more mild and auspicious. At one time the crisis was
+so imminent, that the trappers were compelled to resort to cottonwood
+trees, thawing the bark and small branches, after gathering them, by
+their fires. This bark was torn from the trees in shreds sufficiently
+small for the animals to masticate. The Indians of the Rocky
+Mountains, when suffering from hunger, are often driven to the
+extremity of eating this material. For miles, not unfrequently, the
+traveler discovers these trees denuded of their bark, after a party
+has passed through on their way to find the buffalo. The rough,
+outside cuticle is discarded, and the tender texture, next to the body
+of the tree, is the part selected for food. It will act in staying the
+appetite, but cannot, for any great length of time, support life.
+It is dangerous to allow starving animals to eat freely of it; the
+trappers, therefore, feed it to them but sparingly.
+
+The intense cold operated to bring upon them another serious annoyance
+in the shape of immense herds of starving buffalo, which, goaded on
+by the pangs of hunger, would watch for an opportunity to gore the
+animals and steal their scanty allowance of provender. It was only by
+building large fires in the valleys and constantly standing guard that
+the trappers succeeded in keeping them off.
+
+During the winter, to beguile the time, the whites vied with
+their Indian allies in many of their sports. As game existed in
+superabundance, always ready for a loaded rifle, both parties were
+contented and happy. Time flew away rapidly and soon brought again the
+sunshine of spring with the buds and blossoms, gay wild flowers, green
+herbage and forest verdure. For the purpose of procuring supplies,
+the trappers dispatched two messengers to Fort Laramie. They did not
+return and were never again heard from. The conclusion which gained
+belief was, that they had been murdered by the Sioux Indians. The
+party waited as long as they possibly could for the return of their
+two companions, but, finally, were compelled to commence the spring
+hunt without them. They trapped a short time on the Yellow Stone
+River and then went to the Twenty-Five-Yard River. From thence
+they proceeded to the head waters of the Missouri, and, on the most
+northern of its forks, remained some time, meeting with considerable
+success. Here they obtained news of the Blackfeet Indians, which
+showed that the ravages of the small pox had been greatly over
+estimated. They were still nearly as strong, and in character, had not
+at all become subdued. Upon drawing near to the source of this river,
+they discovered that the main village of these savages, their old
+foes, was in close proximity. This was pleasing intelligence to the
+trappers. They had suffered too many unprovoked insults at their hands
+not to desire the avenging of their wrongs and to punish them by way
+of retaliation. During the whole winter, and, in fact, from the
+time the party was first organized, they had anxiously abided their
+opportunity to meet and punish the rascally Blackfeet warriors. The
+old scores, or sores, had been festering too long, and here was a
+chance to probe them satisfactorily.
+
+The party cautiously followed upon the trail which led to the Indian
+encampment until within one day's journey of it. Here they came to a
+halt. Kit Carson, with five men, was sent in advance to reconnoitre.
+Upon approaching the Indians, the reconnoitering party discovered them
+busily engaged driving in their animals to saddle and pack, and
+making such other preparations necessary to the effecting of a hurried
+decampment. Kit and his companions hastened back and reported the
+results of their observations. A council was immediately held which
+decided to send out forty-three picked men to give battle; and, for
+the commander of this party, Kit Carson was unanimously elected. The
+fifty-five men left behind under Mr. Fontenelle had the onerous duty
+of guarding the animals and equipage. It was a part of the programme,
+also, that the latter force should move on slowly and act as a reserve
+in case of need.
+
+Kit Carson and his command were in fine spirits and lost no time in
+overhauling the village. In the first charge they killed ten of the
+bravest warriors. The savages quickly recovered from this blow and
+commenced retreating in good order. For three consecutive hours they
+heroically received a series of these furious and deadly assaults
+without offering much resistance. At the end of this time the firing
+of the mountaineers began to slacken, as their ammunition was running
+low. These experienced and brave, though rascally Indians, soon
+surmised the cause of this sudden change of affairs. Rallying their
+forces, they turned upon their assailants in right good earnest and
+a desperate hand-to-hand engagement ensued. The white men now had an
+opportunity to use their small arms, which told with such terrible
+effect upon their foes that they were soon driven back again. They,
+however, rallied once more and charged so manfully that the trappers
+were forced to retreat. In this latter engagement a horse belonging
+to a mountaineer by the name of Cotton, fell, throwing his rider
+and holding him on the ground by his weight. This happened as he was
+passing a point of rocks. Six of the warriors, seeing the accident,
+instantly hurried forward to take Cotton's scalp. But Kit Carson's
+eagle eye was watching every part of the battle-field and discovered,
+in time to be of service, the danger to which his friend was exposed.
+Although some distance off, Kit sprang from his saddle, and, with
+the leap of an antelope and the rallying cry for his men, was on the
+ground, ready to make a certain shot. His aim and the crack of his
+rifle almost belonged to the same instant of time. It was none the
+less sure. The foremost warrior, a powerful savage, whose fingers
+evidently itched for the scalp of the mountaineer, fell, shot through
+the heart. By this time others had followed the bold example of their
+leader, when the five remaining warriors, seeing the imminent danger
+which threatened them, turned to run back into their band. But two of
+them however reached a place of safety. The remainder, caught in
+their fleet career by the unerring and death-dealing bullets of the
+mountaineers, measured their lengths upon the battle-ground, stricken
+with wounds which demanded and received from them their last wild
+war-whoop.
+
+[Illustration: Kit Carson's eagle eye was watching every part of the
+battle-field and discovered, in time to be of service, the danger to
+which his friend was exposed. Although some distance off, Kit sprang
+from his saddle, and, with the leap of an antelope and the rallying
+cry for his men, was on the ground ready to make a certain shot.--PAGE
+120.]
+
+When Kit Carson fired, his horse, being under no restraint, became
+frightened and dashed away, leaving his brave rider on foot. Kit
+however instantly comprehended his position. The fallen horseman had
+succeeded in extricating himself, but not without difficulty, for
+the ground was very uneven. He had received a few pretty severe
+contusions, but was, notwithstanding these, worth a dozen Indians yet,
+and failed not to show the fact. Seeing Cotton thus all right, Kit
+Carson made his way to one of his companions, and, as the fighting
+had, apparently by mutual consent, ceased for a few moments, mounted
+up behind him and thus rejoined the main body of his men. The runaway
+horse, after quite a chase, was soon captured by a trapper and
+returned to his captain. A period of inactivity now reigned over the
+battle-field, each party apparently waiting for the other to again
+open the ball. During this resting spell, the reserve division of the
+trappers came in sight, having been anxiously expected for some time.
+The Indians showed no fear at this addition to the number of their
+adversaries. On the contrary, being no doubt carried away by their
+recent success in making a stand, they commenced posting themselves
+among the rocks about one hundred and fifty yards distant from the
+position taken up by the trappers. The arrival of the reserve was
+a great relief to the advance, because, they were tired of fighting
+without ammunition. Having well filled their ammunition pouches they
+once more became eager for the affray. Everything being in readiness,
+with a cheer, they started on foot to attack and dislodge the enemy.
+In a few moments was commenced the severest skirmish of the day. It
+became so exciting that frequently a trapper would occupy one side,
+and a stalwart warrior the other, of some large rock, each intent
+upon the life of his adversary. In such cases it required the closest
+watchfulness and the utmost dexterity to kill or dislodge the bold
+savage. The power of powder in the hands of skillful men soon began
+to assert its superiority in the battle, and when once the Indians
+commenced to waver, it was all over with them. Their first wavering
+soon broke into a complete rout, when they ran for their lives. As
+they scattered in every direction, the pursuit which followed was
+short. In this battle the trappers considered that they had thoroughly
+settled all outstanding accounts with the Blackfeet Indians, for they
+had killed a large number of their warriors and wounded many more. On
+their side three men only were killed and a few severely wounded.
+
+Fontenelle and his men camped for a few days in the vicinity of the
+scene of their late engagement, burying their dead and repairing
+damages. They then resumed the business of trapping, traversing the
+Blackfeet country whenever they chose without fear of molestation.
+The success in their late engagement seemed to follow them in their
+business, for their stock of fur accumulated rapidly.
+
+While they were encamped upon Green River, an express rider, sent by
+the traders, came into camp and informed the party that the rendezvous
+would be held on Mud River. With a large stock of beaver, the party
+started for that place, arriving in eight days.
+
+Besides the usual traders and trappers, the party met at this
+rendezvous some missionaries and a distinguished English nobleman, Sir
+William Stuart. Of this latter gentleman, Kit Carson says: "For the
+goodness of his heart and numerous rare qualities of mind, he will
+always be remembered by those of the mountaineers who had the honor of
+his acquaintance."
+
+Among the missionaries was "Old Father De Smidt," as he afterwards
+came to be familiarly called. This gentleman is at present well known
+as being a leading literary and religious man at St. Louis, Missouri.
+Perhaps there never was a person in the wilds of America who became
+so universally beloved both by the white and red man. While in the
+mountains, he acted with untiring zeal for the good of all with whom
+he came into contact. Wherever duty called him, there he was sure
+to be found, no matter what the obstacles or dangers spread upon
+the path. He worked during a long series of years in these dangerous
+localities, and accomplished much good. When, at last, he returned to
+civilization, he left an indelible name behind him.
+
+In twenty days after the camp at the rendezvous was formed, it broke
+up again into small parties. Kit Carson, with seven companions, went
+to Brown's Hole. This was a trading post. Here they found two traders
+who were contemplating getting up a business expedition to the Navajoe
+Indians. This tribe exhibits more traces of white blood than any other
+of the wild races in North America. They are brave and fond of owning
+large possessions. These consist chiefly of immense herds of fine
+horses and sheep. In this respect they are not unlike the ancient
+inhabitants of the earth, who "watched their roving store" on Syrian
+soil and the contiguous countries. The parties who desired to trade
+with them usually carried a stock of trinkets and articles of use, for
+which they received horses, mules, blankets and lariets.[13]
+
+[Footnote 13: A lariet is a beautifully made rope, manufactured from
+hides and used for picketing horses out upon the prairies. They are
+worth, in New Mexico, about two dollars each.]
+
+Navajoe blankets are very celebrated in the far west of America, and
+especially in old Mexico, where they are in great demand and command
+high prices. Many of these articles are really beautiful, and, from
+their fine texture, together with the great amount of labor spent in
+their manufacture, are expensive, even when purchased of the Indians.
+The art of weaving these blankets has been long known to the Navajoe
+Indians; and, all the female children belonging to the nation are
+taught the art during their earliest years. It is only after much
+practice, however, that they become expert.
+
+Kit Carson joined the two traders, whose names were Thompson and
+Sinclair, and made the trip with them which they had planned. They
+realized very handsomely from it, bringing back a large drove of very
+fine mules. The animals were driven to the Fort on the South Fork
+of the Platte, where they were disposed of at fair prices. Having
+received his share of the profits, Kit returned again to Brown's
+Hole. The season was too far gone for him to think of joining another
+trapping expedition that fall. He therefore began to look about for
+some suitable employment for the winter. As soon as it became known
+that his services were open for an engagement, several offers were
+made him, all of which he rejected. The reader will doubtless see a
+contrast between the Kit Carson renowned as a trapper and hunter and
+the Kit Carson who, at Taos, only a few years before, was glad to hire
+out as a cook, in order to gain his daily sustenance. For some time,
+strong inducements of high wages had been held out to him by the
+occupants of the Fort, in order to prevail upon him to accept the
+responsible and arduous office of Hunter to the Fort. The task of
+supplying, by the aid of the rifle, all the flesh twenty men would
+naturally consume during an entire winter, formed the duty required
+and expected from this officer. The inducements were so tempting,
+the task so congenial with his feelings, and, withal, the urgent
+persuasions of the men so pressing, that Kit Carson finally accepted
+the offer and entered upon his duties. He soon showed the company that
+he knew his business, and could perform it with an ease and certainty
+which failed not to elicit universal esteem and commendation. When
+the time arrived for him to resign the office in the Spring, he left
+behind him golden opinions of his skill as a marksman.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+    Bridger and Carson trapping on the Black Hills--The
+    Main Camp--The Rendezvous--Winter Quarters on the Yellow
+    Stone--Carson with forty men in a desperate fight with the
+    Blackfeet Indians--A Council--Sentinel posted--One Thousand
+    Warriors come to punish the Trappers--The War Dance--The
+    Courage of the Savages deserts them--Winter Quarters--The
+    Spring Hunt--Another Fight with the Blackfeet--Continued
+    Annoyances--The Trappers abandon the Country--The
+    Rocky Mountains and Alps compared--Other Trapping
+    Expeditions--Beaver becoming scarce--Prices of Fur
+    reduced--Kit Carson and the Trappers give up their
+    Vocation--The Journey to Bent's Fort--Mitchell the
+    Mountaineer--His Eccentricities.
+
+
+In the spring, Kit Carson joined Bridger. With four companions they
+went to the Black Hills to hunt. In the streams adjacent to that
+country, the beaver existed in large numbers and their success in
+trapping was excellent.
+
+Soon after arriving, however, the party broke up. Kit Carson and a
+trapper named Owens made a hunt by themselves and were very fortunate
+in obtaining a large stock of the fur. After which they joined the
+main camp of the trappers on Green River. When the summer was pretty
+well advanced, the camp was broken up and all of its occupants started
+for the Rendezvous, this year held on the Popoayhi, a branch of the
+Wind River.
+
+In the fall, most of the trappers went to the country which lies in
+the immediate neighborhood of the Yellow Stone River. Having trapped
+all the streams there, they went into winter quarters on that stream.
+
+Nothing was heard of their sworn enemies, the Blackfeet Indians until
+about the middle of the winter. A party who were out hunting suddenly
+came upon some signs which, looking suspicious, attracted their
+attention. To these signs they gave a close investigation, and fully
+made up their minds that they were close to the stronghold of their
+foes. Without waiting to follow up the signs they immediately retraced
+their steps and informed their party in camp of their conviction that
+trouble was brewing. A command of forty men was instantly detailed to
+seek out the Indians and give them battle. Kit Carson was once
+more called upon to lead the brave trappers in this expedition, and
+everything was left to his direction and good judgment. Soon after
+commencing their march, the company fell in with a scouting party of
+the enemy in the vicinity of the spot where the fresh signs had been
+discovered. To this party the trappers gave chase, wisely concluding
+they would run for their main body. The result satisfied their
+anticipations. In a short time they found themselves opposed to
+a strong band of the Indians, when, a regular fight was instantly
+commenced. After quite a spirited contest, the Indians gave way and
+retreated, but in good order, to an island in the Yellow Stone River
+where they had previously erected strong barricades. Night put a stop
+to the scenes of the day and further action was deferred until
+the next morning. As soon as the light would again warrant it, the
+trappers plunged into the stream and made for the island, being
+determined to dislodge the Indians. To their great dismay the brave
+savages had already retreated having quietly given them the slip
+during the night.
+
+The result of the battle the day before was now made apparent. It was
+evident that not much powder had been wasted in the action. The snow
+within the fortification was red with fresh blood, and from the place
+a bloody trail led to a hole in the ice of the stream where a large
+number of lifeless bodies had been sunk. There was nothing now to
+be done except to return to camp. Upon their arrival a council was
+convened to devise measures and plans for their future conduct. It was
+quite evident to all that the campaign had but just commenced. It was
+the general impression that the main village of the Blackfeet tribe
+had been located within a few miles. When therefore the news of their
+recent severe loss should be carried there by the survivors in the
+battle, active measures would be set on foot to seek revenge. It was
+the decision of the council that the trappers should act chiefly on
+the defensive. Measures were immediately set on foot to guard against
+surprise. To make everything doubly secure, none but the most trusty
+and well-tried men were detailed to perform sentinel duty. Near their
+camp there was a very lofty hill which commanded a fine view of
+the surrounding country. Upon this eminence they posted a sentinel
+throughout the day time. Their arrangements having been all determined
+upon and plans laid, the execution of them, to men so well skilled in
+frontier life, occupied but little time. Notwithstanding this celerity
+in their movements they had been none too quick. Soon after their
+preparations were fully made, the sentinel on the hill gave his signal
+indicating the approach of the Indians, showing that their precaution
+in this respect had been a wise one. The order was immediately
+given to erect strong breastworks. This task was so successfully
+accomplished, that, in a few hours, they had prepared a little
+fortress, which, covered with their unerring rifles, was impregnable
+against any force the Indians could bring against it. The advance
+party of the savages soon appeared in sight, but when they discovered
+the strength of the trappers, they halted and awaited, distant about
+half a mile from the breastwork, the arrival of the rest of the band.
+It was three days before the whole force of the Indians had arrived.
+They mustered about one thousand warriors. It was a sight which few
+white men of the American nation have looked upon. Arrayed in their
+fantastic war costume and bedaubed with paint, armed with lances, bows
+and arrows, rifles, tomahawks, knives, etc., some mounted and some on
+foot, they presented a wild and fearful scene of barbaric strength
+and fancy. Soon after their last company had reported, the frightful
+war-dance, peculiar to the American savages, was enacted in sight of
+the trappers' position. The battle songs and shouts which accompanied
+the dance reached the ears of the whites with fearful distinctness.
+Any other than hearts of oak with courage of steel would have quailed
+before this terrible display of savage enmity and ferocity. This
+dance, to men so well skilled in the ways of the Indian warrior, was
+a sure signal that the next day would be certain to have a fearful
+history for one party or the other and doubtless for both. The odds,
+most assuredly, were apparently greatly in favor of the savage host
+and against the little band of hardy mountaineers.
+
+The following day the expectations of the trappers were realized. The
+Indians, at the first dawn of day, approached the breastwork,
+eager for the battle. They were, evidently, very much astonished at
+beholding the invincibility of the trappers' position. It was what
+they had not calculated upon and seemed to cast a perfect damper upon
+their courage. After firing a few shots which did no harm, and seeing
+that nothing could be accomplished except by a charge, they commenced
+a retreat. The trappers, though only sixty strong, were filled with
+disappointment and chagrin at the course taken by their wary foes.
+They began to shout to their enemies in derisive terms, hoping
+the taunts would exasperate and draw them into an attack. Nothing,
+however, would tempt them to face the danger, for they withdrew to a
+spot about one mile from the little fort and sat down in council. The
+speeches appeared to be generally opposed to risking an assault; for,
+after the council was dissolved, the Indians divided into two nearly
+equal parties and immediately marched off. One band took the direction
+of the Crow country and the other shaped their course in the direction
+from whence they came.
+
+The trappers remained at their little fort during the winter and were
+not again disturbed by the Indians. Early in the following spring,
+they set their traps on one of the tributaries of the Missouri River
+and finished the hunt on the head of Lewis' Fork. They then departed
+for the rendezvous which was held on Green River near the mouth of
+Horse Creek, remaining there until the month of August and until the
+meeting was dissolved.
+
+Kit Carson, on the breaking up of the camp at the rendezvous,
+accompanied by five other trappers, went to Fort Hall and joined
+a party attached to the "Northwest Fur Company." With this band he
+trapped to the head of Salmon River. Thence they went to Malade River,
+trapping down it to where it empties into the Big Snake River. They
+continued on up this latter river, and then, after trapping on Goose
+Creek and Raft River, returned to Fort Hall. Their stock of fur was
+quite extensive on their arrival here and, an opportunity offering
+to dispose of it, they sold out at a fair valuation. After recruiting
+their strength at the Fort for one month, Kit Carson, accompanied by
+most of the trappers, set out to join Bridger, who was still in the
+country of the Blackfeet Indians. Upon striking the Missouri River,
+signs of trappers were discovered, indicating that, whoever the party,
+or parties might be, they were now above the place where Kit and his
+party then were. With fourteen companions Kit started in advance of
+the main party to overtake, and report who these men were. Towards
+evening of the same day, the advance party came up with the trappers
+and found that they were under the charge of Joseph Gale and in the
+employ of Captain Wyatt.
+
+Gale informed Carson that his command had recently been engaged in a
+closely contested fight with the Blackfeet Indians; that several of
+his party had been wounded, and one, by the name of Richard Owens, was
+at first thought to be mortally so; but, eventually, he had begun to
+recover and now was doing well.
+
+Kit and his men remained one night with Gale. On the following day his
+party commenced setting their traps, intending to proceed up the river
+at a slow pace in order to allow the main party to overtake them. The
+men sent out to set their traps had not gone from the camp over two
+miles before they were fired upon by a party of Blackfeet Indians
+and compelled to retreat. They did so, succeeding in joining their
+comrades without the loss of a single man. The pursuit had been close
+and well sustained by the savages; hence, it became necessary to take
+instant measures in order to insure the safety of the advance. Kit
+Carson, who was the commander of the party, after quietly surveying
+the scene, gave orders for the men, with their animals, to conceal
+themselves, as best they could in the brush. His orders had been
+issued but just in time, for the concealment was barely attained, when
+the Indians were upon them. They were received with a well-directed
+volley from the rifles of the little party, which brought down several
+of the fierce assailants. They recoiled and retreated for a moment.
+The moment was golden to the few white men. Like men who were fighting
+for their lives but who were cool in danger, they made no mistakes
+in reloading their rifles. They were but just ready, however, for the
+second charge. This time the savages came on with unearthly yells and
+desperate courage, seemingly well satisfied that before them stood the
+men whose faithful rifle-talk they had heard before. Kit warned his
+men to keep cool and fire as if shooting game, a warning which was
+entirely unnecessary, for the result was that the savages were again
+driven back with a brave bleeding or dying for nearly every shot
+fired. It was very fortunate that Kit had chosen this position, for
+the engagement lasted nearly the entire day. The loss on the part of
+the Indians was very severe. They did everything in their power to
+force Kit and his party from their cover, but without avail. Every
+time they attempted to charge into the thicket the same deadly volley
+was poured in with never-failing aim, which invariably caused the
+savages to beat a hasty retreat. Before the next attack the trappers
+were ready for them with reloaded rifles. At last, as if driven to
+desperation, the Indians set the thicket on fire, hoping to burn out
+their foes. Most providentially, in this also they were foiled. After
+consuming the outer shrubbery, the fire died out. This was the last
+act attempted by the savages. Seeing the ill-success of their effort
+to dislodge the trappers by fire, they departed. They may have been
+hurried in this leave-taking somewhat by news brought in by their
+spies of the near approach of the main body of the trappers, which
+had arrived at a point about six miles distant from the battle ground.
+They had been prevented from hearing the reports of fire-arms by
+adverse winds, and knew nothing of the fight until informed by the
+trappers engaged in it. When sufficient time had elapsed for the
+Indians to be well out of sight, Kit Carson and his companions left
+their cover and soon found their way into the camp of their friends.
+
+Gale was so continually annoyed by these Indians that he joined the
+other trappers and together they concluded to leave their country.
+Their combined forces, though able to cope with them so far as
+defensive measures were necessary, was utterly powerless to overawe
+them. This made it next to an impossibility for them to continue in
+their country with a hope of success in business. For the purpose of
+getting rid of them, they moved off, some distance, to a small creek
+where beaver were plenty. Trouble followed them, however. The first
+day of their arrival, one of the party was killed by the Blackfeet
+Indians within a short distance, only, of the camp. During the
+remainder of the stay made by the party on this stream, the rascals
+hovered around and worried them to such a degree that a trapper could
+not leave the camp without falling into an ambuscade and being forced
+to fight his way back again.
+
+It became evident to all interested that so long as such a state of
+affairs existed they could not employ their time with just hope of
+advantage. After a short council, it was decided to abandon this
+region of the country and go to the North Fork of the Missouri. They
+soon accomplished their journey and began the business of trapping.
+Proceeding up the river, on the fourth day, they came, suddenly, upon
+a large village of Flathead and Pondrai Indians who were encamped upon
+its banks. These Indians were friendly to the whites. A chief of the
+Flatheads and several of his people joined the trappers and went
+with them to the Big Snake River where they established their winter
+quarters. The winter passed away so quietly that not a single incident
+occurred beyond the usual routine which the imagination of the reader
+can easily supply. It was quite cold that season, and the snow fell
+to a great depth. Everything however was arranged as best conduced to
+comfort, and the trappers found a pleasant and congenial exercise in
+hunting to supply their daily wants.
+
+The winter seasons in the Rocky Mountains are usually fearful and
+severe. There, snow storms form mountains for themselves, filling up
+the passes for weeks, even those which are low being impracticable
+either for man or beast. As a set-off to all this, the scenery is most
+grand provided the beholder is well housed. If the case is otherwise
+and he be doomed to combat these terrible storms, his situation is
+most critical. During the summer months the lofty peaks of this mighty
+chain of mountains, like those of the Alps, are covered with white
+caps of snow. As time, the bright sun and the south wind wear out
+these old-lady head-gearings, no matter what be the part of the year,
+whether the cold days of January, or the hot days of August, the snow
+storms are faithful in replenishing them. It affords a contrast of the
+elements of the grandest conception to stand in the shade of some wavy
+verdure of the valley wiping off the unbidden perspiration from
+the brow, and, at the same instant, look upon a darkly threatening
+storm-cloud powdering the heads of the hoary monster mountains from
+its freight of flaky snow. So far these American giant mountains
+are unsurpassed by their Alpine neighbors of Europe. Not so in
+the glaciers. Throughout the great range, there are none of those
+beautiful glaciers to be found that can compare with those possessed
+by their compeers in Europe.
+
+To the traveler whose taste has led him to wander along the "Great
+back bones," or vertebræ, of the two hemispheres, preparing the mind
+to draw truthful contrast, his pleasantest reveries will find him
+drawing comparisons between them. He is never tired, for the subject
+he cannot exhaust. When, supposing that his conclusions are at last
+made and that the Alps have won the highest place in favor, some
+forgotten scene from America will assume the form and shape of a vivid
+recollection, rife with scenic grandeur and sublimity, restoring the
+Rocky chain to its counterpoise; then, an hour of peril and fearful
+toil will come to memory, and, until the same mental process shall
+bring them again to an equilibrium, the far-famed Alps will descend
+in the balance. Each have their attractions, each their grandeur, each
+their sublimity, each their wonderful, awful silence, each their long
+and glorious landscape views, while, to each, the general contour is
+the same. In the point of altitude, the Rocky chain, as is well known
+to science, has the advantage; but, in historical science and lore,
+the famous Alps stand preeminent. True, it is from ignorance that
+we are led to concede this, because no man can give to the world the
+reminiscences of the Rocky Mountains. Their history, since the first
+red man entered them, must forever rest in oblivion. In scenery these
+mountains of the Western Continent again carry off the palm; for,
+they strike the observer as being more bold, wild and picturesque than
+their formidable rivals. To the foot-worn traveler, who has journeyed
+thirty or forty days upon the level prairies, seeing nothing to
+break the monotony of a sea of earth, the dark outlines of the Rocky
+Mountains, gradually coming into the view, never fail to prove a
+refreshing sight both to the physical and mental eye. They appear
+as if descending from the heavens to the surface of the earth,
+perpendicularly, as though intended to present a perfect barrier over
+which no living thing should pass. This view never fails to engross
+the earnest attention of the traveler, and hours of gazing only serve
+to enwrap the mind in deeper and more fixed contemplation. Is there
+not here presented a field, such as no other part of this globe can
+furnish, in which the explorer, the geologist, the botanist may
+sow and reap a rich harvest for his enterprise? As yet scientific
+research, on questions concerning the Rocky Mountains, is
+comparatively speaking, dumb. But science will soon press forward
+in her heavenly ordained mission, borne upon the shoulders of some
+youthful hero, and once more the wise book-men of the gown and
+slipper, who, surrounded with their tomes on tomes of learned digests,
+are fast approaching the hour when they had better prepare their last
+wills and testaments, will again be distanced in the race and
+doomed to argue technicalities. To the hunter, the real lover of
+and dependent upon the chase, there can be no comparison between
+the mighty Alps and the huge Rocky Mountain Barrier of the American
+Prairies. The one is destitute of animal life while the other bears
+a teeming population of the choicest game known to the swift-leaden
+messenger of the white man's rifle. He who wishes to behold in the
+same gaze, beautiful valleys, highly cultivated by a romantic and
+interesting race, in rich contrast with wonderfully moulded masses
+of earth and stone, covered with a medley of green foliage and white
+snow, let him go to the Alps.
+
+In the following spring Kit Carson, accompanied by only one trapper,
+started out to hunt the streams in the vicinity of Big Snake River.
+The Utah nation of Indians inhabit this country; and, with them,
+Kit Carson stood on a friendly footing. The business of trapping was
+therefore carried on without fear of molestation. The labors of the
+two were crowned with great success.
+
+Loaded with a full cargo of fur they soon after set out for Robidoux's
+Fort, which they reached in safety, selling out their stock to good
+advantage.
+
+Kit Carson made only a short stop at this Fort. As soon as his fur was
+disposed of, he immediately organized a small party consisting of five
+trappers and made a journey to Grand River. After thoroughly trapping
+this river, he established himself at Brown's Hole on Green River for
+the winter. Early in the spring he returned with the same party to the
+country of the Utahs and hunted there for some time. He then went
+to the New Park, where they finished their trapping operations and
+returned to Robidoux's Fort. Here Kit again found a purchaser for his
+furs; but, the prices at which he was obliged to sell them, did not
+at all please him. Within a few years, the value of beaver fur had
+greatly deteriorated. This was caused by the slow demand which had
+gradually ruled at the great emporiums of Europe and America. The
+skill of the manufacturer had substituted a material for the making
+of hats which, while it was cheaper, pleased the great race of
+hat-wearers. The beaver itself was becoming scarce, owing to their
+being so diligently hunted. It was evident to Kit Carson and many
+of his mountaineer companions that their occupation was gradually
+becoming less profitable and that it would soon drive them into other
+employments. Acting upon this impression Kit Carson, accompanied
+by "Old Bill Williams,"[14] William New, Mitchell and Fredericks,
+a Frenchman, started for Bent's Fort, which was then located on the
+Arkansas River near a large forest of cotton wood trees, and which
+is, even at this day, known as the "Big Timbers." The party struck
+the river at a point about one hundred miles above the Fort, where, in
+later years, was built a settlement called St. Charles.[15]
+
+[Footnote 14: William Williams was a most celebrated character in the
+Rocky Mountains, where he lived for many years. At one time he was
+a Methodist preacher in the State of Missouri, which he frequently
+boasted of in after life. Whenever relating this part of his eventful
+career, he used to say that he was so well known in his circuit, that
+the chickens recognized him as he came riding past the farmhouses.
+The old chanticleers would crow "Here comes Parson Williams! One of us
+must be made ready for dinner." Upon quitting the States, he traveled
+extensively among the various tribes of wild Indians throughout the
+far West and adopted their manners and customs. Whenever he grew weary
+of one nation he would go to another. To the Missionaries, he was
+often very useful. He possessed the faculty of easily acquiring
+languages and could readily translate most of the Bible into several
+Indian dialects. His own conduct, however, was frequently in strange
+contrast with the precepts of that Holy Book. He next turns up as a
+hunter and trapper; when, in this capacity, he became more celebrated
+for his wild and daring adventures than before he had been for his
+mild precepts. By many of his companions, he was looked upon as a man
+who was partially insane. Williams proved to be a perfect enigma and
+terror to the Mexicans, who thought him possessed of an evil spirit.
+He once settled for a short time in their midst and became a trader.
+Soon after he had established himself, he had a quarrel with some of
+his customers about his charges. He appeared to be instantly disgusted
+with the Mexicans, for he threw his small stock of goods into the
+street of the town where he lived, seized his rifle and started again
+for the mountains. His knowledge of the country over which he had
+wandered was very extensive; but, when Colonel Fremont put it to the
+test, he came very near sacrificing his life to his guidance. This
+was probably owing to the failing of Williams' intellect; for, when
+he joined the Great Explorer, he was past the meridian of life. After
+bequeathing his name to several mountains, rivers and passes which
+were undoubtedly discovered by him, he was slain by the red men while
+trading with them.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Five years ago this settlement contained, about thirty
+inhabitants, mostly Mexicans. It was frequently subjected to various
+kinds of annoyances from Indians. On one occasion it was attacked by
+the hostile Utahs and Apaches, who killed and carried off as prisoners
+a total of sixteen settlers. Among the slain was a Canadian who fought
+so skillfully and desperately before he was dispatched, that he killed
+three of his assailants. When his body was found, it was literally
+pierced through and through with lance and arrow wounds, while the
+hand, with which he had caught hold of some of these weapons, was
+nearly cut to pieces. Around his corpse, there were a dozen horses'
+tails which had been cut from the horses which were owned by the dead
+warriors, and left there, as a sign of mourning, by the Indians.]
+
+On reaching the river, two of the party, Mitchell and New, concluded
+to tarry awhile in order to gratify their humor for hunting. But Kit
+Carson, with the remainder of the mountaineers, continued on their
+course, and, in three days time, were safely lodged within the walls
+of the Fort. One week subsequently, Mitchell and New followed their
+companions to the Fort, but in a sad plight. They had not suspected
+danger, and, consequently, had failed to guard against it. They had
+been surrounded by Indians and deprived of everything they possessed
+except their naked bodies. In this denuded state they arrived at the
+Fort. They were kindly received and provided for by its noble-hearted
+proprietors; and, for some time enjoyed a respite from all their
+troubles.
+
+This mountaineer Mitchell, full of eccentricities of character, has
+seen the ups and downs of a frontiersman during a long and eventful
+life. He once joined the Camanche nation and became one of their
+braves.[16]
+
+[Footnote 16: White men have frequently enrolled themselves as
+warriors among the American Indians; but they have rarely gained the
+full confidence of the Indians, who, naturally very proud of their
+birthright, view with a jealous eye all intruders.]
+
+In this capacity he won great renown by the efficient and active part
+he took in several engagements between the tribe of his adoption and
+their enemies. His real object in turning Indian was to discover the
+locality of a gold mine which was said to have an existence in some
+of the mountains of northern Texas. Having convinced himself that the
+story of the gold mine, like many of the tales and traditions which
+gain currency in Indian countries, was entirely without foundation,
+Mitchell, with some plausible excuse, bid his red friends good bye and
+sought out his old comrades, the trappers, to whom he ever afterwards
+proved faithful. About two years since, Mitchell paid a trading visit
+to the States. On his route, it became necessary that he should pass
+over the Kansas Territory, just at a time when political difficulties
+there were exciting the people to the highest pitch of anxiety. The
+consequence was, that his views upon the all-absorbing questions at
+issue were frequently asked for by members of both parties. To all
+these queries he invariably replied, professing his ignorance of
+everything that appertained thereto. This caused him to be regarded as
+a dangerous man, and one not to be trusted. He was accordingly treated
+with indifference and silent reserve. This to a mountaineer, who,
+during a long period of years, had met every "pale face" as a brother,
+was insupportable usage. In all haste he finished his business,
+relinquished his contemplated journey through the States, and
+started to return to his home in New Mexico. While upon the road, he
+accidentally fell in with a friend; and, in reply to the question,
+where have you been? said:
+
+"After a lapse of many years, I thought I should like to see the
+_whites_ again; so, I was going to the States. But the sample I've
+seen in Kansas is enough to disgust _a man_ with their character. They
+do nothing but get up war parties against one another; and, I would
+much rather be in an Indian country than in civilized Kansas."
+Mitchell is full of dry humor and commands the faculty of telling a
+good story, which makes him a pleasant traveling companion.
+
+Since the time when Kit Carson first joined a trapping expedition,
+up to the time of his arrival at Bent's Fort, a period of eight long
+years, he had known no rest from arduous toil. Not even when, to the
+reader, he was apparently idle, buried in the deep snows of the Rocky
+Mountains and awaiting the return of Spring, has he rested from toil.
+Even then his daily life has been given up to bodily fatigue and
+danger, frequently in scenes which, although of thrilling interest,
+are too lengthy for this narrative. It has been our purpose thus far
+to present Kit Carson undergoing his novitiate. We regard, and we
+think a world will eventually regard, this extraordinary man as one
+raised up by Providence to fulfill a destiny of His all-wise decree.
+It is premature for us, at this stage of our work, to advance the
+argument upon which this conclusion, so irresistibly to our mind,
+is deduced. We have yet before us an array of historical fact and
+incident to relate, without parallel in the history of nations, and in
+which Kit Carson plays no insignificant part. For these eight years
+of stirring practical life, Kit Carson, relying upon his beloved rifle
+for his sustenance and protection, had penetrated every part of the
+interior of the North American Continent, setting his traps upon every
+river of note which rises within this interior, and tracing them from
+the little springs which originate them to the wide mouths from which
+they pour their surcharged waters into the mighty viaducts or drains
+of the vast prairies, and the mighty leviathan ranges of the Rocky
+Mountains. In this time he had wandered over a wild territory equal
+in its dimensions to nearly all of the empires, kingdoms and
+principalities of Europe combined. His journeys, as it has already
+appeared, were made sometimes on foot and sometimes on horseback. By
+themselves, his travels will be called no trivial undertakings.
+Each fresh adventure led him into regions where but seldom, and more
+frequently never, had a white man trod the soil. He was, therefore,
+now an explorer in every sense of that distinguishing word, with the
+single exception that he had not produced the results which the early
+culture and advantages of a scientific and classical education
+might have brought about. But the history of the world furnishes few
+examples, if indeed any, where the physical training, practical skill
+and knowledge of a country, as possessed by Kit Carson, have been
+united with scholastic lore. At all events, in the wisdom of that
+special Providence which was intending the gold mines of California to
+be consecrated to the advancement of American civilization, with
+its religious freedom, personal liberties and sacred literature,
+the novitiate of Kit Carson was decreed to be wholly of a practical
+nature. But while Kit Carson, with his rifle, was thus reared up
+in character, courage and experience, the same All-wise hand was
+directing the pathway of a mind, equal to accomplish His call, through
+all the labyrinths of Science, History and the Arts, endowing that
+mind with a keenness of intellectual grasp in strange contrast with
+the practical skill of its future guide. Those who see no God in
+nature, no God in events, may batter away at this proposition. The
+record of Kit Carson's future tasks will prove it to be an invincible
+stronghold of theory.
+
+Kit Carson's mind had now become well stored with facts and localities
+which were destined to be made known to the world through his
+connections with others. It is not detracting from the merits of
+any one to assert that, without frontiers-men like Kit Carson, the
+numerous scientific expeditions which have been sent out by the United
+States Government to explore the far West would have returned but
+sorry and meagre records for their employers. After reading some of
+the many printed accounts which parties of a more recent date have
+gathered from their experience while making their way overland to the
+Pacific, and also the sad fate of some brave men with noble hearts
+who have fallen a sacrifice upon the altar of science under the fatal
+blows of hostile savages, attributable no doubt in some measure to
+bad advice, we can thus more easily form a correct judgment of the
+hardships which Kit Carson has been called upon to endure and the
+wisdom or skill which he has displayed in surmounting every obstacle
+on his wild and solitary pathway. The hardships which fell to the lot
+of the "trappers of olden time" also stand out in bolder relief. Out
+of the whole catalogue of labors, from which man, to gain an honest
+livelihood has selected, there is not one profession which presents
+so many formidable obstacles as that under consideration; yet, it was
+with difficulty that the mountaineers could wean themselves from their
+calling even when forced by stern necessity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+    Kit Carson is employed as Hunter to Bent's Fort--His Career
+    for Eight Years--Messrs. Bent and St. Vrain--The commencement
+    of his Acquaintance with John C. Fremont on a Steamboat--Is
+    employed as a Guide by the Great Explorer--The
+    Journey--Arrival at Fort Laramie--Indian Difficulties--The
+    business of the Expedition completed--Return to Fort
+    Laramie--Kit Carson goes to Taos and is married--He is
+    employed as Hunter to a Train of Wagons bound for the
+    States--Meeting with Captain Cook and four companies of U.S.
+    Dragoons on Walnut Creek--Mexicans in Trouble--Kit Carson
+    carries a Letter for them to Santa Fé--Indians on the
+    Route--His safe Arrival--Amijos' advance Guard massacred by
+    the Texians--The one Survivor--The Retreat--Kit Carson returns
+    to Bent's Fort--His Adventures with the Utahs and narrow
+    escape from Death--The Texians disarmed--The Express Ride
+    performed.
+
+
+It has already appeared that Kit Carson was now at Bent's Fort. Also,
+that his occupation as a trapper of beaver had become unprofitable.
+His services were however immediately put into requisition by Messrs.
+Bent and St. Vrain, the proprietors of what was called Bent's Fort,
+which was a trading-post kept by those gentlemen. The position which
+he accepted was that of Hunter to the Fort. This office he filled from
+that time with the most undeviating fidelity and promptitude for eight
+consecutive years. During all of this long period not a single word
+of disagreement passed between him and his employers, which fact
+shows better than mere words, that his duty was faithfully and
+satisfactorily performed. It is but seldom that such a fact can be
+stated of any employee, no matter what the service. Here, however, was
+an example in which, the nature of the employment would of itself, at
+times, present cause for discord, such as scarcity of game, bad luck,
+and men hungry in consequence. But Kit Carson was too skillful in his
+profession to allow such reasons to mar his fortunes. With the effort
+the game always was at hand; for, it was not his custom to return from
+his hunts empty handed.
+
+Of course Kit Carson's duties were to supply the traders and their
+men with all the animal food they wanted, an easy task when game was
+plenty; but, it would often happen that bands of Indians, which were
+always loitering about the trading post, would precede him in the
+chase, thereby rendering his labors oftentimes very difficult. From
+sunrise to sunset and not unfrequently during the night, he wandered
+over the prairies and mountains within his range in search of food for
+the maintenance, sometimes of forty men who composed the garrison of
+the Fort and who were dependent on the skill of their hunter; but,
+rarely did he fail them. He knew, for hundreds of miles about him, the
+most eligible places to seek for game. During the eight years referred
+to, thousands of buffalo, elk, antelope and deer fell at the crack of
+Kit Carson's rifle. Each day so added to his reputation that it is not
+to be wondered at, considering the practice of his previous life, that
+he became unrivalled as a hunter. His name spread rapidly over the
+Western Continent until, with the rifle, he was the acknowledged
+"Monarch of the Prairies." The wild Indians, accustomed to measure a
+man's greatness by the deeds which he is capable of performing with
+powder and lead, were completely carried away in their admiration of
+the man. Among the Arrapahoes, Cheyennes, Kiowas and Camanches, Kit
+Carson was always an honored guest whenever he chose to visit their
+lodges; and, many a night, while seated at their watch-fires, he has
+narrated to them the exciting scenes of the day's adventures, to which
+they have listened with eager attention and unrestrained delight. When
+arrayed in his rough hunting costume and mounted upon his favorite
+charger Apache, a splendid animal, Kit Carson was a picture to behold.
+The buffalo were his favorite game, and well were they worthy of
+such a noble adversary. In the eyes of a sportsman, the buffalo is a
+glorious prey. To hunt them is oftentimes attended with great danger;
+and, while thus engaged, many a skillful man has yielded up his life
+for his temerity.
+
+The American bison or buffalo seems to demand at our hands a short
+episode from the narrative of Kit Carson's life. This animal has
+several traits of character peculiarly his own. If alarmed, he starts
+off almost instantly and always runs against the wind, his sense
+of smell appearing to be better than his eyesight. What is a most
+remarkable fact, a herd of buffalo, when grazing, always post and
+maintain a line of sentinels to warn the main body of the approach of
+danger. When a strange object comes within sight or smelling distance,
+these sentinels immediately give the alarm by tossing up their heads
+and tails and bellowing furiously. The whole herd instantly heed the
+warning and are soon in motion. Buffalo run with forelegs stiff, which
+fact, together with their ugly-looking humps and the lowness of their
+heads, gives a rocking swing to their gait. If a herd, when in full
+motion, have to cross a road on which wagons are traveling, they
+change their course but little; and, it sometimes happens, that large
+bands will pass within a stone's throw of a caravan. At night they are
+quite systematic in forming their camps. In the centre are placed the
+cows and calves; while, to guard against the wolves, large numbers
+of which always follow them, they station on their outposts, the old
+bulls. The age to which a buffalo may attain is not known; but, it is
+certain that they are generally long-lived when not prematurely cut
+off. When their powers of life begin to fade, they fall an easy prey
+to the small, carnivorous animals of the plains. The attempt has been
+made to domesticate and render them useful for agricultural purposes.
+Hitherto such efforts have invariably failed. When restrained of their
+freedom, they are reduced to mere objects of curiosity.
+
+In hunting buffalo the most important matter for the attention of the
+hunter is to provide himself with a suitable horse. The best that can
+be selected is a trained Mexican or Indian pony. Their familiarity
+with the game and the prairies, over which the hunter must ride at
+full speed, renders these horses quite safe. On the other hand a green
+horse is sure to be terribly frightened when called upon to face these
+ugly-looking animals, and the rider will find he has his hands full
+to manage him without thinking of his game. One great danger to be
+apprehended is the being led into a prairie-dog town. Here a horse
+needs experience to carry his rider through with safety. Upon
+reaching the herd, the hunter dashes in at the cows, which, are easily
+recognized by the fineness of their robes and their smaller forms. The
+white man hunter, of all weapons, prefers a revolver; but, the red man
+uses the lance, and bow and arrows, which he handles with remarkable
+dexterity. The place of election to make the deadly wound is just
+behind the fore shoulder where the long, shaggy mane of the hump
+is intersected by the short hair of the body. The death-wound being
+given, the blood gushes out in torrents and the victim, after a few
+bounds, falls on her knees with her head bunting into the ground. If,
+by chance, a vital organ is not reached, the pain of the wound makes
+the stricken animal desperately courageous. She turns upon her pursuer
+with terrible earnestness ready to destroy him. It is now that the
+horse is to be depended upon. If well trained, he will instantly wheel
+and place himself and rider out of harm's way; but, woe to both horse
+and hunter if this is not done. The lives of both are in imminent
+danger. In case the buffalo is killed, the hunter rides up, dismounts
+and makes his lariet fast to the horns of his game. He next proceeds
+to cut up the meat and prepare it for his pack animals which he should
+have near by. By their aid he easily carries it into camp.
+
+It would doubtless afford many a page of exciting interest could we
+carry the reader through all the varied scenes of the chase in which
+Kit Carson has been the principal actor. To transmit to our narrative
+a choice fight with the fierce old grizzly bear; or, perchance, a fine
+old buffalo bull turning on his destroyer with savage ferocity; or, a
+wounded panther, with its inevitable accompaniment in the shape of a
+hand-to-hand encounter for dear life, each of such could not fail in
+giving interest to the general reader. We are forced, against our
+own conviction of the duty we owe the public as Kit Carson's chosen
+Biographer, to pass by all such acts of his personal daring
+and triumph because of his own unwillingness to relate them for
+publication. Notwithstanding our urgent requests, backed up by the
+advice and interference of friends, Kit Carson is inflexibly opposed
+to relating such acts of himself. He is even more willing to speak of
+his failures, though such are few, rather than of his victories in
+the chase. While the description of these adventures could not fail
+to furnish useful and interesting data, most unfortunately, Kit Carson
+considers that they are uninteresting minutiæ which have pertained to
+the every-day business of his life and no persuasion can induce him to
+enter upon their relation. Not so when he is entertaining some of the
+brave chiefs of the Indian nations whose friendship he has won by his
+brave deeds. If they are his guests, or he himself theirs, then their
+delight to hear kindles a pride in his breast to relate. He knows that
+he will not, by them, be called a boaster.
+
+Before quitting the mountains, Kit Carson married an Indian girl to
+whom he was most devotedly attached. By this wife he had one child,
+a daughter. Soon after the birth of this child, his wife died. His
+daughter, he watched over with the greatest solicitude. When she
+reached a suitable age, he sent her to St. Louis for the purpose of
+giving her the advantages of a liberal education. Indeed most of Kit
+Carson's hard earnings, gained while he was a hunter on the Arkansas,
+were devoted to the advancement of his child. On arriving at maturity
+she married and with her husband settled in California.
+
+The libertine custom of indulging in a plurality of wives, as adopted
+by many of the mountaineers, never received the sanction, in thought,
+word or action, of Kit Carson. His moral character may well be held up
+as an example to men whose pretensions to virtuous life are greater.
+Although he was continually surrounded by licentiousness he proved
+true to her who had first gained his affections. For this honoring of
+virtue he is indebted in a measure to the present sway which he holds
+over the western Indian races. While their chiefs are seldom men of
+virtuous act or intent, they are high in their appreciation of, and
+just in their rewards to those whose lives are patterns of honor
+and chastity. The Indian woman, concerning whom no truthful tale of
+dereliction can be told, when she arrives at the requisite age, is
+invested with great power in her tribe. One of their ancient customs,
+well authenticated, was to honor the virtuous women of their tribe
+with sacred titles, investing them, in their blind belief, with power
+to call down the favor, in behalf of the people, of their Manitou, or
+Great Spirit. But every woman who aspired to this honor, was required
+upon a certain day in the year, to run the gauntlet of braves. This
+was sometimes a terrible scene. All the warriors of the tribe, arrayed
+in their fiercest war costume and armed at every point with lance, bow
+and arrow, knife, tomahawk, etc., were drawn up under command of the
+principal chief, in single line. At the head of this line was placed
+a kind of chaplet, or crown, the possession of which by any woman was
+supposed to confer the power of necromancy or magic, rendering her
+able to heal diseases and to foretell events. The line having been
+formed, all of the young maidens of the tribe were drawn up in a body
+at the further extremity and any of them who aspired to the possession
+of the chaplet was at liberty, having first uncovered her back and
+breast as far as her waist, to march before the line of warriors
+within ten paces of their front and, if she lived to reach it, take
+possession of the crown. On the other hand, it was the duty of any
+warrior, who knew aught by word or deed against the virtue of the
+advancing maiden, to kill her upon the spot. If one arrow was shot at
+her, the whole band instantly poured a flight of arrows into her bare
+and defenceless bosom until life was extinct. Again, it was the belief
+of the untutored savage that whatever warrior failed to make his
+knowledge apparent, if he possessed any, by sending his arrow at the
+aspirant, would always be an object of revenge by the Great Spirit
+both here and hereafter; and, that he would always live in the
+hereafter, in sight of the Happy Hunting Grounds, but never be allowed
+to enter them. This latter belief made it a rare thing for young girls
+to brave the attempt; but, sometimes, the candidates were numerous
+and the horrible butchery of the young girls which took place formed
+a terrible exposé of their lewdness. To kill an innocent girl was
+equally a matter which would be forever avenged by the Great Spirit.
+
+The warm friendship which sprang up between Kit Carson and the
+proprietors of Bent's Fort, under whom he held his situation
+as Hunter, is a sufficient index of the gentlemanly conduct and
+amiability of heart evinced towards him on their part. The names
+of Bent and St. Vrain were known and respected far and near in the
+mountains, for, in generosity, hospitality and native worth, they were
+men of perfect model.
+
+Mr. Bent was appointed, by the proper authority, the first Civil
+Governor of New Mexico, after that large and valuable country
+was ceded to and came under the jurisdiction of the United States
+Government. He held this distinguished position however only a short
+time; for, in the year 1847, he was most foully and treacherously
+murdered by the Pueblo Indians and Mexicans. A revolution had broken
+out among this turbulent people, and, in his endeavors to stem it,
+Governor Bent was frustrated. At last, being driven to his own house,
+he barricaded the doors and windows. The rascally rioters, after a
+severe contest, succeeded in breaking open his doors; and, having
+gained access to their victim, murdered him in cold blood in the
+midst of his family. The only crime imputed by the mob against this
+benevolent and just man was, that he was an American. His untimely
+death, which was mourned by all the Americans who knew him, cast a
+settled gloom over the community in which he resided. The Mexicans
+were afterwards very penitent for the share they took in the committal
+of this black crime. Although several of the guilty party are still
+living, they have left the country; for, the mountaineers have not
+forgotten the friend whom they esteemed and respected, and will avenge
+his death if ever the opportunity offers.
+
+Cerin St. Vrain, the surviving partner of this celebrated trading
+firm was equally noted. Upon the declaration of war between the United
+States and Mexico, St. Vrain took an active part on the side of his
+country, and, from his extensive knowledge of the Mexican character,
+was enabled to render important services. At the close of the war,
+he became extensively engaged in mercantile pursuits within the New
+Territory, and, by his untiring industry amassed a large fortune. He
+was the first man who discovered and recognized the superior skill of
+Kit Carson as a hunter; and, for his subsequent success in life,
+Kit Carson is much indebted to him. St. Vrain is one of the oldest
+mountaineers now living; and, as such, he is viewed by his old and new
+associates in the light of a father.
+
+As the reader can now easily compute, sixteen years had elapsed since
+Kit Carson commenced his exploits in the Rocky Mountains. During this
+long period, as frequently as once every year, he had sat down to a
+meal consisting of bread, vegetables, meat, coffee, tea, and sugar.
+When dining thus sumptuously, he considered himself as greatly favored
+with luxuries of the rarest grade. Few men can say, with Kit Carson,
+"During sixteen years, my rifle furnished nearly every particle of
+food upon which I lived." Fewer can say with equal truth, that "For
+many consecutive years, I never slept under the roof of a house, or
+gazed upon the face of a white woman."
+
+It was after such an experience as we have endeavored to paint by the
+simple tale of his life thus far, that Kit Carson longed, once more,
+to look upon and mingle with civilized people. For some time before
+he determined to visit the United States, this desire had taken
+possession of his mind and had been growing stronger. The traders of
+the Fort were accustomed, yearly, to send into the States a train of
+wagons, for the purpose of transporting their goods. The opportunity,
+therefore, presented for Kit Carson to gratify his wish. In the spring
+of 1842, one of these caravans started with which Kit Carson traveled
+as a supernumerary. When it arrived within the boundary lines of the
+State of Missouri, he parted from his _compagnons de voyage_ and went
+in quest of his relatives and friends, whom, now, he had not seen for
+over sixteen years. The scenes of his boyhood days, he found to be
+magically changed. New faces met him on all sides. The old log-cabin
+where his father and mother had resided was deserted and its
+dilapidated walls were crumbling with decay. The once happy inmates
+were scattered over the face of the earth while many of their voices
+were hushed in death. Kit Carson felt himself a stranger in a strange
+land--the strong man wept. His soul could not brook either the change
+or the ways of the people. While he failed not to receive kindness and
+hospitality, to which his name alone was a sufficient passport among
+the noble-hearted Missourians, nevertheless, he had fully allayed his
+curiosity, and, as soon as possible, bid adieu to these unpleasant
+recollections. He bent his steps towards St. Louis. In this city he
+remained ten days; and, as it was the first time since he had reached
+manhood that he had viewed a town of any magnitude, he was greatly
+interested. But, ten days of sight-seeing wearied him. He resolved
+to return to his mountain home where he could breathe the pure air of
+heaven and where manners and customs conformed to his wild life and
+were more congenial to his tastes. He engaged passage upon the first
+steamboat which was bound up the Missouri River.
+
+We cannot resist the impulse which here struggles for utterance. Look
+upon that little steamboat as it ascends the mighty Missouri bearing
+in its bosom the man who was destined to point out the hidden paths of
+the mighty West; to mount and record the height of the loftiest peak
+of the American monster mountain chain; to unfold the riches of
+the interior of a great and glorious empire to its possessors, and,
+finally, to conquer with his good sword, preparing the way for its
+annexation to his country, the richest soil and fairest land on earth,
+thus adding one more glorious star to the original thirteen of 1776;
+a star, too, of the very first magnitude, whose refulgent brightness
+shines clear, sparkling and pure for the Truth of Sacred Writ and
+American Liberty. On the deck of that little steamboat, the two men,
+the one the master mind, the giant intellect, the man of research and
+scholastic strength, the scientific engineer; the other, than whom
+his superior as an American mountaineer was not living, stood,
+uninterested spectators of each other; and, each, unconscious why they
+had been permitted to enter the same cabin. The Christian student
+of American history cannot pass by this simple circumstance without
+seeing Heaven's wisdom in such a coincidence; namely, Kit Carson for
+the first time in sixteen years bending his steps to his boyhood home
+just as his sixteen years of mountaineer skill and experience were
+required by one of the master workmen of American Engineering, about
+to enter upon the exploration of inland North America.
+
+Kit Carson wandered over the boat, studying its mechanism, admiring
+the machinery, which, so like a thing of life, subserved the interests
+of human life; watched with quiet reserve the faces and general
+appearance of his fellow-passengers; occasionally, modestly addressed
+an acquaintance, for some present were known to him; and, finally
+singled out from among the strangers a man on whose face he thought
+he discovered the marks of true courage, manhood and nobility of
+character. The impression which Kit Carson had thus received,
+was nothing fleeting. The eagle eye, the forehead, the form, the
+movements, the general features, the smile, the quiet dignity of
+the man, each and all of these attributes of his manhood had been
+carefully noted by the wary and hardy mountaineer, and had not failed
+to awaken in his breast a feeling of admiration and respect. While on
+this boat Kit Carson learned the fact that the man, whom he had
+thus studied, was Lieutenant John C. Fremont of the U.S. corps of
+topographical engineers; also, that Lieutenant Fremont had been
+earnestly seeking Captain Drips, an experienced mountaineer, but,
+that he had been disappointed in finding him. Upon learning this, Kit
+Carson fell into a deep reverie which lasted some little time, when,
+having brought it to a conclusion, he approached Lieutenant Fremont
+and modestly introducing himself, said:
+
+"Sir! I have been some time in the mountains and think I can guide you
+to any point there you wish to reach."
+
+Lieutenant Fremont's answer indicated his satisfaction in making the
+acquaintance which Kit Carson had offered him and that he would make
+inquiries concerning his capabilities of performing the duty for which
+he offered himself.
+
+The inquiries which the then lieutenant instituted, or, at least, may
+be supposed to have instituted, must have been favorable; for, soon
+afterwards, Kit Carson was engaged by Colonel Fremont to act as guide
+to his first exploring expedition at a salary of one hundred dollars
+per month. Upon arriving in Kansas the party prepared for a long
+and dangerous journey which lay before them. The objects of this
+expedition was to survey the South Pass, and take the altitude of
+the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains, besides gathering all the
+collateral information which they could. The party had been chiefly
+collected in St. Louis. It consisted of twenty-two Creole and Canadian
+voyageurs; Mr. Charles Preuss, a native of Germany, whose education
+rendered him a master in the art of topographical sketching, and,
+towards whom, Colonel Fremont has always extended high and just
+encomium; Henry Brant, a son of Colonel J.H. Brant, of St. Louis,
+nineteen years of age; young Randolph Benton, a son of Colonel Benton,
+twelve years of age; Mr. L. Maxwell, a mountaineer engaged as the
+hunter of the party; and finally, Kit Carson, as guide, making,
+including the commander of the Expedition, twenty-eight souls. On the
+10th day of June, 1842, the party commenced their march. The daily
+routine usually observed on the march was as follows:
+
+At daybreak the camp was aroused, the animals led out and turned loose
+to graze; breakfast about six o'clock, immediately after which, the
+line of march was resumed; at noon there was a halt of one or two
+hours; the march was then again resumed and kept up until within an
+hour or so of sunset, when the order was usually given to encamp; the
+tents were then pitched, horses hobbled and turned loose to graze and
+the cooks prepared supper. At night all the animals were brought in
+and picketed, carts set for defence and guard mounted.
+
+[Illustration: BUFFALO HUNT.--PAGE 161.]
+
+The party had only accomplished a few miles of the march when they
+fell in with the buffalo. Before we pursue the narrative of Kit
+Carson's life we must redeem our promise and allow Col. Fremont to
+describe his own impressions in his first Buffalo Hunt, in which Kit
+Carson and Mr. L. Maxwell were his companions and guides. Col. Fremont
+says:
+
+"A few miles brought us into the midst of the buffalo, swarming in
+immense numbers over the plains, where they had left scarcely a blade
+of grass standing. Mr. Preuss, who was sketching at a little distance
+in the rear, had at first noted them as large groves of timber. In the
+sight of such a mass of life, the traveler feels a strange emotion of
+grandeur. We had heard from a distance a dull and confused murmuring,
+and, when we came in view of their dark masses, there was not one
+among us who did not feel his heart beat quicker. It was the early
+part of the day, when the herds are feeding; and everywhere they were
+in motion. Here and there a huge old bull was rolling in the grass,
+and clouds of dust rose in the air from various parts of the bands,
+each the scene of some obstinate fight. Indians and buffalo make
+the poetry and life of the prairie, and our camp was full of their
+exhilaration. In place of the quiet monotony of the march, relieved
+only by the cracking of the whip, and an '_avance donc! enfant de
+garce!_' shouts and songs resounded from every part of the line,
+and our evening camp was always the commencement of a feast, which
+terminated only with our departure on the following morning. At
+any time of the night might be seen pieces of the most delicate and
+choicest meat, roasting _en appolas_, on sticks around the fire, and
+the guard were never without company. With pleasant weather and
+no enemy to fear, and abundance of the most excellent meat, and
+no scarcity of bread or tobacco, they were enjoying the oasis of a
+voyageur's life. Three cows were killed today. Kit Carson had shot
+one, and was continuing the chase in the midst of another herd, when
+his horse fell headlong, but sprang up and joined the flying band.
+Though considerably hurt, he had the good fortune to break no bones;
+and Maxwell, who was mounted on a fleet hunter, captured the runaway
+after a hard chase. He was on the point of shooting him, to avoid the
+loss of his bridle (a handsomely mounted Spanish one), when he found
+that his horse was able to come up with him. Animals are frequently
+lost in this way; and it is necessary to keep close watch over them,
+in the vicinity of the buffalo, in the midst of which they scour off
+to the plains, and are rarely retaken. One of our mules took a sudden
+freak into his head, and joined a neighboring band to-day. As we are
+not in a condition to lose horses, I sent several men in pursuit,
+and remained in camp, in the hope of recovering him; but lost the
+afternoon to no purpose, as we did not see him again. Astronomical
+observations placed us in longitude 100° 05' 47", latitude 40° 49'
+55".
+
+"_July 1._--As we were riding quietly along the bank, a grand herd of
+buffalo, some seven or eight hundred in number, came crowding up from
+the river, where they had been to drink, and commenced crossing
+the plain slowly, eating as they went. The wind was favorable; the
+coolness of the morning invited to exercise; the ground was apparently
+good, and the distance across the prairie (two or three miles) gave
+us a fine opportunity to charge them before they could get among the
+river hills. It was too fine a prospect for a chase to be lost; and,
+halting for a few moments, the hunters were brought up and saddled,
+and Kit Carson, Maxwell and I started together. They were now somewhat
+less than half a mile distant, and we rode easily along until within
+about three hundred yards, when a sudden agitation, a wavering in the
+band, and a galloping to and fro of some which were scattered along
+the skirts, gave us the intimation that we were discovered. We started
+together at a hand gallop, riding steadily abreast of each other, and
+here the interest of the chase became so engrossingly intense, that we
+were sensible to nothing else. We were now closing upon them rapidly,
+and the front of the mass was already in rapid motion for the hills,
+and in a few seconds the movement had communicated itself to the whole
+herd.
+
+"A crowd of bulls, as usual, brought up the rear, and every now and
+then some of them faced about, and then dashed on after the band a
+short distance, and turned and looked again, as if more than half
+inclined to stand and fight. In a few moments, however, during which
+we had been quickening our pace, the rout was universal, and we were
+going over the ground like a hurricane. When at about thirty yards,
+we gave the usual shout (the hunter's battle cry) and broke into the
+herd. We entered on the side, the mass giving way in every direction
+in their heedless course. Many of the bulls, less active and less
+fleet than the cows, paying no attention to the ground, and occupied
+solely with the hunter were precipitated to the earth with great
+force, rolling over and over with the violence of the shock, and
+hardly distinguishable in the dust. We separated on entering, each
+singling out his game.
+
+"My horse was a trained hunter, famous in the west under the name of
+Proveau, and, with his eyes flashing, and the foam flying from his
+mouth, sprang on after the cow like a tiger. In a few moments he
+brought me alongside of her, and, rising in the stirrups, I fired at
+the distance of a yard, the ball entering at the termination of the
+long hair, and passing near the heart. She fell headlong at the report
+of the gun, and checking my horse, I looked around for my companions.
+At a little distance, Kit was on the ground, engaged in tying his
+horse to the horns of a cow which he was preparing to cut up. Among
+the scattered bands, at some distance below, I caught a glimpse of
+Maxwell; and while I was looking, a light wreath of white smoke
+curled away from his gun, from which I was too far to hear the
+report. Nearer, and between me and the hills, towards which they were
+directing their course, was the body of the herd, and giving my horse
+the rein, we dashed after them. A thick cloud of dust hung upon their
+rear, which filled my mouth and eyes, and nearly smothered me. In
+the midst of this I could see nothing, and the buffalo were not
+distinguishable until within thirty feet. They crowded together more
+densely still as I came upon them, and rushed along in such a compact
+body, that I could not obtain an entrance--the horse almost leaping
+upon them. In a few moments the mass divided to the right and left,
+the horns clattering with a noise heard above everything else, and my
+horse darted into the opening. Five or six bulls charged on us as we
+dashed along the line, but were left far behind, and singling out a
+cow, I gave her my fire, but struck too high. She gave a tremendous
+leap, and scoured on swifter than before. I reined up my horse, and
+the band swept on like a torrent, and left the place quiet and clear.
+Our chase had led us into dangerous ground. A prairie-dog village, so
+thickly settled that there were three or four holes in every twenty
+yards square, occupied the whole bottom for nearly two miles in
+length. Looking around, I saw only one of the hunters, nearly out of
+sight, and the long dark line of our caravan crawling along, three or
+four miles distant."
+
+The trail which the party left behind them now forms the emigrant
+road to California via Fort Laramie, Salt Lake, etc. On reaching Fort
+Laramie, Fremont found a fearful state of affairs existing among the
+Sioux Indians through whose country his route lay. An encounter had
+recently taken place between a war-party belonging to the Sioux nation
+and a party of trappers and Snake Indians. In the fight the Indians
+had been worsted and several of their braves killed. To revenge
+themselves the Sioux chieftains had collected their warriors; and,
+while the nation was encamped to the number of one thousand lodges,
+they had gone forth to seek and punish their enemies.
+
+At Fort Laramie the exploring party met several trappers and friendly
+Indians who used their utmost endeavors to dissuade Colonel Fremont
+from venturing into such inevitable danger. There was but one opinion
+expressed, viz.: that, as sure as he entered upon the journey,
+the entire party would be massacred. To all these admonitions and
+warnings, Colonel Fremont had but one reply. His government had
+directed him to perform a certain duty. The obstacles which stood
+in his way, it was his duty to use every means at his command
+to surmount; therefore, in obedience to his instructions, he was
+determined to continue his march. Finally, he said, that he would
+accomplish the object or die in the attempt, being quite sure that if
+the expedition failed by being cut to pieces, a terrible retribution
+would be in store for the perpetrators of the act. Kit Carson, his
+guide, openly avowed that the future looked dark and gloomy; but, he
+was delighted to hear this expression from his commander. He now felt
+that he had a man after his own heart to depend on, and should danger
+or inevitable death be in store for them he was ready and willing
+to face either with him. In order to be prepared for the worst, Kit
+Carson felt it his duty, considering the dangers apprehended, to make
+his will, thereby showing that if he had to fight he was ready to
+count it his last battle. Colonel Fremont resumed his journey, and
+very opportunely arrived at the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains
+without, in any way, being annoyed with Indians, not even meeting any
+on the route.
+
+He had now reached the field where his chief labors were to commence.
+Without loss of time he set earnestly about his work, making and
+recording such observations as he deemed to be essential and examining
+and exploring the country. Having finished this part of his labors,
+the ascent of the highest peak of the mountains was commenced. The
+length of the journey had jaded the animals. It was very difficult to
+procure game. The men had undergone such severe hardships that their
+spirits had become almost worn out. The daily fare now was dried
+buffalo meat. This was about the consistency of a pine stick; and,
+in taste, resembled a piece of dried bark. Besides these rather
+uncomfortable prospects, the expedition stood in constant fear of an
+attack by the Indians. It was now in the country of the Blackfeet;
+and, only a short distance from the encampment, at the foot of the
+mountain, there was one of their forts. In the face of all these
+obstacles, sufficiently formidable to have deterred most commanders,
+the mountain party was detailed, being fourteen in number including
+Fremont. A man named Bernier was left in command of the camp which
+had been made by felling forest trees in a space about forty feet in
+diameter, using the trunks to form a breastwork. The camp was thus
+concealed by the trees and their foliage. It was well calculated for
+defence, and a few determined men could have maintained it against
+almost any Indian force.
+
+On the 12th day of August the mountain party left the camp. It was
+fifteen in number. On the 14th of August some of the party reached an
+elevation at which the barometer stood 19.401. On the 15th some of
+the party were sent back. Kit Carson had command of this party. The
+remainder consisted of Colonel Fremont, Mr. Preuss, Basil Lajeunesse,
+Clement Lambert, Janesse, and Descoteaux. The day previous Kit Carson
+had alone climbed one of the highest peaks of the main ridge from
+which he had a full view of the highest peak, which rose about eight
+or ten hundred feet above him. The arduous labors of the 14th August
+had determined the commander to ascend no higher. Instead of carrying
+out this intention, after Kit Carson with his party had set out,
+Fremont made one more effort to climb the highest peak and succeeded.
+His own words in describing this ascent are as follows:
+
+"'At intervals, we reached places where a number of springs gushed
+from the rocks, and about 1,800 feet above the lakes came to the
+snow line. From this point our progress was uninterrupted climbing.
+Hitherto, I had worn a pair of thick moccasins, with soles of
+_parflêche_; but here I put on a light thin pair, which I had brought
+for the purpose, as now the use of our toes became necessary to a
+further advance. I availed myself of a sort of comb of the mountain,
+which stood against the wall like a buttress, and which the wind and
+the solar radiation, joined to the steepness of the smooth rock, had
+kept almost entirely free from snow. Up this I made my way rapidly.
+Our cautious method of advancing in the outset had spared my strength;
+and, with the exception of a slight disposition to headache, I felt
+no remains of yesterday's illness. In a few minutes we reached a point
+where the buttress was overhanging, and there was no other way of
+surmounting the difficulty than by passing around one side of it,
+which was the face of a vertical precipice of several hundred feet.'
+
+"_Parflêche_ is the name given to buffalo hide. The Indian women
+prepare it by scraping and drying. It is exceedingly tough and hard,
+and receives its name from the circumstance that it cannot be pierced
+by arrows or spears. The entire dress of Fremont and his party, on
+their ascent to the 'top of America,' consisted of a blue flannel
+shirt, free and open at the neck, the collar turning down over a black
+silk handkerchief tied loosely, blue cloth pantaloons, a slouched
+broad-brimmed hat, and moccasins as above described. It was well
+adapted to climbing--quite light, and at the same time warm, and every
+way comfortable.
+
+"'Putting hands and feet in the crevices between the blocks, I
+succeeded in getting over it, and, when I reached the top, found my
+companions in a small valley below. Descending to them, we continued
+climbing, and in a short time reached the crest. I sprang upon the
+summit, and another step would have precipitated me into an immense
+snow-field five hundred feet below. To the edge of this field was a
+sheer icy precipice; and then, with a gradual fall, the field sloped
+off for about a mile, until it struck the foot of another lower
+ridge. I stood on a narrow crest, about three feet in width, with
+an inclination of about 20° N. 51° E. As soon as I had gratified the
+first feelings of curiosity, I descended, and each man ascended in his
+turn, for I would only allow one at a time to mount the unstable and
+precarious slab, which it seemed a breath would hurl into the abyss
+below. We mounted the barometer in the snow of the summit, and, fixing
+a ramrod in a crevice, unfurled the national flag, to wave in the
+breeze where never flag waved before. During our morning's ascent, we
+met no sign of animal life, except a small bird having the appearance
+of a sparrow. A stillness the most profound and a terrible solitude
+forced themselves constantly on the mind as the great features of the
+place. Here, on the summit, where the stillness was absolute, unbroken
+by any sound, and the solitude complete, we thought ourselves beyond
+the region of animated life; but while we were sitting on the rock,
+a solitary bee (_bombus terrestris_, the humble bee) came winging his
+flight from the eastern valley, and lit on the knee of one of the men.
+
+"'Around us, the whole scene had one main striking feature, which was
+that of terrible convulsion. Parallel to its length, the ridge was
+split into chasms and fissures, between which rose the thin, lofty
+walls, terminated with slender minarets and columns, which are
+correctly represented in the view from the camp on Island Lake.
+According to the barometer, the little crest of the wall on which
+we stood was three thousand five hundred and seventy feet above that
+place, and two thousand seven hundred and eighty above the little
+lakes at the bottom, immediately at our feet. Our camp at the Two
+Hills (an astronomical station) bore south 3° east, which, with a
+bearing afterward obtained from a fixed position, enabled us to locate
+the peak. The bearing of the _Trois Tetons_ was north 50° west, and
+the direction of the central ridge of the Wind River Mountains south
+39° east. The summit rock was gneiss, succeeded by sienitic gneiss.
+Sienite and feldspar succeeded in our descent to the snow line, where
+we found a feldspathic granite. I had remarked that the noise produced
+by the explosion of our pistols had the usual degree of loudness,
+but was not in the least prolonged, expiring almost instantaneously.
+Having now made what observations our means afforded, we proceeded
+to descend. We had accomplished an object of laudable ambition,
+and beyond the strict order of our instructions. We had climbed the
+loftiest peak of the Rocky Mountains, and looked down upon the snow
+a thousand feet below, and, standing where never human foot had stood
+before, felt the exultation of first explorers. It was about two
+o'clock when we left the summit; and when we reached the bottom, the
+sun had already sunk behind the wall, and the day was drawing to a
+close. It would have been pleasant to have lingered here and on the
+summit longer; but we hurried away as rapidly as the ground would
+permit, for it was an object to regain our party as soon as possible,
+not knowing what accident the next hour might bring forth.'"
+
+This peak was found, by barometrical observation, to be _thirteen
+thousand five hundred and seventy_ feet above the waters of the Gulf
+of Mexico. It bears the name of the Great Explorer, being called
+Fremont's Peak.
+
+The return trip was now commenced, all of the objects of the
+expedition having been successfully accomplished. The party again
+reached Fort Laramie in the month of September, 1842. Kit Carson had
+served in the double capacity as a hunter and guide. It is sufficient
+to say of the manner in which he performed his duties that he won
+the friendship of John C. Fremont, and has ever occupied since then a
+prominent and permanent place in his esteem. At Laramie, Kit Carson's
+labors were done. There he bid his commander good bye and set out
+for New Mexico. Fremont returned to the United States in safety. Thus
+terminated the first of his great explorations.
+
+Kit Carson's Indian wife had long since been dead. In the month
+of February, 1843, he married a Mexican lady by the name of Señora
+Josepha Jarimilla. Of this lady it is sufficient to say that for her
+many virtues and personal beauty she is justly esteemed by a large
+circle of acquaintance. By this wife Kit Carson has three children, to
+whom he is devotedly attached.
+
+In the following April Kit Carson was employed as hunter to accompany
+Bent and St. Vrain's train of wagons, while on their journey to the
+United States. On arriving at Walnut Creek, which is about two-thirds
+of the distance across the Plains from Santa Fé, Kit and his
+companions came upon the encampment of Captain Cook, belonging to the
+United States Army--who was in command of four companies of United
+States Dragoons. Captain Cook informed Carson's party that in his rear
+was traveling a train of wagons belonging to General Armijo, a wealthy
+Mexican.
+
+For the purpose of insuring protection to this richly-freighted
+caravan while passing through an Indian country, the Mexican
+wagon-master in charge, had hired one hundred men. There were rumors,
+currently reported at that time and believed, that a large body of
+Texians were waiting on the road to plunder and murder this wagon
+party, and thus retaliate the treatment Armijo had been guilty of
+in the case of the "famous Muir Prisoners;" but, in order that this
+should not happen in Territory belonging to the United States, the
+War Department had ordered Captain Cook and the dragoons to guard the
+property as far as the fording of the Arkansas River, which was then
+the boundary line between the two countries. The Mexicans had become
+alarmed for fear they might be attacked on parting with the United
+States soldiers; so, on meeting with Kit Carson, who was well known to
+them, they offered three hundred dollars if he would carry a letter
+to Armijo who was then Governor of New Mexico, and lived at Santa Fé.
+This letter apprised the General of the danger to which his men and
+property were exposed and asked for assistance to be immediately sent
+to them. Carson accepted the offer, and in company with Owens, another
+mountaineer, he set out on his express ride. In the course of a few
+days he reached Bent's Fort, where his companion concluded not to
+go on with him. At the Fort, Kit Carson was informed that the Utah
+Indians, then hostile, were scattered along his intended route. He was
+not, however, turned from his duty by this danger, but he resumed his
+journey immediately. At this last-named place his friend, Mr. Bent,
+kindly furnished him with a fleet and magnificent horse, which he led,
+so that, should he find himself in peril, he might mount this fresh
+animal and make his escape.
+
+By watching for signs and being continually on the alert, Kit Carson
+discovered the Indians and their village without exposing his own
+person to view. He immediately secreted himself in an out-of-the-way
+place and remained until the coming on of darkness; when, he passed
+safely by the camp of the savages. In the course of a few days he
+reached Taos and handed his dispatch to the _Alcalde_ of the town
+to be forwarded to Santa Fé. As had been previously agreed upon, he
+waited here for an answer with which he was to return. At Taos Carson
+was informed that Armijo had already sent out one hundred Mexican
+soldiers to seek his caravan and that the General himself, in command
+of six hundred more, was soon to follow after. It was afterwards
+learned that this unfortunate band of one hundred men went as far
+as the Arkansas River, but could not find any traces of the train of
+wagons, it not having completed that much of its journey; therefore,
+they commenced to retrace their steps, but had proceeded only a few
+miles, when they were suddenly attacked by the Texians, who succeeded
+in massacring all but one man. This survivor had succeeded in
+catching, in the heat of the battle, a fully equipped Texan horse
+which was loose. Mounting him, he made off in the direction of Santa
+Fé; and, at Cold Springs came upon the camp of Armijo, to whom he
+reported proceedings. The narration of this sad story so dampened
+the courage of the General and his men as to cause them to make a
+precipitous retreat. The spot where this slaughter took place has
+since gone by the name of the "battle ground" and many are the
+bleached human bones that are still to be found there.
+
+It was during Carson's stay of four days in Taos, that Armijo and
+his small army had started out in quest of the enemy; but, before his
+departure, he had received the letter and directed an answer to be
+sent, thinking perhaps, that Kit Carson might reach the train even
+if he himself did not. On the answer coming into Carson's hands, he
+selected a Mexican boy to accompany him and was quickly on the road
+again. They had left Taos two days' journey behind them and had
+reached the River _Trinchera_ (for they were traveling via the
+_Sangero de Christo_ Pass and Bent's Fort) when they unexpectedly
+met four Indian warriors. Eat Carson immediately recognized them as
+hostile Utahs. As yet the red men were some distance off; and, while
+Kit and his companion stood meditating what was best to be done,
+the latter spoke and said to the former: "I am a boy and perhaps the
+Indians will spare my life. At any rate yours is much more valuable
+than mine, therefore mount the horse you are leading, without delay,
+and make your escape." Carson at first thought this advice to be good,
+and was about acting on it, when it struck his equally generous heart,
+how cowardly such a course would be--to desert a youth who had in the
+hour of peril so manfully borne himself. Turning to the boy he thanked
+him and added that "he could not and would not desert him." He said
+"we must stand our ground together and if we have to die let us take
+with us each his warrior." While this colloquy was going on, the
+foremost of the Indians came up. He approached Carson with the air of
+a man sure of an easy victory, and, with a bland smile, proffered one
+hand in friendship, while, with the other, he grasped Kit's rifle.
+A powerful blow from the fist of the latter released his hold and
+instantly laid him sprawling upon the ground. The other Indians,
+seeing the fate of their companion, hastened to his rescue. When they
+reached talking distance, Kit, standing with his rifle brought to his
+shoulder, informed them that, upon the first hostile demonstration
+they made, he and his companion would fire. The Indians commenced
+shaking their priming into the pans of their flint lock guns, and,
+while doing so, talked loud and threatened to perform a great many
+things. This was a mere ruse to intimidate Kit and his companion
+and throw them off their guard. It was, however, well understood and
+operated to make them only the more vigilant. This endeavor to draw
+off Kit's attention was continued in various ways, but, finally seeing
+the determined posture of their opponent, they grew weary of the game,
+and, at last, departed.
+
+The journey was now resumed. After five days of hard traveling, Kit
+and his companion entered Bent's Fort, without further molestation.
+Here Kit Carson learned that the Texians had been caught by Captain
+Cook and his dragoons in United States Territory, and had been
+disarmed. This had immediately relieved the conductors of the train
+from all anxiety. They had, consequently, continued their route, not
+thinking a stop at Bent's Fort necessary as had been anticipated. Gen.
+Armijo's letter of instruction was, accordingly, left by Carson with
+Mr. Bent who promised to forward it to Santa Fé by the first favorable
+opportunity. To pursue and overtake the wagons would be nothing but
+labor thrown away. All danger had disappeared.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+    Kit Carson visits Fremont's Camp--Goes on the Second
+    Exploring Expedition--The Necessary Arrangements--Trip to Salt
+    Lake--Explorations there--Carson is dispatched to Fort
+    Hall for Supplies--Their Operations at Salt Lake--The Great
+    Island--The Journey to the Columbia River in Oregon--Incidents
+    on the Route--Tlamath Lake--The Journey to California--The
+    Trials and Privations met with while crossing the Sierra
+    Nevada Mountains--Mr. Preuss is lost but finds the Party
+    again--Arrival at Sutter's Fort in a Destitute Condition--Two
+    of the Party become deranged--The Route on the Return
+    Trip--Mexicans come into their Camp asking Aid and
+    Protection--Indian Depredations--Carson and Godey start on a
+    Daring Adventure--The Pursuit--The Thieves overtaken--These
+    Two White Men attack Thirty Indians--The Victory--Horses
+    retaken--The Return to Camp--One of their Companions
+    killed--The Journey continued--Arrival at Bent's Fort--The
+    "Fourth of July" Dinner.
+
+
+A few days before Kit Carson's arrival at Bent's Fort, Col. Fremont
+had passed by and had informed the Traders there that he was bound on
+another Exploring Expedition. Having finished up his business with
+the Mexicans, Kit thought he would like to see his old commander once
+again. Accordingly, he started on his trail: and, after seventy
+miles of travel, came up with him. The meeting proved to be mutually
+agreeable. Although Kit Carson had made this visit solely from his
+desire to see again his old commander and not with a view of joining
+his second expedition, Col. Fremont insisted so strongly upon having
+Kit accompany him that he acquiesced in doing so.
+
+For Col. Fremont, Kit Carson has the greatest admiration. He knows, as
+well as any man living, his bravery, his talents and the many splendid
+qualities of his mind and heart. The question will naturally arise,
+does Kit Carson indorse the political creed upon which Col. Fremont
+accepted the nomination for the Presidency of the United States? The
+best answer and the one which is true, will be: Kit Carson considers
+it one of the highest honors and greatest blessings to be a citizen of
+the United States. He is willing to incur any danger for his country's
+good, even if the sacrifice of his life is the alternative. He has
+spent all his life in the wilds of America where news is always as
+scarce an article as luxuries of the table and fire-side, and, where
+the political strifes of factions and parties are not known. The
+inference will therefore be plainly apparent, that his curiosity
+does not lead him to examine very attentively the minute workings of
+political machinery. He is not a man to be swayed by friendship from
+performing any act which the interests of his country seem to require
+at his hands. His political bias will, therefore, remain a matter of
+conjecture until such time, if his life is spared to see it, when New
+Mexico shall be admitted into the Union as a State. So far, he has
+never lived where he could exercise the right of franchise. The time
+must come which shall entitle him to a Presidential vote before he
+decides what political party shall count him as its supporter.
+
+Soon after Kit Carson was again enrolled under the command of Col.
+Fremont, he received orders to return to Bent's Fort and purchase some
+mules of which the party stood in need. Mules are valuable animals
+in new and mountainous countries. They are often the only beasts of
+burden which can be successfully used in crossing the wild mountains.
+Being more sure footed and more able to endure great fatigue than the
+horse, in such expeditions, they become absolutely necessary. While
+he was absent on this duty, the expedition journeyed first to Soda
+Springs and thence on to St. Vrain's Fort, which was located on the
+South Fork of the Platte. At this point, the expedition was joined by
+Major Fitzpatrick with a command of forty men which he had enrolled,
+under orders, to assist in the exploration. When Kit Carson had
+rejoined the party, the arrangements for the arduous task in view were
+nearly complete.
+
+Colonel Fremont divided his forces, sending one division, with most of
+the camp equipage, on the more direct route. This division was placed
+under the command of Major Fitzpatrick. The other division under the
+command of Colonel Fremont, consisting of a squad of fifteen men and
+his guide Kit Carson, struck out up Thompson's Fork. The object of
+this expedition had in view by the government was, to have Colonel
+Fremont connect his explorations of the preceding year with the coast
+surveys of Commander Wilkes on the Pacific. This would give the data
+for making a correct map of the interior of the wild lands of the
+continent. From Thompson's Fork Colonel Fremont's division marched to
+the Cache la Poudre River, and thence to the plains of Laramie until
+they came to the North Fork of the Platte. This river they crossed
+below the New Park and bent their way to the sweet water, reaching it
+at a point about fifteen miles below the Devil's Gate. From this point
+they traveled almost the same road which is now used by emigrants and
+which leads to Soda Springs on Beaver River. It had been decided by
+Fremont to go to the Great Salt Lake and accomplish its exploration.
+He therefore started for that direction; but, before doing so, ordered
+Kit Carson to proceed to Fort Hall and obtain such supplies as were
+required. After procuring these necessities, Kit Carson, with one
+companion and his pack animals, set out on the return from Fort Hall
+and eventually found Fremont on the upper end of Salt Lake. From here
+the party journeyed around to the east side of the lake, a distance of
+about twenty miles. At this spot they obtained a good view of the lake
+and its adjacent scenery. Before him, and in bold relief, stood out
+everything which the explorer desired to examine, even to one of
+the several islands which are located in the midst of this wonderful
+collection of saline waters. To this isolated land Fremont was
+resolved to go. Among the rest of the forethought, supplies, there was
+an India-rubber boat. This was ordered to be made ready for a trip
+to the island early the following day. No doubt our readers will be
+pleased to enjoy Colonel Fremont's account of this lake, its scenery
+and characteristics. We insert therefore as much thereof as our space
+will admit. It was the twenty-first day of August 1843 that the little
+party reached Bear River, which, as has already appeared in another,
+part of this work, was the principal tributary of the Great Salt Lake.
+At this point of Colonel Fremont's narrative, he says: "We were now
+entering a region which, for us, possessed a strange and extraordinary
+interest. We were upon the waters of the famous lake which forms
+a salient point among the remarkable geographical features of the
+country, and around which the vague and superstitious accounts of
+the trappers had thrown a delightful obscurity, which we anticipated
+pleasure in dispelling, but which, in the meantime, left a crowded
+field for the exercise of our imagination.
+
+"In our occasional conversations with the few old hunters who had
+visited the region, it had been a subject of frequent speculation;
+and the wonders which they related were not the less agreeable because
+they were highly exaggerated and impossible.
+
+"Hitherto this lake had been seen only by trappers, who were wandering
+through the country in search of new beaver streams, caring very
+little for geography; its islands had never been visited; and none
+were to be found who had entirely made the circuit of its shores;
+and no instrumental observations, or geographical survey of any
+description, had ever been made anywhere in the neighboring region. It
+was generally supposed that it had no visible outlet; but, among the
+trappers, including those in my own camp, were many who believed that
+somewhere on its surface was a terrible whirlpool, through which
+its waters found their way to the ocean by some subterranean
+communication. All these things had made a frequent subject of
+discussion in our desultory conversations around the fires at night;
+and my own mind had become tolerably well filled with their indefinite
+pictures, and insensibly colored with their romantic descriptions,
+which, in the pleasure of excitement, I was well disposed to believe,
+and half expected to realize.
+
+"'In about six miles' travel from our encampment, we reached one of
+the points in our journey to which we had always looked forward with
+great interest--the famous Beer Springs, which, on account of the
+effervescing gas and acid taste, had received their name from the
+voyageurs and trappers of the country, who, in the midst of their rude
+and hard lives, are fond of finding some fancied resemblance to the
+luxuries they rarely have the good fortune to enjoy.
+
+"'Although somewhat disappointed in the expectations which various
+descriptions had led me to form of unusual beauty of situation and
+scenery, I found it altogether a place of very great interest; and a
+traveler for the first time in a volcanic region remains in a constant
+excitement, and at every step is arrested by something remarkable and
+new. There is a confusion of interesting objects gathered together in
+a small space. Around the place of encampment the Beer Springs were
+numerous; but, as far as we could ascertain, were entirely confined to
+that locality in the bottom. In the bed of the river, in front, for
+a space of several hundred yards, they were very abundant; the
+effervescing gas rising up and agitating the water in countless
+bubbling columns. In the vicinity round about were numerous springs
+of an entirely different and equally marked mineral character. In a
+rather picturesque spot, about 1,300 yards below our encampment, and
+immediately on the river bank, is the most remarkable spring of the
+place. In an opening on the rock, a white column of scattered water is
+thrown up, in form like a _jet-d'eau_, to a variable height of about
+three feet, and, though it is maintained in a constant supply, its
+greatest height is attained only at regular intervals, according to
+the action of the force below. It is accompanied by a subterranean
+noise, which, together with the motion of the water, makes very much
+the impression of a steamboat in motion; and, without knowing that it
+had been already previously so called, we gave to it the name of the
+Steamboat Spring. The rock through which it is forced is slightly
+raised in a convex manner, and gathered at the opening into an
+urn-mouthed form, and is evidently formed by continued deposition from
+the water, and colored bright red by oxide of iron.
+
+"'It is a hot spring, and the water has a pungent and disagreeable
+metallic taste, leaving a burning effect on the tongue. Within perhaps
+two yards of the _jet d'eau_, is a small hole of about an inch in
+diameter, through which, at regular intervals, escapes a blast of hot
+air with a light wreath of smoke, accompanied by a regular noise.'
+
+"As they approached the lake, they passed over a country of bold and
+striking scenery, and through several 'gates,' as they called certain
+narrow valleys. The 'standing rock' is a huge column, occupying the
+centre of one of these passes. It fell from a height of perhaps 3,000
+feet, and happened to remain in its present upright position.
+
+"At last, on the 6th of September, the object for which their eyes had
+long been straining was brought to view.
+
+"'_Sept. 6_.--This time we reached the butte without any difficulty;
+and, ascending to the summit, immediately at our feet beheld the
+object of our anxious search, the waters of the Inland Sea, stretching
+in still and solitary grandeur far beyond the limit of our vision.
+It was one of the great points of the exploration; and as we looked
+eagerly over the lake in the first emotions of excited pleasure, I am
+doubtful if the followers of Balboa felt more enthusiasms, when,
+from the heights of the Andes, they saw for the first time the great
+Western Ocean. It was certainly a magnificent object, and a noble
+_terminus_ to this part of our expedition; and to travelers so long
+shut up among mountain ranges, a sudden view over the expanse of
+silent waters had in it something sublime. Several large islands
+raised their high rocky heads out of the waves; but whether or not
+they were timbered was still left to our imagination, as the distance
+was too great to determine if the dark hues upon them were woodland
+or naked rock. During the day the clouds had been gathering black over
+the mountains to the westward, and while we were looking a storm burst
+down with sudden fury upon the lake, and entirely hid the islands from
+our view.
+
+"'On the edge of the stream a favorable spot was selected in a grove;
+and felling the timber, we made a strong _corral_, or horse-pen, for
+the animals, and a little fort for the people who were to remain.
+We were now probably in the country of the Utah Indians, though none
+reside upon the lake. The India-rubber boat was repaired with prepared
+cloth and gum, and filled with air, in readiness for the next day.
+
+"'The provisions which Carson had brought with him being now
+exhausted, and our stock reduced to a small quantity of roots, I
+determined to retain with me only a sufficient number of men for the
+execution of our design; and accordingly seven were sent back to Fort
+Hall, under the guidance of François Lajeunesse, who, having been for
+many years a trapper in the country, was an experienced mountaineer.
+
+"'We formed now but a small family. With Mr. Preuss and myself,
+Carson, Bernier, and Basil Lajeunesse had been selected for the boat
+expedition--the first ever attempted on this interior sea; and Badeau,
+with Derosier, and Jacob (the colored man), were to be left in charge
+of the camp. We were favored with most delightful weather. To-night
+there was a brilliant sunset of golden orange and green, which left
+the western sky clear and beautifully pure; but clouds in the east
+made me lose an occultation. The summer frogs were singing around us,
+and the evening was very pleasant, with a temperature of 60°--a night
+of a more southern autumn. For our supper we had _yampah_, the most
+agreeably flavored of the roots, seasoned by a small fat duck, which
+had come in the way of Jacob's rifle. Around our fire to-night were
+many speculations on what to-morrow would bring forth; and in our
+busy conjectures we fancied that we should find every one of the large
+islands a tangled wilderness of trees and shrubbery, teeming with game
+of every description that the neighboring region afforded, and which
+the foot of a white man or Indian had never violated. Frequently,
+during the day, clouds had rested on the summits of their lofty
+mountains, and we believed that we should find clear streams and
+springs of fresh water; and we indulged in anticipations of the
+luxurious repasts with which we were to indemnify ourselves for past
+privations. Neither, in our discussions were the whirlpool and other
+mysterious dangers forgotten, which Indian and hunters' stories
+attributed to this unexplored lake. The men had discovered that,
+instead of being strongly sewed (like that of the preceding year,
+which had so triumphantly rode the cañons of the Upper Great Platte),
+our present boat was only pasted together in a very insecure manner,
+the maker having been allowed so little time in the construction that
+he was obliged to crowd the labor of two months into several days. The
+insecurity of the boat was sensibly felt by us; and, mingled with
+the enthusiasm and excitement that we all felt at the prospect of an
+undertaking which had never before been accomplished, was a certain
+impression of danger, sufficient to give a serious character to our
+conversation. The momentary view which had been had of the lake the
+day before, its great extent and rugged islands, dimly seen amidst the
+dark waters in the obscurity of the sudden storm, were well calculated
+to heighten the idea of undefined danger with which the lake was
+generally associated.
+
+"'_Sept. 8_.--A calm, clear day, with a sunrise temperature of 41°.
+In view of our present enterprise, a part of the equipment of the boat
+had been made to consist of three air-tight bags, about three feet
+long, and capable each of containing five gallons. These had been
+filled with water the night before, and were now placed in the boat,
+with our blankets and instruments, consisting of a sextant, telescope,
+spy-glass, thermometer, and barometer.
+
+"'In the course of the morning we discovered that two of the cylinders
+leaked so much as to require one man constantly at the bellows, to
+keep them sufficiently full of air to support the boat. Although we
+had made a very early start, we loitered so much on the way--stopping
+every now and then, and floating silently along, to get a shot at
+a goose or a duck--that it was late in the day when we reached the
+outlet. The river here divided into several branches, filled with
+fluvials, and so very shallow that it was with difficulty we could get
+the boat along, being obliged to get out and wade. We encamped on a
+low point among rushes and young willows, where there was a quantity
+of driftwood, which served for our fires. The evening was mild and
+clear; we made a pleasant bed of the young willows; and geese and
+ducks enough had been killed for an abundant supper at night, and for
+breakfast next morning. The stillness of the night was enlivened by
+millions of water-fowl.
+
+"'_Sept. 9_.--The day was clear and calm; the thermometer at sunrise
+at 49°. As is usual with the trappers on the eve of any enterprise,
+our people had made dreams, and theirs happened to be a bad one--one
+which always preceded evil--and consequently they looked very gloomy
+this morning; but we hurried through our breakfast, in order to make
+an early start, and have all the day before us for our adventure. The
+channel in a short distance became so shallow that our navigation
+was at an end, being merely a sheet of soft mud, with a few inches of
+water, and sometimes none at all, forming the low-water shore of the
+lake. All this place was absolutely covered with flocks of screaming
+plover. We took off our clothes, and, getting over-board, commenced
+dragging the boat--making, by this operation, a very curious trail,
+and a very disagreeable smell in stirring up the mud, as we sank above
+the knee at every step. The water here was still fresh, with only an
+insipid and disagreeable taste, probably derived from the bed of fetid
+mud. After proceeding in this way about a mile, we came to a small
+black ridge on the bottom, beyond which the water became suddenly
+salt, beginning gradually to deepen, and the bottom was sandy and
+firm. It was a remarkable division, separating the fresh water of
+the rivers from the briny water of the lake, which was entirely
+_saturated_ with common salt. Pushing our little vessel across the
+narrow boundary, we sprang on board, and at length were afloat on the
+waters of the unknown sea.
+
+"We did not steer for the mountainous islands, but directed our course
+towards a lower one, which it had been decided we should first visit,
+the summit of which was formed like the crater at the upper end of
+Bear River valley. So long as we could touch the bottom with our
+paddles, we were very gay; but gradually, as the water deepened, we
+became more still in our frail batteau of gum cloth distended with
+air, and with pasted seams. Although the day was very calm, there was
+a considerable swell on the lake; and there were white patches of foam
+on the surface, which were slowly moving to the southward, indicating
+the set of a current in that direction, and recalling the recollection
+of the whirlpool stories. The water continued to deepen as we
+advanced; the lake becoming almost transparently clear, of an
+extremely beautiful bright-green color; and the spray, which was
+thrown into the boat and over our clothes, was directly converted
+into a crust of common salt, which covered also our hands and
+arms. 'Captain,' said Carson, who for some time had been looking
+suspiciously at some whitening appearances outside the nearest islands
+'what are those yonder?--won't you just take a look with the glass?'
+We ceased paddling for a moment, and found them to be the caps of the
+waves that were beginning to break under the force of a strong breeze
+that was coming up the lake. The form of the boat seemed to be an
+admirable one, and it rode on the waves like a water bird; but, at
+the same time, it was extremely slow in its progress. When we were
+a little more than half way across the reach, two of the divisions
+between the cylinders gave way, and it required the constant use of
+the bellows to keep in a sufficient quantity of air. For a long time
+we scarcely seemed to approach our island, but gradually we worked
+across the rougher sea of the open channel, into the smoother water
+under the lee of the island, and began to discover that what we took
+for a long row of pelicans, ranged on the beach, were only low cliffs
+whitened with salt by the spray of the waves; and about noon we
+reached the shore, the transparency of the water enabling us to see
+the bottom at a considerable depth.
+
+"'The cliffs and masses of rock along the shore were whitened by an
+incrustation of salt where the waves dashed up against them; and the
+evaporating water, which had been left in holes and hollows on
+the surface of the rocks, was covered with a crust of salt about
+one-eighth of an inch in thickness.
+
+"'Carrying with us the barometer and other instruments, in the
+afternoon we ascended to the highest point of the island--a bare rocky
+peak, 800 feet above the lake. Standing on the summit, we enjoyed an
+extended view of the lake, inclosed in a basin of rugged mountains,
+which sometimes left marshy flats and extensive bottoms between them
+and the shore, and in other places came directly down into the water
+with bold and precipitous bluffs.
+
+"'As we looked over the vast expanse of water spread out beneath us,
+and strained our eyes along the silent shores over which hung so much
+doubt and uncertainty, and which were so full of interest to us, I
+could hardly repress the almost irresistible desire to continue our
+exploration; but the lengthening snow on the mountains was a plain
+indication of the advancing season, and our frail linen boat
+appeared so insecure that I was unwilling to trust our lives to
+the uncertainties of the lake. I therefore unwillingly resolved to
+terminate our survey here, and remain satisfied for the present with
+what we had been able to add to the unknown geography of the region.
+We felt pleasure also in remembering that we were the first who, in
+the traditionary annals of the country, had visited the islands, and
+broken, with the cheerful sound of human voices, the long solitude of
+the place.
+
+"'I accidentally left on the summit the brass cover to the object end
+of my spy-glass; and as it will probably remain there undisturbed
+by Indians, it will furnish matter of speculation to some future
+traveler. In our excursions about the island, we did not meet with any
+kind of animal; a magpie, and another larger bird, probably attracted
+by the smoke of our fire, paid us a visit from the shore, and were
+the only living things seen during our stay. The rock constituting the
+cliffs along the shore where we were encamped, is a talcous rock, or
+steatite, with brown spar.
+
+"'At sunset, the temperature was 70°. We had arrived just in time to
+obtain a meridian altitude of the sun, and other observations were
+obtained this evening, which place our camp in latitude 41° 10' 42",
+and longitude 112° 21' 05" from Greenwich. From a discussion of the
+barometrical observations made during our stay on the shores of the
+lake, we have adopted 4,200 feet for its elevation above the Gulf of
+Mexico. In the first disappointment we felt from the dissipation of
+our dream of the fertile islands, I called this Disappointment Island.
+
+"'Out of the driftwood, we made ourselves pleasant little lodges,
+open to the water, and, after having kindled large fires to excite the
+wonder of any straggling savage on the lake shores, lay down, for the
+first time in a long journey, in perfect security; no one thinking
+about his arms. The evening was extremely bright and pleasant; but the
+wind rose during the night, and the waves began to break heavily on
+the shore, making our island tremble. I had not expected in our inland
+journey to hear the roar of an ocean surf; and the strangeness of our
+situation, and the excitement we felt in the associated interests of
+the place, made this one of the most interesting nights I remember
+during our long expedition.
+
+"'In the morning, the surf was breaking heavily on the shore, and we
+were up early. The lake was dark and agitated, and we hurried through
+our scanty breakfast, and embarked--having first filled one of the
+buckets with water from the lake, of which it was intended to make
+salt. The sun had risen by the time we were ready to start; and it
+was blowing a strong gale of wind, almost directly off the shore, and
+raising a considerable sea, in which our boat strained very much.
+It roughened as we got away from the island, and it required all the
+efforts of the men to make any head against the wind and sea; the gale
+rising with the sun; and there was danger of being blown into one of
+the open reaches beyond the island. At the distance of half a mile
+from the beach, the depth of water was sixteen feet, with a clay
+bottom; but, as the working of the boat was very severe labor, and
+during the operation of sounding it was necessary to cease paddling,
+during which the boat lost considerable way, I was unwilling
+to discourage the men, and reluctantly gave up my intention of
+ascertaining the depth, and the character of the bed. There was a
+general shout in the boat when we found ourselves in one fathom, and
+we soon after landed.'"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We now resume Kit Carson's narrative. When the Indian-rubber boat was
+put in order, Colonel Fremont started, taking Carson and three others
+as companions. (Their names have already appeared.) The distance from
+the main land to the island is computed to be about three leagues,
+hence the pull at the oars, for landsmen unaccustomed to such kind of
+work, was no small task. However a landing upon the island was safely
+accomplished, the boat made fast and the investigations commenced.
+After examining most of the island without finding even a spring of
+water on it, it was determined to ascend the great hill which was
+the highest elevation on it. The party was not long in reaching the
+summit, where they found a shelving rock, on which they cut a cross,
+their names and the date as signs to after visitors, should any such
+follow in their footsteps, that they had been the first persons who
+had ever, within the knowledge of man, been on that island.
+
+The day having been far spent in their labors, orders were given to
+camp on the island for the night. On the morrow they departed for
+the main land. When they had accomplished about one league, being
+one-third of the distance, the clouds suddenly gathered and threatened
+a storm. Just as this danger impended, the air which acted in giving
+buoyancy to the boat, by some accident, began to escape. A man was
+immediately stationed at the bellows and it required his constant aid
+to supply the portion which steadily escaped. Colonel Fremont then
+ordered the men to pull for their lives and try thus to escape the
+danger of the impending storm. In this instance, as indeed in every
+hour of peril, an all-seeing Providence guided them in safety to the
+shore. Soon after they arrived, the storm came on with such fury that
+it caused the water of the lake, according to the natural water mark,
+to rise ten feet in one hour.
+
+The party soon after recommenced their march and proceeded some
+distance up the Bear River. Crossing it they went to the Malade
+and thence on until they reached Fort Hall. Here they met with the
+division under Fitzpatrick and made a short stay.
+
+Once more Colonel Fremont started with his small party in advance of
+his main body. He marched about eight days' journey ahead, Fitzpatrick
+following up his trail with the larger division. At this time the
+expedition was journeying in the direction of the mouth of the
+Columbia River. In due time they arrived safely at the river Dalles.
+Here they made another brief halt. Colonel Fremont left Kit Carson
+in command of this camp, while he, with a small party, proceeded to
+Vancouver's Island and purchased some provisions. On his return he
+found that the whole party had become consolidated. The command now
+journeyed to Tlamath Lake in Oregon Territory. The descriptions of all
+these journeys have already been given to the public in several forms,
+all however based upon Colonel Fremont's reports made to the U.S.
+Government. It would be superfluous, therefore, for us to fill up the
+pages of the life of Kit Carson with matter already published beyond
+the occurrences appertaining to him. Having finished the observations
+upon Tlamath Lake, the expedition started for California. The route
+led through a barren and desolate country, rendering game scarce. As
+the command drew near to the Sierra Nevada Mountains, they were found
+to be entirely covered with deep snow throughout the entire range of
+vision. At this time the provisions had commenced giving out. Game
+was so scarce that it could not be depended on. The propositions which
+presented themselves at this crisis were to cross the mountains or
+take the fearful chance of starving to death. Crossing the mountains,
+terrible though the alternative, was the choice of all. It was better
+than inactivity and certain death. On arriving at the mountains the
+snow was found to be about six feet deep on a level. The first task
+was to manufacture snow-shoes for the entire party. By the aid of
+these foot appendages, an advance party was sent on to explore the
+route and to determine how far a path would have to be broken for the
+animals. This party reached a spot from whence they could see their
+way clear and found that the path for the animals would be three
+leagues in length. The advance party also saw, in the distance, the
+green valley of the Sacramento and the coast range of mountains.
+Kit Carson was the first man to recognize these, to the snow-bound
+travelers, desirable localities, although it was now seventeen years
+since he had last gazed upon them. The advance party then returned
+to their friends in the rear and reported their proceedings. All were
+delighted on learning that they had one man among them who knew where
+they were. The business of making the road was very laborious. The
+snow had to be beaten compact with mallets. It was fifteen days before
+the party succeeded in reaching, with a few of their animals, a place
+where the heavy work of the route was ended. During this time, many of
+their mules had starved to death, and the few remaining were driven
+to such an extreme by want of food, that they devoured one another's
+tails, the leather on the pack saddles; and, in fact, they would try
+to eat everything they could get into their mouths. The sufferings
+of the men had been as severe as had ever fallen to the lot of any
+mountaineer present. Their provisions were all used and they were
+driven to subsist upon the mules as they died from hunger. But,
+commander and all bore these terrible trials in an exemplary manner.
+
+An incident is related by Colonel Fremont, in which Kit Carson enjoyed
+a cold-bath, which occurred during this terrible march. "_February
+Twenty-third._--This was our most difficult day; we were forced off
+the ridges by the quantity of snow among the timber, and obliged to
+take to the mountain-sides, where, occasionally, rocks and a southern
+exposure afforded us a chance to scramble along. But these were
+steep and slippery with snow and ice; and the tough evergreens of the
+mountain impeded our way, tore our skins, and exhausted our patience.
+Some of us had the misfortune to wear moccasins with _parflêche_
+soles, so slippery that we could not keep our feet, and generally
+crawled across the snow beds. Axes and mauls were necessary to-day, to
+make a road through the snow. Going ahead with Carson to reconnoitre
+the road, we reached in the afternoon the river which made the outlet
+of the lake. Carson sprang over, clear across a place where the
+stream was compressed among the rocks, but the _parflêche_ sole of
+my moccasin glanced from the icy rock, and precipitated me into the
+river. It was some few seconds before I could recover myself in the
+current, and Carson thinking me hurt jumped in after me, and we both
+had an icy bath. We tried to search awhile for my gun, which had been
+lost in the fall, but the cold drove us out; and, making a large fire
+on the bank, after we had partially dried ourselves, we went back to
+meet the camp. We afterwards found that the gun had been slung under
+the ice which lined the banks of the creek."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was while undergoing such experience as we have endeavored to
+narrate that the characters of men show forth in their true light
+and can be fully analyzed. John C. Fremont never was found wanting in
+times such as tried men's hearts. He was worthy of the trust reposed
+in him. His was no ordinary command. The men he had to deal with, in
+their line, had no superiors on the American Continent; yet, he proved
+a match for any one of them and gained from them the name of being a
+good mountaineer, an encomium they are not prone to bestow lightly.
+
+The party now commenced descending the mountains. On reaching the
+valley beneath, Fremont, taking Kit Carson and six of the men, pushed
+on in advance, in order to reach Sutter's Fort, where he would be able
+to purchase provisions. Fitzpatrick was left in charge of the main
+party, with orders to make easy marches. The second day after this
+division was made, Mr. Preuss, Fremont's assistant, accidentally got
+lost. His friends began making search for him. This failing, they
+traveled on slowly, fired guns and used every means in their power to
+let their whereabouts be known to him. After wandering about for four
+days, to the surprise and joy of his companions, he came into camp.
+During his absence he had subsisted on acorns and roots, and, as a
+matter of course, was nearly exhausted both in body and mind. Three
+days after Mr. Preuss was restored to them, Fremont, with the advance
+party, reached Sutter's Fort. He and his party were very hospitably
+received. They were entertained with the best the post could furnish,
+by its kind-hearted proprietor. Never did men more deserve such
+treatment. The condition of all was about as miserable as it could
+well be imagined, for men who retained their hold on life.
+
+It was at Sutter's Fort, as most of our readers will remember, that
+the great gold mines of California first received their kindling
+spark, the discovery of that precious metal having been made there.
+While some men were digging a mill-race the alluring deposit first
+appeared. This event has made the Fort world-renowned.
+
+At the time we describe Fremont on his second expedition, nothing
+whatever was known of the immense fields of treasure over which he
+and his men daily walked, although, for many years previous to the
+discovery being made, the mountaineers had trapped all the rivers in
+that vicinity, and on their banks had herded their animals for months
+together. They had drank thousands of times from the pure water as it
+flowed in the river's channel, and, no doubt, frequently their eyes
+had penetrated through it until they saw the sand beneath in which,
+perchance, the sparkling specs may have occasionally allured them
+sufficiently to recall the proverb that "all is not gold that
+glitters."
+
+The writer once made inquiry of one of these mountaineers who had
+spent two summers in the manner narrated above near and at Sutter's
+Fort some twenty years since. He was asked whether he ever saw there
+anything in the shape of gold which in any way aroused his suspicions?
+His reply was: "Never. And had I, it would have been only for a
+brief space of time, as finally I should have been certain that I
+was deluded and mistaken, without there had been the _Eagle_ of our
+country stamped upon it."
+
+Provisions were immediately obtained at the Fort and carried to
+Fitzpatrick and his party. Great difficulty had now to be encountered
+to prevent the men from losing their lives by the sudden change from
+want to comparative luxury. Notwithstanding the utmost care was taken,
+some of the party lost their reason. The hardships of the journey had
+proved too much for them. Fitzpatrick and the main body arrived at
+the Fort in a few days, where they were likewise welcomed by its
+hospitable and generous proprietor, Captain Sutter. His name in
+California has ever been but another term for kindness and sympathy
+for the unfortunate. This expedition, in one respect only, can be
+called unfortunate. When the terrible sufferings of the commander and
+his men have been named, the catalogue of misfortune is ended. Its
+results, grand and glorious, have immortalized the name of every man
+who assisted, in any way, to accomplish it. "I belonged to the several
+Exploring Expeditions of John C. Fremont" is the key note to the
+respect and homage of the American nation; the truth would be equally
+real, if we add, to the whole civilized world. Every heart which beats
+with admiration for the heroic, or which is capable of appreciating
+the rich contributions to the sciences, direct resultants from their
+terrible sufferings, has thrilled with delight when possessed of the
+history which records the brilliant achievements of these Exploring
+Parties.
+
+The band started from the little town of Kansas on the twenty-ninth
+day of May, 1843. It returned to the United States in August, 1844.
+After traveling seventeen hundred miles, it reached, September sixth,
+Salt Lake. On the fourth day of November it reached Fort Vancouver,
+on the Columbia River. On the sixth day of March, 1844, it reached
+Sutter's Fort in the destitute condition already explained. The
+distance from Fort Hall by the route taken is about two thousand
+miles. The party remained at Sutter's Fort until the twenty-fourth
+day of March, or as Kit Carson expresses the time from his memory, the
+expedition remained at this place about one month. At the expiration
+of this time, the party was sufficiently recruited to be ready for
+their return journey, which they commenced in April, 1844. Just
+previous to their taking leave of Mr. Sutter, two of the company
+became deranged, owing to the privations and fasting to which they
+had been obliged to submit before being ushered into a land of plenty.
+They had indulged appetite too freely, and brought on one of those
+strange revolutions in the brain's action which never fails to excite
+the pity of friend and foe. The first warning which the party had that
+one of the men was laboring under a disordered intellect occurred in
+the following manner. Early in the morning the man suddenly started
+from his sleep and began to ask his companions where his riding animal
+was gone. During this time it was by him, but he did not know it.
+Unknown to the rest of the party he started off soon after in search
+of his imaginary animal. As soon as his absence became known to
+Fremont, he surmised the truth and sent persons in all directions to
+hunt for him. They searched the neighboring country for many miles
+and made inquiries of all the friendly Indians they chanced upon, but
+failed to discover him. Several days of delay was caused by this most
+unhappy circumstance. Finally, it becoming necessary for the party
+to depart without him, word was left with Mr. Sutter to continue the
+hunt. He did so most faithfully; and, by his exertions, some time
+after the party had set out on the return trip, the maniac was found
+and kept at the Fort until he had entirely recovered. He was then, on
+the first opportunity, provided with a passage to the United States.
+Before we follow the party on their homeward-bound tramp, it is proper
+that the reader should be favored with the estimate and views which
+the American historian, statesman and scholar, Colonel Benton, has
+recorded concerning the perils undergone and results accomplished by
+this expedition. His pen is so graphic and life-like that the reader
+will doubtless thank us for the extract. Besides presenting a view of
+the expedition, it will unfold a fact which shows where the origin of
+the expedition had its conception. We give all he says concerning the
+expedition.[17]
+
+[Footnote 17: Thirty Years View, vol. ii. chap. 134.]
+
+"'The government deserves credit for the zeal with which it has
+pursued geographical discovery.' Such is the remark which a leading
+paper made upon the discoveries of Fremont, on his return from his
+second expedition to the great West; and such is the remark which
+all writers will make upon all his discoveries who write history
+from public documents and outside views. With all such writers the
+expeditions of Fremont will be credited to the zeal of the government
+for the promotion of science, as if the government under which he
+acted had conceived and planned these expeditions, as Mr. Jefferson
+did that of Lewis and Clark, and then selected this young officer
+to carry into effect the instructions delivered to him. How far such
+history would be true in relation to the first expedition, which
+terminated in the Rocky Mountains, has been seen in the account which
+has been given of the origin of that undertaking, and which leaves the
+government innocent of its conception; and, therefore, not entitled to
+the credit of its authorship, but only to the merit of permitting it.
+In the second, and greater expedition, from which great political as
+well as scientific results have flowed, their merit is still less;
+for, while equally innocent of its conception, they were not equally
+passive to its performance--countermanding the expedition after it had
+begun--and lavishing censure upon the adventurous young explorer for
+his manner of undertaking it. The fact was, that his first expedition
+barely finished, Mr. Fremont sought and obtained orders for a second
+one, and was on the frontier of Missouri with his command when orders
+arrived at St. Louis to stop him, on the ground that he had made
+a military equipment which the peaceful nature of his geographical
+pursuit did not require! as if Indians did not kill and rob scientific
+men as well as others if not in a condition to defend themselves. The
+particular point of complaint was that he had taken a small mountain
+howitzer, in addition to his rifles; and which he was informed,
+was charged to him, although it had been furnished upon a regular
+requisition on the commandant of the arsenal at St. Louis, approved by
+the commander of the military department (Colonel, afterward General
+Kearney). Mr. Fremont had left St. Louis, and was at the frontier,
+Mrs. Fremont being requested to examine the letters that came after
+him, and forward those which he ought to receive. She read the
+countermanding orders and detained them! and Fremont knew nothing
+of their existence, until after he had returned from one of the most
+marvellous and eventful expeditions of modern times--one to which
+the United States are indebted (among other things) for the present
+ownership of California, instead of seeing it a British possession.
+The writer of this View, who was then in St. Louis, approved of the
+course which his daughter had taken (for she had stopped the orders
+before he knew it); and he wrote a letter to the department condemning
+the recall, repulsing the reprimand which had been lavished upon
+Fremont, and demanding a court-martial for him when he should
+return. The Secretary of War was then Mr. James Madison Porter, of
+Pennsylvania; the chief of the topographical corps the same as now
+(Colonel Abert), himself an office man, surrounded by West Point
+officers, to whose pursuit of easy service, Fremont's adventurous
+expeditions was a reproach; and in conformity to whose opinions the
+secretary seemed to have acted. On Fremont's return, upwards of a year
+afterwards, Mr. William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania, was Secretary of
+War, and received the young explorer with all honor and friendship,
+and obtained for him the brevet of captain from President Tyler. And
+such is the inside view of this piece of history--very different from
+what documentary evidence would make it.
+
+"To complete his survey across the continent, on the line of travel
+between the State of Missouri and the tide-water region of the
+Columbia, was Fremont's object in this expedition; and it was all that
+he had obtained orders for doing; but only a small part, and to his
+mind an insignificant part, of what he proposed doing. People had been
+to the mouth of the Columbia before, and his ambition was not limited
+to making tracks where others had made them before him. There was a
+vast region beyond the Rocky Mountains--the whole western slope of our
+continent--of which but little was known; and of that little, nothing
+with the accuracy of science. All that vast region, more than seven
+hundred miles square--equal to a great kingdom in Europe--was an
+unknown land--a sealed book, which he longed to open, and to read.
+Leaving the frontier of Missouri in May, 1843, and often diverging
+from his route for the sake of expanding his field of observation,
+he had arrived in the tide-water region of Columbia in the month of
+November; and had then completed the whole service which his orders
+embraced. He might then have returned upon his tracks, or been brought
+home by sea, or hunted the most pleasant path for getting back; and if
+he had been a routine officer, satisfied with fulfilling an order, he
+would have done so. Not so the young explorer, who held his diploma
+from nature, and not from the United States Military Academy. He was
+at Fort Vancouver, guest of the hospitable Dr. McLaughlin, Governor of
+the British Hudson Bay Fur Company; and obtained from him all possible
+information upon his intended line of return--faithfully given, but
+which proved to be disastrously erroneous in its leading and
+governing feature. A southeast route to cross the great unknown region
+diagonally through its heart (making a line from the Lower Columbia to
+the Upper Colorado of the Gulf of California), was his line of return;
+twenty-five men (the same who had come with him from the United
+States) and a hundred horses were his equipment; and the commencement
+of winter the time of starting--all without a guide, relying
+upon their guns for support; and, in the last resort, upon their
+horses--such as should give out! for one that could carry a man, or a
+pack, could not be spared for food.
+
+"All the maps up to that time had shown this region traversed from
+east to west--from the base of the Rocky Mountains to the Bay of San
+Francisco--by a great river called the _Buena Ventura_: which may be
+translated, the _Good Chance_. Governor McLaughlin believed in the
+existence of this river, and made out a conjectural manuscript map to
+show its place and course. Fremont believed in it, and his plan was to
+reach it before the dead of winter, and then hybernate upon it. As a
+great river he knew that it must have some rich bottoms, covered with
+wood and grass, where the wild animals would collect and shelter,
+when the snows and freezing winds drove them from the plains; and
+with these animals to live on, and grass for the horses, and wood for
+fires, he expected to avoid suffering, if not to enjoy comfort, during
+his solitary sojourn in that remote and profound wilderness.
+
+"He proceeded--soon encountered deep snows which impeded progress upon
+the highlands--descended into a low country to the left (afterwards
+known to be the Great Basin, from which no water issues to any
+sea)--skirted an enormous chain of mountain on the right, luminous
+with glittering white snow--saw strange Indians, who mostly
+fled--found a desert--no Buena Ventura; and death from cold and famine
+staring him in the face. The failure to find the river, or tidings of
+it, and the possibility of its existence seeming to be forbid by the
+structure of the country, and hybernation in the inhospitable desert
+being impossible, and the question being that of life and death, some
+new plan of conduct became indispensable. His celestial observations
+told him that he was in the latitude of the Bay of San Francisco, and
+only seventy miles from it. But what miles! up and down that snowy
+mountain which the Indians told him no men could cross in the
+winter--which would have snow upon it as deep as the trees, and places
+where people would slip off and fall half a mile at a time--a fate
+which actually befell a mule, packed with the precious burden of
+botanical specimens, collected along a travel of two thousand miles.
+No reward could induce an Indian to become a guide in the perilous
+adventure of crossing this mountain. All recoiled and fled from
+the adventure. It was attempted without a guide--in the dead of
+winter--accomplished in forty days--the men and surviving horses--a
+woeful procession, crawling along one by one; skeleton men leading
+skeleton horses--and arriving at Sutter's Settlement in the beautiful
+valley of the Sacramento; and where a genial warmth, and budding
+flowers, and trees in foliage, and grassy ground, and flowing streams,
+and comfortable food, made a fairy contrast with the famine and
+freezing they had encountered, and the lofty Sierra Nevada which they
+had climbed. Here he rested and recruited; and from this point, and
+by way of Monterey, the first tidings were heard of the party since
+leaving Fort Vancouver.
+
+"Another long progress to the south, skirting the western base of the
+Sierra Nevada, made him acquainted with the noble valley of the San
+Joaquin, counterpart to that of the Sacramento; when crossing through
+a gap, and turning to the left, he skirted the Great Basin; and
+by many deviations from the right line home, levied incessant
+contributions to science from expanded lands, not described before. In
+this eventful exploration, all the great features of the western slope
+of our continent were brought to light--the Great Salt Lake, the Utah
+Lake, the Little Salt Lake; at all which places, then deserts, the
+Mormons now are; the Sierra Nevada, then solitary in the snow, now
+crowded with Americans, digging gold from its flanks: the beautiful
+valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, then alive with wild
+horses, elk, deer, and wild fowls, now smiling with American
+cultivation; the Great Basin itself and its contents; the Three Parks;
+the approximation of the great rivers which, rising together in the
+central region of the Rocky Mountains, go off east and west, towards
+the rising and the setting sun--all these, and other strange features
+of a new region, more Asiatic than American, were brought to light and
+revealed to public view in the results of this exploration.
+
+"Eleven months he was never out of sight of snow; and sometimes,
+freezing with cold, would look down upon a sunny valley, warm with
+genial heat;--sometimes panting with the summer's heat, would look up
+at the eternal snows which crowned the neighboring mountain. But it
+was not then that California was secured to the Union--to the greatest
+power of the New World--to which it of right belonged; but it was the
+first step towards the acquisition, and the one that led to it. The
+second expedition led to a third, just in time to snatch the golden
+California from the hands of the British, ready to clutch it. But of
+this hereafter. Fremont's second expedition was now over. He had left
+the United States a fugitive from his government, and returned with a
+name that went over Europe and America, and with discoveries bearing
+fruit which the civilized world is now enjoying."
+
+On their homeward-bound journey, the party followed up the valley of
+the San Joaquin crossing over the Sierra Nevada and coast range of
+mountains at a point where they join and form a beautiful low pass.
+They continued on from here close under the coast range until they
+struck the Spanish Trail. This they followed to the Mohave River. That
+stream, it will be recollected, was an old friend of Kit Carson's.
+The reader will recall the many times he had caught beaver out of its
+waters. They followed the trail up the course of the river to where
+it leaves it. At this point an event occurred which somewhat retarded
+their progress, relieving the monotony of the route and somewhat
+changing their plans.
+
+Soon after the camp had been formed, they were visited by a Mexican
+man and boy; the one named Andreas Fuentes, the other Pablo Hernandez.
+They informed Fremont that they belonged to a party of Mexican traders
+which had come from New Mexico. They said that six of them, including
+in this number two women who acted as cooks, had been left by their
+friends in charge of a band of horses. The rest of the party were
+absent trafficking. The party of six thus left to watch the horses,
+consisted of Santiago Giacome, Andreas Fuentes and wife, and Pablo
+Hernandez, together with his father and mother. They were endeavoring
+to find better grazing for their animals. For this purpose they had
+penetrated the country as far as they dared; and, at about eighty
+miles from the camp of Fremont, had resolved to wait for their
+friends. Fuentes and the boy Pablo were on guard over the animals when
+their camp was attacked by hostile savages. The attacking band was
+about thirty in number.
+
+Their principal object was to seize the horses. To effect this the
+more easily, they saluted the little band with a flight of arrows as
+they advanced. Fuentes and Pablo now heard Giacome warning them to
+start the horses and run for it. Both were mounted. They obeyed the
+directions of Giacome and with the entire band of horses charged
+boldly into the midst of the Indians regardless of their weapons. The
+charge succeeded in breaking their line, through which Fuentes and
+Pablo boldly dashed after their animals. The Indians deferred the
+chase to attend to a more bloody purpose. Having put sixty miles
+between them and the site of the attack, they left their horses
+and started in search of their main body. This search led them into
+Fremont's camp. Fuentes feared that the worst had overtaken his wife.
+Pablo already looked upon himself as an orphan boy. He doubted not
+that the bloody savages had murdered both his father and mother. It
+was a sad picture to witness their grief. But Kit Carson could not
+do so unmoved. The heart of such grief has ever awakened his earnest
+sympathy. His sympathy, too, has never been of a wordy nature. He
+volunteered to go with Fuentes and make an attempt to deliver the
+captives, if such they should prove, or to avenge their death, if that
+became the sad alternative.
+
+Fuentes had left the horses at a spring of water, well known to
+Carson. There he had found signs of white men which had led him into
+Fremont's camp. There was no difficulty for Carson to find the spring.
+The whole company therefore traveled to the spring, which they reached
+early the next morning, distant about thirty miles from their last
+camp. The horses were not to be seen. A short examination of signs
+soon revealed to Carson and Godey that the two Mexicans had been
+followed by the Indians and that they had come upon the horses shortly
+after they had left them. Of course therefore they had captured and
+driven them off.
+
+Carson and Godey were determined to make one effort to punish the
+rascals. They started, taking Fuentes with them, upon the trail of
+the Indians. The chase was a severe one, as, in the judgment of the
+mountaineers, the Indians would not make a short trail after acquiring
+so much booty. The horse which Fuentes rode, most unfortunately, gave
+out after a short ride. There was no time to be lost and no means at
+hand to supply this important deficiency. To turn back to camp would
+supply it, but that course would also lose them their game. Fuentes,
+therefore, was requested to return to Fremont's camp, and there await
+the return of Kit Carson and Godey. These two had been the only men
+in the entire command who had volunteered in this chase. The loss of
+Fuentes therefore made their task literally a Don Quixotic adventure.
+Two men against thirty. But Kit Carson was not the man to turn his
+back upon an adventure as soon as the difficulties began to present
+themselves. He well knew that he had one man on whom he could rely.
+Richard Godey was his tried and trusty friend, his kindred spirit and
+a noble hearted man. Leaving the Mexican to find his way back to camp,
+a distance of about twenty miles, they gave him their word that they
+would finish the business. The following night was very dark, and in
+order to keep on the right scent Carson and Godey were obliged to
+lead their horses and frequently to follow the trail by the sense of
+feeling. It was seldom, however, that they lost the path, and never
+for more than a few moments at a time. Gradually the signs grew
+fresher as they advanced, which gave them the assurance that they were
+rapidly gaining on the pursuit. Finally, they concluded that only
+a few hours separated them from the savages. Having accomplished a
+considerable part of their journey during the night, and finding that
+both themselves and their horses required rest, they concluded to
+halt. Having unsaddled their animals and turned them out to graze,
+they wrapped themselves up in their wet blankets and laid down to
+sleep. The weather, however, was too cold to permit sleeping in
+comfort without a fire. That they dare not make, fearing it would
+prove a warning signal to the savages. Having worried through the
+remainder of this cold and cheerless night, they arose early in the
+morning and went to the bottom of a deep ravine where they kindled
+a small fire and succeeded in warming themselves. At daybreak they
+re-saddled their jaded horses and once more started upon the trail.
+Just as the sun was rising they discovered the Indians. When first
+seen they were encamped two miles in advance, and were enjoying a
+breakfast on horse steaks, having already killed five of the stolen
+animals. Kit Carson and his friend dismounted, and, concealing their
+horses near by, held a council of war. They decided to crawl in among
+the herd of stolen animals which were grazing, without guard, at a
+short distance from the camp of the savages. Upon reaching the horses,
+they agreed to be guided by circumstances. First divesting themselves
+of all useless apparel, they commenced their task. After much cautious
+labor they gained their point and stood among the animals. As soon,
+however, as they arrived, one of the young horses of the band became
+frightened at the grotesque figures cut by the two creeping men and
+exhibited his fear by snorting and kicking up his heels. This alarmed
+the remainder of the horses and caused quite a commotion among them,
+which had the effect to alarm the savages, who sprang for their arms.
+With a yell, Carson and Godey instantly turned towards the savages. As
+soon as they were all fairly in view the two white men saw that they
+had thirty warriors before them to deal with. When they had advanced
+within rifle range Kit Carson halted and, aiming his rifle at the
+stoutest looking brave, fired. The fierce savage fell with a cry
+of anguish. Godey had also halted and fired, but he missed his aim.
+Instantly reloading, he made the second attempt and this time brought
+down a warrior. While these events were taking place the red men were
+running about in great confusion. Occasionally they returned a few
+arrows, but they all proved but harmless missiles. The fact was the
+Indians were puzzled what to think of the audacity of the two men.
+Evidently they considered them to be an advance party of some strong
+force, acting with a view of decoying them into a close fight. Acting
+upon this they began to fly in every direction except that from which
+danger impended. Kit and Godey, as they had calculated, were thus,
+quite unceremoniously, left masters of the enemy's camp. Besides the
+recaptured horses, they had two trophies lying upon the ground in
+the shape of a brace of stalwart warriors. In order to show their
+companions on their return that they were not given to boasting, they
+followed the example and practice of the savages and scalped the two
+Indians. The common expression now in use is that they proceeded to
+"take the hair" of their victims. The performance of this act was a
+matter of choice and fell to the lot of Godey, while Kit Carson,
+with the two rifles, ascended an eminence near at hand for the double
+purpose of standing guard over his companion and also to reconnoitre.
+Godey commenced his operations on the savage which he himself had
+shot. Having finished with him, he started for the other Indian hit by
+Kit Carson. But this fellow after he had fallen had crawled quite out
+of view among some rocks. Being only wounded, he raised up and sent
+an arrow at Godey as he approached which pierced his shirt collar.
+The Indian had already lost a large amount of blood. His last act so
+exhausted him that he sank back upon the ground and expired. They next
+proceeded to collect the horses. Upon counting them they found the
+number stated by the Mexican to be correct with the exception of five
+killed by the Indians for their feast. The animals were now driven to
+the spot where their own horses had been left.. Here they held another
+council and determined to seek out the fate of the remainder of the
+Mexican party. They therefore bent their steps towards the late camp
+of the Mexicans. There they found the bodies of the two men terribly
+mangled. The savage ferocity of the rascally savages had here had full
+play as soon as they found that the two who were on guard had broken
+through their line and escaped with the horses. Their bodies were
+naked and full of arrows. The women were not to be found. The remains
+were decently interred by Carson and Godey, and then they set about
+looking for the women. After a long search they could discover nothing
+of them, and concluded that they had been reserved for a worse fate.
+The remains of these two poor captives were afterwards found by some
+of Fremont's men. The Indians, not satisfied with killing them, had
+staked their bodies to the ground. Kit Carson and Godey having now
+accomplished, on this errand of mercy, all that lay in the power of
+man to do, set out to return and soon rejoined their friends, whom
+they found anxiously waiting for them. Col. Fremont concludes his
+account of this affair in the following words:
+
+"Their object accomplished, our men gathered up all the surviving
+horses, fifteen in number, returned upon their trail, and rejoined us
+at our camp in the afternoon of the same day. They had rode about one
+hundred miles in the pursuit and return, and all in thirty hours. The
+time, place, object, and numbers considered, this expedition of Carson
+and Godey may be considered among the boldest and most disinterested
+which the annals of western adventure, so full of daring deeds, can
+present. Two men, in a savage desert, pursue day and night an unknown
+body of Indians into the defiles of an unknown mountain--attack them
+on sight, without counting numbers--and defeat them in an instant--and
+for what? To punish the robbers of the desert, and to avenge the
+wrongs of Mexicans whom they did not know. I repeat: it was Carson
+and Godey who did this--the former an American, born in Kentucky; the
+latter a Frenchman by descent, born in St. Louis; and both trained to
+western enterprise from early life."
+
+The stolen property was restored to the Mexicans without one cent
+being demanded or received by either Carson or Godey.
+
+It was not for the love of Indian fighting as many may suppose, that
+Kit Carson was moved to take part in such expeditions; but, when the
+life of a fellow-creature is exposed to Indian barbarities, no living
+man is more willing, or more capable of rendering a lasting service
+than Christopher Carson. A name that, wherever it is known, is ranked
+among the "bravest of the brave."
+
+Soon after the two volunteers came in, Fremont resumed his journey and
+continued it without anything transpiring to disturb the equanimity
+of the party until they reached a point on the Virgin River where the
+Spanish Trail leaves it. It became necessary to change camps here, in
+order that the animals might take advantage of better grass. As the
+party were enjoying a day's rest, one of the men, a Canadian by birth,
+missed his riding mule from the herd. Without informing any of his
+friends of his intentions, he started out in quest of the animal. His
+absence, at first, was not noticed; but, soon, inquiries were made for
+him, and when an unusual length of time had passed without his return,
+Fremont became anxious for his safety. He directed Kit Carson to take
+three men and go in search of him. On arriving at their last camp,
+Kit found a spot where, undoubtedly, the man had fallen from his horse
+wounded, as, about the place, there were pools of coagulated blood.
+It was now believed that their companion was dead. Kit immediately
+ordered the party to search for his body, but they could not find it.
+They then followed the trail of the Canadian's horse, which it was
+very evident he had caught and mounted before being shot. It led to
+where the animal had crossed the river. There, all signs disappeared.
+After a faithful search for the trail, Kit returned to camp, and
+informed his commander of the result of his day's work. The next
+morning the search was renewed by all of the company. They discovered
+Indian signs, yet could not trace them to where the body was. After
+looking in every conceivable hiding-place in the neighborhood of the
+signs, they gave up the hunt. Kit Carson was much affected by the loss
+of this man. He had been his friend. They had been associated in many
+trapping expeditions, and knew each other most intimately. He felt
+assured that, if the Canadian had not been surprised by any enemy in
+ambuscade, he would have killed one or two Indians before he himself
+fell; for, besides being a very brave man, he was well versed in
+Indian mode of warfare, and was considered a fine marksman.
+
+The party now proceeded on their journey, returning to and keeping on
+the Spanish Trail, which was not left until they reached the "Vega
+of Santa Clara." There they struck out across the country to the Utah
+lake, which, after crossing, they left, and went to the Wintry River,
+and thence to Green River, Brown's Hole, Little Snake River, and so on
+to the mouth of St. Vrain's Fork. It was here that they traversed
+the mountains and came upon Laramie River below the New Park. They
+journeyed through this into the Old Park, and thence traveled to the
+head waters of the south fork of the Platte. On quitting it, they bent
+their way to the Arkansas River, coming on to it at a point just below
+the place where it leaves the Rocky Mountains; and, by keeping on
+down it, they arrived at Bent's Fort on the 2d of July, 1844. On the
+following fourth of July Mr. Bent gave a dinner in commemoration of
+the occasion to Fremont and his party. Although hundreds of miles
+separated from their countrymen, yet they sat down to as sumptuous a
+repast as could be furnished in many towns of the States.
+
+The exploring party considered their labors finished at this post,
+as, in accordance with the tastes of many of the party, they were near
+enough to civilization. The command was dissolved, and Colonel Fremont
+proceeded on his route to Washington. Kit Carson, about the same time,
+started for Taos, where he had been for a long time anxiously expected
+by his family and friends.
+
+The description which Colonel Fremont has given of the country through
+which this expedition traveled, seems to be an appropriate and almost
+a necessary addition to this work. On the 24th day of May the party,
+on their return, reached the Utah Lake. "Early the next day," says
+Fremont, "we came in sight of the lake; and, as we descended to the
+broad bottoms of the Spanish Fork, three horsemen were seen galloping
+towards us, who proved to be Utah Indians--scouts from a village,
+which was encamped near the mouth of the river. They were armed with
+rifles, and their horses were in good condition. We encamped near
+them, on the Spanish Fork, which is one of the principal tributaries
+to the lake. Finding the Indians troublesome, and desirous to remain
+here a day, we removed the next morning further down the lake, and
+encamped on a fertile bottom near the foot of the same mountainous
+ridge which borders the Great Salt Lake, and along which we had
+journeyed the previous September.
+
+"We had now accomplished an object we had in view when leaving the
+Dalles of the Columbia in November last; we had reached the Utah Lake;
+but by a route very different from what we had intended, and without
+sufficient time remaining to make the examinations which were desired.
+It is a lake of note in this country, under the dominion of the Utahs,
+who resort to it for fish. Its greatest breadth is about fifteen
+miles, stretching far to the north, narrowing as it goes, and
+connecting with the Great Salt Lake.
+
+"In arriving at the Utah Lake, we had completed an immense circuit
+of twelve degrees diameter north and south, and ten degrees east and
+west; and found ourselves in May, 1844, on the same sheet of water
+which we had left in September, 1843. The Utah is the southern limb
+of the Great Salt Lake; and thus we had seen that remarkable sheet of
+water both at its northern and southern extremity, and were able to
+fix its position at these two points. The circuit which we had
+made, and which had cost us eight months of time, and 3,500 miles of
+traveling, had given us a view of Oregon and of North California from
+the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and of the two principal
+streams which form bays or harbors on the coast of that sea. Having
+completed this circuit, and being now about to turn the back upon the
+Pacific slope of our continent, and to recross the Rocky Mountains, it
+is natural to look back upon our footsteps, and take some brief view
+of the leading features and general structure of the country we have
+traversed. These are peculiar and striking, and differ essentially
+from the Atlantic side of our country. The mountains all are higher,
+more numerous, and more distinctly defined in their ranges and
+directions; and, what is so contrary to the natural order of such
+formations, one of these, ranges, which is near the coast (the Sierra
+Nevada and the Coast Range), presents higher elevations and peaks than
+any which are to be found in the Rocky Mountains themselves. In our
+eight months' circuit, we were never out, of sight of snow; and the
+Sierra Nevada, where we crossed it, was near 2,000 feet higher than
+the South Pass in the Rocky Mountains. In height, these mountains
+greatly exceed those of the Atlantic side, constantly presenting peaks
+which enter the region of eternal snow; and some of them volcanic, and
+in a frequent state of activity. They are seen at great distances and
+guide the traveler in his courses.
+
+"The course and elevation of these ranges give direction to the
+rivers, and character to the coast. No great river does, or can, take
+its rise below the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Range; the distance to
+the sea is too short to admit of it. The rivers of the San Francisco
+Bay, which are the largest after the Columbia, are local to that bay,
+and lateral to the coast, having their sources about on a line with
+the Dalles of the Columbia, and running each in a valley of its own,
+between the Coast Range and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Range. The
+Columbia is the only river which traverses the whole breadth of
+the country, breaking through all the ranges, and entering the sea.
+Drawing its waters from a section of ten degrees of latitude in the
+Rocky Mountains, which are collected into one stream by three main
+forks (Lewis's, Clark's, and the North Fork), near the centre of the
+Oregon valley, this great river thence proceeds by a single channel to
+the sea, while its three forks lead each to a pass in the mountains,
+which opens the way into the interior of the continent. This fact in
+relation to the rivers of this region gives an immense value to the
+Columbia. Its mouth is the only inlet and outlet to and from the sea;
+its three forks lead to the passes in the mountains; it is, therefore,
+the only line of communication between the Pacific and the interior of
+North America; and all operations of war or commerce, of national or
+social intercourse, must be conducted upon it. This gives it a value
+beyond estimation, and would involve irreparable injury if lost. In
+this unity and concentration of its waters, the Pacific side of our
+continent differs entirely from the Atlantic side, where the waters of
+the Alleghany Mountains are dispersed into many rivers, having
+their different entrances into the sea, and opening many lines of
+communication with the interior."
+
+"The Pacific coast is equally different from that of the Atlantic. The
+coast of the Atlantic is low and open, indented with numerous bays,
+sounds, and river estuaries, accessible everywhere, and opening by
+many channels into the heart of the country. The Pacific coast, on the
+contrary, is high and compact, with few bays, and but one that opens
+into the heart of the country. The immediate coast is what the seamen
+call _iron bound_. A little within, it is skirted by two successive
+ranges of mountains, standing as ramparts between the sea and the
+interior country; and to get through which, there is but one gate, and
+that narrow and easily defended. This structure of the coast, backed
+by these two ranges of mountains, with its concentration and unity of
+waters, gives to the country an immense military strength, and will
+probably render Oregon the most impregnable country in the world."
+
+"Differing so much from the Atlantic side of our continent in coast,
+mountains, and rivers, the Pacific side differs from it in another
+most rare and singular feature--that of the Great interior Basin,
+of which I have so often spoken, and the whole form and character of
+which I was so anxious to ascertain. Its existence is vouched for by
+such of the American traders and hunters as have some knowledge of
+that region; the structure of the Sierra Nevada range of mountains
+requires it to be there; and my own observations confirm it. Mr.
+Joseph Walker, who is so well acquainted in those parts, informed
+that, from the Great Salt Lake west, there was a succession of lakes
+and rivers which have no outlet to the sea, nor any connection with
+the Columbia, or with the Colorado of the Gulf of California. He
+described some of these lakes as being large, with numerous streams,
+and even considerable rivers, falling into them. In fact, all concur
+in the general report of these interior rivers and lakes; and, for
+want of understanding the force and power of evaporation, which so
+soon establishes an equilibrium between the loss and supply of waters,
+the fable of whirlpools and subterraneous outlets has gained belief
+as the only imaginable way of carrying off the waters which have no
+visible discharge. The structure of the country would require this
+formation of interior lakes; for the waters which would collect
+between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, not being able
+to cross this formidable barrier, nor to get to the Columbia or the
+Colorado, must naturally collect into reservoirs, each of which would
+have its little system of streams and rivers to supply it. This would
+be the natural effect; and what I saw went to confirm it. The Great
+Salt Lake is a formation of this kind, and quite a large one; and
+having many streams, and one considerable river, four or five hundred
+miles long, falling into it. This lake and river I saw and examined
+myself; and also saw the Wahsatch and Bear River Mountains which
+inclose the waters of the lake on the east, and constitute, in that
+quarter, the rim of the Great Basin. Afterwards, along the eastern
+base of the Sierra Nevada, where we traveled for forty-two days, I saw
+the line of lakes and rivers which lie at the foot of that Sierra; and
+which Sierra is the western rim of the Basin. In going down Lewis's
+Fork and the main Columbia, I crossed only inferior streams coming in
+from the left, such as could draw their water from a short distance
+only; and I often saw the mountains at their heads, white with snow;
+which, all accounts said, divided the waters of the _desert_ from
+those of the Columbia, and which could be no other than the range of
+mountains which form the rim of the Basin on its northern side. And in
+returning from California along the Spanish trail, as far as the
+head of the Santa Clara Fork of the Rio Virgen, I crossed only small
+streams making their way south to the Colorado, or lost in sand--as
+the Mo-hah-ve; while to the left, lofty mountains, their summits white
+with snow, were often visible, and which must have turned water to the
+north as well as to the south, and thus constituted, on this part, the
+southern rim of the Basin. At the head of the Santa Clara Fork, and
+in the Vegas de Santa Clara, we crossed the ridge which parted the
+two systems of waters. We entered the Basin at that point, and have
+traveled in it ever since, having its southeastern rim (the Wahsatch
+Mountain) on the right, and crossing the streams which flow down into
+it. The existence of the Basin is, therefore, an established fact in
+my mind; its extent and contents are yet to be better ascertained. It
+cannot be less than four or five hundred miles each way, and must lie
+principally in the Alta California; the demarcation latitude of 42°
+probably cutting a segment from the north part of the rim. Of its
+interior, but little is known. It is called a _desert_, and, from what
+I saw of it, sterility may be its prominent characteristic; but where
+there is so much water there must be some _oasis_. The great river
+and the great lake reported may not be equal to the report; but where
+there is so much snow, there must be streams; and where there is no
+outlet, there must be lakes to hold the accumulated waters, or sands
+to swallow them up. In this eastern part of the basin, containing
+Sevier, Utah, and the Great Salt lakes, and the rivers and creeks
+falling into them, we know there is good soil and good grass, adapted
+to civilized settlements. In the western part, on Salmon-trout River,
+and some other streams, the same remark may be made."
+
+"The contents of this Great Basin are yet to be examined. That it is
+peopled, we know; but miserably and sparsely. From all that I heard
+and saw, I should say that humanity here appeared in its lowest
+form, and in its most elementary state. Dispersed in single families;
+without fire-arms; eating seeds and insects; digging roots (and hence
+their name); such is the condition of the greater part. Others are a
+degree higher, and live in communities upon some lake or river that
+supplies fish, and from which they repulse the miserable _digger_. The
+rabbit is the largest animal known in this desert; its flesh affords
+a little meat; and their bag-like covering is made of its skins.
+The wild sage is their only wood, and here it is of extraordinary
+size--sometimes a foot in diameter, and six or eight feet high. It
+serves for fuel, for building material, for shelter to the rabbits,
+and for some sort of covering for the feet and legs in cold weather.
+Such are the accounts of the inhabitants and productions of the Great
+Basin; and which, though imperfect, must have some foundation, and
+excite our desire to know the whole."
+
+"The whole idea of such a desert and such a people, is a novelty in
+our country, and excites Asiatic, not American ideas. Interior basins,
+with their own systems of lakes and rivers, and often sterile, are
+common enough in Asia; people in the elementary state of families,
+living in deserts, with no other occupation than the mere animal
+search for food, may still be seen in that ancient quarter of the
+globe; but in America such things are new and strange, unknown and
+unsuspected, and discredited when related. But I flatter myself
+that what is discovered, though not enough to satisfy curiosity,
+is sufficient to excite it, and that subsequent explorations will
+complete what has been commenced."
+
+"This account of the Great Basin, it will be remembered, belongs
+to the Alta California, and has no application to Oregon, whose
+capabilities may justify a separate remark. Referring to my journal
+for particular descriptions, and for sectional boundaries between good
+and bad districts, I can only say, in general and comparative terms,
+that, in that branch of agriculture which implies the cultivation of
+grains and staple crops, it would be inferior to the Atlantic States,
+though many parts are superior for wheat, while in the rearing of
+flocks and herds it would claim a high place. Its grazing capabilities
+are great; and even in the indigenous grass now there, an element
+of individual and national wealth may be found. In fact the valuable
+grasses begin within one hundred and fifty miles of the Missouri
+frontier and extend to the Pacific Ocean. East of the Rocky Mountains,
+it is the short, curly grass, on which the buffalo delight to feed
+(whence its name of buffalo), and which is still good when dry and
+apparently dead. West of those mountains it is a larger growth, in
+clusters, and hence called bunch grass, and which has a second or fall
+growth. Plains and mountains both exhibit them; and I have seen good
+pasturage at an elevation of ten thousand feet. In this spontaneous
+product, the trading or traveling caravans can find subsistence for
+their animals; and in military operations any number of cavalry may be
+moved, and any number of cattle may be driven, and thus men and horses
+be supported on long expeditions, and even in winter in the sheltered
+situations.
+
+"Commercially, the value of the Oregon country must be great, washed
+as it is by the North Pacific Ocean, fronting Asia, producing many
+of the elements of commerce, mild and healthy in its climate, and
+becoming, as it naturally will, a thoroughfare for the East India and
+China trade."
+
+Col. Fremont, in this beautiful and instructive passage of descriptive
+writing, refers to the grass on which the buffalo "delight to feed."
+It is eminently proper that we should add a few words for general
+information concerning the grasses of the prairies, as also concerning
+the timber, flowers, game, face of the country, etc., etc., in which
+the whole life of Kit Carson has been spent.
+
+On the west side of the Arkansas River, and between that stream and
+the Rocky Mountains, there are three distinct species of grass found.
+The first is the short, curly variety, on which the buffalo are said
+to feed, from which fact it takes its name. The second kind is the
+Grama grass, which is, I believe, indigenous to only this section of
+America. Its stalk grows to the height of about one foot. Near its
+top, it gives off, at right angles, another stem, which is
+usually from one and a half to three inches in length. From this
+last-mentioned stem, hang clusters of seeds which are well protected
+by a suitable covering. It is said, and my own observation confirms
+the fact, that horses will leave grain, such as corn and oats, to
+feed on this grass; and its wonderful nutritious properties cannot be
+denied. Wild oats are often seen in the mountain valleys. Along the
+low swampy lands which skirt the rivers of the plains, there is yet
+another species of grass which grows oftentimes several feet high,
+and has a broad blade, similar almost to that of the flag plant. On
+approaching the mountains the blue grass is found, which is nearly the
+same as that usually met with in many of our western States. The bunch
+grass, as spoken of by Fremont, is not confined to the mountains in
+New Mexico; it is sometimes met with in the valleys, where it grows
+to an immense height; but, in the low lands, it is useless, being too
+tough for animals to masticate. Strangers, when journeying in these
+parts, often make the mistake of selecting camps in this tall grass,
+being deceived by its thrifty appearance; but, one night, thus spent,
+will clearly prove its utter worthlessness.
+
+On the plains there are but few wild flowers; but, as the traveler
+approaches the mountains, they greet his eyes in extensive beds and of
+variegated colors. As a grazing country, the Rocky Mountains and their
+immediate vicinity cannot be surpassed. The timber found there is poor
+in quality. It comprises pine, cedar, and cotton wood, with here
+and there patches of small and crooked oak bushes. The rivers in
+the mountains are formed from melting snows and springs. They come
+tumbling down through rough gorges and rocky cañons, until they are
+free in the valleys, where, they form bold and beautiful rivers. The
+brook trout are the fish which mostly inhabit them, and, a singular
+fact, in many of these streams this kind of fish treat the presence of
+a man with perfect indifference, which has led me to believe, that in
+their primitive state, the "shy trout" fear neither man nor beast. The
+Indians catch them, and it may be that this fish is first frightened
+by them. In the Rocky Mountains, south of the head waters of the
+Arkansas, comparatively speaking, there are but few small birds and
+squirrels. The raven, the crow, the hawk, the owl, and occasionally
+the eagle, are seen. Wild geese, ducks, and cranes, are common.
+Pigeons, including the wild dove, are not often seen. The magpie is
+found in abundance. Turkeys and grouse are also in abundance. Wild
+rabbits and a species of hare are also common. Indeed a man can travel
+for days in the Rocky Mountains and never hear the musical notes of a
+bird. In these mountains, rattle-snakes are only found in the
+valleys, where it is warm. In the summer, the deer and elk live in the
+mountains; but, when cold weather sets in, they are driven out of
+them by the deep snows. The antelope of the plains seek the mountain
+valleys during the winter. The buffalo migrate south as the season
+becomes too severe for them. Sometimes they are caught by the storms,
+and are obliged to winter also in the mountain valleys. The pine
+trees of the Rocky Mountains bear a small nut, which is called by the
+Mexicans _piñon_, which, when cooked, are quite pleasant to the taste.
+There are many small salt lakes in the mountains, and many marshes,
+where the ground is covered white by the salt deposit. The mineral
+wealth of the Rocky Mountains is very great, and there is no doubt but
+some day, rich veins of gold, silver, and iron ore will be discovered
+there. The geological formation of the country is such as to warrant
+this belief. Nearly every stream carries down in its floods that
+precious metal, gold; but, in such small quantities, as not to attract
+the attention of miners. I have found there, on the surface of the
+earth, small pieces of material resembling stone coal, which have
+probably been thrown up by some volcanic action. Hot and mineral
+springs are not unfrequently met with. They are places of frequent
+resort by the Indians, who use them for medicinal purposes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+    Kit Carson concludes to become a Farmer--He is joined in the
+    Enterprise by a Friend--They build a Ranche on the Cimeron
+    River--Descriptions of Mexican Customs and Country--Fremont
+    once more at Bent's Fort--Express sent for Kit Carson to
+    join the Expedition as Guide--The Ranche Sold, and
+    the Departure--The Third Expedition and
+    its Explorations--Difficulties with the
+    Mexican-Californians--General Castro's Orders to leave the
+    Country--Determination to Fight--Fremont goes to Lawson's
+    Fort--Fremont and his Men encounter a Thousand Indians--The
+    Battle and the Victory--The news that War had been
+    declared between the United States and Mexico reaches
+    Fremont--Lieutenant Gillespie rescued from the Indians--Three
+    of the party killed in the Night by Indians--The Savages
+    repulsed--The Burial of Comrades.
+
+
+In the early spring of 1845, Kit Carson, after weighing the various
+occupations which presented, decided to become a farmer. One of his
+mountaineer friends, Mr. Richard Owens, came to the same conclusion.
+Together they talked over their plans, and concluded that it would
+be to them, at least, newness of life to be domiciled in their own
+houses. The two hunters carefully marked out their plans, and then set
+to work with a will for success to carry them into execution. A
+very short time enabled them to choose a farming site, because their
+knowledge of the country enabled them to see all of its desirable
+localities, as it were at a glance. They decided to purchase a tract
+of wild land situated on the little Cimeron River, and improve it.
+Their arrangements were soon made, tools and implements, stock and
+animals, provisions and necessaries all procured. With the services of
+some laborers hired by them, they were soon engaged actively preparing
+their land for the reception of seed. The spot which they selected
+was forty-five miles east of Taos. They commenced the enterprise by
+building some small huts. These afforded both themselves and their
+Mexican laborers a comfortable lodgment. They sowed a considerable
+quantity of grain, and prepared timber almost sufficient to build good
+substantial houses. Their vigorously prosecuted labors began to show
+evident results, and in the prospect, it was clearly apparent that
+another year would serve to give them profitable reward for their
+enterprise.
+
+It seems appropriate at this point, that we should enable the reader
+to look upon and judge of the farming country and habits of New
+Mexico; their markets, and some of the manners and customs of the
+people who dwell in cities. The town of Taos affords a fair sample of
+the markets, and as Kit Carson has many times been exhibited to the
+reader at that place, it is very proper that we should describe it.
+
+The town of Taos is located in a valley called by the same name. The
+town consists of a series of villages, which are scattered, and are
+known to the Mexicans by various names. The main village is called
+Fernandez de Taos, and is located near the centre of the valley, on
+a high plateau of ground. The buildings here, as, indeed, in all the
+towns of New Mexico, are constructed of adobes, and are one story
+high, with what is usually known as flat roofs. These houses are
+huddled together without much regard being paid to streets. The main
+attraction of the town is the plaza, where all the business, such
+as marketing, etc., is carried on. It is here that the stores are
+located; and, on a fête day, or in business hours, it is thronged
+with Mexicans, Americans, and Indians. Among these there is a large
+per-centage of idlers. The houses are mostly covered with a white
+material, which is either chalk or lime. The church is the largest
+building in the town, and is a rough specimen of architecture, which
+is rudely finished within. It has a flat-sounding bell, propped up
+in a sort of a belfry. To make a noise on this, a piece of iron, or
+several stones are used; and, when an attempt at chiming is made,
+it is very laughable. The figures representing saints, and even the
+altar, are a strange compound of imitation. On the respective days set
+apart by the Catholic church for worship, marriages and fête
+services are carried on with a great attempt at pomp, but, under the
+circumstances, they leave no lasting impression of grandeur, save on
+the inhabitants, who have beheld nothing beyond their own country. The
+dignitary most respected in these towns is the Padre (or Priest), who
+is looked upon as sacred; and, when so inclined, this class of men
+have the power of accomplishing much good; but, oftentimes, they
+pervert this power, setting bad examples in their mode of life, and
+offering wicked counsel. However, under the management of the present
+bishop, who is a very exemplary man, these things are being changed.
+The old Priests of New Mexico were formerly educated in Old Mexico.
+Their information was very imperfect, and their minds were contracted
+down to extreme narrowness, from want of observation; hence, they were
+the means of retarding the natural progress of the people. It cannot
+be denied but that the Catholic religion has been the pioneer system
+in the far West, and that, in the hands of good and pure men, it has
+done much praiseworthy work, and has set an example which other creeds
+might and ought to follow. The valley of Taos is bounded on all sides
+by lofty mountains, which are but continuations of the Rocky chain.
+The boundaries of this valley are very irregular, both in the course
+they take and in their altitudes. The valley is about thirty miles
+wide and some fifteen miles long. The ground has the appearance, at
+first sight, of being a plain; but, on closer observation, it is
+found to contain many ravines, and to bear the appearance of being
+undulating. To the west side of it, rolls the Rio Grande, which
+cuts, for most of the way, through a deep and impassable (for fording
+purposes) channel. In the valley, there are but few, if any, trees,
+which fact gives the villages a barren look. The mountains about are
+covered with timber, which is not generally of the first quality for
+building purposes. The number of people included within the limits
+of this valley, it is difficult to estimate; but, about ten thousand
+would include every living soul. The occupation of the people is
+farming. Raising horses, cattle and sheep is carried on to a certain
+extent; but most of the large herds of these animals owned in this
+town are kept at ranches situated at more distant points, where grass
+is to be had in abundance, and those retained about the villages are
+only kept for immediate use. The reason for this is found in the fact
+that most of this valley is not under cultivation, but is covered with
+sage bushes. It is around the skirts of the mountains, that the only
+valuable grass is found. The people, as a general thing, are quite
+poor, but, as they find a ready market through the military posts for
+their produce, they manage to realize some money, and thus live quite
+comfortably, in contrast with their former destitute condition under
+the government of Old Mexico. Some of the inhabitants might be said to
+be rich, though but few of this class own ten thousand dollars' worth
+of property. It is with great labor that the people of Taos bring
+their crops to perfection, as it is necessary to irrigate the
+soil, unless the season, which is rarely the fact, is favorable in
+furnishing rains to them. There are no fences to divide one man's
+possessions from another's; but, by common law, they furnish shepherds
+to guard their flocks and cattle and keep them from trespassing. The
+climate is very severe during the winter season, but in the summer
+it is delightful. The health of this community is wonderfully good.
+Indeed, the only severe diseases they have to contend against are
+brought on by vices. Excluding small pox, and the lesser complaints
+among young children, no epidemics are known. The country is so
+elevated and inland, that the air is dry and salubrious, and the "dew
+point" is rarely reached so as to amount to anything. It may be well
+to add here, that for the consumptive patient, in the early stages of
+the disease, there is no such climate in the world to visit, as that
+of New Mexico; but, as a matter of course, he must vary his location
+with the changes of temperature, being governed by the seasons. The
+winter in Taos is too severe for him; then, he must go South, towards,
+or even to El Paso, where it is congenial to his disease. I prophesy
+that some day our internal continent will be the "Mecca" for pilgrims
+with this disease.
+
+The dress of the New Mexican is the same as in Old Mexico. The peasant
+wears his _sombrero_ and his everlasting blanket, which serves him
+as a coat, and a covering by night. He rarely has but one suit of
+clothes, which are put on new and worn until they are of no further
+use. By amalgamating with the Americans, they are gradually
+changing their style of dress. The buckskin pants, which were
+characteristically cut and ornamented, are giving way to the ordinary
+cloth ones of his white companion. It is so with the blanket, which is
+being shed for the coat; and, again, this is true with the moccasin,
+which is being replaced by the leathern shoe. The dress of the female
+has undergone the same alteration. From almost a state of nudity,
+they have been raised to a position from which they look upon silk
+and satin with a "_connoisseur's_ eye." When New Mexico was part
+and parcel of the domain of Old Mexico, Taos was the seat of much
+smuggling from the United States, and many an apparent pack of grain
+drawn into the town has been nothing less than packages of domestic
+goods, the duties upon which, when introduced in the legal way,
+were enormous; hence the white men engaged in this business, when
+successful, met with ample rewards for their labors. The frontiers
+were like the olden sea coasts. The Mexicans kept out scores of
+custom-house officers to guard their frontiers, but the shrewd
+foreigners, many times, were able to escape them; at others, they
+were so fortunate as to find that a bribe would answer as well. An old
+trick was to have a double bottom to a wagon, and, in the vacant space
+thus formed, were stowed valuable shawls and such light articles as
+would meet a sure and remunerative sale. Sometimes the goods were
+brought near the frontiers and there hidden in the ground until a
+favorable opportunity offered to steal them into the country. When
+there was great danger that these secreted goods would be discovered,
+the smugglers would so arrange a keg of powder with a loaded pistol
+pointing at it, with strings running to the shrubbery near by, so as
+to cause it to explode and kill the searchers should the bushes about
+be disturbed. One old smuggler once fixed things in this manner, but
+performed his task too well; for, on going to remove his property, he
+came very near blowing himself up, as the mine was sprung and he was
+thrown in the air, but miraculously escaped. Many of the adventures
+of these men would be interesting; but they are too voluminous to be
+embodied in our work. The valley of Taos is well watered by mountain
+streams which flow into the Rio Grande. On one of these creeks and
+near the mountains, to the east of Fernandez de Taos, is located an
+Indian Pueblo which is very interesting to the traveler. Its houses
+are built one on top of another until a sort of pyramid is formed. The
+people enter their respective domicils through the roofs, which form
+a kind of steps. At the foot of this queer building there is a church;
+and around, the scenery is very picturesque, as the whole is bounded
+on one side by a gap in the mountains, while on the other is the open
+valley. This band of Indians at first offered great resistance and
+fought with much bravery against the United States; but now they
+are counted among its most faithful allies, and are great in their
+admiration of Kit Carson. The farming utensils of the New Mexicans
+are rude in the extreme; but the agricultural implements of the
+Anglo-Saxon are slowly replacing these articles. The old plough, as
+frequently used at the present time by the New Mexicans, is indeed
+a curiosity, as it probably was invented in the earliest times. It
+consists of one piece of timber which is crooked the proper shape by
+nature; the end of this is sharpened, and on it is fastened a single
+piece of iron which has an attempt at a sharp point. The force to
+propel this farming implement is attached in the usual way, with but
+few modifications. Oxen are always employed in this labor, and their
+yoke is fastened after the Egyptian fashion, to their horns instead of
+by bows. In breaking up the hard prairies, this plough had a difficult
+task to perform and was often broken; but, by the assistance of men
+employed in clearing obstacles, such as sage bushes, etc., the task
+was imperfectly gone through with. The Mexican axe is another curious
+tool, which resembles as much the common pick of our laborers as
+it does the axe used by American woodsmen. The sickle is used in
+harvesting to this day in these parts, performing the duties of the
+scythe, the cradle, etc. The most remarkable sight of all is the
+Mexican cart, the noise of which, when moving, can, be heard on a
+still day at a great distance. The wheels of this vehicle are at least
+one foot thick, and consist of pieces of solid wood which are pegged
+together and made to approach a circle by the best judgment of the
+_eye_, without the aid of measuring. These wheels are very heavy, and
+when rolling they go by jerks, owing to their want of proportion, etc.
+The body of the cart, as are all of its parts, is made of soft wood,
+and seems to be constructed for weight and strength instead of beauty.
+The whole affair, when complete, is almost a load by itself; hence, it
+is capable of carrying but a small cargo. The grain that Mexicans of
+New Mexico grow is corn and wheat, and it is on these crops that they
+depend for their support. In converting this grain into flour,
+they either use the old water mill which is very primitive in its
+construction, or else, when these are not near by, they make use of
+two stones and grind it by hand. Their common diet is a sort of thick
+gruel made of corn meal, wheat bread, eggs, peas, beans, pumpkins,
+which latter articles they roast, and then break holes into them and
+with a spoon dip out the contents as they are required; and, to finish
+the catalogue, sometimes meat, game and milk. The fruits found in New
+Mexico are not various, and are mostly confined to apples, peaches,
+plums and grapes. These latter are truly superior, and are raised in
+the greatest abundance in the south of the Territory, where, also,
+they manufacture a very pleasant red wine, which goes by the name of
+El Paso Wine. We take the manners and customs of the people of Taos as
+a good type to judge of the manners and customs of the New Mexicans,
+for the town is second only in size, in this Territory, to Santa
+Fé. The inhabitants of New Mexico, notwithstanding their poverty and
+neglect, owing to their remote locality, are perhaps as happy and
+contented as any community in the world. They are not over-celebrated
+for their chastity or virtue; and, to the disgrace of the white man,
+they have not been assisted by him in these cardinal principles; but,
+time will work wonders on this score and teach the immorality of such
+proceedings. Their great source of enjoyment consists in dancing; and
+hence the fandango is always looked for as a time when dull care will
+be dispelled. A grand fandango is the event of a New Mexican's life.
+These affairs are gotten up sometimes for charitable purposes, when
+the money gathered in the sale of refreshments is distributed to the
+poor; or else they are started by individuals to make a little money
+out of. In a town the size of Taos, during the winter season, hardly
+a night passes by without a dance. Written invitations in Spanish are
+freely circulated about the town in order to entrap the strangers,
+while the inhabitants are invited by other means. The music consists
+of a high-strung violin and a species of guitar. This is perambulated
+about the town. The players perform light dancing tunes and accompany
+the music with their voices, making up the words as they go along.
+This music is learned entirely by ear, and is transmitted from one
+generation to another through the means of these fandangos. The vocal
+music is anything but harmonious to the ear, but some of the airs,
+when played on the instruments, are rather pleasing, and one, on
+hearing them, finds himself often humming them afterwards. The powers
+of music are nowhere better illustrated than among these people. Their
+ready ear quickly catches a new tune, and it is not uncommon to hear,
+in a Mexican town, a señorita giving vent to a negro melody or a
+favorite polka which she has heard some American sing or whistle. At
+Santa Fé there are several noted players on the violin and harp who
+cannot read a word of music, yet they can play on their respective
+instruments with taste and skill. A New Mexican female, in preparing
+herself for these balls, is very particular in making, by the aid of
+cosmetics, her complexion as light as possible. She first uses a red
+berry which stains her face almost to the color of brick and renders
+her excessively ugly; this she leaves on several hours, when it is
+washed off and chalk is applied so freely as to render it easily
+perceptible. In her toilet she is also very particular, as far as the
+exterior is concerned, and in the _fandango_ the stranger's eyes are
+taken by storm by the gaudy colors he sees rather than the neatness of
+the dress. The floor of the dancing-room is usually the mother earth,
+which is frequently sprinkled with water to keep down the dust. The
+men are in their everyday habiliments, with the addition of any clean
+thing they may chance to possess; but, usually they are a motley
+crowd, a glance at whom at first leaves the impression that they
+are far from being refined. Except when dancing, they cling to their
+blankets, and at the least pause in the proceedings, they at once
+draw forth the materials and make their cigarettos. Both men and women
+indulge in these articles; and oftentimes when the dance is in full
+blast, the air of the room is densely charged with the smell of
+the burning _punchi_, a species of tobacco, making it anything but
+agreeable. The women are seated on benches along the walls of the
+building, by themselves, while the men congregate in knots together.
+On the commencement of a figure, the Mexican selects his partner and
+notifies her that she is his choice by making a signal to her with
+his hand, when she takes her position in the dance. The eyes and the
+latent smile on the face of the "dark eyed señorita" shows she is
+enjoying herself. The men exhibit their pleasure in a more boisterous
+manner; that is, by occasionally whooping and cracking jokes.
+Gambling[18] is carried on under the same roof; and in this both men
+and women join as long as their money lasts. Then they make room for
+others who are anxious to try their fortunes. This vice is truly of
+a national character, and so given to it are these people, that they
+will part with anything to support their appetite. To their credit
+it can be said, that the New Mexican women indulge but sparingly in
+alcoholic liquor; but the men are prone to the intoxicating cup. They
+often anticipate the evil effects of drink, and it is not unfrequent
+to see a New Mexican assuming the airs of a drunken man after two or
+three mouthfuls of "_aqua-diente_." The spirit of the ball is carried
+on well into the short hours of night, when all parties depart for
+their homes. Intoxication, that curse to all men, is playing havoc
+with this innocent amusement of the people, and causing these scenes
+to terminate in riot, and often bloodshed, especially when the
+jealousy of the white blood is raised at some imagined insult; and
+then, as is always the case, the two races come in fierce contact. It
+is hoped that by the aid of schools and education these things may
+be ameliorated, but they cannot be cured. The mischief is too deeply
+rooted.
+
+[Footnote 18: The game most frequently played is _monte_.]
+
+We have thus endeavored to give the reader a view of the people among
+whom Kit Carson had determined to become a farmer. But he was not
+destined to finish and perfect his plans.
+
+Near the conclusion of the second exploring expedition, and at the
+time when Kit Carson took his departure from the party, Col. Fremont
+had received a promise from him to the effect that he would join,
+as guide, any party of discovery, for the further exploration of the
+Rocky Mountains, which he, Col. Fremont, should command.
+
+During the active duties of a farmer's life, and just as Kit Carson
+had brought his new enterprise into working order, an expressman from
+Col. Fremont arrived at his ranche, bearing dispatches to Carson. The
+purport of these dispatches was to remind Kit Carson of his promise,
+to inform him of the organization of a third expedition, and to
+appoint a place where Kit Carson might find his old commander.
+
+The express found Carson in the midst of so many cares and anxieties
+concerning his new project, that it became a very difficult matter for
+him to keep his word. But the sacrifice of pecuniary interest was but
+a slight consideration with Kit, when weighed in the balance against
+his promise. He knew that his promise had not been either lightly
+given or received. Col. Fremont, by it, had the first right to his
+time and energies, and had formed his expectations accordingly; and
+Kit lost, therefore, no time in making preparations to satisfy these
+expectations by reporting himself at the appointed place of meeting,
+ready for the march.
+
+But to effect this was attended with no slight difficulties. Kit
+Carson had a large sum invested in his improvements, by way of
+payments for labor, as well as purchases of stock, provision, farming
+tools, utensils, teams, wagons, seed, and stock in general. The
+erection of his house, barns, etc., was under an advance which reached
+far towards completion. But with Kit Carson, his word was worth more
+than prospective losses which its fulfillment would entail. In company
+with Mr. Owens, he set himself actively at work to effect a complete
+sell-out. After a good deal of anxious inquiry, he found a man who
+was willing to pay one half of the real valuation attached to his
+property. Notwithstanding this sacrifice, the bargain was closed and
+the business details completed. In company with Mr. Owens, Kit Carson
+once more bade his family and friends an affectionate farewell. They
+took the route for Bent's Fort, and arrived there in the course of
+a few days. The meeting between Fremont and Carson was mutually
+satisfactory. With his friend, Mr. Owens, he joined the Third
+expedition of Col. Fremont, which was the last one which he undertook
+by authority of the United States government.
+
+A long tramp was before them. The arrangements preparatory were,
+therefore, made with corresponding care and diligence. The route
+led up the Arkansas River to the point where that stream leaves the
+mountains; thence they made a circuit by the Ballo Salado, or Soda
+Springs, coming back again upon the Arkansas, striking the stream
+above its great cañon. Thence they journeyed on to the head waters of
+the river. Here they left the Arkansas River and took a direct route
+for the Piney River, down which latter stream they traveled to a spot
+within twenty-five miles of its mouth. From this place they continued
+their explorations of the country to the head of White River.
+Following down it, they soon reached the mountains. Crossing them,
+they proceeded to Prevost's Fork.
+
+At this spot a desperate fight once occurred between a party of
+trappers and a band of hostile Indians. The trappers were commanded by
+a man whose name has ever since been applied to the stream. Prevost,
+although he had a strong party and fought a most desperate battle,
+nevertheless was outnumbered, outgeneralled, and most completely
+overpowered. The Indians succeeded in killing the entire party,
+including himself, with but four exceptions. These four escaped
+only with the greatest difficulty and prudence. Through them the
+particulars of the affair became known to the mountaineers.
+
+Col. Fremont (we should before this have mentioned that Fremont had
+been promoted in the corps of Topographical Engineers from the post of
+Lieutenant to the rank of Captain by brevet) now examined the country
+as far as the south side of the Great Salt Lake, passing on his route
+a smaller body of water, which, for many years, has been known as
+Little Utah Lake. The command halted at Great Salt Lake a few days
+to recruit, preparatory to undertaking the further exploration of the
+lake, together with one of its largest islands, which would be reached
+by this southern route. The Indians met with on the journey, informed
+them that on this island there was plenty of fresh water, and game in
+abundance. On arriving at a suitable place, Col. Fremont pitched his
+tents for the main camp. On the following morning, taking Kit Carson
+and a few chosen men, Col. Fremont started to explore the island. The
+reports of the Indians were proven to be true. In addition to plenty
+of fresh water and game, they discovered very good timber growing
+there. The game, which proved to be antelope, was so abundant that
+they decided to kill from the herds a quantity sufficient for future
+use. The island was about fifteen miles in length by about five in
+breadth. From the main land to the island they were able to ride their
+horses, as the water was not deep. Upon the banks of the lake they
+found the salt deposit to vary from the thickness of a wafer to the
+depth of twelve inches.
+
+Having made their observations, the small party returned to the main
+camp. On the following day the journey was resumed, the route leading
+around the south side of the lake, until they reached the last fresh
+water to be found in that direction. Before them lay a wide and
+unknown desert, over which no white man had ever passed. Kit Carson
+had been at this spot several times in previous years, and had often
+heard the oldest trappers speak of the impossibility of crossing
+it for man or beast. They had always shrunk from a path apparently
+endless, which offered appearances of neither grass nor water. Colonel
+Fremont had determined to try the formidable desert, and, if possible,
+unfold its hidden secrets. His men were equally ambitious with
+himself, and were ready to second his efforts without fearing the
+trials or sufferings which the desert route might exact.
+
+Colonel Fremont arranged all of his plans commensurate with the
+hardships in expectancy. Early the subsequent morning he dispatched
+Kit Carson, Maxwell and two others as an advance party to break the
+road and look for a camping site. With his telescope, he then ascended
+a neighboring mountain to watch the little party of pioneers. In the
+event that water and grass should be found, Kit Carson's orders
+were to build a fire, the smoke of which would serve as a signal to
+Fremont, who would immediately follow up their trail with the whole
+command.
+
+For sixty miles, Kit Carson with his little party traveled over this
+level, barren and sandy desert, without coming to a drop of water or
+a blade of grass. At the end of this distance they reached the
+mountains, on the west side of the lake, and found both in abundance.
+The signal of smoke was now made, according to agreement. Even at this
+long distance Fremont discovered it, and immediately set his party in
+motion. Kit Carson sent back one of the men to meet the main body, and
+guide it across the dreary waste. Before the party had accomplished
+more than half the distance to Kit Carson's advance, night set in,
+forcing the whole band to encamp without water, grass, or fuel. The
+camp became more necessary because the darkness was so great that they
+could not follow the trail in a night march. Early the following day
+the march was resumed, and a few hours served once more to reunite
+the command. They had the misfortune, however, to lose a few of their
+animals. The place which Kit Carson had selected for the camp was, to
+the weary travelers, in every respect equal to an oasis on the Great
+Sahara. There is no one thing which a traveler on the plains dreads
+more than being forced to camp without water and grass.
+
+At this resting-place Colonel Fremont, in order to accomplish as much
+as possible, divided his forces into two commands. One of them he gave
+into the charge of Mr. Talbot, his assistant, and appointed for his
+guide a mountaineer named Walker. To this party Colonel Fremont gave
+instructions to shape their course for Mary's River; on striking
+which, they were to follow down the stream to where it is lost in the
+Great Basin. Colonel Fremont retained with him fifteen men besides his
+guide. The route which he pursued lay in the country south of Mary's
+River forming a large tract of land, which it was very desirable that
+he should explore. After finishing this, he was to join Talbot on the
+lake which is formed by the widening of the Carson River. The country
+through which Colonel Fremont traveled, he found to be well furnished
+with grass, water and wood. It is highly picturesque; but, as
+its characteristics are so vividly painted in his reports, it is
+superfluous to add our attempt to the same task. Having arrived at the
+lake already mentioned, he there awaited the arrival of Talbot. It
+was three days before the command was again united. They, however,
+remained together only one night. Early the following morning they
+separated once more. This time, Talbot's instructions were, to find a
+certain pass which would bring him out in the vicinity of the Sierra
+Nevada Mountains, which he was to cross, and then keep on his course
+for the waters of the San Joaquin. Fremont, with his division,
+journeyed up the Carson River, and after traversing the Sierra Nevada
+Mountains, he arrived safe at Sutter's Fort, without meeting with any
+incidents that were not to be expected on such a trip. Captain Sutter,
+with his usual urbanity of manner, kindly received them, and supplied
+their wants. Of him, Fremont purchased forty head of cattle and a few
+horses, with which he set out to look for Mr. Talbot. In doing so, he
+traveled up the valley of the San Joaquin, and forded that river at
+about where it is ushered forth from the mountains. Mr. Talbot was not
+to be found in this direction, so the party went to Kings River, and
+journeyed up it to its head waters. It now happened that the cattle
+belonging to the party began to grow foot-sore and weary from travel
+over rocky trails and through deep snows. It became evident that the
+looked-for men were not in that quarter; therefore, Fremont returned
+to the prairies near by, in the hopes of saving his cattle; but, when
+he arrived there, he was destitute of these animals, for they had all
+given out and died. The party had, previous to this misfortune, killed
+some of the best of the oxen, and prepared the meat to carry along
+with them; but, in no great quantities, as their riding animals were
+not strong enough to bear heavy burdens. The command had hardly left
+the mountains and succeeded in reaching the prairies, before they were
+obliged to submit to further trials and losses. After going into camp
+one night, the men, tired and worn out by much labor, had lain down
+to rest. As a guard had been posted, they gave themselves but little
+concern about danger. Their sentinels were not on the look-out as
+sharply as they might have been. The consequence was, that some
+hostile Indians crept within their lines and killed two mules, which
+depredation was not discovered until the next morning.
+
+Fremont had no animals remaining in condition to give chase, and
+therefore had quietly to submit to his loss. He now resolved to give
+up for the time being his search for Talbot's party and return to
+Sutter's Fort, where he could reorganize. While on their road to the
+Fort, the men came suddenly upon a band of the same Indians who had
+recently annoyed them. These fellows seemed to invite an engagement,
+and were gratified by Col. Fremont. In the skirmish that ensued, they
+lost five warriors killed. The rest fled. The party, after undergoing
+many hardships, finally reached their point of destination. During the
+latter part of this tramp, game had become so scarce that the men had
+to shoot whatever came in their way. This time it chanced to be wild
+horses. When they arrived at the Fort they were on foot, their saddle
+and pack animals having all given out and broken down. By the kind
+assistance of Mr. Sutter, they were furnished anew. After recruiting a
+little their own worn-out bodies, they started on their second trip in
+quest of their companions. They traversed the coast range and went to
+San José to see if they could hear anything through the Mexicans and
+Indians who resided there, concerning the whereabouts of the missing
+men; as perchance, some of the hunters or traders among these people
+might, in their travels, have met or heard something of them. On
+making inquiries at San José, they were informed that the party was
+encamped at a well known place on the San Joaquin. This piece of
+intelligence immediately decided Fremont to dispatch Carson and two
+companions to that section of country, while he and the remainder of
+the men would remain where they were and await his return. Kit Carson
+performed his mission with his usual promptness and soon returned with
+his charge, when the expedition was once more united under one leader.
+Owing to the great trials and privations recently met with, and the
+inability to procure at Sutter's Fort all that was wanted in the
+matter of an outfit, therefore it was determined upon that the party
+should proceed next to Monterey, where they knew they could purchase
+the articles that were actually required. While en route, and when
+within thirty miles of this last-named town, an impertinent order was
+received from Gen. Castro, the Mexican commander of the territory. The
+purport of this order was, that Fremont and his party must immediately
+vacate the country without further notice, or else the gallant general
+would be obliged to drive them out. It was late in the afternoon when
+the messenger with this document arrived in Fremont's camp; yet, he
+found time the same day to pack up and fall back to a place where he
+could fortify his position, as he felt confident that this was but
+an empty excuse which the Mexican general had invented to prevent him
+from penetrating further into the country. The Americans had hardly
+got things in proper trim before the Mexican general, at the head
+of several hundred troops, arrived and established his camp and
+head-quarters within sight of the former, being deluded with the
+belief that he would easily intimidate the exploring party. The
+general commenced firing his cannon and making a great uproar. He had
+all branches of the service with him, including artillery, infantry
+and cavalry. In the intention of intimidation, however, he was greatly
+mistaken, though the difference in numbers between the two parties
+was in itself almost decisive, should they come to a conflict. Yet the
+Mexicans had but poorly estimated the mettle contained in the American
+commander and his forty men. They were ready, one and all, to sell
+their lives dearly in a cause good as that before them. Unshaken in
+their purpose, the little band of intrepid men remained in their camp
+for the period of three days. The Americans who were then living at
+Monterey sent several expressmen to their countrymen, warning them of
+their danger, as they felt that the Mexicans could, without a
+doubt, completely annihilate them. Fremont's reply was perfectly
+characteristic of the man; he said he had done nothing to raise the
+wrath of the Mexicans, who were now treating him disgracefully. He had
+come to perform a duty, and could not leave without executing it. In
+fact, neither himself nor his men would submit to be driven out of
+the country. At the end of three days, Fremont saw that there was no
+prospect of Gen. Castro's consummating his threat; and, considering
+that he had sufficiently shown his willingness to fight if driven
+to it, he therefore concluded to strike his camp and withdraw to the
+Sacramento River. The party were not disturbed in their movements, and
+on reaching this stream they followed it up until they came to Peter
+Lawson's Trading Post, where Fremont intended, since he could not go
+to Monterey without being too rash, to purchase the outfit for the
+homeward-bound trip. The party remained at this post some ten days,
+during which time some American settlers in the neighborhood came in
+with the information that one thousand Indian warriors were collecting
+for the avowed purpose of destroying their ranches, probably at the
+instigation of the Mexicans. The exploring party, and also five white
+men from the Post, proffered their services to go to the aid of their
+countrymen, and shortly afterwards the whole command under Fremont
+moved forward to meet and measure their strength with the savages.
+The village of the Indians was in due time found, when the whites
+commenced the fight by making an attack on it. The battle was for
+a little while stoutly contested; but finally the red men were
+completely routed. The number of the killed it was difficult to
+ascertain; but Carson is of the opinion that this fight had the
+tendency of fixing on the minds of this tribe the truth of their
+inability to cope with white men, the convincing evidence of which was
+that the battle-ground was strewn with their dead. Having more than
+accomplished his chastisement of the Indians, Fremont with his party
+returned to Lawson's.
+
+On finishing his purchases, at this post, whose occupants had done
+their utmost to supply his wants and make his stay agreeable, the
+explorer once more set his command in motion en route for the Columbia
+River. He traveled up the Sacramento and passed near the Shasta
+Buttes,[19] and thence on to the Tlamath Lake. While encamped on the
+head of this collection of water, news came to the party that war had
+been declared between the United States and Mexico. This intelligence
+had been sent to Fremont through Lieutenant Gillespie, of the United
+States marines, who had with him six men as an escort. After traveling
+three hundred miles over bad trails at a rapid pace, his animals began
+to succumb to fatigue. The lieutenant saw he would fail to accomplish
+his ends with the whole party together, therefore he selected two of
+his most reliable men, mounted them on his fleetest horses, and sent
+them on ahead to bear the dispatches, while he himself would jog on
+slowly. The expressmen overhauled the exploring party after several
+days of hard travel and handed to Fremont the communications. As
+soon as he had read his letters, Fremont made inquiries in regard to
+Gillespie, and found that he was in rather a precarious position; for,
+should the Tlamath Indians take the notion, they would murder him
+and his men just by the way of pastime. Fremont at once determined
+to return with all haste and succor Gillespie from the imminent peril
+that surrounded him. With this purpose in view, he selected ten picked
+men, leaving orders for the rest of the party to follow on his trail,
+and set out. He had traveled about sixty miles when he met the officer
+he was in search of coming on. The meeting was very gratifying to
+both, but especially so to Fremont, who was fully alive to the dangers
+through which Gillespie had passed; for, the lieutenant was not
+sufficiently aware how black-hearted in their villainy and treachery
+this tribe, through whose country he was passing, were, as he had
+heretofore never dealt with them. A camp was selected near by, and all
+hands were not long in being snugly seated in it around a good fire,
+listening to the important news fresh from the civilized world.
+
+[Footnote 19: Blunt projecting mountains.]
+
+Fremont sat up until about one o'clock reading his letters from the
+United States. Kit Carson and Owens, wrapped in their saddle blankets,
+had picked out their beds near the fire, as the night was cold. On
+concluding the reading of his correspondence, Fremont turned in and
+was soon sound asleep. All was quiet for awhile, when Kit Carson heard
+a noise that awaked him; the sound was like the stroke of an axe.
+Rising to his feet, he discovered Indians in the camp. While in the
+act of reaching for his rifle, he gave the alarm, to his slumbering
+companions; but, two of them were already sleeping their last sleep,
+for the fatal tomahawk had been buried in their brains. One of these
+victims was the brave Lajeunesse, while the other was a full-blooded
+Delaware Indian. As Kit Carson left the fire, where he was too
+conspicuous an object, he saw several warriors approaching towards it.
+There lay near to it four other Delawares, who, on hearing the alarm,
+sprang to their feet. One of them by the name of Crane, seized hold of
+a rifle which, unfortunately, was not his own, and was not loaded. The
+poor fellow was not aware of this important fact. He kept trying to
+fire it while he stood erect, and manfully received five arrows,
+all of which penetrated his left breast, and either one of which was
+sufficient to cause his death. At last, he fell. On grasping his gun,
+Kit Carson remembered that the evening before, he had discharged it
+for the purpose of cleaning it, and while doing so had accidentally
+broken its cap tube, and consequently he had not reloaded it. As this
+flashed across his mind, he threw the rifle down and drew from his
+belt a single-barrelled pistol, with which he made at the warrior
+who was so safely throwing his arrows into his companion. When
+sufficiently near, Kit Carson fired, but as the fellow kept dodging
+about, he only succeeded in cutting the string that held the tomahawk
+to its red owner's arm. Maxwell now shot at this same brave and hit
+him in the fleshy part of one leg; and, as he was turning to run,
+which was the case with most of the Indians by this time, a bullet
+from the rifle of a mountaineer passed through his heart and arrested
+his progress. The whites were now fully awakened to their danger, and
+about ready to commence the fight; but the enemy had scattered. If
+all the savages had shown the same quickness and coolness as did their
+foremost warrior, the probability is that the most, if not the whole
+of the party would have been massacred. As it was, the attack was well
+planned, but poorly carried out.
+
+The result of the affair was, that Fremont lost three brave men, and
+had one other wounded slightly. It now became evident that the party
+had fallen into a snare which was intended for Lieutenant Gillespie
+and his small force, but the coming up of Fremont had caused the
+assassins to find they had caught a Tartar.
+
+Fremont and his party apprehended no danger that night; consequently,
+they did not post a guard, and as the men were very tired they slept
+very soundly. Before lying down, several of them had fired off their
+rifles, and, after cleaning them, they had neglected to reload them.
+This was the first and last time they were guilty of such a mistake
+while in an Indian country.
+
+Of the three men killed, the one by the name of Lajeunesse was
+the most regretted, for he had been with Fremont on his previous
+expeditions, and had won the admiration and confidence of his
+commander and companions. In a small company of men, such as these
+expeditions were composed of, where every member becomes intimately
+known and admired by his companions, the loss of one would be greatly
+felt; but, when three such were thus suddenly taken, it caused a gloom
+to be cast over the remainder, not easily to be dispelled. The only
+consolation left to the living was, that they had been instrumental
+in saving Lieutenant Gillespie and his four companions; therefore, in
+sacrificing their comrades, they had saved more lives than had been
+lost.
+
+There were no more thoughts of sleep in this camp for that eventful
+night; but instead, the men selected positions behind neighboring
+trees and fallen logs, and were ready to receive the enemy should they
+see fit to visit them again.
+
+The Indians, however, as Kit Carson predicted, had come to the wise
+conclusion not to attempt so unsatisfactory a business as another
+attack, for the grey light of the following day came without their
+reappearance. Before the sun had fairly risen, Fremont had broken
+up this camp, which had become odious to the men from its unpleasant
+associations. With their packs, and with the bodies of their dead
+companions, the party started to find their rear guard. They had
+proceeded about ten miles on their journey, when, by unanimous
+consent, they resolved to halt and inter the remains, which they had
+wished to carry until they united their forces, so that all could
+participate in the funeral rites; but, the woods through which they
+were traveling were very thick, and already the bodies had become
+greatly disfigured, on account of their frequently striking against
+the trees, as they were fastened on the backs of three animals.
+
+Slowly and sadly, in that dense forest, hundreds of miles from their
+nearest countrymen, was this funeral procession formed. A spot was
+selected on one side of the main trail, at a distance of about one
+half mile, where a rude grave was dug, and, wrapped in their blankets,
+in the same common house, were deposited all that remained of these
+three brave men. An observer of these obsequies, would have seen the
+lips of daring men, now and then, giving spasmodic twitchings; eyes
+swimming in tears, and a silence and solemnity that bespoke the truest
+kind of grief. Among that party, such a one would have been sure to
+have marked out the countenance of Kit Carson; for, engraven on it
+were the throes which were troubling his kind heart on being thus
+obliged to separate from old friends. Not a man left that grave, but
+who resolved, secretly and silently, to make these dastardly Indians
+suffer for the lives they had thus wantonly taken. In fact, they felt
+it an imperative duty they yet owed to their departed comrades; who,
+if they but stood in their places, would have sworn to be avenged;
+hence, the reader must not judge them harshly if they nourished these
+feelings.
+
+That very day the two parties met and went into camp together. Plans
+were concocted to chastise the red men soundly. The next day, on
+quitting this last resting-place, a squad of fifteen men was left
+concealed in the neighborhood, in order to watch and act against
+any Indians who, by chance, might be following them from one camp to
+another, in hopes of finding something. The main command then moved on
+slowly, and had advanced but a few miles when they were overtaken by
+their friends, who came up with two scalps. These were the sum total
+of their morning's work. The two warriors to whom they had belonged
+were caught following the trail as scouts of their main body. The
+unerring rifles of the party in ambush had performed their fearful
+duty.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+    Fremont en route for California--His men are anxious to punish
+    the Tlamath Indians--Kit Carson, in command of ten Men, is
+    sent on ahead to reconnoitre--He discovers the main Village
+    of these Indians--The Attack and the Victory--Beautiful
+    Lodges--The Trophies mostly destroyed--Fremont saves Kit
+    Carson's Life--The Journey resumed--The Sacramento Valley--An
+    Indian Ambuscade--One Savage defies the Party--Kit Carson
+    shoots him--The Tlamath Indians still on the War Path--Another
+    Lesson given to them--A Thief is shot--Arrival at Lawson's
+    Trading Post--A period of Inactivity--A Detachment sent to
+    capture Sonoma--Prisoners taken--The Mexicans come to punish
+    the Americans--Their Courage deserts them--The Retreat--The
+    Pursuit--Fremont goes to Sutter's Fort and establishes
+    a Military Post--Monterey is taken by the American
+    Squadron--Fremont marches there--Further Operations--The
+    taking of Los Angelos.
+
+
+The news of war having been declared between the United States and
+Mexico, determined Fremont to return to California; and, in doing so,
+he decided to enter that country by a new route of his own selection.
+
+He commenced his journey by traveling around Lake Tlamath, and had not
+proceeded far in that direction, before he found himself encamped on a
+small stream which empties into the lake, nearly opposite to the place
+where his three men were killed. The distance of each day's progress
+had been carefully reckoned and noted by the party. Upon their minds
+there was still resting a sadness, which, their leader saw, was only
+to be effaced by a satisfactory revenge, and that they were eager to
+obtain it before quitting the country. Perhaps, also, their commanding
+officer thought it best, while the opportunity offered, for the
+benefit of his countrymen, whom he felt sure would some day possess
+this territory, to impress these savages with the power and bravery of
+the white men. Whatever was the object to be gained, it matters not
+in relating the particulars. The next morning he sent Kit Carson on
+ahead, with ten chosen men, giving him orders to the effect that if he
+discovered a large village of Indians, which was the general surmise,
+without being himself seen, he was to send back word; when he
+(Fremont) would hasten on with reinforcements, in order to make the
+assault. If it should happen that the Indians were the first to be
+apprised of his near approach, then, without delay, Carson was to
+engage them as he thought best. Acting under these instructions, Kit
+Carson, with his detail of men, set out, and fortunately soon found
+a fresh trail that led directly to where the savages had established
+their village. This Indian village numbered fifty lodges; and, to
+each wigwam, the mountaineers estimated three braves, as this is the
+complement of men who live in one of these huts on the prairies and in
+the Rocky Mountains; thus making the force of the Indians to be in the
+neighborhood of one hundred and fifty. From the commotion noticed in
+the village, it was evident to all present that the tribe had become
+aware of danger, and that there was no time to be lost in sending back
+the desired information. Kit Carson, notwithstanding the strength
+of his enemies, determined to hazard an attack; and, after a brief
+consultation with his companions, he decided to take advantage of the
+confusion that was existing among the red men by charging right in
+among them. If ever there is a time when Indians will stand their
+ground, it is when defending their families; therefore, on this
+occasion, the white men were warmly received; but, they fought with
+such a degree of desperation, as they themselves had never done
+before. The result was, that the savages became panic stricken, and
+soon afterwards fled, leaving everything they possessed behind them.
+The victors, after pursuing the Indians for some distance, and adding
+a few more to the list of killed, returned to the village, which they
+found to be rich in booty. The lodges here taken, Kit Carson describes
+as being the most tasty pieces of handiwork that Indian skill could
+devise, and surpassed anything of the kind that he had previously
+looked upon. They were made of the broad leaves of the swamp flag,
+which were beautifully and intricately woven together. Within the
+wigwams, the party found a very large amount of fish in different
+stages of preservation for future use. Wishing to do these people as
+much harm as possible, and thus be even with them for their recent
+savage cruelties on their own party, Kit Carson gave the order to
+collect everything in the lodges and arrange the articles in such
+manner that fire would either destroy, or completely damage them.
+Having accomplished this work, the lighted tinder was applied, when
+the flames leaped high up in the air, forming a fit funeral pyre for
+their slain companions. Fremont saw the reflection of the fire, and
+also the smoke, and at once knew that Kit Carson was engaged with the
+Indians; consequently, he pushed on at a very rapid pace to assist
+him. He arrived too late for what the men called the sport; but
+instead, heard the report of his lieutenant and guide, Kit Carson,
+whose words, to use his (Fremont's) own language, "are synonymous with
+truth." The gloom which had prevailed over the party, while the men
+recounted to their friends the details of the fight was temporarily
+dispelled; and, while thus engaged, the command moved on about two
+miles from the Indian village. Having here selected a site, they
+went into camp. After comfortably stowing themselves away in this
+resting-place, another "war talk" was called, and what was best to be
+done was canvassed over. After the adjournment of the council,
+Fremont decided to send back twenty men, under Richard Owens, to the
+neighborhood of the ruins of the village, there to conceal themselves
+and await the return of the Indians; who, it was thought, might come
+back to look after their dead. He did so; and Owens had not been
+secreted a great while before about fifty savages returned, and, by
+the moon's light, were quite visible. As had been previously agreed
+upon, word was sent by a trusty messenger to Fremont, who, with six
+companions, Kit Carson being of the number, hastened on horseback
+to join his outpost. For fear of being discovered, Fremont chose a
+different route from the one taken by Owens, which was quite
+direct, while that of the former was circuitous. On approaching the
+smouldering remains of the village, Kit Carson discovered only one
+Indian wandering about on the ground. As soon almost as he was seen by
+the party, they made a dash at him. Kit Carson was in the advance, and
+on arriving within about ten feet of the warrior, he drew up his
+horse and brought his rifle to his shoulder to fire, but the gun only
+snapped, and left its owner in a very precarious situation, as the red
+man had already drawn the string of his bow to plant an arrow in the
+body of his adversary. A moment more and, in all probability, Kit
+Carson would have been breathing his last. Fremont saw the danger his
+friend was in, although Kit had tried to avoid the arrow by throwing
+himself on one side of his horse. With much forethought, as well as
+personal exposure, he plunged the rowels of his spurs deep into his
+riding animal. The noble horse, obeying the impetus thus given by his
+rider, made a few extra strides, until he reached, knocked down
+and passed over the Indian, thereby causing his arrow to fly in a
+different direction from the one intended. Before the savage could
+regain his feet, a ball from one of the rifles belonging to the party
+had sent him to his last resting-place. Fremont now learned from
+Owens, that while the messenger was absent, the rest of the Indians
+had decamped, and as he had received orders from him to await his
+coming in case he found the enemy, therefore, he was obliged to let
+the rascals quietly depart without firing into them, which was much to
+his own and his men's displeasure.
+
+[Illustration: A moment more and in all probability Kit Carson would
+have been breathing his last. Fremont saw the danger his friend was
+in, although Kit had tried to avoid the arrow by throwing himself on
+one side of his horse.--PAGE 265.]
+
+It was now necessary to return without delay to their own camp, and
+thus anticipate the movements of the Indians, as they might conclude
+to make an attack in that quarter; but, on arriving there, they
+found everything safe; nor were they, during that night, in any way
+disturbed. Kit Carson was, and is still, very grateful to Fremont for
+thus interposing between him and almost certain death; for it would
+have been the work of an instant for the Indian warrior, at ten feet
+distance, to have sent an arrow into some vital organ. It was such
+noble generosity, bravery, and disinterested exposure in the hour of
+peril, in order to serve his men, that strongly cemented Fremont to
+them. Indeed, in all of his expeditions, he had such command over his
+employees, that little or no trouble ever occurred among them while
+on their marches, although they had privations and dangers to undergo
+that would often try men of the most even temper.
+
+On the day following the one on which his party had encountered and
+chastised the Tlamath Indians, Fremont started for the Valley of the
+Sacramento. The expedition was progressing well, and was four days out
+from this last camp; when, as two of the men, whose names were Maxwell
+and Archambeau, were out hunting at a distance of about three miles on
+one side of their friends, they were surprised at seeing one Indian,
+on foot, approaching towards them.
+
+The hunters, in order to do away with all suspicion, at once halted
+and laid down their arms, to show the warrior that they were friendly
+disposed. They thought it was best to have a "talk" with him, and
+question him in regard to the country they were then in. As he showed
+no symptoms of fear, but kept coming on, they supposed that he had
+understood their actions; therefore, they paid but little attention to
+him, until they saw him stop. Their curiosity was now excited to know
+his intentions; and, as they watched his movements, they saw him take
+some young crows from his quiver, and, after untying the string that
+held them, he concealed them to his satisfaction in the grass, and
+again moved forward; but, while doing so, he was busy arranging his
+weapons for immediate use. The white men were not astonished at this,
+for they concluded that he was only preparing himself against danger.
+The Indian slowly advanced to a spot that was within fifteen yards of
+the hunters, when he again stopped, and commenced shooting his arrows
+at them. At first they dodged about, and made signs for him to desist,
+as they were friends; but, to their admonitions he paid not the least
+attention. Several of the missiles had come near causing them bodily
+injury. After a time, forbearance ceased to be a virtue. Raising his
+rifle, one of the men fired; when, to use mountaineer parlance, the
+Indian "went under."
+
+What could have been the foolhardy ideas of this warrior that
+compelled him to take such a course as he did, not one of the party,
+when they were informed of the adventure, could conjecture; but, a
+fact it is, that he lost his life and his scalp by his indiscretion.
+In due time the command reached the Sacramento River, and were
+proceeding on the trail down that stream, when they came to a
+point, not far from a deep cañon, the sides of which were almost
+perpendicular and composed of cragged rocks. Fremont decided not to
+pass through this deep gorge, but instead, to travel around it; and
+he did so by crossing the river. It proved afterwards to be a very
+fortunate change; for, their old enemies, the Tlamath Indians, had
+concealed themselves there, thinking, as a matter of course, that the
+white men would keep the trail. Seeing that the white men were
+not coming into the ambuscade laid for them, the Indians became so
+disappointed that they boldly ventured forth from their hiding-places.
+A few, more daring than the rest, advanced into open ground, when
+Carson, Godey, and another member of the party, made a dash at them.
+They all ran except one warrior, and as the charging party were
+mounted on mules, they made but poor progress in overtaking them.
+The one Indian who, apparently, had resolved to make war on his own
+account, concealed himself behind a rock, strung his bow, putting
+several arrows in his mouth, and thus awaited the advance of his foes.
+Kit Carson and Godey soon came within shooting distance, when he began
+to let fly his arrows, and kept it up so briskly, that the men dodged
+about, without being able to do anything else for some moments. At
+last, wearying of this dangerous sport, Kit Carson dismounted, and
+crept around until he obtained a good sight at the Indian; when, he
+drew up his rifle, fired, and sent a bullet through his heart. From
+this dead brave, Kit Carson took a beautifully wrought bow and
+quiver, which still contained a large number of arrows, and which he
+presented, on rejoining the party, to Lieutenant Gillespie. It is a
+pity that such a brave man as this savage was, should have met with
+such an inglorious death; but, it was his own seeking, for he had
+attacked the wrong persons. Another twenty-four hours now passed by
+without any further annoyance from the Indians; who, notwithstanding
+the late forcible instruction they had received, still continued to
+hover around, and follow after the exploring party. On encamping
+the next evening, after Kit Carson had killed the Indian, as above
+described, the party found themselves entirely destitute of anything
+to eat, although they were very hungry. Game had, all at once, become
+very scarce, as the hunters whose turn it was to be out that day, had
+returned unsuccessful. Two more men were then sent out, in hopes that
+by perseverance they might find something. They had not proceeded far
+before they discovered an Indian watching their camp, as if awaiting
+a favorable opportunity to make a descent on the animals. Step (one
+of these hunters) crept unperceived by the red man until he was within
+range of his rifle, when he fired, and killed the would-be thief.
+No other game could be found, so the hunters returned, and the whole
+party retired to rest supperless, and arose the next morning to fast
+again. That day, however, they found and killed some game, and for the
+time being, their appetites were once more appeased. Fremont was now
+on his way to Peter Lawson's Fort, where he arrived safely, after
+several days of hard traveling. At this place the party rested
+for about one week; but the desire to have an active share in the
+approaching hostilities, caused Fremont to delay no longer than was
+absolutely necessary; hence, he started and went to a point lower down
+on the Sacramento, known to the mountaineers under the name of the
+Buttes. Here, a camp was made, and here Fremont had decided to wait
+positive orders concerning the war; and, until these instructions
+should arrive, he employed his men in hunting. After several days
+spent in this way, he began to weary of inactivity. He thought that,
+in all probability, war had commenced; and, finally, he decided to
+take the responsibility of sending a part of his force to surprise
+Sonoma--a Mexican military post that had but a weak garrison. This the
+party accomplished to the entire satisfaction of their commander. They
+captured and made prisoners of war at this fort, one general and two
+captains, besides taking several cannon and quite a quantity of small
+arms. It was about this time that news reached Fremont which convinced
+him that hostilities had already commenced, and that both countries
+were taking active measures to carry the war on with vigor. He set out
+immediately, on the receipt of this information, and joined his detail
+of men at Sonoma. During his stay at this fort, General Castro
+sent one of his captains, with a large force of Mexicans, from San
+Francisco, with orders to drive the Americans out of the country. This
+command came, and accidentally fell upon and butchered two men whom
+Fremont had sent out as messengers to inform all American settlers
+that Sonoma had been taken by him, and that thither they could fly
+for safety. The gallant Mexican captain, on seeing and hearing that
+Fremont's forces were anxious to meet him, becoming disheartened,
+began to retreat, and was pursued by the exploring party. For six days
+they thus followed the retreating enemy, whose courage had evidently
+deserted them though they had triple the force of their pursuers. So
+hot was the chase, that the Mexicans deserted many of their animals,
+which, as a matter of course, fell into the hands of the Americans.
+Fremont, on finding that he could not overtake the enemy, returned
+to Sonoma. The captain, with his Mexican command, as was afterwards
+learned, did not remain at San Francisco. No doubt he did not like
+to trust himself within reach of Fremont, for he continued his march
+until he reached the Pueblo of Los Angelos, where he was rejoined by
+General Castro, who reorganized the forces and assumed the command
+himself. The exploring party had now become a military expedition, and
+around this nucleus the Americans, then in California, flocked to
+pour out their vengeance against their country's foes. Having quite
+a little army at his disposal, Fremont left a strong detachment at
+Sonoma, and departed with the rest of his command for Sutter's Fort.
+On arriving there, he placed the fort under military rule, and left
+his prisoners, General Vallejos and the two captains, who had been
+captured at Sonoma. Also an American by the name of Lace, who was a
+brother-in-law to General Vallejos, and whose predilections appeared
+to lean in favor of the Mexican side. With all his mountain men,
+including Kit Carson, Fremont then took up his line of march towards
+Monterey, for the purpose of attacking and taking possession of the
+town; but, this movement had been anticipated by Commodore Sloat and
+the American squadron. Soon after Fremont's arrival at Monterey
+(where he was very kindly received by the commodore and his officers),
+Commodore Sloat left the country, and the command devolved upon
+Commodore Stockton.
+
+A consultation having been held among the officers, it was the
+prevailing opinion that it would be impossible to overtake and engage
+the Mexicans by following them up on land; therefore Fremont asked for
+a ship to take his force to San Diego, where he could obtain animals
+and march on to Los Angelos. The United States vessel Cyane, under
+the command of Capt. Dupont, was furnished him for this undertaking by
+Commodore Stockton. In four days time the party arrived at San Diego,
+where they landed. They there parted with the ship and the gallant
+captain, with many pleasant reminiscences of their short voyage. At
+San Diego, Fremont found himself at the head of about one hundred
+and fifty men, which was not a very strong force to be in an enemy's
+country with, especially so far from their homes as they were.
+However, nearly every man was a veteran in war, and the whole body
+felt themselves invincible, which was a source of great consolation
+to their leader. From San Diego, parties of the command were sent
+to scour the neighboring country, in order to bring in a sufficient
+number of horses to mount the men. This being accomplished, Fremont
+set out for Los Angelos, where the Governor and Gen. Castro had a
+force of seven hundred men at their disposal. These officials, with
+their soldiers, on learning the near approach of the Americans, broke
+up and fled, most of them taking the road to Sonora, while the balance
+scattered, not apparently caring where they went, as long as they did
+not come in contact with the Americans. Fremont marched within about
+one league of the town, and encamped to await, as had been previously
+agreed upon, the arrival of Commodore Stockton, who soon joined him
+at this place with a party of sailors and marines, "As fine a body of
+men," says Kit Carson, "as ever I looked upon."
+
+When the two commands had been consolidated, they marched direct for
+Los Angelos, which they easily captured, as its would-be defenders had
+some days before deserted it. In this town the command was quartered
+for some time; but, as it is our intention to follow the career of
+Kit Carson, who, shortly after their arrival, had been detailed
+for important duty, which placed him in new scenes; hence, we are
+necessitated to take leave of affairs as they transpired there, and
+hereafter revert to them casually as they connect with our narrative.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+    Kit Carson is sent Overland as Bearer of Dispatches
+    to Washington--The Preparation and the Start--The
+    Journey--Privations and Sufferings--Meeting with General
+    Kearney--The General takes Carson as his Guide and sends on
+    the Dispatches by Fitzpatrick--The March--Arrival at Warner's
+    Ranche--Mexicans on the Road--Preparations for a Battle--The
+    Battle--Disastrous Consequences--Kit Carson and Lieutenant
+    Beale offer to run the lines of the Mexican Sentinels
+    and carry Information to San Diego of Kearney's critical
+    position--The Daring Undertaking--The Sufferings
+    they encountered--Their Arrival--Reinforcements sent
+    out--Lieutenant Beale is Delirious from the Privations he has
+    undergone--Gen. Kearney and his Command finally reach and join
+    the other American Forces in California.
+
+
+On the 15th day of September, 1846, Kit Carson was placed in the
+command of fifteen men, with orders to make an overland journey to
+Washington, as bearer of very important dispatches.
+
+At the time of which we write, there was no steam communication, as
+now, _viâ_ the two great oceans, consequently, the intercourse between
+our brave countrymen in California and the government at Washington
+was attended with extreme difficulty. Fortunately, Fremont had in Kit
+Carson just the man to make such a journey through an enemy's country.
+
+Kit Carson was instructed to use his utmost endeavors to make the
+journey in sixty days, which was no small undertaking, when we
+consider the great distance to be traveled over and the obstacles that
+lay in his path; he undertook it, however, with a determination not to
+be easily frustrated.
+
+By judicious management and watchfulness, Kit was making good
+progress, and had reached a point within two days' travel of the
+Copper Mines in New Mexico without being in any way annoyed. Here he
+came into full view of a village of Apache Indians, who were then, as
+they nearly ever since have been, at war with the Americans. He had
+been discovered by these Indians, and there was but one true way to
+act, which was not to show the white feather by attempting to evade
+them. Fremont's dispatch bearer had not the least idea of that; he
+was too well schooled in Indian stratagem to be out-manoeuvered, so he
+rode on as if nothing had happened until he came to some timber that
+lay within one hundred yards of their village, when he halted. At
+first the Indians were disconcerted at the boldness of the whites,
+and were showing it by hurrying to and fro, either for the purpose
+of leaving or to be better prepared to offer fight. On arriving near
+enough so to do, Kit Carson called to the savages and informed them
+that his party were friends and wished a parley. To this an assent was
+given, when Kit made them understand that he and his men were simply
+travelers, en route for New Mexico; that they carried the olive branch
+of peace with them, and had come among them bearing it, in the hopes
+of being able to exchange their fatigued animals for others that were
+fresh. With this the Indians were satisfied; therefore, Carson chose a
+camping-ground for himself and men, and selected the site so that they
+could best contend against the treachery of the red men, should they
+attempt any. When the camp was arranged, the Indians were allowed to
+come in; and, soon after, the trading commenced, which proved to be
+very successful, for the men obtained very good riding animals in
+place of their old ones. Their intercourse with this band of Apaches
+closed early the next day, when both parties bid each other good bye
+on the most friendly terms.
+
+A few days more of travel brought Kit Carson and his men to the first
+Mexican settlement which then stood in their road. Their arrival in
+the town happened very opportunely, having for the past few days been
+suffering severely from hunger. They had started from California with
+but a small stock of dried meat and corn, not being able conveniently
+to carry more without impeding their progress; therefore, they were
+left to depend on their rifles. Game they found to be scarce; and, in
+a short time, their meat was expended. Being reduced to the corn,
+they were, as a matter of necessity, very sparing of it. The maize was
+parched, and for several days they derived their entire subsistence
+from it; though, on account of the short allowance, they but poorly
+satiated their appetites. About the time succor appeared to them in
+the shape of this Mexican town, even the maize was nearly used up.
+They were delighted to reach a place where they would be able to
+replenish their provisions. It was well known to their commander that,
+as a _dernier resort_, he could kill and live upon his riding animals,
+but in so doing, he would cripple his means so much, that the business
+he was on might prove a failure. While so much depended on it, he felt
+that he ought not to leave any other means untried before resorting to
+such a procedure. It was true, the Mexicans at that time were at
+war; but, there were scattered over New Mexico, in almost every town,
+former friends of Kit Carson, who would, he felt confident, serve him
+in the hour of trial. At the first ranche they came to, they halted
+and made a rest of two or three days, while Kit employed himself
+in purchasing supplies, in which he succeeded beyond even his
+expectations.
+
+It was while obeying instructions, in traveling as fast as possible,
+that one day, the sixth of October, 1846, the party discerned
+something which, at first, looked like a mere speck moving on the
+prairies. Watching it with intense anxiety, the little speck increased
+in size until they saw it emerge, as it were, from the apparent
+junction of the heavens with the earth, and form a visible line; as
+the front of this column came nearer to view, they discovered that
+it was a strong detachment of United States troops. The truth was now
+evident to them all that this was an expedition sent out by government
+to operate in California. Spurring on their animals, Kit and his men
+soon met the advance guard of the soldiers and learned that their
+commander was Gen. Kearney, who was further back in the lines. On
+coming to the general, Kit Carson reported himself, informed him
+of the business he was on, and also furnished him with all the
+intelligence in his power in reference to the disposal of the American
+forces in California, besides detailing to him what had already been
+accomplished in that quarter.
+
+After due deliberation, Gen. Kearney determined to send Mr.
+Fitzpatrick on to Washington with the dispatches and to order Kit
+Carson to join him as guide. In fulfilling this duty, he well knew
+that Kit would be invaluable to him. Acting on this decision, he
+sent for Kit Carson and informed him of what he wished him to do. Kit
+Carson replied, "As the general thinks best." The fact was, that Kit
+well knew he could be of great service to the command, and he was too
+honest not to confess it, though he was now nearly in reach of his
+happy home and its loved inmates, from whom he had been so long
+separated and whom he fondly wished to see. In facing about, Kit took
+upon his shoulders the prospect of encountering fearful dangers; but,
+he undertook his new duties without allowing a murmur to escape his
+lips, and without even asking additional pay; though, had he but
+mentioned it, the general could not have well refused the demand. A
+noble motive engrossed Kit Carson's mind. He has ever labored to win
+and wear the confidence and respect of his countrymen, being ambitious
+to leave a name behind him that shall be an honor to his friends and
+family.
+
+On the eighteenth day of October, 1846, General Kearney and his
+command left the Rio Del Norte, in New Mexico. The services of Kit
+Carson in directing the route, proved the wisdom of General Kearney
+in making the change in the bearers of dispatches. So true was Kit
+Carson's guidance, that the command traveled with so much dispatch as
+to reach Warner's Ranche, in California, on the third day of December
+following. From this place it took up a line of march for San Diego.
+
+While on their march, news was brought in by their spies that a strong
+command of Mexican Californians had taken up a position on their
+route, evidently awaiting their advance with the view of attacking
+them. This occurred on the sixth day of the same month. General
+Kearney made no change in his route, but advanced to within fifteen
+miles of the enemy's encampment. Here he commanded a halt. A
+reconnoitering party, consisting of fifteen dragoons, commanded by
+Lieutenant Hammond, was sent on in advance to note the position and
+force of the enemy. He proceeded upon the duty, but was discovered
+by the Mexicans. Nevertheless, he fortunately succeeded in making his
+observations previous to being seen. His report to General Kearney,
+among other facts, stated that these Mexican soldiers had strongly
+established themselves in an Indian village.
+
+General Kearney determined, without delay to attack them. Orders were
+given to resume the march; and, by one o'clock the next morning the
+American soldiers had fastened all their packs on their mules, and
+were themselves mounted and ready for the command to move. The order
+came without delay, and the little army was immediately in motion.
+Fourteen miles of the space which separated the two parties were
+passed without interruption. When within one mile of the Mexican
+position, the advance guard of the Americans suddenly came upon a
+small advance guard of the Mexicans, who were evidently posted
+to watch their approach and guard the road. As soon as they were
+discovered, the trumpets of the dragoons sounded, in quick succession,
+the orders to trot, and to gallop. The Americans were so prompt in
+making their charge that they came upon the Mexicans, when a sharp
+skirmish ensued, in which several of the enemy were killed. The
+remainder of the outpost were driven in, bearing the news of the
+attack to their friends. Captain Johnson, Kit Carson and fifteen
+American soldiers formed the attacking party in this affair. They had
+been ordered to secure the loose animals belonging to the enemy. In
+this they failed, the animals being too strongly guarded, and because,
+upon the first alarm, they were driven out of harm's way.
+
+This attack, however, proved to be the commencement of a serious
+fight. Seeing that his orders could not be obeyed in regard to the
+animals of the enemy, Captain Johnson and his party joined a party
+under Captain Moore. The force of the latter consisted of twenty-five
+American volunteers from California, who had attached themselves to
+General Kearney's command since its arrival in the country. Moore's
+command also comprised parts of two companies of United States
+dragoons. Captain Moore had been ordered to make an attack on the
+centre of the enemy, in order to cut their forces in two, and thereby
+cause confusion in their ranks. As has been stated, Captain Johnson,
+with his little force, joined Captain Moore in making this attack.
+While the charge was in progress, and when within one hundred yards of
+the Mexican camp, Kit Carson's horse, occupying a leading position in
+the column of attack, accidentally fell, and threw his rider with such
+force as to break the wood part, or stock, of his rifle into several
+pieces, rendering it useless. His position, for a short time, was
+precarious. Being foremost in the charge when the accident happened,
+the whole troop of horse came galloping over him as he lay upon the
+ground. His escape was almost a miracle. When the last horseman had
+passed, Kit arose, and was quite happy to find that he had received
+only slight contusions, which did not in the least impair his
+movements or strength of body. Casting a hasty glance over the field,
+he discovered a dead dragoon, not far distant from the spot where
+he himself had fallen. Instantly running up to the poor fellow, he
+relieved him of his gun and cartridge-box. Being once more armed, he
+rushed forward at the top of his speed and plunged into the thickest
+of the fight, which was then severely contested. Captain Johnson and
+several of the more advanced soldiers had been killed by the bullets
+of the enemy, almost at the same instant that Kit Carson's horse had
+fallen. It is not at all unlikely, therefore, that the accidental
+falling of his horse had been the means of saving Kit Carson's life.
+After a desperate and deadly conflict, Moore and his men dislodged the
+enemy, causing them to retreat. They were followed by the Americans,
+but, unfortunately for their complete success, the large majority of
+the latter were mounted on mules. These, when the firing commenced,
+became almost unmanageable. But forty of the entire command of General
+Kearney were mounted on horses, and these were none the best for
+cavalry purposes, having been but recently broken to the saddle. They
+had been captured since the arrival of the American forces in the
+country, from a party of Mexicans, who were en route to Sonora, by
+Lieutenant Davidson and twenty-five dragoons, assisted by Kit Carson.
+By the uncontrollable actions of the stubborn mules, Moore's men
+became greatly separated and could not act in concert. This rendered
+the pursuit, so far as the enemy was concerned, nearly harmless.
+
+The Mexicans, quickly perceiving the condition of their assailants,
+and comprehending the chances, which the apparent difficulty gave
+them, at once rallied and turned on their pursuers. The fight was
+renewed with most determined courage. The Mexicans fought with a
+bravery and success which turned the hitherto, comparatively speaking,
+bloodless victory of the Americans, into a terrible slaughter. Every
+moment saw some brave dragoon yield up his life to the deadly bullets
+or blows of the exasperated Mexicans. Out of the forty dragoons who
+were mounted on horses, thirty-six were either killed or severely
+wounded. Among the names to be added to the sad list already killed,
+was Captain Moore, "as brave a man," says Kit Carson, "as ever drew
+breath in any service." As fast as the scattered American soldiers
+could reach the scene of carnage, they joined in the battle; but, the
+Mexicans, elated by their success, fought like demons, and seemed to
+sweep everything before them.
+
+General Kearney, seeing his officers thus shot down, drawing his
+sword, placed himself at the head of his remaining forces; and, though
+severely wounded, he made a desperate attempt to cause the enemy,
+once more, to retreat. At this crisis of affairs, Lieutenant Davidson
+arrived on the ground with two mountain howitzers. Before he could get
+his guns unlimbered and ready to commence firing, nearly every man he
+had to work them was shot down, being either killed or badly wounded.
+Following up their success, the Mexicans charged right up to the guns,
+and, with the lasso, unerring in their hands, captured the horses
+attached to, and, on the instant, made off with one of the guns. On
+reaching a distance of three hundred yards, they halted and prepared
+to turn the fire of the howitzer upon the Americans. From some
+unaccountable reason, it would not go off. Lieutenant Davidson did
+his utmost to prevent the loss of this gun, and after several narrow
+escapes from dangerous lance wounds, as his clothing and saddle
+sufficiently attested, he was finally stricken down, and nearly gave
+his life a sacrifice to his heroism.
+
+After being thus badly cut up, and with not more than one or two
+officers left who had not been either killed or wounded, while the men
+had been handled with equal severity, the Americans were obliged to
+take refuge at a point of rocks which chanced to be near where
+their advance had been defeated. A rally was made at this place. The
+Mexicans, however, did not venture to attack them. Both sides were
+apparently weary of fighting for that day. The firing ceased, and soon
+after, night closed over the scene of the battle field.
+
+These California Mexicans, previous to the war with the United States,
+were considered by the mountaineers as the bravest Spanish blood in
+the Mexican provinces. During the war, they proved that they had not
+been over-estimated, as they met their foes, at the commencement of
+hostilities, with a determination to win, or sell their lives dearly.
+The reason of this difference of courage in their favor over their
+countrymen who inhabited the internal States, is supposed to be owing
+to their opportunities for intercourse with the bold mariners from
+different countries who visited them in ships for the purpose of
+trade. This commerce consisted in the transporting into the country of
+such articles as arms, ammunition, groceries, and dry goods, for which
+were bartered, hides, tallow, and furs. The currency of California
+at that time was hides, which were estimated as so many dollars. The
+raising of cattle and horses was the leading employment of the people,
+and occupied most of their time. On the discovery of gold, these
+affairs underwent a change, and the rapid strides of civilization has
+left this people far in the minority. The horses of California were
+celebrated as being larger than the ponies of New Mexico, and also for
+being much fleeter of foot. The California rider, at that time,
+was looked upon as being unrivaled by those who had witnessed his
+performances. However, the intercourse between the two countries was
+very limited among the Mexicans, and it was difficult to find a New
+Mexican who had seen the Pacific. Their dialects were also slightly
+different, as much so as happens in the dependencies of any other
+country. It was fear of the Indians that put a damper on the travel
+between these adjoining districts. The society of the man who had
+had the boldness to make a journey to California from New Mexico was
+courted, he being considered a renowned traveler. His amusing stories
+of large ships and the men who managed them, and also, of the great
+expanse of the ocean, amazed his auditors and made them deeply
+interested in his conversation and information. It has become a
+strange sight to look upon whole communities of men, who have
+only heard of steamboats, telegraphs, railroads and other great
+improvements and inventions of the age, yet there are thousands of men
+living in the great interior of the North American continent who
+have only vague ideas of these things; and many there are, who cannot
+realize them, but believe that they are fabulous stories, and will
+meet the narrator of them with equal wonders, which they manufacture
+to suit the occasion. To give a specimen: we remember one night to
+have tried to explain these advancements to an old Mexican of some
+eighty winters, while we were the guest of his house. He listened
+attentively, but evidently could comprehend but little that we said.
+We changed the subject, and began to describe to him the great beasts
+of the forest, such as the lion, the tiger, and the elephant, and soon
+found that we had struck the theme which pleased him. In reply, he
+told us that in his younger days he himself was a famous hunter; and
+that, on one occasion, while on the chase, he met _Adam_, who, he
+informed us, was the greatest hunter of his age. We were somewhat
+surprised to hear this old man thus annihilate time and space, but
+not more so than when we heard him relate the conversation that passed
+between himself and Adam. It was both short and sweet. The Mexican
+demanded of Adam what was the particular game he was seeking in these
+parts, and the reply was deer. He said that he wished to kill a few
+choice bucks, in order to get their skins to clothe _Eve_ with, and
+hence he had come to the Rocky Mountains. The flavor of this yarn
+was so good, I attempted to try the old man on another adventure, by
+asking him if he ever, by chance, in his travels, met the _Evil One_.
+Immediately, he informed me that at one time, that gentleman lived in
+a salt marsh, which is to be found in the valley of _San Louis_. The
+object of his staying there was to watch a very fine band of horses
+which he was raising near by. The Indians and Mexicans one day
+determined to deprive Satan of his stock, and arranged things
+accordingly; but, on coming upon the horses, they were surprised
+to find that they could not overtake them, and that the horses ran
+directly into the swamp and vanished by easily sinking out of sight.
+While looking for a path that led into this marsh, they were all
+at once scared nearly out of their senses by seeing the devil raise
+himself up in the midst of the bog. The sequel was, that the Mexicans
+and their Indian friends retreated as fast as possible, and never
+stopped until they had reached a place of safety. My companions became
+vexed to think any man could perpetrate such a story on travelers, who
+considered they knew a thing or two, and commenced quizzing the old
+gentleman by asking him what the Indians knew of Satan; but the old
+Mexican evaded the answer by taking down the little wooden cross which
+hung on the wall of the room and expressed the desire to confirm the
+truth of his story by swearing to it; this, of course, was said to be
+entirely unnecessary. From it, we had learned the lesson never to try
+to impress on the minds of the ignorant too weighty matters. This is
+true with the Indian also; for, he is incredulous of anything beyond
+the grasp of his own mind; which fact is illustrated by the following
+incident. An American had some business to transact with a certain
+band of Indians, who were celebrated as being very treacherous. Being
+a bold man, he thought he would beard the lions in their den, and
+accordingly, traveled alone to where the band was located; but,
+instead of being received with open arms, as he expected, he was made
+a prisoner, and so held until it could be decided what was to be done
+with him. At last, a council was formed, before which he was to be
+tried. The first question asked by the head chief was, "How do your
+white people get gunpowder?" The reply was instantaneous: "We sow it
+in a peculiar soil and it grows up like wheat." This was responded to
+by a grunt from the examiner. A pause ensued, when the chief looked
+the captive full in the eyes, and thus addressed him: "Know you, young
+man, that the Great Spirit came into our camp this morning, and after
+resting a short time he took yonder large hill and placed it on the
+top of its fellow, and after leaving it there two hours, he returned
+it to its former site. He then bid his Indian children good bye. Young
+man, your tongue is split: one fork is for telling lies, and the other
+is for telling truths." This was enough to convince the white man that
+he had made a mistake, and, that if he had attempted to presume on too
+much knowledge, his scalp might soon be dangling on some lodge-pole.
+The Indians admired the brave and manly course he had pursued in
+coming to them single-handed, and this, with the importance of the
+business he came on, saved his life.
+
+The California Mexicans were so remote from their capital, that,
+although they acknowledged their allegiance to the general government,
+yet they were accustomed, in many things, to act with great
+independence. Whenever a governor was sent to them who would not
+conform to their rules and regulations, or made himself in the least
+obnoxious, he was immediately placed on board ship, with orders to
+take himself out of the country as fast as possible, which he never
+failed to obey, in order to save his life. Attempts were made by the
+home department to make them suffer for these disobediences of the
+general laws, but, in all of these contests, the Californians came
+out victorious, and hence they believed they were beyond the power of
+being vanquished. They were taught differently by the Americans.
+
+These few cursory remarks will serve to show the reader that General
+Kearney had no despicable foe to overcome and subdue. His care now
+was to attend to the wounded. There was no rest for his command that
+night, as, during the hours of darkness, his men were busy interring
+their dead and looking after the wants of the sufferers. A sharp
+look-out, also, was kept on the movements of the enemy, who were
+continually receiving reinforcements. A council of war was held in
+the American camp, when Gen. Kearney, after taking the advice of his
+remaining officers, decided to move on early in the morning, with the
+hope of meeting reinforcements. He had dispatched three men as bearers
+of dispatches to Commodore Stockton at San Diego before the battle;
+but, whether they had been successful, or not, in reaching the
+commodore, the general did not know. Just before the late fight, they
+had returned to within sight of their friends, when they were taken
+prisoners by the Mexicans. The order of the march on the following
+day was as follows: Kit Carson, with a command of twenty-five men,
+proceeded in the advance, while the remainder, of the now very much
+crippled band of soldiers, followed after on the trail made by their
+guide. Steadily and compactly these brave men moved forward, being
+continually in expectancy of a charge from the enemy, who would show
+themselves, from time to time, on the neighboring hills, and then
+again, for a time, disappear. During the previous day, a Mexican
+lieutenant had his horse shot from under him and he himself had been
+taken prisoner. On a favorable opportunity occurring, General Kearney
+ordered the "halt" to be sounded; when, through a flag of truce, he
+asked a parley. It being granted, he succeeded in making an exchange
+of the lieutenant for one of his expressmen. He gained nothing by
+this, for the man stated that he and his companions had found it
+impossible to reach their point of destination, and hence they had
+turned back. The manoeuvering on the part of the Mexicans, which we
+have alluded to as consisting of making temporary stands on the hills,
+and then changing their positions as the Americans drew near to them,
+continued for the greater part of the day. Finally, as Gen. Kearney
+and his men were approaching the water, where they, intended to camp,
+and were not over five hundred yards from it, down came the Mexicans,
+divided into two separate commands, for the purpose of making a
+charge. They were at first warmly received by the Americans, who,
+after a time, were obliged to give way to superior numbers; but, in
+doing so, they retreated in good order to a hill about two hundred
+yards to their left. Here they halted and determined to decide the
+battle; but the wary Mexicans, on seeing the strength of the position
+taken by their foes, declined to attack them and drew off to a
+neighboring height, from which they commenced and maintained a
+deadly fire on the Americans. Captains Emery and Turner, with all
+the available dragoons, were sent to dislodge them. This they did in
+splendid style, after a sharp encounter, and when their companions saw
+them take possession of this position, General Kearney, with all
+his wounded and luggage trains, joined them there. Here a permanent
+resting-place, for the time being, was made. In fact, the men had
+no other choice, as they were now pretty effectually used up from
+fighting, severe loss and fatigue. The Americans found on this hill
+water barely sufficient for their own use, and were obliged to exclude
+the idea of sharing it with their animals. Although within sight of
+abundance of this much-needed article, yet they did not dare to drive
+the latter to it, for they were too weak to defend them from the
+assaults of the enemy. The situation of Gen. Kearney's force was now
+critical in the extreme; as, besides the dangers that surrounded him,
+the men were reduced to living on their mules. That afternoon another
+council of war was called, at which desperate efforts to be made for
+immediate relief were discussed. When every spark of hope had almost
+died within them, and when they were in a dilemma as to what still
+remained for them to do, Kit Carson was found to act as the reader
+has previously seen him act to parties almost similarly situated--the
+right man in the right place. Rising to his feet, he addressed a few
+simple words to those present, saying that he was willing to make the
+attempt of creeping through the Mexican lines. Should he succeed, he
+pledged his word that he could carry information to Commodore Stockton
+at San Diego, and thus bring them succor. No sooner had he made this
+proposition than he was seconded by Lieutenant Beale, then of the
+United States Navy, who, equally as brave and daring as Kit Carson,
+volunteered his services in the undertaking.
+
+This gentleman, since the time he first turned landsman up to the
+present date, has been adding fresh laurels to his fame. His recent
+career in exploring new routes across the great western girdle of
+prairies and mountains is so well known through his valuable and
+interesting reports as not to require recapitulation at our hands. His
+life has been one series of rare adventures; while, to the scientific
+world, he has proved a valuable acquisition. To the United States
+Government his services are inestimable; and, as an explorer, he has
+but few equals.
+
+General Kearney at once accepted the noble and generous offers of
+these two men, knowing that if he waited until the following day
+and then attempted to leave the hill, the consequences would be most
+disastrous; for, in so doing, a sanguinary battle must certainly
+ensue, with the chances greatly against him. Having made the few
+preparations necessary, Kit Carson and Lieutenant Beale waited the
+setting in of night, under the cover of which they had both resolved
+to succeed in the performance of their mission or die in the attempt.
+Having got well under way, and while stealthily crawling over the
+rocks and brush, they found their shoes would often, even with the
+greatest preventive care being taken, strike against the various
+impediments to their progress and make sounds which might lead to
+their detection. To avoid this, they took them off and pushed them
+under their belts. Slowly, but surely, they evaded the vigilant guard
+of the Mexican sentinels, who they found to be mounted and three rows
+deep, evidently being determined not to be eluded. So near would they
+often come to these Mexican sentinels, that but a few yards would
+measure the distance between them and their enemies; yet, with brave
+hearts they crept along over the ground foot by foot; they were almost
+safe beyond these barriers, when all their hopes came near being
+dashed to pieces. This alarm was caused by one of the sentinels riding
+up near to where they were, dismounting from his horse and lighting,
+by his flint and steel, his cigarretto. On seeing this, Kit Carson,
+who was just ahead of Lieutenant Beale, pushed back his foot and
+kicked softly his companion, as a signal for him to lie flat on the
+ground as he (Carson) was doing. The Mexican was some time, being
+apparently very much at his leisure, in lighting his cigarretto; and,
+during these moments of suspense, so quietly did Kit Carson and his
+companion lie on the ground, that Carson said, and still affirms, that
+he could distinctly hear Lieutenant Beale's heart pulsate. Who can
+describe the agony of mind to which these brave hearts were subjected
+during this severe trial. Everything--the lives of their friends as
+well as their own--so hung on chance, that they shuddered; not at the
+thought of dying, but for fear they would fail in accomplishing what
+was dearer to them than life, the rescue of the brave men whose lives
+hung on their success. After quite a long time, the Mexican, as if
+guided by the hand of Providence, mounted his horse and made off in
+a contrary direction from the one where these bold adventurers were
+biding their time to accept either good, if possible, or evil, if
+necessary, from the wheel of fortune. For a distance of about two
+miles, Kit Carson and Lieutenant Beale thus worked along on their
+hands and knees. Continually, during this time, Kit Carson's eagle eye
+was penetrating through the darkness, ever on the alert to discover
+whatever obstacle that might present itself on which was stamped the
+least appearance of danger. Having passed the last visible image in
+the shape of a sentinel and left the lines behind them at a suitable
+distance, both men regained their feet, and once more breathed freely.
+Their first thought was to look for their shoes, but, alas, they were
+gone. In the excitement of the journey, they had not given them a
+thought since depositing them beneath their belts. Hardly a word had
+hitherto passed between these two companions in danger, but now they
+spoke hurriedly and congratulated each other on the success that so
+far had attended them, and thanked God in their hearts that He had so
+mercifully aided them. There was no time for delay, as they were by
+no means yet free from danger, though they thought that the worst
+was over. Kit Carson was familiar with the country, and well knew
+the necessity of avoiding, for fear of being discovered, all the well
+trodden trails and roads which led to San Diego, every one of which
+was closely watched by the enemy. He chose a circuitous route, over
+rocks, hills and wild lands. The soil was lined with the prickly pear,
+the thorns of which were penetrating, at almost every step, deep into
+their bare feet, which, owing to the darkness and the thickness of the
+plants, they could not avoid. The town of San Diego was located many
+miles in a straight line from the point from whence they had started,
+but, by the round-about route they were obliged to travel, this
+distance was much lengthened. All the following day they continued
+their tramp and made as much progress as possible. Their mental
+excitement kept them in good spirits, though, from previous fatigue,
+the want of food during this time, and by the rapid pace at which they
+were traveling, they were putting their physical powers to their full
+test. Another night closed in around them, yet "ONWARD" was their
+watchword, for they thought not of rest while those behind them were
+in such imminent peril. Kit Carson's only compass was his eye, which
+served him so well that soon the dark outlines of the houses of San
+Diego could just be discerned. Both men were ready to leap with joy.
+They were challenged by the American sentinels about the town,
+and answered in pure English, "Friends," which same English was
+unmistakable proof to the guard from whence they came. On stating
+their important business, they were conducted into the presence
+of Commodore Stockton, to whom they related what we have tried to
+describe. Commodore Stockton, with his usual promptitude, immediately
+detailed a command of about one hundred and seventy men to make forced
+marches in order to reach and relieve their besieged countrymen. With
+as much dispatch as possible, this force set out, taking with them
+a piece of heavy ordnance, which, for want of animals, the men
+themselves were obliged to draw, by attaching ropes to it. Kit Carson
+did not return with them, for it was considered that he had seen
+service enough for the present; besides, his feet were badly swollen
+and inflamed from the rough usage they had recently been obliged to
+submit to. He graphically described the position of Gen. Kearney,
+so that the relief party could have no difficulty in finding him. He
+remained to recruit in San Diego; though, had the commodore expressed
+the least wish to have Kit Carson return, every man who knows him
+can bear witness with me that he would have been the last person to
+object, so long as there was life in his body. Unused then to such
+hardships and mental excitements on land, as was his more experienced
+companion, Lieutenant Beale, from the trials of the service performed,
+became partially deranged; and for treatment, was sent on board the
+frigate Congress, which ship lay in the harbor, being one of the
+vessels attached to the commodore's fleet. Two long years elapsed
+before the gallant lieutenant fully recovered from the effects of this
+adventure, which, for the bravery and unselfishness evinced in its
+planning, and the boldness with which it was carried out, without
+mentioning the good results it produced, was not excelled by any one
+feat performed during the Mexican War. Better than all, had these
+two men known previously the poor rewards which were afterwards to
+be bestowed upon them by their government for this heroic deed, I
+hesitate not in saying, that it would have had no effect in changing
+their purpose. The reinforcements sent out to meet General Kearney,
+by traveling both by day and night, soon reached and released him,
+without coming in contact with the enemy. They kept a bright look-out
+and were early apprised, through their spies, of what was transpiring
+among the Americans; hence, as the naval brigade drew near, they
+retreated. The road being now clear, General Kearney, with his
+soldiers and the marines, marched on to San Diego, where his wounded
+men were comfortably housed and received the attentions of skillful
+surgeons.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+    A Command of Six Hundred Men is sent against Los Angelos--The
+    Mexican Army evacuates the Town--Its Capture--Rumors of
+    an Attack to be made on Fremont's Command--The Mexicans
+    surrender--The Winter Quarters--Kit Carson is ordered to
+    carry Dispatches overland to Washington--Lieutenant Beale
+    accompanies him--A Night Attack made by the Indians--Arrival
+    in the United States--Kit Carson's Introduction to Col.
+    Benton and Mrs. Fremont--Hospitality offered to him at
+    Washington--Kit Carson receives the Appointment of Lieutenant
+    in the Rifle Corps of the U.S. Army from President Polk--He
+    is ordered to carry Dispatches to California--The Journey--A
+    Brush with the Camanche Indians--Arrival at Santa
+    Fé--More trouble with hostile Indians--Arrival at Los
+    Angelos--Dispatches delivered--Kit Carson is assigned to do
+    Duty with the Dragoons--Is ordered to Guard Tajon Pass--The
+    Winter spent there--Is ordered again to carry Dispatches to
+    Washington--The Journey and its Adventures--The return to New
+    Mexico.
+
+
+One month elapsed before the forces of the United States that were
+concentrated at San Diego were entirely recruited, and in fine trim
+for taking the field again. At the expiration of this time, a command
+of six hundred men was detailed for the purpose of capturing Los
+Angelos. The commanding officers of this force were General Kearney
+and Commodore Stockton. At Los Angelos was assembled the main strength
+of the Mexicans then in California; the number of their fighting men
+was about seven hundred. Towards this town the Americans took up their
+line of march, and, in the course of a few days, they arrived within
+fifteen miles of it. The Mexican forces had taken a strong position
+on a hill, near by where they had pitched their tents and strongly
+fortified their camp. Between the Americans' and the enemy's camp
+ran a small river. It was decided to postpone the attack until the
+following day. Early the next morning, General Kearney ordered two
+pieces of artillery to be brought to bear upon the Mexican position.
+The guns were so well and successfully served, that the Mexicans were
+forced to break up their camp. As soon as this state of things became
+apparent, General Kearney and Commodore Stockton crossed the river and
+marched on the town. On entering Los Angelos, they found that it
+had been evacuated by the Mexicans, and that only a few stragglers
+remained in or near the place. From some of these they learned that
+the retreating army had gone to attack Col. Fremont; who, with a force
+of four hundred Americans collected in Monterey, was also on the march
+for Los Angelos. It turned out afterwards that the Mexicans succeeded
+in finding Col. Fremont, but, for unknown reasons, failed to give him
+battle, as they had boasted they would; but instead, they gave him the
+preference over the other American commanders by surrendering to him.
+Col. Fremont continued his journey, and finally reached Los Angelos,
+where he and all the officers and men heretofore spoken of as engaged
+in this campaign, rested for the winter, and managed to pass the time
+very agreeably, considering their remote position. Carson, who had,
+for a great length of time, been rendering valuable services to
+Kearney, rejoined Fremont, when that officer arrived in town, and once
+more enrolled himself on his old commander's muster roll.
+
+We have said that the cold and dreary winter days were passed at Los
+Angelos as agreeably and happily as the circumstances of the case
+would permit. This is only true to a certain extent. It was at Los
+Angelos, and during this winter, that the seeds of discord were first
+sown between the rival commanders, and the plot carefully laid,
+which finally led to Colonel Fremont's court martial. Rank, with its
+green-eyed monster, jealousy, which is ever watching with a restless
+and caustic determination to snatch from the subaltern his hard-earned
+laurels, was actively at work during these winter months. By the
+programme, cut and dried, the ambitious young soldier, who was nobly
+breasting the conflicts against the enemies of his country, was to
+be summarily put down, and his career quickly guillotined. These
+ungenerous plans had their birth and were carefully fostered at Los
+Angelos; but, the wise decrees of the American people, ever just in
+the cause of truth, although tardy, came at last to the rescue, and
+stamped the course with its approval and complete indorsement which
+had led the bold Explorer to unfurl the standard of his country over
+the modern El Dorado. In this view the course of the Mexican forces
+at Los Angelos in surrendering their swords to Colonel Fremont becomes
+significant. A brave though fallen enemy, seldom fails to admire
+a heroic, chivalrous and discreet victor. The choice here plainly
+indicated between Colonel Fremont and General Kearney, we repeat, is
+sufficiently significant. In Colonel Fremont the fallen chieftains of
+the brave Californian-Mexicans discerned all the qualities which make
+up true nobility of character. Many of the men under him were well
+known to the Mexicans as being upright, honorable and generous. For
+many years they had lived among them. Hence we discover the reason of
+their preference in laying down their arms in their presence.
+
+Kit Carson took no active part in these unhappy differences, but, his
+simple action in leaving General Kearney's command and reenlisting
+under his old commander shows plainly to a discerning public, that he
+could not be alienated from his friend by acts of injustice. It also
+spoke more significantly than words that he adjudged his friend to
+have performed in behalf of his country, meritorious actions and a
+great service. Such was Kit Carson's view; and no man was capable of
+forming a better judgment in the premises than he. As an occupant of
+an inferior rank, he then kept his counsel to himself; the time has
+at last arrived when he should fully and appropriately express his
+opinion, though that opinion he is well aware has been rendered
+entirely unnecessary by the honorable mention since attached to the
+name of Fremont by the highest officer in the American service, by
+the recommendation to the President of the officers of the court to
+commute the sentence, and by the President of the United States in
+appointing, unsolicited, the court-martialed Conqueror of California
+to the high and important trust of commissioner to run the boundary
+line between the United States and Mexico, and finally, by the
+spontaneous outburst of enthusiasm which greeted the name of John C.
+Fremont, from around the firesides of the American people, when his
+name was placed at the head of one of the great political parties of
+the nation.
+
+It is not for or against regulations that these remarks are directed.
+The transactions with which they deal have not been forgotten. They
+are recorded as historical facts, and, as such, are always open for
+investigation or deductions. In the month of March, 1847, Kit Carson
+was ordered to carry important dispatches to the war department at
+Washington. Lieutenant Beale, who was still a great invalid, was
+permitted to accompany him. In order to show the regard which Kit
+Carson entertained for this brave officer, and also to portray to the
+reader the goodness of heart which has ever been the actuating impulse
+in all of Kit Carson's actions, we will give his own words in relating
+this part of his adventures. He says: "Lieutenant Beale went with me
+as bearer of dispatches intended for the Navy Department. During the
+first twenty days of our journey, he was so weak that I had to lift
+him on and off of his riding animal. I did not think for some time
+that he could live; but, I bestowed as much care and attention on
+him as any one could have done under the circumstances. Before the
+fatiguing and dangerous part of our route was passed over, he had so
+far recovered as to be able to take care of himself. For my attention
+(which was only my duty) to my friend, I was doubly repaid by the
+kindness shown to me by his family while I staid in Washington, which
+was more than I had any reason for expecting, and which will never be
+forgotten by me." On the river Gila, Kit Carson's party was attacked
+by Indians during the night, while they were encamped. These savages
+threw a good round number of arrows into the midst of his men, which,
+however, did no damage, as, early in the commencement of the assault,
+he had directed them to hold up before them their pack-saddles, behind
+which they could pretty securely conceal themselves while lying upon
+the ground. He also directed the men not to talk, lest they should
+indicate their positions. It was very dark, and the Indians, from the
+above precautions being taken, were frustrated in their plans. His men
+lay very still; and, having previously received the order so to do,
+they awaited the near approach of the red men, when they were to use
+their rifles as clubs. The reason which made this latter command best
+was, because no man could see to shoot; hence, were they to fire at
+random, they would only expend their ammunition, a loss they were in
+no situation to sustain. However, the Indians became weary of their
+shooting after a few hours, and did not hazard a close attack, but
+went away to parts unknown.
+
+Kit Carson and Lieutenant Beale arrived at Washington in the following
+June, having accomplished their journey overland, a distance of nearly
+4,000 miles, in about three months, a record which shows that they
+had not been idle while on the route. With the exception of the Indian
+attack sustained on the Gila, they were not again annoyed by the red
+men, although, over the vast tract of wild territory which they
+had traversed, there roam thousands of savages who often, for the
+slightest pretext, and frequently without any reason whatever, will
+murder the unsuspecting traveler, as it chances to please them. Hence,
+to accomplish this journey, it was not only necessary to know the
+direction to shape their course, but also to be familiar with the
+haunts and habits of these various tribes, in order to avoid them. All
+of this knowledge, Kit Carson, the mainspring of this little party,
+was well possessed of, and, as a matter of business, guided himself
+and men in a direct and safe course.
+
+The hardships and privations of this trip were trivial affairs
+when compared to most of Kit Carson's previous adventures, and not
+considered by him as worthy of mention. Indeed, Kit Carson appears so
+hardened in all kinds of vicissitudes, that a man, in his eyes,
+must have stood on the brink of death before he has seen much real
+suffering; but, probably, if the reader had been one of the members of
+this party, he would, unless equally experienced in Western frontier
+life, have considered that he had seen something of the world, and the
+rough side of it at that.
+
+It requires no small amount of courage and determination to start out
+with but a handful of men to perform the difficult and dangerous task
+of threading the American continent from tide to tide, even at the
+present epoch; but, eleven years ago, there were few men living who
+had ever performed, or were able to perform the feat at all; much less
+with the certainty and speed which lay within the power and experience
+possessed by Kit Carson. In describing these trips, he now speaks of
+them as lightly as a man would after making a journey of a few hundred
+miles in a railroad car. He seems to have acted with the idea that
+this duty was expected of him, and it required but the official orders
+to send him bounding over the country, without regard to obstacles or
+dangers. His final object was his destination; which, on reaching, he
+was ready to quit at a moment's warning, with as much _sang froid_ as
+a Russian courier possesses when doing his master's bidding. Yet so
+cautious is he when traveling, that, at first, to a new companion, he
+often appears to be wanting in courage. Not a bush, a tree, a rock,
+or any other hiding-place on his path, escapes his notice. Towards the
+heavens, in search of smoke ascending from, or crows, as they hover
+about Indian encampments which are deserted, or for ravens, and back
+again to the earth, on the look-out for moccasin or horse tracks, his
+eyes are continually turning. There is a nervous action about the man
+that shows he is ever alive to meet and be ready for any emergency.
+These traits are sure to instill confidence in his followers.
+
+On starting from Los Angelos, Kit Carson took but a few rations of
+provisions with him, as he could not burden the few animals he had,
+too heavily; hence, he was compelled to depend on the rifle and the
+chances of meeting with game. This, of course, is always an uncertain
+mode of supporting life, and, consequently, it not unfrequently
+happened, that the party were out of food and went fasting; yet, not
+a murmur was heard. On they sped, in the hopes of reaching their homes
+and firesides, where kind friends were awaiting them, and where
+their cares and troubles would be buried in the past, and appear like
+dreams. In the breast of the leader of this expedition, there was
+throbbing a heart that was anxious to do its duty well, for he was
+approaching, not his family circle, but instead, the fireside of
+strangers to whom he was only known by name. Yet, in the common cause
+of his country's honor, he recognized in every American with whom
+he came in contact his true friend, and therefore he, also, was very
+happy as he neared Washington. There he looked confidently forward
+to hear the words: "Well done thou good and faithful servant." At St.
+Louis, Kit Carson had the honor of an introduction to the Hon. Thomas
+H. Benton, who was greatly interested in him, and who kindly invited
+him to make his house in Washington his home during his stay there. Of
+this invitation Kit Carson availed himself, and since considers that
+he was very fortunate in doing so, for the best of everything was
+heaped upon him, while he enjoyed the satisfaction of meeting and
+conversing with the great men of his country.
+
+Mrs. John C. Fremont, daughter of Colonel Benton, and wife of the
+distinguished explorer, was in attendance at the railroad dépôt,
+when the train of cars in which Kit Carson was traveling arrived
+in Washington. It was quite late in the evening when he reached the
+terminus of his journey; yet, notwithstanding this, Kit had hardly
+landed on the platform of the dépôt, before he was addressed by a lady
+who said that she knew him from her husband's descriptions of him, and
+that he must accept the hospitalities of her father's house.
+
+The distinguished father-in-law of John C. Fremont became, from the
+time of their first meeting in St. Louis, the warm friend and patron
+of Kit Carson; and, up to the time of his death, he had no cause to
+change his first impressions of him. There was not a friendly favor
+within his power which would not have been freely given, had it been
+asked. It is one thing to make a friend, but another to keep him; and
+those who knew the true character of Mr. Benton are cognizant of the
+fact, that he was not easily won; but, when gained, that he was true
+as steel, as is beautifully illustrated by the able and devoted manner
+in which he stood by General Andrew Jackson.
+
+It is indeed a valuable possession to know that one has friends who
+cannot be bought by wealth or other sordid attractions; men, who can
+discern through the rough garb of the working, as well as thinking
+man, those noble qualities which place them on a par. This acquisition
+Kit Carson holds. He easily makes a friend, and never deserts him;
+hence, those, with whom he comes in contact, who are worthy of this
+name, are enrolled on his side; and he seldom has occasion to call
+a man his enemy. Kit Carson was so embarrassed and overcome by the
+expressions of kindness and hospitality which greeted his first
+arrival at Washington, that he could hardly essay a reply; and yet,
+he was almost too happy at the opportunity presented of accepting Mrs.
+Fremont's invitation. If there was anything wanted to cement Carson
+more firmly in his friendship and admiration for Colonel Fremont, it
+was thus to know his accomplished and gifted lady. The situation
+of Jessie Fremont has often been comparable with that of the
+noble-hearted Lady Franklin. Again and again has she been compelled
+to part from her husband when he started out to battle in the cause of
+science, and, in the words of the poet, she seemingly said:
+
+  "Go, wondrous creature! mount where science guides;
+  Go, measure earth, weigh air, and state the tides."
+
+Kit Carson remained some time in Washington; but had it not been for
+the many tokens of kindness which he there received, he would
+have grown weary of the restraints of civilization. As it was, he
+continually longed to be once more in the mountains and prairies. His
+desire, in time, was granted; for, having received the appointment of
+lieutenant in the rifle corps of the United States army from President
+Polk, he was ordered, as bearer of dispatches, to return across the
+continent from whence he had but recently come. Lieutenant Beale
+had intended to return with him, but did not eventually proceed any
+further than St. Louis. There he became too ill to continue on the
+journey. After arriving at Fort Leavenworth, Kit Carson was furnished
+with an escort of fifty men, who were volunteers in the war which was
+then being carried on against Mexico. With his usual promptness
+and dispatch, Kit Carson was soon under way crossing the plains. At
+Leavenworth he had learned that the Camanche Indians were at war with
+the whites. As he knew them to be a numerous and treacherous tribe,
+he had taken this strong escort in order to give them battle, if they
+should be anxious for it. However, he arrived at a place called the
+"Point of Rocks," which is not far from the Rocky Mountains, and on
+their east side, without discovering any signs of these Indians. At
+this place they made their appearance.
+
+The "Point of Rocks" appears to be a favorite place of resort for
+the Indians of the plains. It is notorious as being one of the most
+dangerous places for the traveler in all the far West. It is a series
+of continuous hills, which project out on the prairies in bold relief.
+They end abruptly in a mass of rocks, out of which gushes a cold and
+refreshing spring, which is the main attraction about the place. The
+road winds about near this point, and therefore it is a chosen spot
+for the Indians to lurk, in order to catch the unwary pilgrim. Several
+encounters with the savages have taken place here, which has caused it
+to be pointed out as the scene of bloody tragedies, thereby making it
+quite historical. The Indians themselves have made this spot the stage
+on which has been enacted several desperate battles. In making the
+journey to Santa Fé, when these rocks are passed, the traveler
+counts his march as being drawn to a close. Government troops, on the
+look-out for Indians on the plains, rarely fail, when they come from
+New Mexico, to give this place a visit.
+
+Kit Carson had arrived at the place with his escort, and was about
+establishing his camp. His men were under orders to keep a vigilant
+watch for Indians, while Kit Carson's restless eye was searching
+the country in every direction to discover their signs. About three
+hundred yards distant he discovered white men, and found there was
+encamped a company of United States volunteers, under the command of
+Lieutenant Mulony. With this company was a large train of wagons bound
+for New Mexico. Kit Carson ordered his men to go into camp. The night
+passed by without any signs of the Indians; but, early in the morning
+of the subsequent day, as Lieutenant Mulony's men were leading out
+their animals to picket them in fresh grass, the savages suddenly
+made their appearance and began an attack upon the picketing party,
+capturing all their cattle and twenty-six horses. Mulony's men had
+left their rifles in camp, and therefore, in order to escape being
+killed, they retreated to their wagons. The cattle, in the confusion
+which ensued, turned and came towards Kit Carson's camp. He and his
+men, who were instantly on the alert, made an unexpected charge upon
+the Indians and recaptured the oxen. During the skirmish which ensued,
+two of his men dismounted, in order to be more certain of a deliberate
+aim, but, in so doing, they accidentally let their own horses go
+loose, and lost them, as they ran away with those that were being
+stampeded by the red men.
+
+In this affair three of the volunteers were wounded. With the
+two horses lost by Kit Carson's men, twenty-eight riding animals,
+belonging to the United States government, were stolen by this band of
+Camanches. But, had it not been for Kit Carson and his men, Lieutenant
+Mulony would have lost his cattle likewise.
+
+Young oxen, when stampeded, are sometimes lost by the Indians. When
+not killed by wolves they usually join with the herds of buffalo and
+soon become wild. In this state, they are represented as being quite
+fleet of foot. More generally, they fall a prey to the wolves, and
+sometimes, again into the hands of the savages. A party was crossing
+the plains in the year 1854; the advance of the party sent back word
+that the first buffalo was in sight. Many amateur hunters eagerly
+volunteered for the chase, and soon, quite a squad of men were
+traveling at a good round gallop towards the supposed game. On
+approaching the game, it was found to be an old lame ox, which had
+been turned out by some caravan to die. The disappointment which
+prevailed in this crowd of neophyte hunters, on discovering this
+mistake, can be better imagined than described. The poor ox,
+apparently, had no idea of giving up the ghost quite yet. He was in
+good health and spirits, and showed signs of being pleased to see a
+white man again. The little birds of the prairies had used him as a
+perch. This office he appeared quite accustomed to perform, for he
+did not disturb the flock that was then occupying his back. How he had
+escaped the wolves is a miracle.
+
+From signs discovered after the Indians had decamped, it became
+evident that several of the thieves had been mortally wounded; but,
+being tied on their horses, they were carried out of sight before they
+died. This is a fair sample of many of the Indian fights which have
+occurred, and are yet not unfrequent, on the prairies; the object of
+the savages is to plunder; therefore, an unguarded moment is selected
+for their attacks. In this instance, by the time the whites had got
+their firearms and men ready to commence the contest, the Indians had
+perpetrated their intended assault and were off.
+
+[Illustration: CAMANCHE WARRIOR.]
+
+The Camanches are excelled by no men in the world in their
+horsemanship, not excepting the famous Cossacks of Europe. The level
+prairies are beautiful fields for them to act on. It is in a skirmish
+similar to the one we have endeavored to describe, that they put these
+qualifications to the test. The arena where these scenes are enacted
+is a very undesirable place for a mere spectator. Kit Carson and party
+resumed their march the same day, and arrived safely at Santa Fé,
+without meeting with any other adventures. At this town he left his
+escort of fifty volunteers, and hired sixteen other men with which
+to perform the remainder of his journey. This was in obedience to
+the orders he had received at Fort Leavenworth. Pursuing his route on
+Muddy Creek, a tributary of Virgin River, he came upon a village of
+some three hundred Indians, so suddenly, as his route twisted about
+among the hills, that he had to make a bold matter of it, and go into
+camp, for the purpose of having a "talk." Kit Carson had learned some
+time before that these very red men had massacred seven Americans. For
+this reason he determined not to trust them, even if they professed
+friendship. The Indians wished to come into his camp, but this
+privilege he would by no means grant to them. He posted his men and
+selected a place so that he himself could talk, and at the same time
+let them see that if the least hostile demonstration was made by their
+side, it would be answered by a volley of bullets from the rifles of
+the white men. Kit Carson harangued them and informed them that he
+knew of the murders they had committed on his people during the past
+year. He told them that they bore a treacherous character and could
+not be treated as friends, and wound up his discourse by adding, that
+he would not allow himself to be deceived, for he knew that their only
+object in gaining admission into his camp was to repeat their bloody
+acts. He now gave them a limited period of time in which to be off,
+at the expiration of which, several lounged about, apparently doubting
+his words. He now gave the order to fire. In consequence, a few shots
+were aimed at them, which killed one and wounded three or four others.
+This had the tendency to hurry the movements of the remainder, who
+retired from the dangerous proximity to his camp. This was a case
+which required some nerve and great experience in the commander of the
+little party. Nothing but the personal courage and promptness of Kit
+Carson saved his command. The success of fifteen men against three
+hundred Indians in this manner, is chiefly due to their commander.
+
+The party proceeded on their journey, but soon were troubled for food.
+Having used up all the game they could find, they were obliged to kill
+two mules, on which they lived until they arrived at Los Angelos. Kit
+Carson, finding that the officers to whom he was ordered to deliver
+his dispatches were at Monterey, journeyed thither, and having reached
+that town in safety, gave the documents to Col. Mason, then of the
+First Regiment of United States dragoons, who was in command. Obeying
+orders, Kit Carson, now an acting lieutenant in the United States
+army, returned to Los Angelos and was assigned to do duty in the
+company of United States dragoons commanded by Captain Smith. Kit was
+allowed little time to recruit, but his restless disposition did
+not ask, nor his habits require it; consequently, he remained at Los
+Angelos only a short period. With a command of twenty-five dragoons,
+he was ordered to proceed to Tajon Pass, the main outlet through which
+hostile Indians went out of California, bearing the proceeds of their
+incursions, such as cattle, horses, sheep and captives. Kit Carson's
+duty in this place was to intercept the Indians and examine their
+_papers_ and _cargoes_. He spent the winter in doing much good in this
+service. In the spring, he was again ordered to proceed overland to
+Washington, with dispatches. An escort being furnished him, he was
+soon under way, and had reached Grand River without encountering any
+serious difficulty. At this place an accident happened to his party
+while crossing the river on rafts.
+
+During the early part of summer, the fording of streams which have
+their source in the Rocky Mountains is no safe or easy task. When the
+sun and the warm south winds begin to melt the immense piles of snow
+and ice in the mountains, the water comes tumbling down in torrents;
+and, having overflowed the rivers' banks, floods the adjacent country.
+By this means, new gullies and ravines are continually forming, which,
+when the melting process ceases, are converted into dry beds. With
+this rush of angry water, large rocks and masses of earth are swept
+from their natural seat, leaving a wreck behind that is fearfully
+grand to behold. The roaring of these torrents as they come leaping
+past and over every obstacle, resembles a low, rumbling thunder, which
+is reechoed through the deep forests and cañons. Sometimes travelers
+are compelled to wait weeks before these rivers fall sufficiently
+to allow a safe transit. Heavy rains have the same effect to enlarge
+them; and, in one instance, a body of soldiers, while crossing the
+plains, were overtaken by these rains, which fell with such rapidity
+and in such quantity as to make the level prairies almost one sheet of
+water, while every ravine was converted into a river, swift and deep.
+To cross these, the men were obliged to use their best exertions with
+very poor means to guard against loss; and, even with the best care,
+one man was drowned, while several mules shared the same fate. In the
+prospective construction of bridges for highroads and railroad tracks
+across the continent, in certain seasons of the year, this sudden
+accumulation and explosion of water may cause trouble by sweeping them
+suddenly away.
+
+This accident crippled the resources of Kit Carson's party very much
+and caused them afterwards great suffering. The accident occurred
+something after the following manner. One division of the men, with
+their leader as a companion, had constructed a float of logs, on which
+they had crossed the stream in safety; but the second branch of the
+party, under charge of Lieutenant Brewerton, then of the United States
+army, and who was traveling in company with Kit Carson, were not so
+successful with their raft; for, no sooner did they get it into the
+swift current than it became unmanageable, and finally precipitated
+its contents, among which were included several of the men and their
+luggage, into the water. The wrecked men with great difficulty saved
+their lives by swimming to the shore from which they had started. The
+day was far spent and no attempt to succor them could be made that
+evening; so, in their semi-state of nudity, and without the means of
+making a fire, they passed a miserably cold night; but, early the next
+morning, one of their friends recrossed and carried them an axe, by
+the aid of which a new raft was made, on which they embarked a second
+time and were soon safe with their companions. Among the very useful
+articles that were lost by this mishap there were several saddles and
+six valuable rifles. What made this loss peculiarly unpleasant was,
+that they could not be replaced until the party could reach the
+settlements. The owners of the saddles were now in a sad plight; for,
+neither to the rider or his horse is it a very pleasant prospect to
+make a long journey without these useful articles. After repairing
+their damages as best they could, they struck out afresh. Setting
+aside hunger and the suffering experienced from exposure to cold,
+they were not again incommoded in any way until they had come to the
+vicinity of the Mexican towns. Here they met several hundred Utah and
+Apache Indians. These red skins showed some warlike symptoms which
+Kit Carson did not in the least fancy; but, to make the best of his
+situation, he ordered his men to post themselves in a neighboring
+thicket and be ready to act on the defensive. Kit Carson then informed
+the Indians that they must keep at a proper distance, or otherwise he
+would direct his men to fire into them. He told them that if they were
+disposed to be friendly, which they professed to be, towards the white
+men, they could show it by leaving and not annoying his party, who,
+being nearly naked and in a destitute condition, could give them
+nothing. Evidently the savages saw this was true, and so did not
+hazard a fight, but departed. Kit Carson traveled that night ten miles
+further. It was late in the day when he again ventured on the trail,
+but this distance was all that his animals could accomplish without
+food and rest, for they were fatigued and poor. His object in thus
+resuming his march, was to separate himself and men as far as he
+could from the Indians, fearing that they might change their minds and
+conclude to attack him. Being too weak, his party was in no condition
+for an engagement. At the end of this distance he fortunately met
+with a party of volunteers, who had been out in search of these very
+savages, in order that they might punish them for some rascality they
+had been recently guilty of. The next day Kit Carson reached
+Taos, where he allowed himself a short respite for the purpose of
+recruiting, and also to have the pleasure of a visit to his family
+and friends. These were privileges which, during his life in the
+mountains, had been seldom granted to him, though his feelings of
+attachment for relatives and intimate acquaintances are not exceeded
+by those of any living man. Indeed, his love for his children is
+unbounded. We have several times heard him assert, that if there was
+any one thing that could make him a coward, it would be the thoughts
+of his little ones. When his party was sufficiently recruited, Kit
+Carson left Taos and proceeded to Santa Fé. At this time Colonel
+Newby, of the Illinois Volunteers, was in command of the United States
+forces stationed there. This gentleman informed Kit Carson that his
+appointment as lieutenant, made by President Polk, was not confirmed
+by the United States Senate. Many of Kit's friends, on hearing this,
+came to him and advised him not to carry the dispatches any further;
+but, instead, they counseled him to deliver them to the commanding
+officer of the post he was at, advising him that he was doing duty as
+an officer in the army and yet was not recognized by government. The
+language used by Kit Carson on this occasion, in reply to his friends,
+is so much to his credit and is so like the man, that every American
+citizen ought to know it. It was as follows: "I was intrusted with
+these dispatches, having been chosen in California, from whence I
+come, as the most competent person to take them through safely. I
+would try to fulfill this duty even if I knew it would cost me my
+life. It matters not to me, while I am performing this service for my
+country, whether I hold the rank of a lieutenant in the United States
+army, or am known merely as an experienced mountaineer. I have gained
+some little honor and credit for the manner in which I have always
+conducted myself when detailed on any special and important business,
+and I would on no account now wish to forfeit the good opinion formed
+of me by a majority of my countrymen because the United States Senate
+did not deem it proper to confer on me an appointment which I never
+solicited, and one which, had I been confirmed, I would have resigned
+at the termination of the war."
+
+The reasons why the wishes of the President were not carried out by
+Congress in this instance, we know not; but, certain it is, that the
+lucky aspirant who eventually received this office at the hands of the
+same United States, had no credentials to present that could, as far
+as merit was concerned, compare with those held by Christopher Carson.
+It is fair to infer, that Kit Carson had but few friends at court,
+though it cannot for one moment be supposed that his name was not
+well known at Washington, when for five long years he had been the
+right-hand man of John C. Fremont in his explorations. The privates
+and the hardships which that commander and his guide willingly
+submitted to during those years, it is impossible to describe through
+reports. The whole newspaper press of the United States, together with
+several volumes of well-written books, have attempted it, but all have
+failed in giving a true picture of the reality. These things availed
+nothing when brought in contact with political moves; and Kit Carson
+was doomed to go by the board. He had, however, met, during his
+eventful life, with too many disappointments to be much chagrined at
+this, and we find him, soon afterwards, making inquiries in relation
+to the state of feeling among the Indians who inhabited the country
+through which he had to pass.
+
+The appointment of civilians to the responsible duties of a command in
+the United States army has, of late years, become, in many instances,
+very unfortunate. Perhaps it is this that has taught our legislators
+a lesson. But there is a truth which lies above this difficulty. The
+severe ordeal necessary to be gone through with at West Point, in
+order to make military men of the proper standard, has very naturally
+raised a jealousy between these two classes of men. This is very
+healthy for the country, as it stimulates each to noble exertions.
+In order to make the army less secluded, it is necessary to appoint
+a certain per-centage of men from the walks of private life, and
+therefore the most meritorious should be selected. West Point men, as
+a body, are a great credit to our country; and, as a scientific corps,
+they cannot be surpassed; but, the fact is incontrovertible, that
+many, if not most of the leading officers of the United States army,
+are self-educated, and have risen to their exalted positions by
+untiring industry and distinguished services. For frontier work, men,
+to be capable of taking command, are required to have great experience
+in Indian strategy, and to become accustomed to endure privations and
+vicissitudes. These cannot be taught by schools or books. For these
+positions those are best fitted who have been trained to the mountains
+from earliest boyhood, and where is the man in North America who has
+battled in this service longer or more successfully than Christopher
+Carson? But Kit Carson could see no reason why the votes of the United
+States Senators, refusing to confirm the President's effort to reward
+him for his services to his country, should cause him for one moment
+to swerve from his duty. He pocketed at once his disappointment, and
+went to work. Colonel Newby informed him that the Camanches had
+of late been very hostile, and that they were then roaming in war
+parties, numbering from two to three hundred, scattered along the old
+Santa Fé road, on which their depredations had, so far, been mostly
+committed. On learning this, Kit Carson determined to make a trail of
+his own, and endeavor thus to avoid them. He reduced the number of his
+escort to ten trusty followers. With them, he returned to Taos, and
+after a halt there of two days, once more was on the march. At first,
+he traveled to the northward, until he reached a tract of country
+which these Indians seldom visited; then, changing his route by
+compass, he struck the Bijoux River, which is a tributary of the
+Platte River, and followed it down stream. At about twenty-five miles
+from the mouth of the Bijoux, he quit that stream, and struck out
+diagonally across the prairies, and soon reached the Platte itself,
+down which he journeyed to Fort Kearney. Here he again changed his
+course for the Republican Fork. On leaving this last-named stream, he
+traveled direct to Fort Leavenworth, finally reaching that post with
+his men and animals in fine condition, for the journey had been as
+pleasant as could have been expected. Here he left his escort, and
+set out alone for Washington. After reaching the land of railroads and
+steamboats, he was but a few days in bringing the latter part of his
+journey to an end. Handing his dispatches to the proper authorities,
+Kit Carson turned right about and made his way to New Mexico, where he
+arrived in the month of October, 1848.
+
+It will be seen by following on a map the route which Kit Carson
+planned on this occasion, that it was very circuitous, and led him a
+great distance out of his way. Indeed he was, at times, far beyond the
+roaming grounds of the Camanches, but this was necessary. He was not,
+however, free from danger; but was obliged to be on the lookout for
+their allies, the Kiowas, who are usually at war whenever the Camanche
+nation is. His trail led him through a country which is celebrated as
+abounding in game, and also in being well watered, and last, but not
+least, the desideratum of finding grass of a good quality, whenever
+he desired it, was proved a valuable assistant on the march. It may be
+well to mention here, that one of the most curious of the phenomena of
+the plains, to the inexperienced traveler, are those mirages which,
+on every clear day, are sure to meet and delude his eyes. So wonderful
+are these deceptions, that often the vision leads one to believe he is
+beholding, in the distance, a beautiful city which is located on the
+banks of some attractive lake. The outlines of the palaces, spires of
+cathedrals, and even the lesser buildings themselves, all surrounded
+with trees, bearing luxuriant and green foliage, together, form
+an imaginary picture which throws into the background any of the
+realities which are the work of man. The shading is oftentimes very
+captivating, and on it the traveler can be entertained for hours,
+until a change in the rays of light or intervening clouds, or else by
+approaching the delusion itself, the magic scene fades away. A mirage
+and a prairie on fire, seen by night, the one a delusion, the other a
+fearful reality, are two of the grandest sights to be seen in the far
+West; we might add, on the American continent.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+    Kit Carson at his Home--The Apache Indians become hostile--An
+    Expedition sent against them--It is not successful--Another
+    is organized, with which, Kit Carson goes as Guide--Two Indian
+    Chiefs captured--Other Incidents of the Trip--Colonel Beall
+    attempts to force the Indians to give up Mexican Captives--Two
+    thousand Savages on the Arkansas River--The Visit to them--Kit
+    Carson emigrates and builds a Ranche at Rayado--Description of
+    the Valley--The Massacre of a Santa Fé Merchant--His Wife is
+    made Prisoner--The Expedition sent to rescue her--The Indians
+    overtaken--Bad Counsel and Management--The commanding Officer
+    wounded--Mrs. White's Body found--Severe Snow Storm on
+    the Plains--One Man frozen to Death--Kit Carson returns to
+    Rayado--The occupation of a Farmer resumed--The Apaches steal
+    from the Settlers nearly all their Animals--Kit Carson with
+    thirteen others in the Pursuit--The Surprise--A running
+    Fight--The Animals recovered--A gallant Sergeant and his
+    Fate--Kit Carson and Goodel go on a Trading Expedition to meet
+    California Emigrants at Fort Laramie--Humorous Adventures--The
+    Dangers that beset the Road to New Mexico--Hair-breadth
+    Escape--Arrival at Taos.
+
+
+Being comfortably housed in his own pleasant home at Taos, Kit Carson
+made up his mind to treat himself to a more lengthy stay there than he
+had for some time enjoyed. While he was quietly enjoying the pleasures
+of home, active operations were transpiring about him, for the
+neighboring Indians had dug up the tomahawk and buried the calumet,
+and were holding in defiance the United States forces, which had been
+stationed in New Mexico to protect its inhabitants. Colonel Beall was
+at that time commanding officer of the district, and had established
+his head-quarters at Taos. The colonel, soon after assuming the
+command, being a resolute man, saw that there was but one way to deal
+with these Indians, and that was to bring them to a strict account,
+and make them amenable for their many crimes. This tribe of Apaches
+has given the government of the United States almost as much trouble
+as have the Seminoles in Florida, and I hesitate not in saying, that
+before they are exterminated, which is the only sure plan of making
+a peace with them, they will have surpassed their red brethren of the
+swamps of the South in the number and enormity of their crimes. Before
+New Mexico came under the jurisdiction of the United States, the
+Apaches, for many years, had committed all kinds of heinous offences
+against the Mexicans; and, for a period of ten years after that event,
+these same savages were continually on the war path, notwithstanding
+military expeditions, one after another, were organized and sent out
+against them. Their mountain retreats are almost inaccessible to white
+men, while the Indians, apparently, play about in them like rabbits.
+The amount of physical endurance and the length of the journeys these
+red men can make, appear very astonishing to one not accustomed to
+them. The Apaches, as an Indian race, are not wanting in bravery, the
+best evidence of which statement is, that nearly all their warriors
+_die in battle_. Their country is the healthiest in America.
+Besides waging war against the whites and Mexicans, they have their
+differences to settle with their neighboring tribes, with whom they
+are punctilious in vindicating their national honor. Colonel Beall
+commenced his operations against these Indians by dispatching a junior
+officer, backed by a strong force, with orders to pursue, overtake,
+and chastise them. This expedition started; but, on coming to the
+mountains, the guides reported that there was too much snow on them
+for the command to pass through in safety; so the undertaking was
+given up, and the men were marched back to Taos.
+
+The most famous war chief of the Apaches, during these troubles,
+was called by the Mexicans _Chico Velasques_, and his name, for many
+years, was a terror to the surrounding country. His savage brutality
+knew no bounds, and he was truly in his element, only when he was
+tearing the bloody scalp from his half-lifeless victim. He was the
+sworn enemy of the Americans and Mexicans, and his hunting-knife was
+rarely clean of human blood, until his cruel life, by the wise decrees
+of an all-seeing Providence, was suddenly cut short. He fought against
+his disease (small pox) with that rashness that had been his ruling
+spirit through life, and thus ingloriously terminated his days. The
+pride of this man was to strut through the Mexican towns and gloat
+over his many crimes. To the gazing crowd, he would point out the
+trophies of his murders, which he never failed to have about him. To
+his fringed leggins were attached the phalanges (or finger bones) of
+those victims whom he had killed with his own hands. On the one side,
+he proclaimed to his auditors, were the fingers of the Mexicans, while
+on the other, were the same tokens from the Americans; and it gave him
+great delight, ironically, to dwell upon the latter name. With whip
+in hand, he struck out right and left when anything displeased him.
+He met one day more than his match in the person of the famous Mexican
+hunter, Armador Sanchez, of whom we have previously spoken. The
+circumstances of this rencounter were as follows: The bold Indian,
+with but few followers, was on a visit of pleasure to the Mexican
+town of Culebro. He had agreed to a temporary peace, to suit his
+convenience and ends; and, taking advantage of it, he made his
+appearance in the settlements, to lord it over the peaceable
+inhabitants. After indulging in a little fire-water, his wicked
+propensities could be controlled no longer, and broke forth in minor
+cruelties. At last he found himself in the house belonging to Sanchez,
+who was quietly conversing with his aged father, for whom he had great
+veneration, and also with his son. The Indian peremptorily demanded
+that some whisky should be given him. He was informed by Sanchez that
+he did not keep the article. A second demand was now made, with the
+threat that if it was not forthcoming immediately, he would whip the
+person who refused him. This had the effect of bringing Sanchez to
+his feet, when the following colloquy, in Spanish, between him and the
+Indian transpired: "Chico Velasques, you have long been accustomed to
+treat our people almost as you please. You have robbed and murdered us
+at your will, notwithstanding we have given you no cause thus to act.
+Had you asked for bread, I would have given it to you, for the door of
+my house is always open to the friendly red man; but, as for whisky,
+you can have none from my hands. Raise that whip but once to strike
+me, and I will dash your brains out with this mass of lead." Suiting
+his actions to his words, Sanchez drew forth from the pocket of his
+hunting-shirt a slung shot that weighed nearly four ounces, which
+he always carried to dispatch his game with when it was in the last
+agonies of death. With uplifted hand, the Indian hesitated; for, he
+knew the character of the man who stood before him, as they had hunted
+together during many moons gone by, on the same mountains and on the
+same trail. At last, using his own savage dialect, in order that his
+words could not be understood by others about him, the savage answered
+the Mexican hunter by saying, "that by chance they might some day meet
+again;" a threat which fell harmless at the feet of Sanchez. As he
+took his departure, the chief added, in Spanish, "I will tell these
+things to my father,[20] Kit Carson," as if further attempting to
+intimidate the hunter; but Sanchez knew that his own and Carson's
+opinions were the same in regard to this man; therefore, he smiled
+at the rascal's knavery. _Chico Velasques_ was followed in his
+chieftainship by _Blanco_, who did his utmost to walk in the footsteps
+of his illustrious predecessor; but, he was not so cunning, and was
+less successful in his encounters with the Americans and Mexicans,
+and therefore had not that influence with his tribe which the former
+possessed. Still, he performed his quantum of mischief, and yet lives
+to play his part in the great drama of Indian life. An Apache Indian
+is rather small in stature, but everything about him denotes symmetry
+and strength. His limbs are almost straight, and their muscles are
+as hard as iron. The elasticity of his movements, when in the least
+excited, shows a high degree of physical training. His coal-black eye
+exhibits an amount of treachery rarely seen elsewhere, proving the
+truth of the Chinese adage, that "the tongue may deceive, but the eye
+can never play the rogue."
+
+[Footnote 20: This expression of "father," with these Indians, means
+their agent.]
+
+But to return to the narrative. The commanding officer of the party
+sent out against these Indians, on arriving again at Taos, reported to
+Col. Beall that the reason he had returned was because, at the present
+time, it was impracticable to cross the mountains. That brave
+and experienced officer replied, "that there was no such word as
+impracticable in the soldier's vocabulary, and that nothing ought
+to be impossible for the 1st regiment of United States dragoons to
+accomplish." Suiting his actions to his words, Col. Beall reorganized
+the command, took charge of it himself, and employed Kit Carson as his
+guide. When everything was in proper trim, this expedition set
+out, and after surmounting many obstacles and privations, finally
+accomplished the feat of crossing the snow-clad mountains, and after
+a long and fruitless search for the Indians, the men were obliged to
+turn about, because their stock of provisions was running low. As
+the command emerged through the "_Sangre de Christo Pass_," on their
+return route, they came suddenly into view of a village of Apaches.
+As soon as the Indians were discovered the charge was sounded, but the
+animals of the dragoons were too much jaded to obey the summons with
+the celerity wished for by their riders; the result was that, besides
+a considerable amount of plunder, only two persons were taken, but
+they, fortunately, proved to be no less than two important chiefs. In
+order to impress these Indians with the fairness and liberality which
+his government wished to show to the red men, after a long talk,
+in which the colonel exacted promises of good behavior, he let the
+prisoners go. They departed, to forget as quickly as possible all
+their vows and promises; for, seemingly, they will act in no other
+way than as their own savage instinct teaches. After this affair, Col.
+Beall made a direct march for Taos, where he remained for some time,
+attending to the ordinary duties of his garrison.
+
+In the treaty between the United States and New Mexico, entered into
+at the close of the Mexican War, a clause was inserted binding the
+former to turn over to the latter all the Mexican captives then held
+by the Indians who inhabited territory belonging to the first named
+government. The carrying out of this provision of the treaty involved
+the United States government in a large and constant bill of expense.
+This was, undoubtedly, unavoidable, for even had the clause not been
+inserted in the treaty, the maintenance of about the same frontier
+military forces would have been necessary. It would have proved a
+difficult matter to carry out this treaty to the letter.
+
+If it had been so carried out to the letter, the Camanches would have
+been great sufferers, for at least one third of the blood that now
+runs in their veins is Mexican. During the last half century, and
+perhaps longer, they have been accustomed to make annual visits into
+the Mexican settlements of Old Mexico. The object of these hostile
+incursions has ever been to load themselves with plunder. They steal
+all the horses that fall in their way, and also take for captives as
+many young children as they can lay hands on. The latter are brought
+up in true Indian style, and, having cast off all remembrance of their
+former habits and friends, they gradually become the wild men of the
+plains. The female captives, on arriving at the suitable age, are
+married to the young warriors of the tribe, and thus the true Indian
+stock, becoming amalgamated with the Mexico-Spanish blood, is fast
+becoming degenerated. The reason, therefore, why the fulfillment of
+this treaty would have militated strongly against the Camanche Indians
+especially, is clearly apparent.
+
+In the following February, Col. Beall learned that on the Arkansas
+River there were congregated a large body of Indians, who had quite
+a number of Mexicans in bondage. He felt it to be his duty to visit
+these savages and endeavor to have them deliver up all such captives,
+using peaceable means to accomplish this result in the first instance;
+and, should they fail, he made up his mind to resort to more forcible
+and potent arguments. With this determination, and with two companies
+of dragoons to back him and Kit Carson as his guide, he set out on
+his mission. In due time he reached the Arkansas, and there found
+congregated four tribes of Indians who numbered in the vicinity of
+two thousand souls. Their object in thus coming together was to have a
+grand council and lay out plans for the future, and also to meet their
+agent. This agent, who was an experienced mountaineer, informed the
+colonel that, considering the present state of ill feeling existing
+among these Indians towards the whites, it would be useless to make
+the demand for the prisoners; and as to using force, it would almost
+certainly prove a failure, when such a large number of well armed
+warriors were arrayed against him. It required a great deal of
+persuasion to bring the colonel around to this mode of thinking; but,
+at last he yielded to the advice of his friends and concluded to make
+no demonstration against the Indians at the present time, concluding,
+as his anger cooled, that it was the wisest policy to await a more
+favorable opportunity, when a treaty could be made with them, in
+which there could be an article inserted that would stipulate for the
+restoration of the captives.
+
+In parting with these red men without accomplishing the main object
+for which they came, both officers and men felt that their labors had
+not been entirely thrown away. Their presence must have left lasting
+impressions on the minds of the savages, in showing them that they no
+longer had poorly clad and poorly armed Mexican soldiers to deal with.
+
+On arriving again in Taos, Kit Carson returned to his home to ruminate
+over what was best for him to take up as a business for the future.
+He revolved in his thoughts his past career, and, in the end, finished
+the mental study by resolving to give up his roaming life, as he
+rightly considered that now was the time, if ever, that he should be
+making a substantial home for himself and family, before old age crept
+upon and disabled him from the undertaking. About the time that he was
+in this frame of mind, his old mountaineer friend, Maxwell, was about
+going to a pretty little valley called by the Mexicans _Rayado_.
+Maxwell proposed to Kit Carson to join him in the enterprise of
+building a ranche on the site which he had selected. This offer the
+latter gladly accepted. Rayado would have, long before, been settled
+by the Mexicans, had they not been deterred by its exposure, and
+consequent inviting position for Indian depredations. The valley is
+about fifty miles east from Taos; and, for its scenery, cannot be
+surpassed by anything of the kind in America. Standing at the head
+of it on a blunt bluff, you look down and out on the prairies, and
+nothing can be more enchanting than the view that is thus presented.
+On each side there are lofty hills, which, when green with grass and
+foliage, add a magic beauty to the scene. Through the valley, as if it
+had been intended for its dividing line, runs a broad mountain stream,
+the banks of which are now metamorphosed into beautiful fields.
+
+We stop here to undeceive the reading public concerning an idea which
+has gained currency by the extraordinary imaginative writings of
+novelists. These trashy fictions represent the western plains,
+or prairies, as flower-beds. In this a great mistake has become
+prevalent. A traveler often pursues his way over them for many days
+without seeing anything to interrupt the continuity of green grass
+except it be the beautiful road over which he is journeying. Near the
+slopes of the mountains and on the river banks the remark will
+apply. There, fields of wild flowers are often found growing in great
+luxuriance.
+
+The settlement was soon after commenced by Kit Carson and Maxwell,
+and, as now completed, is really a beautiful spot. It is located about
+midway down the valley. Among its several houses, there are two which
+are more conspicuous than the rest. In the finest of these two, the
+owner of which has taken great pains and spent much valuable time
+with its construction, lives Maxwell, whose honest pride is the being
+master of a model farm. In the residence next most to be admired in
+Rayado, Kit Carson sometimes sojourns.
+
+The mansion which belongs to Maxwell would be an ornament to any
+country. At one time, it was used as a garrison for American troops,
+and on it, the soldiers made many improvements. It is built one story
+high, in the shape of a hollow square, and has the size of an ordinary
+block in a city. Around the whole runs a fine veranda. With its lofty
+ceilings, large and airy rooms, and its fine yard in the centre of the
+square, which is well stored with its fowls, pigeons, and other pet
+animals, with appropriate kennels; with antlers of noble buck and elk;
+hams of venison, buffalo meat, wild turkeys, etc., and near by a
+fine vegetable garden; altogether, it presents a picture of sumptuous
+living rarely seen within the pale of civilization. Maxwell counts
+his steeds and cattle by hundreds, while his flocks of sheep are
+enumerated by thousands. Near by stands Kit Carson's ranche, which,
+though more modest, yet, when the hunter occupies it, in dead game and
+comfort, it fully rivals its compeer. Around these two hunters live
+a handful of Mexican friends, who are either engaged in agricultural
+pursuits for themselves, or else in the employ of the "lords of the
+manor," Carson and Maxwell.
+
+In this his residence at Rayado, Kit Carson is only kept from spending
+his whole time by business for which his tastes are more suited. Soon
+after the commencement of the settlement, and while he was engaged
+in his vocation as farmer, news reached him that the Apaches had been
+committing a most wicked murder, the details of which are horrible
+in the extreme. A merchant by the name of White, who was engaged in
+business at Santa Fé, had been into the United States for the purpose
+of purchasing goods. With his train of wagons and his small escort
+of men, traveled his private carriage, in which there were, as
+passengers, his accomplished but unfortunate lady and her only child.
+On arriving at a point where he anticipated no further danger, Mr.
+White started on ahead of his caravan, in order that he might reach
+Santa Fé as soon as possible, and thus relieve his family from the
+privations of camp life. He had proceeded but a few miles when he was
+attacked by some Indians who had concealed themselves in the rocks
+on either side of the road. The savages, as the carriage neared their
+hiding-place, fired with such accuracy of aim that they killed, by
+their first volley, all of the men who were with the carriage before
+they were aware of the danger which surrounded them. Mrs. White and
+her child were reserved for a worse fate. They were carried off
+into captivity. The child proved to be a source of annoyance to the
+blood-thirsty savages, and its angel spirit was released from earth by
+their cruel ferocity. Before the eyes of its captive mother the fatal
+tomahawk was raised, and by one dastard blow its keen edge was made to
+mingle with its brains. The horrid work failed not to bring the bitter
+woes and anguish of despair to the breast of the unhappy mother. It
+was then thrown into Red River, which was the stream nearest to the
+scene of the bloody tragedy.
+
+Red River and its great cañon has always been to the Apache Indians a
+favorite haunt of refuge, either when pursued, or after the committal
+of some terrible crime. There are several streams in the West called
+by this name. The one here referred to is the Red River of the plains,
+and is one of the upper tributaries of the Arkansas River. In olden
+times it went by the name of the Canadian River. Several sharp
+conflicts have occurred on this stream between the Apache Indians and
+parties of United States troops. It has also formed the stage of many
+an Indian tragedy in conflicts between the mountain Indians and the
+Indians of the plains. Quite recently, attempts have been made by
+whites to use its banks for grazing purposes, but every enterprise
+which has been set on foot to establish ranches in its vicinity,
+have been warmly contested by the Camanches, who have killed several
+persons who have dared to essay such attempts.
+
+The intelligence of this terrible butchery having been carried to New
+Mexico, a command was organized in hot haste, which had for its object
+the immediate rescue of Mrs. White from her bondage, worse than death.
+Two men went with this party as guides, named Leroux and Fisher.
+Watkins Leroux is an old and famous trapper and mountaineer, whose
+reputation and skill as a guide in the far West, is second only to Kit
+Carson's. A few of his warm partisans, who are ever very warm in their
+praise of their friend, at one time considered him superior even to
+Kit Carson; but, when the skill of the two men came to be tried in
+the same cause, the palm was yielded to Kit Carson. Leroux has
+guided several parties over new routes with meritorious success. His
+knowledge of Indian character is nearly equal to that possessed by Kit
+Carson, and he is endowed with a wonderful amount of forethought and
+prudence; but, in an Indian fight, or on any great emergency, his
+faculties appear to be less active, and his judgment less certain,
+than those exhibited by the great Nestor of the Rocky Mountains. It
+is a well well-understood maxim, that there are more or less
+narrow-minded persons who are ready and eager to pull down any and
+every rising man; and, for this purpose, such must choose a champion.
+Kit Carson's association with Colonel Fremont had won him so great
+renown, as a mountaineer and guide, that an opposition party was
+formed to detract from his merits and capabilities. Leroux, owing to
+his popularity, was chosen for the leader of this party, and whenever
+the name of Kit Carson was mentioned, the friends of Leroux always
+saw fit to compare the deeds of the two men together. This strife, of
+course, could not be lasting, and now it is almost forgotten. It is
+a just tribute of praise due to both of these brave men, to say
+that they do not sanction, by word or deed, either party to the
+controversy. They could but appreciate each other, and, as friends,
+ever felt elated, the one at the success of the other, and _vice
+versâ_. They mutually considered that every fresh laurel of glory
+added a measure-full of honor and renown to their common brotherhood
+of mountaineers, among whom the good reputation of their cloth was as
+dear as it was among the knights attached to the orders of chivalry.
+Their ranches are located in the same valley, and in the same
+town; where, having lived together as fast friends in life, in all
+probability they will find their last resting-places in the same
+graveyard. Few men can say aught against the character of Watkins
+Leroux, but in this estimate of his actions, we are only reviving what
+has already been given to the public.
+
+With Leroux and Fisher employed as guides, the expedition for the
+rescue of Mrs. White set out on its route, and, on its journey, passed
+by Rayado. Kit Carson immediately proffered his services for the
+expedition. They were accepted, but, much to the surprise of many of
+the party, instead of being at once placed in the position which his
+great experience demanded, he was assigned to an inferior position
+under the command of Leroux. Kit Carson, however, was too good a
+soldier to exhibit the conduct which the little buzzing talkers so
+anxiously looked for from their supposed kindling of his jealousy,
+and quietly took the post assigned him, eager to lend a helping hand,
+which might even thus be instrumental in saving a valuable life. It
+is proper, however, that we should add, that this slight upon his
+reputation and experience wounded his feelings. But, especially, as
+the life in jeopardy belonged to a woman, he would not, and did not,
+think of allowing his actions to partake of his feelings. We have
+reason to believe that this slight, at least on the part of the
+commanding officer of the expedition, was not intentional. That
+gentleman was an honorable man, and would not have committed an act
+which he considered would have resulted otherwise than for the best;
+and, in appointing Leroux his chief counsellor, he had selected a good
+man, but, one whom he afterwards learned, to his sorrow, was every way
+the subordinate of Kit Carson in managing Indian affairs.
+
+A few years subsequent to the transpiring of this murder and the
+skirmish which succeeded it, we traveled near to the spot under the
+same officer who had the command of the above expedition. He reverted
+to the affair with much feeling, and from his actions and remarks, we
+could plainly see that his sympathies had been, perhaps, too greatly
+enlisted in behalf of his unfortunate countrywoman, and that his
+better judgment had been overcome by giving way to the urgent advice
+of others. If it had been a battle where either scientific attainments
+or manly courage could have succeeded, he would, doubtless, have been
+himself, and carried everything through with success. This is no mere
+assertion, for his long and well tried military career warrants us
+in this belief. We have the greatest respect for this gentleman, and
+consider him a very able man; but, as a biographer, we are called
+upon to narrate the facts as they come to us. If he had succeeded,
+everything would have been considered as well done; but he failed, and
+the cause of his failure is plain.
+
+The party being thus constituted, and no delay having been occasioned
+by any unforeseen accident, the party arrived in good season at the
+place where the cold-blooded murder had been consummated. Around the
+spot, there was strewn, in great confusion, boxes, trunks, pieces of
+harness, and many other things, which had belonged to the unfortunate
+party, and which the villains did not fancy and carry away with them.
+The path taken by these Indians was soon found, and on it, the command
+traveled in full chase for twelve days, without seeing the outline of
+a savage. Carson describes this as being the most difficult trail to
+follow he remembers ever to have undertaken, for the rascally Apaches,
+on breaking up their camps, would divide into parties of two and
+three, and then scatter over the vast expanse of the prairies to meet
+again at some preconcerted place, where they knew water could be had.
+In several of these camps the pursuers found remnants of dress and
+other articles, that were known to have belonged to Mrs. White. By
+these signs, they were led to believe that she still lived. Although
+these things would be trifles on ordinary occasions, yet, at the
+present time, they were the cause of stimulating the white men to
+their utmost exertions; and, as they grew fresher, the excitement
+among the party increased. At last, the camp, and even the persons
+of the savages, became visible to the foremost of the pursuers; and,
+among the first to get a glimpse of them was Kit Carson. At the time
+the discovery was made, Kit Carson was considerably in advance of most
+of the men. Turning to those near him, he shouted to have the command
+come on as fast as possible, for he saw at once that there was no
+time to be lost in consultation as to the best mode of assaulting the
+Indians. They, already, were in commotion, and were making hurried
+preparations to decamp. Riding on at full speed for some distance, Kit
+Carson again turned his head and saw, to his dismay, that he was
+not followed; but instead, the command had halted. The cause of this
+curious order being given, at such a precarious moment, was, as he
+afterwards learned, brought about by the advice of the chief guide,
+who told the commanding officer that the Indians wished to have a
+parley. On seeing what was transpiring behind him, Kit Carson had no
+alternative but to rein up his horse also; for, to ride on alone into
+the midst of the savages, would have been unjustifiable rashness, and
+might, perhaps, have destroyed the plans his superior officers were
+concocting. So, he stood paralyzed and confounded at the inactivity of
+his companions. Just about this time, a bullet, fired from the Indian
+camp, struck the commanding officer in the breast, and bent him
+forward. Those around him, for a little while, supposed that he had
+received a mortal wound. Still, he retained his seat in the saddle,
+but could not speak. Thus again was precious time lost, as the party,
+during this time, were virtually without a leader, and did not seem to
+be inclined to make one. Fortunately for this officer, just before he
+received the shot, he had taken off his thick buckskin gauntlets and
+crowded them into a breast pocket. The ball had struck this bundle;
+and, as its force was somewhat expended by the distance it had come,
+it was unable to more than penetrate the mass and contuse the soft
+parts of the chest.
+
+This accident assisted in preventing this well known military man from
+inflicting such a blow on these savages, that they would have been
+long in recovering from it. He had undoubtedly seen, soon after he had
+halted, that Kit Carson was right in recommending a charge; for,
+as quick as he recovered sufficiently from his injury to be able
+to speak, he commanded the men to make the attack, and leave him to
+himself. Unfortunately, the time had passed to accomplish the desired
+effect when this order was given, for, on arriving among the lodges,
+the men found only one warrior. He, as a matter of course, was slain.
+The body of Mrs. White was also found in the camp. Life was extinct,
+though her soul had but just flown to heaven. There was still warmth
+in the corpse when the men first discovered it. An arrow had pierced
+her breast. Evidently she had been conscious that friends were near,
+and was trying to make her escape when the missile of death produced
+the fatal wound.
+
+Much has been written and said about this sad affair, and much unjust
+calumny has been heaped upon the head of the leader of the expedition;
+therefore, the opinion of Kit Carson in reference to the matter may
+not be out of place; hence, we give it word for word. "I am certain"
+says Kit Carson, "that if the Indians had been charged immediately on
+our arrival, Mrs. White would have been saved. At first, the savages
+were much confused at our approach, and I do not hesitate to say that
+she saw us as quick as any one of the redskins did, for it undoubtedly
+was the all absorbing topic of her mind that her rescue would be
+attempted by her friends and countrymen. On seeing us coming, she
+had attempted to run towards us, when she was shot down. Had she been
+liberated, she could not have long survived the brutality, hardships
+and vicissitudes she had experienced. Words cannot describe the bitter
+cup that she had been obliged to drink during her captivity. It was
+the will of Providence that, having suffered like a martyr on earth,
+she should be taken to himself before we arrived to where her remains
+lay; upon coming upon which, we shed tears at thus being defeated in
+what had been our cherished hopes even had it cost some of us our own
+lives."
+
+By this language it can be readily seen that Kit Carson regretted the
+failure of this attempt made to rescue Mrs. White as deeply as any
+one, either in the expedition, or among her friends at the home from
+which she had so recently, in health and happiness, been torn. "Yet I
+cannot," says Kit Carson, "blame the commanding officer, or the other
+guide, for the action they took in the affair. They evidently did as
+they thought best, but I have no doubt that they now can see, that
+if my advice had been taken, the life of Mrs. White might have been
+spared for at least a short period." This expedition was far from
+being a failure, for the Indians lost all their provisions, camp
+equipage and a few animals. Many of these savages ran away leaving
+behind them everything they possessed in the world, except the scanty
+amount of clothing they had on.
+
+For six miles they were pursued over the level prairies when another
+brave was killed, several wounded and three children taken prisoners.
+The horses belonging to the Expedition broke down, one by one, until
+at last, the chase had to be given over, after which the Indians made
+short work in getting out of sight. Among the trinkets and baggage
+found in the captured camp, there was a novel which described Kit
+Carson as a great hero who was able to slay Indians by scores. This
+book was shown to Kit and was the first of the kind he had ever seen.
+After glancing at it he made the remark, "that perhaps Mrs. White,
+to whom it belonged, knowing he lived not very far off, had prayed to
+have him make his appearance and assist in freeing her. He wished that
+it might have been so, but consoled himself by thinking that he had
+performed his duty." While on their route back to Taos, the command
+was overtaken by a terrible snow storm which was accompanied by a high
+wind; as there were no hills to break its force, it amounted almost
+to a tornado. The snow was driven with such force into the men's faces
+that they became nearly blind, and were bewildered as to the course
+they should travel. During its continuance, they wandered about on the
+prairies. Finally they were so fortunate that at last they reached a
+clump of timber in the neighborhood of _Las Vegas_ in New Mexico; but,
+during the tramp, one man had been frozen to death and others had come
+near to perishing.
+
+After arriving in the settlements; the party learned from some
+friendly Indians, that the Apaches had suffered severely by being
+exposed to this same storm, and the report was that many of them had
+since died in consequence thereof. From this, it would appear as if
+an all seeing power had protected the whites, while it had dealt out
+a fearful judgment upon these wicked savages, who have more than vague
+ideas of the sin of murdering, in cold blood, innocent people, sages
+and philanthropists far distant and safe in great cities to the
+contrary notwithstanding. There are no set of men in the world who can
+draw the line between right and wrong based on its first principle,
+and taught to them by the great lessons of nature, as can many tribes
+of Indians. Among themselves, and especially among their individual
+bands, in regard to all crimes, the Indian has his moral code of laws
+which, in many respects, is not surpassed by those of his pale-faced
+brother. They have their civil chief who is responsible for the peace
+and good order of the camp; and, before him, are tried, by the lawyers
+of the tribe, all cases worthy of notice. If the parties are found
+guilty, the offender or offenders are summarily dealt with--therefore,
+"with his untutored mind," in his intercourse with white men, the
+Indian is not altogether excusable in committing crime.
+
+There are many people who believe that the Indians, as a race, have
+been greatly sinned against, and to sustain their views, have called
+in the assistance of flowery-written romances and the high-sounding
+language of prose and poetry. Much of this novelty and interest
+rubs off by coming in contact with the savage as he really exists.
+Admiration often changes, in this case, into distrust and even enmity.
+It is natural that this should be so, for mere book-education biases
+the mind always, either for or against, and therefore, it is not
+strange that in the far West, we should often meet with men who
+unhesitatingly declare that the red man, if capable, is unwilling
+to entertain in his character even one redeeming trait; but, on
+investigating their individual case, we find that they are but
+superficial observers who are prone to find fault with everything that
+does not exactly suit their tastes. It is necessary to spend a whole
+life with Indians, in order to judge them without prejudice. The Great
+Spirit has endowed his red children with reason, the same in quality
+as possessed by any other race, but their habits, mode of life and
+experience is of such a kind, that, when taken, as a whole, they are
+truly original. Looking upon this class of people, either in the light
+of an enthusiast or as a detractor, cannot be otherwise than wrong;
+for, as is usually the case, the truth lies between the extremes.
+
+To be caught in one of these winter storms on the plains is a very
+serious affair; and one only needs to have been through a fearful gale
+on the seas to render him dubious of which to choose. To the faint
+heart, death seems inevitable in either case; and, to such a one, a
+choice between a watery grave or a bed of snow, when hunger and cold
+are his attendants while life is gradually ebbing out, is a question
+in which the contrast appears small. During many of the winter months,
+a life on the prairies becomes a necessity to the frontiersman and not
+a pleasure. The force and power of the winds on the level earth of the
+far West, are beyond human imagination. The snow storms there, at
+the proper period of the year, are terrific in their grandeur. The
+quantity of the snow that falls is not so much a matter of notice as
+the force with which it comes, being almost blinding in its effects
+and requiring all the physical powers of both man and beast to meet
+and contend against it. It but seldom happens, during one of these
+seasons, that the roads are so blocked up by snow that human ingenuity
+cannot overcome the obstacle; for the wind drifts the snow, rendering
+the path clear at intervals which vary in their area. The poor mail
+parties are the ones who experience this undesirable life; and, in
+their attempts to make their journeys, they are often driven near to
+death's door, although every precaution is taken to make the transit
+safe. The mules of these parties are well protected with india rubber
+coverings which are lined with blankets, and, so snugly are they
+made to fit every available part of the animal, that it seems almost
+impossible for cold to touch them. Corn and fodder, to a limited
+extent, is transported; but, even with these precautions, the mules
+now and then succumb to cold. The man covers his body with warm
+clothing and carries with him furs and robes enough to be seemingly
+able to defy the storms. He can provide himself only with a scanty
+amount of fuel, for his means of conveyance are very contracted. When
+overtaken by the storms, which may last several days, he is rendered
+almost powerless, and is at the tender mercies of the gale; for he
+cannot make fires,--and without them he may perish. This is not true
+of every trip made across the plains during the winter, for, like
+on the ocean, the passage may be frequently gone through with the
+encountering of but little real suffering. One thing in favor of
+making the journey in this season of the year is, the probability
+of not seeing an Indian. They, usually, during the cold months,
+stow themselves away in their, comparatively speaking, warm mountain
+retreats. In crossing the plains, small parties find the item of
+meeting Indians to be of considerable importance, as, even in the
+time of peace, they are very exacting and troublesome, demanding that
+provisions should be given them, by way of toll. To refuse is apt
+to bring down their ire, when they will usually help themselves to
+whatever suits their fancy. They are very partial to sugar, which,
+when they cannot say the word in English, they call "Shoog." If not
+understood, they make their wants known by the Indian sign of touching
+with the index finger the tip of the tongue, thereby indicating the
+sweetness of the article. Many of them come armed with a piece of
+paper, which testimonial of good behavior they have obtained from
+their agent or forced from some traveler. As they cannot read, it
+makes but little difference what is the sense of the writing so long
+as it is _bonâ fide_ penmanship. I once saw one of these documents
+which the owner prized very highly, but, had he known the purport of
+his paper, he would have sighed for the scalp of his _kind friend_
+who wrote it. The language was as follows: "Crossing of the Arkansas,"
+etc. "The bearer, _Young Antelope_, is a good Indian and will not take
+anything out of his reach. This is to warn traders and travelers
+to beware of his race, breed, seed, and generation." It was signed
+evidently with a fictitious name, and answered the purpose for which
+it was intended, which was, to get rid of an ugly customer and to put
+strangers on their guard against the man who carried it.
+
+On arriving at Taos, Kit Carson left this party and proceeded
+to Rayado, where he was, soon after, actively engaged in farming
+pursuits.
+
+During the subsequent winter, a detachment of ten dragoons under the
+command of sergeant Holbrook was stationed at Rayado to protect the
+little settlement. In order that their animals might have the benefit
+of the good grass which was to be found in the mountains at a place
+where but little snow fell, the settlers established there a herder's
+ranche, posting two men there to look after and guard the property.
+The cold months were passed in peace and quiet, but, in the spring the
+marauding Apaches came, and, after wounding both of the herders, stole
+all the gentle animals, including both horses and mules. One of the
+wounded men made his way to Rayado, notwithstanding his injuries, and
+gave information of what had happened to himself and companion.
+On learning these facts, Kit Carson, the dragoons and three of the
+settlers, immediately proceeded to the ranche. They arrived there just
+as the shades of night began to fall. Nothing could be attempted until
+the dawn of another day, consequently, a camp was ordered and duly
+arranged. As the first faint beam of light gilded anew the mountain
+tops, the party were up and moving. They soon found the trail made
+by the thieves and commenced a sharp pursuit. The pace at which they
+traveled became so rapid, that, at the distance of only twenty-five
+miles from the spot where they first struck the trail, the Indians
+were discovered moving on the prairie a long way in advance. There
+remained nothing but an open chase.
+
+Orders were issued to accelerate even the hitherto rapid march. Each
+man resumed his exertions to put his horse to his best speed.
+The chase was growing intensely exciting when four of the animals
+belonging to the pursuers gave out, completely ridden down. Their
+riders were the most unhappy of any of the party at this circumstance,
+for it precluded even the chances of engaging in the expected affray.
+Leaving the four men behind, the remainder of the party pushed on in
+the pursuit, and every bound made by their horses brought them nearer
+to their foes. After several hours of this hard riding, they came near
+enough to the warriors to count their numbers. Their force consisted
+of twenty well armed and equipped Indians. They showed no fear of
+the party pursuing them, but clung to their stolen property with such
+pertinacity that they allowed themselves to be overtaken. A running
+fight was immediately commenced which became most exciting, as well
+as dangerous, to the participants; but, all the more exciting because
+thus dangerous. The Indians were all skillful horsemen and fought
+with great dexterity. Their animals being comparatively fresh, in
+this respect they had the advantage. Notwithstanding this fact, the
+pursuing party administered to them a severe lesson. Five of the
+rascally Indians were killed and several wounded, while all of
+the stolen animals, with the exception of four, were overtaken and
+recaptured. The whole of this pursuit and the running fight which
+terminated so successfully was accomplished under the advice of Kit
+Carson. Each man in the pursuing party felt that the simple fact that
+Kit Carson's eagle eye and experienced hand watched and guided their
+movements was a guaranty of certain and ample success. Hence, the
+labor of the long chase and the demands upon their personal skill,
+activity and courage made by the necessities of the fight, were all
+met with that kind of readiness and determination which seldom fails
+to make the soldier invincible. Every man in that party knew well
+that an Indian chase with Kit Carson for a leader, meant fight and win
+success or die.
+
+In referring to this adventure Kit Carson, when speaking of the
+gallant men who accompanied him, said, "They all proved themselves to
+be men of the very best material."
+
+Unfortunately, two of this gallant party have since fallen by the
+hands of these same Apache warriors. One of these was Sergeant
+Holbrook, a brave man, a skillful soldier and a noble friend. He was
+one who adorned his profession of arms and who was an honor to the
+country whose uniform he wore. He was killed at the well known battle
+of Ceneguilla while bravely fighting against overwhelming odds. This
+battle was fought in New Mexico in the year 1854. In it, a company
+of United States dragoons were worsted and cut to pieces by a greatly
+superior force of these Indians who succeeded in drawing them into an
+ambuscade.
+
+The other person referred to as having been since killed by this tribe
+of Apaches was a brave and experienced trapper, well known throughout
+the range of Indian depredations as a fearless and dangerous
+adversary. His name was William New. He was literally murdered at
+Rayado by these Apaches. This occurred only a few months after he had
+formed one of the party to pursue and recover the animals stolen from
+their ranche. When he was attacked, New was engaged tilling the soil
+on his own farm. The rascally Indians surrounded him before he became
+aware of their presence. Having an empty rifle with him, he succeeded,
+for some time, in keeping his assailants at bay, by pretending that
+the piece was loaded and pointing it at the foremost warrior as if
+he intended to fire it. The savages, however, finally discovered the
+truth and immediately made a rush upon him. A most desperate fight
+ensued, for William New, even thus defenceless, was not one who
+would yield up his life without a struggle. He made almost superhuman
+efforts to effect his escape, using the rifle as a club; wound after
+wound was given him in rapid succession in return for the desperate
+blows which he dealt with the rifle. His efforts, however, proved
+futile. Gradually the red blood was gathered from his body and drank
+up by the soil to which he looked for the sustenance of himself and
+family, until finally, he sank upon the ground fainting from its loss,
+literally covered from head to foot with frightful wounds. Thus died
+one more of the sparse race of original mountaineers, now fast passing
+away, bravely meeting the fate that has hitherto usually awaited this
+band of fearless men.
+
+We again turn to the adventures of Kit Carson. On the fifth day of
+May, 1850, accompanied by an old mountaineer named Timothy Goodel,
+he started with fifty head of mules and horses for Fort Laramie. This
+fort is distant from Rayado, over five hundred miles. The object which
+the two men had in view was to trade their animals with the emigrants
+who were, at that time, thronging the overland route to California.
+The journey was safely accomplished, Kit Carson and Goodel arriving
+at the fort, with their animals all in good condition, sometime in the
+following June. They remained here about one month disposing of their
+animals at good bargains.
+
+A few rather amusing anecdotes have had their rise connected with
+this visit which Kit Carson made to Fort Laramie. Among several other
+incidents the following is somewhat laughable and seems to us worth
+relating. Among the line of emigrants then on the road, the report was
+circulated for some distance back that the famous Kit Carson was at
+the fort. The result was that every man, woman and child, as fast as
+they arrived at the fort, were eager to gratify their curiosity by a
+sight of the man whose name and exploits had already been the theme of
+many a conversation among them. If ever Yankee, or American, (which
+is the more appropriate term, we will not attempt to decide)
+inquisitiveness was exhibited, it certainly could be then seen at Fort
+Laramie. The large majority of those who were thus anxious to see the
+famous guide, were led astray by the descriptions which they had heard
+and read, and picked out some powerfully built trader who chanced to
+present himself, especially if the man was tastefully dressed in a
+hunting shirt, with buck-skin leggins, and whose appearance indicated
+ferocity. Of this kind of personages there were quite a number present
+at the fort. Usually they would accost the man whom they had thus
+selected. Sometimes, if their address was appropriate and the humor
+of the person accosted so inclined, they would get put right, but more
+frequently they were left to enjoy and cherish their mistake, or were
+made the subject of a joke. Among the rest there came along quite a
+rough looking individual fresh from the cane-brakes of Arkansas. He,
+also, was seeking to place his eyes upon Kit Carson. Accidentally, or
+intentionally, it matters not for the story, he was directed to the
+place where the _bonâ fide_ Kit Carson stood. His powerful frame and
+determined looks, as he put his inquiries, made those inquired of,
+apparently, cautious how they perpetrated a joke upon the Arkansas
+man. At last, standing face to face with Kit Carson, he thus
+interrogated him. "I say, stranger, are you Kit Carson?" Being
+modestly answered in the affirmative, he stood a moment, apparently
+quite taken aback at beholding the short, compact and mild-looking
+man that stood before him. Evidently his beau ideal of the great
+mountaineer did not compare with the man whom he thus faced. This
+momentary hesitation resulted in the conviction that he was being
+deceived. The conviction, at last, took form in words. Rolling an
+immense quid of his beloved Indian weed from one cheek to its brother
+he said, "Look 'ere _stranger_, you can't come that over me any how.
+You ain't the kind of Kit Carson I am looking for."
+
+This was too much for Kit Carson to hear without treating the person
+addressed to his _beau ideal_ of Kit Carson, so suppressing a laugh,
+and assuming a very meek expression of countenance, as if he was
+afraid to impose upon the Arkansas man, he quietly pointed to a
+powerfully built trader, who chanced to be passing near by, dressed
+in true prairie style. The Arkansas emigrant followed around after the
+trader until, seemingly, he was perfectly satisfied, that he had, at
+last, found the famous person of whom he had heard so many wonderful
+stories narrated. After gazing at the man for some time, he departed,
+no doubt with one more perfect description of what sort of personage
+Kit Carson was.
+
+From the time Kit Carson's name began to be heralded throughout the
+world up to the present date, impostors have presented themselves in
+various cities; and, acting on the credulity of the people, they have
+palmed themselves off as the individual of whom we write; but, from
+the perusal of this work, it can be seen how seldom the real Kit
+Carson has enjoyed the luxuries of civilized life. It is in this way,
+many persons have gathered wrong impressions concerning Kit Carson.
+
+Within the past few years, a stranger one day presented himself in
+the quiet town of Taos, and, being a fellow of words, he soon let
+everybody there know his business, both past and present. In one of
+the principal stores of the town, there happened to be congregated a
+small party of friends, among whom was Kit Carson. They were talking
+of the important affairs of their section of country, when this
+strange individual entered. His familiarity with all things soon gave
+him an introduction; and, after a short conversation, a wag present
+was tempted, by the fellow's boasting, to quiz him. Addressing the
+traveler he asked, "What part of the world, pray sir, do you come
+from?"
+
+The answer was prompt.
+
+"I kum from the Cheyenne Nation. I've been living with them Injins fur
+several years. Indeed, I consider myself more of an Injin than a white
+man."
+
+The conversation then turned upon other matters. The fellow made
+some remarks which led the party to believe that he was entirely
+unacquainted with the Cheyenne Indians, or any other Indians. When he
+was apparently off of his guard, the wag resumed his questioning.
+
+"I presume, stranger, you accompany the Cheyennes when they go out on
+war parties, as you say that you have turned warrior."
+
+The reply was:
+
+"When they go out 'gainst t'other Injins, I do; but when they hunt
+white men's hair, I am allowed to stay behind. This was one of the
+stip'lations when I took a squaw and jined the tribe."
+
+"Oh ho! that is the way you manage!" exclaimed the wag.
+
+"Yes! and I've bin the means of saving some scalps for my race too,
+fur the Injins believe in me, they do," continued the fellow.
+
+The wag resumed--
+
+"Perhaps, stranger, you have heard of Kit Carson. It is said he is on
+the prairies somewhere, either dead or alive."
+
+The fellow answered:
+
+"You've got me! Know Kit Carson! I reckon I do. It is strange that you
+should ask me that, when Kit was the very last man I laid eyes on as I
+left our tribe."
+
+Here the fellow lowered his voice and said, as if exemplifying
+sympathy.
+
+"Poor Kit was in a very bad way one hour before we parted. The fact
+is, you know, he'd bin playin' the papers (meaning gambling) and had
+lost everything. However, I made him happy by giving him my gun and
+powder-horn. With them, you know, he will git along anywhere!"
+
+All hands, except Kit Carson, joined in the laugh at the fellow's
+impudence. Kit Carson's patience was exhausted in listening to the
+barefaced falsehoods which the man was uttering; so, with some excuse,
+he left the party. The fellow was unapprised of the farce which he had
+been acting; and, shortly after, left the town, believing that he had
+acquitted himself as became a hero.
+
+By way of episode, and while story-telling keeps its hold on our pen,
+we may as well relate a short anecdote, which, though it does not
+form any close connection with this part of the narrative, seems to
+illustrate the practical jokes which are sometimes played off by the
+western men upon those who have yet to undergo their novitiate.
+
+A German accidentally wandered out to and located himself in company
+with others on or near the Greenhorn River, which is one of the
+tributaries of the Arkansas. Their business was trading with the
+Mormons, many of whom at that time traveled to Salt Lake, by what is
+known as the Arkansas River route. In so doing, they came near
+the vicinity of the site selected for trading purposes. In the
+commencement, the German was very inexperienced in matters that
+pertained to trading with these emigrants, and, as a matter of
+course, in an Indian country, met with many singular adventures. It
+so happened that this man was exceedingly afraid of rattlesnakes,
+and those he was associated with, by way of amusement, delighted in
+augmenting his fears by telling him wonderful stories of what feats
+the reptile had been known to perform. On the first trip which he made
+to the camp of some Mormons located about nine miles off, his ride
+took him through a perfect hot-bed of these snakes. Behind his saddle,
+on the horse's back which he rode, he had tied a bag of rice which he
+had intended to barter. The German, not being used to riding, was a
+poor horseman, while unfortunately, his steed was a spirited animal,
+and at once, on his mounting, started off on a trot. The string of the
+bag of rice became loosened by the severe jolting, and its contents
+came tumbling on the ground in great quantities, but afterwards as the
+stock on hand decreased, this was lessened. The German, who had his
+hands full to keep his seat in the saddle, heard the rattling noise
+behind him, but dared not look around, for fear of being thrown off
+from his horse. He supposed he was chased by a ferocious snake, and,
+at once, thought only of escape; therefore, seizing the mane of the
+horse, he gave him the spurs. He was soon going at a flying gait;
+still, the rattling noise pursued him as the increased speed sent the
+little grains of rice out of the sack in greater quantities. At last
+the sound died away, as the cause of the trouble was expended. The
+frightened rider now considered himself safe, and began to rein in his
+horse. After a while, he brought him to a stand-still, and turned to
+look for his retreating enemy, but instead, found the origin and cause
+of the mischief. His loss was irrecoverable, and he could only laugh
+at the ridiculous figure he must have cut. This adventure gave his
+friends much merriment, and served to open his eyes in reference to
+the much vaunted capabilities of this snake. He has since often told
+this story of himself, and considers it a capital joke.
+
+The labor of settling up their business at Fort Laramie was soon over,
+when Kit Carson and Goodel took their departure. Goodel started
+for California, while Kit Carson commenced his tramp homeward. As a
+traveling companion, he took with him a Mexican. They pursued their
+journey quite pleasantly and safely enough, but, on their arrival
+at the Greenhorn River, the scene of the German's adventure with a
+rattle-snake, they were obliged to be very wary in their progress, for
+Kit had learned that the Apache Indians were out on the warpath, and
+were waylaying the road which, he intended to pursue with the avowed
+purpose of attacking, plundering and murdering whoever chanced to fall
+in their savage clutches. Kit Carson, therefore, halted for six days
+on the banks of the Greenhorn, and spent the time recruiting his
+animals. While here and thus engaged, a party of white men, whom he
+found encamped on the same river, formed the subject of his earnest
+attention. They had come thus far on their route to New Mexico, but,
+on learning the news of the hostile attitude of the Apache nation,
+their courage had entirely deserted them. They did not dare venture
+into New Mexico, and counselled the retracing of their steps. Kit
+Carson set himself to work, but found he had a difficult task to talk
+courage into these men. By dint of much argument, he succeeded in
+persuading one of them to accompany him. On the seventh day, with this
+one companion--for the Mexican had left him--he broke up his little
+camp on the Greenhorn, and set out upon his dangerous journey.
+
+By taking a zigzag course, avoiding, in the mountains, all the usually
+traveled trails, he advanced on his route forty miles without seeing
+any very fresh Indian signs. As often as the moon was unclouded, the
+two men embraced the assistance of its pale light to make progress
+through the dangers that beset them; and, on the days which succeeded
+this night-work, they would conceal themselves and animals in some
+out of the way place, where they were not to be easily discovered. Kit
+Carson had not sufficient confidence in the quickness of perception
+of his companion to trust him as a sentinel, therefore, he had to
+take upon himself all of that important duty. While on the lookout, he
+usually posted himself in the top limbs of a tree and always took
+care to select one that commanded a good prospect of the surrounding
+country. After several days passed without having proper rest, Kit,
+in the monotony of his position as sentinel, would feel sleep stealing
+over him, until it was difficult to keep longer awake. He would close
+his eyes and commence to nod, but on these occasions he was sure to
+be quickly aroused on almost losing his balance, by which, however, he
+endangered his neck. One day, while thus employed, he was perched in
+the highest branches of a lofty old cotton-wood on the banks of the
+River Timchera and not far off from the "Spanish Peaks." Nearly
+ten hours had passed without anything special having attracted his
+attention, when, all at once, a band of straggling Apaches came into
+view not over one half mile distant. A single look was sufficient to
+convince him that, as yet, neither himself nor his companion had been
+discovered. No time was to be lost, so Kit, as quickly as possible,
+descended and ran to where his friend was, and informed him of their
+danger. The animals were soon saddled, and the two men mounting them,
+struck out in a direction just the opposite to that in which the
+Indians were traveling. Fortune favored them, as, soon after they had
+emerged from the timber into the open prairies, night set in, thus
+shutting them out from the view of the savages. Profiting by the
+darkness and the level country which lay before them, they reached, by
+the rising of the next morning's sun, the Mexican town of Red River,
+which was sixty-five miles distant from the place they had last
+started from. All dangers having been now surmounted, they made a
+sufficient stay at Red River to rest themselves and animals.
+
+On resuming their journey, they jogged along over the now rough trail
+and, after a ride of thirty miles, came to Taos, where they were once
+more safe from the perils that had so recently surrounded them, and
+where they were well provided for by kind friends.
+
+Rio Colorado, or Red River settlement, is, next to Taos, the oldest
+town in northern New Mexico. It is located on a small stream of the
+same name, which flows into the Rio Grande. The town itself contains
+some two or three hundred inhabitants, and occupies rather a pretty
+site, being built on a high bank, while between it and the river
+there is a large strip of bottom land, which is under cultivation.
+The scenery about is picturesque, embracing lofty and bold mountains,
+beautiful wood-land and open prairies. The external appearance of the
+village is that of abject poverty; and, on entering it, one readily
+sees that his eyesight has not deceived him, but that his first
+impressions are fully realized. It was here that Fremont and his men
+found a haven of safety after meeting their trying reverses on the
+fourth exploring expedition. To them, the sight of this town must have
+been hailed with delight. In Red River there live two old trappers,
+who have long since been weaned from the habits and manners of
+civilization. These two men are Canadians, one of them notorious for
+the "yarns" he can spin; but as they are many of them past belief,
+they are listened to by the traveler as a help to pass the time while
+he is obliged to tarry in the place. A young English nobleman who was
+on a visit of pleasure to the western country, once fell into this
+man's clutches, and, from the trapper's after boasting, we infer that
+he (the trapper) more than surpassed himself in story-telling. Among
+other things, he informed this nobleman that he had once mastered
+a grizzly bear in a hand-to-hand fight by cramming a stick that was
+sharpened at both ends into the bear's mouth in such a way that the
+monster could not close his jaws, because it fastened and kept them
+open. Being asked by the nobleman how large were the _hare_ in that
+vicinity of country, his answer was, that he had seen them of such
+a magnitude that one would be a load for a man, and that when strung
+across the hunter's shoulder, one part was sure to be dragging on the
+ground. He then boasted that he had killed a grasshopper that, with
+his head cut off, weighed _six ounces_. Notwithstanding his love of
+talk, this old man had once been a brave and famous hunter; but no
+confidence could be placed in him, owing to his habituated want of
+regard for truth and honor; hence, he has long since been excluded
+from the companionship of the mountaineers. The English gentleman
+above spoken of was an experienced traveler, and therefore undoubtedly
+knew how to weigh the truth of his astonishing information.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+    Kit Carson reaches Home--Himself and Neighbors robbed by the
+    Apaches--Major Grier goes in Pursuit of, and recaptures the
+    stolen Stock--A Plot organized by White Men to murder two
+    Santa Fé Traders for their Money--The Disclosure--Kit Carson
+    goes to the Rescue of the Traders--The Camp of United States
+    Recruits--Captain Ewell with twenty Men joins Kit Carson and
+    they two make the Arrest of Fox--Gratitude expressed by the
+    Traders--Money offered but refused--The Prisoner taken to Taos
+    and incarcerated--Kit Carson receives a magnificent Pair of
+    Revolvers as a Present from the grateful Traders--The return
+    to Rayado--A Trading Expedition to the United States--The
+    return Journey--An Encounter with the Cheyenne Indians--A
+    State of Suspense--The Deliverance from Danger by a Message
+    sent by a Mexican Runner--The arrival at Rayado.
+
+
+After finishing the pleasant visit which he was thus enabled to make,
+while recruiting himself among the good people of Taos, Kit Carson
+bent his way to his home at Rayado. He safely reached there and had
+but just dismounted at his own door, when he was informed of a recent
+calamity that had befallen himself and neighbors during his absence.
+It was the old story, viz. that the Indians had come in and boldly
+stole all the animals belonging to the settlement--At the time this
+depredation had been committed, there was a small detachment of United
+States troops stationed in the place, but the soldiers were too few
+in number to attempt a rescue of the property from the savages.
+The latter had visited the little town with a strong force on this
+occasion; the settlers, therefore, made application to the commanding
+officer of the territory, who promptly dispatched Major Grier with
+a command of dragoons to hunt up the guilty parties and punish them.
+This the major did and was so fortunate as to recover nearly all of
+the stolen stock which he had the satisfaction of returning to its
+owners.
+
+Kit Carson remained through the following summer months at his ranche
+at Rayado, busying himself in efforts to improve his house and lands.
+
+In his employment Kit Carson had several faithful Mexicans. His task
+was to superintend their labors, which occupied only a part of his
+time. When anything required it he lent a hand to assist them; but,
+these men had to be provided with provisions which, to purchase in
+those distant parts, would have entailed a great item of expense;
+indeed, more than equal to the profits arising from their labor.
+Therefore, a certain amount of time had to be set apart for hunting,
+which kind of employment he truly enjoyed. Mounted on a fine horse,
+with his faithful gun and dog, early each day, he would start out on
+the prairies to engage in the chase. In a few hours he would return on
+foot, with his noble hunter loaded down with choice game. Sometimes
+it would be antelope or elk; on another occasion, it would consist of
+black tailed deer, which are celebrated as being the largest and the
+finest species of venison that roam the forests of any country and are
+only to be found in the Rocky Mountains; on another, wild-turkeys; and
+then mountain grouse and prairie chickens helped to complete the load.
+When thus provided for, it is no wonder that Kit's workmen loved their
+employment and labored with good will. While thus engaged Kit Carson's
+weather eye was always open for Indian signs. His horses, cattle and
+sheep which he had bought since the last depredation were watched with
+great vigilance, as no one could foretell what the next hour would
+bring forth. In his mountain home Kit was often visited by Indian
+friends who came to smoke the pipe of peace with him and enjoy his
+hospitality. When thus surrounded by rival hunters worthy of his
+steel, who had sprung up, like oaks of the forest, he felt truly
+happy. This happiness was greatly enhanced and augmented by the
+thrifty appearance of everything that pertained to him.
+
+He saw himself in the possession of fine lands, well watered and well
+timbered. Also plenty which was ready for the plow. It was almost a
+farm, made to order by the most perfect Workman. The soil, unsurpassed
+in richness and fertility, was a safe and sure depository for his
+seeds, telling him, in its silent, but unmistakable language, of the
+rich harvest in store for him. His stock was the best which heart
+could wish; and last, but with him not least, he was within a stone's
+throw of splendid hunting grounds, which, to his unerring rifle, as
+the reader has already seen, proved as safe an assistant, as would
+have been a Wall street bank with a large credit side to his account.
+
+We have here a picture of Kit Carson enjoying the rewards of a home
+congenial to his taste and knowledge of life, while around him are
+gathered the objects which his manly soul had learned to love and
+live for. The painting is one which we find beautiful to the sight
+and which is rich in its lessons of life. But these deductions must be
+left for the sensitive and honest hearted imagination to draw. It is
+not fitting to add them to these pages, however truthful they may be,
+until the last sad rites which are measured out to all, shall have
+been performed for the brave man of whom we write, and his noble
+soul shall have winged its flight to the happier hunting grounds of
+eternity.
+
+The duties of farming and hunting were only once interrupted during
+the summer which Kit Carson thus enjoyed with his family. The exploit
+which called him, on this occasion, from his home, was caused by an
+effort to save the lives of two well known traders. To accomplish
+this, he assumed the character and duties of a detective police
+officer. The circumstances of the case were as follows.
+
+An American, by the name of Fox, had organized a party to accompany as
+a guard over the plains, and, while professedly engaged in this duty,
+to murder Messrs. Brevoort and Weatherhead, two gentlemen who were
+traveling into the United States, as the rascal and party supposed,
+with a large sum of money which they expected to expend in the
+purchase of goods to be used for trading purposes. Fox played his part
+so well that when he offered himself and men as an escort, the offer
+was accepted by the intended and unsuspicious victims, as if it had
+been a mark of particular favor. Before the route was entered upon,
+Fox visited Taos for the purpose of enlisting among his band of
+desperadoes, a fellow who resided in that town. He was a person
+who bore a very bad character, but for some reason, which has never
+transpired, he refused to go; yet, proving true as a wicked confidant,
+he waited until he thought his friend Fox was sufficiently advanced on
+the road to accomplish his hellish purposes without any chance of his
+being overtaken and arrested. He then saw fit to divulge the plot.
+
+Every new country is the favorite place of resort for desperadoes and
+rascals of all grades, who cannot live in their native districts on
+account of their many crimes.
+
+Until the machinery of law and order begins to work smoothly, these
+fellows, in their new homes, have every thing their own way unless
+they go to too great excesses, when their neighbors will rise
+for their own protection and treat them with summary and severe
+punishment. Often, by thus making an example of a few, large numbers
+are prevented from doing further mischief. In the early history
+of nearly every one of our western territories, escaped convicts,
+murderers, thieves and the worst sort of humanity, mingled in with
+good men, have commenced their nefarious practices on a grand scale.
+These things have brought such sections of our country into bad
+repute abroad. It needs but time for communities to ferret these
+human monsters out and visit upon them a just retribution. The inland
+position of New Mexico and the consequent difficulty of intercourse
+with the General Government of the United States, made it an inviting
+place, from time to time, for men of this stamp to visit; but, as they
+have met on most occasions with a reception from the friends of order,
+not in the least suited to their tastes, they have almost ceased their
+coming, thereby showing what a few resolute men can accomplish at the
+commencement of such trouble. The reforming work of mitigating the
+evil, which is sure to result among a mixed population under the best
+regulations, is slowly progressing, and the day is not far distant,
+when New Mexico, in this respect, will compare favorable with her
+sister (and older) territories.
+
+The purport of this diabolical plot accidentally came to the ears of
+an officer in the army, who chanced to be in Taos at the time. This
+gentleman was one of the first to hear of it, and at once sought Kit
+Carson; but instead of directly telling him what he had just heard,
+from some strange reason of his own, he demanded of Kit whether
+he would be willing to pursue and apprehend Fox for debt. To this
+proposition Kit Carson replied in the negative.
+
+On hearing Kit's indignant refusal to be employed in such a menial
+undertaking, the officer concluded to lay the true state of the case
+before him, who, he naturally enough thought, could, above all others
+in that territory, devise some plan that would result in rescuing
+Brevoort and Weatherhead from their impending fate. Here it may be
+proper for us to add that the officer who had thus indiscreetly acted,
+must have had previously a very slight acquaintance with Kit Carson,
+or he would not have selected him as a man ready and anxious for any
+dirty job which might offer, as it is entirely foreign to his
+true character. Kit Carson, on being apprised of the facts, became
+interested, and took the management of the affair, for the most part,
+into his own hands; and, on investigating it more thoroughly, he came
+to the conclusion that Fox and his companions contemplated committing
+the crime on the Cimaron River.
+
+This river is nearly east from Taos; and the point at which Carson
+anticipated overhauling the party was between two and three hundred
+miles distant. At this time, the Mountain Indians were unusually
+hostile; but Kit Carson was always well informed of their
+movements--as much so as it was in the power of any one to be. With
+the little command under him he was willing, where so weighty a matter
+as saving the lives of two of his countrymen demanded his services,
+to march anywhere--even if he had to contest his way. One hour was
+sufficient time for him to make ready for the undertaking, but not
+so with the soldiers. They had to put their horses and themselves in
+trim, for it might be severe and taxing duty. The route taken by the
+party was a trail, which leads direct to Rayado, and on which, just
+before reaching the last-named place, there are many curious piles
+of stones, which are scattered over the side of a mountain, and have
+formed a puzzle to many an inquiring mind. By some they are supposed
+to be Indian graves; but, by others, they are thought to have been
+made as a sort of landmark by the older inhabitants of the plains,
+when they started into New Mexico on some marauding incursion. These
+latter persons believe that the Indians were unacquainted with the
+country they were invading, and had left these marks to assist them in
+making their way out again. Most likely the first hypothesis is true,
+and that the stones were thus heaped up to protect the corpses from
+being devoured by the wolves. On quitting Rayado Kit Carson struck out
+on the open prairies.
+
+By making an expeditious march, Kit Carson felt that the traders could
+yet be saved. His party consisted of ten picked men of the dragoons,
+and it was splendidly mounted on horses furnished him to assist in the
+undertaking. The pace which Kit commanded and required was one which
+would try the nerves and courage of most good horsemen. Onward, over
+the level prairie, the party galloped--every man feeling proud of the
+guide, whose spirit they caught and imitated. The second night out
+from Taos they came upon the camp of a detachment of United States
+recruits who were under the command of Captain Ewell, and who were
+bound for New Mexico, where they were to reinforce the regiments of
+the army which were stationed in that territory.
+
+It is customary to send out, each year, detachments of recruits to
+the different departments of the West. These men are enlisted and
+collected at the dépôts within the States; and, whenever a sufficient
+force is collected to fill up the requisitions, they are dispatched,
+at the proper seasons, to their respective regiments. Those intended
+for New Mexico set out during the summer months. They are rarely sent
+at the same time, or as the same command of men. These recruits are
+a hard set to manage, especially when traveling through the States,
+where they are exposed to temptation. On arriving at the commencement
+of their hardships, on the plains, it is usually found that many have
+deserted, and also that many might have done so with benefit to the
+government. Military service with recruits, and the same with old
+soldiers, are two different things. With the former, officers are
+obliged to command, threaten and punish, to accomplish in one day,
+what the latter would perform without much trouble in half the time.
+Recruits know little or nothing about marching or camp duty; and,
+in taking care of them, an officer has his hands full. Even the most
+minute items have to be looked to; for example, they are men rarely
+used to fire-arms, being, for the most part, foreigners by birth, and
+are just as apt to load a gun with the ball of the cartridge first
+down, as with the powder. Old soldiers look upon these new comers as
+verdant in the extreme, and the pranks they often play upon them are
+very humorous. With patient discipline, they become serviceable men,
+and are an honor to the standard which they carry; and, what appears
+to be the strangest fact of all, frequently the poorest looking
+recruit may make the best soldier. This is a fair picture of the men
+Capt. Ewell was commanding.
+
+Kit Carson at once informed the captain of the duty he was on, when
+that distinguished officer, generously determined to assist in putting
+a damper on the wicked designs of the wretches. Taking with him twenty
+men, Captain Ewell joined Kit Carson, and together they proceeded in
+the pursuit. By using every precaution in their power, and forcing
+their marches, they entered into the camp of the traders, and arrested
+Fox before he had time even to suspect the business upon which
+the party had come. After Fox was secured, Messrs. Weatherhead and
+Brevoort, were informed of the dangers through which they had passed.
+These gentlemen, at first were astounded, but they soon became assured
+of the truth of what they heard. They then selected fifteen men whom
+they knew to be innocent, and ordered the remainder of their escort,
+numbering thirty-five souls, to leave their camp instanter, which
+command was promptly obeyed. To Kit Carson, they offered any sum of
+money that was in their power to bestow, in return for the invaluable
+service he had rendered them. Kit Carson replied, "that it was reward
+sufficient for him to have been instrumental in saving the lives of
+two worthy citizens, and that he could not think of receiving one cent
+of money."
+
+A long colloquy was held that night around a good camp fire, that was
+freely fed with "buffalo chips."[21] At midnight, most of the party
+were asleep, and nothing could then be heard except the barking of
+wolves and the heavy tread of the guard, as they walked to and fro
+on their respective beats. On the first appearance of day-light, all
+hands were up and preparing to strike their tents. Soon after the
+parties separated, but, before doing so, the traders again expressed
+their thanks, and then resumed their journey. Fox was first taken
+to Captain Ewell's camp, then he was turned over to Kit Carson, who
+conveyed him to Taos, where he was imprisoned for some time; but was
+finally released, as nothing positive could be proved against him,
+chiefly because he had committed no overt act, but had only, thus far,
+engaged in plotting the double murder and robbery. This is always a
+difficult crime to establish. In this instance, the difficulty was
+greatly augmented from the fact that the witnesses in the case, as
+soon as they heard of Fox's capture, scattered and left for parts
+unknown. He was finally set at liberty.
+
+[Footnote 21: Buffalo chips form the principal fuel of the plains. It
+is dry buffalo manure.]
+
+At that day the keeping of a prisoner in close confinement in New
+Mexico, or of having him continually under the surveillance of the
+military was no ordinary, or easy matter. The only places which
+could be converted into jails, were the common _adobe_ houses of the
+inhabitants. From these a wide awake and determined prisoner with the
+free use of his hands, and the assistance of the smallest kind of
+a tool, as a jack-knife or pair of scissors, could dig out of his
+dungeon in five or six hours. The large majority of the criminals who
+were thus incarcerated, managed to effect their escape. In the case of
+Fox, however, he had a man to deal with who was seldom thwarted in any
+of his undertakings. With so much convicting evidence of his wicked
+intentions, and with so much trouble to bring him to trial, it was
+greatly regretted, that he did not receive a suitable punishment. As
+soon as he was set free, Fox made his way out of the country; but his
+further history is not known.
+
+The general impression left upon the minds of the people who were
+familiar with the minutiæ of this affair was, that Fox was guilty.
+As he was known to be a finished villain, it was universally believed
+that, after murdering and plundering the two traders, he intended to
+grasp the "lion's share," and with his portion, to proceed to Texas,
+where, as he was there entirely unknown, he hoped to enjoy the rewards
+of his rascality.
+
+This valuable service rendered to Messrs. Brevoort and Weatherhead,
+was most gracefully and handsomely rewarded by them. In the course of
+the following spring, they presented Kit with a pair of magnificent
+revolvers. Upon the silver mountings, there were engraved a very few,
+but expressive words, indicating the obligations which the donors
+considered themselves laboring under towards their deliverer. Such a
+testimonial to an unselfish heart like that which beats in the breast
+of Kit Carson, is a prize of greater value than any more substantial
+gift, which money could purchase. These beautiful weapons, Kit Carson
+prizes very highly; and, the donors may here learn the fact that, in
+the hands of their owner, they have since been duly initiated into
+active service, and found to perform their necessary duties most
+admirably.
+
+After the task of the arrest of Fox was thus successfully undertaken
+and consummated, by his being securely lodged in jail and placed under
+suitable guard, Kit Carson returned to Rayado, where he spent the
+winter in a very quiet manner. We use the term quiet manner: it should
+be qualified with the phrase, quiet manner for him. He found plenty
+of employment in looking after his animals, besides spending a large
+share of his time in hunting. This, however, although always attended
+with paying practical results, he did as much for pleasure as from
+necessity. He always found a large number of hungry mouths ready to
+relieve him from any superabundance of game; and, as his hospitality
+to all classes is unbounded, he took especial delight in feeding and
+liberally bestowing his bounties upon his poor Mexican neighbors, to
+whom powder and lead were more of a desideratum than to himself,
+and with whom his experience and skill as a hunter, were a source of
+support which they could only wish for.
+
+Early the next summer Kit Carson, in charge of a train of wagons
+belonging to himself and his friend Maxwell, set out for the United
+States. After an unusually pleasant journey, he reached the Missouri
+River, and proceeded down it, in a steamboat, to St. Louis. Here he
+purchased a large stock of goods. With this freight, he returned to
+Kansas, where he had left his caravan, into which, on his arrival, he
+transferred his merchandise. He then started on his return trip to
+New Mexico. In order that his animals might take advantage of the fine
+grass to be found there, he chose the route, known to all traders on
+the plains, as well as to the reader, as the road by Bent's Fort. He
+was progressing on his journey quite happily, when unfortunately, at
+a point that is located about fifteen miles above the fording of the
+Arkansas, he fell in with a village of Cheyenne Indians who were just
+at that time violently hostile towards the whites and were waiting an
+opportunity to wreak their vengeance on them. This state of feeling
+had been brought about only a few days previous, and was due to an
+officer who was attached to a command of recruits that some ten days
+before Kit Carson's arrival had passed by. He had flogged a warrior
+for some liberty which the fellow had taken while he was in the camp
+of the soldiers. These Cheyennes are very fond of dress and show; but,
+as a body, they are as noble and athletic looking men as tread this
+earth. Singular though the contrast may appear, a greater set of
+rascals never went unhung; yet, they are Indians, and, as such, they
+ought to command sympathy and forbearance.
+
+The young men who belong to the Cheyenne nation, are fond of dress,
+and when arrayed in full costume one of them is a picture to look
+upon; when thus gilded no man could be prouder. These Indians wear
+their hair in a long cue à la Chinese style. They take great pleasure
+in ornamenting this cue with innumerable pieces of silver, which are
+made from half dollar pieces, and are beat out in the shape of small
+shields. With their blue, or red blankets, long ribbons of different
+colored flannel, fancy leggins and bead decorations, and finally (as
+I once saw one) with a red cotton umbrella, they represent the very
+Paris tip of Indian fashion. Their squaws do not possess as regular
+and fine features as the men; but, this may be said to be true of most
+of the wild tribes of savages in North America, for it requires an
+enormous stretch of the imagination to call them handsome, while many
+of the men are fine looking. Hard work spoils the beauty of the Indian
+women. To admire an Indian woman one must seclude himself from the
+society of other females; under such circumstances it may be that
+a person might be inclined to change his opinion and think the race
+lovely. The lazy brave considers it beneath his station to work;
+therefore all camp labor and the packing, saddling and looking after
+the ponies devolves upon the squaw. When there is a scanty supply of
+horses, she is obliged to give her lord the preference in taking his
+ease, and go herself on foot and carry her pappoose. In fact it is
+lowering to the Indian's pride to do else than hunt and fight.
+Owing to the scarcity of timber on the western prairies the Indians
+transport their lodge poles from camp to camp. This is done by
+attaching them to the sides of the pack animals while the free ends
+drag on the ground, and in time of war this constitutes one of the
+signs of the trail by which to follow when in pursuit of them.
+
+The reason why the commanding officer of this party of recruits
+inflicted the summary punishment referred to, is not known to the
+writer; but, it surely does appear as if the person who ordered its
+execution or perhaps courageously performed it himself, might have
+reflected, that a savage, least of all men, allows a supposed injury
+done to him or his tribe to pass by unrevenged, and also that it is a
+matter of perfect indifference to him as to who the victim is, if he
+only gets the chance to strike a blow on the same nation. This revenge
+will quench his cruel thirst for blood quite as effectually as if
+he had the satisfaction of scalping the perpetrator of his real or
+supposed injury. It is a fact--alas too frequently true--that the
+parties who are strong in numbers, courage, and equipment, while
+crossing the plains, are prone to treat, in an overbearing and
+insolent manner, the bands of Indians with whom they chance to come
+into contact. For these insults and injuries weaker parties who travel
+upon the same road are held to a strict and revengeful account by
+being made to suffer even with their lives, as well as effects. Kit
+Carson and his small force, unfortunately, or rather, fortunately, so
+far as Kit himself was concerned, for no man could be better fitted to
+deal with such a crisis of trouble than he, were the first white men
+who came along after the flogging of their warrior had wrought up the
+temper of the Cheyenne nation to a degree which nearly bordered on
+frenzy.
+
+As soon as the whites were discovered, the Indians went into council
+evidently to decide on the best mode of attacking and making away with
+them. Kit Carson, though he did not know that this tribe had declared
+war, and much less their reasons for so doing, when he first saw them,
+was not long in coming to a conclusion, from their actions, that there
+was a screw loose somewhere. He, therefore, began to act with more
+than usual sagacity and caution. He ordered his men to keep their
+wagons close together, to have their rifles in good trim and be ready
+for an instant fight. In this manner, with every man on the watch,
+he pushed on for a distance of twenty miles. Although he had left
+the Indians far behind, he did not relax his vigilance, being still
+impressed with the belief that a storm was brewing. His surmises began
+to be verified soon after, for the Indians, in parties of two, three,
+and four, appeared in sight, arrayed and painted in their full
+war costume. Having approached some of them to within a distance
+sufficiently near so to do, Kit Carson commenced talking to them in
+a conciliatory manner. They were inclined to heed his words; and, in
+order to make it appear that he was not intimidated by their actions,
+he went into camp, and invited these advance parties of the Indians to
+come in and have a talk and smoke with him. The savages accepted the
+invitation and were soon seated in a circle. After the pipe had passed
+from one to the other, until all present had had a puff or two from
+it, they began to talk loud among themselves.
+
+At the time we now speak of, several years, as the reader can readily
+compute, had elapsed since Kit Carson was a hunter at Bent's Fort, and
+then well known to most of the Cheyenne nation; but, these few years
+had so altered him, together with his new style of dress, that it is
+no doubt that, at first, not one of the Indians remembered ever having
+seen him before.
+
+Kit Carson remained quiet and allowed the Indians to open the talk, as
+he was watching to find out what had so suddenly aroused their anger,
+and he well knew, that if they supposed that he and his men did not
+understand what they were conversing about, they might refer to the
+cause of the trouble, and thus give him a clue whereby he might take
+advantage and form a line of conduct. It was clear to his mind that
+the Indians were resolved to have revenge on his party, and that
+there was time enough to let himself be known to them, which, in their
+present excited state, would serve him but little. The Indians had
+at first conversed in the Sioux tongue. The reason for this was, to
+conceal their own nationality and thus, if necessary, in the future,
+they could shield themselves by laying the massacre, which they were
+about to commit, on the shoulders of that tribe. This is a ruse often
+employed by the Indians; but, in this case, in their heated state they
+forgot their native cunning and commenced conversing in the language
+which was most familiar to them. A Frenchman, called in the mountains
+Pete, who spoke English fluently and who was with Carson during these
+trying scenes, informed the writer, on one occasion, that he never
+fully knew or appreciated Kit Carson until this occurrence. "Why,"
+said he in his enthusiasm, "Kit knew just what was to be done and did
+it too. With any other man, we would _have gone under_[22] The Indians
+were more afraid of him than all the rest of us put together. There
+were red fellows enough there to eat us up, and at one time I could
+almost feel my hair _leaving my head_. We had two women traveling with
+us and their crying made me feel so bad that I was sartin there was
+no fight in me. Women (he added) are poor plunder to have along when
+going out on a war party, but Kit talked to them and then to the
+Indians, and put them both finally on the right trail. Wah!! but them
+were ticklish times."
+
+[Footnote 22: A trapper phrase for being killed.]
+
+As soon as the Indians, in their excitement, began to speak their
+own language, they became very violent, and so unguarded were they in
+expressing their individual sentiments that they treated Kit and his
+party with perfect indifference, and openly, though secretly as they
+thought, arranged for the massacre.
+
+Little did they imagine that Kit Carson, whom they had at first sight
+selected as the leader of the company, understood every word that was
+said. Kit listened attentively to their plans and heard them decide
+that the time to kill him was, when he again took the pipe to smoke;
+for, in so doing, he would lay down his weapons. They could be
+instantly seized, and therefore he would be prevented from doing them
+any harm. As to the Mexicans who accompanied him, they said they could
+kill them as easily as they could buffalo. Already enough had passed
+among the Indians to arouse in Kit Carson's breast the greatest
+feeling of alarm as to what would be the result of the position in
+which he was placed. He had with him fifteen men, two only of which
+number, were men on whom he felt that he could rely. The other members
+of the party, who counted thirteen in all, were Mexicans of whom he
+had a poor opinion as to their bravery. Nothing daunted by such an
+accumulation of unfavorable circumstances, he at once saw that a bold
+face was to be put on in order to extricate himself from the grasp
+of the Indians. Springing to his feet with his weapons ready for
+immediate use, Kit Carson, as he advanced into the centre of the
+seated warriors, gave directions for his men to be ready to defend
+their lives. Then, turning to the Indians, who sat rooted to the
+earth, as it were, with astonishment at the suddenness of such actions
+and such coolness, he commenced addressing them. He informed them
+"that they might readily see from the fluency with which he spoke
+their language, that he had comprehended all that they had been
+talking about. What puzzled him most, however, was the cause of their
+wishing to have his scalp. Never," said he, "to his knowledge had he
+been guilty of any wrong to their tribe; that, on the contrary,
+there were braves among those present, who, if they turned to their
+memories, would recognize his face as that of an old friend in years
+gone by, and who could testify to the many acts of kindness which he
+had performed in their behalf." He reminded them "how that, even
+now, he had received them into his camp and treated them with all the
+hospitality in his power; and yet they persisted in repaying him by
+taking his life." In the end, he wound up his discourse by giving
+peremptory orders for them to leave his camp, and should any one
+refuse, he would be shot. The Indians were completely nonplused, and
+not feeling inclined to risk a fight without their usual accompaniment
+of a surprise, after saying something about returning, to which they
+were answered "that if they did they would be received by a volley of
+bullets," they departed to join their friends who were in swarms upon
+the neighboring hills. It is supposed that a grand council was called,
+in which the proceedings that had transpired in the camp of the
+white men were fully reported, and perchance, many of the braves, in
+refreshing their memories, began to recollect some of the daring deeds
+which Kit Carson had performed when he lived in their country.
+This, doubtless, led them to the conclusion that they had caught
+an experienced traveler; for, certain it was, that afterwards their
+actions became somewhat disconcerted and not so rash as they had
+been. No sooner had the savages retired from the camp, than Kit Carson
+ordered his men to harness their animals to the wagons so that they
+could resume their journey.
+
+As the train moved on, the Indians were once more left behind,
+although they had, by no means, formed the idea of allowing the white
+men to depart in peace. They were busy concocting some scheme whereby
+they could accomplish their ends without loss to themselves. The
+muleteers, as they walked beside their teams, by order of Kit Carson
+held in one hand their rifles, while in the other were their whips,
+which, from time to time, they were obliged to apply freely to their
+animals in order to keep the caravan in compact order. Mounted on a
+fine horse, with his rifle and pistols so adjusted that he could lay
+his hands on them at a moment's notice, Kit Carson rode from one end
+of the line to the other, inspiring his men with his own courage. He
+felt that upon him was rested the responsibility of saving the lives
+of his companions, and that it was to him they all looked to be
+rescued from the perils that surrounded them. As he rode along, his
+eyes were busy scanning the prairies in every direction. Now and then
+he rested from this duty as his mind became somewhat relieved, when he
+could discover nothing except bands of antelope, or, here and there,
+a hungry wolf, who, with his white, canine looking teeth, seemingly,
+spoke volumes of the empty condition of his stomach. For the remainder
+of that day, the train traveled on in apparent safety. When the shades
+of evening had fairly set in, a camping-ground was selected on a small
+stream. The wagons were formed in a circle, in which were huddled the
+men and animals so that both could be protected by the weapons of the
+former. Grass was cut with the butcher knives belonging to the
+members of the party and was laid before the mules. In this dangerous
+locality, they could not be allowed to procure this food for
+themselves. As strong a guard as their forces would permit of was
+posted. The remainder of the party gathered some wood that had floated
+down the stream from the mountains and was sparingly scattered along
+the shores of the river near to the camp. This was brought in, when
+small fires were made over which their frugal meal was prepared, after
+which the men lay down to rest. Many persons there are who would
+think that after escaping such perils once, it would take very
+great inducements to make them thus expose themselves a second time.
+Nevertheless, there exist in our land hundreds upon hundreds of men
+who take delight in returning into the midst of these dangers.
+
+A life on the prairies of the "Far West" has its good chances as
+well as its counter chances, and no man can be happier than the
+true mountaineer. At first, to one accustomed to luxuries and modern
+refinement, nothing can be more unpleasant than a journey over the
+plains; but each day thus spent, hardens the traveler until meals,
+that a beggar in our towns or cities would hardly deign to touch, are
+by him eaten with a relish to which he has long been a stranger. It
+is on these long tramps that the dyspeptic and melancholic man becomes
+the liveliest of the party; his sociability often increases to such a
+degree that he soon can spin a yarn in a true Baron Munchausen style.
+
+Eat Carson, as he rode silently along all the following day, had been
+meditating over the scenes through which he had so recently passed,
+and also the most practicable means to be employed for the future.
+When the night had fully set in, without saying one word to the other
+members of the party, he called to a young Mexican whom he knew to be
+very fleet of foot and whose powers of endurance were wonderful. On
+his coming to him he led him one side, when, after he had depicted to
+the boy their fearful situation in its true colors, he told him that
+he held the power of saving the lives of the whole party.
+
+The New Mexicans of the north are famous as being very fleet of foot,
+and the great distance which they can run in a short period of time is
+astonishing. As a general rule, they are very partial to horses,
+but, when they have no riding animal, they will start on a journey
+of hundreds of miles and accomplish it in an incredibly short time. A
+journey of forty or fifty miles in a day is an ordinary circumstance
+with them, even when the inducement for making it has in its behalf
+only a minor consideration. Owing to want of mail routes, it sometimes
+becomes necessary to dispatch them on express duty, such as carrying
+one, or several letters to some distant point. Their charge is wrapped
+up in a handkerchief and tied about their waists to prevent being
+lost. Then, on a jog trot, they will start out; and over mountains
+and broken country they will not alter the pace for many consecutive
+hours, and this for a reward of one or two dollars per diem. It is not
+uncommon to meet traveling companions where one is on horseback and
+the other on foot; but notwithstanding, they will keep together for
+an entire journey, and complete it as quickly as if the horseman
+had undertaken it alone. When, by chance, they come to and stop at
+a village where there is a fandango or other festive scene in full
+blast, they will, notwithstanding their long tramp, join in and
+dissipate as hard as any member present. Their healthy climate, coarse
+but plain diet, and the great amount of exercise which they take in
+the open air, make them capable of a wonderful amount of physical
+endurance, under which they seem never to grow weary. In this respect,
+the only successful rivals which they have, are the Indians. This was
+the kind of material Kit Carson had in the Mexican boy, whom he was
+now about to part with, having detailed him for a very important duty.
+
+That youth had long been known by and had the full confidence of
+his employer. He was ready at his bidding to undertake anything.
+Therefore, on hearing the mission which Kit proposed sending him on,
+he promised to use every exertion in its accomplishment, and at once
+set about its execution. Having obtained a few rations of provisions,
+he soon rejoined Carson. They then proceeded outside of the camp,
+where he was to receive his final instructions. By the dim light of
+the moon, Kit pointed in the direction of Rayado, where he was to
+travel; and, after warning him of the dangerous places that lay in
+his route, and giving him the message that he was to deliver to the
+commanding officer at Rayado, he bid him good bye, with the words, "be
+sure and leave a good many miles between us, by to-morrow's sunrise."
+The distance to the settlement of Rayado, from Kit Carson's camp, was
+between two and three hundred miles, yet, this runner was capable
+of travelling it in as short a period of time, as could any ordinary
+horse. Kit now returned among his men, not to sleep, but to watch.
+This he did until the break of the following day, when he summoned
+all hands to hitch up the teams and proceed. Until twelve o'clock no
+Indians were visible; but, at about that hour, five of the savages
+were seen approaching. On they came, and when within speaking
+distance, Kit Carson ordered them to halt. They obeyed his command. On
+scanning them closer he bade them come nearer, when, he informed
+them, "that the night before he had sent an express to Rayado, for the
+purpose of letting the troops there know of the annoyances their tribe
+were causing him. Among the soldiers," he said, "he had many friends,
+who would be certain to come to his relief, and, if they should find
+that his party was massacred, which he let the Indians know could only
+be accomplished by his men being overpowered, they would be already
+informed by whom it was done, and would be sure to visit upon the
+perpetrators of the crime, a terrible retribution." The Indians said
+they would look for the moccasin tracks made by the messenger, and
+thus decide whether that which they had just heard was true, or not.
+Kit Carson hearing this, at once considered it as the turning point in
+favor of the safety of his party. The Indians immediately went to look
+for the trail. Shortly afterwards the entire Indian village passed
+within sight, and were evidently making the best of their time in
+seeking some safe hiding-place. The five warriors had, therefore,
+evidently found the expressman's trail, as they had been informed that
+they would, and that the boy had proceeded too far on his journey to
+think of pursuing him. On his way to Rayado, the messenger overtook
+the detachment of recruits to which was attached the officer who had
+caused the trouble. To the commander of these men, the young
+Mexican reported the position, as he left them, of his employer and
+companions, but that gentleman, for some unaccountable reason, would
+not then grant the desired aid; therefore, the boy pushed on to
+Rayado, where he found a warm-hearted and brave soldier in the person
+of Major Grier, who commanded the post. The major, on hearing
+the message sent by Kit Carson, immediately ordered Lieutenant R.
+Johnston, his subaltern officer, to take a squad of dragoons and
+proceed to the assistance of his countrymen. While on his march,
+Lieutenant Johnston met with the command of recruits of whom we
+have before spoken. In the course of the conversation which ensued,
+Johnston was asked, by the officer in charge of the recruits, what
+was the service he was engaged on? and, being informed, that gentleman
+probably gave the subject deeper thought, and it may have occurred
+to him, and such is the opinion of Kit Carson, that if the affair was
+properly managed, there might be some glory accruing from it. At any
+rate, he suddenly changed his mind, and ordered a detail of men to
+go with the lieutenant. The relief party, as thus reinforced, again
+started, and found Kit Carson and his train of wagons at a point that
+is some twenty-five miles below Bent's Fort. Under the escort of the
+soldiers, Kit and his men travelled in safety to Rayado, where he had
+the pleasure of thanking Major Grier for his praise worthy and prompt
+action, in succoring him and a few other American citizens who had
+thus been exposed to the barbarities of savages, made hostile by the
+overbearing conduct of a man whose double blunder was shielded by
+power. Although the fighting qualifications of the soldiers were not
+called into requisition, yet, they performed a meritorious service
+by coming. They might have been instrumental in saving lives while
+protecting commerce, and their frequent visits to remote Indian
+countries always leaves salutary impressions on the minds of the red
+men.
+
+Kit Carson's thorough knowledge of Indian character and his
+established bravery and integrity ought, it appears to us, to have
+been a sufficient guaranty to this officer, that he was acting in good
+faith when he asked, through the proper channel, that protection to
+which he was certainly entitled while pursuing the necessary though
+hazardous business, connected with the commerce of the plains.
+
+Never, throughout his eventful career, had Kit Carson refused to offer
+his services in the cause of a countryman who stood in need of them;
+and now, when the first time came that he felt it necessary to make
+the call for assistance, he could not understand why two valuable days
+were allowed to pass, by an officer who could have aided him, without
+some notice being taken of his urgent requisition. It is true that by
+some, especially those who are not acquainted with the character of
+Kit Carson, he is regarded as being ever anxious for an Indian fight;
+but, had this been the case, he would have long since paid the forfeit
+with his life. To contradict such a statement, we have but to appeal
+to the reader of this narrative, and ask him to bear testimony of the
+marked discretion that has so far coupled itself with Kit Carson's
+fame. An amusing incident which came under the eye of the writer is to
+the point.
+
+In the early part of the so-called gold "fever" of California, when
+parties were organizing in the city of New York, to proceed overland
+to the Pacific, we chanced to be present at a meeting held by one of
+the companies. As most of those present were entirely unacquainted
+with the country to be passed over, and as they were anxious to place
+themselves in a safe position, some one proposed that Kit Carson
+should be employed as a guide, provided his services could be had.
+This was ruled out. The amusing part of this incident consists in the
+reason which governed this judgment. It was on account of the fear
+that he might lead them out of their way in order to engage in some
+bloody Indian fight, it being generally represented and believed that
+he was sanguinarily inclined. Cheap literature had so ferociously made
+the man, that he, of all men most experienced, could not be trusted,
+showing thereby how little had been known of the real Kit Carson.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+    Kit Carson's last Trapping Expedition--He embarks in a
+    Speculation--His Trip to California with a large Flock of
+    Sheep--The Method employed by Mexicans in driving Herds
+    and their Dexterity--Kit Carson goes to San Francisco--Its
+    wonderful Growth--Maxwell joins Kit Carson at Sacramento
+    City--The Lucky Speculation--The Return Trip to New Mexico and
+    its Adventures--The Mormon Delegate to Congress informs Kit
+    Carson of his Appointment as Indian Agent--Kit Carson enters
+    upon the Duties of his Office--Bell's Fight with the
+    Apaches on Red River--Kit Carson's Interview with the
+    same Indians--High-handed Measures on the Part of the
+    Apaches--Davidson's desperate Fight with them--The Soldiers
+    defeated with severe loss--Davidson's Bravery is unjustly
+    questioned--Kit Carson's Opinion of it--The Apaches elated
+    by their Victory--Their Imitations of the Actions of Military
+    Men.
+
+
+The expedition into the United States which terminated with the last
+chapter, proved to be valuable in its results so far as the parties
+engaged in it were concerned. Kit Carson was once more trying hard to
+keep quiet in his comfortable home at Rayado. But his restless spirit
+was not proof against this inactivity. His stay at home therefore was
+short. The memories of other days came upon him, and he longed once
+more to enjoy, in company with the "friends of his youth," the scenes,
+excitements and pleasures of his old life as a trapper. Throughout his
+eventful life, as the reader has been able clearly to see, Kit Carson
+seldom spent his time in idle thinking. His thoughts almost invariably
+take form in actions. This eager longing resulted, therefore, in the
+forming of a regular trapping expedition after the olden style, shape,
+etc, which he organized with great care and attention. The members of
+the party were selected by himself chiefly with great exclusiveness,
+and numbers who wished to join the party were refused, on account of
+their inexperience. After a good deal of inquiry, Kit succeeded in
+collecting eighteen of his old companions. No one among them was not
+entitled to be called a mountaineer. Kit looked upon this party of men
+with an eye of real affection. The meeting previous to the start was a
+scene to behold. Such a greeting of old friends, well tried and true,
+will not soon be again seen on the American continent. The day when
+men went trapping was "long time ago." Kit Carson, as he stood among
+this band of friends, the acknowledged leader of the party, every
+man of whom he knew would have periled his life for either one of the
+company, felt that, indeed, the days of his youth had returned unto
+him.
+
+Everything preliminary was arranged in the most approved style. When
+all was complete, Kit Carson, mounted on his magnificent charger
+Apache, riding to the head of the line, gave the order to march. Kit
+had put it to vote and the result was unanimous, that the expedition
+should be no boy's play. On the contrary, the boldest and one of
+the longest of the routes, known to their experienced footsteps,
+was selected. It comprised many of the mighty rivers of the Rocky
+Mountains, every one of which was almost a hunting ground by itself.
+Onward, over the wild and broad plains, this band of stalwart men,
+brave and kindred spirits, dashed. They soon put many a mile between
+them and the comfortable firesides at Rayado. But these miles, Kit
+Carson has often said, were the shortest he ever traveled. The way
+was beguiled by many a recollection in which every man present could
+participate with a relish, keen as disuse alone can render the palate
+of enjoyment. In a short time the well-remembered waters of the South
+Fork of the River Platte were descried. Their practised eyes soon
+discovered the oft-noted "signs of the beaver." The camp was formed
+and the traps set. The beaver, so long left to mind their
+own business, had increased in great numbers. The hunt proved
+correspondingly successful. The party continued working down this
+stream through the plains of Laramie to the New Park; and from thence,
+on to the Old Park. We cannot follow them through this long and
+enlivening hunt. They trapped a large number of their old streams
+until, finally, the expedition was terminated on the Arkansas River.
+Throughout the whole course the hunt proved to be very successful.
+With a large stock of furs they returned in safety to Rayado, via the
+Raton Mountains, which are spurs of the great Rocky chain.
+
+The fact that most of the old trappers had given up their vocation
+furnishes the reason why the beaver were found, along the entire
+route, to be so plentiful. We desire that the reader shall paint for
+himself the enjoyment which these men gathered in this renewal of a
+pursuit rendered congenial by the experience of long years of activity
+in following it. It has been our purpose to enable the reader to
+gather a spark of this same enjoyment by the endeavor to make of him
+an amateur trapper. He has followed Kit Carson throughout the trapping
+expeditions of his earlier life. It is to be supposed that with Kit he
+has acquired some experience. With Kit therefore he shall now receive
+his final polishing, and if he does not in the end catch a beaver,
+he shall at least learn how they are caught, and all the necessary
+minutiæ of toil which he must expect to encounter and undergo.
+
+On striking any river, when on the hunt, the trappers are accustomed
+to keep a bright lookout for signs, often heretofore referred to. The
+word "signs" conveys but a vague idea of its all-important meaning, as
+it was received by the trappers. The news of the presence of "signs"
+sent a thrill of joy through the hunters of the olden time only
+equalled on board of whale-ships when the man at the lookout cries
+"_there she blows_". It rarely happens that this cunning, amphibious
+animal can be seen moving free, either on the river banks, or in the
+water; for nature has given him no powerful weapons with which to
+defend himself when surprised and attacked; but, what is better, she
+has endowed him with exceedingly sensitive eyesight and hearing, which
+enables him to detect the approach of danger in time to escape. The
+marks, however, which he leaves behind are, for a time, ineffaceable.
+These were only to be detected and used for his own purposes, by the
+superior intellect of man. The unequalled industry of gnawing down
+trees and cutting twigs, peeling off the tender cuticle of the willow
+bushes, digging away banks, and carrying on their shovel-shaped tails
+the earth, together with innumerable foot-prints and sometimes dams,
+were the items which filled up the catalogue of "signs" on which the
+trappers' vision was regaled after long and dangerous tramps in search
+of them. These "signs" were not always found together; but instead,
+they each could exist separately and thus would arouse the hunter's
+suspicions of the game near by. The little twig, as it floated down
+the stream, half denuded of its bark, would go unheeded by the casual
+observer, but, to the experienced trapper, it was a prize to be
+obtained; for, by its freshness, it indicated to his mind how near
+he was to the chance of obtaining and adding another pound or so of
+valuable fur to his stock on hand. To him, this small event, or one
+like it, as for instance, a fresh footprint, with its neatly defined
+claw-tracks, as moulded in the moistened earth or sand, was of
+a greater importance than the wonderful and striking workmanship
+exhibited in a dam; for, the latter might be old and deserted,
+whereas, the former was too recent to cause him to be deceived with
+such a sign; and in such a vicinity, he hesitated not to set his trap.
+
+An idea prevails which ought to be exploded. It is boldly asserted
+that the beaver builds his dam for the purpose of having a nice
+swimming pond in the neighborhood of his residence, which is always
+located in the river's bank. This is not true; for, in every stream
+which he inhabits, if this was his sole object, he could select many
+natural places where the water is without a ripple and where it is
+both deep and broad. The animal has a wiser object in view; and, it
+consists in providing against the pinching wants of hunger during
+winter, when nearly everything green has lost its sap and nutrition,
+and is, as a body, without blood and animation. He therefore chooses a
+place favorable for obtaining food, and also where his labors will be
+assisted by natural formations or accidents in the river's course and
+construction. Having pitched upon the right section to build, he
+sets to work with his fellows and falls giant trees. In this he again
+exhibits his wonderful instinct; for, while one party is cutting
+with their sharp teeth the hard wood of one side of the tree, another
+division is actively employed on the other side, never forgetting to
+make, like unto the woodman, the lowest incision on the side the tree
+is to fall, which, to suit their purposes, is always directly into and
+across the stream. When a tree is thus fallen, it is attacked in its
+branches, which are so turned and woven together in the outline of the
+dam as to catch in their meshes any floating material, or receive the
+tail-loads of soil and rubbish which they carry to it. Another and
+another tree are then systematically fallen and arranged as is the
+first, until the work is finished as completely as if it had been
+planned and executed by a reasoning mind. The finishing stroke is
+the transporting of the mud and laying it. In this labor, they show
+themselves to be excellent masons. They now act in concert. A large
+gang marches in a line to the bank where they load each other's tails
+and swim with their cargoes elevated above and free from the water.
+When they arrive at an unfinished point of the dam they dump the mud
+and mould it in place. Their houses they have previously built in the
+river banks. These consist of holes which lead into large and airy
+subterranean rooms, and which are above the water-mark. In these
+houses they are said to sleep and live in pairs; and, if we could
+believe the story of the trapper related many pages back, they imitate
+human beings in managing their household and in keeping house. The
+main object they have in staying the progress of the current of the
+river is to afford a deep place where, having fallen numbers of trees,
+the deep water will preserve tender and fresh the limbs and shrubs on
+which to subsist during, not only time present, but also time to come.
+It is well known that fresh branches of trees and young willows, when
+placed in water, will keep up partial life for a considerable length
+of time. On this principle, the beaver acts in submerging his food
+deep in the water where it will retain its verdure and where the
+freezing process that is going on at the surface of the river will
+not bar his efforts in getting at his store of provisions during the
+winter season. It is said that the beaver goes so far as to bundle up
+small branches of trees and willows which he stows away in the muddy
+bottom of the river. The trapper, in his wondrous yarns, insists that
+there are grades of society among beavers the same as among men; and
+he will have it that they have their "head chiefs," and that often
+individuals among them roll in wealth and that they have slaves who
+stand ready to do their master's bidding at a moment's warning; for
+instance, to bring them a bundle of green twigs on which to feast.
+According to their imaginative stories, the life of a beaver cannot
+be rivaled in happiness; and if we could put full credence in their
+descriptions of the pastimes of the animal, his palaces and luxuries,
+we could only compare a beaver to a citizen of Venice in her most
+palmy days--the difference between the two being, that the former
+enjoyed himself more in the water than the latter did on it in his
+favorite _gondola_.
+
+The beaver, when captured young, can be sufficiently domesticated
+to make him a pet; but their unattractive form is anything but an
+ornament to the house. With young children, they are very friendly,
+though their disposition is amiable to any one. They are very neat in
+their person and, when moved from their comrades and domiciled with
+human beings, nothing do they so much like as being allowed the
+daily privilege of taking a clean bath. When thus engaged, they are
+a curiosity to look at, as they are very agile and particular in
+removing every particle of dirt. We remember seeing one of these pets
+in the Mexican town of _Culebro_ thus enjoying himself. His owner
+hesitated not in taking the animal to the river, which was close by,
+and giving him his freedom. On finishing his ablutions the beaver
+returned to where his owner was standing, without making an effort to
+escape, and by a look as much as said, "I am ready to return to your
+home."
+
+The signs having been discovered, the trappers next select a suitable
+location for a camp, which they soon occupy. After the pack animals
+are unloaded, a part of the men start out to set the traps, while the
+remainder busy themselves in looking after their wants and in cooking
+and guarding their property, etc. The trap is very much like the
+same instrument used in different sections of the United States for
+catching foxes, wolves etc, excepting, that it is smaller and perhaps
+made with more skill. Old trappers were very superstitious in regard
+to the makers of their traps, for they entertained the idea that much
+of their good or bad fortune depended on the tools they worked with;
+hence, they always had their favorite makers, and would pay more for
+their traps than for those of any other maker. This is true also with
+their rifles. For many years a rifle was condemned at first sight if
+it did not have the name of Hawkins[23] stamped on it, and it was not
+uncommon for them, when boasting of the good qualities of their riding
+animals, if they considered them of the maximum degree of superiority,
+to style them "regular Hawkins _horses_", thereby showing how far, in
+this respect, their predilections grounded their opinions.
+
+[Footnote 23: Mr. Hawkins was the owner of a large gun establishment
+at St. Louis, Mo.]
+
+The setting of the trap required expertness and experience, or else it
+availed nothing; for the game to be caught is, as the reader can now
+readily conceive, very wary and his suspicions of there being anything
+wrong near at hand, had to be allayed by concealing as much as
+possible the instrument from view; yet it must not be far from the
+surface of the water; and then again it had to be firmly fixed in its
+position, by being made fast to something that was firm so as prevent
+its being dragged off. The trapper, while thus engaged, is in the
+water. About his waist there is a strap to which is attached a pouch
+in which is carried the bait. Everything being arranged, the trap is
+set and the bait applied, when the man notes the place where he has
+been at work so as to recognize it again, and then takes his departure
+to return early the following morning. The beaver, during this
+interim, is attracted by the peculiar scent of the bait, and, as a
+reward for his curiosity, he generally is caught by one of his paws
+and thus falls a prey to the hunter's pleasure. The traps, when
+visited, are relieved of the contents and then set again. The game is
+put out of its misery and carried to camp, where it is skinned, and
+where all of the pelts recently taken are stretched out, dried, cured,
+and packed in small bales, whenever a sufficient quantity is obtained
+so to do with it. The trapper, when in _full dress_ for an expedition,
+and especially after having been on one with its concomitant
+hair-breadth escapes, Indian and bear fights, etc., cuts, to all
+appearances, a sorrowful figure. His wardrobe is meagre in the
+extreme, yet it answers all of his purposes and the man would have
+no other. When summed up, it would be found to consist usually of
+two pairs of moccasins, one (or two pair) of buckskin pantaloons, two
+woollen shirts, a loose, fringed buckskin coat and an old slouched
+hat (usually made of some kind of skin with the fur on). His baggage,
+limited to a very small bundle, comprises his blankets, a buffalo robe
+or two, a spare hide of dressed buckskin, his extra garments above
+spoken of, and a little tobacco (when it can be had). These, with his
+camp kettle and outfit of powder, lead, extra traps, scanty allowance
+of provisions, guns, pistols, horses, bridles,[24] saddles, etc. make
+up his traveling and working kit; it may be only for a few months or
+it may be for years. With them he was ready to penetrate the loftiest
+mountains and unexplored regions. This is but a true picture, in a
+brief space, of the appearance of Kit Carson and the resources of his
+earlier days, the tools he had to work with, the mode of doing his
+labor, and the habits of the animal he diligently hunted for several
+years in order that his fellow man might convert into a luxury the
+products of his toil; yet had he been allowed the choice, he would not
+have exchanged situations with the consumer of the commodity. In the
+company of his boon companions and enjoying the pure mountain air, he
+had often seen as happy hours as ever fell to the lot of any man. And
+now he was starting out on probably his last trapping expedition.
+
+[Footnote 24: These saddles and bridles are queer-looking articles;
+but, for use, they could not be surpassed either for durability or
+comfort. Their bridle bits are the same as are used by the Mexicans.
+They are very powerful and intended for managing wild horses and
+mules, particularly the latter. With one in his mouth, an animal
+cannot drink or feed. A Mexican only waters his horse twice a day when
+traveling, viz. morning and night.]
+
+The party did not return to their homes until several months had
+expired, and, as much of the excitement that used to pertain to their
+former exploits had been worn off from the changes brought about by
+civilization, they decided that this, as far as they were concerned,
+should be their last trapping expedition; therefore, this visit to
+their old haunts was a sort of funeral service performed over their
+early adventures. On quitting each favorite river, the trappers felt
+that they were shaking hands with the streams and bidding them, one by
+one, a final good bye.
+
+Kit Carson, after disposing of his beaver, occupied himself in
+attending to his ranche, and was thus employed when news was brought
+to New Mexico of the exorbitant prices which sheep were bringing in
+California. He made up his mind to embark in a speculation in those
+animals by collecting a herd and driving it to that territory. He set
+out for the valley of Rio Abajo, which lies to the south of Santa Fé,
+and there, to his satisfaction, made his purchases. In company with
+two friends, after employing a suitable number of shepherds, he
+commenced his journey and traveled northward to Fort Laramie, where
+he came to and followed the emigrant road that leads direct into
+California via Salt Lake, etc. In the month of August, 1853, after
+meeting with very trifling losses, as he traveled very slowly and
+understood thoroughly the business he was employed in, Kit Carson
+with his flock of sixty-five hundred sheep reached the point of his
+destination in California, where he found no difficulty in disposing
+of them at the rate of five dollars and fifty cents per head.
+
+The making of these long journeys with such large herds of sheep, over
+a diversified country, sometimes abounding in water and grass, while
+on the other hand, and not unfrequently, for many miles, the earth is
+barren, is a difficult task. When broad, deep and swift rivers are
+to be forded, it requires dexterity and management to prevent heavy
+losses.
+
+The trail which Kit Carson followed to Fort Laramie is now a
+well-beaten path. It runs almost due north from Taos, and abounds, in
+the proper season, in good grass and water. For about one hundred
+and twenty miles, it passes through a broken country, but when that
+distance is accomplished, the traveler is ushered on to the plains and
+keeps on them for most of the way close under the Rocky Mountains.
+The scenery on this route is most magnificent, and at times as grand
+perhaps as can be seen in any part of the world. The distance from
+Taos, Kit Carson's starting-point, to Laramie River, is counted by
+hundreds of miles; and in this great tract of country, there live
+several of the largest and most troublesome tribes of Indians in
+the far West. The names of these tribes are the Utahs, Apaches,
+Arrapahoes, Cheyennes and Sioux. A man with a large drove of sheep is
+so conspicuous an object that he is certain to attract their notice
+and bring them to him. Kit Carson, however, was well received by
+them and allowed to pass unmolested. They were pleased to find so
+formidable an enemy moving boldly into their country and bearing
+the olive branch of peace. He however forgot not to pay them toll by
+presenting them with a suitable number of the sheep. In this way he
+prevented them from being tempted to steal from him. This is a usual
+custom, and the Indians expect that this sort of attention will be
+shown them. They do not like, at all seasons of the year, to have
+these herds pass through their country. Being so large, they eat up
+much of their grass, which assists greatly to drive away the game.
+We remember on one occasion that an American, in charge of several
+thousand sheep, started on a journey from New Mexico to California.
+Everything went prosperously with the man until he left the Raton
+Mountains and entered the country inhabited by the Arrapahoes and
+Cheyennes. At first, he was received in a friendly manner by these
+Indians; but was commanded by them to rest where he was until they
+went ahead and killed their annual amount of buffalo. This, the man
+could not do; for the season was so far advanced that if he delayed,
+and then attempted to make California, he would be certainly overtaken
+by snow-storms which would bury him and his property in the mountains.
+In vain he used his best endeavors to impress this state of affairs on
+the minds of the Indians. They would not listen to him or sanction
+his going on, and threatened to punish him if he undertook to disobey
+them. Bidding defiance to these threats, this man started; but had
+only proceeded a few miles, when a band of one hundred squaws, mounted
+on horseback, overtook him and dashed into his herd, and with savage
+delight put to death one hundred and fifty of the sheep before their
+owner's eyes and without his being able to stop them. The carcasses
+of the slaughtered animals were left to rot on the ground, thereby
+showing that the Indians did not stand in need of food, but that
+they wished to teach the intruder a lesson which he would be apt to
+remember. These women had been sent out by their husbands, who no
+doubt were close by in case their services should be needed, to show
+to the white man the contempt they had of his power. The result was
+that the American was obliged to return to New Mexico from whence he
+came. When he set out again, he chose what is known as the Southern
+Route, which runs via the Rio Gila and strikes California in its lower
+section.
+
+In the Rocky Mountains, the Indian women are rather small in stature,
+but, from their constant exercise they are physically very strong.
+They are naturally not wanting in modesty; but, being compelled to
+work and even engage in war, they soon become roughened and hardened.
+Their dresses consist principally of deer skins, and sometimes they
+are very tastefully arranged. They give birth to their children with
+great ease, and, as they have not become martyrs to fashions, or
+dress, they suffer but little inconvenience from this provision of
+nature. The children learn, during their earliest years, to look out
+for themselves, and soon become expert at it. The marriage ceremony
+amounts to little or nothing, and consists of a mere barter. The
+warrior is obliged to pay so many horses to the father for the bride.
+We remember, on one occasion, buying a superior pony from a trader,
+who said that he had obtained him from his Indian owner with great
+difficulty. The facts were as follows: This Indian was in love with a
+young maiden of his tribe. The young girl wished some silver ornaments
+which the trader had. The only thing the warrior had to exchange for
+these trinkets, was his prized pony. An old chief stood by with the
+trader and saw the warrior look and sigh at his horse. The chief gave
+the trader a wink, and said in a low tone of voice to him: "That man
+loves his horse and he loves his affianced bride, but the bride elect
+will conquer. Hold on and he will sacrifice the horse to please the
+girl. His love for her is the deepest feeling." Sure enough this
+came true, and we never regretted that it was so. The pony proved a
+valuable addition to our stock of animals.
+
+Besides the many dangers to his flock which a person runs the risk
+of, both from the numerous accidents to which it is liable, and the
+unwelcome visits of the Indians when thus traveling, there are others
+which may occasionally happen to his own person. He may be, while
+standing guard, suddenly attacked and bitten by a mad wolf. On this
+event occurring, he is almost certain to be seized with that terrible,
+and we might as well add incurable disease, hydrophobia, which renders
+him a most pitiful object to behold. From a human being so recently
+respected and beloved by his companions, a person, thus unfortunate,
+is suddenly changed into an object most dreaded and detested. A party
+of Mexicans in charge of a large herd of sheep, a few years since,
+were bound to California. One night a large, ferocious wolf entered
+the camp, and bit a man in the leg. Symptoms of hydrophobia very soon
+set in, and in a short time the victim was a confirmed case of the
+disease. His comrades had no proper means of taking care of and
+transporting him, as they were hundreds of miles from the nearest
+house. They were superstitious, and believed that all would die if
+they kept the man's company any longer; accordingly, they drove a
+stake in the ground, to which they inhumanly secured him; and, after
+depositing a small allowance of provisions near by, they left him to
+die. Human bones were afterwards found near the identical spot where
+it was said this unfortunate incident happened, which afforded
+strong circumstantial evidence that the man had eked out a miserable
+existence soon after he was deserted by his so-called friends, and
+also, that the truth of this story rested upon strong probability.
+
+When the Americans first obtained possession of New Mexico, sheep
+could be bought at the rate of twenty-five cents per head. The reason
+of this was, the want of a market and the ease with which they were
+raised. Cheapness of labor, also, assisted in reducing their value.
+The wool of these sheep was rather coarse, resembling hair more than
+wool. The only use in which it was employed, was for manufacturing
+blankets, rough carpet, and in filling mattresses. The valley of
+the Rio Grande is wonderful as a sheep growing country. The mountain
+districts also cannot be excelled in this respect. Their fitness for
+grazing is best exemplified by their abounding in the famous Rocky
+Mountain sheep. In many respects this animal resembles the chamois.
+They live on the tops of the highest peaks, eat the tenderest grass,
+and produce the finest flavored mutton in the world. One of their
+heads, with the horns, often weighs one hundred pounds. To shoot
+them, requires all of an experienced hunter's skill, and, when he has
+brought down one of these trophies, he feels he has done more than if
+he had killed ten deer. The sight of one of these mountain sheep, as
+perched on a high, rocky peak, is beautiful. The hostile Indians are
+the main drawback in New Mexico, to the successful raising of sheep.
+
+The usual modus operandi employed by Mexican herders, who cannot be
+surpassed in their vocation, to which they appear to take intuitively,
+although many of them serve an apprenticeship at it, which begins with
+early life and ends only by death, is, to send a youth who leads a
+goat in advance of the flock. From some strange and unaccountable
+reason, the sheep will follow after him even to the crossing of rivers
+whose currents are deep and swift. The shepherds, with their dogs to
+assist them when necessary, allow the herd to scatter over a space
+varying in its size, but always allowing sufficient area so that the
+animals can move on at their ease and at the same time be able to
+feed. The danger above all others that is to be apprehended and
+guarded against, while thus travelling, is crowding; for, in this
+manner, when journeying through deep gorges in the mountains and over
+the precipitous banks of rivers, hundreds of sheep can be, and not
+unfrequently are, smothered. When this crowding commences, it is next
+to impossible to arrest it; a sort of panic prevails over the entire
+herd, and they rush on, one on top of another, until a mass of dead
+and dying is thus piled up and a barrier is made; or else, until, as
+most frequently happens, a bridge of carcasses is formed over which
+the survivors pass in safety. The Indians who inhabit the country
+on the various routes to California, have a strong predilection for
+mutton, which is a fact to bear in mind when migrating with this
+sort of property. Such accidents as having a few sheep bitten by
+rattlesnakes, and also a certain percentage becoming foot-sore and
+breaking down from fatigue, are common to every herd that crosses the
+Rocky Mountains. Economy in living is the great fundamental principle
+among the lower classes of the Mexicans; therefore, when a sheep is
+going to die from fatigue, or any simple disease, natural death is
+anticipated by the herders with the aid of the hunting-knife, and the
+meat, being dressed and cooked, is unhesitatingly eaten by them.
+Next to the Mexican shepherd, his dog, although he is not generally a
+handsome animal, is found to be ever faithful in guarding the flocks.
+The greatest enemy to the herds is the wolf; and in keeping them at
+bay, and preventing their inroads by night, the dog is capable of
+performing valuable service; hence, no band of sheep should cross the
+plains and mountains without a full complement of them. It was at one
+of the frontier towns of California that Kit Carson disposed of his
+flock. There having heard of the rapid and marvelous growth of San
+Francisco, he made up his mind to verify these reports with his own
+eyes, for he was well acquainted with its ancient aspect.
+
+San Francisco had now had since the year 1848 to grow under the
+impulse of the gold fever. Kit Carson remembered it, a Spanish
+settlement as it existed in 1845--6--7, then containing not over two
+hundred inhabitants. In 1847, the first gold discovery was made at
+Sutter's Fort. In two months thereafter, about $250,000 in gold dust
+were carried into the town. The next two months $600,000 more. In
+February, 1849, the population of the town was two thousand. In the
+six months following, it increased to five thousand. In the early
+part of the year 1850, the population had increased to nearly twenty
+thousand. In 1852, according to the census, it was thirty-four
+thousand eight hundred and seventy. The first settlement made at San
+Francisco, was commenced in the year 1776. The place was then called
+Yerba Buena, or Good Herb, from the fact that an herb of that name,
+which was supposed to have great medicinal value, grew in rich
+luxuriance over the surrounding country. The houses were at first
+built of adobes, or sun dried bricks. It is now one of the most
+important cities on the western continent.
+
+As Kit Carson neared this great emporium of California, possessed of
+some of the details of its astonishing growth, and remembering it as
+it existed when its inhabitants could be easily counted in an hour, he
+was perfectly astonished to behold the great changes which a few short
+years had produced.
+
+Had it not been for the immovable landmarks about the city and the
+familiar scenery of the bay, he would have been entirely at a loss in
+considering that this was the spot, called San Francisco, which he had
+visited in former years. This metropolis, however, like all others,
+presented few attractions to Kit Carson's vision, further than its
+objects of curiosity, which were a source of interest and amusement to
+him. When he had finished sight seeing he was ready and anxious to
+be on his way to New Mexico. Previous to his setting out, he went on
+business to Sacramento City. While there, he received a message from
+his friend and partner, Maxwell, asking him to wait until the latter
+could come in with a herd of sheep from Carson River, when they could
+join forces and return home together.
+
+Kit Carson's stay in California was shortened by the annoyance (as
+he considered it) of being made a lion. His society was constantly
+courted by men whom he had never seen; he was passed free on
+steamboats and to all places of public amusement; and, in fact,
+the people, in acknowledging his worth, treated him with marked
+distinction. He was pointed out wherever he went as a man who had done
+the State great service. This reward of his merit was indeed a just
+tribute to his worth. Kit felt himself highly honored and favored,
+but he did not expect or wish such attention. He felt himself to be a
+humble individual, who had honestly and faithfully performed his duty,
+as it had been assigned to him, and his modesty would not allow him to
+ask or be willing to receive any other than the unexpressed opinion
+of the people. There were some men (there always are such persons in
+every community) who sought his company expecting to hear him boast
+of his deeds and proclaim himself a hero such as had never before
+existed; but, what must have been their surprise on seeing his
+unassuming bearing, his disregard of notoriety, and his anxiety to
+escape that popularity which they themselves would have highly prized.
+Tired, by the anxiety and hard work of bringing his property over a
+long and dangerous journey to a good market, he had looked for rest
+and retirement; but instead, he was everywhere sought out and made
+conspicuous.
+
+And here we pause to speak of the noble qualities of moral character
+and good judgment evinced by Kit Carson on this occasion of his
+eventful life. He found himself surrounded with the choice spirits of
+the new El Dorado; his name a prestige of strength and position, and
+his society courted by everybody. The siren voice of pleasure
+failed not to speak in his ear her most flattering invitations.
+Good-fellowship took him incessantly by the hand, desiring to lead
+him into the paths of dissipation. But the gay vortex, with all
+its brilliancy, had no attractions for him; the wine cup, with its
+sparkling arguments, failed to convince his calm earnestness of
+character, that his simple habits of life needed remodeling. To the
+storm, however, he was exposed; but, like a good ship during the gale,
+he weathered the fierce blast, and finally took his departure from the
+new city of a day, with his character untarnished, but nevertheless
+leaving behind him many golden opinions. With a hurried farewell and
+many kind remembrances of the good people of California, he left their
+great city to return to a home where he was certain to find a life
+better suited to his tastes. Money-getting had no charms for him.
+Had he chosen to accept some of the offers made him while then in San
+Francisco, he could easily have amassed an immense fortune. But his
+home had now the greater allurements, and a legitimate business gave
+him the certainty of comfort. The power merely which wealth assumes,
+Kit Carson never has desired to grasp.
+
+The time had nearly arrived for the appearance of Maxwell. He finally
+joined Kit Carson, when the two immediately engaged in the very
+profitable work of disposing of their sheep. The market proved to be
+quite active--so much so that they disposed of their entire flock at
+high cash values without the least difficulty. The speculation thus
+proved to be highly satisfactory to all concerned. In a monetary point
+of view, the adventure proved to be the most fortunate in which
+Kit Carson had been engaged. Heretofore, money had been a second
+consideration with Kit Carson. He had directed his energies and
+attention to almost everything, or at least to many things besides its
+accumulation.
+
+The sums which he had received for the important services rendered
+both to government officers and private individuals, had been
+expended on the wants of his family and on his suffering friends and
+countrymen. A trifling amount had always sufficed to satisfy his own
+immediate desires. The calls upon his purse, at the end of each year
+had left, therefore, but little which he could call his own. The snug
+sum now at his disposal, Kit Carson determined to lay by; and serving
+as a nucleus, around it, he has since accumulated enough amply to
+supply those comforts which will tend, in his old age, to make him
+happy. Maxwell and Carson decided to return to their homes by the
+southern route which runs through the country on and adjacent to the
+Rio Gila. Maxwell determined to take a steamer down the coast as far
+as Los Angelos, distant from San Francisco about three hundred and
+fifty miles, and used his best endeavors to persuade his friend Kit
+Carson to accompany him. In this however, he failed. Already one
+cruise over a part of the ocean route which Maxwell contemplated
+making, had been made by Kit Carson in 1846, and which had so sickened
+him of sea life, that he resolved never to travel on salt water again
+while it was in his power to obtain a mule to assist him in journeying
+by land. Maxwell, by his water conveyance, reached Los Angelos fifteen
+days in advance of Kit Carson, and employed himself in making the
+necessary preparations for their trip to New Mexico. When Kit rejoined
+his companion, everything was in readiness for them to proceed on
+their route, and, in a day or so afterwards, they started. Everything
+favored them until they reached a village belonging to some Pimo
+Indians, and located on the Rio Gila. Here the grass became suddenly
+very scarce. They learned from these Indians that the season had been
+unusually dry, and that, if they attempted to proceed on the regular
+trail, they would do so at the risk of losing their animals by
+starvation. While undecided as to which was the best course to pursue,
+Kit Carson informed the party that he could guide them over a new
+route which, though difficult and rough to travel, he felt confident
+would afford sufficient forage to answer all their purposes. At once
+the men agreed to be governed by their experienced friend's advice,
+and, having signified to him their willingness to do so, they resumed
+their march, following up the Rio Gila, until they came to the mouth
+of the San Pedro, when they struck out up the latter for three days,
+and then parted with it to risk the chances of reaching, at the end
+of each day, the small mountain creeks that lay on their contemplated
+route. After traveling in as direct a course as the nature of the
+country would admit, they arrived seasonably at the copper mines of
+New Mexico.
+
+While pursuing this experimental journey, Kit Carson, who was well
+acquainted with the general outline of the country, but was not
+equally conversant with it in reference to the certainty of finding
+eligible camping-sites, where wood, water and grass presented
+themselves in abundance, was frequently made the subject of a
+tantalizing joke by the men of the party.
+
+Occasionally his memory would not solve the question, what is the next
+course? He had neither map, chart, nor compass, and depended entirely
+upon old landmarks. Occasionally, the resemblance of different
+mountains, one to another, would serve to embarrass him. For a time,
+he would become doubtful as to the exact course to pursue. At such
+moments, the mischievous dispositions of the men would get the better
+of their judgment, and they would exert their lungs in shouting to
+him, as he spurred his riding animal to keep out of the sound of their
+raillery. He was not always successful in this, and occasionally a few
+sentences reached him like the following:
+
+"Hurrah!"
+
+"I say! are you the famous Kit Carson, who knows this country so
+well?"
+
+"Are you really a good pilot, or are you lost?"
+
+These and similar expressions saluted Kit's ear--a language to which
+he had not been heretofore accustomed--as some impediment, such as a
+fallen tree, a rock, a swamp, or a creek staid, for a brief period,
+his progress, thus allowing the party to approach within speaking
+distance. The remarks might have temporarily chafed his spirit; but,
+he had too much good sense to allow his friends to see that they had
+gained any advantage over him. He rode boldly on, and answered their
+raillery with silence. He knew, however, very well, that his turn
+would come; and, when he had brought them in safety to a spot with
+which all were familiar, he turned the tables on them by retorting
+to their questions in a playful manner, which made their future
+interpretation of his occasional doubts, less sweeping in its
+conclusions.
+
+Kit succeeded in guiding the party safely to the Copper Mines, from
+whence their route was plain. From the Copper Mines the party traveled
+through to the Rio del Norte. This river is 1,800 miles in length and
+forms the boundary line between Texas and Mexico. It takes its rise
+in the Rocky Mountains and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. It is
+navigable for small steamers, sloops and schooners, for a distance of
+about four hundred and fifty miles from its mouth. About nine hundred
+miles from its mouth, there is a spot where the river is only about
+three or four feet deep. Here the Apache and Camanche Indians always
+cross when on their depredatory tramps into Mexico.
+
+Leaving the Rio Grande or del Norte, the party pursued their homeward
+route through the settlements of the Rio Abajo and Santa Fé and
+finally reached Taos on the twenty-third day of December, 1853.
+
+Soon after the party entered the Territory of New Mexico, Kit Carson
+accidentally met the Mormon delegate to Congress. That person informed
+Kit Carson that the appointment of an Indian Agent had been conferred
+upon him.
+
+On learning this piece of intelligence, Kit was much elated. He
+felt that the office was perfectly suited to his tastes, and he was
+honestly impressed with the belief that he was capable of performing
+the duties of this office, and of accomplishing much good. His
+happiness and pride were heightened by thinking that, finally, his
+services had met the approbation of his government, the substantial
+proof of which, was the offering to him of an important trust without
+solicitation on his part. Immediately on arriving at Taos, he wrote
+an answer to the authorities at Washington, in which he expressed
+his willingness to serve the government, and the pleasure he felt
+in accepting the office; at the same time he sent the necessary bond
+required of persons who hold this appointment.
+
+Hardly had Kit Carson been ushered into his new duties before the
+Jiccarilla Apaches, who formed one of the tribes of his agency, began
+to show new signs of dissatisfaction by committing various kinds of
+outrages on the property and lives of the citizens of the northern
+part of New Mexico. To arrest them in their career and make them
+amenable for the crimes they had already committed, Lieutenant Bell,
+of the 2d Regiment of United States dragoons, was sent in quest of
+them. He found them on the Red River, and at once commenced operations
+against them. At first, these red men were equally ready to break a
+lance in combat with their foes; but, after the soldiers had made two
+charges and penetrated through and through their ranks, they were,
+although in superior numbers, glad to give up the mastership of the
+field, and run away. In this fight, the Apaches lost, by his being
+killed, one of their great chiefs, besides many warriors. On the side
+of the soldiers, two men were killed and several seriously wounded.
+
+A short time after the news of this skirmish had reached Taos,
+Kit Carson found it necessary, in order to attend to some official
+business, to proceed to Santa Fé; but, just as he was on the point of
+setting out, he was informed that a large party of these Jiccarilla
+Apaches had recently arrived at a place in the mountains only about
+twenty miles from Taos, and were there encamped. With the view of
+pacifying them if it was possible, Kit Carson immediately
+posted thither; and, with no small degree of peril attending his
+movements--for he went unattended, and among Indians who were at the
+time very bitter against the whites--he confronted their "head men" in
+their den. He needed no introduction, for, during many years, he had
+been well known to them. Therefore he proceeded, at once, to business.
+After passing through the usual Indian salutations, he commenced by
+haranguing them, in a style that most pleases their fancy, thereby
+fixing their attention on what he was saying. Among other things, he
+forewarned them that the course they were pursuing, if persisted in,
+would prove the cause of their being exterminated, as their "Great
+Father," the President, had at his disposal thousands of soldiers
+to replace those who fell in battle, while, when their warriors were
+killed, they could not immediately place others in their moccasins.
+When a warrior was killed, they were compelled to wait until their
+children grew up. He added, that the "Great Father" loved his red
+children, and through him, whose servant he was, he wished to give
+them annuities and otherwise aid them in living at peace. These
+Indians, on learning that Kit Carson was their agent, expressed great
+pleasure, and, at his earnest solicitation, came forward and professed
+friendship. So little reliance, however, was to be placed in this
+tribe, that Kit Carson doubted their sincerity; although he exacted
+every pledge which he thought would in the least tend to bind them to
+their promises, he feared they would not prove true. Having finished
+his business, Kit bent his way to Santa Fé; but, he had not more than
+reached there before he heard that the Jiccarillas had already become
+tired of the restraints which he had placed upon them, and had broken
+out in open defiance of the authorities. From this time onward,
+so thick and fast did their wicked crimes increase, that coercive
+measures became necessary to put them down. This finally resulted, in
+as sanguinary a battle being fought between a small band of soldiers
+and this tribe, as was ever recorded. A rapid sketch of it must
+suffice to illustrate to the reader what kind of a fight this was, and
+what plucky fellows these Apaches are. Lieutenant J.W. Davidson,
+with a command of sixty men belonging to F and I companies of the 1st
+Regiment of United States dragoons, was ordered out to seek and act
+against these red men. Both the soldiers and their officers were
+renowned for their bravery and experience in Indian mode of warfare;
+hence, more than ordinary deeds were expected to be performed by
+them. The result will show that they did not disappoint any reasonable
+expectation. Lieutenant Davidson marched to the "_Embuda Mountains_"
+(which range lies between fifteen and twenty miles southwest of Taos),
+as he had been informed by good authority that the Indians were to be
+found there.
+
+On reaching the mountains he soon came upon the savages and found them
+fully prepared to meet him. They had selected their ground with great
+skill. The site which they had chosen was upon a high elevation, and
+at the first glance, to get at them, appeared to be an impossibility
+on account of the roughness of the country. If the Indians had hunted
+over the whole of the Rocky Mountains they could not have hit upon a
+place that offered them so many advantages for the use to which they
+intended to put it; but, as the red men had, by great labor, reached
+the tops of the crags, therefore, the soldiers resolved not to be
+outdone, even if they had to be the assaulting party.
+
+The strength of the Apaches amounted to eight lodges, or two hundred
+and forty warriors; and, as they were on foot and without their
+families, they were entirely unencumbered. Lieutenant Davidson's first
+manoeuvre was to send in advance a small party, whose duty it was to
+act as spies, while at the same time they endeavoured to engage the
+Indians in a talk, of which they are usually so fond; but, the courage
+of the red men was apparently much elevated on seeing the smallness
+of the whole force sent against them; therefore, they received the
+advance with such coldness that the latter soon after gladly retreated
+to their companions, who were halted on the little creek that runs by
+the foot of the mountains. Lieutenant Davidson now saw that his only
+course was to commence the attack and trust to fortune and the bravery
+of his men. Therefore he ordered the gallant fellows to dismount, and
+after leaving their horses with a small guard, they commenced the work
+of scrambling up the rocks so that they might get at, and dislodge
+the enemy. In this they succeeded, notwithstanding they met with a
+powerful and determined resistance. In the attempt, five soldiers were
+killed; and when the dragoons had reached the highest eminence of the
+mountain, they found, to their disappointment, that the Apaches had
+not taken to flight according to their anticipations, but instead,
+they were scattering and surrounding them. There being great danger,
+as already demonstrations were visible in that quarter, that the
+Indians would capture the horses of the soldiers, therefore Lieutenant
+Davidson placed himself at the head of his men and led them back
+to the spot where the animals were congregated. In so doing, he was
+obliged to fight his way, as every foot of ground he passed over was
+stoutly contested; but at last he arrived, just in time to save them.
+The fight then became desultory, but desperate, on the part of the
+soldiers; for the Indians, by concealing themselves behind rocks,
+trees and whatever came in their way, were quite secure against injury
+from the carbines and revolvers of the whites, while, from their
+side, came a deadly fire that fast diminished the numbers of their
+adversaries. In vain did the dragoons charge them and cause the
+foremost of the enemy to retreat to their friends in the rear.
+Lieutenant Davidson soon found his party so much crippled in strength
+that he saw he could no longer protect his horses and at the same time
+carry on the combat against such great odds. When there was little
+left that he could do except to offer himself and men as targets to be
+shot at, Lieutenant Davidson reluctantly ordered his men to retreat.
+
+In obeying this command, the soldiers had not more than wheeled about,
+when down came the foe in full pursuit, making the very air ring
+with their war-whoops and unearthly shouts. So bold did these Indians
+become from the victory which they had achieved, that they charged
+so hotly and so near the soldiers that the latter were compelled, in
+self-defence, to turn and, in a hand to hand contest, beat them off.
+After resisting a succession of these assaults, the command finally
+gained the main road. Upon counting his men, Lieutenant Davidson found
+that twenty of them were killed and left behind on the battle-field;
+and that, out of the surviving forty, hardly one man had escaped being
+wounded, thereby showing, considering the numbers engaged, how
+bravely the fight had been maintained, and how gallantly each one had
+endeavored to turn the tide of affairs to a more favorable result.
+
+The course pursued by, and even the bravery of, Lieutenant Davidson in
+this affair, has been unjustly assailed and questioned by some persons
+who have probably been misinformed on the subject. Judging from the
+evidence of his companions, there was not a more courageous man
+on that ground than the officer in command. Kit Carson refutes the
+accusation made against his friend in the following strain: "I am
+intimately acquainted with Lieutenant Davidson and have been in
+engagements with him where he has taken a prominent part and can
+testify that he is as brave and discreet as it is possible for a man
+to be. Nearly every person engaged in and who survived that day's
+bloody battle has since told me that his commanding officer never once
+sought shelter, but stood manfully exposed to the aim of the Indians,
+encouraging his men and apparently entirely unmindful of his own
+life. It was, however, in the retreat they say that he acted the most
+gallantly, for, when everything was going badly with the soldiers, he
+was as cool and collected as if under the guns of his fort. The only
+anxiety he exhibited was for the safety of his remaining men."
+
+The Indians must have lost many of their warriors in this fight, but
+the exact number has never been ascertained. The news of the defeat
+was brought by the retreating soldiers themselves to the town of Taos,
+where on hearing it, for short time, consternation seized hold of its
+inhabitants; but slowly they calmed down, and a party, consisting
+of Americans and Mexicans with wagons, was sent out to bring in the
+mutilated remains of the fallen. On reaching the field, the dead were
+found, but they were all mutilated and stripped of all their clothing.
+The Indians had left nothing which they thought might be turned to the
+least account. One poor fellow had escaped the rigid scrutiny of the
+red men by crawling to an obscure place where he had died from his
+wounds. On his body was found a belt that contained three hundred
+dollars in gold--his hard earnings that he had been saving up against
+a day of need. Had the savages known of this money, they would not
+have left it, for they are quite familiar with the use, if not with
+the real value of gold. A few days later, the Apaches made their
+appearance in a small Mexican settlement which was far distant from
+the scene of their success. They were dressed in portions of the
+uniforms and accoutrements taken from the dead dragoons; and, as they
+sauntered about the town, they would salute each other in military
+style, and otherwise mock the actions of the military men. Calling
+for a piece of paper, one fellow, with a bit of charcoal, pretended
+to write on it an order. No doubt, by so doing, he thought he was
+imitating something of the kind which he had seen done at a military
+post. After making a few scratches on the paper, he handed it to one
+of his red companions, and, with a smile on his rough countenance,
+addressed to him some directions in reference to the document.
+Although the Mexicans were much amused at these burlesque actions
+of the Indians, yet they did not dare to show their mirth until the
+latter had departed and left them in possession of their lives.
+
+The day following the one on which the fight had taken place, Kit
+Carson returned from Santa Fé and passed near to the spot where the
+soldiers had been so roughly handled; but he did not see a visage of
+an Apache. They had, by that time, traveled to the west side of the
+Rio del Norte. Indeed, he anticipated no danger to himself, as he was
+well aware, that the safest time to travel through any section of an
+Indian country, is just after the savages have been guilty of some
+highhanded act. They are then, instinctively, as some may say, but, as
+the fact appears to us, by use of their reasoning powers, well aware
+that active measures will be set on foot to repay them for their
+rascality.
+
+The trail which, on this occasion, Kit Carson traveled over in coming
+from Santa Fé, is one of the most interesting routes, in safe times,
+that the mere traveler can select. It comprises some of the most
+beautiful scenery in New Mexico. The length of the trail is about
+seventy-five miles, and so many windings and turns does it make
+through mountains, forests and gorges, that every hundred yards
+furnishes a suitable place for an Indian ambuscade. The largest part
+of the country which lies between Taos and Santa Fé, is mountainous;
+therefore, this trail is one series of ascents and descents. The
+greatest pitch is near the scene of the fight in which Lieutenant
+Davidson and his command were engaged, where the path, in order to
+avoid an almost perpendicular declivity, makes a zig zag course. To
+accomplish the ascent of this mountain on a good riding animal, it
+takes, at least, two hours; therefore, the height of the mountain
+can be easily imagined by those accustomed to mountain climbing. On
+reaching some of these immense eminences, the scenery is principally
+formed by the broken country, studded here and there with mountains,
+which appear as if in miniature, as well as real. Between are valleys,
+rivers, creeks, cañons, etc., which render the views truly grand.
+There is sufficient woodland, plenty of pure air, and different
+species of game, in great abundance, playing about, and filling up the
+picture with life. To use the words of romance, this does not fail to
+make the scenery perfect. The trail runs through hamlets and villages,
+which come in at the proper distances and form great auxiliaries to
+the traveler, when fatigued by horseback riding; for, at most of these
+places, the traveler can find rest for the night, always provided that
+he be willing to submit to a multitude of inconveniences.
+
+The most desirable place at which to stop, on this trail, is a town
+nearly midway between Taos and Santa Fé. It is called Rio Arriba. In
+this village, the traveler can obtain many comforts which are denied
+him even in the larger towns. At the present time it is a very
+difficult matter for loaded caravans to pass direct from Santa Fé to
+Taos; but the United States government has taken the matter in hand
+and has appropriated large sums of money for making a good road
+between the two places; therefore, it will not be a long time before
+the transit will be accomplished with ease and safety. Scattered over
+the country adjacent to this trail now under consideration, there are
+many hamlets and villages which are being greatly augmented by new
+settlers yearly. Many of these have been seldom, if ever, visited by
+white men, and the minute geography of this tract of country is still
+in the embryo. Perhaps a new El Dorado is there in store for mankind,
+and that some day its resources will receive an impetus and be
+developed by the sudden discovery of valuable mines therein. This is
+no chimerical illusion; it scarcely rests upon an uncertainty; for,
+the mineral wealth of New Mexico, we are firmly persuaded, is still in
+its infancy. To use trapper language, judging from "signs" which exist
+there in abundance, we shall not be surprised to hear, in time, that
+this territory has turned out to be a second California. Rumors of
+gold, and even specimens of the article itself, are frequent in many
+parts of the country; but the poverty of the inhabitants keeps them
+from searching as they ought in order to make the discovery. The
+Americans find a more profitable business in commerce and trade,
+therefore they but seldom indulge in speculations designed to develop
+the mineral wealth of the country; but nevertheless, they have faith
+that gold, in immense quantities, exists there, and believe that, in
+time, scientific men will disclose the fact and position. We have seen
+_quills_ full of gold dust which has been collected there, and we are
+well acquainted with men who have washed out from several streams
+in the northern part of the Territory, the value of two and a half
+dollars per diem; but, with the high prices of living, this rate of
+produce cannot be made to pay unless the work shall be carried on by
+the assistance of capital.
+
+On this trail to Santa Fé, there are several small Pueblos which are
+inhabited by the descendants of the ancient Aztecs. These settlements,
+generally, are quite thrifty, and exhibit many external appearances
+of comfort. To prepare and cultivate the soil, it takes much labor
+in irrigating and bestowing other farming operations upon the land in
+order to bring crops to perfection. Hence these people, like the New
+Mexicans, can realize from their toil but little beyond their own
+subsistence. This trail, as it approaches Santa Fé, enters through
+groves of small pines which are many miles in extent. In such places
+the ground is sandy and the vegetation poor in the extreme. It has
+proved an exceedingly difficult problem, for more than one mind, to
+solve the reason why the capital of the Territory should have been
+located in such a barren section of the country. Perhaps it was
+because this was the most central spot that could be selected,
+although such a reason can hardly be offered in sober earnestness. The
+most charitable reasoning which we can offer for it, is because the
+Mexicans knew no better. It is true there are valuable silver mines
+near by; but this could only cause a town to be raised to suit the
+miners and not to form the attraction where the _élite_ of New Mexican
+society should for so many years congregate.
+
+Santa Fé is located on a plateau of ground which is about seven
+thousand feet above the level of the sea. The town itself contains
+about five or six thousand inhabitants which includes all races. It
+is built of _adobes_, or sun-burnt brick, and occupies both sides of
+a small stream which is called the _Rio Chicito_ and which flows into
+the Rio Grande nearly twenty miles from the town. The site of Santa
+Fé is low when compared with the altitude of the surrounding country,
+being bounded on nearly all sides by lofty mountains. One of these
+mountains is quite famous. It is the loftiest of all in that section
+of country, and is capped during the greater part of the year with
+snow. As is invariably the case with the large majority of Mexican
+towns, there is but little regularity in the streets of Santa Fé; but
+yet, the plaza is easily reached by several avenues. Santa Fé forms
+the grand commercial emporium of the great interior continent of North
+America; and its trade diverges to every point of the compass. The
+extent of this trade can be realized when we assert the fact that with
+the State of Missouri alone it amounts annually to several millions of
+dollars. In the south it has overland communication even with the city
+of Mexico. If the tariff between the two countries could be arranged
+upon a more equitable footing than it now is, the Mexican trade would
+swell into an enormous sum. Every acquisition of a new territory in
+the far west and southwest aids in developing the commerce of Santa
+Fé; therefore, until steam shall cause a revolution in the course of
+trade, this town must necessarily increase greatly in importance.
+The stores in the town are mostly owned, and the mercantile business
+chiefly carried on, by Americans. These American speculators are
+celebrated for the daring manner with which they launch out their
+money upon various enterprises. With them, the greater the risk when
+their chances appear that the gain will be large, the more eager they
+are in facing the hazard. They sometimes lose, but oftentimes realize
+large fortunes. The appearance of these stores is captivating to the
+fancy, and many of them would be ornaments to any of the larger cities
+or towns of the east. The most expensive articles of luxury and dress
+are to be found in them, and in these distant parts, such property
+commands a price which would startle and quite shake the nerves of
+a prince; but, when the people can obtain the money, they purchase
+everything which their fancy dictates. A Santa Fé señorita dashes in
+her rich silks which have cost hundreds of dollars with as much grace
+as does one of the Washington or Fifth Avenue belles, clothed in the
+same luxuriant style. In Santa Fé, we are sorry to say, it requires
+vice of the worst shade for women to support such a style of living;
+but the morals of the Mexicans are so loose in all classes, that
+virtue is boldly parted with by both sexes in a spirit which the
+triumphs of natural reason alone ought to prevent, and which no lover
+of humanity can admire or tolerate. Gambling, in this town, has
+long held its full sway, and many is the victim which this wretched
+wickedness has prematurely hurried into a vortex, from which there has
+been no recovery.
+
+The palmy days of gambling, in San Francisco, have been rivaled in
+the little town of Santa Fé, and the boldness with which the Mexican
+player will part with his last dollar, shows the hardened state
+to which the man, and, what is perhaps worse, the woman, have been
+brought, by years of habitual playing for money. In olden times, the
+Mexicans used to travel hundreds of miles, and bring their money with
+them in order to squander it at their favorite game of _monte_. Not
+only this fact is true, but men will often sell themselves into the
+slavery of debt in order to satisfy their craving desire to gamble.
+
+The town of Santa Fé is watered by azequias or small canals, which
+are used in every section of the Territory, with which to irrigate the
+soil. Near the town, and on a hill adjoining, stands the ruins of Fort
+Marcy, which was used by the American Volunteers during the conquest
+of the country in the year 1846. This fort commands the town; and, for
+the purpose which governed its building it answered very well. There
+are several good boarding-houses in Santa Fé, and one hotel, which is
+well fitted up and well kept. It forms the rendezvous for the
+whole town. The commanding general of the military department which
+comprises the Territory of New Mexico, with his staff, makes this
+town his head-quarters. There is also a garrison of American soldiers
+stationed in the town. The governor of the territory, the judges,
+surveyor and all the government officials of any importance, make
+this place their home. The Territorial buildings, being the halls of
+legislation, and such other buildings as are necessary for the State
+and Territorial purposes, both finished and under process of erection,
+are located in Santa Fé. On one side of the plaza there stands a long,
+low building known as the Palace. No one, however, would be aware
+of the fact if not informed of it; for the building has more the
+appearance of having been intended for a rope-walk than for the
+assemblage of _savants_ who were to discuss and arrange matters of
+state and public interest. Notwithstanding the small pretensions
+in the way of architecture which the Palace presents, nevertheless,
+within it, there have lived old Mexican governors who ruled their
+people with a rod of iron, and whose fiery impulses went forth as just
+and equitable law. These tyrants--for it was very seldom that the
+poor and ignorant New Mexicans were favored with a good, wise and just
+governor--governed on the principle of self aggrandizement. Being far
+separated from their home government, they took care to smother all
+evil reports, while the good, only, were allowed to circulate; and
+these, so far as the home government was concerned, solely by their
+authority, in order to have the desired effect to retain them in
+office. In this they were usually successful, as they generally
+retained their lucrative positions until cut off by death, or until
+they had amassed a fortune which made their tasks burdensome. Many of
+these men might have been envied by the richest among Americans, so
+far as wealth is considered. They were so envied by the wealthy men at
+the capital of the republic. These provinces of Mexico were the Indies
+where troublesome opponents were to be sent by government, to suck,
+like leeches, the public treasury, and thus obtain their fill
+to repletion. When the United States came into possession of the
+territory of New Mexico, affairs were somewhat tempered to the state
+of reason and justice; but, a people who had so long been kept down,
+could not at once appreciate the value of the changes; consequently,
+they have been slow in elevating their heads to the proper standard
+of men. The legislature of New Mexico, as it has been recognized
+under the constitution of the United States, resembles other forms of
+territorial governments. This statement is true in theory, but not in
+practice; for it is impossible to collect an uneducated people,
+unused to self government, and allow them to steer their own bark as
+law-makers, without observing that they make many openings for serious
+mistakes to creep in, which are and should be severely criticised.
+The pioneer laws, as they came from the first New Mexican legislature,
+were faulty in the extreme. They seemed to point out wickedness as
+a punishment for wickedness. If we desired to afford our readers a
+laugh, we should permit them to read many of these laws. The simple
+perusal of them would cause merriment equal to the most laughable
+comedy. Had it not been for the few white men, who, from time to time,
+have found their way into the legislature of New Mexico, the whole
+body would long since have lost themselves in the depth of learning
+which their untutored minds had undertaken to engraft upon their
+statute books. The members of this body, for a long time, turned their
+attention more to the emoluments which naturally accrued from their
+position, than to endeavors to steady the helm of government for
+the good of their country. In order to save their pay, they studied
+economy, which caused them to make a beggarly appearance, and, in
+the eyes of the white men, they were often contemptibly mean. Greatly
+predominating in numbers, the Mexicans of course had no difficulty in
+ruling the country; and they naturally preferred their own countrymen
+in filling the law-making department of their government. The
+consequence was, that they thus obtained a crowd of legislators who
+could hardly read. By the aid of a few schools, an enlightened press,
+and the examples of a few worthy Americans, they are gradually mending
+their ways in this respect; and the time will come in a few years,
+when the legislature of New Mexico will compare favorably with
+its sister territories; but this, not until education has made her
+indelible mark upon the people.
+
+The town of Santa Fé is provided with a Roman Catholic church, which,
+under the judicious management of the present bishop and clergy, is
+doing what it can to improve the condition of the Mexican population.
+Other religious denominations have not yet been fully developed;
+although the attempt is being made to establish churches of the
+Protestant faith on a sure and permanent footing; but this, although
+we regard it as certain, will take time, for the majority of the
+people lean strongly to the Roman Catholic faith. It is a very
+singular fact that among a population of seventy thousand souls
+included in the limits of the Territory of New Mexico, there have been
+such feeble and vain attempts made by Protestant missionaries to
+bring the people to their mode of thinking. The task might have been
+impossible when the country was under the jurisdiction of old Mexico;
+but, since it has changed masters, this excuse does not hold good. The
+Mexicans, as a body, learn readily; they easily discern between right
+and wrong; and, as the field for Christian enterprise to work in is
+large enough for all sects, it is strange that the Protestant church
+is not found laboring in the good cause, side by side with its Roman
+Catholic friend. It is true, there are a few persons struggling on
+under the auspices of the Protestant church; but they are so few that
+they are seldom met in the great expanse of the country. Santa Fé has
+long been celebrated as having a depraved population; but, as honest
+and honorable men are now working with satisfactory success for a
+reformation, the day cannot be far distant when this town will redeem
+itself. It is true that, not many years back, Santa Fé was filled with
+gamblers and desperadoes of all grades; but, at the present time, law
+and order is beginning to predominate, and it is to be hoped that the
+next generation will see a better state of affairs. The vices which
+have characterized the inhabitants have not been confined, by any
+means, to the Mexicans; but rather they have been exemplified in those
+Americans with bad characters, who have, from time to time, crept in
+among the people. These men, in several instances, have set examples
+which the most debased Mexican would hesitate to follow.
+
+The appearance of Santa Fé, from an outside view, is anything but
+striking. Its houses, like most Mexican buildings, are seldom higher
+than one story, and, with few exceptions, they are entirely wanting
+in beauty. They are built after what may be styled a Mexican mode of
+architecture, and consist of a series of rooms which encircle an open
+square or court, the access to which is through a large portal. These
+buildings are usually huddled together towards the centre or plaza,
+while, in the outskirts of the town, they are greatly scattered. The
+arrangement of the streets appears as if they were mere matters of
+accident rather than matters of system or intention. The town is
+ornamented by few, if any, trees, while the general appearance of the
+adjacent country, as has been seen, is barren. The markets of the town
+are but sparingly supplied with a variety, and those articles which
+are the most common, bring, comparatively speaking, good prices. Not
+many miles from Santa Fé there are famous silver mines, which for
+many years were worked almost entirely by hand. Within a recent date
+machinery has been introduced by some enterprising Americans, and the
+precious silver ore is being brought to light in large quantities.
+In point of amusement the people still cling to the pleasures of the
+fandango; and, as this town is much in advance of any other in the
+Territory, the Santa Fé balls are carried on, sometimes, on quite a
+grand scale. The majority of them are the places of resort for the
+free classes of society. The more respectable people seldom attend
+them, and then only when they are certain that they will find the
+ceremonies conducted in the spirit which administers really to
+pleasure and not to excess. The distance from Santa Fé to the Missouri
+River is in the neighborhood of nine hundred miles. The road, for the
+first one hundred miles towards the Santa Fé terminus, is rough and
+hilly; but, after that, it strikes out on the open plains, and is as
+level as can possibly be for such an immense distance. It is over this
+beautiful road that we have several times described Kit Carson as he
+traveled to and from the United States, though, more frequently, as
+has been seen, he preferred routes of his own selection, which enabled
+him, with his small escorts, to elude the vigilant watch of hostile
+Indians. The rich merchandise which finds its market in New
+Mexico passes over this road; and, during the summer months, the
+heavily-laden caravans are continually traversing it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+    A fresh Campaign set on foot--Col. Cook in Command--Kit Carson
+    goes as Guide--The Apaches and Utahs leagued together--The
+    Roughness of the Country and the Privations to which the
+    Command was exposed--The Indians overhauled--A running
+    Fight--The Advantages gained--The Chase resumed--The Apaches
+    resort to their old Tricks--Col. Cook is obliged to return
+    to Abiquiu--A Utah taken Prisoner through Mistake--Kit Carson
+    goes to Taos and has a Conference with the Chiefs of the
+    Utah Nation--Cook's second Scout--He is caught in a furious
+    Snow-storm and obliged to return to Rio Colorado--Major Brooks
+    and Reinforcements come to the Rescue--Major Brooks on
+    the Lookout, but fails to find the Indians--Carleton's
+    Expedition--Kit Carson goes with it as Guide--The Adventures
+    met with--Kit Carson's Prophecy comes true--The Muache Band
+    of Utahs summoned by Kit Carson to a Grand Council--Troubles
+    brewing among these Indians--The Small Pox carries off their
+    Head Men.
+
+
+To retrieve the ground lost, and also, to show the Jiccarilla Apaches
+that their recent victory had tended only to stimulate the movements
+of the Americans to a display of greater activity and energy, after a
+brief space of time, a large body of regular troops were made ready to
+take the field against them. The commander of this expedition was Col.
+Cook of the 2d Regiment of United States dragoons. That officer chose
+for his principal guide Kit Carson, whose peace duties as Indian Agent
+had been abruptly arrested by the warlike attitude of some of his
+Indians. It was necessary, also, that Kit Carson should be on the
+ground in case the red men were overtaken, in order to ascertain
+whether, or no, the Utahs were mixed up with the operations of the
+Apaches. A large branch of the former tribe were part and parcel of
+his agency, and the two nations were known to be on very friendly
+terms with each other; consequently, it was surmised that they might
+be secretly, and under disguise, acting together in the war.
+
+Col. Cook employed, besides the troops of the line which were under
+his command, some forty men selected from among the Mexican and Pueblo
+Indians, whose duties were to act as spies and trailers.
+
+These Pueblos were selected for spies on account of their being
+familiar with Indian habits and their mode of warfare. They were taken
+from among the best hunters which the Pueblo villages could furnish.
+They presented themselves provided with their own horses, rifles, and,
+in most cases, with their own ammunition, and were supplied only with
+their rations of food. When it was practicable, they were allowed to
+kill game; and, being very expert at it, they seldom returned from
+a hunt open-handed. Their peaceful mode of life prevented them from
+engaging in any deep league with the hostile Indians; but yet, there
+is no doubt that when the different tribes were at war with the
+whites, the Pueblos harbored the warlike Indians and supplied them,
+in many instances, with such articles as they stood most in need of.
+Their policy in thus acting might have been to retain the friendship
+of these Indians and thus prevent their committing any depredations
+on themselves. The Pueblos may have taken advantage of the state of
+affairs when war existed, and doubtless frequently did, under disguise
+of the enemy, become guilty of crimes which could easily have been
+proven against them. The Mexicans have often tried to criminate the
+Pueblos for thus acting; but they have proceeded with such bungling
+policy, that it has seldom happened that anything criminal has been
+definitely proven against them. If a part of them have thus acted,
+there is not the least doubt but that the majority are guiltless. They
+are, as a body, loyal to the government of the United States; but, not
+so much from love of the Americans as from being shrewd. They know it
+is for self interest to keep good friends with the strongest power.
+On these war scouts they rendered valuable service, and in this light,
+have been long regarded with favor by the whites.
+
+The command of these forty Mexicans and Pueblo Indians was conferred
+upon James H. Quinn, a well-known and prominent citizen of New Mexico.
+This gentleman became intimately associated with the Territory of New
+Mexico soon after that country was annexed to the United States. In
+politics, military life, farming and mercantile pursuits, he was most
+actively engaged, and by his talents and industry took a prominent
+position and became an influential member of society. He had some
+faults; (who has not?) but his unexpected death came so suddenly
+upon his friends that they could only think of him for the many good
+qualities both of his head and heart. Hence, his faults were most
+willingly passed over in silence.
+
+All things being in readiness, the command entered upon the pursuit
+of the Indians. They marched from Taos, ten miles north, to a stream
+called the Arroya Hondo. Thence, following the banks of this stream
+down through its deep and rocky cañon, they came to the Rio del Norte.
+
+On the first-named stream, there is a small and unattractive
+settlement, which bears the same name. Several years since, there was
+a large distillery in full operation at this place. This establishment
+was owned by an American, and was very extensive. The building was
+celebrated as being the place where several Americans were slaughtered
+by the Mexicans during the revolution, in which Governor Bent lost his
+life, heretofore spoken of. On the plain which is contiguous with the
+south bank of the Arroya Hondo, there are to be found the remains of
+a large Aztec town, which was, at some remote period, the largest
+settlement inhabited by that interesting people to be found in
+northern New Mexico. At the present day, can be seen the size and
+almost the number of houses which formed the town--which are very
+numerous. The building material, as here used by the Aztecs, was small
+cobble-stones which undoubtedly were mixed with mud and thus formed
+the structure. Pieces of pottery, flint arrow-points; stone pipe and
+rude tools have been, from time to time, found on the site of the
+town, going to prove that the people were not wandering in their
+habits, but that instead, they occupied their time in farming, raising
+cattle and mining. The wild Indians may have murdered the inhabitants,
+and then destroyed the town; or, civil war and pestilence might have
+caused it to become deserted, when, as a natural result, it fell to
+decay. The most plausible theory to entertain is the former, as every
+old Mexican town of the north contains relics which could not have
+been designed merely in case of an emergency. Not one of these towns
+in olden times was without a large well, which, in most instances,
+was bountifully supplied with water. In time of peace, these extensive
+reservoirs were covered over and concealed from view, and therefore,
+but few strangers could be made aware of their existence. On the
+breaking out of war, these wells were thrown open for public use, and,
+being located in the centre of the towns, the inhabitants escaped that
+danger in procuring water which necessarily would have surrounded them
+in case they had been obliged, as they are now, to bring it from the
+neighboring streams. As time rolled on, and danger was lessened,
+these wells were almost forgotten, until the timber which covered them
+rotted and allowed their fragments and the earth to cave in, when
+the object of the digging these reservoirs became apparent. It is an
+established fact in history, that the town of Taos once withstood
+a long and fearful siege, but finally escaped, as did its people,
+uninjured. The besieging party, in this instance, was composed of
+the Indians of the plains; they were present to the number of many
+thousand, and were at last compelled to depart, as is supposed, in
+consequence of their provisions giving out. Reasoning from analogy,
+it is no more than proper to suppose, that if the early settlements of
+the Mexicans were thus annoyed, the case of the Aztecs must have
+been still harder, and that being overcome by numbers, they were
+necessitated to succumb; and hence, were swept, by the Indians of the
+plains, from the face of the earth, leaving but a dim outline of their
+ancient grandeur.
+
+The party found the stream very much swollen by the melting of the
+snows in the mountains. When they arrived at its fording-place,
+notwithstanding a torrent rolled before them, the command was, of a
+necessity, given to cross. There was no shrinking. Without a single
+murmur, the entire command set themselves about the perilous task. The
+bed of the river at this place is rocky and shelving. At low water,
+these facts offer no great obstacles in crossing. The case is very
+different when the torrent has reached high-water mark--then, a single
+step will often plunge horse and rider into the angry waters beyond
+their depth. Kit Carson boldly took the lead, and before the infantry
+had all passed, the horses of the dragoons had to be sent back to
+assist them. To facilitate this fording, Kit Carson crossed and
+recrossed the stream at least twenty times. No serious accident
+occurred, although three of the dragoons came near being swept down
+the current, which, at the time, was very swift and strong. Had they
+gone below the fording-place, they would most assuredly have been
+drowned, as the river there takes a fearful leap through a cut in the
+rocks. Having safely gained the opposite shore, the men found
+that their labors had but just commenced. In front of them stood a
+precipice that was, at the least calculation, six hundred feet in
+height, of solid rock, and almost perpendicular. Up this ascent the
+command had to mount, by following a zigzag trail. With much trouble
+and toil, the summit of the height was reached, when they once more
+commenced their journey over a diversified country, made up of plains
+and ravines. No grass or water was found until the expedition arrived
+at a small Mexican town called Sirvilletta. Here an encampment was
+formed for one night, and here their animals were to have their last
+rations of corn and forage. The sale of these latter articles proved
+a windfall to, and made glad the hearts of the inhabitants of the
+settlement; for the money which they received, in exchange for their
+produce, was the largest sum they had ever possessed. Thus, in more
+ways than one, these campaigns in the mountains caused good results.
+
+These settlements on the remote frontiers of the territory of
+New Mexico are composed of very poor people, who, for many years
+succeeding their first efforts on establishing their small farms, find
+great difficulty in doing more than to feed themselves. Their distance
+from markets such as Taos affords, prevents them from transporting
+thither more than their small surplus of grain; but, as in this
+case, on thus finding many hungry horses and mules to feed, their
+corn-stalks and wheat-straw come into demand, and bring them in a
+remuneration in ready money, in sums which they have not even dreamed
+of before. The only difficulty in trading with such people is to fix a
+fair price on their produce; for they are so fearful of not receiving
+enough, that they often overshoot the mark, and charge so much as to
+prevent other expeditions of the same sort from visiting them. With
+the few dollars in their pockets thus gained from the party, these
+Mexicans for once felt themselves rich men.
+
+Early on the subsequent day the whole force was again in motion, and
+continued an active march for two days over a rough country. At last
+Kit Carson struck the Indian trail. The course was instantly made to
+suit this trail, when the party marched on two days more at a rapid
+pace. On the second day's march, the Indians were overhauled. The band
+of Apaches had been jogging on slowly, and consequently, their animals
+were in good order. The case was far different with their pursuers;
+their horses were much used up by overwork and privations. Thus, when
+their strength was most needed, it was found wanting. The Indians
+espied the soldiers in time to make good their flight, but not quick
+enough to save the lives of all their warriors. Several of them were
+killed and many more were wounded. They also lost a few of their
+horses, and nearly all their camp equipage. The roughness of the
+section of the country where they were overtaken, assisted the savages
+in escaping, notwithstanding every effort was made by the Americans
+to prevent their leaving so easily. Kit Carson, when describing these
+events, says: "To Capt. Sykes, who commanded the infantry, is due the
+greatest amount of praise for the part he acted in our adventures.
+When his men were almost broken down with sore feet, long and
+difficult marches, want of provisions, the coldness of the weather,
+and with their clothing nearly worn out, and when they were on the
+point of giving up with despair, they were prevented from so doing by
+witnessing the noble example set them by their captain. He showed them
+what a soldier's duty really was, and this so touched their pride that
+they hobbled along as if determined to follow him until death relieved
+them from their sufferings. Although this officer had a riding animal
+at his disposal, yet never for once did he mount him; but instead,
+he lent the horse to some deserving soldier who was on the point of
+succumbing to overwork. When the Indian village was discovered, he
+cheered his men from a limping walk into a sort of run, and dashing
+through a swollen mountain stream, that was nearly up to their
+arm-pits and full of floating ice, he was, with his company, the
+foremost in the attack."
+
+Two soldiers of Captain Sykes's company[25] were wounded, and one
+of them afterwards died. The other man was severely injured, but
+eventually recovered. The Indians, on being routed, were pursued
+through a deep cañon for about four miles. A few who had been
+previously wounded were overtaken and slain. Night now came on;
+therefore, the men had to give up the chase, and on returning to their
+own encampment they found their friends had located it on the same
+ground which the Indians had occupied when they were first discovered.
+The next morning the surviving wounded man, with an escort, was sent
+back to the nearest military post, so that he could receive proper
+attention. The pursuit at an early hour was then resumed, by the
+soldiers' taking the fresh trail of the Indians. Away went both
+parties through valleys, cañons, and over snow clad mountains, until,
+in the end, the Americans saw that it was impossible to overtake
+the red men, who began to break up into squads of two and three and
+scatter in every direction. During the latter days of the chase, the
+routes which the Indians traveled were the worst they could select;
+their object being, entirely to use up the animals of their pursuers,
+who were thus vigorously driving them from one haunt to another. Very
+often, at night, the soldiers would find themselves bivouacked but
+a short distance from the place which they had left on the previous
+morning; and this happened, when not once during the whole day, had
+they missed the trail or ceased travelling; but the fact was, that the
+enemy were so familiar with the country that they made these crooked
+trails with impunity. Finally, the Indians saw that in this trial of
+muscles and nerves they gained nothing, and could not thus shake
+off their pursuers, but that it was necessary for them to try
+other expedients; therefore, they separated, to meet again at some
+preconcerted rendezvous. On this occasion, as so often heretofore, the
+Apaches did not belie the character formed of them by some of our most
+experienced military men, and of which we have before spoken: viz.,
+that they have no equals for endurance, and such a thing as overtaking
+them when once put to flight is almost out of the category of the
+white man's feats.
+
+[Footnote 25: Company D, 2d Regiment U.S. Artillery.]
+
+There being nothing more that could be accomplished by the pursuit,
+consequently, Col. Cook ordered his men to face about, and they having
+done so, he made a direct march to Abiquiu, a Mexican village that is
+located on the Rio Chamo, a tributary of the Rio del Norte. The
+design he had in going there was to recruit his men and animals. Their
+sufferings had been severe. Although performing constantly more than
+double duty, the entire command was put upon half allowance of food,
+and that little could not be properly cooked. For this reason, the
+trials and hardships which they experienced were of no ordinary
+character.
+
+The town of Abiquiu, where Colonel Cook arrived, is about sixty miles
+northwest from Santa Fé, and a traveler can make a journey through
+valleys from one town to the other. It stands next to Taos in point
+of magnitude and importance in the matter of townships in the north of
+New Mexico. The scenery about this settlement is very attractive, and,
+as it lies on the borders of the Utah Indian country, it is frequently
+visited by these Indians. The neighbors of the Utahs, the Navajoes,
+occasionally make their appearance in the town. The Mexicans of
+Abiquiu, from their continued intercourse with bands of the Utah
+Indians, are more or less linked in with them; and, in time of war,
+the Americans can place but little confidence in the inhabitants of
+Abiquiu on this account. The grazing and farming facilities of the
+country adjacent to this town are quite progressive, and were it not
+for the Indians, its resources would be much more rapidly developed
+than they now are.
+
+Utah was originally part of the territory of Upper California. The
+United States came into possession of it by treaty with Mexico in
+1848. The population is chiefly Mormon. The new territory, as set
+off by the United States in 1850, includes an area of one hundred and
+eighty-seven thousand, nine hundred and twenty-three square miles, or
+one hundred and twenty millions, two hundred and seventy thousand and
+seven hundred and twenty acres. Near the eastern base of the Sierra
+Nevada range there are several lakes which receive the waters of the
+eastern slope of these leviathan mountains. One of these lakes bears
+the name of Kit Carson, having been named Carson Lake by Colonel
+Fremont.
+
+In one respect this country has characteristics seldom met with in
+any part of the globe. Large numbers of the lakes and rivers have no
+outlets. Such is the fact in regard to Carson Lake. The only means by
+which their waters are reduced is by evaporation. The Great Salt Lake
+of Utah, to the traveler is of great interest. It may well be called
+the Dead Sea of Utah.
+
+As has been seen, Col. Cook and party were now halted at a Mexican
+village on the Rio Chama, a tributary of the Rio Grande or del Norte.
+
+The party that had been sent back with the wounded man, while on their
+journey met and captured an Indian. Supposing him to be an Apache,
+they deprived him of his horse and arms and otherwise treated him as
+a prisoner. While they were en route, the Indian made his escape and
+joined his tribe. This captive they afterwards learned was a Utah,
+whose tribe had the external appearance of being friendly towards the
+whites, although there were existing good reasons for doubting their
+sincerity. Col. Cook, fearing that such treatment might offer the
+Utahs a plausible excuse for openly declaring war, determined to clear
+himself of censure by making such reparation as was in his power.
+Accordingly, he dispatched Kit Carson to the head-quarters of his
+Agency, in order to settle matters. On reaching Taos, Kit Carson sent
+an expressman to the Utah village with the request that their chiefs
+would come and have a talk with him. They obeyed his summons, and when
+they were seated in Council with their "Father Kit," he explained to
+them how that the soldiers had taken prisoner their _brave_ through
+mistake and ignorance. He informed them, that his countrymen did not
+wish to do their tribe any injury, and he trusted that they would
+overlook the affair; advising them that the best way to show to the
+white men that their intentions were honest would be by not rendering
+aid to the Apaches. He said that he had not sent for them through
+fear, as their warriors were but a handful when compared to the
+soldiers of their "Great Father;" but the main object, always to be
+held in view in their deliberations, was to cultivate friendship, as
+the country was large enough for both parties to live in. The Indians
+replied that they were satisfied with the explanation made to them,
+and declared that their hearts were not in the least inimical towards
+the whites. On hearing this, Kit Carson restored to them the captured
+property, and also made to the chiefs themselves a few useful
+presents.
+
+Col. Cook, after granting a sufficient rest to his men, and after
+obtaining supplies at Abiquiu, started out again to hunt the
+Jiccarillas. He was so fortunate soon after as to find a fresh trail,
+and in hot haste followed it for several days, when, unfortunately, he
+was caught in a furious snow-storm which obliterated the tracks of the
+Indians, besides otherwise greatly damaging his resources. The fair
+prospects of a successful termination to the expedition being so
+suddenly frustrated, the commander had no other alternative open to
+him but to return. This he did by going to the Rito Colorado, a small
+town that lay on his route. Here the command was joined by Major
+Brooks of the 3d Regiment of U.S. Infantry, who had marched to the
+relief of Col. Cook with reinforcements. As soon as the necessary
+preparations were gone through with, another scout was undertaken
+under charge of this last-named officer, while Col. Cook and his men
+retired from their active service.
+
+Major Brooks, without much difficulty, struck upon a recent path made
+by the enemy, and on it, gave them chase. The Indians were making
+their way to the Utah country, and on arriving there, the plans of
+the major were completely balked, owing to the great numbers of fresh
+trails that he discovered in those parts. They were so numerous that
+they crossed and recrossed one another at all points, and were so
+similar that his best guides could not distinguish the one made by the
+Apaches from those belonging to the Utahs. The result was that this
+command, after being in the field for fifteen days, was compelled to
+return without accomplishing anything.
+
+These two nations, the Utahs and Apaches, have been so long intimate,
+that many of their habits and customs are the same, and very often it
+requires them to speak their respective languages, before they can
+be recognized; but, usually, the Utahs are cleaner and better dressed
+than their faithful allies, the Apaches, whom they use, in time of
+peace and war, as tools.
+
+After allowing sufficient time for the Apaches to collect and
+reorganize so that they would be more accessible, a third expedition
+was made ready and placed under the command of Major Carlton of the
+First Regiment of United States dragoons. Major Carlton employed as
+his guide, Kit Carson.
+
+This command, at first, traveled to the north one hundred miles, until
+it reached Fort Massachusetts. Here it halted for one day until the
+final arrangement could be finished. Major Carlton then divided his
+party, sending one division, which consisted of his spy company, under
+Captain Quinn, to examine the country on the west side of the White
+Mountains, while he took it upon himself to inspect the territory on
+the east side of the same range.
+
+Captain Quinn followed up the valley of San Luis. When he reached the
+Mosco Pass, he turned off through it, in order to get into the Wet
+Mountain Valley, where it had been previously agreed upon that he
+should meet with and report progress to his commanding officer.
+
+The Mosco Pass is a narrow opening in the White Mountains, which
+latter is but another name for a branch of the Rocky Chain. This pass
+has been traversed by Col. St. Vrain, many years ago, with
+wagons; but, at the present time, such a feat would prove to be an
+impossibility, as the mountain streams have washed down large rocks
+and other obstacles, which now present difficulties which simply men
+and animals cannot overcome. The pass itself is but a few miles in
+length. It is but a deep cut through very lofty mountains. Its sides
+are rocky, craggy and very rough, defying, in many places, the most
+experienced climber to ascend them. It is a favorite route, which
+the Apaches delight to take when hotly pursued, as it offers them the
+saving of many miles of difficult and circuitous traveling, when they
+wish to reach the open prairies.
+
+On reaching the place of rendezvous, Carlton, while in the Sangre de
+Christo Pass, by the aid of his guide Kit Carson, discovered a trail
+made by three of the enemy, and on following it up, it was found to
+join the main path on the Huerfano Creek. On the arrival of Quinn, who
+had discovered signs which indicated the direction the Indians were
+taking, a conference was called, when all the old guides and spies of
+the party agreed in believing they were on the right scent. The skill
+shown by men accustomed to the business of tracking Indians, either
+for friendly or warlike purposes, is oftentimes truly wonderful, and
+especially is it so to a person brought up in a civilized community,
+only familiar with the reports of such things. The age of the trail,
+the haunts the red men are bound to, their object in going there, the
+numbers on the trail, and the tribe, or tribes to which they belong,
+can, in the majority of cases, be told with the greatest accuracy. It
+is by philosophizing on minute things, which in ordinary life would be
+considered mere trifles, and hardly worth a consideration, that this
+knowledge is arrived at. Thus, it takes but a minimum amount of
+wisdom to realize that a spear of grass, when trodden upon, is usually
+crushed to the earth; but, few reflect that the attempt is made by
+nature to restore the blade to its naturally upright position, and in
+doing so, requires a certain period of time to accomplish the task.
+This process, to the trailer, is an index by which he judges the age
+of the visit made by the Indians, to that section of country. The
+shape of the sole of the moccasin, or the carvings on arrows when they
+are found, which not unfrequently happens, and many other like things,
+are sure signs in guiding the experienced trailer to the particular
+party he is seeking.
+
+Carleton and his men became flushed with the prospects of success on
+finding the main trail, and they lost no time in following it up. For
+six days they made rapid progress, and at the end of that time espied
+the Indians encamped on "Fisher's Peak" in the Raton Mountains.
+Although the mountain was none the easiest to climb, yet the soldiers
+went at its performance with a determination that brought them upon
+the Indians before they could collect their animals and be off, and
+the consequence was, that many a brave warrior then and there drew
+his last breath. However, the most of the Indians ran away, but were
+pursued and a few were overtaken and shot.
+
+The mountain on which the Apaches were concealed, as described in
+this adventure with them, is devoid of trees, and hence, is what, in
+western language is known as a "bald mountain." Its summit contained
+a dry basin; which, besides the open lookout that the eminence
+commanded, formed another inducement to these Indians in selecting it
+for a hiding-place. The route from New Mexico to the United States,
+which we have before spoken of as the Bent's Fort road, runs through,
+or rather, close to, the Raton Mountains. On account of its being well
+timbered, and offering somewhat of a protection, this route is often
+chosen late in the autumn and early in the spring, as the safest for
+caravans to travel. As a hunting district it cannot be surpassed,
+especially in the seasons of the year above mentioned, as the game
+collects there for shelter from cold and storms.
+
+At night, a squad of men under command of Lieutenant R. Johnston, of
+the First Regiment of United States Dragoons, secreted themselves in
+the camp lately occupied by the Indians, in the expectancy that some
+of them would return to reconnoitre and see what had been done there.
+Along with this detachment, there was a man belonging to the spy
+company who could counterfeit the call used by these Indians when they
+wish to find each other and collect their forces. At about midnight,
+when all was still, this peculiar-toned whistle was sounded, when
+lo and behold! two warriors and two squaws came forth and commenced
+groping about in the darkness. They were fired upon, but as no
+accurate aim could be taken, only one of the men was mortally wounded.
+There is no reason to doubt that there were more of these Indians
+concealed in the neighborhood, but the report of the rifles and
+the yells of their exposed brothers, caused them to cling to their
+hiding-places; and, as the shades of night advanced, they thought it
+was best to be on the move to distant parts. Hence, they escaped. The
+Apaches, in this affray, parted with forty head of horses and also
+their scanty allowance of camp equipage; for, by prosecuting the war,
+they were fast becoming poverty stricken; but, to do them as much harm
+as possible, all the articles that could be of any service to them
+were collected and destroyed.
+
+A spectator, not used to seeing Indians in all phases, on beholding
+these Apaches in their most nourishing condition, would at once decide
+they had but little else to lose than their bodies, for they usually
+have but a small quantity of clothing on them; but this is but an
+instance where human eyes can be easily deluded. As long as he has his
+rifle with plenty of ammunition, or even when he is reduced to his bow
+and arrows, the Apache still considers that he is amply provided to
+carry on war. Least of all the Indians in the far West does this race
+prepare for the future. When deprived of his horse, which he is ready,
+at a moment's warning, to convert into food by killing, his spirits
+are as buoyant as if he was mounted on the fleetest charger. He is
+equally careless about partaking of his last morsel of nourishment,
+although his rashness may drive him, and often does, to the
+alternative of subsisting on roots and bark, or such other articles as
+may fall in his way.
+
+On the morning of the day that the Apache village was discovered and
+captured, Kit Carson rode up to his superior officer and said, "Major,
+if no accident shall happen to prevent us, we are certain to overtake
+the Indians by two o'clock this afternoon. The signs are becoming so
+fresh that I feel confident that I will not be mistaken." Carleton
+replied that if his words came true, he would present him with the
+finest hat that could be purchased in the United States. Strange as
+it may appear, the Indians were found at the hour which the guide had
+predicted. Sometime afterward, as it required quite a length of time
+to write and have the commission executed, Kit Carson was
+presented with a superb hat, in which there was a very appropriate
+inscription--viz.
+
+    +----------------+
+    |  AT 2 O'CLOCK. |
+    |                |
+    |   KIT CARSON,  |
+    |                |
+    |      FROM      |
+    |                |
+    | MAJOR CARLETON.|
+    +----------------+
+
+This prophecy was not guesswork. On the contrary, it was a matter of
+calculation, made on the same principle which any experienced workman
+would adopt, in reference to some undertaking that was within the
+range of his calling. A few years later, an officer, who had been an
+eye-witness of this incident, had the opportunity of trying Kit Carson
+a second time on the same business, but Kit was not mistaken. The
+Indians were overtaken within five minutes from the time he had
+foretold they would be.
+
+Major Carleton, having performed all that lay in his power, commenced
+his homeward-bound march. While _en route_ he traveled by the head
+waters of the Canadian River and its tributaries, and passed over bold
+and lofty mountains, and through a picturesque country. Finally he
+reached Taos. His command was in a very good condition, considering
+the hardships to which it had been exposed.
+
+Although we say, in common parlance, that this command returned in
+good condition, yet it must not be presumed by this assertion that
+they came back making a fine appearance, like that presented by
+soldiers on a parade. When out on these campaigns, the comfort of the
+men is considered to be of more importance than either pomp or show;
+hence, those military trappings which are not particularly essential,
+are left behind, while there is just enough uniformity of dress
+remaining, to make them recognizable as soldiers. But little luggage
+can be transported on these trips, hence, the soldiers are obliged to
+limit their wants to actual necessity, which seldom amounts to more
+than the clothes they have on. When about starting out, the soldiers
+bear the appearance of being ready for hard work; which, after
+finishing, they are glad to return, even if they present themselves
+at their quarters in rags. It is wonderful what a change in personal
+appearance a few weeks can make by traveling in the mountains. The
+person thus exposed partially conforms to the habits of the wild
+Indians, both in appearance and mode of life. Such toilet articles
+as mirrors and razors, with their paraphernalia, are dispensed
+with, personal beauty being a thing the most to be despised. In lieu
+thereof, robust health shows itself in the cheek, the eye, and the
+whole economy of the man. The blood courses through his veins as pure
+as the water in the mountain streams about him. By this training, the
+mind becomes clear and well balanced, and the whole system reaches a
+condition which far surpasses the finest constructed machinery. This
+happy state of the body does not, however, communicate itself to the
+fantastical appearance of the soldiers as they come marching along.
+Were they to enter a town belonging to a civilized community, when
+arrayed in this mountain costume, they would be at once judged as a
+band of desperadoes.
+
+On arriving at his home, Kit Carson resumed the duties of his office
+as Indian Agent, which occupied his time during the remainder of
+the year. Soon after, another expedition was organized and sent out
+against the Apaches, but it returned unsuccessful.
+
+We have used this word "organizing," when speaking of the fitting out
+of various expeditions against the Indians, and it seems proper that
+here we should give the reader an idea of what kind of preparation is
+necessary to put one of these commands in proper trim. The company, or
+companies, of soldiers will be first detailed for the arduous
+duties of the field to castigate the Indians. This matter is easy to
+accomplish; but the next thing to be thought of is to take care of
+these troops, which is not quite so puerile a task. The quartermaster
+estimates from the number of the soldiers how many mules will be
+required to transport their luggage, equipments and provisions. This
+having been determined upon, he collects the animals and has them
+provided with pack-saddles. The task of shoeing the horses and mules
+is also no easy matter, for they cannot go until after they have been
+properly shod. A certain weight of freight is assigned to each pack
+mule, and a suitable number of men are employed to take care of, load
+and unload these animals when in camp. When on the march, these
+men perform duty as drivers, and otherwise look after their charge.
+Notwithstanding their proverbial obstinacy, these pack mules quickly
+learn the labor which they have to perform. After finishing their
+usual day's work, they often exhibit impatience to be relieved of
+their burdens. In the morning they are correspondingly reluctant about
+being loaded, and by their hostile demonstrations, they plainly show
+their unwillingness to engage in further labor. Especially is this
+true, when, by careless management, their backs have become injured;
+or when, from the steadiness of pressure from the "_dead_ weight" of
+their cargoes, the same result has been brought about. The Mexicans
+understand the art of packing animals to perfection, hence they are
+preferred before other men to serve in this capacity. It is often a
+laughable scene to witness a mule who is used to the business, having
+his load strapped on and otherwise arranged in proper place. The
+packer, with the lashing rope in hand, and with his foot braced
+against the side of the animal, by the assistance of a kind of pulley
+arrangement in the saddle gearing, uses his utmost endeavors to make
+things as firm as possible. Every effort which he thus put forth, is
+strenuously and obstinately resisted by a trick which we will call a
+straining process that is resorted to by the mule. The animal seems
+to know when his pack is securely and properly adjusted; for, if it is
+not, he is ready to dump it on the first opportunity occurring. When
+the mules are loaded, they start out in a drove, but are allowed to
+select their own path, provided they follow on after the command.
+It generally happens that one of them is more ambitious than his
+companions. This one taking the lead, the others resign to him
+their right to the place, and are content to keep his company at a
+respectful distance in the rear. One of the duties of the Commissary
+Department in fitting out such expeditions is, to provide a sufficient
+quantity of rations for the men, such as beef, bacon, beans, sugar
+and coffee. These form the reliable subsistence of the soldiers while
+absent from their posts or the settlements. The estimate is judged of
+by the number of days which the expedition will require to be absent,
+in order to perform a certain amount of work. From this result is
+calculated the weight and number of the rations required, always,
+when practicable, allowing a small surplus. In this respect old and
+experienced soldiers are far superior to volunteers. The former will
+allow of no waste. They are accustomed to be methodic in their modes
+of life, while the volunteer is usually ignorant of such teaching;
+hence, he is wanting in making little things go a great way. While
+out on one of these campaigns, it is often practicable to a certain
+extent, provided the undertaking is not a hotly contested chase, to
+drive along beef cattle, which can be killed and used at discretion.
+Bacon, however, is the soldier's sheet anchor; and, the variety of
+forms in which he can cook and prepare for eating this article, while
+in the field, would astonish even a French _chef de cuisine_. It very
+frequently happens, however, that in an Indian country, he is not
+allowed to exercise his talent, for, making large fires might have the
+effect of apprising the enemy of the near approach of danger. In such
+a case he is obliged to make his coffee in a tin cup, over a very
+small fire, the fuel of which consists of a handful of dry twigs,
+which are carefully and cautiously replenished as the first supply is
+consumed. This coffee, together with the remains of his last frugal
+meal, serves to stay his appetite for the time being, _nolens volens_.
+The organization is said to be complete and fit for service when the
+soldiers are judiciously provided with arms, ammunition, and riding
+horses. When the party consists of mounted men, they also are provided
+with such other articles as are deemed necessary, which are included,
+usually, under the heading of an outfit for the especial business in
+which the soldier is to engage.
+
+In the latter part of the summer, Kit Carson departed from the agency,
+on a visit to the band of Utahs, one of the tribes who were placed
+under his special charge. Although, usually, he went to their country
+several times in a year, yet, more frequently, these Indians came to
+him in order that they might enjoy the hospitality of his house, and
+receive from him presents of tobacco and other little commodities
+which he was always sure to give them--articles which he generally had
+to pay for himself. In visiting them at their home on this particular
+occasion, Kit Carson had the double object in view of notifying them
+of the _moon_ when they must meet the superintendent of the Indian
+affairs of the territory at Abiquiu, a town adjacent to their
+hunting-grounds, and one which they often frequented, and also, to
+inform himself of the schemes which they had on foot and their actual
+wants, so that he could report to the proper authorities the necessary
+articles of which they stood most in need. To define the actual wants
+and requirements of Indians, is a subject which has puzzled many a
+person who has endeavored thoroughly to investigate their character,
+and who has understood their mode of life. If the question was left to
+themselves, it would be readily settled; for, they desire to possess
+everything which in the least pleases their active fancy; and, so
+extensive are their demands in this respect, that they know no limit,
+provided their own inclinations are consulted. By some, it is supposed
+that the presents of blankets and trinkets which they annually receive
+from government, are more than sufficient rewards for depriving them
+of parts of their country. Others there are who charitably add to
+these things, presents of weapons and ammunition, arguing that thus
+they can kill their game, and gain their own subsistence without
+resorting to plunder; but alas! this latter argument is not found,
+in the majority of instances, to be the peaceful manner in which
+they employ these gifts. Very often the weapons which they have
+but recently received, are turned upon their donors with a view
+of destroying them. The reasoning of the Indian in regard to these
+presents is perhaps right and just, yet it is by no means pleasing to
+the exposed frontiersman. The Indian argues that these gifts are but
+rights which he is forced to receive in lieu of his hunting grounds,
+with which he is very loath to part, no matter what be the terms or
+consideration offered. The inference which he draws is, that he can
+use these presents as he pleases. Money, in the hands of wild Indians,
+is almost worthless to them, and paying it for their lands by way of
+annuity, is extreme folly. Some of them in time, as they have become
+half civilized, begin to appreciate the value of money. Such only,
+should be allowed to receive or accept it. They sometimes desire it by
+way of ornament. Then by the usual means of exchanging property, they
+know how, easily, to obtain it. Every tribe has its own peculiarities
+in respect to its wants, and the best judge of these is the agent, who
+should be first chosen for his honor, integrity and skill, and then
+allowed a large discretion in his decisions.
+
+The distance to be traveled over while on this duty was in the
+vicinity of two hundred and fifty miles, and was performed, like all
+of Kit's previous journeys, on horseback. Indeed, there are but
+few men living or dead, who have ridden in the saddle over as much
+territory as the man we write of. On his way to the Utah village, Kit
+accidentally fell in with the Apaches; but as he was constantly on the
+look out, and therefore first in making the discovery, he lost no time
+in effecting his escape from them, by changing his course. He thus
+was able to pass around them in perfect safety. Kit Carson met with
+no difficulty in finding the Utahs, among whom he spent two days
+investigating their affairs. Just before parting with them, he left
+directions for them to be at the council at the time appointed, which
+was in the _new moon_ of October. Notwithstanding his path was beset
+with the same perils that existed on his outward journey, yet by
+careful traveling he surmounted them all, and arrived at his home safe
+and sound. Little or nothing worth noting transpired until the
+time arrived for him to set out for Abiquiu, where all parties soon
+assembled in grand council and proceeded to business. Speeches were
+made by the superintendent, by Kit Carson, and also by the head
+chiefs. After these interesting proceedings were gone through with,
+the annuities, to which the band were entitled according to their
+treaty, were presented to them, which they received with outward signs
+of friendship, though the knowing ones who were on the ground could
+see, lurking beneath that stoic appearance which a savage usually
+assumes when facing his white brother, that the red men were not
+entirely satisfied with past events. However, every means had been
+employed to pacify the band, who, on first coming into the council,
+had succeeded in showing that they had been greatly outraged and
+injured, and that they had sufficient cause for resentment. The
+following circumstances will show the truth of this.
+
+Just previous to the holding of this council, one of the warriors who
+was much esteemed by his tribe, had been waylaid and murdered by a
+small party of Mexicans. The only excuse offered by the latter for
+committing this bloody deed was, that they wished to deprive the
+warrior of an old coat, which, by some means, had come into his
+possession.
+
+The killing of a human being to deprive him of a garment which
+was almost worthless, is perfectly characteristic of the depravity
+exhibited by the lower classes of Mexicans. It is a singular fact that
+these people love to steal trifling articles, or, sums of money. We
+remember two instances where this trait is singularly illustrated. An
+American, on one occasion, left on a table, in his log house, a large
+sum of money in gold. He sent a Mexican into this room to bring him
+something which he wanted, but the man returned saying he could not
+find it. The American now went himself to look for the article, and,
+while in the house, recounted his money and found one of the smallest
+coins missing. He at once called the thief and charged him with the
+crime. The Mexican knew this American to be very resolute; when,
+therefore, he heard him threaten him with severe and summary
+punishment if he did not, at once, produce the money, he knew there
+was no escape, and accordingly drew from its hiding-place, on his
+person, the missing coin and restored it to its owner. The American,
+being used to such every-day occurrences, passed by the affair without
+further notice. In the other instance an American was traveling and
+had occasion to stop at a Mexican's house during the night. On going
+to pay his bill for his lodging in the morning, he noticed that two
+pieces of his money had been abstracted while he was sleeping. These
+coins had been taken one from either end of his purse. This was what
+drew his attention to the fact of his having been robbed. The host
+was informed of what had happened and at once proceeded to restore the
+missing money. He called his son to him, a boy twenty years of age,
+and after threatening a good deal, he made the lad take his choice
+between owning the theft or submitting to the risk of being discovered
+by a search of his person for the missing coins. This had the desired
+effect, and at once the stolen property was returned to its rightful
+owner.
+
+Both of these facts are simple, and perhaps, uninteresting; but they
+serve to exhibit a characteristic of the lower classes of Mexicans.
+Doubtless, such paltry thieving is the result of a want of animal
+courage, easily discernible by the close observer of the Mexican race.
+Of course there are many exceptions to this statement.
+
+The white men interested in the council had their hands full in
+their endeavors to smooth over this affair, for the Indians were
+much dissatisfied with such treatment. At first they demanded that
+reparation should be made them by their agents giving them a certain
+number of horses. The Superintendent explained to them that he had not
+the power to do this, but he assured them that the murderers should
+be arrested and dealt with according to law. The Indians willingly
+received this promise, but seemed to feel, as finally was the fact,
+that they were doomed to be disappointed as far as the punishment was
+concerned. It afterwards happened that only one of the murderers was
+apprehended, and in a very short time after he was locked up as a
+prisoner, he succeeded in making his escape and was never retaken.
+This was all that was ever done by those in authority to render the
+justice that had been agreed upon and which was richly due to the
+Indians. After quitting the council, and while on their way back to
+their hunting-ground, the small pox broke out among the red men, and
+carried off, in its ravages, the leading men of this band of Muache
+Utahs. On the first appearance of this trouble, the Indians held a
+council among themselves, and decided that the Superintendent was the
+cause of the pestilence that had visited them. They, also, decided
+that he had collected them together in order thus to injure them,
+and to further his designs he had presented, to each of their
+distinguished warriors, a blanket-coat. They found that nearly every
+Indian who had accepted and worn this article, had died.
+
+It so happened that the writer, several years after these events
+occurred, visited the camp where this pestilence reigned in its full
+vigor. The site of this camp was very beautiful. Perhaps it was this,
+aided by other circumstances, which caused the red men to select it as
+a refuge for their sick. The place is located on the west side of the
+Valley of San Luis, and is about midway between its upper and lower
+extremes. Two mountain streams have so joined as to form a peninsula
+of tableland which is well shaded by cotton-wood trees. This ground,
+when the writer saw it, was literally strewn with the bleached bones
+of the Indian victims who had died from the scourge. As we lifted up
+one skull and another, the thought struck us that, perhaps, we might
+have touched the bones which once belonged to the famous chief, Chico
+Velasques, of whom we have before spoken, as it was here that he died.
+Had we done so knowingly, on account of that man's many cruel deeds, a
+thrill of horror must have run through our veins. The funeral rites of
+the dead among the Indians were clearly exemplified here.
+
+Whatever may be these rites observed among the Indians on the west
+side of the Rocky Mountains, I am satisfied that most of the tribes
+of Indians on the east side of this same range, use but few, if any,
+imposing ceremonies in committing the body to the dust. It is very
+difficult to find the bones of an Indian on the plains, and therefore
+I believe, and herein I am assisted by the observations of experienced
+men, that these Indians burn their dead bodies when they can do so, or
+completely hide them in the mountains by covering them with rocks, so
+that it is impossible to find them. Such a course would also serve
+the purpose of preventing the wolves from digging them up. The
+high-colored novels, referred to heretofore, which have, during the
+past few years, had for their theme the Indian race, love to dwell
+on the imposing and affecting spectacle of an Indian burial. When
+stripped of fancy, the truth is, that beyond the lamenting of a few
+hysterical squaws and the crackling of the flames of the funeral pile,
+there is little else done that is noticeable.
+
+But to return to results of the council. The Indians naturally enough,
+argued and persuaded themselves that these presents were intended as
+poisonous destroyers, and that they had been steeped in contagion for
+that end. It wanted but the happening of this affair, or a
+similar one, to destroy the small amount of confidence which the
+superintendent had hitherto enjoyed with these savages. While they
+were secretly preparing for war, they anxiously inquired of the
+traders who came among them, what was transpiring in regard to the
+Mexican prisoners who had wantonly murdered their brave. On each
+separate occasion they were answered with intelligence that did not
+in the least satisfy them. They, therefore, renewed their energies
+in order soon to be ready to take the redress in their own hands.
+Kit Carson apprehended difficulty, even at the council; but, after it
+broke up, he was early apprised of the trouble which was brewing; and,
+to prevent any outbreak, he brought all his Indian experience to bear
+upon the task. In him they said that they knew they had a true friend;
+but, their nation had received too many wrongs to allow any more to be
+thrust upon them without showing to the world that they were worthy of
+the names which their fathers had given to them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+    The Commencement of a formidable Indian War--High-handed
+    Measures on the Part of the Indians--The Governor of New
+    Mexico raises five hundred Mexican Volunteers and places them
+    under the Command of Colonel St. Vrain--Colonel Fauntleroy
+    placed in Command of all the Forces--Kit Carson is chosen
+    as Chief Guide--The Campaign commenced--The Trail found--The
+    Indians are met and the first Fight and its Consequences--An
+    Excitement in Camp--The Indians again overtaken--The return
+    to Fort Massachusetts--Intense Cold Weather experienced--The
+    Second Campaign--Colonel Fauntleroy surprises the Main Camp
+    of the Enemy--The War and Scalp Dance broken up--Terrible
+    Slaughter of the Indians--The Great Amount of Plunder taken
+    and destroyed--Another small Party of Indians surprised and
+    routed--St. Vrain equally fortunate in his Campaign--The
+    Indians sue for Peace--The Council held and Treaties
+    signed--Kit Carson opposes the making of them--The poor
+    Protection Indian Treaties usually afford to Settlers--Kit
+    Carson's House at Taos and his Indian Friends--His Attachment
+    for his Family put to the test--Cowardice of a Mexican--Kit
+    Carson's Friends as they look upon him--His influence over
+    Indians--General remarks--Conclusion.
+
+
+The Muache band of Utahs, under their renowned Chief Blanco, after
+trading for all the powder and lead which they required, joined the
+Apaches and commenced the war in earnest. They waylaid and murdered
+travelers on the roads, attacked towns, killed and made prisoners the
+people who inhabited them, and became so formidable that for a length
+of time everything was at their mercy. They lost no opportunity in
+showing their power and in possessing themselves of the finest herds
+of horses, mules, cattle and sheep within their reach.
+
+This Chief Blanco is a man who stands in his moccasins about five feet
+nine inches. He is rather thickset but, to use an Indian phrase, he
+is straight as an arrow. The chief attraction about this Indian is his
+head, which is finely developed. His lustrous black eye is filled with
+animation and shows an active brain, which, unfortunately, is turned
+to bad account. His forehead is lofty, yet it is symmetrically
+chiselled, and every feature about his face is as regular as if it
+had been carved for sculptured perfection. Blanco is a man who, in any
+sphere of life, would have become most certainly distinguished;
+and, under the influence of education, he might have risen even
+to greatness. In his present unreclaimed state, he shows to a
+disadvantage.
+
+It is within my province fully to attest to the earnestness, the
+savageness and the brutality with which these Indians commenced this
+contest. I was then stationed in their country and came very near
+being one of their first victims. The circumstances of this narrow
+escape happened as follows. For a considerable length of time the
+post to which I was then attached, was kept in a constant state of
+excitement by receiving authentic accounts, daily, of murders
+and robberies committed by the Indians. While these events were
+transpiring, the officers and soldiers were anxious to take the field
+in order that they might punish the perpetrators of the crimes; but,
+as the force of the Indians was, numerically speaking, very strong,
+therefore it required, in order to insure success, a well organized
+command to match them and checkmate their plans at once. It required
+time and much labor for the officers in charge of the military
+district to arrange and complete their plans. Every man who left our
+post ran the risk of losing his life; for, the enemy kept an eye on
+the road which led away from it to the principal towns of New Mexico,
+as often there was rich booty, for them to obtain, passing over it.
+Notwithstanding this critical state of affairs, express duty had to be
+performed, and it required brave men for the task. There were present,
+however, those who stood ready to volunteer to execute all express
+orders. Before proceeding with our own case, we will illustrate these
+critical times. It was necessary to dispatch an expressman to Fort
+Union. This post, from Fort Massachusetts, was one hundred and fifty
+miles distant. The ever faithful Mexican, Armador Sanchez, was then
+attached to Fort Massachusetts as a hunter and interpreter. On account
+of extensive experience with the habits and customs of the hostile
+Indians, Armador was selected to perform this dangerous mission. In
+his usually quiet manner, this noble hunter soon prepared himself for
+the undertaking. By using every precaution, he reached his point of
+destination in safety. Having finished up his business, he instantly
+began his homeward-bound journey. While on the rough trail which leads
+from Fort Union to Taos, he came near being surprised and captured by
+the enemy, under the following circumstances. Armador had selected
+the night as the safest time to travel; and, as it was quite dark, in
+order to pick out his way and prevent his growing sleepy by riding, he
+traveled on foot and led his animal. He had made good progress on his
+journey when suddenly his hunter-trained ear detected a noise on ahead
+of him which sounded like the rolling of stones down the side of
+the hills, over which the trail ran. He stopped and listened more
+attentively. This time he was certain that he was not deceived, and
+thought that he could hear voices singing Indian war songs. This was
+convincing proof to him that danger was near at hand; therefore he
+turned off from the trail and led his animal as high up the steep
+hill as he could, where, fortunately, he found sufficient under-brush,
+aided by the darkness of the night, to conceal himself from view.
+Hardly had he taken up this position when the noises suddenly became
+very distinct. The Indians, while following the trail, had made a turn
+round a bluff and were almost beneath him. Now the hunter felt his
+situation to be most precarious, for, should his mule bray, as these
+animals are apt to do when others are approaching, his own life would
+have to pay the forfeit; but, to prevent this, Armador held the mule's
+nostrils firmly with his hands and otherwise drew off the animal's
+attention by various gentle manipulations bestowed upon him. He
+saw the outlines of the Indians as they passed along in single file
+beneath him and estimated them to be at least twenty strong. Had these
+savages known that a victim was so close by, they would have made
+short work of him; but, before they could have killed him, it is safe
+to affirm that Armador Sanchez would have had a companion with whom
+to draw in his last breath. Fortunately affairs took a better turn and
+the expressman finished his journey without further trouble.
+
+To return to my own case--I was obliged to visit Taos. As an escort, I
+was allowed one faithful and brave soldier. We traveled together over
+the first half of our journey, and as we had considered, far the most
+dangerous part, in perfect safety. At the Mexican town of Costillo,
+after our day's ride, we rested for the night. Our fears of meeting
+Indians were now almost dispelled; but still, we took the precaution
+to question the Mexicans of the town in regard to their knowledge of
+their whereabouts. In reply we were invariably answered that no fresh
+signs had been discovered and that intercourse was both safe and free
+for the remainder of our route. By the first appearance of daylight
+on the following morning we were up and preparing for our journey, and
+but a little time elapsed before we were leisurely traveling along on
+the main road. We had left the town but a few miles behind us when
+the morning sun began to make its appearance in all his splendor. The
+country through which we were journeying was prairie land, and was
+bounded on either side by lofty and picturesque mountains, and the
+distance of the one range from the other was considerable, but yet
+could fully be taken in by the eye almost at a single view. As we rode
+along, we were amusing ourselves admiring the beauty of the morning,
+and especially directed our attention to the rising of the sun. All at
+once, just as we had reached a high plateau of land, the soldier
+made the discovery of a flock of sheep at a great distance off on
+the prairie. They appeared to be moving under rather suspicious
+circumstances. We reined up our horses, for the purpose of obtaining
+a better observation. What puzzled us, was the dim figures of,
+apparently, mounted men, who were moving at great speed from one point
+of the band of sheep to another, as if hurrying them along. After
+taking a searching look, we came to the conclusion that the horsemen
+which we saw were hostile Indians, as we had not been accustomed to
+see Mexican herders mounted and acting so strangely.
+
+The herders, near the towns in New Mexico, are usually small boys, who
+are under the surveillance of one or two men stationed near by. When
+the Apaches and Utahs steal these herds they always take the young
+herders along in order to look after the property in their mountain
+retreats. They rarely mortally injure these boys, for they say that
+it is against their own interest to do so; but instead, they prefer to
+save their lives, so that they may be useful in guarding other flocks
+which, perchance, may fall into their hands. Most of these youthful
+prisoners in time make their escape; and, after a series of hardships,
+return safe to their homes. Many Mexicans can give such adventures of
+their early experience, but scarcely one of them can recall a single
+kind act shown them by their captors save the mere sparing of their
+lives.
+
+As we were viewing the herd, we thought that we noticed the figures of
+the horsemen throwing themselves from one side to the other of their
+horses, as if very busily employed in frightening the sheep. We now
+held a council, and decided that our best policy was to quit the main
+road, as it was crooked, and make a straight march across the prairies
+for the town of Red River, which was located about twenty miles in our
+advance. It was our opinion, which afterwards proved to be correct,
+that, if the Indians were stealing the stock belonging to the town of
+Costillo, they were also engaged in attacking the place itself. For,
+while a strong party were engaged in drawing off the attention of
+the people, another would be driving off the cattle, sheep, etc. To
+return, therefore, would be almost certain death; so, at a full gallop
+we commenced our direct course. As the sage bushes were thick and high
+and the ground much broken by various kind of holes, we soon found
+that we had our hands full in managing our horses. We had hardly
+started afresh before our eyes were attracted to one side of us; and
+in the direction of the Rio del Norte, which runs through the
+valley, saw, what we at first considered to be, antelope; but which,
+afterwards, proved to be Indians in pursuit of us. As we watched
+closely these supposed antelope; we remarked that they kept in Indian
+file, and that the course they were on would diagonally intercept
+our own point of the compass. We began now to suspect that the white
+appearance assumed by these objects was owing to the strong sunlight
+which dazzled our eyesight, and struck on the dressed side of buffalo
+robes, and that in these robes were concealed human beings who had
+formed the determination to have our scalps.
+
+During the cold weather, most of the Indians who dwell in the country
+adjacent to the Rocky Mountains, and especially those living on the
+eastern side of them, wear buffalo robes with the fur next to their
+bodies. These robes serve the double purpose of shirts or coats, and
+a covering by night. The wearers make them fast around the waist, and,
+in the heat of the day, they are allowed to fold over and hang down;
+but, as the cool air of the evening comes on, they are wrapped around
+the head and body, something after the Spanish fashion of wearing
+a cloak. The Indians, frequently, for the purpose of decoying their
+enemies into battle, go out on the prairies, and by turning the fur
+side of these robes out, and covering their persons, having previously
+assumed a half bent position, imitate the Simon Pure buffalo while in
+the act of grazing. In order to keep up the ruse, they move about
+with a rocking motion. When taken for the buffalo, which frequently
+happens, they are enabled to gain an advantage in approaching a party
+or village which they wish to attack. The Cheyenne Indians are very
+partial to loose sack-coats which are made out of white blankets. To
+these coats a hood is attached, which is thrown over the head at the
+wearer's pleasure. In addition to this, during the winter season, they
+also resort to the buffalo robe. The squaws of the various tribes
+of Indians on the plains are well versed in the art of tanning and
+dressing buffalo hides. They frequently ornament them with beads,
+porcupine quills and rude paintings. In times long since gone
+by, these robes could be purchased, or rather traded for, at good
+bargains; but, the unlimited and increasing demand for them has
+greatly enhanced their value. Now days they bring standard prices.
+
+Being satisfied that the Indians were in pursuit of us, we carefully
+guided our horses, at the same time using our spurs freely and keeping
+them at their maximum speed. As the Indians drew nearer, we could
+see distinctly that they were urging on their animals. Our safety,
+therefore, depended entirely on outriding them. The race became most
+exciting, and demanded the greatest caution, for we well knew, that
+one misstep made by either of our horses, would prove fatal to the
+rider. We had decided, on commencing the race, that neither of us
+should fire a shot except as a last resort, and that we should do
+it only on the principle of man for man. While putting our horses to
+their speed, our weapons were held in our hands and kept ready for
+instant service. The most dangerous point was that at which the two
+trails would inevitably intersect. To gain this place in advance of
+our savage enemies, all our hopes now centered. For twelve miles we
+dashed along, laboring under a state of suspense not to be easily
+forgotten. When, at last, we arrived at the desired point, we were
+only about two hundred yards in the advance of our savage pursuers;
+still, we felt that our lives, for the time being, were saved, and
+accordingly breathed a prayer to the Almighty in thanks for our
+deliverance thus far. The pace now became tremendous; and here our
+grain-fed horses proved to be too much (and their powers of endurance
+were fully put to the test), for the grass-fed ponies of the Indians.
+After a short run, the savages saw that the advantage belonged to us,
+consequently soon after they halted. We, however, kept steadily, but
+with slackened speed, on our course, fearing that some accident might
+change the happy turn of affairs in their favor. On finding themselves
+thwarted in their designs, the Indians fired two or three shots at us,
+but even these final compliments did not, to use nautical phraseology,
+make us "heave to." We reached the settlement of the Red River in good
+season, and concluded that we had traveled the distance in about as
+brief a space of time as it ever had been accomplished either before
+or since our adventure. Our horses were so used up by this race that
+we were obliged to exchange them for fresh ones, on which we finished
+our journey without further annoyance. The Indians, in this incursion
+stole five thousand sheep, besides other property from the Costillo,
+and killed two men who were traveling behind us and on the same
+road. When the bodies of these men were discovered, one of them had a
+mouthful of bullets, which he had evidently put there in order that he
+might drop them into his rifle as he should require them, and not be
+obliged to be delayed in taking them from his ammunition pouch; but,
+evidently, before he could have used more than one from this supply,
+he was shot dead.
+
+It cannot be denied but that this outbreak on the part of the Indians,
+and its subsequent outrages, was the result of mismanagement; and, it
+is but justice to the reputation of Kit Carson to assert, that it was
+no fault of his that affairs had terminated so disastrously. He had
+used every means which human skill could devise to allay the anger of
+the Indians. Had his superiors in power acted with the same discretion
+and judgment, in all probability the Utahs might have been kept at
+peace. It is wonderfully strange that our Government will persist
+in placing at the head of Indian affairs men who are not practically
+acquainted with Indian habits, which can only be learned by a long
+life passed upon the frontiers. If it was a matter where dollars and
+cents alone were to be estimated, it might be different; but where
+valuable lives are legitimately exposed, it seems to us morally wrong
+to give the control of tribes of wild men to politicians, who are
+liable to make all kinds of mistakes, and in whom the Indians will not
+repose the least confidence. It is because such appointments are
+made that, in a great measure, the troubles with these border Indians
+arise; and many is the section of country in western America, where
+apparently the reward for taking a white man's scalp is a blazing red
+or a sky blue blanket, which is paid under the plea of keeping the
+peace. This, too, when efficient means and decided measures are the
+only hopes of a lasting peace.
+
+[Illustration: FORT MASSACHUSETTS, NEW MEXICO, IN 1855.]
+
+While engaged in our travels through the far West, we remember to have
+met with an Indian agent who was, both in years and experience, but
+a mere boy. To him had been intrusted the affairs of a large tribe,
+notorious in the country where they reside, as being great thieves.
+These Indians had so little respect for their agent, that they would
+openly boast of the crimes which they had committed, in his very
+presence. Not only this, but, on horses stolen from the neighboring
+settlers, they would ride by him, thus defying his power. The
+settlers were loud in their complaints against the Government for thus
+neglecting to protect them, and sending them a block of wood for a
+king. The young man of whom we speak, bore an exemplary character,
+but it was plainly and painfully apparent, that he was, in no way
+whatever, fitted for the office he held, and which he had attained
+through the influence of powerful political friends. This is but
+a fair example by which many of the so-called Indian agents may be
+rated, who are the actual managers of Indian affairs on our frontiers.
+
+The Utahs and the Apaches, having now openly combined, met with such
+success in their endeavors to attack the whites, that, during the
+course of a few months, they overran almost the entire northern part
+of the territory of New Mexico. They utterly defied the power of the
+American Government; and, whenever the opportunity offered, boasted to
+the Mexicans "that they no longer stood in fear of the white man."
+The subsequent cruel and barbarous crimes of which they were guilty,
+clearly demonstrated that they had become greatly elated by their
+success. It soon became apparent that, unless checked, they would
+exterminate the population and burn or otherwise destroy their
+settlements.
+
+At this time, it was only by running great risk, that the whites could
+leave their towns and go to the neighboring mountains, for the purpose
+of obtaining even a little firewood. Working parties were daily
+surprised and murdered; women and children were carried into bondage,
+and reserved for a worse fate, and all kinds of business were
+receiving a check, which was becoming ruinous to the country. It was
+even greatly feared, that the boldness of the savages would carry them
+so far as to make them attack Fort Massachusetts. To give them a warm
+reception, should they dare undertake that enterprise, the post was
+strengthened, by cutting down and removing everything which might, in
+the least, tend to aid the Indians, and give them a cover which they
+so much like when fighting; all the trees and brush about the post
+were cut away. Breastworks were thrown up on the block-house attached
+to the fort, so that the soldiers could be well protected in case of
+emergency. In these, sentinels were posted, and the strength of the
+guard doubled and greater vigilance exacted. Haystacks were removed to
+a safe place, for fear they would be fired by the enemy. The sentinels
+were ordered to cry out every half hour of the night while on their
+posts, and no man was allowed to approach after the shades of night
+came on, without giving the countersign. It proved to be well that
+these precautions were taken; for, on the neighboring mountains,
+Indian watch-fires were seen nightly; and, on several mornings,
+Indian moccasin tracks were discovered in close proximity to the
+fort, showing thereby that the enemy was watching and waiting for a
+favorable opportunity to strike a sudden and overwhelming blow upon
+the garrison within. The savages, no doubt, were deterred from making
+a bold attack by the prompt precautionary measures which had been
+taken by the commander to anticipate their plans. The wagons belonging
+to the fort were sent out after wood under a strong escort, and the
+government herd of beef-cattle, horses and mules, were well protected
+by the soldiery. On one occasion, through a false alarm of Indians,
+the whole command of the post, which numbered less than one hundred
+men, was put in great and sudden commotion. The cause will appear in
+connection with the following circumstances. The party in charge of
+the herd had espied a large cavalcade of men and animals approaching
+them. At the long distance they were off, the strangers resembled
+Indians. The commander of the party, immediately sent an expressman to
+the fort to apprise its occupants of the fact. The drums immediately
+sounded the rally, which caused the men to rush for their arms. They
+quickly fell into their ranks, and the order was given to march.
+Headed by a gallant lieutenant, they dashed out of the fort on a fast
+run, in order to reach and save their property from being captured by
+the enemy. The soldiers were elated at the prospect of having a brush
+with the Indians, and, on an open plain, giving them battle, where,
+notwithstanding the great numbers which would certainly be arrayed
+against them, they felt that they could soundly chastise them. On
+reaching the herd, the soldiers scattered, and were soon prepared to
+commence the skirmish; but, lo! when the strangers drew near enough
+to be discernible, they were recognized as a large party of Mexicans,
+under the command of an American. These people had been absent several
+months on a trading voyage among the Cheyennes and Arrapahoes, and for
+the purpose of returning home in safety, they had formed themselves
+into one body. Their dress was similar to that of the Indians, and
+therefore at the great distance at which they were first discovered,
+it is not strange that such a mistake had been made, especially during
+these dangerous times. The reason of the sudden stationing of the
+soldiers about the herd, the traders easily surmised; hence, on
+drawing near, they began to cry out that they were friends. No set
+of men were ever more disappointed than were these soldiers at this
+unexpected termination of the affair.
+
+Matters eventually arrived at such a crisis that the Governor of the
+Territory, by and with the advice of the commanding general, felt
+obliged to issue a proclamation calling upon the people to volunteer
+for the purpose of defending their lives and property.
+
+The inhabitants of New Mexico promptly responded to this call, by
+flocking to the places designated for them to organize. Out of the
+great number who presented themselves and offered their services,
+there were selected men sufficient to fill six companies, each of
+which, when fully organized, contained eighty mounted men. They had
+the power of electing their own officers, by and with the advice and
+consent of the Governor. These volunteers furnished themselves with
+riding horses. The pay which they were to receive amounted to about
+thirty dollars per month, which was considered very liberal, inasmuch
+as they were provided, in most cases, with arms. Rations were issued
+out to them the same as to the regular army. The willingness which
+the Mexicans exhibited on this occasion to volunteer, does them great
+credit, and clearly proves the fact that they do not always lack in
+courage, but that they are prompt to defend their homes when properly
+disciplined and aided with the means necessary to do so.
+
+It is the opinion of many of the most prominent citizens of the
+Territory of New Mexico, that, if the chastisement of the Indians,
+when it was required, was left to the people themselves, the general
+government only supplying them with money and arms, that peace between
+the two parties would, in a short time, be firmly established on a
+sure and permanent footing.
+
+In giving currency to such opinions, we risk them, with the knowledge
+that the previous experiments made on this policy, which have proved
+unsuccessful in the various older territories belonging to the United
+States, will be brought to bear as potent arguments against such a
+course by a large and powerful opposition. But such facts of Indian
+history are exceptions. Indian history clearly demonstrates the
+proposition, that well-organized volunteers, under able leaders, have
+accomplished more in warfare against the savages than regular troops,
+taking into consideration that the same length of time, which each
+have been engaged in actual service, has given them equal experience.
+The cause of this is plain. These two distinct forces are composed,
+entirely, of different material. The one is made up of frontiersmen
+who thoroughly understand the effective use of the rifle, and a life
+in an Indian country, while the regular soldiers have been, for many
+years back, chiefly foreigners who, as has been heretofore stated,
+have to be taught these things; and, as it very often happens, they
+have never seen one of their enemy until sent out in quest of the
+savages.
+
+As matters usually stand, the Indians are almost the actual, although
+not the nominal, masters of the country. In short, they commit
+excesses whenever it suits them, paying no regard to treaties. This
+has been their habit from time immemorial, and it is found to be a
+difficult task to break them from it. Their minor crimes are allowed
+to accumulate, and when, at last, they are actuated by increasing
+success and consequent boldness, to commit some great and overt
+act, it is noticed and expeditions are sent out against them. These,
+usually, fail to punish the really guilty parties, but instead, they
+recover a small share of the property stolen, and with it the thirst
+for revenge must be satiated. The officers and soldiers do their
+utmost to accomplish something more, and readily meet hardships and
+privations in every shape in order to accomplish the desired end; but,
+their time is too limited rightly and efficiently to perform the
+work; for the campaign must be ended, when in reality it has but just
+commenced. The reason exists in the fact that, those high in authority
+are liable to be called to an account for spending a dollar too much
+in a good cause. Perhaps this state of affairs has been brought about
+by the immense expenses which have attended many of the Indian wars
+in which the United States government has been engaged, when
+mismanagement and paltry results have characterized the acts of
+whole campaigns. This charge cannot, however, reach to the military
+department in which New Mexico is included, for the leading officers
+who have, from time to time, been stationed there, have invariably
+exhibited an unusual amount of discretion and sound judgment, and have
+set examples of military science, promptitude and skill which it might
+be well for others to follow.
+
+Under the existing causes for difficulty and peculiarity of
+circumstances, it is sometimes hazardous to assume the responsibility
+of punishing the hostile Indians as they deserve.
+
+By punishing the Indians we do not wish to impress the reader with the
+idea that they must be collected and butchered, like animals, in order
+to bring them to terms. Milder means serve the same purpose; but, when
+they dig up the hatchet, battles must be fought in which they ought
+to be so closely driven as to cause them to see that it is perfect
+rashness to attack the whites. One victory gained by savages over
+white men so exhilarates their pride that they forget the past and
+believe themselves invincible. In these fights, valuable lives are
+sacrificed, but they are necessary sacrifices for the common good.
+When one tribe is severely chastised, the surrounding Indians hear
+of it, and, becoming alarmed, for a time they behave themselves with
+propriety. This happy state of things will continue until some
+weak move on the part of government officials counteracts this good
+influence, when, misconstruing kind acts for fear, the red men at
+once dig up the tomahawk and boldly march upon the war path, to spill
+innocent blood. Such results often follow when the power is taken from
+the experienced military commanders, and vested in the hands of (often
+the fact) inexperienced superintendents. These men pompously
+invite the Indians to grand councils, where unmeaning speeches are
+manufactured to suit the occasion. Usually when thus summoned, the
+wily savages are delighted to go into council, for, as a rejoinder to
+the many concessions which are easily obtained from them, and which
+they are always ready to make after assuming a little coquetry, they
+receive presents which the superintendent informs them are merely
+tokens of the high appreciation with which they are regarded by their
+Great Father at Washington.
+
+It is the opinion of Kit Carson "that the Territory of New Mexico will
+continue to remain in its present impoverished state during the time
+that the mountain Indians are allowed to run at large. The only true
+remedy" (he says) "for this great evil is to compel the savages to
+form settlements by themselves. Then and there assist and teach them
+to cultivate the soil. In time they will be able to gain a maintenance
+independent of the General Government; and, to a certain extent, they
+will become responsible for their acts."
+
+The people who form the chief population of the territory have so
+often been deprived of their property that it is not strange that they
+have become poverty-stricken and indolent. It is enough to strike down
+the enterprise of any nation to have been so long badly governed, and
+then, without any resources in the way of arms and ammunition, to be
+compelled to beat back hostile Indians. Under the provisions of the
+government of the United States, they are improving, but yet, even
+now, they have not the protection which they require, and should
+receive. In their territory it takes a daring man to venture his
+small capital in raising stock. To be sure, claims are allowed them by
+Congress for the losses by Indian depredations, but these usually fall
+into the hands of speculators, and in reality, assist the people to a
+very trifling extent. It can be said, to their credit, that Mexicans
+bear reverses of fortune with a nonchalance seldom seen among any
+other race. Although generally poor they are as happy and joyous as it
+is possible for human beings to be.
+
+The organization of the Mexican volunteers was made complete by the
+governor of the Territory, who selected as their leader, Mr. Ceran St.
+Vrain of Taos. This gentleman, although he had much important business
+which called his attention elsewhere, immediately expressed his
+willingness to accept the responsible position which, without
+solicitation, had been conferred upon him. The commission received by
+St. Vrain gave him the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Without delay
+he set about the difficult and important work that lay before him,
+bringing to bear upon the details, that sound judgment, gentlemanly
+bearing and ready zeal, which have long characterized the man. He had
+the good fortune to secure the services of Lieutenant Creigg of
+the regular army, whom he appointed one of his aids-de-camp. Having
+completed his staff and other arrangements to place his force upon a
+military basis, he was ready to take the field.
+
+The appointment of St. Vrain as commander of the Volunteers, was
+hailed with delight throughout the territory. His great experience in
+the mountains, his knowledge of the Indian mode of warfare, and the
+respect which the people he was called to command invariably paid him,
+seemed to convince every thinking mind that something more than usual
+was to be accomplished. They felt that the wrongs of their country
+would now be certainly redressed. The sequel will prove that the
+people were not doomed to disappointment.
+
+Early in the month of February, 1855, Col. T.T. Fauntleroy of the
+First Regiment of United States Dragoons arrived in Taos from Fort
+Union, New Mexico.
+
+Fort Union is the first post met with on entering the Territory of New
+Mexico from the east. It lies on the Santa Fé road usually traveled
+by parties when crossing the plains, and is about one hundred miles
+distant from the capital. The site of this fort, at the first view, is
+bold and picturesque, as it is located near the west side of a
+broad valley, which is continuous with the open prairies. The houses
+composing the fort are built mostly of logs; and, as there are quite a
+number of them, the post has the appearance of a small settlement. The
+soil about is sandy, and the place being exposed, it suffers when
+the high winds spring up. This fort is usually garrisoned by several
+companies of soldiers.
+
+As it has such free access to the mail communication with the States,
+it is, comparatively speaking, quite a desirable fort for an officer
+to be stationed at. The difficulty of procuring fuel for the fort, and
+also other necessary articles, is the great objection to the present
+location, but its importance more than counterbalances these;
+therefore, the post will probably be kept up either where it is, or in
+the immediate vicinity, for many years to come. Colonel Fauntleroy had
+received orders from the Department General to proceed to the town of
+Taos and take command of the entire expedition. The little force had
+been made as powerful as the resources of the country would permit.
+The Mexican Volunteers, soon after their enrollment, purchased
+woolen shirts and felt hats, the color of which, in each company, was
+similar; this fact, with a little drilling, gave them quite a military
+appearance. Never were men prouder of the position they now held than
+the volunteers under consideration; and a more daring and expert band
+of horsemen has been seldom collected. So pleased were they at being
+recognized as soldiers, that they could not, when afterwards marching
+through their own towns, resist the temptation of jocosely taunting
+their countrymen whom they chanced to meet, for being obliged to till
+the ground. We have before said that these men were mounted. At first
+sight it would appear as though they would soon be on foot, for their
+horses appeared to be in a sad plight for so severe a campaign as
+that which lay before them. As has often occurred before, looks are
+frequently deceptive. In this instance, it was found to be the case;
+for, no sooner did these hardy ponies reach the mountains than their
+wonderful powers of endurance began to be exemplified. When the noble
+dragoon horses began to droop from hunger and overwork, these little
+fellows were fresh and strong as the day they started. The reason of
+this was that the Mexican horses were well versed in taking care of
+themselves, and when the snow fell and prevented their having
+free access to the dry grass beneath, they were not in the least
+disconcerted; for, with the aid of their fore feet, they readily
+pawed the snow away and thus obtained full rations; but, their more
+enlightened rivals did not fully understand this science, and, owing
+to a want of proper nourishment, their strength would fail gradually
+until finally they broke down.
+
+The only real inconvenience under which the ponies seemed to labor,
+arose from tender feet, for, the rocky trails in the mountains rapidly
+wore away, and broke off their hoofs. This continued, so that at last,
+reaching the matrix of these horny growths, their feet became very
+sensitive. Many of the Mexicans had taken the precaution to guard
+against this, before leaving the towns and military posts which lay on
+their route. They had obtained horse-shoes, with which they shod
+the ponies. We remember seeing a large party of them thus engaged as
+blacksmiths. It was at night; while some held burning torches, others
+were busy with hammers, stones and hatchets in applying all sorts and
+sizes of horse and mule shoes, with which they were content, provided
+they approached the diameters of the hoofs to which they were to be
+nailed. Strange to say, this rough work answered the purpose, and but
+few, if any, of the animals so shod, went lame. After the command had
+got under full headway, if any of these ponies became so tender in
+their feet as to be able to travel only with great difficulty,
+their riders resorted to other expedients for relieving them. When
+practicable, they obtained the fresh hides of the beef cattle as they
+were killed, and, binding the material around the injured feet, and
+making it fast about the fetlocks, they allowed it to dry on. In the
+morning, thus protected, the horse could journey on. It is customary
+regularly to shoe these ponies only on the fore feet, as the weight
+of the animal's head and neck, together with that of the rider, comes
+harder on these hoofs and causes them, when traveling over sharp
+rocks, to wear away quickly. It seldom happens that the hind feet
+become tender. The Indians cannot understand the policy of this,
+and one of them philosophizing on the subject, while visiting the
+blacksmith's shop attached to a military post, made the remark in
+Spanish, after apparently having been for some little time engaged in
+a deep study, "that it was not right." Said he, "The horse, with
+his eyes, can see where to put his fore feet when traveling over bad
+places, but he cannot do this with those behind; therefore, you
+white men ought to put the moccasins there." The Mexicans had so much
+confidence in the powers of endurance of their ponies while out on
+this campaign, that they hesitated not to run them on races, whenever
+circumstances and the site of the camp would permit such pastime. The
+only training required for these trials of speed, consisted in the
+rider foregoing the pleasure of riding for a day or two, in order
+to allow his horse to recruit. As their walking did not in the least
+interfere with the order of the march, they of course were permitted
+to race as they pleased, for their services on the march are just as
+valuable on foot.
+
+Col. Fauntleroy's command, when completed, consisted of four companies
+of Mexican volunteers, two companies of dragoons, one company of
+artillery who were performing duty as a rifle corps, and one company
+of spies. The two remaining companies of volunteers were dispatched
+to exposed towns on the remote frontiers in order to protect them. The
+artillery company was the only one on foot; but the soldiers who then
+composed it were known from actual experiment to be more than a match
+for the horses in traveling when the party should reach and penetrate
+the mountains. Col. Fauntleroy engaged the services of Kit Carson as
+his chief guide, and, having arranged all of his plans necessary for a
+vigorous campaign, he set out upon its execution.
+
+The command proceeded at first one hundred miles due north to Fort
+Massachusetts, which was to be their dépôt. Without delay they left
+this post and proceeded, encountering snow-storms and severe cold
+weather. The mercury of the thermometer, for most of the time, ranged
+several degrees below zero. They marched to the Rio Grande del Norte,
+and thence, on up this river to where it makes its exit through a deep
+cañon from the mountains. It was, as will be remembered by the reader,
+on the head-waters of this last-mentioned stream, that Col. Fremont,
+while engaged in his last great exploring expedition, met with severe
+reverses, in which several of his men lost their lives from exposure,
+hunger, etc., while he, and the remainder of his party, barely escaped
+the same fate.
+
+While passing over this point of his journey, Col. Fauntleroy sent out
+as an advance party the company of spies. Their duty was to seek for
+fresh Indian trails. On reaching the mouth of the cañon of this river,
+the main portion of the soldiers halted for a short time while their
+trailers penetrated the mountains in search of the much desired Indian
+signs. During this resting spell, an incident occurred which, for an
+hour or two, created some little stir and excitement among part of
+the men present. A large Newfoundland dog belonging to an officer had,
+accidentally, been allowed to follow the soldiers. By his pranks and
+his good disposition he had become a general favorite among them.
+While attempting to drink, this animal lost his foot-hold on the ice
+and slipped into the swift current of the river, which was partially
+frozen over. The dog at once attempted to extricate himself, but with
+all his efforts he could do no more than stem the flood, making no
+progress against it. His situation was very precarious, for, should
+his strength begin to give out, he was certain to be carried under the
+ice and lost. The sympathies of the men were soon well awakened in his
+behalf, and many plans were devised to rescue him, but they all proved
+abortive until, at last, a Mexican approached him with a lasso, and
+after making several vain attempts, succeeded finally in encircling
+the dog's head with the slip noose. On tightening the rope he found
+that he had the animal firm, and soon dragged him from his perilous
+position.
+
+The spies were not long in discovering a trail made by the Indians, to
+which they led the main portion of the command. This trail had been
+so frequently used of late by the Indians in driving stolen bands
+of sheep and cattle over it, that it was now a well-trodden road and
+therefore there was no difficulty in keeping on it at all hours of the
+day and night.
+
+Being accustomed to perform his duty carefully, and, at the same time,
+to use dispatch, the Colonel, in the course of a few days, led his
+party to the entrance of the Saquachi Pass, which is the great natural
+opening in the mountains that bound, on the west, the valley of San
+Luis. As they approached the mouth of the pass, the men were traveling
+close under the hills, therefore, on coming to it, and in order to
+follow it up, it was necessary to turn off almost at a right angle.
+The spies, as was usual when the command was on the march, were
+considerably in the advance. They had hardly entered the pass and had
+just reached the summit of a knoll which lay in their path, and which
+had hitherto prevented their seeing up the valley, when, all at once,
+the long looked for Indians were presented to their view. They were
+but a short distance off, and as if surprised at thus so suddenly
+discovering each other, both parties halted. During this state of
+suspense, the white men noticed that the Indians were arrayed in
+their war costume, showing that they were bound on another plundering
+expedition. Everything went to show that the visit which the white men
+were making to their mountain haunts was unexpected by the red men.
+
+The Indians quickly recovered from their astonishment and began to
+form in line of battle by spreading themselves out across the
+valley. They were evidently emboldened by the small force with which,
+apparently, they had to contend, and felt certain that a victory would
+be both easy and sure. Having taken their position, Blanco, their
+chief, was easily recognized by the red woolen shirt which he wore. He
+was busy, riding along in front of his warriors, occasionally stopping
+to give some command. As they were near enough so to do, the Indians
+opened a warfare of small talk, in the Spanish language. They charged
+their adversaries with being afraid to advance, or to use their
+expressive words, the Americans were as cowardly as squaws. To these
+taunts no reply was made; but to keep up the decoy, the few soldiers
+who were exposed to view, remained stationary, while word was passed
+to the rear of what was transpiring in the advance. Thus several
+minutes passed by; but they were not thrown away. During this time,
+most of the dragoons and volunteers were relieving themselves of
+such extra luggage as overcoats, blankets, etc.; saddle girths were
+tightened and weapons put in order for immediate use. The Indians were
+finely mounted, and about two hundred and fifty strong; and, as their
+wild career had gone so long unchecked, their bravery was aroused to
+its highest pitch. All things being in readiness, the bugles sounded
+the command to charge, when away dashed the gallant soldiers, eager
+for the affray, and each trying to be foremost in the fight. As they
+came bounding over the knoll before spoken of, the Indians began
+to see the delusion under which they had been laboring, and at once
+turned to fly, but not in time to escape, for the soldiers were soon
+among them and with their revolvers and small arms were fast thinning
+their ranks and sending many a brave to his final home. A running
+fight ensued, which was continued up the valley for about eight miles,
+when a majority of the Indians gained the mountains and made good
+their escape. The chase was a splendid affair to behold, and many
+feats of horsemanship were performed that would be difficult to excel.
+Among the foremost in this skirmish was, as the reader might readily
+imagine, Kit Carson. The pursuit was continued far into the mountains
+and was only given over when night came on. The soldiers then retired
+to their reserve-guard, who had established a camp on a small stream
+which runs through the centre of the pass, where their pack animals
+and stores could be easily guarded. During this exciting fight,
+several of the soldiers were slightly wounded. With this exception,
+the command came out of the skirmish unharmed. On the side of the
+Indians, affairs in this respect were quite different. Their blood had
+well sprinkled the battle-ground, and several of their swarthy forms
+were stretched out at full length, sleeping that sleep that knows no
+wakening, except it be at the final judgment day. Had it not been that
+most of the Indians, as is usually the case with them when in action,
+were tied on their horses, this number would have been augmented. The
+bloody trails that were afterwards found in the mountains, went
+to prove that many of the wounds given to the escaped Indians were
+mortal, and, while their horses were carrying them from the danger,
+they themselves were sinking from furious hemorrhage. Early in the
+pursuit, a fine warrior was thrown from his horse. As he had been
+crippled by a ball, he could not recover himself and make off. For
+some time he lay alone and neglected, but when the rear guard came
+along they noticed that he was playing a game by pretending to
+be dead; but he had closed his eyes too firmly for a man in that
+condition, and this fact attracted the notice of the passers-by. A
+Mexican raised his rifle and fired at the brave; but the bullet only
+served to cause another flesh wound. This so irritated the would-be
+dead, savage, that, seizing his lance which lay by his side, he
+attempted to reach and kill his adversary with it; but, others coming
+up, he was soon dispatched.
+
+While this running fight was in progress, the author met with an
+adventure which came near costing him his life. It was my duty to
+follow the charging soldiers in order to be near at hand to render
+professional services to the wounded, should there be any. I was
+mounted on a mule, and when the dragoon horses started off, he became
+frightened and unmanageable. I soon found that this mule lacked the
+speed of the former animals, hence he was in a short time left far
+behind, but not until he had fallen and thrown me into a thrifty bed
+of prickly pears, the thorns of which did not, in the least, save me
+from being hurt. On regaining my feet, I found that my injuries were
+but slight, and that I still retained my bridle rein, therefore
+I quickly regained my seat in the saddle and started on again,
+remembering the old proverb, which says, "All is fair in war." While
+riding on, I was joined by a soldier whose horse had broken down in
+the charge. As we now advanced together, our route led us by some
+large sand hills, behind which several Indians had sought refuge,
+when hotly pursued. Seeing that they had been overlooked during the
+excitement of the moment, they remained quiet until we came along,
+when they made a dash at us and commenced firing their arrows in
+fine-style. We returned their volleys with our revolvers, but, whether
+we produced any result further than preventing their coming too
+near, it is difficult to say. Several of their arrows came in close
+proximity to our bodies, and one struck, the soldier's horse in the
+neck and wounded a main artery, which bled, for a time, furiously. As
+danger was thick about them, the Indians soon left us to effect their
+own escape; when, we halted and attended to the wounded horse, whose
+life we were so fortunate as to save, by putting a ligature about the
+bleeding vessel.
+
+The night succeeding the day on which this fight occurred, with a
+single exception, passed by quietly. A soldier, who lay near the
+centre of the camp, had retired to rest, perhaps impressed with the
+belief that he and his comrades would be attacked by the Indians
+before morning; this train of thought had led him into dreams of
+war, and while reveling in them, he imagined that danger was at hand.
+Suddenly starting up, and seizing his rifle, he fired at random. His
+bullet came near striking a Mexican sentinel who was on duty, and who
+was making his rounds. The sentinel was very naturally startled by
+this unaccountable noise in the camp, and supposing that the Indians
+had, unobserved, crept within the lines, he returned the compliment
+by discharging his piece in the direction of the supposed danger.
+The report of these firearms had the effect of arousing the entire
+command. The men were quickly on their feet and ready for active
+service. In the confusion which ensued, several more rifles were
+fired, but fortunately no harm was done, and as soon as the cause
+of the trouble was explained, quietness and order was promptly
+established.
+
+At the break of day, on the next morning, the soldiers were up and
+preparing for their march. The Indians had, on this morning, made
+fires, and even presented themselves to view on the mountains, but
+they were few in number, and it was well known that this was only a
+ruse to allure the white men to the wrong trail, while their families
+should have time to escape in the contrary direction; hence, but
+little notice was taken of these demonstrations.
+
+Col. Fauntleroy here determined to relieve himself of all drawbacks
+which should in the least tend to prevent his now giving full chase
+to the Indians. Accordingly, he left his baggage and provision train
+under escort of the foot company and quartermaster men, the whole
+being placed under the command of Lieutenant Lloyd Beall, of the
+Second Regiment U.S. Artillery, with instructions to meet him at an
+appointed rendezvous in the Wet Mountain Valley. It required but a
+short search by his guide, Kit Carson, and his spies, to put him on
+the right trail taken by the main portion of the enemy. When it was
+found, the pursuit was resumed and kept up vigorously. Late and
+early, the soldiers followed on this trail, and although the Indians
+purposely led them over the worst conceivable routes, yet they gained
+nothing substantial by it. On one occasion, when the men were pushing
+on as fast as possible, their advance guard surprised three Indians,
+one of them a woman, while they were leisurely watering their ponies.
+These Indians attempted to fly, and succeeded in making a good run for
+about four miles, but, at the end of that distance, two of them were
+overtaken. A Mexican, who was mounted on a very swift horse, was the
+first to come up with the savages. He fired and brought the woman to
+the ground. Quickly dismounting, he made a trophy of her scalp. The
+other Indian, being arrested by a slight wound, was made a prisoner.
+On questioning him, it was found that they all belonged to one family.
+The man who had made his escape, was the husband of the woman who was
+killed, while the prisoner was her brother. These Indians had heard
+nothing of the recent fight in the _Saquachi Pass_, and, had the
+soldiers dropped down from the heavens, they could not have been
+more surprised at thus unceremoniously meeting them. It was very much
+regretted by those present that this Indian woman had lost her life;
+but, as she was dressed in the disguise of a man, her sex could not
+be recognized. There are many of our readers who will perhaps censure
+this Mexican for his barbarous action of scalping a human being, but
+it must be remembered that the education of his people is different
+from our own. The taking of Indian scalps for a long time has been
+authorized by the Mexican Government, as a means of lessening
+their savage enemies, and handsome premiums have been offered as an
+inducement to obtain them. In the case of this Mexican, there were
+extenuating circumstances which, if they did not warrant such a cruel
+act, yet they rendered him somewhat excusable. He had recently lost
+a near and dear relative by the hands of these same Indians, and the
+appearance of this mangled body was still fresh in his memory, making
+him to thirst for revenge. It must not be supposed for a moment that
+the commanding officer of this expedition had sanctioned such a mode
+of procedure, for, he had no knowledge of the matter until after it
+had been ended. It was not within his province to preach humanity to a
+people who had been so greatly outraged by savages. He came to punish
+and not to intercede for wild men who had long been a terror to the
+surrounding country, and upon whom, in order to reconcile them, every
+kind act had been expended in vain.
+
+It may possibly be asked whether or no a man, who has simply lost his
+scalp, can recover. In reply we can safely say that without any other
+wound, and under favorable circumstances, with good care the sufferer
+stands a chance of being restored to health. There was a man who
+formerly was living and working at his trade as a blacksmith in Santa
+Fé, who, in a fight with the Camanches while crossing the plains, was
+wounded by a lance and then scalped. After a long period of suffering
+this person entirely recovered, although the cicatrix of the wound
+was ever afterwards a source of annoyance to him, compelling him
+continually to wear a skull-cap made of oiled silk. The size of the
+scalp, as usually taken off by the Indians, varies. Sometimes they
+remove only the back covering of the head. At other times they cut off
+the whole, running down even with the margin of the ear. When a man
+has died in a manner which the Indians style as "brave"--that is,
+desperately fighting for his life, and never for once showing fear,
+they take two scalps, one from either side of the head. The object of
+this is, to have scalp dances for each, as they consider such a man
+as deserving the fate of two ordinary men. These scalps are often
+stretched, dried, decorated and frequently kept for years as trophies.
+The more scalps a warrior takes, the greater favorite he becomes
+with his tribe; and finally, having obtained a given number, he is
+considered eligible to fill the office of War Chief, provided he has
+other qualifications, such as the power of quickly conceiving the
+right plan on which to act in case of emergency. When a party of
+Indians in the Rocky Mountains have been on a war trail, met the enemy
+and vanquished them, they appoint a brave who is honored as being the
+scalp-bearer. This warrior carries a long pole, to which, at suitable
+distances from each other, the scalps are attached. When the party
+returns to, and enters their own village, this brave is the observed
+of all observers. Eagerly, by the old men, women, and children, these
+bloody trophies are counted, for each of them offers an occasion for
+rejoicing, to be at separate intervals of time. They are, then, each
+synonymous with the phrase, a fête day, and the scalp-bearer is looked
+upon with the same jealous eye which greets the color-bearer of an
+army after having been engaged in some great battle which has proved
+successful to his standard. An Indian will not remove, as a general
+thing, a scalp which contains grey hairs. This he considers to be a
+business fit only for women. The scalp which is to cause a general
+jubilee, on an appointed evening, is attached to the top of a long
+pole, planted in the earth at a suitable place. The warriors who have
+been instrumental in tearing it from the head of its owner, form a
+circle around the pole, outside of which are arranged the spectators.
+By the aid of one drum-stick, the person who has been detailed for
+this duty, keeps up a beating motion on a sort of kettle-drum, the
+noise of which serves the purpose of marking time. The voices of the
+dancers make the music. At first the song is a mere humming sound, but
+after a time, it grows gradually louder, until the participants in the
+dance, being excited to the highest attainable pitch with interest
+in the ceremonies, it becomes terribly hideous. Almost naked, with
+tomahawk and hunting-knife in hand, the warriors imitate the process
+of dispatching and tearing off the scalps of their victims. So excited
+do the dancing savages sometimes become while reveling in these
+fantastical scenes, that they frequently are aroused to a pitch
+which borders on frenzy. The spectators of these sights get so deeply
+interested that it is not an extraordinary matter for them to appear
+as if almost deranged. Their excitement breaks out into exclamations
+of encouragement and applause, until at last they can control
+themselves no longer, and, on their own account, commence making
+bodily demonstrations of joy by jumping about. The scalp dance may
+last an entire night, or until, worn down with fatigue, the actors are
+willing to forego their pleasure and seek rest. The Mexicans on the
+frontiers have fallen into this Indian custom, and they can go into
+the spirit of the scalp dance with a relish which fully equals that
+exhibited by their savage neighbors. This is not true as a general
+rule; but, very many of their people really enjoy these ceremonies.
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN WAR DANCE.]
+
+Colonel Fauntleroy and his men traveled at such a rapid pace, that, in
+the course of a very few days, they succeeded in once more overtaking
+the main village belonging to the enemy. The Indians took refuge in a
+steep and rocky mountain. A skirmishing fight immediately commenced,
+which lasted several hours. During this engagement, a large number of
+the savage warriors were killed, their band completely routed, and the
+inhabitants of the whole village made to scatter in every direction
+in order to save their lives. At first the braves attempted to make a
+stand, but they were driven from rock to rock, until they broke their
+ranks and fled. It was about the time of this crisis, and when they
+were most needed, that the dragoon horses began to break down and die.
+
+The word village has many times appeared in our pages, and as it may
+prove ambiguous to a few of our readers and render them liable to
+confound its meaning with that of a fixed town, we will here stop and
+explain its signification when applied to Indians. An Indian village,
+as understood in border parlance, comprises the lodges, the women,
+children, old men, and such movable property as Indians may chance
+to possess. They are usually found in some safe retreat where the old
+men, women and children stay while the warriors are engaged following
+the hunt or war path. The word has become more generalized since
+it was first given to stationary camps of the savages, and may
+now include any band of Indians traveling with their families and
+property. The village is the home of the red man, where those persons
+and things which he most cherishes, he tries to keep intact and sacred
+from the spoiler's hand. It is also where the Indian allows his
+love, friendship and all the better feelings of his nature to exhibit
+themselves. It is where in early youth he has listened to the legends
+of his tribe, and where he is taught those lessons and forced to
+endure those trials which are to prepare his heart in seeking out
+revenge. It is the place where, as he approaches the age of manhood,
+he takes those steps which are to make for him the reputation of a
+daring hunter and brave warrior. Here he first learns to shoot his
+arrows with precision, and to handle the lance with dexterity. His
+boyish feats in horsemanship, which he daily performs in the village,
+would be witnessed with astonishment by skillful riders. It is here
+that he runs to welcome his father when he returns either from
+the chase or the war path; and, while he listens to the marvellous
+adventures which his sire has encountered, he secretly wishes himself
+a man, so that he can emulate his greatness. In fact, the same
+feelings exist between parent and child with the Indian race, as
+with those who boast of being more civilized. Youth and the vigor of
+manhood, are the golden days with the savage. To be doomed to old age,
+is considered by him to be a punishment. When he is no longer able to
+hunt and seek out his enemy, he loses his desire to live. His life
+is then considered an incumbrance to the camp. The old and infirm,
+therefore, are often willingly deserted, that they may the more
+quickly die. The village is always under the surveillance of men who
+are past the middle age, and who no longer can act out the stirring
+deeds of the warrior. Their experience renders them capable of giving
+good advice, and attending to the less active affairs of the nation.
+They hold the power of restraining the rashness and indiscretion
+of the younger men, therefore they are selected to watch over the
+property of the tribe, while the strong warriors are seeking to
+provide the dependent portion of the band with food, or to revenge
+their real or imaginary wrongs. Order and good fellowship is made to
+prevail in these villages, somewhat similar to the habits found in
+civilized communities, for the passions and evil propensities of all
+men are found to be alike, no matter what differences of education or
+color exist. We find that the Indian tribes have their wise men, whose
+voices are heard and heeded on all occasions. When these villages are
+located, or, to use soldier phrase; when the Indians go into camp,
+care is taken that each lodge shall be placed where it will not
+interfere with the common good. The internal economy of these
+habitations is arranged on a social system which, in many respects,
+is commendable. When one person is poor, generally speaking, the whole
+tribe is found to be so. The herds of horses and mules belonging to
+the tribe, are turned loose in one body as if they were the property
+of one man. If game exists in plenty and danger is not apprehended,
+happiness holds complete sway within these Indian homes. The
+proverbial caution of the red man rarely allows him to be surprised;
+therefore, even in times of peace, he keeps his fleetest horse tied
+at the door of his lodge, so that he may make haste and collect his
+property, and be away before his enemy can harm him. These favorite
+animals are fed by hand. Before trusting his body in sleep, some
+warrior, in whom the tribe repose the utmost confidence, must ascend
+a neighboring eminence, if there chance to be one, and examine the
+country in search of dangers. Parties are always kept out as spies,
+and, at the least appearance of suspicious signs, they become easily
+aroused and vigilant, and if danger really exists, word is immediately
+sent to their village to be ready to move. This is a homely but
+literal interpretation of the term Indian village.
+
+The reader has seen that the dragoon horses gave out before the
+fatigues of the march, while the Mexican ponies performed their tasks
+so admirably and easily.
+
+This was a painful subject to contemplate and one which no man who
+loves the noble horse could wish to witness the second time. The
+dragoon horses, reduced to skeletons from starvation while retaining
+all their natural spirit, with tottering limbs, faithfully tried to
+perform the labor which their riders, seemingly, asked of them. Long
+before the arrival of the time when they could no longer support a
+burden, the soldiers had humanely relieved them from this work and
+were assisting them, by all the means in their power, to reach a haven
+of safety, where food, so essential in restoring their sinking powers
+of life, existed in abundance. As their little remaining strength
+was leaving them, they would exhibit the fact by staggering. Finally,
+breaking down in their hinder legs, they would sink to the ground, but
+not until they had made the effort to drag themselves along with
+their fore feet. To relieve them from their agonies and prevent their
+falling into the hands of the Indians, one by one, they were shot.
+
+When these horses broke down and began to die off, it was decided to
+be best to return to Fort Massachusetts in order to recruit and also
+to allow the Indians an opportunity to concentrate their forces, when
+another effective blow could be struck against them. On his return,
+Colonel Fauntleroy met, at the designated place, Lieutenant Beall,
+who had managed the affairs intrusted to him very much to his credit.
+Having once more consolidated his command, Colonel Fauntleroy retired
+to Fort Massachusetts, which he made, for a time, his head-quarters.
+
+Kit Carson, the guide of this expedition, when afterwards speaking
+of it, says, "During the time our forces were in the field they were
+exposed to the most intense cold weather I ever remember experiencing.
+We were overtaken by several severe snow-storms which came near
+completely using us up."
+
+For the success that had so far attended the labors of this body of
+soldiers, the greatest amount of praise is due to their leader, who
+set a noble example to his men. During those hours when hardships and
+trials came thickest upon the command, all eyes were turned to the
+commander, and, as the result proved, with no lack of confidence. Kit
+Carson's services were found to be invaluable. His long experience
+and untiring energy proved to be one of the best anchors of the goodly
+ship. We should not omit to state, in regard to the severity of the
+cold, that it was early in the morning, just before the break of day,
+that the cold was invariably found to be the most intense. During this
+time, it is the greatest wonder that the Mexicans did not perish, for
+but few of them had more than one blanket as a covering by night, and
+the remainder were but very little better provided for. When wood was
+plenty, and they were allowed so to do, they made large fires and laid
+down near to them to attempt sleep. After about one hour thus spent,
+they were routed out by being nearly frozen. Getting into close
+contact with the fires, they would thaw out and then were ready to
+make another endeavor to repeat the sleeping operation. In this manner
+they managed to live through each night, and on the following day they
+were, apparently, none the worse for wear. A person judging these men
+as he oftentimes sees them during the summer season, basking in the
+sunlight on the sunny side of their houses in New Mexico, would not,
+for an instant, suppose that they could undergo such hardships; and
+yet, they can do so, as the above example sufficiently proves, without
+allowing one murmur of complaint to escape their lips. With the
+regulars, who were amply supplied with blankets and buffalo robes, it
+would appear that they could have obtained sound sleep. But this too
+proved to be almost an impossibility. The heat of the man's body,
+during the early and warmer part of the night, served to melt the icy
+covering of the mother earth just under him. When the cold increased,
+this was again frozen, rendering the portion of the body nearest to
+the ground almost benumbed. By frequently reversing the posture a
+little, some relief from suffering was obtained, but not sufficient to
+reach a degree which could be called comfortable, or, in the least, be
+claimed as desirable. Every member of this expedition can truthfully
+assert that they have experienced a foretaste of what the first
+symptoms of freezing to death must be.
+
+Finally, the command reached Fort Massachusetts, where, in ease and
+plenty, the half starved, half frozen, half used-up men soon forgot
+all their troubles and privations. A few weeks spent at the fort,
+acted like a magic charm in recruiting the men and the remaining
+animals, when they were once more in a fit condition, and, again eager
+to go on the war path, anxiously desiring to surpass the splendid
+deeds of their first tramp.
+
+At the permanent camp, which was made near Fort Massachusetts, the
+Mexican Volunteers, especially, enjoyed themselves hugely. From
+privations of various kinds, to which they had shown themselves to be
+well trained, and which consequently affected them but little, they
+were suddenly placed in a state of comparative comfort and even luxury
+rarely realized at their own homes. They had not much else to do
+beyond guarding their animals and attending to such other minor duties
+as were required by camp duties. Had not their hardy ponies required
+the rest that was now being given them, these troops would have been
+kept in more active service; but, as this could not be, they were
+allowed a respite, which they themselves turned into pleasure. Foot
+races and various athletic games were concocted and played by them,
+making the time pass merrily by. Their discipline and respect for
+their officers had reached a degree seldom, if ever, attained by
+volunteer soldiers, and which, in many respects, could be imitated
+with advantage by regular troops.
+
+But the time soon arrived for the march to be resumed.
+
+At a council held among the chief officers, it was decided that the
+best and surest course to be followed would be to divide the forces
+and send them out in quest of the Indians, as if they were separate
+commands. Thus it might happen that being caught between the two,
+as they were running from danger they would rush into it and receive
+chastisement sufficient to answer all purposes. Acting on this plan,
+Colonel St. Vrain, with most of the Volunteers, was ordered to proceed
+in one direction, while Colonel Fauntleroy, with the main division,
+started in another; while on his route, Colonel Fauntleroy traveled
+close in under the mountains, and kept his men as much concealed as
+possible, making most of his marches by night. He traveled through the
+Valley of San Luis up to its head.
+
+The Valley of San Luis is about one hundred miles in length. Its
+greatest width is fifty miles. On either side, it is bounded
+by snow-capped mountains. The scenery of the valley is very
+prepossessing, being sure to enchant the eye throughout its entire
+length. In the south, the valley is continuous with prairie land,
+which extends down as far as the settlement of Rio Colorado. It is
+well watered by mountain streams and bears the appearance of being an
+excellent farming district; but, the probability is, that its climate
+is too cold for raising crops, and that its true value will be found
+chiefly to consist in using it for grazing purposes. From time to
+time, the Indians have reported that it contains gold mines, but there
+are no authentic proofs that this is a fact.
+
+At one time, the Indians succeeded in making the Mexicans converts
+to the belief in the existence of these mines, as they showed them
+specimens of gold which they affirmed to have been taken from them.
+It was agreed that, for this valuable information, presents, such as
+blankets, horses, and guns, should be made to those Indians who had
+openly proclaimed the good news, provided they could conduct the
+Mexicans to them. A party was formed and started to explore the
+valley, but, as nothing was afterwards heard of their success, and, as
+many of them, to all external appearances, were as poor as ever when
+they returned, it is presumed that they were duped by the Indians. The
+bottom land of the Rio Grande which skirts the southern border of the
+valley of San Luis, is, judging from the luxuriant hay crops which it
+produces, year by year, quite a good farming section; and, no doubt,
+ere long, the Mexicans will there establish a new settlement and thus
+practically demonstrate the use to which this beautiful valley can be
+put.
+
+While passing up the valley of San Luis, Colonel Fauntleroy came to
+the Punchi Pass. This pass is the main opening through the mountains
+which bound the valley of San Luis on the north. The pass itself is
+less than half a mile wide, but yet, it presents some of the grandest
+scenery human eyes ever beheld. The mountains, on either side, are
+not so lofty as their compeers close by, but they are rugged and
+picturesque. Through the pass runs a bold stream, which, at about
+midway (and at this time) was obstructed by a beaver dam, that was so
+scientifically constructed as immediately to attract the attention of
+the entire party. Near to this dam, there is a very large hot spring,
+which is located close under the base of one of the mountain sides,
+and which, under the favorable circumstance of a fine day, lends
+enchantment to the view. The Punchi Pass is but a few miles long and
+leads into a beautiful little valley, called by the Mexicans after the
+same name which is given to the pass.
+
+On arriving at the Punchi Pass, Col. Fauntleroy proceeded on through
+it to the head-waters of the Arkansas river, where, fortunately, a
+fresh trail made by the Indians was found. This trail was followed
+with such assiduity and prudence that the camp of some spies belonging
+to the enemy, and which was in their rear, was passed by the Americans
+one night without their presence being noticed. Early the ensuing
+morning (before the break of day), the main village of the Indians
+was discovered. Its occupants were enjoying a war and scalp dance, and
+their voices, as engaged in the song which usually accompanies
+such festivities, could be heard for a distance of at least a mile.
+Unconscious of danger, they were having a merry time. One can imagine,
+better than can be described, the scene that followed when three
+hundred loaded rifles poured their contents into this crowd. Suffice
+it to say, that among those who survived this terrible retribution,
+the greatest consternation prevailed; but, as a dernier resort, they
+began to fly, when they were hotly pursued by the soldiers. Before
+quitting their late camp, some of the savages had managed to get
+their own rifles, and with them to fire several shots which did some
+execution, as two soldiers were killed and two wounded.
+
+Thus it will be seen that the main village of these Apaches and Utahs
+fell into the hands of the Americans. It proved to be rich in plunder,
+for it contained all their stock of dried buffalo meat, besides other
+provisions. Also several cart-loads of robes, saddles, weapons, ropes,
+skins, blankets, trinkets and camp equipage. Most of this property was
+collected and destroyed by fire, being of little use to the command,
+whose means of conveyance was limited to their own actual wants.
+The number of Indians killed in this surprise has been variously
+estimated, as has been also the number of the red men on the ground
+when the carnage commenced; but all agree that this was the severest
+blow these savages had ever received.
+
+Among the many other objects of curiosity found by the victors, was
+a "Medicine lodge," which had, from appearance, but recently been in
+full blast. It was highly (and to Indian eyes it must have been very
+artistically) decorated, and contained all the emblems and symbols of
+witchcraft. If sickness was to be frightened away, or even coaxed
+to dethrone itself from the afflicted, there was sufficient in this
+temple of the Indian gods, seemingly, to have answered either purpose.
+Some potentate of the magnitude of a great chief had, evidently, but
+a few hours since, been its occupant; for, in his hurry to desert
+the premises, on hearing the music of the white man's rifle, he had
+forgotten his beautiful head-dress of feathers, and other articles
+pertaining to his wardrobe, which designated to the captors his high
+rank. Perhaps, and the surmise may not be far out of the way, this
+chief was suffering from a gun-shot wound inflicted in a recent
+fight by his pale-faced enemy, and having received one of their
+most dangerous potions of lead, he was not anxious for another, and
+therefore made his escape with the activity of a well man.
+
+In this expedition, a company of artillery,[11] who have before been
+described, doing duty as infantry, performed a feat that will compare
+well with anything of the same kind on record. These men, under the
+command of Lieutenant Beall, who shared all the privations of his
+soldiers, marched on foot through a mixture of mud and snow, nearly
+ankle deep, over an uneven country, from the Mosco Pass in the Valley
+of San Luis, to the head-waters of the Arkansas River, a distance
+which is computed at eighty-five miles, in thirty-six hours, including
+all their stoppages. This company had been long celebrated as being
+expert marksmen, therefore, their services were much needed when
+the Indian village was discovered. Although nearly broken down with
+fatigue, yet as soon as the electrifying news of the enemy being so
+near at hand reached them, it seemed to inspire them with new vigor.
+They dashed ahead, and gallantly led the van in this assault which
+terminated so favorably to the side of the Americans.
+
+[Footnote 11: D Company, 2d Regiment U. S. Artillery.]
+
+Colonel Fauntleroy was not satisfied with the victory already
+obtained; but, after having accomplished all that was possible for him
+in this quarter, and having scattered the Indians to the four winds,
+he determined to make forced marches in order to surprise another band
+of them who were supposed to be located in a distant mountain haunt
+well known to his guide. His object in thus hurrying away from the
+scenes of his late triumph, was to reach and surprise the Indians
+before their friends had time to travel to and apprise them of their
+defeat. In this manoeuvre he was also successful. He came upon this
+second band also before they were aware of their danger. They were
+routed, and after severe loss were followed far into the mountains.
+At this camp, Blanco, the celebrated Apache chief, was driven to such
+close quarters that he evidently began to feel that the safety of his
+whole tribe stood in jeopardy. He made his appearance on a high point
+of rocks and asked the white men who occupied the plain beneath for a
+parley, which was granted him. He said, in the Spanish language,
+that he and his Indians wished to make peace; that they were tired of
+fighting. In reply, he was informed that the terms he demanded would
+be listened to on his coming into the soldiers' camp. He was going on
+to say that he was afraid to trust himself there, when a bullet was
+sent whizzing by his head, which caused him to decamp in all haste. It
+was ascertained, afterwards, that a Mexican, who had great antipathy
+to this chief, had, unknown to the rest of the party, crept secretly
+up into the rocks. When he had reached a place where Blanco was within
+the range of his rifle, he fired; but, as the reader has inferred, he
+missed an accurate aim.
+
+At this latter camp or village, and near the close of this same day,
+another incident happened which will long be remembered by those who
+witnessed it. Two Indians who probably had been absent to some distant
+section of the country, having no knowledge of the matters which had
+lately been transpiring, were seen approaching. Gradually, they
+drew near to a cotton-wood grove of trees in which the soldiers were
+resting, thinking no doubt, that they were there about to meet their
+friends. A mountaineer by the name of Stewart, who commanded the Spy
+company, and another man, one of the Mexican Volunteers, immediately
+on seeing the Indians, sprang upon the backs of their horses which
+chanced to be near by, and started out to attack them. Not until these
+Indians saw the men advancing, were they made aware of their danger;
+when instantly they turned around their animals, and put them on a
+keen run for the nearest mountain. They were pursued and the race
+hotly contested for at least two miles; but, the Indians succeeded in
+making their escape, although shots were fired at them, and returned
+by the Indians. In doing so, one of them was obliged to dismount and
+leave his horse behind him, which fell into the hands of his pursuers.
+
+At the time that the chief Blanco was endeavoring to gain a parley,
+a stirring scene was being enacted at the soldiers' camp, which was
+several miles distant. Most of the soldiers had left it and were then
+out engaged in the business of scouring the country. In the camp there
+were all the pack animals, provisions, luggage etc., of the command.
+To guard this property there were only about fifty men left, who,
+anticipating no danger, were employing themselves in cooking and
+otherwise providing for the wants of their absent friends against
+their return. The herd of mules was scattered about, and grazing under
+the charge of a few herders. Suddenly a band of about one hundred
+warriors, were discovered coming down the little valley where the camp
+was located. The alarm was given, when each man seizing his rifle,
+rushed to place himself in the line of sentinels which were forming
+around the property. The mules were quickly driven together in a
+compact body into the centre of the camp. Hardly had this movement
+been performed, before the red men came galloping by. Seeing the
+smallness of the force opposed to them, they made two or three
+attempts at an attack on the weakest points of the lines. They
+were about to succeed, when a shout went up from the Americans, who
+descried relief in the shape of the foot company which, having been
+left behind for one night in order to make easy marches and thus
+partially rest themselves, was now approaching. The Indians saw
+the near approach of this powerful reinforcement, and using that
+discretion which is often the better part of valor, they started off
+and were soon lost sight of. Had not this reinforcement providentially
+thus arrived, the Indians would have certainly captured the pack mules
+belonging to the soldiers, and got away with them. Never was succor
+hailed with more delight, than on this occasion; for, had the red men
+succeeded in this endeavor, the benefits of this whole campaign would
+have been greatly frustrated.
+
+Colonel Fauntleroy, after thoroughly scouring the adjacent country in
+the hope of meeting with parties of straggling Indians, but, as the
+result proved, without success, returned to Fort Massachusetts, where
+he had the satisfaction of learning that Colonel St. Vrain, in his
+expedition, had caught other bands of these same Indians, and most
+severely chastised them.
+
+The Fort Massachusetts here referred to has recently been abandoned
+and another one has been built, distant about six miles from the
+original site. The name is retained for the new defences, which are
+located on the river Trinchera. The present location is picturesque,
+and beautiful in the extreme.
+
+In one of his fights, Col. St. Vrain had overtaken the red men on
+the prairies, where a running battle ensued, in which the volunteers
+killed many of the enemy, and made several prisoners. During this
+skirmish, the Indians tried the ruse of setting fire to the prairie
+grass, and, as the wind was blowing in the direction from which their
+foes were coming, they hoped thereby to impede their progress, and
+thus give themselves time to escape; but the volunteers boldly rode
+through the flames, and successfully continued the chase.
+
+The time for which the New Mexican volunteers had enlisted, was
+fast drawing to a close; but, as the hostile Utahs and Apaches were
+scattered to the four winds, it was thought best not to send out
+again a regularly appointed force to act against them. Instead, while
+awaiting the effect of their late telling blows, it was decided to
+be judicious to keep out, in different directions, small scouting
+parties, who could better follow the trails of the small parties of
+fugitive Indians with some prospect of success. It was now the
+season for the richly laden caravans to arrive on the borders of the
+territory, and perchance they might fall in with bands of the hostile
+savages of sufficient strength to cause them trouble; or, it might
+be, the Indians would combine in sufficient strength, being driven by
+pressing want, to capture some one of these trains, and thus obtain
+the material for renewing the contest. In view of these apprehensions,
+it was decided that the regular troops should go out on the plains,
+where they could be on hand ready to afford protection in case
+of need. Major Blake, in command of the dragoons, started out
+and faithfully performed this mission. After this duty was fully
+accomplished, he visited the mountains to the northeast of Fort
+Massachusetts, and then returned to Taos _viâ_ the fort and the
+intervening Mexican towns.
+
+While intimating the dangers which may befall trains on their journey
+across the plains, especially in time of Indian war, it may be well
+to narrate a fatal adventure which once happened to a mail party
+while traveling this route. Not many miles from Fort Union, and on
+the plains, there is a clump of hills known as the "Wagon Mound," so
+called from their resemblance to one of those peculiar wagons which
+are used to transport valuable freight across the country. It being
+dangerous times, a party of ten picked men had been sent out to insure
+the safe transit of the mail. Everything went well with the little
+band of travelers, and their prospects were becoming bright for making
+a safe journey, when, suddenly, a large band of hostile Apaches
+and Utahs hove in sight. The mail party, on making this discovery,
+immediately halted and prepared for a fight. The Indians very
+soon granted to them this favor. At first, the attack was sharply
+maintained, but, at last, fortune favored the whites, for the time
+being, and they succeeded in repulsing their foes, who retreated out
+of sight. The mail party, being thus freed from the unpleasant society
+of the Indians, at once hitched up their teams and proceeded on their
+route. It was afterwards learned that the Apaches made the first
+attack, but, they were countenanced by the Utahs, who remained close
+by. On the return of the unsuccessful war party of Apaches to the
+Utahs, the latter at once commenced charging them with cowardice, and
+boasted that they could have done better. The true state of the case
+was, that the Utahs were using the Apaches as tools by which to gain
+plunder, crying "go dog," while they themselves were keeping out
+of harm's way. The anger of the Apaches was fully aroused at these
+derisive imputations. Under the new impulse, they said to the Utahs,
+if you will help, we will return and show you whether we are afraid
+to meet these pale-faces. Another attack having been decided upon,
+the Indians set out and overtook the mail party once more near to this
+"Wagon Mound." It was snowing fast at the time, therefore, the white
+men were comfortably traveling in their vehicles and had their guns
+protected with suitable coverings to prevent their being injured, for
+they anticipated no further danger. The curtains of the mail wagons
+were all fastened down, and there was no look-out kept, for it was
+considered sufficient to prepare for the furies of the storm. The
+Indians accordingly approached unperceived and made such a desperate
+attack that all the white men were quickly killed. Not one, if the
+boasts of the Indians can be believed, had time to get out from his
+seat. Several days elapsed and no tidings were heard of the expected
+mail party; therefore, a body of men started out in quest of the
+missing men and found them sleeping the last sleep which knows no
+awakening. The bodies of the dead were decently interred; and, since
+that day, the "Wagon Mound" is pointed out to the traveler accompanied
+with a historical account of this awful tragedy.
+
+During the campaign under consideration, several Indian children were
+captured. These were generally under the age of ten years. They could
+not stand the kindly-planned treatment which they received while in
+bondage, for many of them died from over-eating, after having so long
+been accustomed to Indian frugality. One of the women prisoners
+taken, openly declared, and there is no reason why she should not be
+believed, that many of the younger children belonging to her tribe had
+been strangled by their parents and friends in order to prevent
+their becoming an inconvenience, and thus prevent their being able to
+prosecute the war, thereby showing that their hatred of the white
+man was deeply rooted, and that their anger had been aroused to its
+highest degree. On the publishing of peace, those Indian children who
+still lived, were collected, and, through the Indian agents, restored
+to their relatives and friends. The good effect which the moral of
+this campaign had on the surrounding Indian nations cannot be denied.
+They soon became loud in proclaiming their friendships for the
+Americans. Taking advantage of the now crippled condition of the Utahs
+and Apaches, their enemies the Arrapahoes and Cheyennes were ready
+to pounce upon them at a moment's warning. The opportunity did not,
+however, present itself until long after peace had been established
+with the white men, when the Utahs and Apaches had been able to
+recover from their losses and collect again.
+
+War party after war party of Cheyennes and Arrapahoes entered the
+country of their old enemies the Apaches and Utahs, but returned
+unable to find them. Yellow Bear, a head war chief of the Arrapahoes,
+did not accompany his braves on these expeditions, and he would
+not believe that they could not find either the Apaches or Utahs;
+therefore, to show his people that there was one warrior living of the
+olden stamp, he started, accompanied only by his youngest squaw,
+to meet and fight them. A severe snow-storm compelled this noble
+chieftain to come into Fort Massachusetts. While he was there the
+commanding officer of the post endeavored to dissuade him from his
+rash undertaking. In reply the chief said:
+
+"Captain, my young men are no longer warriors. They have become
+squaws. I sent them to seek our nation's enemies. They went,
+discovered their fires and counted their lodges, but were afraid to
+attack them. I am now on my way to find the Utah village, where I
+intend, either to smoke the pipe of peace, or offer fight to any three
+of their chiefs. If they kill me otherwise than fairly, perhaps it
+will stir up once more the fire in the breast of the warriors of the
+Arrapahoe nation."
+
+This speech was delivered with so much pathos, and yet with such
+an oratorical air, that the interpreter was enabled to catch and
+translate every word of it. Yellow Bear was now informed of the recent
+campaign against the Utahs and Apaches, but the news made no change in
+his determination. The advice was words thrown away, as he was found
+conversant with the whole proceedings of the campaign. We have brought
+in this incident to show how surrounding tribes are directly affected
+and personally interested in the results of all military transactions
+with hostile Indians. As we have taken up for a theme the story of
+this brave and really noble Indian, it may prove interesting to some
+of our readers if we complete the picture. Yellow Bear has always
+been the firm friend of Kit Carson both by word and action. He is the
+finest specimen of an Indian that the writer ever laid eyes on. He
+stands in his moccasins over six feet; is straight and symmetrically
+proportioned. The head, however, is the main attraction of this
+Indian. Never was a statesman possessed of a better. We once heard him
+address a large council of his warriors, and, although we could not
+understand one word he said, yet our attention was fixed on the man,
+for we never saw either before or since such majestic gestures, mixed
+with equal grace, in any speaker. It was a master-piece of acting,
+and from the "humphs," or grunts, ejaculated by his auditors, we were
+inclined to think that the speech was impressive. There is one great
+point about this chief which those who are familiar with the Indian
+race, as they now exist, cannot but admire. He has never been known
+to beg; rather than do this, we believe, he would actually starve. We
+will finish this description of Yellow Bear by adding that he
+finally listened to the advice of the then commanding officer of Fort
+Massachusetts, and returned to his own nation.
+
+On the final arrival at Taos of the troops engaged in this brilliant
+Indian campaign against the Utahs and Apaches, they received orders
+to disband. Those whose calling was arms, returned to their respective
+military posts, while the New Mexicans scattered to seek their homes,
+where they were received and justly treated as heroes. Before the
+forces were dispersed, the Pueblo Indians, who had been employed in
+the spy companies, gave, with the aid of their friends, by moonlight,
+a grand war-dance entertainment in the plaza of the town. It proved a
+fine display of this time-honored Indian custom.
+
+The combined efforts of the two commanders, Colonel Fauntleroy and
+Lieutenant-Colonel St. Vrain, aided by their followers, among whom Kit
+Carson played a most conspicuous and important part, had the effect to
+compel the Indians to send a delegate to Santa Fé, commissioned to sue
+for peace. Peace was finally granted, which formed a most happy and
+pleasing termination to this brilliant Indian campaign.
+
+It proved afterwards that a great mistake was made in hastily allowing
+these Indians to evade the punishment they so richly deserved, and
+which was being so summarily inflicted, by entertaining so soon
+conciliatory measures. At the council that was subsequently held, it
+was found that only a part of the Apaches were present to sanction the
+proceedings, and that the remainder were still in the mountains and
+were either hostile or undecided what course they would pursue. Kit
+Carson, their agent, was at the meeting, and earnestly opposed the
+policy of making a treaty so long as any portion of the two nations
+were insubordinate, as it offered a loop hole for those present to
+creep out whenever they were so inclined. He said, "that now was the
+time, if ever, when they might, at a small additional expense, and
+with the prospect of saving many valuable lives, show these Indians
+that they were dealing with a powerful government." His voice and
+experience were overruled by the other officials present and the
+treaty was made. It stipulated that the Indians should receive certain
+sums annually in case they would settle down and commence farming,
+and that they should be allowed to select their own locality within
+certain prescribed limits. The making of such offers to tribes of
+savages half subdued is absurd. The wisdom of this assertion has since
+been clearly shown, for hardly one article contained in the treaty
+there made has been carried out. The actions of those Apaches present
+at the council were trifling in the extreme, notwithstanding which,
+they were presented with some cattle. These they objected to receiving
+on the ground that they were not fat enough to suit their fastidious
+tastes. They insolently addressed the Government officials in the
+following strain: "If you do not give us better, we will again take
+the road where we can have our choice."
+
+The fact was that these half-starved rascals saw that the white men
+were anxious to make peace, and hence they assumed a haughty air in
+order to drive a good bargain.
+
+The great results which should have been brought about by the
+teachings of Colonels Fauntleroy and St. Vrain, by this weak
+diplomacy, were more or less frustrated. These gentlemen, however, had
+won great renown. They had the savages driven to such extremes that
+one more expedition, led by them in person, would have subdued all
+their obstinacy and made them over anxious for peace. The Indians had
+been seven times caught, and, on every one of the occasions, they had
+been greatly worsted. They had lost at least five hundred horses, all
+their camp equipage, ammunition, provisions, and most of their
+arms, and were indeed almost at the mercy of the whites. Under
+these circumstances they should have been shown true magnanimity and
+greatness, by forcing them into that course which was and is for their
+own welfare as well as the welfare of the country, and against which,
+they themselves so blindly contend. Say to an Indian, that ere many
+years have passed by the buffalo will all be destroyed, and he will
+answer you "that the 'Great Spirit' rains them down in the mountains
+for his red children." This is a fair example of the manner in which
+most of them listen to the voice of reason. It requires practical and
+active demonstrations by means of rifles and other weapons to
+teach, them that they will not be permitted to plunder and murder at
+pleasure. The wrong of this conduct they are as well aware of as their
+white brethren. It is by rifle arguments that their treaties become
+worth the value of the paper upon which they are written.
+
+It is a well known fact that people who live in Indian countries
+prefer to have the red men at war, rather than bound to peace by such
+slender ties as they are usually called upon to take upon themselves.
+In the former case, the settler knows what to expect and is always
+prepared for the worst so far as it lies in his power; but, in the
+latter position, he is continually exposed to the caprices of a race
+who are in many respects as changeable as the very air they breathe.
+
+In the old Mexican town of Don Fernandez de Taos, as we have before
+said, resides at the present time Kit Carson. A stranger entering this
+town, and especially at a little distance from it, is reminded of a
+number of brick-kilns just previous to being burnt, and all huddled
+together without any regard being paid to symmetry. In order to reach
+the Plaza, which is the main feature of attraction belonging to
+the town, the traveler is obliged to follow the crooks and turns of
+several unattractive streets. The home of Kit Carson faces on the west
+side of this public square. It is a building only one story in height;
+but, as it extends over a considerable space of ground, it makes up in
+part this defect, and within, it is surpassed by but few other houses
+in the country for the degree of comfort which is furnishes to its
+occupants. On most any fair day, around the doors of this house may be
+seen many Indians of various tribes who are either waiting for their
+companions within, or else for the opportunity to present itself so
+that they themselves can enter.
+
+Business or no business to transact with Kit Carson, they cannot come
+to town without visiting "Father Kit," and having a smoke and talk
+with him. Kit Carson enjoys himself in their society, for his heart
+and hand have long since taught them that, irrespective of the office
+which he holds towards them, he is their true friend and benefactor.
+Never is his patience exhausted by their lengthy visits. He listens
+to their narrations of grievances which they lay freely before him for
+his counsel, even in matters exclusively personal. Being familiar with
+all those things which will, in the least, touch their feelings and
+make them interested, he finds no difficulty in entering into the
+spirit of their affairs in a manner that exactly suits their tastes.
+This causes them to look upon him in the same light as they would upon
+some brave and experienced chief of their own race.
+
+Kit Carson takes every opportunity to warn the Indians against the use
+of intoxicating drinks, and shows them by his own example, that "fire
+water" is a dangerous luxury which man does not require and in which
+he should not indulge. Notwithstanding his best efforts, now and then
+they get under its influence. On becoming sober, they are so ashamed
+of their conduct that they often keep clear of their agent until
+they think he has forgotten the occurrence. Kit Carson, to a certain
+extent, treats Indians as a wise father does his own children; hence,
+he has won their respect as well as confidence, which fact has given
+him more influence over them, than any other man in the country where
+he lives. When Kit Carson enters the various villages of the Indians
+under his supervision, he is invariably received with the most marked
+attention. Having selected the warrior whose guest he intends to be,
+he accompanies him to his lodge, which is known during his stay as
+the "soldiers' lodge." He gives himself no concern about his horse,
+saddle, bridle rifle or any minor thing. The brave whom he has thus
+honoured, considers that he has assumed the responsibility of a
+"soldier," and so styles himself. This making of a "soldier" is no
+every day business with the Indians. It is only when they are visited
+by some great personage for whom they have the greatest respect, that
+this ceremony is gone through with. When thus favored, the "soldier,"
+at once, becomes the sworn friend of the white man who occupies his
+lodge, and will fight and die for him even against his own brethren.
+
+It is the opinion of Kit Carson, that Indians should not be allowed
+to come, when it pleases them, into the settlements. Every visit which
+they thus make is detrimental to them in many ways. He thinks that
+the time thus spent could be better employed in hunting or otherwise
+providing for the wants of their families. In the towns of the
+frontiers they do nothing but beg and learn the vices of the white
+man, which, added to their own, make them as dangerous and wicked as
+men can be. In lieu thereof, he advises that mission and agency
+houses should be established in their midst, when supplies should
+be furnished to them in a time of need. As matters stand now, the
+Indians, during a severe winter, or from some unforeseen accident, are
+liable to become suddenly destitute. They are then compelled either
+to starve or to make inroads upon the property of the settlers on the
+frontiers. Besides his Indian friends, Kit Carson is surrounded by
+a host of Mexicans and Americans, to whom he has greatly endeared
+himself. To his children Kit Carson is a kind and indulgent father,
+and to best illustrate his self-sacrificing attachment for them, it
+is only necessary to relate one striking incident of its proof. A few
+years since, he was returning to Taos from Rayado, whither he had been
+on a visit in company with his wife, two children, and two servants
+(a Mexican man and woman). The party had completed the first half of
+their journey, and were jogging along over a tract of prairie land
+that was of considerable extent, when suddenly, Kit Carson discovered,
+far off, a band of about forty Indians. Being so exposed, he at once
+concluded that he also had been seen, for while he was looking, he
+thought he could see the speed of their riding animals increase. The
+glaring rays of the sun impeded his view, so that he could not discern
+at such a distance, either from their dress or appearance, to
+what tribe they belonged. He was in a section of country that was
+frequently visited by the marauding Camanches, and, as their signs had
+been recently seen in the neighborhood, he made up his mind that it
+was a band of this tribe that he now saw. No time was to be lost; so,
+dismounting from the very fleet horse he was riding, he placed in
+his saddle his wife and eldest child. To the first named he gave
+directions "to follow on the trail that led to Taos, and let the
+bridle reins be a little slack, so that the horse would know what was
+expected of him, when he would travel at the top of his speed. He said
+that he intended to ride towards the Indians and engage them at first
+in a parley, and then if necessary offer them a single-handed combat.
+At any rate, before they could manage to kill him, she would have
+sufficient time to lessen her danger. As to the remainder of the party
+he added, there was no alternative but for them to take their chances
+for life or death." Bidding his wife and boy good bye, with one
+heart-rending look, he turned to face his apparent doom. As Kit
+approached the Indians, they began to call out his name. As soon as he
+heard this, he aroused himself from the agonizing frame of mind he had
+been laboring under after parting with all that was so dear to him,
+and as he had thought, for the last time. To his joy, Kit quickly
+recognized before him, the familiar faces of some of his Indian
+friends. They had come, as they afterwards informed him, to see him
+and his helpless charge safely lodged in their home, for they had
+become aware that he was exposed to great danger. While the friends
+were talking, some of the Indians began to laugh, which caused Carson
+to turn his head and look in the direction they were gazing. To his
+astonishment and disgust, he saw (the truth was too evident to be
+mistaken) that the cowardly Mexican man had, on his leaving, pulled
+off from her horse Mrs. Carson and her child, and having mounted the
+animal himself, was making good his escape. The Indians wished to keep
+up the ruse, pursue, Attempt to overtake and punish the poltroon; but
+Kit Carson was too thankful that matters had gone so well; therefore,
+he said that he felt that he could excuse such dastardly conduct, and
+requested the Indians to let it pass unnoticed. It is hardly necessary
+to add that with his faithful body-guard who had come to watch over
+him from feelings of earnest respect, gratitude and affectionate
+regard, the agent accomplished the remainder of his journey in perfect
+safety.
+
+Several years have elapsed, as the reader can easily estimate, since
+Kit Carson met, while traveling home from one of his expeditions,
+the Mormon delegate to Congress who had first informed him of his
+appointment as Indian agent. During this length of time Kit Carson has
+retained this office and rendered satisfactory service. The tract of
+country over which the Indians roam who are especially connected
+with his agency, is about equal in its area, to any one of the larger
+States in the American Confederacy. The Indians who are under his
+jurisdiction, are large and powerful bands of the Apaches and Utahs;
+but, as we have said before, neighboring tribes freely seek his
+counsel, aid and protectorate power as they may require it, and they
+all, from habit, consider that they have a claim on his services.
+To best illustrate this, we have but to cite one instance of which a
+thousand similar exist. Two Indian women were taken prisoners by the
+red men of the plains from a band of savages not under the immediate
+control of Kit Carson, who inhabited a section of New Mexico. These
+squaws, while captives, were subjected to the severest labor and the
+most brutal punishment which Indian ingenuity could invent. For one
+year they submitted without exhibiting any outward symptoms by which
+their condition could be known; but, at the end of that time, they
+resolved to escape, even if they were killed in the attempt. Watching
+a favorable opportunity, they started, and fortunately, so well laid
+their plans, that, for some time, they were not missed. On their
+prolonged absence being noticed, a party who were well mounted
+commenced the pursuit, no doubt believing that, to recapture the
+runaways would be an easy task. The squaws however eluded these
+horsemen, and, on foot, made their way to Kit Carson's house at Taos.
+By him they were hospitably received, entertained and amply provided
+for. They had traveled on foot for hundreds of miles, and, while en
+route, had lived on roots and such other food as fell in their way. In
+their reduced condition, it required kindness, proper diet and rest
+to resuscitate them. In the comfortable house to which they had come,
+these things were at hand, and were freely given, without hoping for
+the rewards which man can give. The pursuers of these unfortunate
+Indian women followed on their trail, which, with native instinct, the
+squaws had made as indistinct as possible, until they found themselves
+at a Mexican settlement, within the boundaries of New Mexico. Here
+they were informed that their late captives were safe under the
+protection of Kit Carson. This name acted like magic in settling their
+future mode of proceedings. They needed nothing more to bid them face
+about and retrace their steps to their own homes. The squaws, in the
+household of Kit Carson, rapidly recruited, and when the time came for
+them to be sent to their own tribe, they went away rejoicing at their
+good fortune; first in making their escape, and second, because they
+had been so humanely treated by a man whose name they had often heard,
+but never before seen. As we have said before and with truth, this is
+but one example out of thousands which have passed by unheralded since
+Kit Carson first commenced his official career as Indian agent.
+
+The duties of an agent are not by Kit Carson confined to the mere
+letter of the law. His is a heart that could not be happy were he not
+daily doing some equitable and humane act to ameliorate the condition
+of the Indian race. The strict duties of an Indian agent require that
+he should receive and disburse certain sums of money in purchasing
+such minor articles as the tribes over which he is placed may require.
+He has to give monthly and quarterly reports to the General Government
+and the superintendent of the Territory he is in, of the condition,
+crimes, practices, habits, intentions, health, and such other things
+as pertain to the economy of his charge. How seldom is this knowledge
+properly attained and how often are these things intrusted to clerks
+while the principal receives the emoluments of his office! Of the
+details which make the Indian happy or miserable, he, too frequently,
+knows but little about, except from routine. The agent, if he be a fit
+man, and the Indian is by no means slow in forming his estimate of
+the person he has to deal with, is received into the confidence of
+the tribes, when, after sufficient trial, he has been proved worthy of
+their esteem and friendship. When once he has gained a foothold in the
+affections of the savages, his task assumes the condition of pleasure
+rather than severe labor; but, if he is ignorant of the minute
+workings of his business, he is generally imposed upon and always
+disliked to such a degree that no honorable man would retain such a
+position longer than to find out his unpopularity and the causes of
+it. The Indian agent, to perform his duties well, must be continually
+at his agency house, or among the Indians, in order that he may
+personally attend to their wants and protect them from the mercenary
+visits and contact of outside intruders, who are continually watching
+their opportunity, like hungry wolves, to prey upon and cheat them in
+every shape and form. In fine, he is to assist the superintendent in
+managing the entire Indian family. .
+
+The business of Indian agent, which he strictly and conscientiously
+attends to, keeps Kit Carson employed during the most of his time;
+yet, as often as once each year, he manages affairs so that he can
+spend a few weeks in the exciting scenes of the chase. On these
+excursions, which are eagerly looked forward to by his friends, he is
+accompanied by the crack shots of the country, including his Indian
+and Mexican friends. On horseback and on open prairies, Kit Carson is
+indisputably the greatest hunter in America, if indeed he is not the
+greatest hunter now living. He has killed, in the brief space of three
+consecutive hours, with his rifle, twenty-two antelope, at a time when
+the game was so scarce, that other men who followed the business of
+hunting under pay, and were no ordinary shots, thought themselves
+doing well to bring down six of the same animals. It gives the
+greatest satisfaction to the people of New Mexico that Kit Carson
+is, from time to time, reinstalled in his office of Indian agent,
+notwithstanding the other great changes that have been and are
+continually making in their politics. His fitness for the position
+which he holds cannot be doubted, when the good already accomplished
+by his efforts is considered. No one would be so loath to part with
+his services as the Indians themselves. His influence reaches far
+beyond his own tribes, and is felt by the Cheyennes, Arrapahoes, and
+Kiowas, who are fast becoming very chary about visiting, with hostile
+intentions, the settlements of northern New Mexico.
+
+Kit Carson is still in the full vigor of his manhood, and is capable
+of undergoing almost any amount of privation and hardship; therefore
+we infer that to the country he has adopted; he will be spared many
+years to come, as one of its most valuable citizens. And when the time
+arrives for his final exit from this stage of life, he will bequeath
+to his family and friends a spotless character and an enviable
+reputation.
+
+
+FINIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+RECENTLY ISSUED,
+
+BY W.R.C. CLARK & CO.,
+
+348 BROADWAY,
+
+APPLETON'S BUILDING.
+
+GEORGE MELVILLE,
+
+AN AMERICAN NOVEL.
+
+One handsome 12mo. volume, nearly 400 pages. Price $1.00
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+I. George Melville and Thomas F. Griswold determine that "Old Sassy"
+had better look out.
+
+II. Horses _versus_ Thorn-Apple Tree Limbs.
+
+III. "Wait for the Wagon."
+
+IV. The Boyhood Days of George Melville.
+
+V. The Excursion Party for Niagara--Astor House--James Mordaunt--The
+Plot.
+
+VI. Aurora--Cayuga Lake--The Pic-nic.
+
+VII. Clara Edgemonte's Mistake.
+
+VIII. Melville's and Griswold's Tour--A true Hand and firm Seat always
+come in Play.
+
+IX. Sunset at Niagara--James Mordaunt's Declaration.
+
+X. The Morning Walk--An Old Friend in Duplicate.
+
+XI. Hon. B.F. Mortimer--H.B. Edgemonte, Esq.,--James Mordaunt,
+Esq.--Frederick Mortimer--Thomas F. Griswold--George Melville--Mrs.
+Mortimer--Mrs. Edgemonte--Bell Mortimer--Clara Edgemonte--The
+Breakfast Party.
+
+XII. Bob Shank--The Fire--The Cave.
+
+XIII. Bell hates the Rain, but finally has no Objection to it--Miss
+Blackwood's Party.
+
+XIV. Various Things material both to the Story and the Reader--The
+Catfish Railroad Scheme.
+
+XV. Ahead--Back again.
+
+XVI. Who is Uncle Sam--Syracuse--Camillus--Junction--Auburn--A New
+York Lawyer obtains a Case (a hard one).
+
+XVII. The Dinner Party at Aurora--The Telegram--Mrs. Tryon's Glance.
+
+XVIII. Broadway, New York--James Mordaunt, Esq., at his Office in Wall
+street--Is he a Married Man?
+
+XIX. Rev. John Furnace--The Funeral--The Lawsuit--The Catfish Railroad
+Stock at a Premium.
+
+XX. Arrival of the Liverpool Steamer--New York Firemen--Griswold's
+Heroism--The Catfish Railroad Stock falling--Trouble.
+
+XXI. Short but Interesting.
+
+XXII. A Sail on Cayuga Lake before Breakfast--Thermometer thirty
+Degrees below Zero--Two Miles a Minute under a fair Wind--Bell
+Mortimer takes an Observation--The Surprise not a Surprise--The
+Race Home--The Ice-Boat too much for the Horses--The Runaway--The
+Rescue,--Love told without Words--Death cheated, of his Prey.
+
+XXIII. Plans for the Future.
+
+XXIV. Commencement Day at Hamilton College--William Hastings--How a
+Clerk in New York City may obtain a Partnership.
+
+XXV. A Friend in Need.
+
+XXVI. New York City Corporation Counsel--All Marriage Notices not
+Agreeable.
+
+XXVII. Sarah E. Graham's call at Mordaunt's Law Office--A Cool
+Scene--James Mordaunt in trouble.
+
+XXVIII. George Melville under a Cloud.
+
+XXIX. The Metropolis of America never sleeps--Scene in Twenty-Third
+street late at Night.
+
+XXX. An Arrest--A Promise made, and a Promise given.
+
+XXXI. A Station on the N.Y. Central Railroad--Car
+Manufactory--Reception of a Convict at the Auburn State Prison--The
+Model Prison of the United States.
+
+XXXII. More about the Prison.
+
+XXXIII. James Mordaunt, Esq., triumphs.
+
+XXXIV. Mr. M----l, Chief of the New York Police, puts his Private Seal
+upon a Coffin in Greenwood Cemetery.
+
+XXXV. A Council of War.
+
+XXXVI. A Smash-up in Broadway, N.Y.--The New York Hospital--The New
+York Press--Sarah E. Graham a Lunatic.
+
+XXXVII. Bell and Charger.
+
+XXXVIII. An Ante-Breakfast Ride--The Homestead of an American
+Statesman.
+
+XXXIX. Fort-Hill Cemetery--"Who is there to Mourn for Logan?"--How to
+carry on a Correspondence with a Convict--Distant View of the Auburn
+State Prison--Bell Mortimer in her Sanctum.
+
+XL. A Change in the progress of Events foreshadowed--Exercise of
+Wits--The Statesman proves too much for the Lawyer.
+
+XLI. An Alumnus of Hamilton College, _nolens volens_, becomes a
+Skillful Mechanic.
+
+XLII. A Ray of Hope.
+
+XLIII. Woman's Rights--The State Lunatic Asylum at Utica, Oneida
+County, N.Y.
+
+XLIV. The Arrest--Interview with the Governor of the Empire State.
+
+XLV. A Mountain in Massachusetts--The Home of an ex-President of the
+United States.
+
+XLVI. Another Telegram--Early rising sometimes proves very agreeable.
+
+XLVII. Bell Mortimer makes the Acquaintance of Sarah E. Graham.
+
+XLVIII. The Homestead of an American Mechanic--A Proposition.
+
+XLIX. Trial of the Action "Wilcox against Mordaunt"--Thomas F.
+Griswold, Esquire, addresses the Jury--The Utica Asylum again--One of
+the Biters bitten.
+
+L. Death of a New York City Policeman--A Trial, Sentence, and
+Execution--Ought Governors hold the Pardoning Power?
+
+LI. The Island Martha's Vineyard.
+
+LII. Sunday-school in Prison--The Chaplain and his Convict
+Congregation--A Convict who had well earned his position reflects--Two
+Deaths.
+
+LIII. A Wedding--Wedding Tour--Conclusion.
+
+
+
+NOTICES OF THE PRESS.
+
+From the _Boston Traveller_.
+
+"The language is chaste and dignified, and varies to suit the
+different circumstances. A high-toned integrity, clear common sense,
+and a true representation of life in its real and sound aspects,
+characterize the work."
+
+"One of the best novels of the day."
+
+From the _New York Leader_.
+
+"A work of much power, possessing vastly more of that reality, which
+makes the real charm of a romance, than anything which has preceded it
+this season."
+
+From the _Cincinnati Commercial_.
+
+"A well written volume, spicy with interest, and quite above the every
+day average of the flood of works of fiction."
+
+From the _Chambersburg (Pa.) Independent_.
+
+"We submit the work to the perusal of our readers, as one replete with
+interest and instruction."
+
+From the _Ladies' Visitor_.
+
+"'GEORGE MELVILLE,' coming just now, will be even more certain of a
+warm reception than if he only swelled the crowd of claimants for the
+popular favor."
+
+From the _Albany (N.Y.) Knickerbocker_.
+
+"The style is dashing, and the scenes and incidents in the highest
+degree interesting. We commend 'GEORGE MELVILLE' to our readers."
+
+From the _Morristown (N.J.) Banner_.
+
+"The main features have evidently been actual occurrences, and are
+skillfully worked together by a talented writer, who, with an eye to
+its good moral influence has made a book which is at once pleasing,
+interesting and exciting."
+
+From the _Constitution_ (Middletown, Ct.)
+
+"A book of great interest and spirit, and one that brings out, in a
+strong light, some peculiar traits of American character."
+
+From the _Critic_.
+
+"An unusually well-written and interesting book."
+
+From the _Boston Saturday Evening Gazette_.
+
+"There is a deal of promise in a new novel just out called 'GEORGE
+MELVILLE.' It is a dashing, clever, well-written story; its characters
+talk with animation and plenty of animal spirit, and 'the plot
+converges to an issue' according to the most approved rules. It has
+the American Stamp, and imitates no transatlantic author--a merit
+worth noticing."
+
+From the _New York Sunday Times_.
+
+"Its style is graphic, careless, romping and fanciful, and it is
+really captivating."
+
+From the _Albany Evening Journal_.
+
+"The style is lively; the dialogues frequent and effective; the graver
+scenes well drawn and the book wholly what it purports to be--an
+American Novel, characteristically descriptive of American Life."
+
+From the _New York Sunday Mercury_.
+
+"A book that will repay the reader for the time spent in its perusal.
+A pleasant companion for Saratoga, or the sea-shore."
+
+From the _Educational Herald_.
+
+"Its descriptions and pictures are very graphic."
+
+The following notice from the _Toledo Blade_, is so just and true that
+we copy it entire:
+
+"We had almost said, after reading this story, 'The good old days of
+Cooper have come again.' It is really refreshing, in the midst of so
+much literary pretension, to meet with something of real merit.
+
+"The conception of the plot is admirable--the characters finely
+portrayed--the scenery true to nature and the interest maintained
+throughout. Its life-like pictures, as well as the style of its author
+must commend it to every one who feels any interest in the revival
+of a genuine, home-bred American literature. When such tales as
+this reflecting on our own manners, scenery, morals and laws can be
+produced, there is little reason that our fiction-writers should be
+superseded by foreigners. A tale of equal merit with this, so neatly
+told, so entirely American, has not of late been issued from the
+press.
+
+"The scenery of Central New York--a sail on the placid waters
+of Cayuga Lake in summer, and across the ice which covers it in
+winter--the picturesque views around Auburn and the grand sublimity of
+Niagara, are alike portrayed in vivid characters.
+
+"Character is as well delineated as scenery. Dark and light
+shades--gay and corrupt life--vanity, vice and virtue, all perform
+their appropriate parts, in making up a goodly number of men and
+women, who once fairly introduced, carry themselves very naturally
+through plot and counter plot, to the close of a story which aptly
+illustrates the elements composing American society, in its various
+phases. There are many such victims as Melville, and many such true
+hearted girls as Bell Mortimer.
+
+"We do not pretend that the writer has attained perfection. The book
+has faults--but these may be overcome by a writer of so much real
+ability, and we hope his pen will not be allowed to remain idle.
+
+"GEORGE MELVILLE is a pleasant story--written in a chaste style with a
+good moral, and we cheerfully commend it to our readers."
+
+*** Copies sent by mail to any part of the United States, pre-paid,
+upon receipt of price.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A BEAUTIFUL GIFT BOOK.
+
+SHELLS
+
+FROM THE
+
+SEA-SHORE OF LIFE,
+
+GATHERED BY
+
+PEARLY SHELLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This work comprises the lighter and more sketchy productions of one
+of the most original and distinguished writers in the country.
+The "Shells" are symbolical of the various lights and shades of
+Life--scattered over its surface or lying deep beneath its ocean. They
+embody a series of writings which may be called
+
+THE PARABLES OF THE WORLD!
+
+Every one of the series contains a moral which the Christian as
+well as the man of the world may bring home to his observation or
+experience. They sound the depths of the heart in the womanly as well
+as in the manly breast.
+
+Some of these brilliant sketches symbolized in Shells, were originally
+published in many of the first-class newspaper and periodical press;
+while others, again, have been republished extensively throughout
+the country. They are now "gathered" emphatically not only from the
+"Sea-Shore of Life," by the Author, but from the mass of journals
+through which they have been scattered broadcast far and wide.
+
+The "Shells" are published in a style which makes them, in their
+typographical and external dress, equal to their intellectual and
+moral interest, and renders them one of the most beautiful and
+appropriate presents that can be selected for the holidays.
+
+  One vol., 12mo., with twenty-one original
+         illustrations, cloth,                  $0 75
+  Cloth, full gilt,                              1 25
+
+W.R.C. CLARK & CO., PUBLISHERS,
+
+348 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
+
+(Appletons' Building.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ALSO, LATELY ISSUED, THE FOLLOWING
+
+NEW MUSIC.
+
+SISTER SPIRIT, STAY NOT HERE--SONG.
+
+Price Fifty Cents.
+
+WORDS AND MUSIC BY C. HATCH SMITH.
+
+From the _New York Day Book_.
+
+"There is a tenderness and a pathos, both in the words and the music,
+so admirably adapted to each other, that it cannot fail to please all
+who may hear it."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HO! THE DEEP--SONG.
+
+BY ALLEN N. LEET, JR.
+
+Price Twenty-five Cents.
+
+A very inspiriting song, well adapted to the piano. The novelty of the
+melody has already made it very popular.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPIRIT OF THE ISLAND HOME--SONG.
+
+Price Twenty-Five Cents.
+
+WORDS AND MUSIC BY C. HATCH SMITH.
+
+A new and very beautiful song. Its tones bring the murmur of the waves
+to our ears. The imitation of the motion of the sea is admirable.
+
+Either of the above pieces will be sent by mail, post-paid, upon
+receipt of the price, or all of them on receipt of 75 cents.
+
+W.R.C. CLARK & CO., PUBLISHERS,
+
+No. 348 Broadway, New York.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF KIT
+CARSON, THE NESTOR OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, FROM FACTS NARRATED BY
+HIMSELF***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 16274-8.txt or 16274-8.zip *******
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+<body>
+<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Life and Adventures of Kit Carson, the
+Nestor of the Rocky Mountains, from Facts Narrated by Himself, by De Witt
+C. Peters</h1>
+<pre>
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at <a href = "https://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre>
+<p>Title: The Life and Adventures of Kit Carson, the Nestor of the Rocky Mountains, from Facts Narrated by Himself</p>
+<p>Author: De Witt C. Peters</p>
+<p>Release Date: July 12, 2005  [eBook #16274]</p>
+<p>Language: English</p>
+<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p>
+<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF KIT CARSON, THE NESTOR OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, FROM FACTS NARRATED BY HIMSELF***</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h3>E-text prepared by Alicia Williams, William Flis,<br />
+    and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
+    (https://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<h4>THE</h4>
+
+<h2>LIFE AND ADVENTURES</h2>
+
+<h4>OF</h4>
+
+<h1>KIT CARSON,</h1>
+
+<h4>THE</h4>
+
+<h2>NESTOR OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS,</h2>
+
+<h4>FROM FACTS NARRATED BY HIMSELF.</h4>
+
+<h3>BY DE WITT C. PETERS, M.D.,</h3>
+
+<h4>LATE ASSISTANT SURGEON U.S.A.</h4>
+
+<h4>WITH ORIGINAL ILLUSTRATIONS,</h4>
+
+<h4>DRAWN BY LUMLEY, ENGRAVED BY N. ORR &amp; CO.</h4>
+
+<center>"All are but parts of one stupendous whole,<br />
+Whose body nature is, and God the soul."</center>
+<br />
+<center>NEW YORK:</center>
+
+<h4>W.R.C. CLARK &amp; CO.,</h4>
+
+<center>348 BROADWAY.</center>
+
+<center>MDCCCLVIII.</center>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr />
+
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>W.H. TINSON, STEREOTYPER AND PRINTER,</p>
+<p>Rear of 43 &amp; 45 Centre Street, N.Y.</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+
+<hr />
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;"><a href="images/frontispiece.jpg"><img width="100%" src="images/frontispiece.jpg" alt="KIT AND HIS FAVORITE HORSE 'APACHE.'" /></a>KIT AND HIS FAVORITE HORSE "APACHE."</div>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page1" id="page1"></a>[pg 1]</span>
+
+<h4>TO</h4>
+
+<h3>COL. CERAN ST. VRAIN,</h3>
+
+<h4>OF NEW MEXICO.</h4>
+
+
+<p><span class="sc">Dear Sir</span>,</p>
+
+<p>You were first among the brave mountaineers to discover and direct the
+manly energy, extraordinary natural ability, and unyielding courage which have
+attached to the subject of this volume; and, as among the first Americans who put
+foot on the Rocky Mountains, you are perhaps best acquainted with the history of
+the men, who, for fifty years, have lived there. <span class="sc">Christopher Carson</span>, after a long
+life, now crowned with successful and honorable achievements, still looks upon you,
+sir, as his earliest patron, and places your name on the list of his warmest friends.
+Through a life of unusual activity and duration, which, reflecting honor and
+renown upon your name, has given you a distinguished position among your countrymen,
+you have never been known to forget a duty to your fellow man.</p>
+
+<p>For these considerations, the dedication of this volume to you cannot but
+appear appropriate. That he may continue to merit a place in your confidence and
+esteem is the earnest desire of</p>
+
+<p class="author">THE AUTHOR.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page2" id="page2"></a>[pg 2]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="author"><span class="sc">Fernandez de Taos, New Mexico.</span></p>
+
+<p><span class="sc">Sir</span>:</p>
+
+<p>We, the undersigned citizens of the Territory of New Mexico, have been
+acquainted with Mr. <span class="sc">Christopher Carson</span> for a number of years, indeed almost
+from the time of his first arrival in the country. We have been his companions
+both in the mountains and as a private citizen. We are also acquainted with the
+fact that for the past few months, during his leisure hours, he has been engaged
+dictating his life. This is, to our certain knowledge, the only authentic biography
+of himself and his travels that has ever been written. We heartily recommend
+THIS BOOK to the reading community for perusal, as it presents a life out of the
+usual routine of business, and is checkered with adventures which have tried this
+bold and daring man. We are cognizant of most of the details of the book, and
+vouch for their accuracy.</p>
+
+<center>Very respectfully,</center>
+
+<p class="author">CERAN ST. VRAIN,<br />
+LIEUT. COL. N.M. VOLUNTEERS.</p>
+
+<p class="author">CHARLES BEAUBIEN,<br />
+LATE CIRCUIT JUDGE.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page3" id="page3"></a>[pg 3]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE.</h2>
+
+
+<p>The pages here presented to the public form a book
+of facts. They unfold for the student, as does no other
+work yet extant, the great interior wilderness of the territories
+belonging to the United States. The scenic views,
+though plainly colored and wrought by the hand of an
+unpretending artist, inasmuch as they portray a part of
+the North American continent which is unsurpassed by
+any other country on the face of the earth, will not fail
+to interest the American public. In addition to this,
+the reader is introduced to an intimate acquaintance with
+the Indian races of the countries which He east and west
+of the Rocky Mountains. The savage warrior and
+hunter is presented, stripped of all the decorations with
+which writers of fiction have dressed him. He is seen in
+his ferocity and gentleness, in his rascality and nobility,
+in his boyhood, manhood, and old age, and in his wisdom
+and ignorance. The attentive reader will learn of his
+approximations to truth, his bundle of superstitions, his
+acts at home and on the war path, his success while following
+the buffalo and engaging the wild Rocky Mountain
+bear, that terror of the western wilderness. He will
+also behold him carrying devastation to the homes of the
+New Mexican settlers, and freely spilling their best blood
+to satiate a savage revenge. He will see him attacking
+and massacring parties of the white men traveling
+across the prairies, and trace him in his savage wars with
+the early settlers and frontiersmen.</p>
+
+<p>In order to acquire these important <i>data</i> that they
+might be added to the pages of American history and
+form a reliable record, it was necessary that some brave,
+bold and determined man should become an actor on the
+scenes and among the races described. Such an actor has
+been, and yet is, Christopher Carson, the Nestor of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page4" id="page4"></a>[pg 4]</span>
+Rocky Mountains; and, it is the experience, as well as
+the acts, of his stirring life, which the following pages present.</p>
+
+<p>In olden times there existed, in the Rocky Mountains,
+a race familiarly known by the name of "Trappers and
+Hunters." They are now almost extinct. Their history
+has not yet been written. Pen paintings, drawn from the
+imagination, founded upon distant views of their exploits
+and adventures, have occasionally served, as do legends,
+to "adorn a tale." The volume now offered to the
+public, gives their history as related by one whose name
+as a trapper and hunter of the "Far West," stands
+second to none; by a man, who, for fifteen years, saw
+not the face of a white woman, or slept under a roof;
+who, during those long years, with his rifle alone, killed
+over two thousand buffalo, between four and five thousand
+deer, antelope and elk, besides wild game, such as
+bears, wild turkeys, prairie chickens, etc., etc. in numbers
+beyond calculation. On account of their originality,
+daring and interest, the real facts, concerning this race
+of trappers and hunters, will be handed down to posterity
+as matters belonging to history.</p>
+
+<p>As is the case with the Indian, the race of the "Simon
+Pure Trapper" is nearly run. The advance of civilization,
+keeping up its untiring march to the westward, is
+daily encroaching upon their wild haunts and bringing
+the day close at hand when warrior and trapper will
+depart forever to their "Happy Hunting Grounds."</p>
+
+<p>With the extinction of the great fur companies, the
+trappers of "Olden Time" disbanded and separated.</p>
+
+<p>The greatest number of these men, to be found at the
+present day, reside in the Territory of New Mexico;
+which, in the time of their prosperity, was the country
+where they located their head quarters. In this Territory,
+Christopher Carson now resides. His name, in the
+Rocky Mountains, has been familiarly known for more
+than a quarter of a century; and, from its association
+with the names of great explorers and military men, is
+now spread throughout the civilized world. It has been
+generally conceded, and the concession has become
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page5" id="page5"></a>[pg 5]</span>
+strengthened by time, that no small share of the benefits
+derived from these explorations and campaigns, as well
+as the safety of the commands themselves, was and is
+due to the sagacity, skill, experience, advice and labor
+of Christopher Carson. The exploring parties, and expeditions
+here referred to, are those which he accompanied
+in the capacity of chief guide and adviser.</p>
+
+<p>His sober habits, strict honor, and great regard for
+truth, have endeared him to all who can call him friend;
+and, among such may be enumerated names belonging to
+some of the most distinguished men whose deeds are recorded
+on the pages of American history. His past life
+has been a mystery which this book will unveil.
+Instead of Kit Carson as by imagination&mdash;a bold braggart
+and reckless, improvident hero of the rifle&mdash;he will
+appear a retired man, and one who is very reserved in
+his intercourse with others. This fact, alone, will account
+for the difficulty which has hitherto attended presenting
+the public with an accurate history of his life.</p>
+
+<p>A few years since, the writer of this work first met
+Christopher Carson. It needed neither a second introduction,
+nor the assistance of a friendly panegyric, to enable
+him to discover in Christopher Carson those traits of manhood,
+which are esteemed by the great and good to be
+distinguishing ornaments of character. This acquaintance
+ripened into a friendship of the purest stamp.
+Since then, the writer has been the intimate friend and,
+companion of Christopher Carson, at his home, in the
+wild scenes of the chase, on the war trail, and upon the
+field of battle. For a long period, in common with
+hundreds&mdash;and, we might with truth add, thousands, the
+writer has desired to see Christopher Carson's wonderful
+career made public for the world of readers; but, while
+this idea was germinating in his brain, he did not, for an
+instant, flatter himself that the pleasant task would ever
+be assigned to him. Finally, however, at the urgent solicitation
+of many personal friends, Christopher Carson
+dictated the facts upon which this book is written. They
+were then placed in the writer's hands, with instructions
+to add to them such information as had fallen under his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page6" id="page6"></a>[pg 6]</span>
+observation, during quite extensive travels over a large
+part of the wide expanse of country, which has been
+Christopher Carson's theatre for action.</p>
+
+<p>The book is a book of solid truth; therefore, the
+faults in the style, arrangement and composition, become
+affairs of minor consideration. For this reason,
+the writer makes no apologies to embarrass the critics.</p>
+
+<p>Christopher Carson, physically, is small in stature, but
+of compact frame-work. He has a large and finely developed
+head, a twinkling grey eye, and hair of a sandy
+color, which he wears combed back <i>&#224; la Franklin mode</i>.
+His education having been much neglected in his youth,
+he is deficient in theoretical learning. By natural abilities,
+however, he has greatly compensated for this defect.
+He speaks the French and Spanish languages fluently,
+besides being a perfect master of several Indian dialects.
+In Indian customs, their manners, habits and the groundwork
+of their conduct, no man on the American continent is better skilled.</p>
+
+<p>The writer, while on a foreign tour, once had the opportunity
+and pleasure of hearing Gordon Cumming and
+other hunters of less note, discourse on their hunting exploits;
+furthermore, in our own country, while seated
+around camp-fires and in log houses, he has listened to
+the adventures of ancient and modern Nimrods in the
+chase; besides these facts, he has both seen and read
+much of hunting exploits; but, no hunter ever filled his
+fancy so perfectly, as does Christopher Carson, a man
+who acts and never boasts.</p>
+
+<p>Without further comment, the reader is presented with
+the work, while the writer cherishes the hope, that the
+facts, which for the first time are given to the world, will
+prove to be both interesting and important as jottings of history.</p>
+
+<p>The author begs leave to return to his friend, <span class="sc">C. Hatch
+Smith</span>, A.M., of Brooklyn, New York, his acknowledgment
+for valuable assistance in revising, correcting and
+arranging his manuscript.</p>
+
+<p>196 Twenty-third street, New York.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page7" id="page7"></a>[pg 7]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CONTENTS.</h2>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER I.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter I" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">Carson's Birthplace&mdash;His Emigration to Missouri&mdash;Early Prospects&mdash;Is an
+Apprentice&mdash;Stories
+of the Rocky Mountains&mdash;He Enlists to go there&mdash;Adventures on
+the Prairies&mdash;Broaders is Wounded&mdash;Carson's Nerve put to the Test&mdash;Rude
+Amputation&mdash;Safe Arrival at Santa F&#233;&mdash;Goes to Taos and learns the Spanish
+Language&mdash;Early Vicissitudes&mdash;Disappointment and Attempt to return to Missouri&mdash;Is
+employed as an Interpreter, Teamster, etc., </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page13">13</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER II.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter II" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">The news of the Defeat of Mr. Young's Trapping Party by the Indians reaches
+Taos&mdash;Young raises a Party to chastise the Indians&mdash;Kit Carson becomes a
+Conspicuous Member of the Expedition&mdash;The Indians are found on Salt River&mdash;The
+Fight&mdash;Trapping Exploits&mdash;A new Country&mdash;Trials and Vicissitudes&mdash;Sacramento
+Valley&mdash;California and its Roman Catholic Missions in 1829&mdash;Another
+Indian Fight&mdash;Sale of Furs&mdash;Indian Depredations&mdash;Kit Carson and Twelve Trappers
+engage with the Indians in a Battle&mdash;Return to the Camp with recovered Property, </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page30">30</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER III.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter III" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">The Return from California to New Mexico&mdash;San Fernando and the Peublo of Los
+Angelos&mdash;Description of these Peublos&mdash;Passports demanded at Los Angelos&mdash;Trouble
+with the Mexican Authorities&mdash;Kit Carson sent on with the Pack Animals&mdash;One
+Trapper shoots another&mdash;The Mexicans become frightened&mdash;Indians come
+into Camp with their Weapons concealed&mdash;Cool Reception, by Kit Carson&mdash;Arrival
+at Santa F&#233; and Taos&mdash;Money realized soon parted with&mdash;Carson joins another
+Expedition&mdash;The Rivers trapped on&mdash;Four Men Killed by Blackfeet Indians&mdash;Kit
+Carson joins Gaunt's Party&mdash;The Parks&mdash;Winter Quarters&mdash;Crow Indian Depredations&mdash;Kit
+Carson and his Party in Pursuit&mdash;the Fight&mdash;Winter on the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page8" id="page8"></a>[pg 8]</span>
+Arkansas&mdash;Another Expedition&mdash;Two Deserters&mdash;Kit Carson sent in Pursuit&mdash;The Fate
+of the Runaways&mdash;Adventures with Indians&mdash;Hair-breadth Escape made by Kit
+Carson,      </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page42">42</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER IV.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter IV" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">Kit Carson and two Companions plan a Hunt for themselves&mdash;The Great Success
+met with&mdash;Return to Taos&mdash;Sale of the Beaver Fur&mdash;Kit Carson joins Captain
+Lee and goes on a Trading Expedition&mdash;Winter Quarters&mdash;Kit Carson is sent in
+Pursuit of a Thief&mdash;Overtakes and is obliged to shoot the Runaway&mdash;Property
+recovered&mdash;The Return to Camp&mdash;The Sale of Goods&mdash;Kit Carson joins Fitzpatrick
+and Party&mdash;Kit Carson organizes a Hunting Party&mdash;His Encounter with two
+Grizzly Bears&mdash;The Summer Rendezvous&mdash;Kit Carson joins fifty Trappers and
+goes to the Country of the Blackfeet Indians&mdash;Annoyances received from these
+Indians&mdash;Winter Quarters in 1832&mdash;Horses Stolen&mdash;Kit Carson and eleven Men
+in Pursuit&mdash;A Parley&mdash;A Fight&mdash;Kit Carson severely wounded&mdash;His great Sufferings
+and Fortitude&mdash;His Convalescence&mdash;The Retreat&mdash;A New Expedition&mdash;A
+Braggadocio&mdash;Kit Carson Fights a Duel and Wounds his man&mdash;Duels in the
+Rocky Mountains in Olden Times,</td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page68">68</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER V.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter V" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">The Fall Hunt&mdash;McCoy of the Hudson's Bay Company organizes a Trapping Party
+which Kit Carson joins&mdash;The Hunt&mdash;Scarcity of Beaver on Humboldt River&mdash;The
+Party is divided&mdash;Kit Carson with a majority of the Men goes to Fort Hall&mdash;Hardships
+and Privations met with&mdash;Buffalo Hunt&mdash;All their Animals stolen in the
+Night by a Party of Blackfeet Indians&mdash;Arrival of McCoy from Fort Walla Walla&mdash;The
+Rendezvous&mdash;Kit Carson joins a strong Band&mdash;The Small Pox among the
+Blackfeet Indians&mdash;The Crow Indians on good terms with the Whites&mdash;Intense
+Cold&mdash;Immense Herds of Buffalo&mdash;Danger of their goring to death the Horses&mdash;The
+Spring Hunt&mdash;The Blackfeet Indian Village overtaken&mdash;A desperate Fight
+with these Indians&mdash;The Rendezvous&mdash;Sir William Stuart and a favorite Missionary&mdash;Kit
+Carson goes on a Trading Expedition to the Navajoe Indians&mdash;The Return&mdash;He
+accepts the post of Hunter of the Trading Post at Brown's Hole,</td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page106">106</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER VI.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter VI" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">Bridger and Carson trapping on the Black Hills&mdash;The Main Camp&mdash;The Rendezvous&mdash;Winter
+Quarters on the Yellow Stone&mdash;Carson with forty men in a desperate fight
+with the Blackfeet Indians&mdash;A Council&mdash;Sentinel posted&mdash;One Thousand Warriors
+come to punish the Trappers&mdash;The War Dance&mdash;The Courage of the Savages deserts
+them&mdash;Winter Quarters&mdash;The Spring Hunt&mdash;Another Fight with the Blackfeet&mdash;Continued
+Annoyances&mdash;The Trappers abandon the Country&mdash;The Rocky
+Mountains and Alps compared&mdash;Other Trapping Expeditions&mdash;Beaver becoming
+scarce&mdash;Prices of Fur reduced&mdash;Kit Carson and the Trappers give up their Vocation&mdash;The
+Journey to Bent's Fort&mdash;Mitchell the Mountaineer&mdash;His Eccentricities,</td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page127">127</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page9" id="page9"></a>[pg 9]</span>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER VII.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter VII" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">Kit Carson is employed as Hunter to Bent's Fort&mdash;His Career for Eight Years&mdash;Messrs.
+Bent and St. Vrain&mdash;The commencement of his Acquaintance with John
+C. Fremont on a Steamboat&mdash;Is employed as a Guide by the Great Explorer&mdash;The
+Journey&mdash;Arrival at Fort Laramie&mdash;Indian Difficulties&mdash;The business of the
+Expedition completed&mdash;Return to Fort Laramie&mdash;Kit Carson goes to Taos and is
+married&mdash;He is employed as Hunter to a Train of Wagons bound for the States&mdash;Meeting
+with Captain Cook and four companies of U.S. Dragoons on Walnut
+Creek&mdash;Mexicans in Trouble&mdash;Kit Carson carries a Letter for them to Santa F&#233;&mdash;Indians
+on the Route&mdash;His safe Arrival&mdash;Amijos' advance Guard massacred by
+the Texians&mdash;The one Survivor&mdash;The Retreat&mdash;Kit Carson returns to Bent's
+Fort&mdash;His Adventures with the Utahs and narrow escape from Death&mdash;The Texians
+disarmed&mdash;The Express Ride performed,      </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page147">147</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER VIII.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter VIII" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">Kit Carson visits Fremont's Camp&mdash;Goes on the Second Exploring Expedition&mdash;The
+Necessary Arrangements&mdash;Trip to Salt Lake&mdash;Explorations there&mdash;Carson is dispatched
+to Fort Hall for Supplies&mdash;Their Operations at Salt Lake&mdash;The Great
+Island&mdash;The Journey to the Columbia River in Oregon&mdash;Incidents on the Route&mdash;Tlamath
+Lake&mdash;The Journey to California&mdash;The Trials and Privations met with
+while crossing the Sierra Nevada Mountains&mdash;Mr. Preuss is lost but finds the
+Party again&mdash;Arrival at Sutter's Fort in a Destitute Condition&mdash;Two of the Party
+become deranged&mdash;The Route on the Return Trip&mdash;Mexicans come into their
+Camp asking Aid and Protection&mdash;Indian Depredations&mdash;Carson and Godey start
+on a Daring Adventure&mdash;The Pursuit&mdash;The Thieves overtaken&mdash;These Two White
+Men attack Thirty Indians&mdash;The Victory&mdash;Horses retaken&mdash;The Return to Camp&mdash;One
+of their Companions killed&mdash;The Journey continued&mdash;Arrival at Bent's
+Fort&mdash;The "Fourth of July" Dinner,      </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page178">178</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER IX.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter IX" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">Kit Carson concludes to become a Farmer&mdash;He is joined in the Enterprise by a
+Friend&mdash;They build a Ranche on the Cimeron River&mdash;Descriptions of Mexican
+Customs and Country&mdash;Fremont once more at Bent's Fort&mdash;Express sent for Kit
+Carson to join the Expedition as Guide&mdash;The Ranche Sold, and the Departure&mdash;The
+Third Expedition and its Explorations&mdash;Difficulties with the Mexican-Californians&mdash;General
+Castro's Orders to leave the Country&mdash;Determination to Fight&mdash;Fremont
+goes to Lawson's Fort&mdash;Fremont and his Men encounter a Thousand
+Indians&mdash;The Battle and the Victory&mdash;The news that War had been declared
+between the United States and Mexico reaches Fremont&mdash;Lieutenant Gillespie
+rescued from the Indians&mdash;Three of the party killed in the Night by Indians&mdash;The
+Savages repulsed&mdash;The Burial of Comrades,     </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page232">232</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page10" id="page10"></a>[pg 10]</span>
+
+<h3>CHAPTER X.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter X" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">Fremont en route for California&mdash;His men are anxious to punish the Tlamath Indians&mdash;Kit
+Carson, in command of ten Men, is sent on ahead to reconnoitre&mdash;He
+discovers the main Village of these Indians&mdash;The Attack and the Victory&mdash;Beautiful
+Lodges&mdash;The Trophies mostly destroyed&mdash;Fremont saves Kit Carson's
+Life&mdash;The Journey resumed&mdash;The Sacramento Valley&mdash;An Indian Ambuscade&mdash;One
+Savage defies the Party&mdash;Kit Carson shoots him&mdash;The Tlamath Indians still
+on the War Path&mdash;Another Lesson given to them&mdash;A Thief is shot&mdash;Arrival at
+Lawson's Trading Post&mdash;A period of Inactivity&mdash;A Detachment sent to capture
+Sonoma&mdash;Prisoners taken&mdash;The Mexicans come to punish the Americans&mdash;Their
+Courage deserts them&mdash;The Retreat&mdash;The Pursuit&mdash;Fremont goes to Sutter's Fort
+and establishes a Military Post&mdash;Monterey is taken by the American Squadron&mdash;Fremont
+marches there&mdash;Further Operations&mdash;The taking of Los Angelos,      </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page261">261</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XI.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter XI" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">Kit Carson is sent Overland as Bearer of Dispatches to Washington&mdash;The Preparation
+and the Start&mdash;The Journey&mdash;Privations and Sufferings&mdash;Meeting with
+General Kearney&mdash;The General takes Carson as his Guide and sends on the Dispatches
+by Fitzpatrick&mdash;The March&mdash;Arrival at Warner's Ranche&mdash;Mexicans on
+the Road&mdash;Preparations for a Battle&mdash;The Battle&mdash;Disastrous Consequences&mdash;Kit
+Carson and Lieutenant Beale offer to run the lines of the Mexican Sentinels and
+carry Information to San Diego of Kearney's critical position&mdash;The Daring Undertaking&mdash;The
+Sufferings they encountered&mdash;Their Arrival&mdash;Reinforcements sent
+out&mdash;Lieutenant Beale is Delirious from the Privations he has undergone&mdash;Gen.
+Kearney and his Command finally reach and join the other American Forces in
+California,      </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page274">274</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XII.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter XII" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">A Command of Six Hundred Men is sent against Los Angelos&mdash;The Mexican Army
+evacuates the Town&mdash;Its Capture&mdash;Rumors of an Attack to be made on Fremont's
+Command&mdash;The Mexicans surrender&mdash;The Winter Quarters&mdash;Kit Carson
+is ordered to carry Dispatches overland to Washington&mdash;Lieutenant Beale accompanies
+him&mdash;A Night Attack made by the Indians&mdash;Arrival in the United
+States&mdash;Kit Carson's Introduction to Col. Benton and Mrs. Fremont&mdash;Hospitality
+offered to him at Washington&mdash;Kit Carson receives the Appointment of Lieutenant
+in the Rifle Corps of the U.S. Army from President Polk&mdash;He is ordered to
+carry Dispatches to California&mdash;The Journey&mdash;A Brush with the Camanche Indians&mdash;Arrival
+at Santa F&#233;&mdash;More trouble with hostile Indians&mdash;Arrival at Los
+Angelos&mdash;Dispatches delivered&mdash;Kit Carson is assigned to do Duty with the Dragoons&mdash;Is
+ordered to Guard Tajon Pass&mdash;The Winter spent there&mdash;Is ordered
+again to carry Dispatches to Washington&mdash;The Journey and its Adventures&mdash;The
+return to New Mexico,      </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page297">297</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page11" id="page11"></a>[pg 11]</span>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XIII.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter XIII" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">Kit Carson at his Home&mdash;The Apache Indians become hostile&mdash;An Expedition sent
+against them&mdash;It is not successful&mdash;Another is organized, with which, Kit Carson
+goes as Guide&mdash;Two Indian Chiefs captured&mdash;Other Incidents of the Trip&mdash;Colonel
+Beall attempts to force the Indians to give up Mexican Captives&mdash;Two
+thousand Savages on the Arkansas River&mdash;The Visit to them&mdash;Kit Carson emigrates
+and builds a Ranche at Rayado&mdash;Description of the Valley&mdash;The Massacre
+of a Santa F&#233; Merchant&mdash;His Wife is made Prisoner&mdash;The Expedition sent to
+rescue her&mdash;The Indians overtaken&mdash;Bad Counsel and Management&mdash;The commanding
+Officer wounded&mdash;Mrs. White's Body found&mdash;Severe Snow-storm on the
+Plains&mdash;One Man frozen to Death&mdash;Kit Carson returns to Rayado&mdash;The occupation
+of a Farmer resumed&mdash;The Apaches steal from the Settlers nearly all their
+Animals&mdash;Kit Carson with thirteen others in the Pursuit&mdash;The Surprise&mdash;A running
+Fight&mdash;The Animals recovered&mdash;A gallant Sergeant and his Fate&mdash;Kit
+Carson and Goodel go on a Trading Expedition to meet California Emigrants at
+Fort Laramie&mdash;Humorous Adventures&mdash;The Dangers that beset the Road to New
+Mexico&mdash;Hair-breadth Escape&mdash;Arrival at Taos, </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page322">322</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XIV.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter XIV" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">Kit Carson reaches Home&mdash;Himself and Neighbors robbed by the Apaches&mdash;Major
+Grier goes in Pursuit of, and recaptures the stolen Stock&mdash;A Plot organized by
+White Men to murder two Santa F&#233; Traders for their Money&mdash;The Disclosure&mdash;Kit
+Carson goes to the Rescue of the Traders&mdash;The Camp of United States Recruits&mdash;Captain
+Snell with twenty Men joins Kit Carson and they two make the
+Arrest of Fox&mdash;Gratitude expressed by the Traders&mdash;Money offered but refused&mdash;The
+Prisoner taken to Taos and incarcerated&mdash;Kit Carson receives a magnificent
+Pair of Revolvers as a Present from the grateful Traders&mdash;The return to Rayado&mdash;A
+Trading Expedition to the United States&mdash;The return Journey&mdash;An
+Encounter with the Cheyenne Indians&mdash;A State of Suspense&mdash;The Deliverance
+from Danger by a Message sent by a Mexican Runner&mdash;The arrival at Rayado, </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page361">361</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XV.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter XV" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">Kit Carson's last Trapping Expedition&mdash;He embarks in a Speculation&mdash;His Trip to
+California with a large Flock of Sheep&mdash;The Method employed by Mexicans in
+driving Herds and their Dexterity&mdash;Kit Carson goes to San Francisco&mdash;Its wonderful
+Growth&mdash;Maxwell joins Kit Carson at Sacramento City&mdash;The Lucky Speculation&mdash;The
+Return Trip to New Mexico and its Adventures&mdash;The Mormon Delegate
+to Congress informs Kit Carson of his Appointment as Indian Agent&mdash;Kit
+Carson enters upon the Duties of his Office&mdash;Bell's Fight with the Apaches on
+Red River&mdash;Kit Carson's Interview with the same Indian&mdash;High-handed Measures
+on the Part of the Apaches&mdash;Davidson's desperate Fight with them&mdash;The Soldiers
+defeated with severe loss&mdash;Davidson's Bravery is unjustly questioned&mdash;Kit Carson's
+Opinion of it&mdash;The Apaches elated by their Victory&mdash;Their Imitations of the
+Actions of Military Men, </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page389">389</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page12" id="page12"></a>[pg 12]</span>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XVI.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter XVI" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">A fresh Campaign set on foot&mdash;Col. Cook in Command&mdash;Kit Carson goes as Guide&mdash;The
+Apaches and Utahs leagued together&mdash;The Roughness of the Country and
+the Privations to which the Command was exposed&mdash;The Indians overhauled&mdash;A
+running Fight&mdash;The Advantages gained&mdash;The Chase resumed&mdash;The Apaches
+resort to their old Tricks&mdash;Col. Cook is obliged to return to Abiquiu&mdash;A Utah
+taken Prisoner through Mistake&mdash;Kit Carson goes to Taos and has a Conference
+with the Chiefs of the Utah Nation&mdash;Cook's second Scout&mdash;He is caught in a
+furious Snow-storm and obliged to return to Rio Colorado&mdash;Major Brooks and
+Reinforcements come to the Rescue&mdash;Major Brooks on the Lookout, but fails to
+find the Indians&mdash;Carleton's Expedition&mdash;Kit Carson goes with it as Guide&mdash;The
+Adventures met with&mdash;Kit Carson's Prophecy comes true&mdash;The Muache Band of
+Utahs summoned by Kit Carson to a Grand Council&mdash;Troubles brewing among
+these Indians&mdash;The Small Pox carries off their Head Men, </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page434">434</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+
+
+<h3>CHAPTER XVII.</h3>
+
+<table summary="Chapter XVII" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left">The Commencement of a formidable Indian War&mdash;High-handed Measures on the
+Part of the Indians&mdash;The Governor of New Mexico raises five hundred Mexican
+Volunteers and places them under the Command of Colonel St. Vrain&mdash;Colonel
+Fauntleroy placed in Command of all the Forces&mdash;Kit Carson is chosen as Chief
+Guide&mdash;The Campaign commenced&mdash;The Trail found&mdash;The Indians are met and
+the first Fight and its Consequences&mdash;An Excitement in Camp&mdash;The Indians again
+overtaken&mdash;The return to Fort Massachusetts&mdash;Intense Cold Weather experienced&mdash;The
+Second Campaign&mdash;Colonel Fauntleroy surprises the Main Camp of the
+Enemy&mdash;The War and Scalp Dance broken up&mdash;Terrible Slaughter of the Indians&mdash;The
+Great Amount of Plunder taken and destroyed&mdash;Another small Party of
+Indians surprised and routed&mdash;St. Vrain equally fortunate in his Campaign&mdash;The
+Indians sue for Peace&mdash;The Council held and Treaties signed&mdash;Kit Carson opposes
+the making of them&mdash;The poor Protection Indian Treaties usually afford to Settlers&mdash;Kit
+Carson's House at Taos and his Indian Friends&mdash;His Attachment for his
+Family put to the test&mdash;Cowardice of a Mexican&mdash;Kit Carson's Friends as they
+look upon him&mdash;His influence over Indians&mdash;General remarks&mdash;Conclusion, </td>
+<td align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="#page466">466</a></td></tr>
+</table>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page13" id="page13"></a>[pg 13]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h1>LIFE OF KIT CARSON.</h1>
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Carson's Birthplace&mdash;His Emigration to Missouri&mdash;Early Prospects&mdash;Is an
+Apprentice&mdash;Stories
+of the Rocky Mountains&mdash;He Enlists to go there&mdash;Adventures on
+the Prairies&mdash;Broaders is Wounded&mdash;Carson's Nerve put to the Test&mdash;Rude
+Amputation&mdash;Safe Arrival at Santa F&#233;&mdash;Goes to Taos and learns the Spanish
+Language&mdash;Early Vicissitudes&mdash;Disappointment and Attempt to return to
+Missouri&mdash;Is employed as an Interpreter, Teamster, etc.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>It is now a well-established fact, that no State in the
+American Union has given birth to so many distinguished
+pioneers and explorers of its boundless Territories, as the
+commonwealth of Kentucky. An Author, whose task
+is to tell of a Hero, his bravery, endurance, privations,
+integrity, self-denial and deeds of daring, carries the
+<i>morale</i> with which to gain at once for these characteristics
+the assent of the reader, by the simple assertion,
+"My Hero was born a Kentuckian." Indeed, in America,
+to be a native of the State of Kentucky, is to inherit all
+the attributes of a brave man, a safe counsellor and a
+true friend. It is, at least, certain that this State,
+whether the fact is due to its inland and salubrious climate,
+or to its habits of physical training, has added
+many a Hero unto humanity.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page14" id="page14"></a>[pg 14]</span>
+
+<p>Christopher Carson, by his countrymen familiarly
+called "Kit Carson," was born in the County of Madison,
+State of Kentucky, on the 24th day of December,
+1809. The Carson family were among the first settlers
+of Kentucky, and became owners of fine farms. Besides
+being an industrious and skillful farmer, the father of
+Kit Carson was a celebrated hunter. When the Indians
+of Kentucky became quieted down, putting an end to
+the calls upon his courage and skill as a woodsman, he
+settled into a simple, respectable farmer. This monotonous
+life did not suit his disposition; and, as the tide of
+emigration into the wilds of Missouri was then commencing,
+where both game and the red man still roamed,
+he resolved to migrate in that direction. It was only
+one year after the birth of his son Christopher, that Mr.
+Carson sold his estate in Kentucky and established himself,
+with his large family, in that part of the State of
+Missouri now known as Howard County. At this time
+Howard County, Missouri, was a wilderness, on the remote
+American frontier. At his new home, the father
+was in his element. His reputation of carrying an
+unerring rifle and always enacting the deeds of a brave
+man, was not long in following him into this wilderness.
+Mr. Carson's only assistant, on his first arrival in Howard
+County, was his eldest son, Moses Carson, who was afterwards
+settled in the State of California, where he resided
+twenty-five years before the great California gold discovery was made.</p>
+
+<p>For two or three years after arriving at their new
+home, the Carson family, with a few neighbors, lived in
+a picketed log fort; and when they were engaged in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page15" id="page15"></a>[pg 15]</span>
+agricultural pursuits, working their farms, and so forth,
+it was necessary to plough, sow and reap under guard,
+men being stationed at the sides and extremities of their
+fields to prevent the working party from being surprised
+and massacred by wild and hostile savages who infested
+the country. At this time the small pox, that disease
+which has proved such a terrible scourge to the Indian,
+had but seldom visited him.<a id="footnotetag1" name="footnotetag1"></a><a href="#footnote1"><sup>1</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>The incidents which enliven and add interest to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page16" id="page16"></a>[pg 16]</span>
+historic page, have proved of spontaneous and vigorous
+growth in the new settlements of America. Nearly
+every book which deals with the early planting and progress
+of the American colonists and pioneers, contains
+full, and frequently glowing, descriptions of exploits in
+the forest; strifes of the hunter; fights with the savages;
+fearful and terrible surprises of lurking warriors, as they
+arouse the brave settler and his family from their midnight
+dreams by the wild, death-announcing war-whoop; hair-breadth
+escapes from the larger kinds of game, boldly
+bearded in their lair; the manly courage which never
+yields, but surmounts every obstacle presented by the
+unbroken and boundless forest; all these are subjects
+and facts which have already so many counterparts in
+book-thought, accessible to the general reader, that their
+details may be safely omitted during the boyhood days
+of young Carson. It is better, therefore, to pass over
+the youthful period of his eventful life, until he began to ripen into manhood.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson, at fifteen years of age, was no ordinary
+person. He had at this early age earned, and well
+earned, a reputation, on the basis of which the prediction
+was ventured in his behalf, that he would not fail to
+make and leave a mark upon the hearts of his countrymen.
+Those who knew him at the age of fifteen, hesitated
+not to say, "Kit Carson is the boy who will grow
+into a man of influence and renown."</p>
+
+<p>The chief points of his character which elicited this
+prediction were thus early clearly marked. Some of his
+traits were kindness and good qualities of heart, determined
+perseverance, indomitable will, unflinching courage,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page17" id="page17"></a>[pg 17]</span>
+great quickness and shrewdness of perception, and
+promptitude in execution. The predictions uttered by
+the hardy rangers of the forest concerning a boy like
+Carson are seldom at fault; and Kit was one who, by
+many a youthful feat worthy the muscle of riper years,
+had endeared himself to their honest love. It was among
+such men and for such reason, that Kit Carson thus
+early in life had won the influence and rewards of a general favorite.</p>
+
+<p>His frame was slight, below the medium stature, closely
+knit together, and endowed with extraordinary elasticity.
+He had, even then, stood the test of much hard usage.
+What the body lacked in strength was more than compensated
+for by his indomitable will; consequently, at
+this early age, he was considered capable of performing
+a frontier man's work, both in tilling the soil and handling the rifle.</p>
+
+<p>It was at this period of his eventful life that his father,
+acting partially under the advice of friends, determined
+that his son Kit should learn a trade. A few miles from
+Kit's forest home, there lived a Mr. David Workman, a
+saddler. To him he was apprenticed. With Mr. Workman
+young Carson remained two years, enjoying both
+the confidence and respect of his employer; but, mourning
+over the awl, the hide of new leather, the buckle and
+strap; for, the glorious shade of the mighty forest; the
+wild battle with buffalo and bear; the crack of the unerring
+rifle, pointed at the trembling deer. Saddlery is
+an honorable employment; but saddlery never made a
+greater mistake than when it strove to hitch to its traces
+the bold impulse, the wild yearning, the sinewy muscle
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page18" id="page18"></a>[pg 18]</span>
+of Kit Carson. Harness-making was so irksome to his
+ardent temperament and brave heart, that he resolved to
+take advantage of the first favorable opportunity and
+quit it forever. With him, to resolve has ever been
+followed by action. During the latter part of his stay
+with Mr. Workman, many stories of adventures in the
+Rocky Mountains reached the ear of the youthful Kentuckian
+in his Missouri home. The almost miraculous
+<i>hyperbole</i> which flavored the narratives were not long
+in awakening in his breast a strong desire to share in
+such stirring events. The venturesome mind at last
+became inspired. He determined to go; and, giving his
+restless spirit full sway, in 1826, joined a party bound
+for his boyish fancy-pictures of the Elysian Fields. The
+leader of this expedition required no second request
+from young Carson before enrolling his name on the
+company-list. The hardy woodsman saw stamped upon
+the frank and open countenance of the boy who stood
+before him those sterling qualities which have since made
+his name a household word. These formed a passport
+which, on the spot, awakened the respect and unlocked
+the hearts of those whose companionship he sought.</p>
+
+<p>The work of preparation was now commenced by the
+different parties to the expedition. All of the arrangements
+having been finally completed, the bold and hardy
+band soon started upon their journey. Their route lay
+over the vast, and then unexplored territory, bounded
+by the Rocky Mountains on the one side, and the Missouri
+River on the other. Before them lay, stretched
+out in almost never-ending space, those great prairies,
+the half of which are still unknown to the white man.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page19" id="page19"></a>[pg 19]</span>
+Crossing the plains in 1826 was an entirely different feat
+from what it is at this day. Where, then, were the published
+guides? Where were the charts indicating the
+eligible camping grounds with their springs of pure water?
+These <i>oases</i> of the American Sahara were not yet
+acquainted with the white man's foot. The herds of
+buffaloes, the droves of wild horses, knew not the crack
+of the white man's rifle. They had fled only at the approach
+of the native Indian warrior and the yearly fires
+of the prairie. It was a difficult task to find a man who
+had gazed on the lofty peaks of the mountain ranges
+which formed a serpentine division of the vast American
+Territories, or who had drank the waters at the camping
+places on the prairies. The traveller at that day was, in
+every force of meaning which the word extends, literally,
+an explorer, whose chosen object was the task of a hero.
+The Indians themselves could give no information of the
+route beyond the confined limits of their hunting ranges.
+The path which this pioneer party entered was existent
+only in the imagination of the book-making geographer,
+about as accurate and useful from its detail, as the route
+of Baron Munchausen to the icelands of the North Pole
+on the back of his eagle. The whole expanse of the rolling
+prairie, to those brave hearts, was one boundless uncertainty.
+This language may possibly be pronounced
+redundant. It may be in phrase; it is not in fact. The
+carpet-knight, the holiday ranger, the book-worm explorer,
+knows but little of the herculean work which has
+furnished for the world a practical knowledge of the
+western half of the North American continent. We
+shall see in the progress of this work whether the adventures
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page20" id="page20"></a>[pg 20]</span>
+of Kit Carson entitle him to a place in the heart of
+the American nation on the same shelf with his compeers.</p>
+
+<p>In that day, the fierce red-man chief scoured the broad
+prairies, a petty king in his tribe, a ruler of his wild domain.
+Bold, haughty, cautious, wily, unrelenting, revengeful,
+he led his impassioned warriors in the chase
+and to battle. Even to-day, the lurking Indian foeman is
+no mean adversary to be laughed and brushed out of the
+way, notwithstanding disease, war, assassination and necessary
+chastisement have united rapidly to decimate his
+race, thereby gradually lessening its power. Thirty years
+ago the rolling plains were alive with them, and their
+numbers alone made them formidable. It is not strange
+that the untutored savages of the prairie, like those
+of their race who hailed with ungovernable curiosity
+the landing of the Pilgrims on Plymouth Rock, should
+have been attracted by the wonderful inventions of the
+white-man intruder. A very short period of time served
+to turn this ungovernable curiosity into troublesome
+thieving. Knowing no law but their wild traditionary
+rules, they wrested from the adventurous pioneer, his
+rifle, knife, axe, wagon, harness, horse, powder, ball,
+flint, watch, compass, cooking utensils, and so forth.
+The result was, sanguinary engagements ensued, which
+led to bitter hostility between the two races. Doubtless
+the opinion may be controverted, but it nevertheless
+shall be hazarded, that, until the weaker party shall be
+exterminated by the stronger, the wild war-whoop, with
+its keen-edged knife and death-dealing rifle accompaniments,
+will continue, from time to time, to palsy the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page21" id="page21"></a>[pg 21]</span>
+nerve, and arouse the courage of the pioneer white man.
+The Indian, in his attack, no longer showers cloth-yard
+arrows upon his foe. He has learned to kill his adversary
+with the voice of thunder and the unseen bullet.</p>
+
+<p>The bold traveller, whose pathway lies over those
+great highroads which lead to the Pacific, must still
+watch for the red man's ambush by day; and, by night,
+sleep under the protecting vigilance of the faithful,
+quick-sighted sentinel. The savage never forgives his
+own or his ancestor's foe. Every generation of them
+learns from tradition the trials and exploits of its tribe.
+From earliest boyhood these form the burden of their
+education in history; and, on performing the feat of
+courage or strength which admits them to the councils
+of the braves, their nation's wrongs are uppermost in
+their thoughts, causing them to thirst for a revenge
+which sooner or later gives them a grave, making themselves,
+in turn, an object of revenge.</p>
+
+<p>It has already appeared that when Kit Carson entered
+upon his first expedition, game was to be had in abundance.
+His route lay across the western wilds to Santa
+F&#233;. All this distance the bulk of provisions, consisting
+of a small quantity of flour and bacon, had to be transported
+by himself and his companions. These articles
+were kept as a reserve, and were looked upon as
+luxuries; for, that man was estimated to be a very
+poor shot who could not obtain, with his rifle, all the
+animal food he required for his individual sustenance.
+These hunters, however, well understood the laws which
+govern and the advantages which follow division of
+labor. Everything was so arranged, both for this and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page22" id="page22"></a>[pg 22]</span>
+subsequent expeditions, by which a regular hunter was
+appointed, and each man assigned some particular duty
+according to his capacity. These appointments were
+usually made by the leader of the party, whose supervision
+was acknowledged by general consent on account
+of his known experience and capability. This plan was
+the more necessary in order to avoid confusion.</p>
+
+<p>The caravan had hardly launched out on its long and
+tedious tramp, when an accident occurred which came
+very near proving serious in its results. For several
+days the men had been greatly annoyed by wolves
+who appeared more than usually ravenous and bold.<a id="footnotetag2" name="footnotetag2"></a><a href="#footnote2"><sup>2</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In order to frighten the wolves, the teamsters would
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page23" id="page23"></a>[pg 23]</span>
+occasionally shoot them. One of the members of the
+expedition was obliged to take a fresh rifle from a
+wagon. In taking the gun out, the hammer of the lock
+caught against some projecting object, which caused
+it to be partially set. Having become freed, however,
+before it was fully set, it came down and fired the gun.
+The contents of the barrel were sent through the man's
+arm. No member of the expedition was conversant
+with surgical knowledge. Here was an occasion to
+shake the nerves of any feeling man; and, beneath the
+rough exterior of the western ranger, there runs as deep
+a stream of true humanity as can be found anywhere on
+the American continent. Every suggestion was offered
+and every effort was put forth which heart feeling
+chained to anxiety and the terrible necessity, could offer.
+Every remedy which promised a good result was duly
+weighed; and, if pronounced worthy of trial, it was
+adopted. The sufferer had kind, though rough nurses;
+but, the absence of scientific skill, under such emergency,
+proved a sad want for the unfortunate man. Notwithstanding
+their united efforts, Broader's arm grew alarmingly
+worse. It soon became manifest to all that he
+must part with his arm, or lose his life; perhaps both.
+At this critical period, a consultation was held, in which
+the suffering patient joined. Due deliberation was
+extended to all the symptoms. The giving of advice
+in such a council by men who could only give judgment
+from an imaginary stand-point, must strike the heart
+of true sympathy as having been painful in no ordinary
+degree. After every possible argument had been offered
+in favor of saving the arm, the final decision of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page24" id="page24"></a>[pg 24]</span>
+council was that it must come off. The next difficulty
+which presented itself was quite as formidable as the
+expression of a correct judgment. Who should perform
+the office of surgeon, was the knotty question? Again
+the consultations became exciting and intensely painful.
+The members of the council, however, took it upon
+themselves to designate the persons, and chose Carson
+with two others. These immediately set at work to
+execute their sad but necessary task. The arrangements
+were all hastily, but carefully made, and the cutting
+begun. The instruments used were a razor, an old
+saw; and, to arrest the hemorrhage, the king bolt taken
+from one of the wagons was heated and applied to serve
+as an actual cautery. The operation, rudely performed,
+with rude instruments, by unpractised hands, excited to
+action only by the spur of absolute necessity, proved,
+nevertheless, entirely successful. Before the caravan
+arrived at Santa F&#233; the patient had so far recovered
+that he was able to take care of himself.</p>
+
+<p>Besides this unfortunate affair, nothing worthy of note
+transpired, beyond the general record of their route,
+during the remainder of their journey. The latter would
+be too voluminous for the general reader, and has
+already served its purpose as an assistant to other exploring
+parties, both from published account and conversational
+directions. The party entered Santa F&#233; in the
+month of November. Very soon after, Kit Carson left
+his companions and proceeded to Fernandez de Taos, a
+Mexican town, which lies about eighty miles to the northeast
+of the capital of New Mexico. During the winter
+that followed his arrival in the territory of New Mexico,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page25" id="page25"></a>[pg 25]</span>
+Kit lived with an old mountaineer by the name of Kin
+Cade, who very kindly offered him a home. It was at
+this period of his life that he commenced studying the
+Spanish language. His friend Kin Cade became his
+assistant in this task. At the same time Kit neglected
+no opportunity to learn all he could about the Rocky
+Mountains. He little thought, then, that these earth-formed
+giants were to become his future home, and so
+gloriously to herald his name throughout the entire civilized globe.</p>
+
+<p>The pinching effects of want now attacked poor Kit.
+He could obtain no employment. His expectations in
+this respect, as well as his earnest efforts, received so
+little encouragement that he began, finally, to despond.
+Extreme poverty is a wet damper on the fires of the best
+genius; but, as was the case with Kit, it does not effectually
+put it out. Kit saw with sorrow that he must retrace
+his steps. To obtain means to carry out his ardent
+desires, in the spring of 1827 he started on a backward
+trip to Missouri. Every step he took in this direction
+was accompanied with such displeasure, that had it not
+been his best and surest policy, he would have mastered
+any difficulties of another and better course, had such
+offered. Four hundred and fifty miles from Santa F&#233;,
+being about one half the distance across the prairies,
+had been accomplished by the party Kit had joined for
+this homeward trip. The fording of the Arkansas River
+had been reached. Here Kit's party met with some
+traders bound for New Mexico. They offered him employment,
+which he gladly accepted; and, in their company,
+retraced his steps back to Santa F&#233; But when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page26" id="page26"></a>[pg 26]</span>
+arrived at Santa F&#233;, Kit found himself again without money.
+He was afforded an opportunity to obtain a wardrobe,
+but to the mountaineer, such property would be
+entirely a superfluity. He feels nearly independent on
+the score of clothing, as he considers that he needs but
+little raiment, and that little he is always proud to owe
+to his beloved rifle. This brings to his hand buckskins
+in plenty, and his own ingenuity is the fashion-plate by
+which they are manufactured into wearable and comfortable
+vesture. There is one article of clothing, however,
+for which the frontiersman feels an ardent predilection.
+It is a woollen shirt. This article, Kit really needed; and,
+in equal pace with his necessity, ran his anxiety that
+something should offer by which to obtain one. The
+reader may smile at this; and, so does Kit at this day, as
+he recounts the fact in his own inimitable style. But
+Kit says that to obtain a woollen shirt then, was, to him,
+no laughing matter. At a moment when he almost despaired
+of gaining employment, he received an offer to
+go as a teamster with an expedition bound to El Paso.
+This opportunity was a chance for success not to be lost,
+and he closed with the proposition. After faithfully performing
+his engagement, he, however, returned to Santa
+F&#233;, where he made a short stay, and then proceeded to
+Taos. In this town Kit entered into the service of Mr.
+Ewing Young, who was a trader and trapper. The
+reader may prepare again for a smile, as he will now
+learn that Kit became a cook. Mr. Ewing Young has
+the satisfaction of boasting that the renowned Kit Carson
+once performed the responsible and arduous duties of a
+master cook in the culinary department of his establishment;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page27" id="page27"></a>[pg 27]</span>
+and that, for these valuable services, labor, care
+and diligence, he gave to Kit, as a <i>quid pro quo</i>, his
+board. In this way Kit supported himself in his straitened
+circumstances until the following spring.</p>
+
+<p>What was the bright thought which made the bold,
+the ardent, the energetic Kit Carson accept this menial
+office? Surely the brain metal which was so brightly
+polished when he set out from Howard county, Missouri,
+must have been sadly rusted. Not so! The hope which
+buoyed up his spirits while he attempted to rival French
+pastry and English beef with American venison and Buffalo
+meat on the table of Mr. Ewing Young, was that
+some trapper, or hunter, would come into Taos, their favorite
+place of resort; and, by being ready for an emergency,
+he would obtain an opportunity for gaining a permission
+to join them. His intention was certainly good,
+but it lacked the bright crown of good intention&mdash;success.
+In the spring of 1828, much chagrined with his,
+so far, continued bad luck, and no prospect of gaining his
+object appearing, he again joined a homeward-bound party
+and with it, sorrowfully, started for Missouri. But, as
+on the former trip homeward, he met on the route a
+party bound for Santa F&#233;. That indomitable ingredient
+in his composition, an iron will, caused him once more to
+turn his face westward. He joined this party and returned
+to Santa F&#233;, in order again to tempt fortune for
+an opportunity to reach the Rocky Mountains. But
+during all these changes and counterchanges Kit had not
+been idle. He had picked up considerable knowledge,
+and, to his other stock of accomplishments, had added
+the ability to speak the Spanish language.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page28" id="page28"></a>[pg 28]</span>
+
+<p>On arriving once more at Santa F&#233;, he fell in with
+Col. Tramell, who was at that time a well-known trader.
+Col Tramell needed a Spanish interpreter. Kit obtained
+the post, and set out with him for Chihuahua, one of the
+Mexican States. Here again Kit made a change in his
+employment. In Chihuahua he fell in with Mr. Robert
+McKnight. To him he hired out as a teamster, and in
+this capacity went to the copper mines which are found
+near to the Rio Gila. Amid the weary necessities of
+this humble but honorable calling, Kit's heart was constantly
+alive with ambition to become a hunter and
+trapper. He knew that he was expert with the rifle,
+which had been his boyish toy, and felt confident that
+he could rely upon it as an assistant to gain an honest
+living. His constant thought at this time was, let him
+now be engaged in whatever calling chance offered and
+necessity caused him to accept, the final pursuit of his
+life would be as a hunter and trapper. Here, then, is
+presented a fair example of the strife, both inward and
+outward, through which a young man of courage and
+ambition must expect to pass before he can win position,
+influence, and the comforts of life, whatever the scene of
+his action, or whatever the choice of employment suitable
+to his talent and genius. Kit Carson was determined,
+no matter what might be the obstacles which
+presented themselves, to be a hunter and trapper.</p>
+
+<p>The reader will have made a sad mistake if he has
+concluded, that during the time which has intervened
+since Kit started from Missouri, he has been roaming in
+a country where there was less danger than when he
+was in the picketed fort with his father. Such a supposition
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page29" id="page29"></a>[pg 29]</span>
+would be greatly at fault. The towns in New
+Mexico, at this early period, were almost entirely at the
+mercy of the Indians. The Mexicans were nearly destitute
+of means to defend themselves. Very few of the
+Anglo-Saxon race had entered this territory, and those
+who had were, in turn, exposed to the vacillating wills
+of the proverbially treacherous Mexicans. A man like
+Kit Carson, however, born and bred in danger, cared
+but little about this state of affairs. The dangers did
+not enter into his calculations of chance to overcome the
+difficulties which beset the pathway which the alluring
+hopes of his ambition had marked out. Not long afterward,
+he left the copper mines, and once more bent his
+steps to Taos, in company with a small party. At Taos,
+he found a band of trappers which had been sent out by
+Mr. Ewing Young. While <i>en route</i> for the river Colorado
+of the <i>west</i>, in pursuit of game, they had been attacked
+by a band of Indians. After fighting an entire
+day, they had been compelled to retreat, and returned to New Mexico.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page30" id="page30"></a>[pg 30]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+The news of the Defeat of Mr. Young's Trapping Party by the Indians reaches
+Taos&mdash;Young raises a Party to chastise the Indians&mdash;Kit Carson becomes a
+Conspicuous Member of the Expedition&mdash;The Indians are found on Salt River&mdash;The
+Fight&mdash;Trapping Exploits&mdash;A new Country&mdash;Trials and Vicissitudes&mdash;Sacramento
+Valley&mdash;California and its Roman Catholic Missions in 1829&mdash;Another
+Indian Fight&mdash;Sale of Furs&mdash;Indian Depredations&mdash;Kit Carson and Twelve Trappers
+engage with the Indians in a Battle&mdash;Return to the Camp with recovered Property.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>The news of the attack and defeat of his men by the
+Indians, was brought to Mr. Ewing Young at Taos by a
+member of the unfortunate expedition. On learning the
+causes which brought this unpleasant termination to his
+enterprise, Mr. Young raised a party of forty men, consisting
+of Americans, Canadians and Frenchmen, and put
+himself at its head. Kit Carson was received into the
+party, and soon became one of its most prominent and
+efficient aids. Mr. Young's object was two-fold: first,
+to chastise the Indians; and, second, to make all he
+could out of the expedition by employing the men in
+their calling as trappers. Under the Mexican laws,
+licenses were required from the government to all Mexicans
+who set out on trapping expeditions. These were
+not granted to citizens of the United States. This was
+not the mere will of governmental officials; the Mexican
+statutory law prohibited the granting of licenses to citizens
+of the United States. This law was, however, often
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page31" id="page31"></a>[pg 31]</span>
+made a dead letter by Americans; for, they frequently,
+but stealthily evaded it. In order, therefore, to hoodwink
+the Mexican authorities, Mr. Young had to resort
+to various expedients. His preparations were so carefully
+and secretly made, that the real business he had in
+contemplation did not transpire, or even a suspicion gain
+currency as to his intended whereabouts.</p>
+
+<p>In April, 1829, the party set out, eager to bring about
+results equal to their anticipations. At first, to avoid
+the curiosity and inquiring disposition of the Mexicans,
+they traveled northward, as if their destination was into
+the territory of the United States. Hints had been sufficiently
+freely bestowed upon the Mexicans to lead them
+to believe that such was the destination of the party.
+After journeying fifty miles in this direction, and feeling
+themselves free from the scrutiny of the Mexican authorities,
+they changed their course to the southwest,
+and travelled through the country occupied by the Navajoes,
+who are an interesting and dangerous race of
+Indians, even to the trader of this day. On their route,
+the company passed through Zuni, a Peublo town; thence
+they traveled to the head of Salt River, one of the
+tributaries of the Rio Gila. Here they discovered the
+band of Indians who had attacked and defeated the
+former party. As soon as the Indians discovered the
+party of trappers, they became eager for the affray.
+The usual preliminaries for such fights were, therefore,
+quickly made on both sides. Young directed the greater
+part of his men to lie in ambush, for he felt confident
+that the Indians did not know his strength. The bands
+of savages who covered the hills round about mistook
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page32" id="page32"></a>[pg 32]</span>
+the halt necessary to complete the ambush for cowardice
+and fear on the part of the whites. At this their courage
+arose, to such a degree, that they made a bold charge
+against, as they supposed, the small party of white men
+who were visible. They were allowed to advance well
+into the trap, until, by the position of the trappers in
+ambush, they came under a cross fire. At the word of
+command, a general volley was fired into the advance
+column. Fifteen warriors fell dead, and many others
+were wounded. The Indians became panic-stricken, and
+the trappers immediately following up their advantage,
+advanced from cover. The warriors did not rally for a
+second attack, but fled in every direction, leaving Young,
+with his party, masters of the field. Strange as it has
+ever seemed, to the inquiring mind, in those days and
+for many succeeding years, companies of white men from
+fifty to sixty in number could wage successful war
+against whole tribes of Indians, who could easily muster
+a thousand fighting men. A reason often given for this
+is, that the trappers of the western wilds are invariably
+"dead shots" with the rifle and well versed in Indian
+strategy. On the other hand, the red men were, comparatively
+speaking, poorly armed, and could not travel
+together for any length of time in large parties, because
+they depended for food chiefly upon hunting. Had there
+existed no other cause, the means of obtaining provision
+being limited, must have compelled them to separate.
+Very frequently whole tribes are reduced to depend
+upon daily hunts. The bravery of the Indians is of a
+different stamp from that which is exhibited by the
+whites, especially where the white man is a Simon-pure
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page33" id="page33"></a>[pg 33]</span>
+western trapper. The white man on the prairie or in
+the mountains, knows but too well that if attacked by
+Indians he must conquer or die. It was, and is, seldom
+that a company out on an expedition has any place of
+refuge to which it may retreat. Here is the principal
+reason why the trapper is so seldom defeated. He cannot
+afford to lose his life to a certainty, and consequently will not allow a defeat.</p>
+
+<p>After this fight, Young's party trapped down the Salt
+River to San Francisco River, and thence on up to the
+head of the latter stream. The Indians failed not to
+hover on their pathway, and to make nightly attacks
+upon their party. Frequently they would crawl into
+camp and steal a trap, or kill a mule or a horse, and do
+whatever other damage they could secretly. At the
+head of the San Francisco River the company was
+divided. It was so arranged, that one party was to proceed
+to the valley of the Sacramento in California. Of
+this detachment Kit Carson was a member. The other
+party had orders to return to New Mexico for the purpose
+of procuring traps to replace those stolen. This
+latter party was also commissioned to take and dispose
+of the stock of beaver already on hand. The party
+bound for California was eighteen in number. Of this
+party Mr. Young took command. Previous to setting
+out, a few days were devoted to hunting. They only
+succeeded, however, in killing three deer. The meat of
+these animals they prepared to take with them, as they
+were about to journey into a country never before explored.
+The skins of the three deer were converted
+into tanks for carrying water. They had learned from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page34" id="page34"></a>[pg 34]</span>
+some friendly Indians that the country over which
+they had to pass <i>en route</i> was destitute of water. The
+red men told them additionally that the valley (meaning
+the Sacramento) was beautiful, and that the streams
+were full of beaver. All of this information the trappers
+found was true. For four days they travelled over
+a barren country, where not one drop of water could be
+found. At each night's camping-place, small allowances
+of water from the tanks was distributed by the commander
+to each man and animal. A guard was then
+stationed over the remainder to prevent any accident
+from depriving the company of this now precious article
+of sustenance. At the close of the fourth day, however,
+they again found water. The instinct exhibited by the
+pack mules on this occasion was truly remarkable.
+Long before any member of the party thought that
+water was so near, the mules, with unerring certainty,
+had smelt it, and each one, according to his remaining
+strength, had hurried on to partake of it. The result
+was, that when the first mule had reached the water, the
+remainder were scattered along upon the trail for a
+great distance. The company encamped here, and
+remained two days to recruit.</p>
+
+<p>The journey was renewed on the third day, the route
+being still over a similar kind of country, necessitating
+both man and beast to submit to similar privations as to
+water. In four days more they came in sight of the
+great Ca&#241;on of the Colorado, which failed not to awaken
+a thrill of delight in every member of the party. Just
+before reaching the Ca&#241;on they met a party of Mohave
+Indians, of whom they purchased an old mare. She was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page35" id="page35"></a>[pg 35]</span>
+killed and eaten by the party with great gusto. The
+party remained three days on the banks of the Colorado
+recruiting their strength. While remaining here, another
+party of Mohave Indians visited them, from whom
+they procured a small quantity of corn and beans.
+Leaving the Colorado they recommenced their journey
+and travelled southwest. In three days they arrived at
+a stream which rises in the coast range, runs northeast
+and is lost in the sands of the Great Basin. About
+two years previous to their arrival here, three trappers
+by the names of Smith, Sublett, and Jackson, with a
+large party of men, had a desperate fight in this neighborhood
+with hostile Indians. They, also, had learned
+from friendly Indians of the wonders of the Sacramento
+Valley, and were <i>en route</i> to explore it when attacked.
+Four only out of their entire company escaped with
+their lives. These succeeded in making their way to
+the nearest Mexican settlements, which they reached in
+a state of complete destitution, after many hardships.
+Young and his party followed the dry bed of this river
+for several days before they came to any visible water.
+It may be interesting to some of our readers to know
+that there are many of these curious rivers in western
+America, which, for miles disappear from the surface of
+the earth, and, probably, run through the quicksand
+beneath, as they reappear again. The outline of the
+river usually exists between the place of its disappearance
+and the place where the water again comes to the surface
+of the earth. By digging a few feet into the sand
+within the outline, the water is generally obtained. It
+takes but a short time, however, for the hole thus made
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page36" id="page36"></a>[pg 36]</span>
+to fill up again. On quitting this river, the party journeyed
+to the westward, and, in four days, came to the
+Mission of San Gabriel. Here they found one Roman
+Catholic priest, fifteen Mexican soldiers, and about one
+thousand Indians. Belonging to this little colony were
+eighty thousand head of cattle, fine fields and vineyards.
+Literally the work and life of the Jewish patriarchs were here being re&#235;nacted.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+"A shepherd on the mighty plain he watched his roving store."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>To the half-starved followers of Mr. Young, this Mission
+appeared to be a "Paradise of Earth." They remained
+here, however, but one day. Having nothing
+else to trade, they parted with their butcher knives, receiving
+for four of them one fat ox. It would all appear
+a fabulous tale, were we to incorporate into this narrative
+a history, or even a slight description of the immensity
+of the herds of horses and cattle which once roamed
+over the plains and valleys of California and New Mexico.
+It is but a few years since, that some wealthy Mexicans
+owned herds in these parts of America which they numbered
+by tens of thousands. They were, however, almost
+valueless for want of a market; and, until the tide of
+emigration poured in, developing the resources of the
+country by its demand for provisions and labor, horses
+and cattle were sold for a mere trifle. In one day's
+march from San Gabriel, Young and his party arrived
+at another Roman Catholic Mission, called San Fernando.
+This establishment was on a much smaller scale than the
+first. Young and his hardy followers, however, stopping
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page37" id="page37"></a>[pg 37]</span>
+only for a few hours, pushed on for the Sacramento
+River, which proved to be distant only a few days'
+march. Their course from San Fernando was northeast.
+The last part of their journey led through a delightful
+tract of country, where water, grass and game existed in
+abundance, seemingly a foretaste of the success which
+awaited their further advance. Selecting an eligible
+camping site, Young here rested his party for some time.
+When they were fully recruited, the party started for the
+San Joaquin, and commenced trapping down the river.
+What gave the men great surprise, they discovered unmistakable
+signs of another trapping party. In a short
+time it appeared that they were close to a party belonging
+to the Hudson's Bay Company, commanded by Peter
+Ogden. Young's men, however, continued setting their
+traps on the San Joaquin and its tributaries. The two
+parties were near each other for some time, and as deer,
+elk, and antelope existed by thousands around them,
+which it was no trouble to kill in any numbers desirable,
+they fared well. On again reaching the Sacramento
+River, the two parties separated. Mr. Ogden, with his
+party, set out for the Columbia River, while Mr. Young's
+party encamped where they were, for the remainder of
+the summer. As the season for trapping had passed,
+they employed their time in hunting and preparing meat for future necessity.</p>
+
+<p>It was here that Kit Carson soon distinguished himself
+as a superior hunter, which reputation he has maintained
+ever since, no matter who have been his antagonists.
+Not but that Kit may have had his equals; but that it is
+next to an impossibility to find his superior. At all
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page38" id="page38"></a>[pg 38]</span>
+events, the world has given Kit Carson the title of "Nestor
+of the Rocky Mountains," for his reputation as a hunter
+alone; and as his biographer, we take pleasure in
+recording the facts by which the title has been earned
+and maintained. Let the reader possess himself of the
+facts, as they shall appear divested of any and every picture
+which fancy or partiality may accidentally cause us
+to paint, and even then Kit Carson will not lose the title.
+On the contrary, it will become the more indelibly stamped upon his brow.</p>
+
+<p>During the sojourn of the trappers on the Sacramento,
+an event occurred which exhibited the readiness with
+which these men responded to calls upon them for aid in
+a just cause. A few of the Indians belonging to the Mission
+of the San Rafael, after committing some excesses,
+deserted from those to whom they had pretended friendship.
+The priest having charge of the Mission sent a
+strong force to search for the fugitives. They were found
+secreted in an Indian village, the inhabitants of which
+were not on friendly terms with the priest's party. A demand
+was made that the deserters should be given up,
+which being refused, a fight ensued, and the priest's party
+was defeated. Assistance was now asked from the trappers.
+The request was complied with by Carson and eleven
+of his companions, who volunteered for the occasion.
+Thus reinforced, the vanquished party returned and resumed
+the fight, but with a far different result. The Indian
+village was captured and one third of its inhabitants
+killed. The day following a second demand to deliver up
+the deserters was complied with. Carson and his companions
+then left the priest's party and rejoined their camp.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page39" id="page39"></a>[pg 39]</span>
+A short time after this affair had happened, Mr. Young
+carried the furs he had on hand to the Mission of San Rafael,
+where he was so fortunate as to find a captain of a
+trading schooner to whom he succeeded in disposing of
+the entire stock. With the money accruing from the sale,
+he purchased horses and then rejoined his company.</p>
+
+<p>A circumstance occurred a few days after Mr. Young's
+return, which proved to be a good warning to the party
+for their future vigilance. During one dark night, some
+Indians, eluding the watch of the sentinels, succeeded in
+entering the camp and moving off sixty horses. As soon
+as the robbery was discovered, which had been the more
+easily accomplished because the trappers, not apprehending
+danger, had allowed the animals to take care of
+themselves, Mr. Young directed Kit Carson to take
+twelve men with the remaining horses, fourteen in number,
+and pursue the thieves. Carson, in obedience to
+his orders, immediately started for the Sierra Nevada
+Mountains, following the trail of the Indians. After
+travelling one hundred miles he came up with the robbers,
+and discovered them in the act of feasting upon
+horse-flesh, six of their own animals having been killed
+to supply the viands. Doubtless stolen fruit made the
+feast all the sweeter to the savages, but Kit determined
+to mingle a little of the bitter as a condiment to the
+roasted flesh. Gathering his men well together, and approaching
+very close to the foe without being discovered,
+he gave the order to charge. His men needed
+no second command. They fell upon the feasting savages
+like a thunderbolt, scattering them right and left
+without mercy. Eight of the warriors were killed in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page40" id="page40"></a>[pg 40]</span>
+the short conflict which ensued. The remainder were
+allowed to escape. With some difficulty they next succeeded
+in recovering all their horses, except the six
+which had been killed. With their horses, and three
+children taken prisoners, they returned to camp. It is
+unnecessary to add that, to men thus isolated in the
+wilderness, Kit and his party were hailed with joyful
+greetings when their complete success became known.
+To them their horses were like the good ship to the
+hardy sailors on the mighty ocean. The joyful reaction
+which followed such complete success was in ratio to the
+fears which the continuing suspense had excited.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson, though at that day a youth in years and
+experience when compared with the other members of
+the party of which he was then an associate, had risen
+rapidly in the estimation of all, and had excited the
+admiration and enlisted in his behalf the confidence of
+the entire band. When called upon to add his counsel
+and advice to the general fund of knowledge offered by
+the trappers concerning any doubtful or difficult enterprise,
+his masterly foresight and shrewdness, as well as
+clearness in attending to details, alone gave him willing
+auditors. But it was the retired manner and modest
+deportment, which he invariably wore, that won for him
+the love of his associates. Such characteristics failed
+not to surprise, in no ordinary degree, those who could
+boast a long lifetime of experience in Indian countries.
+Kit Carson's powers of quickly conceiving thoughts, on
+difficult emergencies, which pointed out the safest and
+best plans of action, "just the things that ought to be
+done," and his bravery, which, in his youth, sometimes
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page41" id="page41"></a>[pg 41]</span>
+amounted to rashness, were the component parts of his
+ability which thus caused his companions to follow his
+leadership. His courage, promptitude, willingness, self-reliance,
+caution, sympathy, and care for the wounded,
+marked him at once as the master-mind and safest counsellor.
+His first trapping expedition gained him so
+much credit, that from the time it was concluded, he
+found no difficulty in joining any band of trappers, no
+matter how select the party. In this respect the mountaineers
+resemble sea-faring men, who invariably dislike
+new and untried hands, because such are so apt to give
+more trouble than assistance. Green hands, therefore,
+are treated with indifference when they apply to be
+admitted as members on a contemplated hunt. The
+reader will here see one difficulty which had to be overcome
+by Carson, and which kept him so long in want of
+employment. From this time Kit carried a rifle and
+worked from an experience which commanded admiration,
+respect, and esteem wherever he went, and with
+whatever party he became connected. Like the great
+Napoleon, when he joined the army for his first campaign,
+he was a hero in spite of his youth among men
+grown grey with experience.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page42" id="page42"></a>[pg 42]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+The Return from California to New Mexico&mdash;San Fernando and the Peublo of Los
+Angelos&mdash;Description of these Peublos&mdash;Passports demanded at Los Angelos&mdash;Trouble
+with the Mexican Authorities&mdash;Kit Carson sent on with the Pack Animals
+One Trapper shoots another&mdash;The Mexicans become frightened&mdash;Indians come
+into Camp with their Weapons concealed&mdash;Cool Reception by Kit Carson&mdash;Arrival
+at Santa F&#233; and Taos&mdash;Money realized soon parted with&mdash;Carson joins another
+Expedition&mdash;The Rivers trapped on&mdash;Four Men Killed by Blackfeet Indians&mdash;Kit
+Carson joins Gaunt's Party&mdash;The Parks&mdash;Winter Quarters&mdash;Crow Indian Depredations&mdash;Kit
+Carson and his Party in Pursuit&mdash;the Fight&mdash;Winter on the Arkansas&mdash;Another
+Expedition&mdash;Two Deserters&mdash;Kit Carson sent in Pursuit&mdash;The Fate
+of the Runaways&mdash;Adventures with Indians&mdash;Hair-breadth Escape made by Kit Carson.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>In September, Mr. Young, having accomplished all that
+he had intended, informed his men that he was going to
+New Mexico. The homeward route was through most
+of the country over which they had previously traveled.
+The preparations for the journey having been completed,
+the party started, touching on the way at the
+Mission of San Fernando, and thence through to the
+Peublo of Los Angelos. Scattered over various parts
+of the dominion of Old Mexico are these Peublos, or
+Indian villages, called so because they are inhabited by
+Indians who bear that name. These are the true descendants
+of the ancient Aztecs, who were once the
+subjects of the Montezumas. They are usually a quiet
+and industrious race, and are most devout in their religious
+worship, according to the principles, forms, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page43" id="page43"></a>[pg 43]</span>
+ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church. They have
+not failed to inherit the superstition of their forefathers.
+Not withstanding the changes which time, with its cohorts
+of emigration, books, religious teachings, association with
+other races, mechanics, science and art, in greater or less
+degree, has introduced into their country, and accomplished
+under their eyes, they still believe that some
+day their great chief will return to them; accordingly,
+in each and every one of their towns, they keep a watch-fire
+burning, in order, on his advent, to let him know where his children live.</p>
+
+<p>At Los Angelos the Mexican authorities came to the
+trappers and demanded their passports. On finding
+that such articles of paper authority did not form any
+part of a trapper's outfit, they determined to arrest
+them. Fear, however, prevented their determination
+from assuming any very formidable action. Former experience
+in a similar matter of official duty had taught
+those Mexicans that the American trappers were men
+of a peculiarly resolute nature. Fair and legitimate
+means were therefore laid aside, and a foul policy
+adopted. They commenced supplying them with "firewater,"
+thus attacking them in a weak point. When
+they should become fully inebriated they considered the
+matter of their arrest both easy and certain.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Young, seeing the intentions of the authorities,
+and their underhanded method of carrying them out,
+determined to thwart them. He directed Carson to take
+three men, the loose animals and the camp equipage,
+and move on, with the instructions, that if he did not
+soon join him, to push on; that if he did not eventually
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page44" id="page44"></a>[pg 44]</span>
+overtake him, to report in New Mexico that the main
+party had been massacred. Young succeeded in collecting
+his men as best he could, for they were yet sufficiently
+sober to retain a little of their reason. The treacherous
+Mexicans, however, continued annoying the commander
+of the trappers by gratuitously offering the men
+all the liquor they desired. One by one, the trappers
+were allowing themselves to be easily conquered, as the
+effects of the liquor began to be more active. They
+would soon have fallen a complete prey to their enemies,
+had not a most singular circumstance put the Mexicans
+to flight. One of the trappers, named James Higgins,
+without any provocation and without any excuse, except
+that he was intoxicated, shot a man named James Lawrence,
+inflicting a slight wound. Such conduct so terrified
+the Mexicans that they took sudden and precipitous
+leave. This happened, very fortunately, before the party
+arrived at the mission of San Gabriel, where they would
+all have been arrested, and perhaps killed, by the Mexicans,
+aided by parties and reinforcements at the mission.</p>
+
+<p>About dark, Young, by urging his half-drunken men
+into a forced march, succeeded in overtaking Carson.
+At the first supply of water, they went into camp. A
+night of sleep soon set the brains of Young's trappers
+once more to rights. The next day the party, most of
+them sufficiently ashamed of their drunken debauch,
+commenced with vigor the homeward march. They
+continued nine days almost upon their former track,
+when outward bound. On the ninth day, they once
+more stood on the banks of the Colorado River.</p>
+
+<p>While encamped on this stream, a band of five hundred
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page45" id="page45"></a>[pg 45]</span>
+Indians made their appearance and entered the
+camp. The rascals professed the greatest friendship for
+the trappers, but their actions not fully measuring their
+words, the white men looked to Carson for advice. He
+had discovered that beneath their articles of dress their
+weapons were very carefully concealed; and from this
+circumstance it became quite clearly apparent the Indians
+intended to massacre the entire party. Here Carson's
+boldness proved, as it had before, and did many a
+time afterwards, the safety of himself and friends or
+associates. At the time the Indians entered the camp,
+Carson, with only a few of the party, occupied it; the
+rest were out visiting their traps, which it was their
+general custom to set whenever they arrived at a suitable
+stream. Kit having thus become satisfied concerning
+the design of the savages, and feeling that the salvation
+of the entire party rested upon his courage and
+wisdom, made up his mind that boldness was the wisest
+policy he could adopt. He found present among the
+warriors one who could speak the Spanish language.
+Through him he ordered the red men "to leave the
+camp. In the event of their not doing so immediately,
+he and his friends would, without further parley, commence
+hostilities, and would be sure each in killing his
+man, although they might all in the end lose their own lives."</p>
+
+<p>The Indians had been accustomed to act about as
+they chose with such small parties of Mexicans as they
+chanced to meet, and consequently were taken completely
+by surprise at Kit's unusual boldness. Seeing
+that they would inevitably lose several of their braves
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page46" id="page46"></a>[pg 46]</span>
+if they made any hostile demonstration, they chose the
+discreet part of best policy, and departed. As a general
+rule, no matter what the profit or urgent necessity which
+chance offers, these Indians will not hazard a contest
+when, to a certainty, they must expect their own killed
+will equal the number of scalps which they can obtain.
+This rule, and doubtless some fearfulness on the part of
+the Indians, saved the lives of the entire band.</p>
+
+<p>As has already appeared, the trappers were on the
+banks of the Colorado at the time this affair happened.
+They continued their work on it, descending the south
+side until they reached tide water, when they changed
+their camp on to the Gila, and continued trapping up
+this river as far as the mouth of the San Pedro. Near
+the outlet of this river, they discovered a large herd of
+horses and mules; on a closer examination, they found
+that they were in the possession of a band of Indians
+who had formerly given them some of their gratuitous
+hostilities. Not having forgotten their former troubles
+with these people, they determined to pay them off in
+their own coin by depriving them of the herd. A short
+search sufficed to discover the Indian camp. Without
+waiting an instant, they put their horses to their speed
+and charged in among the huts. The Indians were so
+completely taken by surprise, that they became panic-struck
+and fled in every direction. They, however,
+rallied somewhat, and a running fight commenced which
+lasted some time, but which did not change matters in
+favor of the Indians. The entire herd fell into the possession of the trappers.</p>
+
+<p>On the same evening, after the men had wrapped
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page47" id="page47"></a>[pg 47]</span>
+themselves up in their blankets and laid down for a
+sleep, and while enjoying their slumbers, a noise reached
+their ears which sounded very much like distant thunder;
+but a close application of the sense of hearing
+showed plainly that an enemy was near at hand. Springing
+up, with rifle in hand&mdash;for generally in the mountains
+a man's gun rests in the same blanket with himself
+on all sleeping occasions&mdash;they sallied forth to reconnoitre,
+and discovered a few warriors driving along a
+band of at least two hundred horses. The trappers comprehended
+instantly that the warriors had been to the
+Mexican settlements in Sonora on a thieving expedition,
+and that the horses had changed hands with only one
+party to the bargain. The opportunity to instill a lesson
+on the savage marauders was too good to be lost.</p>
+
+<p>They saluted the thieves with a volley from their rifles,
+which, with the bullet-whizzing about their heads and
+bodies, so astonished them, that they seemed almost immediately
+to forget their stolen property, and to think
+only of a precipitous flight. In a few moments, the
+whites found themselves masters of the field, and also of
+the property. To return the animals to their owners
+was an impossibility; Mr. Young, therefore, selected as
+many of the best horses as he needed for himself and
+men, and game being very scarce, killed two and dried
+most of the meat for future use, turning the remainder
+loose. Such either became wild mustangs or fell again
+into the clutches of the Indians. The company then
+renewed their trapping, and continued it up the Gila to
+a point opposite the copper mines of New Mexico. Here
+they left the river and proceeded to the copper mines,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page48" id="page48"></a>[pg 48]</span>
+where they found Mr. Robert McKnight engaged in
+trading with the neighboring Indian tribes. These mines
+were not then, and ever since have not been, worked.
+The holes which had many years before been made by
+the miners&mdash;but who they were is unknown&mdash;formed a
+safe hiding-place for their skins. The stock of beaver
+was therefore placed under the care of Mr. McKnight.
+Young and his men then renewed their march, and in
+due time arrived safely at Santa F&#233;. Here they purchased
+licenses to trade with the Indians who live about
+the copper mines. With these licenses as protection
+papers, they returned to where the skins were concealed.
+Having once more recovered their fur, they returned
+with it to Santa F&#233;. The deserted mines of New Mexico
+show incontrovertible signs of having been successfully
+and extensively worked, at some remote period, for
+various kinds of metals. They have proved a knotty
+historical problem to many an investigating mind; for
+their authentic history has fallen, and probably will ever
+remain in oblivion. It may have been that about a century
+ago the Spaniards, with Indian assistants, worked
+them; and the savages becoming hostile to their employers,
+in some sudden fit of frenzy may have massacred
+the Spaniards. There is a legendary story circulating,
+similar to the traditions of the Indians, giving this
+explanation. The more probable hypothesis, however,
+is that the Indians themselves, many centuries in the
+past, were versed to some extent in the art of mining,
+and carried on the business in these mines; but from
+indolence or, to them, uselessness of the metals, the work
+was abandoned, and their descendants failed to obtain
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page49" id="page49"></a>[pg 49]</span>
+the knowledge which their ancestors possessed. These
+mines, and those which exist nearer to the large towns,
+will some day render New Mexico a profitable and rich
+field for the learned antiquary.</p>
+
+<p>The ruse which Mr. Young found absolutely necessary
+to employ, in order to blind the Mexican authorities,
+succeeded so well, that when the fur arrived at Santa
+Fe, every one considered the trappers had made a very
+good trade. The amount of beaver thus brought in
+amounted to two thousand pounds. The market price
+was twelve dollars the pound. The proceeds, therefore,
+of the entire trip were nearly twenty-four thousand dollars.
+The division of this handsome sum gave to each
+man several hundred dollars. It was during the month
+of April, 1830, that Mr. Young's party again reached
+the town of Taos. Here they disbanded, having completed
+their enterprise. Like as Jack, when he returns
+from his battles with old ocean, having a pocket well
+lined with hard earnings, fails not to plunge into excess,
+with the determination to make up for the pleasure lost
+by years of toil, the brave mountaineers courted merrymaking.
+From their own accounts, they passed a short
+time gloriously. This similarity of disposition between
+trappers and sailors, in regard to pleasure's syren cup
+and its consequent draft upon their treasures, causing
+them to forget the risk of life and limb and the expense
+of their valuable time, is most remarkable. These hardy
+trappers, like reliable old salts, proved to be as true to
+the bowl as they had been to their steel; for, most of
+the party, in a very brief space of time, were penniless
+and ready to be fitted out for another expedition.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page50" id="page50"></a>[pg 50]</span>
+Young Kit, at this period of his life, imitated the
+example set by his elders, for he wished to be considered
+by them as an equal and a friend. He, however,
+passed through this terrible ordeal, which most
+frequently ruins its votary, and eventually came out
+brighter, clearer and more noble for the conscience-polish
+which he received. He contracted no bad habits,
+but learned the usefulness and happiness of resisting
+temptation, and became so well schooled that he was
+able, by the caution and advice of wisdom founded on
+experience, to prevent many a promising and skillful
+hand from grasping ruin in the same vortex.</p>
+
+<p>The scenes of pleasure lasted until the fall of 1830.
+Kit then joined his second trapping expedition. This
+band had been formed for the purpose of trapping the
+principal streams of the Rocky Mountains. Mr. Fitzpatrick,
+a trapper well known and respected by the mountaineers,
+had charge of the party. He was, at that time,
+well acquainted by experience with the Rocky Mountains,
+and has, since then, gained an enviable fame as an
+Indian Agent. The new party travelled North and commenced
+operations on the Platte River, which they followed
+down stream to one of its tributaries, the Sweet
+Water River. From here they worked on until they
+reached the Green River. Hence they journeyed to
+Jackson's Hole, which is a fork of the Great Columbia
+River. After making a short stay at this point they
+started for the Salmon River. Here they were joined by
+a band of their own party, who had left Taos some days
+in advance of the main body, and for whom they were
+then hunting. The whole party, as now organized,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page51" id="page51"></a>[pg 51]</span>
+remained where they were throughout the winter of 1830
+and 1831, employed in killing only the amount of game
+necessary for their sustenance. An unfortunate affair
+here happened to them. Four of their men, while hunting
+buffalo, were attacked and killed by a party of Blackfeet
+Indians. No other incident occurred during the
+winter to change the everyday routine. In April of
+1831, they recommenced trapping, shaping their course
+for Bear River. This is the principal stream that empties
+into GREAT SALT LAKE. Thence they returned to
+Green River, where they found some Trappers under the
+command of Mr. Sinclair, who left New Mexico soon after
+Mr. Fitzpatrick's party and had wintered on the Bear
+River. Among many other facts, they learned from this
+party that Captain Gaunt, who was an old mountaineer
+well known to most of the whites present, had passed
+the winter on the Laramie River, and that he was then
+with his men in the New Park. Kit Carson and four of
+his companions determined to join him. For this purpose
+they started, and, after ten days of steady travel, found his party.</p>
+
+<p>There are two of these natural Parks in the Rocky
+Mountains. To distinguish them they are called the Old
+Park and the New Park. As their names imply, they
+are fair natural examples of the manufactured parks of
+civilization. In some things nature has lavished upon
+them charms and beauties which no human skill can imitate.
+These parks are favorite haunts of the deer, antelope
+and elk, while the streams which run through them
+are well stocked with otter and beaver. Kit and his
+companions were graciously received by Gaunt; and,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page52" id="page52"></a>[pg 52]</span>
+with him they trapped the streams in the vicinity of the
+New Park and the plains of Laramie to the South fork
+of the Platte. Having finished here, they left for the
+Arkansas, remaining there while their captain went to
+Taos to dispose of their stock of furs and to make such
+purchases of necessaries as the men required. Gaunt returned
+after an absence of two months; when, trapping
+operations were resumed on the Arkansas River, which
+they trapped until it froze over. The party then went into Winter Quarters.</p>
+
+<p>The business of trapping for beaver is no child's play.
+A person unaccustomed to it may possibly look upon it
+as no very difficult task. A single trial is usually sufficient
+to satisfy the uninitiated on this point; for, the
+beaver, above all other wild animals of America is endowed
+with an extraordinary amount of instinct. His
+handiwork and habits sufficiently attest this.</p>
+
+<p>There are bands of Indians living in the Northwestern
+part of America who really believe that the beaver
+has almost as much intelligence as an Indian, holding
+and maintaining that all the difference that exists between
+a beaver and an Indian, is, that the latter has
+been endowed by the Great Spirit with power and
+capabilities to catch the former. Some of the stories
+which old mountaineers occasionally inflict upon an inquisitive
+traveller are somewhat startling; nevertheless,
+what this amphibious animal really performs is truly
+astounding, and oftentimes the truth fails to gain credence.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter the trappers had many very pleasant
+times, for they had little work beyond the task of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page53" id="page53"></a>[pg 53]</span>
+making themselves comfortable. The snow fell to a
+great depth, which proved rather hard for their animals.
+By dint of cutting down cottonwood trees and gathering
+the bark and branches for fodder, they managed to
+prevent them from dying of starvation. The buffalo existed
+about there in great abundance; and, early in the
+winter, they had taken the precaution to kill and prepare
+a large supply of this kind of game, while it
+was in good condition. As the season advanced therefore,
+the trappers found themselves living quite sumptuously.</p>
+
+<p>In the month of January, the daily routine of their
+lives was rather unpleasantly disturbed. A party of fifty
+Crow Indians made an unfriendly visit to their camp on
+one very dark night. They succeeded in stealing nine
+of their loose animals, with which they escaped unperceived.
+Early the next morning, the <i>signs</i> of the Indians
+were discovered. Kit Carson, with twelve of his
+companions, immediately saddled their horses and started
+in pursuit. It was very difficult to follow the trail of the
+Indians from the fact that many herds of buffalo had
+crossed and repeatedly recrossed it during the night,
+making the tracks very indistinct. Having traveled
+forty miles, their horses, which were very poor in flesh,
+became fatigued, causing them to think of making a
+halt. After due consultation, it was agreed that they
+had best go into camp. With this object in view they
+traveled towards some timber which was near by. On
+arriving at the woods, the advance of the party, to their
+surprise and not less to their satisfaction, discovered the
+smoke of their enemies' fires. The distance between the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page54" id="page54"></a>[pg 54]</span>
+parties was inconsiderable; but, in order that their
+movements might be made unobserved, the trappers
+retreated to a secluded spot where they awaited the
+night, judging it best to take the party by surprise.
+Their first care was to secure and provide for their
+animals. The second was to prepare their arms. As
+soon as it would do for them to move, they started, eager
+for the strife. It was judged best first to make a half
+circuit and then approach the Indians from the direction
+they themselves were travelling, as from this source,
+they wisely judged the red men would be less apprehensive
+of an attack. Their movements were made slowly
+and with great care in order not to alarm the savages.
+Having obtained a position close enough to observe the
+strength of their enemies, they stopped to reconnoitre.
+The men then crept for a long distance on their hands
+and knees until finally they obtained a full view of the
+Indians, which showed them that the savages had
+erected two rough forts and that they were now divided
+into two parties. A dance was in progress in honor of
+the robbery so recently perpetrated, which proved conclusively,
+that they were without even a suspicion of
+danger. Just outside one of the forts, the nine stolen
+animals were securely tied. This sight did not tend to
+allay the wrath of the trappers. They resolved that
+come what might the attempt to regain their property
+and punish the Indians should be made notwithstanding
+their strength. To insure success in spite of their
+weakness, they determined to conceal themselves and
+wait quietly until the Indians had lain down for sleep.
+During this time of suspense the trappers were subjected
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page55" id="page55"></a>[pg 55]</span>
+to great suffering for the weather was intensely cold and
+they possessed but a scanty allowance of clothing fit for
+such work. But as there is an end to all things, there
+was an end to the dance and other festivities and the
+savages sought their rest. At last the time for action
+arrived. Kit Carson and five of his companions commenced
+crawling towards the stolen horses, which, on
+reaching, were easily set free by cutting their halters.
+They then threw snow-balls at them and by this means
+drove them away without disturbing the sleeping Indians.
+The trappers who acted as a reserve party
+soon after joined Kit and his companions; and, after
+retreating some distance in order to be out of the
+hearing of the enemy, they held a council to obtain the
+views of each member of the party as to their next step.
+It appeared that a difference of opinion existed; some
+of the men were in favor of returning, having recovered
+their property and sustained no damage. The remainder,
+those who had lost no animals, wanted satisfaction
+for the trouble and hardship they had undergone while
+in pursuit of the thieves. Kit Carson and two others
+composed this latter party and thus were determined to
+punish the thieves, let the consequences of the attempt
+be ever so fatal. The more peaceful party, seeing this
+earnestness, could not do otherwise than lend their aid
+in the fight and cheerfully did so.</p>
+
+<p>There always existed such a feeling of brotherly love
+among the old trappers of the Rocky Mountains, that
+the hour of peril was never the hour for separation or
+desertion. This instance affords a fair example how the
+minority could easily rule the majority when the minority
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page56" id="page56"></a>[pg 56]</span>
+held to the side of danger. The whole band were
+now unanimous in favor of the attack.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson, who had from the first acted as captain,
+ordered three men to take the recovered animals back
+to where they had secured their saddle horses. Then,
+with his comrades, he marched directly for the Indian
+camp. A dog belonging to the enemy first gave the
+alarm of approaching danger to the Indians; but not
+until Kit and his party were within a few paces of the
+first fort. As soon as the occupants of the fort heard
+the noise they sprang to their feet, and thus became
+fair marks for the unerring rifles of the trappers. The
+whites did not throw away a single shot; every ball
+struck a warrior in some vital spot. Those who survived
+retreated to the fort occupied by their friends,
+and, as soon as possible, commenced returning the fire;
+but without execution, as the trappers, on discharging
+their first volley, had well concealed themselves behind
+trees, from whence they were shooting only when sure
+of an object. It was now nearly daybreak; and as the
+savages discovered the weakness of the attacking party,
+they resolved to charge, feeling sure of success. They
+did so; but the white men, who were expert fighters in
+this kind of warfare, quietly waited until the Indians
+were fully exposed. They then fired and killed five
+warriors. The remainder immediately retreated into the fort.</p>
+
+<p>After considerable deliberation, the Indians decided
+once more to make a sortie. On they came, and this
+time with such determination that the trappers could
+not withstand the assault, but were compelled to retreat.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page57" id="page57"></a>[pg 57]</span>
+They disputed, however, every inch of ground over
+which they trod, as they fell back from one tree to
+another, continually making their bullets tell with terrible
+effect on their foes. The three men who had been
+sent back with the horses had joined their comrades
+soon after they had commenced retreating. They had
+heard the incessant firing and had become convinced that
+the fight was hotly contested and that their services were
+required. On their joining, the whole party resolved to
+make one more stand, and as soon as the Indians saw
+this, they wavered and finally drew off. Both sides had
+now, seemingly, had enough of fighting, and hostilities
+soon after entirely ceased, the savages marching back
+and leaving the whites masters of the field. Several of
+the trappers were slightly, but none dangerously, wounded.
+The Indians had paid dearly, in numbers killed, for
+their rascality. Finding the coast clear, Carson and his
+men set out and soon rejoined their comrades on the
+Arkansas River. In the Spring, after having <i>cached</i>
+their fur, the whole band departed for Laramie River on another expedition.</p>
+
+<p>While on the south fork of the Platte, two of the
+party deserted, taking with them three of their best
+animals. Suspecting their design, Gaunt sent Kit Carson
+and another man in pursuit of the fugitives, who
+had one day the start. As was suspected, the two deserters
+had gone to the camp where the beaver fur was
+concealed and buried. They had succeeded in digging
+it up and stealing about three hundred pounds of this
+valuable property, belonging to the company in general,
+share and share alike. Carson and his companion failed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page58" id="page58"></a>[pg 58]</span>
+entirely in their efforts to find the two men. Doubtless
+they never lived to enjoy their ill-gotten wealth; for,
+notwithstanding careful search was made, the men were
+never heard from afterwards. It is probable that they
+were killed by Indians, a fate which they, at least, richly merited.</p>
+
+<p>This old camp, the reader will please bear in mind,
+was on the Arkansas River. Kit Carson and his comrade,
+after finding that the two deserters had thus succeeded
+in stealing the fur which had been buried by the
+company, made every further effort which lay in their
+power to recover it. As has also been seen, they were
+unsuccessful. It now remained for them to determine
+their future course. The country was so infested with
+hostile Indians that it made their position, thus alone,
+very precarious. To regain their commander's company
+was almost impracticable; at least, without a more important
+object to make the risk necessary, it was a foolhardy
+attempt. Time in learning the loss was of no
+great importance either to their leader or their party.
+Sooner or later this, as a matter of course, would be
+fully shown. Kit and his comrade, therefore, determined
+to remain where they were, in the old camp; and, to
+this end, immediately arranged everything so that they
+could make a successful defence in case they should be
+attacked by the savages. They did not dare to venture
+out far from their fortifications; but, this was no great
+trial to them, as game existed in great plenty and came
+very near their fortifications. While one slept, the other
+stood on guard. It was their intention to await the
+return of their party; but, at the expiration of one
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page59" id="page59"></a>[pg 59]</span>
+month, they were quite happily relieved from their
+perilous position. Mr. Blackwell, Mr. Gaunt's partner,
+arrived from the United States. He was accompanied
+by fifteen men, and brought with him a complete outfit
+for the entire band. Kit and his comrade had been expecting
+and were anxiously looking for this party. They
+were also made quite happy in obtaining the articles of
+outfit which would render their wild life more agreeable
+and easy. Shortly after this arrival, four men from the
+trapping party came into camp and brought the news as
+to the whereabouts of Gaunt and his men. They were
+overjoyed at finding Kit and his comrade, as they said
+that they had hunted for them in all directions; and,
+finally had given up all hopes of ever seeing them again.
+The whole party now began the march to join Gaunt at the Ballo Salado.<a id="footnotetag3" name="footnotetag3"></a><a href="#footnote3"><sup>3</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>These Springs form the head waters of the south fork
+of the River Platte. When four days' journey had been
+accomplished, and while they were partaking of their
+breakfast in camp, an alarm of Indians was given by
+one of the men. He had accidentally discovered the
+red skin rascals as they were prowling about the camp.
+A rush was instantly made by the trappers, with rifles
+in hand, to save their horses. Shots were fired and one
+Indian fell. The rest of the band made off as empty-handed
+as they came, with one exception. One brave
+had succeeded in capturing and mounting a horse before
+the white men could reach him. Notwithstanding he
+had a dead brother lying on the ground, he appeared to
+be altogether too polite to make the trappers a longer
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page60" id="page60"></a>[pg 60]</span>
+visit; at least, without a proper introduction. On the
+contrary, he galloped off; seemingly, quite proud of his
+trophy. Had it not been that the trappers had taken
+the precaution to hobble their horses before turning
+them out to graze, they would have lost them all in this attempted stampede.<a id="footnotetag4" name="footnotetag4"></a><a href="#footnote4"><sup>4</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>This day the party travelled fifty miles and thought
+themselves clear of Indians, as there were no visible
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page61" id="page61"></a>[pg 61]</span>
+signs of their presence. The experience of the day,
+however, had admonished them to be on their guard
+against surprise. To make things sure as to their animals,
+they fastened them to stakes driven in the earth,
+sufficient rope being given them for grazing. The place
+selected for their camp was a beautiful spot, being on a
+small stream which empties into the Arkansas, the water
+of which is sparkling and clear. There are many of
+these charming little brooks which, emptying into, form
+this river. To the general traveler, however, they present
+one great drawback as eligible camping sites. Their
+banks are usually pretty thickly lined with rattlesnakes.
+The mountaineer is quite well accustomed and reconciled
+to this venomous reptile, as they abound in nearly every
+section of his hunting and trapping grounds. Not so
+however with the mere visitor of, or casual traveller
+over, the Western Territories. To them his rattlesnake-ship
+is a formidable personage.</p>
+
+<p>The rattlesnake rarely moves after sunset. The night
+air is generally too chilling for him. In the day time
+they are a noble enemy, always warning their antagonist
+of their hostile intentions by springing their rattles, thus
+giving a person warning of his danger. By these two
+wise provisions of the Creator the power of this otherwise
+terrible reptile, is so limited or restrained, that the
+trapper rarely gives him a thought unless he comes in
+direct contact. Although they are so numerous, it very
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page62" id="page62"></a>[pg 62]</span>
+seldom happens that either the Indian or the trapper is bitten by them.</p>
+
+<p>The party had not been long at rest before their suspicions
+were aroused that hostile Indians were near
+them. A faithful dog belonging to the camp kept up a
+furious barking, much more lustily than when wolves annoyed
+him. An extra guard was therefore immediately
+posted, when the remainder of the party lay down; but,
+not for sleep. They expected at every moment that
+their services would be needed to defend the camp.
+Everything however passed as usual during the night;
+and, with the morning, all suspicion was laid aside. Kit
+Carson, with three companions, proposed a visit to a fork
+of a river close by, to look for signs of beaver. They
+had been informed that these animals were numerous in
+this particular stream. Carson and the three men had
+been absent about one hour when the signs of Indians
+proved to be realities, in the shape of a bold and well-sustained
+charge upon their camp. The rascals succeeded
+in running off all of their loose animals.</p>
+
+<p>Four of the men immediately saddled the fleetest of
+the remaining horses and instantly gave chase. After
+a quick run they came up with the savages and immediately
+gave them battle. A sharp skirmish ensued in
+which one of the warriors was killed, when the remainder
+fled, leaving the property once more in the hands of
+its rightful owners. The men however did not come off
+entirely safe. One of them received a very severe
+wound; which, eventually, gave him considerable difficulty;
+but from the effects of which he finally recovered.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page63" id="page63"></a>[pg 63]</span>
+
+<p>Kit and his companions in the mean time, in order to
+reach their destination, found it necessary, unless they
+should take a long and circuitous route, to cross one of
+those lofty peaks for which the Rocky Mountains are so
+famous. The ascent was however commenced and successfully
+accomplished; but, not without labor and an
+occasional resting-place being sought for breathing their
+animals. In due time, they reached the desired stream;
+but, the beaver signs did not appear. Finding their errand
+had proved entirely useless, they started to return
+into camp. Experience had taught them that the longest
+way round was, in this case, the quickest way home.
+Taking therefore a circuitous route, they avoided recrossing
+the lofty mountain peak already alluded to. As
+they were riding carelessly homeward, beguiling the
+time with anecdote and remark upon their future prospects,
+the scenery around them, with an occasional sight
+at some kind of game, what should appear ahead of them
+but four Indian warriors, remarkably well mounted,
+painted and decked with feathers, showing, conclusively,
+that they were out upon the war-path. As soon as Kit
+and his companions saw the warriors, and without one
+word as to their proper and best action being interchanged,
+they simultaneously put spurs to their horses
+and dashed at the Indians in order quickly to bring them
+within range of their rifles. The pace became a hot one;
+but, as suddenly as the charge had been commenced, so
+suddenly the trappers found that they had, this time
+"caught a Tartar;" for, as they dashed on, sixty warriors,
+fully armed and splendidly mounted, came into view
+from beneath a hill where they were awaiting in ambush.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page64" id="page64"></a>[pg 64]</span>
+
+<p>There was but one course for the trappers to take and
+that was to run the gauntlet, which they did in gallant
+style, although twenty yards would have frequently measured
+the distance between them and the hostile savages.
+The bullets from the rifles of the Indians flew
+about their ears thick and fast, for a heavy fire was
+opened upon them, as they passed, and incessantly kept
+up until they were out of their reach. The trappers
+did not return a shot. It would not have been according
+to their custom. There is no one thing Simon-pure
+trappers consider to be a greater folly than firing their
+rifles on such an occasion as is here described. There is
+nothing they so much dread as being left on foot with an
+empty gun and no time to load, when perhaps a single
+shot might change defeat into victory; sure captivity
+into freedom, or a dead companion into a laughing, jolly
+and lovable help-mate, ready for setting a trap or to engage
+in the next bloody skirmish. This must inevitably
+happen if, after the rider has fired, among the score or
+so of passing bullets, one of them, perchance, took a
+peculiar fancy for a vital organ of his horse. The mortally
+wounded animal would make no account of dismounting
+his master and leaving him to the tender mercies
+of the refined savages. In every close and unequal
+contest, such as above detailed, they only think of the
+surest and speediest method of escape, leaving revenge
+to be obtained on some more fitting and favorable occasion.
+For some unaccountable reason the savages did not give chase.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as Carson and his comrades had got out of the
+reach of the Indians they began to recall the suspicions
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page65" id="page65"></a>[pg 65]</span>
+concerning signs of Indians which their faithful dog had
+aroused. Fears for the safety of their companions arose
+accordingly. Therefore, giving spurs to their horses
+they pushed on with vigor to know the worst. The facts
+that awaited them at camp concerning the attack by the
+Indians, stealing and rescue of the horses gave them
+therefore but little surprise. They had already surmised
+the reason why the Indians had thus set a trap for them.
+Having been watching the camp during the night and
+finding the white men fully on the alert and carefully
+guarding against any surprise, they had quietly waited
+until suspicion of their proximity had been entirely laid
+aside. The departure of Carson and his companions from
+camp was doubtless seen by the savages and afforded
+them a clear proof that the white men had forgotten
+their fears. As Kit's departure with the men weakened
+the camp party the Indians had gathered together sufficient
+courage to make a bold charge for the coveted
+plunder. The final result, however, which led to their
+losing the stolen property, and the life of one of their
+braves, had caused them to think of an attack upon
+Kit's party; thus, obtaining by its massacre, revenge for
+their dead companion; and, the horses which Kit and
+his comrades rode would have been a consolation for
+their failure to retain the horses obtained at the camp.
+The attack was skillfully planned and would undoubtedly
+have succeeded, but for the unexpected daring and
+promptitude displayed by Kit and his comrades. The
+Indians had not looked for the bold charge upon their
+advance party; but, on the contrary, they had been
+prepared for a chase and fight in the opposite direction.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page66" id="page66"></a>[pg 66]</span>
+Had such a skirmish taken place, nothing beyond an
+absolute miracle, or change of the laws of nature, could
+have saved the little band. Kit and his friends had
+reason, therefore, to be very thankful for their safety.
+They all felt that they had retained their scalps by a
+very close shave. To use the expressive language of
+Carson employed in narrating the event "The red skins
+made a good attempt but, thank God, failed."</p>
+
+<p>Two of the trappers had received, in this affray,
+wounds; which proved to be of a serious nature: much
+more so than they or their companions thought on the
+first examination given them. In consequence, the
+whole party was obliged to halt and again go into camp,
+having accomplished but a very short remove from
+their savage foes. It became necessary to maintain
+a strong and careful guard during the succeeding
+night, notwithstanding the labors of the past day and
+night had been more than usually arduous. However,
+they succeeded in passing the night without further
+molestation. The next morning, it was found necessary
+to make a litter for one of the wounded men whose
+condition had grown to be much worse.</p>
+
+<p>The method which the mountaineers adopt for making
+a litter, they have taken from the Indians, and is as
+follows. Take two strong poles, six feet of which, at
+either extremity, is allowed for shafts, or handles, while
+the patient lies in the intermediate space on a buffalo
+robe, or strong sacking, which-ever is most convenient.
+Two mules or horses of the same size are then selected;
+and, to saddles upon each of the animals, the poles, at
+their extremities, are fastened. Another and simpler
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page67" id="page67"></a>[pg 67]</span>
+plan, but one not so comfortable to the patient, is to
+take the two poles as before and attach them strongly to
+a saddle on but one animal, while the two ends are
+allowed to drag upon the ground. Directly in the rear
+of the horse the patient's bed is affixed. If the poles
+are long they will act as springs, especially when the
+wood used is of a kind which has considerable elasticity.</p>
+
+<p>Having arranged everything to the satisfaction and
+comfort of the wounded men, the party commenced their
+march and in four days reached Gaunt's camp where
+they rested until the wounded men had nearly recovered.
+This simple fact shows the careful and sympathizing care
+which the mountaineers of the west ever exhibit towards
+each other in distress. It speaks more than would
+volumes of mere praise, concerning their character for true manhood.</p>
+
+<p>When the wounded men had so far recovered that
+they could safely proceed, the whole party, now quite
+strong in its numerical power, as well as skill and mountaineer
+experience, departed for, and, in due time,
+arrived at the Old Park. The coveted beaver however
+were scarce there, for other trappers had preceded
+them; and, to employ trapping phrase, "had caught all
+the fur in those streams that could be taken that season."
+This was an unpleasant condition for their business
+prospects; but, as the old adage hath it, "what
+could not be cured was quietly endured." Catching
+beaver is not always a matter of choice. The beaver
+themselves have considerable to say on the subject.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page68" id="page68"></a>[pg 68]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Kit Carson and two Companions plan a Hunt for themselves&mdash;The Great Success
+met with&mdash;Return to Taos&mdash;Sale of the Beaver Fur&mdash;Kit Carson joins Captain
+Lee and goes on a Trading Expedition&mdash;Winter Quarters&mdash;Kit Carson is sent in
+Pursuit of a Thief&mdash;Overtakes and is obliged to shoot the Runaway&mdash;Property
+recovered&mdash;The Return to Camp&mdash;The Sale of Goods&mdash;Kit Carson joins Fitzpatrick
+and Party&mdash;Kit Carson organizes a Hunting Party&mdash;His Encounter with two
+Grizzly Bears&mdash;The Summer Rendezvous&mdash;Kit Carson joins fifty Trappers and
+goes to the Country of the Blackfeet Indians&mdash;Annoyances received from these
+Indians&mdash;Winter Quarters in 1832&mdash;Horses Stolen&mdash;Kit Carson and eleven Men
+in Pursuit&mdash;A Parley&mdash;A Fight&mdash;Kit Carson severely wounded&mdash;His great Sufferings
+and Fortitude&mdash;His Convalescence&mdash;The Retreat&mdash;A New Expedition&mdash;Braggadocio&mdash;Kit
+Carson Fights a Duel and Wounds his man&mdash;Duels in the
+Rocky Mountains in Olden Times.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>The fortunes of Gaunt's party in not finding game continued
+to grow darker and darker as they traveled from
+stream to stream. The men began to grow disheartened
+at this succession of failures. Kit Carson, finally, became
+so tired of going empty handed, that he resolved
+to try a hunt upon his own account. On stating his intentions
+to the party, two of his old companions offered
+to join him. These were gladly accepted by Kit; and,
+had they not been deterred by the consideration that
+their dangers would be greatly augmented if they
+worked with so small a party, others would most willingly
+have joined his company. With the good wishes,
+therefore, of Gaunt and his entire band, Kit and his two
+brave comrades boldly and confidently commenced their march.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page69" id="page69"></a>[pg 69]</span>
+
+<p>The plan Kit adopted was to confine his operations
+exclusively to the mountain streams and not to venture
+out upon the Prairie. By taking this course he hoped
+to avoid much of the danger to be apprehended from Indians.<a id="footnotetag5" name="footnotetag5"></a><a href="#footnote5"><sup>5</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>For several months they followed the business of trapping
+without being in any way annoyed by the Indians.
+Their success was abundant. At the end of the season
+they had gathered together a splendid stock of beaver
+fur and began to think of a homeward trip. Having
+made everything ready, they finally started for Taos.
+True, their party was small and the risks they ran
+of attacks from hostile and covetous Indians were imminent;
+but, fortune, or Providence favored them and
+there was finally a satisfactory end to their anxieties;
+for, after a quick march over the plains, they arrived
+safely at Taos. Beaver fur was, at the time of their arrival,
+in great demand and prices ruled correspondingly
+high. Kit and his comrades obtained the benefit of this
+state of the market and disposed of their fine stock to great advantage.</p>
+
+<p>The money realized, so far as Kit's two comrades were
+concerned, was soon expended in fleeting pleasures and
+a new outfit for the next trapping expedition which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page70" id="page70"></a>[pg 70]</span>
+might offer. Kit's former experience had been sufficient
+on this score, and he had become impressed with the
+highly important fact that there existed a much wiser
+course to be pursued. With his characteristic consistency,
+Kit acted upon this conviction and wisely saved his hard earnings.</p>
+
+<p>While remaining at Taos, Kit Carson met with Captain
+Lee, formerly of the United States Army; but, at
+this time, a partner of Bent and St. Vrain, two names
+as familiarly known to the mountaineers as the household
+words of their boyhood days.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Lee was purchasing goods for the purpose of
+trading with and supplying the trappers. He desired
+Kit Carson to join in his enterprise and made him an
+offer which was accepted.</p>
+
+<p>In the latter part of October 1832, with their goods
+well packed and properly fitted for the rough transportation
+which they must necessarily be subjected to, they
+set out to find the trappers. They traveled for some
+distance on a route well known as the "Old Spanish
+Trail." This is nothing more than a mule path which
+leads from New Mexico to California.</p>
+
+<p>Having arrived safely at White River, they continued
+their march down stream, following the windings of the
+river until they came to Green River. Green River,
+they forded and then struck across the country for the
+Winty River which is a branch of the Green River.</p>
+
+<p>Here they found Mr. Robidoux who had a party of
+twenty men in his employ and who was engaged both in
+trapping and trading according as opportunity presented
+itself. Soon after these parties met, snow began to fall,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page71" id="page71"></a>[pg 71]</span>
+indicating the approach of the cold season. A mutual
+understanding having been arrived at, the two parties
+joined together and began to establish Winter Quarters suitable for the whole.</p>
+
+<p>They selected a site for their permanent camp on the
+Winty River, at its mouth, where the men made themselves
+as comfortable as possible under such circumstances.
+They were provided with skin lodges, so
+common among the Indians of America, and which
+according to Kit's mountaineer experience are very
+comfortable substitutes for houses.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter Mr. Robidoux lost six of his most
+valuable and high-priced horses, in the following manner.
+Attached to the camp there was a California
+Indian who was employed by Mr. Robidoux, a keen and
+shrewd savage: and one, whose acquaintance with the
+trappers had enabled him to gain the confidence of Mr.
+Robidoux. He was also an expert with the rifle and
+possessed undoubted courage with great bodily strength
+and activity. These qualifications made him a troublesome customer in a skirmish.</p>
+
+<p>This Indian's education on the score of property
+rights had not been as well attended to as the methods
+of attack and defence in the chase and on the war path.
+By some, not strange, personal argument, he concluded
+to appropriate the six valuable horses above mentioned,
+in the law wordy vocabulary of civilization, "to his own,
+use, benefit and behoof, without asking the consent,
+good-will, approbation, permission and personal, directions
+of the said owner, to wit Mr. Robidoux."</p>
+
+<p>As these horses were worth, even at that remote
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page72" id="page72"></a>[pg 72]</span>
+spot on the great American Continent, the just and full
+sum of two hundred dollars each, making a round sum
+total of twelve hundred dollars, Mr. Robidoux was not
+content to pocket the loss; or, much less, to allow the
+rascal to enjoy ill-gotten wealth on the principle that
+"stolen fruit is sweet." He determined, if possible to
+show him that some stolen fruit is bitter.</p>
+
+<p>Knowing Kit Carson's reputation for skill and his
+fearless disposition, as soon as he had discovered his loss,
+he came and requested him to pursue the Indian. Kit
+Carson is a man who never works without orders except
+when he is leader. He therefore informed Captain Lee
+of Mr. Robidoux's request and asked permission to serve
+his friend. This, as a matter of course, was readily
+granted by Captain Lee; when, Kit instantly made his
+preparations for the adventure. He was very soon on
+horseback, well armed and well prepared for hard and close work.</p>
+
+<p>There chanced, near by to the camp, to be an Indian
+village belonging to the Utah Tribe. The whites were
+on friendly terms with the inhabitants of this village,
+which determined Carson to seek out, from among their
+warriors, one active and intelligent brave, and get him
+to join in the chase. This was the more easily accomplished
+as Carson's reputation for skill, courage and
+experience was already well known in this tribe. He,
+himself, had made a large circle of acquaintance among
+the braves, and many of them had become strongly
+attached to him. Some of these attachments have
+existed for years and are still maintained; for, a fact
+well known, the American Indian warrior, as a general
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page73" id="page73"></a>[pg 73]</span>
+rule, is true and unchangeable in his friendships. With
+this object in view, Carson, putting his horse to his
+speed, started for the Utah village. On making his
+errand known to such of the braves as enjoyed his confidence,
+he found no difficulty in engaging a well-known
+warrior, and one on whom he knew he could rely, to
+accompany him. The wily savage was soon ready for
+the march, when Kit gave the word to start. Both men
+were splendidly mounted. Their pace was that of no
+sluggard. The high-conditioned animals which they
+rode seemed to catch the eager spirit of their masters,
+and entering into it, bent themselves to their work with
+determination accordingly. To discover the trail of the
+deserter and to study its various characteristics, a science
+of no mean or useless order in the matter of a woodman's
+education, required the two men to slacken their
+pace for a short time. The tracks made by the stolen
+animals, however, were well marked; and, to such practised
+eyes, afforded a certain indication as to their route.
+Again putting their horses to their speed, with compressed
+lips and eyes directed to the trail before them,
+Carson and the Indian warrior dashed on, feeling confident,
+that, if the rascal escaped with his ill-gotten booty,
+the sin would not be laid upon their shoulders. The
+trail led down the Green River. This fact made
+Carson conclude that California was the destination
+aimed at in the deserter's calculations. Kit and his
+Indian brave had accomplished about one hundred
+miles, having, not once, lost sight of the trail, when,
+most unfortunately for Kit, the horse of the Indian was
+suddenly taken sick and his strength gave out
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page74" id="page74"></a>[pg 74]</span>
+completely. The Indian could go no further except on foot,
+and this mode of travel he was unwilling to adopt, refusing
+absolutely Carson's request made to him to do so.
+This was an unpleasant predicament, especially as the
+rascal, who formed the chase, was a dangerous antagonist
+even to an experienced fighter and in an honest
+cause. Goaded on by the fear of punishment for theft,
+Carson well knew that he would require all of his own
+address to purchase success; for, the rascal would not
+fail to make a most desperate resistance. But Kit
+Carson's courage arose, as the difficulties of the adventure
+seemed to multiply. With a farewell word to his
+Indian companion, he put spurs to his horse and entered
+boldly upon the trail alone, being determined to run
+every hazard, which the unhappy accident to the
+Indian's horse seemed to require at his hands. The
+spectacle here presented to the reader, is one which exhibits
+Kit Carson in his true character both as a faithful
+and earnest friend, and a determined and dangerous
+adversary. Such is his character. A life of most singular
+events has never yet found him false to his friend
+or his manhood. While he is not rash in judgment, he
+is consummately skillful, quick and brave. Onward he
+dashed, never for an instant taking his eagle eye from
+the tracks which formed his compass. Think not that
+such tracks are easily traced. None but a practised and
+ready eye can follow them to any advantageous end.
+To trace them even at a snail's pace, for an unpractised
+eye, is like the child putting pen and ink to paper
+through his first copy-book of penmanship. Many and
+many an awful blot and horribly crooked line will
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page75" id="page75"></a>[pg 75]</span>
+doubtless carry the simile fully and strikingly to the
+mind. But the result which crowned Kit's effort showed
+conclusively that, notwithstanding he had followed the
+trail for over one hundred and thirty miles, he had made
+no blots or crooked lines. At the distance of thirty
+miles from the place where he parted with his Indian
+companion, Kit discovered the chase. His pace now
+became tremendous. The wily savage had descried him
+almost at the same instant that he was discovered by Kit,
+and instantly prepared for a desperate encounter. With
+this object in view, the savage turned to seek a cover
+from whence he could fire upon his adversary and reload
+long before he should himself become exposed to a shot.
+The rascal's plan was good enough, but he was too slow
+in its execution to overcome Kit's activity. Kit had
+unslung his rifle as soon as he saw his enemy. Anticipating
+the object of the savage, he, instantly, covered
+him with his rifle. His horse was now at full speed and
+he was rapidly nearing the Indian. At the moment he
+discovered that the Indian had reached his cover and
+before he could take advantage of it, without relaxing
+his horse's speed, he fired. The ball from Carson's rifle
+was so well directed that the Indian, as it struck him,
+gave one bound and then fell dead in his tracks. At
+the same instant the rascal's rifle went off with a sharp
+report, sending a bullet whizzing at some distance from
+the line of Carson's approach. The fact of the Indian's
+rifle being fired at all is a sufficient explanation of what
+was his intent, had his career not been so suddenly cut
+short, thereby preventing its fulfillment.</p>
+
+<p>The words of an old trapper are here very much to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page76" id="page76"></a>[pg 76]</span>
+the point. The author was, on a fitting occasion, questioning
+him in regard to Kit Carson's capabilities with
+the rifle. Said he: "If a man has a serious quarrel
+with Kit Carson, he had better not let him get the <i>first
+sight over his rifle</i>; for, if he succeeds in this, his adversary is as good as dead."</p>
+
+<p>An intimate acquaintance and tried friendship with
+Kit Carson has, since then, repeatedly furnished occasions
+which have confirmed this trapper's statement;
+although, in the first instance, a person will find it no
+easy task to render an altercation necessary, for Kit
+Carson holds his passions fully under control; and,
+besides, they are of a very conciliatory type. No man
+will sooner shun a difficulty when justice, honor and
+necessity do not warrant strife.</p>
+
+<p>The work of collecting the horses was soon accomplished,
+when Carson immediately commenced his journey
+back to the camp. This he reached in safety, after
+overcoming a few minor difficulties caused by his charge;
+and, had the satisfaction of returning the six horses to
+Mr. Robidoux in as good condition as they were the night
+on which they were stolen; and, also, of informing him
+that there was one rascal less in the world to prey upon honest people.</p>
+
+<p>This event served to interrupt the monotony and routine
+of winter camp duty, affording a basis for many a
+long yarn during the evening hours around the camp
+fires. These trappers, especially whenever a green-eyed
+bundle of curiosity chances to seek their company, can
+spin yarns most wondrous. The habits of the beaver
+and their remarkable instinct, form a fit subject for their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page77" id="page77"></a>[pg 77]</span>
+active imagination. It would doubtless add very much to
+the interest of these pages if we could set down a few of
+these anecdotes and tales for the general reader; but,
+the task would be hopeless as to its accomplishment.
+To give them life and reality, they require all the surroundings
+of time, place and occasion; there should be
+the dark night; the wild whistling wind; the shaking
+tent with its covering of skins; the roasted venison,
+bear's meat, or horse flesh; the rifles standing in the
+corners; the lamp of bear's grease; in fine, all the
+similitude of camp life. Then the wild stories of bear
+fightings, beaver intelligence, Indian deviltry, and hairbreadth
+escapes, become intensely real. The auditor
+hangs upon each word which falls from the lips of the
+supposed sage orator with eager earnestness, while curiosity never becomes satisfied.</p>
+
+<p>"Ah! Jones, that is a whopper."</p>
+
+<p>"Sure as I live, but the beaver slept every night with
+the trapper, and in the day time, if he left the tent, the
+beaver would fall to work and make a dam across the floor
+of the tent, using the chist, skins, arms and everything."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh! Jones!"</p>
+
+<p>"But, I tell you it is true. Tame a beaver once, and
+you'll find I'se tellin' a plain statement as true as ever a Padre made."</p>
+
+<p>"Padre! who'd believe a Mexican priest? Mr. Jones,
+that tame beaver of your'n must have been born in the
+States, where he hadn't trees and mud to build dams
+with, and had to resort to furnitur."</p>
+
+<p>"That beaver," responded Jones, "was as near like a
+human bein' as any man present."</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page78" id="page78"></a>[pg 78]</span>
+
+<p>"How do you make that out, Mr. Jones?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, one day his master died. Well, they tried all
+they could to console the beaver, but it 'twant no use.
+He wouldn't be consoled. All he did was to git an ole
+shoe belonging to his master, an' if he didn't haul that
+ere shoe around day after day wherever he went.
+Well, the beaver 'gan to grow thin, and one night they
+found he was a dyin', jest from starvin' himself to death
+and a huggin' the ole shoe."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh! Jones," said the greenhorn, "you don't expect
+I'll swallow all that yarn?"</p>
+
+<p>But Mr. Jones and all of the other trappers present
+preserved an imperturbable dignity of mien, as if the
+very reference to the animal mentioned demanded from them all due reverence.</p>
+
+<p>"Well, but that was not doing as a human being
+would do. I never seen a man carry an old shoe around
+till he died from starvin'."</p>
+
+<p>"That is neither here nor there," continued Mr.
+Jones. "It was when the trapper first made the beaver's
+acquaintance that he showed he knew as much as
+a human critter. At that time he had one wife and
+lived with her all alone in a hole, side o' the dam. They
+had two sons and a darter. The darter the old beaver
+had married to a fine lookin' young beaver who lived t'other side the dam."</p>
+
+<p>The whistle which the neophyte here gave seemed to
+give great dissatisfaction to all of the trappers present.
+One of them quietly asked him&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Is that the way, youngster, you'se bin eddicated in
+perliteniss of manners? If it is, I know a beaver who
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page79" id="page79"></a>[pg 79]</span>
+kin larn you sumthin'. In the fust place, if a young
+beaver ever kums inter the presence of the ole uns,
+especially if she's, that is the ole uns, a female beaver,
+the young un 'mediately fetches his right fore paw up to
+his forehead, jest 'hind the right eyebrow, an' makes a
+reverintial bow of cerimony in salute. I'se seen that
+ar' oftener than you've put one leg ahead of t'other yit, young un."</p>
+
+<p>The trappers present all confirmed the truth of this
+statement by a solemn nod of assent to the query, "Ain't
+that true, gentlemen?" which, at least, served to prevent unceremonious whistling.</p>
+
+<p>It is thus that we might go on and fill page after page
+with this picture-talk of the trappers. Some of their
+yarns are pretty tightly strained, but most of them contain
+a capital hit and are usually founded on the facts.
+It is a well authenticated fact that the beaver has but
+one mate; and, that they live together a loving couple,
+as if husband and wife. As to their <i>liaisons</i>, coquetry,
+flirting and so forth, doubtless the society in some parts
+of the human family will bear a faithful resemblance in
+these respects also. As an example of industry the
+world will look in vain for a better one than is afforded
+by the little beaver of the Western Rivers. Look at
+them patiently felling the tallest trees; and, so nicely
+adjusting their fall and calculating their height, that they
+strike the opposite bank of their stream gaining a fixed
+and permanent lodgment. It is thus that these wonderful
+little creatures will often erect dams across wide rivers
+and effectually stop the rushing torrents.</p>
+
+<p>As has appeared, after collecting the six horses, Kit
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page80" id="page80"></a>[pg 80]</span>
+Carson returned with them safely into camp. A few
+days subsequent to this occurrence, a band of trappers
+belonging to another party <i>en route</i>, entered the camp.
+These men reported that Fitzpatrick and Bridger were
+encamped on Snake River distant about fifteen days'
+journey. This was too good news for Captain Lee and
+Kit to warrant their remaining any longer idle. They
+doubted not but that they should be able to dispose of
+their goods to these parties. With this object in view,
+they prepared for the march and started. Their journey,
+although perilous and laborious, was successfully accomplished.
+Messrs. Fitzpatrick and Bridger received
+and entertained them very hospitably, and purchased
+their entire stock, paying therefor in beaver fur. Kit
+Carson then joined Fitzpatrick's band, but remained with
+it only one month. His reason for separating from it
+was, that there were too many men congregated together
+either to accomplish much, or to make the general result
+profitable in the distribution. He, accordingly, arranged
+an enterprise upon his own account; and, from his well-established
+reputation, found more men than he wanted
+ready to join him. From those who applied, he selected
+but three. These were men of the best material; and,
+no man could judge a trapper's qualifications better than Kit Carson.</p>
+
+<p>With his three men he immediately set out for the
+Laramie River. On this stream and its tributaries, he
+spent the summer. Perhaps our readers will look for a
+full description of the course which the American trapper
+pursues in order to catch beaver. It is very simple
+in its detail but difficult and tedious in its application.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page81" id="page81"></a>[pg 81]</span>
+The trap is the common steel trap made in the usual
+form; if there is any difference, it is larger and more
+powerful. It is set in the haunts of the beaver with a
+particular kind of bait<a id="footnotetag6" name="footnotetag6"></a><a href="#footnote6"><sup>6</sup></a> known chiefly among trappers.
+It is a singular fact that, frequently, old beavers will be
+discovered springing the traps, by the aid of a stick.
+If discovered at his work, he seems to enjoy hugely the
+vexation of the trappers which they sometimes exhibit.
+An old trapper, however, especially if he be a Frenchman
+or Mexican, feels so much pride in the matter, that
+he will cover up his vexation under assumed politeness,
+as if the beaver could understand and appreciate his language.</p>
+
+<p>But to escape from these pleasing digressions, Kit
+Carson and his men concluded their summer's work with
+unusual success. Their exertions had been crowned
+with rewards which surpassed their fondest anticipations.
+As the wintry months were again fast coming on, Kit
+and his men determined to rejoin Bridger's' command.
+The return trip, was therefore commenced and duly prosecuted.
+Late one afternoon, just after the little party
+had gone into camp, Kit, having lingered somewhat behind,
+suddenly rode into the camp ground and leaped
+from his horse, giving it in care of one of the men.
+With his rifle, he then started in pursuit of game for
+supper. He walked on about one mile from the camp
+and there came upon the fresh tracks of some elk. Following
+up the trail he discovered the game grazing on
+the side of a hill. In the neighborhood of the animals
+there were some low and craggy pine trees. Moving
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page82" id="page82"></a>[pg 82]</span>
+along with great care, he finally gained the cover of the
+trees, which brought him in close proximity to the elk,
+and within certain range of his rifle. This care was the
+more necessary as his party had been without meat diet
+for some time and began to be greatly in need thereof.
+These ever wary animals saw, or scented him; or, at any
+rate, became conscious of approaching danger from some
+cause, before he could reach the spot from which he
+desired to take his aim. They had commenced moving;
+and, in another instant, would have bounded away, out
+of all reach of his rifle. His eye and piece, however,
+were too quick for them; for, bringing his piece into position
+and without dwelling upon his aim, he sped a bullet
+after the largest and the fattest of the noble game
+before him. He had wisely allowed for the first leap,
+for his shot caught the nimble animal in mid air and
+brought him to the earth, writhing in his death agony
+with a fearful wound through the heart and lungs, from
+which there was no escape. One quiver ran through
+the frame of the beautiful animal, when, he breathed his
+last. The echoing sound of the rifle shot had hardly
+died away, to which the true hunter ever listens with unfeigned
+pleasure as the sweetest of music on his ear,
+whenever he has seen that his game is surely within his
+grasp, the last faint melody was broken in upon and completely
+lost in a terrific roar from the woods directly behind
+him. Instantly turning his head to note the source
+of this sound, the meaning and cause of which he well
+knew by his experienced woodman's ear, educated until
+its nicety was truly wonderful, he saw two huge and
+terribly angry grizzly bears. As his eye first rested upon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page83" id="page83"></a>[pg 83]</span>
+these unwelcome guests, they were bounding towards
+him, their eyes flashing fiery passion, their pearly teeth
+glittering with eagerness to mangle his flesh, and their
+monstrous fore-arms, hung with sharp, bony claws, ready
+and anxious to hug his body in a close and most loving
+embrace. There was not much time for Kit to
+scratch his head and cogitate. In fact, one instant spent
+in thought then would have proved his death warrant
+without hope of a reprieve. Messrs. Bruin evidently
+considered their domain most unjustly intruded upon.
+The gentle elk and deer mayhap were their dancing
+boys and girls; and, like many a petty king in savage
+land, they may have dined late and were now enjoying
+a scenic treat of their ballet troupe. At all events Kit
+required no second thought to perceive that the monarchs
+of the American forest were unappeasably angry
+and were fast nearing him with mighty stride. Dropping
+his rifle, the little leaden bullet of which would
+now have been worth to him its weight in gold if it could
+by some magic wand have been transferred from the
+heart of the elk back into its breech, he bounded from
+his position in close imitation of the elk, but with better
+success. The trees! he hoped and prayed, as he
+fairly flew over the ground with the bears hot in chase,
+for one quick grasp at a sturdy sapling. By good fortune,
+or special Providence, his hope, or prayer, was answered.
+Grasping a lower limb he swung his body up
+into the first tier of branches just as passing Bruin
+brushed against one of his legs. Bears climb trees and
+Kit Carson was not ignorant of the fact. Instantly
+drawing his keen-edged hunting knife, he cut away for
+dear life at a thick short branch. The knife and his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page84" id="page84"></a>[pg 84]</span>
+energy conquered the cutting just as Messrs. Bruin had
+gathered themselves up for an ascent, a proceeding on
+their part to which Mr. Carson would not give assent.
+Mr. Carson was well acquainted with the Messrs. Bruin's
+pride in, and extreme consideration for, their noses. A
+few sharp raps made with the severed branch upon the
+noses of the ascending bears, while they fairly made
+them to howl with pain and rage, caused them hastily to
+beat a retreat. This scene of ascending, getting their
+noses tickled and again descending howling with pain
+and rage now kept Mr. Carson and Messrs. Bruin actively
+busy for some time. The huge monsters and monarchs
+of the mountains were determined not to give it
+up so. Such a full and fair chase and to be beaten by
+a simple white man on their own domain! This evidently
+galled their sensitive natures. It is true the roaring
+of the bears in his rear had stimulated Mr. Carson in
+the race, so much so, that he undoubtedly ran at the top
+of his speed; and, being naturally, as well as by long
+practice, very fleet of foot, he had managed to outstrip
+his pursuers in the race. It is true he had made short
+work of climbing the tree and here again had very innocently
+beaten the bears at their own game and one in
+which they took great pride. It is more than probable
+that the bears were in too good condition to run well.
+Had it been early spring time they would doubtless have
+been much lower in flesh. That was their own fault
+too; they should have known that racing time cannot
+be made on high condition. After leaving their hibernating
+quarters they should have been less given to a
+sumptuous habit at the table.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;"><a href="images/82-83.jpg"><img width="100%" src="images/82-83.jpg" alt="Two huge and terribly angry grizzly bears" /></a><p>Two huge and terribly angry grizzly bears
+were bounding towards him, their eyes flashing fiery passion,
+their pearly teeth glittering with eagerness to mangle his flesh,
+and their monstrous forearms, hung with sharp, bony claws, ready
+and anxious to hug his body in a close and most loving embrace.&mdash;<span class="sc">Page 83.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>Affairs were, however, by no manner of means settled.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page85" id="page85"></a>[pg 85]</span>
+They had the daring trespasser on their domain treed,
+and almost within their reach; and, indeed, to keep out
+of the way of their uncomely claws, Kit was obliged to
+gather himself up in the smallest possible space and
+cling to the topmost boughs. The bears now allowed
+themselves a short respite for breathing, during which
+they gave vent to their wrath by many shrill screeches.
+Then they renewed their endeavors to force the hunter
+from his resting place. Mounted on their hind paws
+they would reach for him; but, the blows with the stick,
+applied freely to their noses, would make them desist.
+In vain did they exhaust every means to force the man
+to descend; he was not to be driven or coaxed. The
+hard knocks they had sustained upon their noses had
+now aroused them almost to madness. Together they
+made one desperate effort to tear Kit from the tree. As
+in all their previous attempts, they were foiled, and their
+ardor dampened and cooled by the drumming operations
+upon their noses, which this time was so freely and
+strongly applied upon one of them as to make him
+lachrymate and cry out with pain. One at a time they
+departed; but, it was not until they had been out of
+sight and hearing for some time that Kit considered it
+safe to venture down from the tree; when, he hastened
+to regain and immediately to reload his rifle.</p>
+
+<p>Thus ended an adventure in which Kit Carson considers
+that he failed to lose life and limb by the narrowest
+miss that ever occurred to him. Although he has
+killed much more than his <i>quantum</i> of this kind of game,
+and has gained what is a practical advantage to every
+western hunter, to wit: a knowledge of all their abilities
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page86" id="page86"></a>[pg 86]</span>
+with which they enforce sway, Kit Carson regards this
+adventure in the light of a warning. It is a warning
+too which he never allows himself to forget; consequently,
+whenever he has hunted since, he watches as
+closely for signs of Mr. Bruin as he does for the game
+he seeks; it would, therefore, be a difficult matter for
+the bears again to surprise him. Some of the most
+desperate battles on record between hunters and wild
+animals are narrated of encounters with the bear tribe.</p>
+
+<p>Several years ago, a Mexican by the name of Armador
+Sanchez, still well known in the Rocky Mountains as a
+brave and skillful hunter, had a fight with a bear which
+lasted several hours. This terrible battle ended by both
+the combatants being laid prostrate upon the ground,
+so completely exhausted as to be utterly unable to reach
+each other from the want of physical strength. In this
+condition they spent one night; and, on the following
+morning, when the brave Mexican hunter had recovered
+sufficiently to be able to creep to his antagonist, he
+found him dead. This close conflict grew out of the
+hunter's noble daring in endeavoring to save the life
+of a Mexican boy, whom, at the instant the hunter
+attacked the beast, the bear was about to tear into
+pieces. At one time the bear had the youth in his
+terrible clutches in such a manner that it was impossible
+for him to plant a shot in any vital organ. But nothing
+daunted, with his rifle and revolver, he lodged several
+bullets in other parts of the fierce monster. Still the
+savage animal clung to the unfortunate boy, endeavoring
+to tear him to pieces, and horribly mangling him in
+every part of his body. The noble hunter could resist
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page87" id="page87"></a>[pg 87]</span>
+no longer, and dropping his pistols and rifle, he drew
+his sheath-knife and slung shot, and, after winding his
+blanket around his left arm to protects it, rushed in and
+compelled the animal to turn upon him. Wounds were
+freely given and returned; but, the wary Mexican
+fought with such dexterity and determination, that the
+bear finally became so mad with pain and rage that by
+a tremendous effort, with one blow of his powerful paw,
+he knocked the brave hunter headlong upon the ground,
+where he lay some time before recovering his breath.
+Instead of following up this advantage, the brute, doubtless
+being deceived because the man did not move,
+commenced examining and licking his own bleeding
+wounds. But the brave hunter had now got his spirit
+so completely up, that he determined to conquer his
+antagonist or die. Early in the fight, by a blow from
+his slung-shot, he had succeeded in breaking the bear's
+lower jaw. This had greatly disabled the animal and
+undoubtedly was the successful wound which eventually
+gave Sanchez the victory. When he felt himself sufficiently
+rested, he renewed the fight; and, by adopting
+various man&oelig;uvres, in which he was greatly assisted by
+some adjacent trees, succeeded in putting in several
+telling blows with his knife. Again the animal became
+aroused to madness unendurable, and, gathering himself
+up for a final effort, succeeded in planting a terrible
+blow on the hunter's head, which once more brought
+him to the ground. From this blow and the previous
+loss of blood, the brave man fainted entirely away. How
+long he remained in this state he could not tell; but, on
+becoming again conscious, he found that the victory was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page88" id="page88"></a>[pg 88]</span>
+on his side, for the bear had already breathed his last.
+The poor boy, notwithstanding his wounds, as soon as
+the battle was decided; and, as he supposed, at the cost
+of his friend's life, started for a neighboring fort, and,
+reaching it the following morning, reported the affair.
+A party of men well armed immediately marched to the
+rescue. They found the brave hunter in a most pitiful
+condition, with his flesh terribly mangled, his clothes
+torn into ribbons, and his back and shoulders one mass
+of lacerated wounds. His reason had already become
+unseated. In his native language he would call out to
+his now visionary foe, "If you are a brave man, come
+on." Although the most delicate care and assistance
+was rendered to Sanchez, it was many weeks before he
+was able to resume his occupation; and, even then, he
+owed his life to the wonderful recuperative powers of
+his healthy and iron constitution. Had the fact been
+otherwise, he could not have survived his injuries. One
+more brave heart must have yielded its last drop of
+heroic blood in defence of youthful weakness. This
+picture, because it does not exaggerate the facts, we
+leave with regret; for, it is a pleasure to contemplate
+such nobility of character, whatever be the name which
+declares the governmental allegiance of the hero.</p>
+
+<p>It is not going beyond the bounds of truth to assert
+that the grizzly bear of the Rocky Mountains is as
+formidable an enemy as the hunter is called upon to
+meet, wherever the hunting-ground and whatever the
+animal which opponents to our assertion may set up.
+When caught out on the open prairie, where he can be
+attacked on horseback and lassoed, the chances are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page89" id="page89"></a>[pg 89]</span>
+against the bear; but, in a broken country, woe to his
+assailants, unless life is saved by some trick; or, happy
+fortune; a lucky shot; a telling blow, like Sanchez's with
+his slung-shot; or, the fanciful drumming, such as was
+Kit's, on the noses of his antagonists; or, some other
+equally singular and unlooked-for expedient. The weight
+of one of these monsters often runs as high as fifteen
+hundred pounds; and, their fore paws, which they can
+manage with the greatest dexterity, frequently measure
+fourteen inches. The courage, sagacity and skill invariably
+evinced by this species of bear, when engaged in a
+fight, is not equaled by any other wild animal on the
+face of the globe, not excepting the lion.</p>
+
+<p>We take pleasure in here giving further publicity to
+the careful research and plain truths which have emanated
+from the pen of that distinguished and successful
+traveler Dr. Livingston. The new ideas which appear
+in his pages in regard to the courage of the "King of
+Beasts," have served, in a measure, to correct the general
+impression, and to bring down from its high-stilted hyperbole
+the courage, sagacity and terrible power of the
+lion, which, he states, are overrated. We do not desire
+to contradict published statements any farther than our
+own personal knowledge extends; hence, we give our
+authority for our statements in regard to the lion, very
+well satisfied ourself with Dr. Livingstone's love of truth
+and earnest candor. So much for the lion. Our statements
+in regard to the Rocky Mountain grizzly bear rest
+upon our own knowledge and investigation, gathered in
+his own haunts and on his own wild domain; and, as
+such, are given upon our own responsibility. Because
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page90" id="page90"></a>[pg 90]</span>
+brave American woodsmen can readily conquer the monarch
+of the American forest; and because the chicken-hearted
+Afric son, or dweller, trembles before the steady
+glare of the Afric King of Beasts, <i>ergo</i> his bearship must
+in popular opinion, play subordinate to his lionship.
+For the sake of truth, we should like to see the Spanish
+arena once open for a fighting encounter between a
+Rocky Mountain bear and an African lion, full and
+native grown specimens of each. The bull-fights all
+good men abhor; but, such a battle would serve to set
+at rest a fast-growing doubt among naturalists; and, so
+far, would prove available to science and the cause of
+truth. We would readily stake a purse on the bear.</p>
+
+<p>With the Indians of the West, who live mostly by
+hunting, among whom, nine out of ten would, single
+handed, readily face a score of native lion spearsmen
+and, we verily believe, put them to flight; a man is
+considered a great brave who, alone, will undertake to
+kill a grizzly bear. If he succeeds, which is very rarely
+the case, his fortune in his tribe is made, once and for
+all. The reputation he gains will cling to and follow
+him into his grave and form one of the chief burdens
+of the tradition which bears his name to posterity. The
+Indians usually hunt and attack him in large parties;
+and, when the contest becomes really earnest, it requires
+a most immoderate amount of yelling, and fierce cry for
+the onset, to keep their bravery up in fighting trim.
+The victory is seldom gained without the sacrifice of
+several lives. The mounted hunter almost invariably
+finds it a difficult task to bring his charger even within
+shooting range of this kind of game. On an untrained
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page91" id="page91"></a>[pg 91]</span>
+or young horse the accomplishment of this feat is next
+to an impossibility; for, instinct seems to teach them
+the true character of the game even though they
+approach it for the first time.<a id="footnotetag7" name="footnotetag7"></a><a href="#footnote7"><sup>7</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Darkness closed in about Kit Carson before he could
+reach his camp; and, indeed, the sky was so cloudy that
+it was with great difficulty he found his way to it. The
+idea of sending out a pack animal for the elk was out
+of the question; therefore, the whole party went, supperless,
+to bed. In the morning they breakfasted upon
+a beaver found in one of their traps; for, they well
+knew that, long before daylight, the prowling wolves
+had feasted upon the elk; hence, they resigned it without
+a visit. The flavor of the meat of the beaver is not
+very palatable and the trappers rarely use it; never
+when they can do better. Not so with its tail. To this
+they are very partial; and, when properly boiled, it is,
+indeed, a great delicacy.</p>
+
+<p>Believing that Bridger would visit this place, Kit
+ordered his men to make a permanent camp. Kit's
+sagacity was not at fault in this hypothesis; for, in fifteen
+days, this famous old mountaineer made his appearance
+accompanied by his whole band. The two parties
+once more consolidated and started for the summer
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page92" id="page92"></a>[pg 92]</span>
+rendezvous, which was appointed to be held on the Green River.</p>
+
+<p>Upon their arrival at this place, they found congregated,
+all the principal trappers of the Rocky Mountains.
+They were divided into two camps, and numbered
+about two hundred men. The objects which
+brought them thus together were, the disposal of their
+fur and the purchase of supplies.</p>
+
+<p>When all the parties had reported their arrival, the
+trading commenced and was conducted upon a basis
+which gave general satisfaction. The most exorbitant
+and fabulous prices ruled for such articles as the mountaineers
+required. Sugar and coffee brought two dollars
+the pint; powder, the same; and ordinary blankets were
+sold at fifteen and twenty-five dollars each.</p>
+
+<p>Coffee, sugar, and even flour, were luxuries not every
+day indulged in by the hardy mountaineers. They
+seldom partook of such dainties; not more frequently
+than two or three times in the year, and then, merely as
+rare treats. Their standard food was game and wild
+vegetables when in their season.</p>
+
+<p>This meeting of the trappers continued in progress
+during two months. It was then dissolved; and, once
+more the bold mountaineers formed into bands of a size
+convenient for trapping, and started out to engage in
+the fall hunt. Kit Carson joined a party of fifty men
+which was bound for the country occupied by the Blackfeet
+Indians, and which lies on and adjacent to the head
+waters of the Missouri River. The party met with very
+poor success in catching beaver, but had their fill of
+annoyances from the tribe of savages already referred
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page93" id="page93"></a>[pg 93]</span>
+to. Finally the state of affairs between the trappers and
+the Indians became so desperate, that a white man could
+not leave his camp and go a distance of a single mile
+alone without being fired upon, so completely and untiringly
+was their camp surrounded and watched by this
+wily and dangerous tribe of Indians.</p>
+
+<p>This state of affairs led them to the determination to
+quit the country, as the trapping season was far advanced.
+With this line of policy they began the march;
+and, in the month of November, 1832, arrived on the
+banks of the Big Snake River where they established
+winter quarters and remained until the subsequent February.</p>
+
+<p>During these winter months, the quiet monotony of
+their life was unexpectedly broken in upon by a band of
+their old enemies, the Blackfeet Indians. Taking advantage
+of an unusually dark night they entered the camp
+and succeeded in running off eighteen of their horses.
+In consideration of their leniency displayed towards
+them when they were engaged trapping in their own
+country, then merely acting on the defensive, this act on
+the part of the savages appeared to the trappers to be
+more than they ought peaceably to bear. Such appeared
+to be the general opinion, and it was determined that a
+party should be sent out to recover the property and inflict
+a chastisement upon the hostile savages which they
+would not soon forget. Kit Carson with eleven men to
+accompany him was selected for this delicate but highly
+important service. Having prepared everything for the
+route, the party started and after fifty miles of sharp riding
+through the snow, came up with the savages. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page94" id="page94"></a>[pg 94]</span>
+progress of the Indians had been, fortunately, considerably
+retarded by the necessity of breaking a path through
+the deep snow, which had but very recently fallen. The
+trappers instantly made an attempt to recover their animals
+which were found grazing on the side of a hill, the
+Indians having previously come to a halt. In doing this,
+shots were exchanged by both parties without effect.
+The savages had on snow shoes which gave them considerable
+advantage over the trappers. After some man&oelig;uvering,
+the Indians asked for a parley which was
+granted. On these occasions, it is customary for one
+man from each party to advance to a spot about halfway
+between the contending parties and there have a talk.
+The rascals, through their representative, informed the
+trappers through their representative, that they had supposed
+that they had been committing a robbery upon the
+Snake Indians; and, that they did not desire to steal from the white men.</p>
+
+<p>The trappers, believing these tales to be false, considered
+this a mere ruse on the part of the Indians to make
+them unwary of passing events. However, they put the
+very natural query to them, why, if they were so friendly
+disposed, they did not follow out their usual custom; and,
+on seeing them approach, lay down their arms and advance
+to meet their white brothers, so that they might
+have a smoke together and talk over their difficulties
+and thus amicably settle matters.</p>
+
+<p>Their replies to this query contained nothing but evasions.
+Finally, however, it having been mutually agreed
+upon, both parties disarmed and marched to the place
+where their representatives were talking. The Calumet
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page95" id="page95"></a>[pg 95]</span>
+was then prepared, lighted and handed around to each
+person present, it being puffed once or twice by every
+one of the savages and every one of the whites. The
+council then commenced. The head men among the savages
+led off by making several lengthy and unmeaning
+speeches. In their replies, the trappers came directly to
+the point, and said they could hear no overtures for
+peace, until their property was restored to them. The
+Indians, upon hearing this demand several times repeated,
+began to presume upon their strength, assuming
+an overbearing demeanor. After considerable talk
+among themselves, they sent out and brought in five of
+the poorest horses, declaring that it was the only number
+they could return. The trappers, upon hearing this, ran
+for their arms; when, the Indians instantly started for
+theirs. The fight was now renewed by both parties. Kit
+Carson, in the rush made for the rifles, and one of his
+companions named Markhead, succeeded in getting hold
+of their weapons first; and consequently, they formed
+the advance in the return to the contest. They selected
+for their antagonists, two Indians who were close together;
+but, who were partially concealed behind separate
+trees. As Kit was on the point of raising his rifle
+to fire he saw by a quick side glance at Markhead, that
+he was working at the lock of his gun without paying attention
+to his adversary who was aiming at him with,
+almost, a certainty of killing him. Kit instantly changed
+the direction of his rifle and fired, sending a bullet
+through the heart of Markhead's adversary; but, in thus
+saving the life of his friend, he was obliged, for the instant,
+to neglect his own adversary. A quick glance
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page96" id="page96"></a>[pg 96]</span>
+showed him the fellow sighting over his rifle and that the
+mouth of the Indian's gun covered his breast. Upon the
+instant he endeavored to dodge the bullet, but he was unsuccessful
+in doing so completely. It struck him in such
+a way that, first cutting the skin of his neck and glancing,
+it passed through his left shoulder. The head of the
+bone, of the arm in the shoulder was shattered; but, fortunately,
+the main artery of the arm escaped injury.
+Notwithstanding his wound Kit immediately endeavored
+to reload his rifle. In this effort he was unsuccessful, for
+his left arm hung powerless by his side. He was obliged,
+therefore, to remain a mere spectator during the remainder
+of the fight; when, being overcome by the loss of
+blood and the consequent fast increasing weakness, he
+threw himself upon the ground. The fight continued to
+be hotly contested by both the trappers and Indians until,
+gradually, the firing ceased, when the trappers drew off
+and went into camp. They did not dare to light any
+fires, as they would inevitably bring the Indians upon
+them. With nothing but their saddle-blankets to protect
+them from the bitter cold, even the safe and sound
+members of the party suffered severely. Kit's condition
+failed not to arouse the heartfelt sympathy of his friends,
+for there was not one among them who would not have
+readily risked life and limb to save Kit's. But his condition
+was most critical; at the least, he was in a most unenviable
+condition. His wounds bled profusely, and, the
+blood, as it oozed out, froze to the rude dressings. This,
+undoubtedly, in the final result, was beneficial to him, as
+the cold acted as a partial check upon the hemorrhage.
+It was, however, none the less painful to endure. He
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page97" id="page97"></a>[pg 97]</span>
+bore his agonizing sufferings without a single murmur,
+exhibiting in patient fortitude and resignation the same
+brave spirit and dauntless courage which distinguished
+him in every action. Not once did a single complaint
+escape from his lips. Had he received this wound within
+the pales of civilization with its concomitant constitution,
+he might never have recovered the use of his arm. In
+the pure air, and with a constitution in the best possible
+trim, after all danger from hemorrhage had passed, his
+chances to recover were favorable; and, finally, resulted
+in giving him once more, the full use of his arm.</p>
+
+<p>That night the trappers held a council. It was
+decided, that, although the result of the fight had been
+that they had given the Indians a sound thrashing, there
+having been several braves killed while they had suffered
+only in one wounded, they were, nevertheless, not
+then strong enough to pursue the savages farther. They
+adopted therefore the policy of returning to the camp
+and reporting their progress.</p>
+
+<p>On their arrival, a council was immediately called and
+their adventures duly rehearsed. The result was that a
+second party was immediately organized comprising
+thirty men. Under the command of Bridger, this party
+followed the trail for some days, but returned to camp
+without finding the savages. They, after their late
+engagement, had made their way as fast as possible into
+distant parts. A short time after this, the weather
+moderated and it was time for the spring hunt.</p>
+
+<p>This was now commenced and continued quite active
+for several weeks on the Green and Snake Rivers. The
+success of the trappers was far beyond their most sanguine
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page98" id="page98"></a>[pg 98]</span>
+expectations. Beaver fur seemed absolutely to
+rain down upon them. The season having passed, they
+went into summer rendezvous on the banks of the Green
+River. This was brought about by the arrival of the
+traders with their supplies. The whole force of trappers,
+therefore, again rested until the first week of
+September; when, they again broke up their camp for the fall hunt.</p>
+
+<p>Some time previous to this last named event Kit
+Carson, having recovered from the effects of his wounds,
+was very reluctantly drawn into an "affair of honor."
+The circumstances of this occurrence we give in detail
+for two reasons. It was an event in Carson's life, and
+therefore is required at our hands; but, it serves to
+exhibit the manner of the duello among these western
+mountaineers which throws around the circumstance the
+importance of an example in their manners and customs.
+By itself, so far as Kit Carson was concerned, it
+was of very little importance, serving but little, in his
+opinion, to adorn the story of his life.</p>
+
+<p>Among the men congregated at the rendezvous, there
+was a Captain Shunan, a powerful Frenchman. The
+Captain was exceedingly overbearing in his intercourse
+with all around him. Upon the slightest pretext, he was
+sure to endeavor to involve some of the trappers in a
+quarrel. The result was that he was heartily despised
+by all, although, for the sake of peace, he was allowed
+to go unmolested. One day his conduct was particularly
+offensive to the entire command; for, after having
+had two fist fights with a couple of weak and inoffensive
+men, he commenced boasting that he could easily flog
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page99" id="page99"></a>[pg 99]</span>
+all the Frenchmen present; and, as to the Americans,
+he said that "he could cut a stick and switch them."
+Such actions and manners, at last, attracted Kit Carson's
+notice and caused him to be greatly annoyed. He
+thought the matter over and concluded that if Captain
+Shunan was allowed to gather many more such detestable
+laurels, he would soon become even more bold and
+troublesome. As no other member of the company
+seemed disposed to put a check upon such unmanly
+behavior, he quietly determined to make the affair his own.</p>
+
+<p>An opportunity soon presented itself. A number of
+the company had congregated together and were engaged
+in conversation, when Captain Shunan began
+anew his bullying language; this time a little more
+boisterous than usual. Kit Carson advancing into the
+centre of the company and placing himself in front of
+the Captain thus addressed him:</p>
+
+<p>"Shunan, before you stands the humblest specimen
+of an American in this band of trappers, among
+whom, there are, to my certain knowledge, men who
+could easily chastise you; but, being peaceably disposed,
+they keep aloof from you. At any rate, I
+assume the responsibility of ordering you to cease
+your threats, or I will be under the necessity of killing you."</p>
+
+<p>To this Captain Shunan did not reply; but, immediately
+after Kit Carson had closed his remarks, he
+turned upon his heel and walked directly for his lodge.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson was too well versed in trapper rules not to
+read the meaning of this action. He, therefore, walked
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page100" id="page100"></a>[pg 100]</span>
+off also; but, in the direction of his own lodge. In a
+brief space of time, both men appeared before the camp,
+each mounted on their respective horses. The affair had
+drawn together the whole band, and they were now,
+quietly, so many witnesses of the facts here recorded.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Shunan was armed with his rifle. Kit Carson
+had taken merely a single-barrel dragoon pistol which
+happened to be the first weapon that had fallen in his
+way, because of his hurry to be on the ground. The
+two men now rode rapidly towards one another, until
+their horses' heads almost touched, when both horsemen
+reined up, and Kit Carson addressed Captain Shunan as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"Am I the person you are looking for?"</p>
+
+<p>Captain Shunan replied, "No!"</p>
+
+<p>It was apparent that this reply of Captain Shunan
+was a falsehood; for, while giving it utterance, he raised
+his rifle in the act of shooting, bringing it to his shoulder
+and covering his antagonist. Before, however, Captain
+Shunan could discharge his gun, the ball from Kit Carson's
+pistol shattered his forearm, causing the rifle to tilt
+upwards, which changed the direction of its contents in
+such a way that Kit Carson received a wound in his
+scalp while the powder severely burnt his face.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;"><a href="images/100-101.jpg"><img width="100%" src="images/100-101.jpg" alt="Before, however, Captain" /></a><p>Before, however, Captain
+Shunan could discharge his gun, the ball from Kit Carson's
+pistol shattered his forearm.&mdash;<span class="sc">Page 100.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>It was the universal opinion of the spectators of this
+unhappy scene that both parties fired nearly at the same
+instant. The facts of the case show very plainly, first,
+that Captain Shunan's intent was to kill his antagonist.
+Why did he aim at Kit Carson's breast? Second, that
+Kit Carson's shot was delivered perhaps a second or two
+in advance of Captain Shunan's; third, that Kit Carson
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page101" id="page101"></a>[pg 101]</span>
+did not desire to kill his antagonist, but merely to save
+his own life, by disabling his adversary. The fact that
+his shot struck first and hit Captain Shunan's right arm
+is sufficient proof of this. When Kit Carson's well-known
+and indisputable skill with all kinds of fire-arms
+is taken into the account; and that, notwithstanding this
+skill, he hit his adversary in one of only two places (his
+right or left arms) which would have rendered his aim
+with the rifle uncertain, the statement that Kit Carson
+did not intend to kill his adversary becomes an incontrovertible
+fact. Last, had Kit Carson not gained a second
+in advance in the firing, he would have lost his own life,
+inevitably; and, the emphatic "No!" the lie of his antagonist,
+would have been crowned with success. Such
+plain deception seldom is allowed to triumph by an all-wise Providence.</p>
+
+<p>In judging Kit Carson in this matter, the reader will
+commit an ungenerous error if he fails to allow to be
+placed, in the balance of judgment, the stirring deeds
+and daily hair-breadth risks Kit Carson, during so many
+years of his eventful life, was constantly called upon to
+take a part in and undergo. We take leave of this unfortunate
+scene in his life, feeling confident a just public
+opinion will see in it no cause to pluck from the brow
+of Kit Carson any of the laurels which it has been called
+upon to place there. As a man of truth, honor, virtue,
+and reverence for the laws of his country, Kit Carson
+has few equals and no superior among Americans. It
+needed not this incident to establish his courage; that
+had long been proven to be undoubted. Nor did the
+result elate his feelings in the least. He met his companions
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page102" id="page102"></a>[pg 102]</span>
+without a smile, and invariably expressed his
+regrets that he felt it to be his duty, for the good order
+and peace of the camp, to interfere in the matter. On
+the other hand, when he espoused the cause of the majority
+in maintaining the right, he was not a man to be
+easily thwarted. When the affair was ended, Kit was
+congratulated and received the thanks of nearly every
+individual present; for, each felt that a load of most
+vexatious and troublesome responsibility had been taken
+from his shoulders. The good fellowship immediately
+introduced into the camp was also a circumstance of mark.</p>
+
+<p>The wounded man was carried to his quarters and
+every attention shown him in the power of his companions.
+His punishment had the effect completely to subdue him.</p>
+
+<p>These duels among the old trappers of the Rocky
+Mountains were not very unfrequent occurrences. Men,
+situated as they were, beyond the reach of the mighty
+arm of the law, find it absolutely necessary to legislate
+for themselves. It is not within our province to advocate
+either the right or wrong of duelling; for, with the
+best of reasoning, there will always exist a difference of
+opinion on the subject. In the case of these mountaineers,
+when any serious offence was given, the man
+receiving the injury to body or fame held the right of
+demanding satisfaction. The interests of the entire band
+required an immediate settlement of difficulties, so that
+their future plans could be carried out in concert. In
+their dealings with each other they were strictly honorable;
+and when by any mischance a rogue crept into
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page103" id="page103"></a>[pg 103]</span>
+their ranks, if detected in any rascality, he was summarily
+and severely dealt with. Their duels were
+serious events; for, oftentimes both men were killed.
+In fact, the case could hardly be otherwise. They were
+men of unflinching courage, and their weapons were
+generally rifles, which, from long practice, they held
+with a certain and deadly aim. We cannot better close
+this passage in the life of Kit Carson than to quote the
+language held in 1846 by the Biographer<a id="footnotetag8" name="footnotetag8"></a><a href="#footnote8"><sup>8</sup></a> of the great
+explorer, JOHN CHARLES FREMONT:</p>
+
+<p>"He" (Christopher Carson) "is a remarkably peaceable
+and quiet man, temperate in his habits, and strictly
+moral in his deportment. In a letter written from
+California, in 1847, introducing Carson as the bearer
+of dispatches to the government, Col. Fremont says:
+'with me, Carson and truth mean the same thing. He
+is always the same&mdash;gallant and disinterested.' He is
+kind-hearted, and averse to all quarrelsome and turbulent
+scenes, and has never been engaged in any mere
+personal broils or encounters, except on one single occasion,
+which he sometimes modestly describes to his
+friends. The narrative is fully confirmed by an eye-witness,
+of whose presence at the time he was not
+aware, and whose account he has probably never seen
+or heard of. I shall tell the story as it is gathered from them both.<a id="footnotetag9" name="footnotetag9"></a><a href="#footnote9"><sup>9</sup></a></p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page104" id="page104"></a>[pg 104]</span>
+
+<p>"In the year 1835, the Rev. Samuel Parker made an
+exploring and missionary tour, under the auspices of
+the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions,
+beyond the Rocky Mountains, and as far as the
+settlements on the Columbia River. In his printed
+journal he gives an account of the incident to which I
+am referring; it occurred on the 12th of August, at a
+point on the borders of Green River, beyond the South
+Pass, on the occasion of a 'rendezvous,' that is, on a
+spot selected for Indians, trappers, and hunters to bring
+to market their peltries, and obtain supplies from the
+agents of the Fur Companies. There was a large concourse
+of savage tribes, and all the various denizens of
+the wilderness. There were Frenchmen, Spaniards,
+Dutchmen, Canadians, and Western backwoodsmen.
+The Rev. Mr. Parker happened to be there, to witness
+the strange gathering. Of course there were some
+rude characters, and not a little irregularity and disorder.
+Conflicts were liable to arise between quarrelsome
+persons, growing out of the feuds among the
+tribes, and animosities between the representatives of
+different nations, all actuated by pride of race or country.</p>
+
+<p>"A hunter, named Shunan, a Frenchman, who was
+well known by the title of the 'big bully of the mountains,'
+mounted his horse with a loaded rifle, and dashing
+defiantly around, challenged any person, of any nationality,
+to meet him in single combat. He boasted
+of his exploits, and used the most insulting and irritating
+language, and was particularly insolent and abusive
+towards Americans, whom he described as only worth
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page105" id="page105"></a>[pg 105]</span>
+being whipped with switches. Kit Carson was in the
+crowd, and his patriotic spirit kindled at the taunt.
+He at once stepped forward and said, 'I am an American,
+the most trifling one among them, but if you wish
+to die, I will accept your challenge.' Shunan defied
+him. Carson at once leaped upon his horse, with a
+loaded pistol, and both dashed into close conflict.
+They fired, almost at the same moment, but Carson an
+instant the quickest. Their horses' heads touched.
+Shunan's ball just grazed Carson's cheek, near the left
+eye, and cut off some locks of his hair. Carson's
+ball entered Shunan's hand, came out at the wrist, and
+passed through his arm above the elbow. The bully
+begged his life, and it was spared.</p>
+
+<p>"This put an effectual stop to all such insolent proceedings,
+and Americans were insulted no longer.
+Carson is still living, being yet, indeed, in his prime.
+His faithful commander has recorded his name on the
+geography of the continent, by calling after him a river
+and a lake, in the great basin they explored together."</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page106" id="page106"></a>[pg 106]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+The Fall Hunt&mdash;McCoy of the Hudson's Bay Company organizes a Trapping Party
+which Kit Carson joins&mdash;The Hunt&mdash;Scarcity of Beaver on Humboldt River&mdash;The
+Party is divided&mdash;Kit Carson with a majority of the Men goes to Fort Hall&mdash;Hardships
+and Privations met with&mdash;Buffalo Hunt&mdash;All their Animals stolen in the
+Night by a Party of Blackfeet Indians&mdash;Arrival of McCoy from Fort Walla Walla&mdash;The
+Rendezvous&mdash;Kit Carson joins a strong Band&mdash;The Small Pox among the
+Blackfeet Indians&mdash;The Crow Indians on good terms with the Whites&mdash;Intense
+Cold&mdash;Immense Herds of Buffalo&mdash;Danger of their goring to death the Horses&mdash;The
+Spring Hunt&mdash;The Blackfeet Indian Village overtaken&mdash;A desperate Fight
+with these Indians&mdash;The Rendezvous&mdash;Sir William Stuart and a favorite Missionary&mdash;Kit
+Carson goes on a Trading Expedition to the Navajoe Indians&mdash;The Return&mdash;He
+accepts the post of Hunter of the Trading Post at Brown's Hole.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>Arrangements for the fall hunt were now in active
+progress among the trappers. Though the reader may
+find some similarity of fact and idea as we progress in
+this part of the Life of Kit Carson, the interest which
+hangs about it, nevertheless, will not, or should not be
+dampened, because this pen-painting of his long and
+active experience is a better and more faithful exhibit
+of those qualifications, knowledge and skill which afterwards
+made him, first the guide and then the bosom
+friend of the illustrious Fremont, than any assertions
+whether authenticated by published record, whether rested
+upon statement on knowledge, information and belief
+of acquaintances and friends, or, whether facts taken
+from the thousand allusions to his exploits which have
+from time to time flooded the press of the United States.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page107" id="page107"></a>[pg 107]</span>
+
+<p>The company of trappers which had been so fortunate
+as to secure the services of Kit Carson, for facts seem
+now to warrant us in employing this language of just
+praise, set out for the Yellow Stone River, which stream
+they safely reached, and on which they set their traps.
+Dame Fortune here seemed to be in unpleasant mood.
+Crossing the country from the Yellow Stone to the Big
+Horn River, they again courted the old lady's smile with
+stoical patience, but with no better results. They next
+extended their efforts to the three forks of the Missouri
+River; also, to the Big Snake River. The fickle old
+lady proved scornful on all these streams, and finally, on
+the latter stream and its tributaries they wintered.</p>
+
+<p>In this section of the country they fell in with Mr.
+Thomas McCoy, a trader who was in the employ of the
+Hudson's Bay Company. In his trading operations Mr.
+McCoy had been unsuccessful and had concluded to
+organize a trapping expedition. The inducements which
+he held out led Kit Carson and five of his companions to
+become members of his party. With him they traveled
+to Mary's River,<a id="footnotetag10" name="footnotetag10"></a><a href="#footnote10"><sup>10</sup></a> from whence reports had circulated
+that beaver existed in great abundance. The party
+struck upon this stream high up and slowly followed it
+down to where it is lost in the Great Basin. Their success
+here was not satisfactory; consequently, the party
+returned to the Big Snake River. By McCoy's direction
+the party tarried upon this river for some time
+when it was divided. McCoy and a small escort started
+for Fort Walla Walla. Kit Carson and the majority of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page108" id="page108"></a>[pg 108]</span>
+the men took up their line of march for Fort Hall.
+While en route, the latter division was subjected to the
+greatest privations imaginable. Among the worst of
+these was hunger, as their trail led through a barren
+region of country. For a short time, they managed to
+subsist upon a small supply of nutritious roots which
+had been provided in advance. This source finally gave
+out, when their affairs assumed a most desperate attitude.
+To keep from starving, they bled their mules and
+drank the warm red blood with avidity, so acutely had
+the days of fasting sharpened their appetites. This
+operation, however could not be repeated without endangering
+the lives of their animals. These also were
+on a short allowance of food, for the grass was very
+poor and scanty. The whole party had become frightfully
+reduced in strength, and began to think it necessary
+to kill some of their animals, which at this time
+they could but ill spare. In this terrible condition
+they met with a band of Indians who proved to be of a
+friendly disposition. The party was then only about
+four days' journey from Fort Hall. Most unhappily, the
+Indians themselves possessed but a scanty supply of
+provisions, and no more than their immediate wants
+required. It was not without considerable man&oelig;uvering
+and talk, during which all the skill and Indian experience
+possessed by Kit Carson were brought into active
+requisition, that the savages were prevailed upon to
+trade with the trappers. By the trade the half famished
+men obtained a fat horse, which was immediately killed,
+and on which they regaled with as much relish as the
+epicure in the settlements enjoys his "joint of roast beef."</p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page109" id="page109"></a>[pg 109]</span>
+
+<p>To a man not accustomed to this kind of meat, mule
+flesh and horse flesh would not be likely to prove over
+tempting or appropriate viands. Let him feel the pangs
+of hunger very sharply, and his ideas of lusciousness and
+propriety in respect to food will rapidly change. The
+civilized world has condemned the practice as belonging
+to barbarians. A mountaineer, not being quite so fastidious,
+scouts these ideas, considering them foolish prejudices
+of people who have never been forced by necessity
+to test the wisdom of their condemnation. Let the
+epicurean sages have their choice, eat horse flesh or
+starve, and, they confidently maintain, horse flesh would
+gradually grow to be considered a dainty, the rarer over
+beef, in proportion to its greater cost.</p>
+
+<p>The trappers of the western prairies, who wander
+thousands of miles over barren as well as fertile lands,
+where game cannot exist from stern necessity, are compelled
+to submit to all kinds of vicissitudes; but, with
+buoyant spirits, they conquer results, which, a faint
+heart and yielding courage would behold almost in their grasp but fail to reach.</p>
+
+<p>An emergency calls forth skill and great energies;
+and, in an unexplored country where, as in the case here
+recorded, everything living suddenly disappears, it is
+then that the wits of a trapper save his life when an
+ordinary traveler would lie down and die.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson and his men, at last, succeeded in reaching
+Fort Hall. They were kindly received and amply provided
+for by the whites who then occupied it as a
+trading post. Here they rapidly recruited their strength,
+and in the course of a few days felt able to start out
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page110" id="page110"></a>[pg 110]</span>
+upon a buffalo hunt. Reports had come in that large
+numbers of buffalo existed in close proximity to the
+Fort. Kit Carson and his men were not the kind who
+live upon the bounty of others when game can be had in
+return for the necessary effort to find. They were also
+not the men to hoard their stock of provisions whenever
+they met parties in distress. The first query which different
+bands of trappers offer to each other on meeting
+in the wilderness, is, "Does game exist in plenty,"
+or "is game plenty in such and such sections of country?"
+This takes precedence over the commonplace
+question, "What's the news?" Oftentimes, when venturing
+into distant and unexplored districts of territory
+they were obliged to take their chances of finding sustenance;
+but, they hardly ever neglected an opportunity
+to inform themselves on the subject: on the
+contrary, they often sacrificed both time and profits in
+order to secure correct details. Any other course would
+have been fool-hardy rashness, just fit for parties of
+over-bold inexperience to take the consequences of.</p>
+
+<p>Hunting the buffalo is a manly and interesting sport;
+and, as Kit Carson on this occasion engaged in it with
+successful results, it might be interesting to the general
+reader, and, in this place the unity of the narrative
+seems to require, a complete and practical description of
+the manner of taking the buffalo. We have, however
+deferred this part of our duty to an occasion when Kit
+Carson had his friend John C. Fremont upon his first
+buffalo hunt. We shall then permit the bold Explorer
+to tell the story of a buffalo hunt in our behalf.<a id="footnotetag11" name="footnotetag11"></a><a href="#footnote11"><sup>11</sup></a></p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page111" id="page111"></a>[pg 111]</span>
+
+<p>During their sojourn at Fort Hall, the hardy trappers
+were not idle. Besides the calls upon them by the hunt,
+they set to work with great industry repairing their saddles,
+clothing and moccasins. With the aid of a few
+buck-skins, usually procured from Indians, and a few
+rude tools, they soon accomplished wonders.</p>
+
+<p>To give the reader an appropriate view of the genius
+to conquer obstacles displayed by the mountaineers, he
+must picture one of them just starting upon a long journey
+over the prairies and through the mountains. His
+wagon and harness trappings, if he chances to be possessed
+of worldly effects sufficient to warrant him in
+purchasing a first-class outfit, present a neat and trim
+appearance. Follow him to the point of his destination,
+and there the reader will discover, perhaps, a hundredth
+part of the original vehicle and trappings. While en
+route, the bold and self-reliant man has met with a hundred
+accidents. He has been repeatedly called upon to
+mend and patch both wagon and harness, besides his
+own clothing. Though he now presents a dilapidated
+appearance, he is none the less a man; and, if his name
+is known as a regular trapper and mountaineer, he is
+immediately a welcomed and honored guest. If the
+broadcloth of a prince covered his back, spotless, scientifically
+shaped and foreign woven, his reception would
+not be more heartfelt and sincerely cordial. It is amusing
+to see the raw-hide patches of harness, wagon and
+clothing, now become dry and hard as oak. To have
+dispensed with the use of buckskin on his route, would
+have been like cutting off the right arm of the gallant
+pioneer. Buckskin and the western wilds of America
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page112" id="page112"></a>[pg 112]</span>
+are almost synonymous terms; at least, the one suggests
+the other, and therefore they are of the same brotherhood.
+The traveler in these regions of this day fails not
+to learn and appreciate its value. It has not only furnished
+material for clothing, but has been used to repair
+almost every article in daily use. Even the camp and
+tea-kettle, as well as the frying, milk and saucepan, bedstead
+and hammock, chair and table, all have had their
+buckskin appendage, as fast as any of them have become injured or broken.</p>
+
+<p>Everything being in readiness, Carson set out with his
+followers for their hunting-grounds. Their pace was
+one of so much rapidity, that after one day's march they
+discovered signs of the buffalo. On the following morning
+immense herds were in sight. A suitable place for
+a camp was soon selected, and everything which could
+impede their work well stowed away. The best marksmen
+were selected for hunters, and the remainder of the
+party detailed to take care of the meat as fast as the
+hunters should bring it in. Poles were planted on the
+open prairies, and from one to the other ropes of hide
+were stretched. Upon these ropes strips of the buffalo
+meat were hung for curing, which consists of merely
+drying it in the sun's rays. After it is sufficiently dried,
+it is taken down and bound up in bundles. During the
+time of hunting and curing, the trappers feasted upon
+the delicacies of the game, which consist of the tongue,
+liver and peculiar fat which is found along the back of
+the buffalo. Their past sufferings from hunger had
+made them so determined in the work of procuring
+game, that in a few days they possessed meat sufficient
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page113" id="page113"></a>[pg 113]</span>
+to load down all their pack animals. They now thought
+about returning to Fort Hall. Their pace, however,
+rendered so by their weighty game, was very slow.
+Their old enemies, the Blackfeet Indians, had discovered
+them while engaged in this hunt. They followed them
+on the march to the Fort, the trappers being wholly unaware
+of their presence; in fact, the idea of hostile Indians
+had not troubled their thoughts.</p>
+
+<p>Two or three nights after they arrived at the Fort,
+taking advantage of a dark evening, the Indians deprived
+them of all their animals. This was the result of carelessness
+on the part of one of the men, which, under the
+circumstances, was excusable. The party had encamped
+just without the pickets of the Fort, but had taken the
+precaution to secure their horses and mules while they
+slept, by placing them in the <i>corral</i><a id="footnotetag12" name="footnotetag12"></a><a href="#footnote12"><sup>12</sup></a> belonging to the
+station. A sentinel was put upon duty over the corral,
+in order to make everything doubly secure. In the
+latter part of the night, nearly at daybreak, the sentinel
+saw two persons advance and deliberately let down the
+bars leading into the yard and drive out the animals.
+He mistook these men for two of his companions who
+were authorized to take the herd out to graze. Concluding,
+therefore, without going to them, that he was relieved,
+he sought his resting-place and was soon fast
+asleep. In the morning, anxious inquiries were made
+for the horses and mules, when a very short investigation
+revealed the truth of matters. It was, undoubtedly, very
+fortunate for the sentinel that he fell into the error
+alluded to. It was very apparent that the two advanced
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page114" id="page114"></a>[pg 114]</span>
+Indians who let down the bars were backed up by a
+strong party. The signs of Indians, discovered afterwards,
+proved this beyond a doubt. Their reserve party
+were posted where the least resistance on the part of
+the sentinel would have been followed by his quick and
+certain death. This successful theft was, no doubt, considered
+by the Indians a cause for great rejoicing. It
+may have formed the basis of promoting the brave who
+planned and directed it, as the animals had been obtained
+without the loss of a man or even the receiving of a
+wound. The parties living at the Fort were equally as
+poorly off for horses and mules as were now the trappers.
+The same Indians had recently performed the
+same trick upon them. The loss was most severely felt
+by the trappers, inasmuch as they had not a single animal
+left upon which to give chase. Nothing remained
+for them to enact, except a stoical indifference over their
+loss and await the return of McCoy, who had agreed,
+after finishing his business at Fort Walla Walla, to rejoin, them at Fort Hall.</p>
+
+<p>This tribe of Indians, the Blackfeet, whose meddlesome
+dispositions have so frequently brought them in contact
+with Kit Carson in such and dissimilar affairs, occupy
+the country on the Yellow Stone River and about the
+head waters of the Missouri. There are other tribes in
+close proximity, the most important of which is the tribe
+called the Crows. When Kit Carson first entered upon
+his wild career the Blackfeet Indians numbered nearly
+thirty thousand souls. They were greatly reduced in
+numbers within the next six or seven years, between
+1832 and 1839. In the last-named year, in consequence
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page115" id="page115"></a>[pg 115]</span>
+of the ravages of the small pox, heretofore alluded to
+and which prevailed the year previous, they had lost at
+least fifty per cent. The Indian computations of 1850,
+according to Brownell, give their numbers at only about
+thirteen thousand. They are one of the finest races of
+the American Aborigines. Powerful in frame and development;
+well trained in horsemanship, although in
+this they are surpassed by the Camanches; capable of
+great endurance; and, usually well fitted as to arms,
+dress, horse trappings, <i>et cætera</i>, they generally prove
+knotty customers as enemies. We ought not to pass by
+this notice of the Blackfeet Indians without calling the
+attention of the inquisitive reader to a remarkable proof
+which is afforded by the whole intercourse of these western
+trappers with the Blackfeet Indians, as thus detailed
+by Kit Carson, of an assertion hazarded some years ago
+by Charles De Wolf Brownell, in his admirable work
+upon the Indian races of North and South America. On
+pages 465-6, Mr. Brownell comes to the defence of the
+Crow tribe of Indians, which, up to that time, had been
+characterized as a "lawless, thieving horde of savages."
+"But," says Mr. Brownell, "those best acquainted with
+their character and disposition, speak of them as honest
+and trustworthy." The adventures of Kit Carson among
+both the Crow and the Blackfeet Indians, we think, demonstrate
+pretty conclusively which of these contiguous
+tribes are the horse stealers. The Crows, it will be
+remembered, are more particularly inhabitants of the
+mountainous regions. The Blackfeet have ever been
+their sworn and implacable foes. Their burials of the
+hatchet have been few and far between, and never in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page116" id="page116"></a>[pg 116]</span>
+deep soil. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at that
+the Blackfeet reputation should extend to the Crows;
+but, although circumstances exist which condemn the
+latter, they are few in number compared with the sins
+laid by the traders and trappers at the tent-doors of the former.</p>
+
+<p>After the lapse of one month McCoy made his appearance
+and, most opportunely, brought an extra supply of
+animals. The camp was soon struck and the whole band
+started for the rendezvous, which had been appointed to
+convene at the mouth of Horse Creek on the Green
+River. They reached this place after several days of
+hard travel. As usual, trading operations did not commence
+until all the regular bands of trappers had arrived
+and reported. They were then commenced and continued
+through a period of twenty days. Here Kit
+Carson left the company under McCoy and joined a
+company under the management of a Mr. Fontenelle
+which numbered one hundred men. This party went to
+and trapped on the Yellow Stone River. On commencing
+operations the party was divided into fifty trappers and
+fifty keepers. The duties of the former were to take the
+beaver and provide game for food. The latter to guard
+their property and cook. The trappers were now in the
+midst of their sworn foes, the Blackfeet Indians. They
+felt themselves sufficiently strong and were desirous to
+pay off old scores. They therefore trapped where they
+pleased, being determined to dispute the right of possession
+to the country if attacked. They were not, however,
+molested. A good reason appeared for this, soon
+after, brought by some friendly Indians belonging to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page117" id="page117"></a>[pg 117]</span>
+Crow Tribe. They informed the whites that the small
+pox was making terrible havoc with the Blackfeet
+Indians. Thousands were dying and fears were entertained
+that the whole tribe would be cut off. In order
+to attend to their sick they had secluded themselves.
+The trapping season being nearly over, as the streams
+began to freeze, the party commenced looking out for a camping site.</p>
+
+<p>In conjunction with the main body of the Crow nation
+they proceeded to a well protected valley and erected
+their lodges, making themselves as comfortable as possible
+under the circumstances. As the season advanced,
+the cold became more severe, until at last, it was more
+intense than ever before experienced by the trappers
+or Indians. Fuel, however, was abundant, and, excepting
+the inconvenience of keeping unusually large fires,
+they suffered but little. Not so with their animals. It
+was with the greatest difficulty that they preserved them
+from starvation. By the most unwearied exertions, however,
+they succeeded in obtaining food enough barely to
+keep them alive until the weather became more mild and
+auspicious. At one time the crisis was so imminent, that
+the trappers were compelled to resort to cottonwood
+trees, thawing the bark and small branches, after gathering
+them, by their fires. This bark was torn from the
+trees in shreds sufficiently small for the animals to masticate.
+The Indians of the Rocky Mountains, when suffering
+from hunger, are often driven to the extremity of
+eating this material. For miles, not unfrequently, the
+traveler discovers these trees denuded of their bark, after a
+party has passed through on their way to find the buffalo.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page118" id="page118"></a>[pg 118]</span>
+The rough, outside cuticle is discarded, and the tender
+texture, next to the body of the tree, is the part selected
+for food. It will act in staying the appetite, but cannot,
+for any great length of time, support life. It is dangerous
+to allow starving animals to eat freely of it; the
+trappers, therefore, feed it to them but sparingly.</p>
+
+<p>The intense cold operated to bring upon them another
+serious annoyance in the shape of immense herds of
+starving buffalo, which, goaded on by the pangs of hunger,
+would watch for an opportunity to gore the animals
+and steal their scanty allowance of provender. It was
+only by building large fires in the valleys and constantly
+standing guard that the trappers succeeded in keeping them off.</p>
+
+<p>During the winter, to beguile the time, the whites vied
+with their Indian allies in many of their sports. As
+game existed in superabundance, always ready for a
+loaded rifle, both parties were contented and happy.
+Time flew away rapidly and soon brought again the sunshine
+of spring with the buds and blossoms, gay wild
+flowers, green herbage and forest verdure. For the purpose
+of procuring supplies, the trappers dispatched two
+messengers to Fort Laramie. They did not return and
+were never again heard from. The conclusion which
+gained belief was, that they had been murdered by the
+Sioux Indians. The party waited as long as they possibly
+could for the return of their two companions, but,
+finally, were compelled to commence the spring hunt
+without them. They trapped a short time on the Yellow
+Stone River and then went to the Twenty-Five-Yard
+River. From thence they proceeded to the head waters
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page119" id="page119"></a>[pg 119]</span>
+of the Missouri, and, on the most northern of its forks, remained
+some time, meeting with considerable success.
+Here they obtained news of the Blackfeet Indians, which
+showed that the ravages of the small pox had been
+greatly over estimated. They were still nearly as strong,
+and in character, had not at all become subdued. Upon
+drawing near to the source of this river, they discovered
+that the main village of these savages, their old foes, was
+in close proximity. This was pleasing intelligence to
+the trappers. They had suffered too many unprovoked
+insults at their hands not to desire the avenging of their
+wrongs and to punish them by way of retaliation. During
+the whole winter, and, in fact, from the time the
+party was first organized, they had anxiously abided
+their opportunity to meet and punish the rascally Blackfeet
+warriors. The old scores, or sores, had been festering
+too long, and here was a chance to probe them satisfactorily.</p>
+
+<p>The party cautiously followed upon the trail which led
+to the Indian encampment until within one day's journey
+of it. Here they came to a halt. Kit Carson, with
+five men, was sent in advance to reconnoitre. Upon approaching
+the Indians, the reconnoitering party discovered
+them busily engaged driving in their animals to
+saddle and pack, and making such other preparations
+necessary to the effecting of a hurried decampment.
+Kit and his companions hastened back and reported
+the results of their observations. A council was immediately
+held which decided to send out forty-three
+picked men to give battle; and, for the commander of
+this party, Kit Carson was unanimously elected. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page120" id="page120"></a>[pg 120]</span>
+fifty-five men left behind under Mr. Fontenelle had the
+onerous duty of guarding the animals and equipage. It
+was a part of the programme, also, that the latter force
+should move on slowly and act as a reserve in case of need.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson and his command were in fine spirits and
+lost no time in overhauling the village. In the first
+charge they killed ten of the bravest warriors. The
+savages quickly recovered from this blow and commenced
+retreating in good order. For three consecutive
+hours they heroically received a series of these furious
+and deadly assaults without offering much resistance.
+At the end of this time the firing of the mountaineers
+began to slacken, as their ammunition was running low.
+These experienced and brave, though rascally Indians,
+soon surmised the cause of this sudden change of affairs.
+Rallying their forces, they turned upon their assailants
+in right good earnest and a desperate hand-to-hand
+engagement ensued. The white men now had an opportunity
+to use their small arms, which told with such
+terrible effect upon their foes that they were soon driven
+back again. They, however, rallied once more and
+charged so manfully that the trappers were forced to
+retreat. In this latter engagement a horse belonging to
+a mountaineer by the name of Cotton, fell, throwing his
+rider and holding him on the ground by his weight.
+This happened as he was passing a point of rocks. Six
+of the warriors, seeing the accident, instantly hurried
+forward to take Cotton's scalp. But Kit Carson's eagle
+eye was watching every part of the battle-field and discovered,
+in time to be of service, the danger to which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page121" id="page121"></a>[pg 121]</span>
+his friend was exposed. Although some distance off,
+Kit sprang from his saddle, and, with the leap of an
+antelope and the rallying cry for his men, was on the
+ground, ready to make a certain shot. His aim and the
+crack of his rifle almost belonged to the same instant of
+time. It was none the less sure. The foremost warrior,
+a powerful savage, whose fingers evidently itched for the
+scalp of the mountaineer, fell, shot through the heart.
+By this time others had followed the bold example of
+their leader, when the five remaining warriors, seeing
+the imminent danger which threatened them, turned to
+run back into their band. But two of them however
+reached a place of safety. The remainder, caught in
+their fleet career by the unerring and death-dealing
+bullets of the mountaineers, measured their lengths
+upon the battle-ground, stricken with wounds which
+demanded and received from them their last wild war-whoop.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;"><a href="images/120-121.jpg"><img width="100%" src="images/120-121.jpg" alt="Kit Carson's eagle" /></a><p>Kit Carson's eagle
+eye was watching every part of the battle-field and discovered,
+in time to be of service, the danger to which
+his friend was exposed. Although some distance off,
+Kit sprang from his saddle, and, with the leap of an
+antelope and the rallying cry for his men, was on the
+ground ready to make a certain shot.&mdash;<span class="sc">Page 120.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>When Kit Carson fired, his horse, being under no
+restraint, became frightened and dashed away, leaving
+his brave rider on foot. Kit however instantly comprehended
+his position. The fallen horseman had succeeded
+in extricating himself, but not without difficulty,
+for the ground was very uneven. He had received a
+few pretty severe contusions, but was, notwithstanding
+these, worth a dozen Indians yet, and failed not to show
+the fact. Seeing Cotton thus all right, Kit Carson made
+his way to one of his companions, and, as the fighting
+had, apparently by mutual consent, ceased for a few
+moments, mounted up behind him and thus rejoined the
+main body of his men. The runaway horse, after quite
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page122" id="page122"></a>[pg 122]</span>
+a chase, was soon captured by a trapper and returned to
+his captain. A period of inactivity now reigned over
+the battle-field, each party apparently waiting for the
+other to again open the ball. During this resting spell,
+the reserve division of the trappers came in sight,
+having been anxiously expected for some time. The
+Indians showed no fear at this addition to the number
+of their adversaries. On the contrary, being no doubt
+carried away by their recent success in making a stand,
+they commenced posting themselves among the rocks
+about one hundred and fifty yards distant from the position
+taken up by the trappers. The arrival of the reserve
+was a great relief to the advance, because, they were
+tired of fighting without ammunition. Having well
+filled their ammunition pouches they once more became
+eager for the affray. Everything being in readiness,
+with a cheer, they started on foot to attack and dislodge
+the enemy. In a few moments was commenced the
+severest skirmish of the day. It became so exciting
+that frequently a trapper would occupy one side, and
+a stalwart warrior the other, of some large rock, each
+intent upon the life of his adversary. In such cases it
+required the closest watchfulness and the utmost dexterity
+to kill or dislodge the bold savage. The power of
+powder in the hands of skillful men soon began to assert
+its superiority in the battle, and when once the Indians
+commenced to waver, it was all over with them. Their
+first wavering soon broke into a complete rout, when
+they ran for their lives. As they scattered in every
+direction, the pursuit which followed was short. In
+this battle the trappers considered that they had thoroughly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page123" id="page123"></a>[pg 123]</span>
+settled all outstanding accounts with the Blackfeet
+Indians, for they had killed a large number of their
+warriors and wounded many more. On their side three
+men only were killed and a few severely wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Fontenelle and his men camped for a few days in the
+vicinity of the scene of their late engagement, burying
+their dead and repairing damages. They then resumed
+the business of trapping, traversing the Blackfeet country
+whenever they chose without fear of molestation.
+The success in their late engagement seemed to follow
+them in their business, for their stock of fur accumulated rapidly.</p>
+
+<p>While they were encamped upon Green River, an express
+rider, sent by the traders, came into camp and informed
+the party that the rendezvous would be held on
+Mud River. With a large stock of beaver, the party
+started for that place, arriving in eight days.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the usual traders and trappers, the party met
+at this rendezvous some missionaries and a distinguished
+English nobleman, Sir William Stuart. Of this latter
+gentleman, Kit Carson says: "For the goodness of his
+heart and numerous rare qualities of mind, he will always
+be remembered by those of the mountaineers who
+had the honor of his acquaintance."</p>
+
+<p>Among the missionaries was "Old Father De Smidt,"
+as he afterwards came to be familiarly called. This
+gentleman is at present well known as being a leading
+literary and religious man at St. Louis, Missouri. Perhaps
+there never was a person in the wilds of America
+who became so universally beloved both by the white
+and red man. While in the mountains, he acted with
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page124" id="page124"></a>[pg 124]</span>
+untiring zeal for the good of all with whom he came into
+contact. Wherever duty called him, there he was sure
+to be found, no matter what the obstacles or dangers
+spread upon the path. He worked during a long series
+of years in these dangerous localities, and accomplished
+much good. When, at last, he returned to civilization,
+he left an indelible name behind him.</p>
+
+<p>In twenty days after the camp at the rendezvous was
+formed, it broke up again into small parties. Kit Carson,
+with seven companions, went to Brown's Hole. This
+was a trading post. Here they found two traders who
+were contemplating getting up a business expedition to
+the Navajoe Indians. This tribe exhibits more traces of
+white blood than any other of the wild races in North
+America. They are brave and fond of owning large
+possessions. These consist chiefly of immense herds of
+fine horses and sheep. In this respect they are not unlike
+the ancient inhabitants of the earth, who "watched
+their roving store" on Syrian soil and the contiguous
+countries. The parties who desired to trade with them
+usually carried a stock of trinkets and articles of use,
+for which they received horses, mules, blankets and lariets.<a id="footnotetag13" name="footnotetag13"></a><a href="#footnote13"><sup>13</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>Navajoe blankets are very celebrated in the far west of
+America, and especially in old Mexico, where they are
+in great demand and command high prices. Many of
+these articles are really beautiful, and, from their fine
+texture, together with the great amount of labor spent
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page125" id="page125"></a>[pg 125]</span>
+in their manufacture, are expensive, even when purchased
+of the Indians. The art of weaving these blankets
+has been long known to the Navajoe Indians; and,
+all the female children belonging to the nation are
+taught the art during their earliest years. It is only
+after much practice, however, that they become expert.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson joined the two traders, whose names were
+Thompson and Sinclair, and made the trip with them
+which they had planned. They realized very handsomely
+from it, bringing back a large drove of very fine mules.
+The animals were driven to the Fort on the South Fork
+of the Platte, where they were disposed of at fair prices.
+Having received his share of the profits, Kit returned
+again to Brown's Hole. The season was too far gone
+for him to think of joining another trapping expedition
+that fall. He therefore began to look about for some
+suitable employment for the winter. As soon as it became
+known that his services were open for an engagement,
+several offers were made him, all of which he
+rejected. The reader will doubtless see a contrast between
+the Kit Carson renowned as a trapper and hunter
+and the Kit Carson who, at Taos, only a few years
+before, was glad to hire out as a cook, in order to gain
+his daily sustenance. For some time, strong inducements
+of high wages had been held out to him by the
+occupants of the Fort, in order to prevail upon him to
+accept the responsible and arduous office of Hunter to
+the Fort. The task of supplying, by the aid of the rifle,
+all the flesh twenty men would naturally consume during
+an entire winter, formed the duty required and expected
+from this officer. The inducements were so tempting,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page126" id="page126"></a>[pg 126]</span>
+the task so congenial with his feelings, and, withal, the
+urgent persuasions of the men so pressing, that Kit
+Carson finally accepted the offer and entered upon his
+duties. He soon showed the company that he knew his
+business, and could perform it with an ease and certainty
+which failed not to elicit universal esteem and commendation.
+When the time arrived for him to resign the
+office in the Spring, he left behind him golden opinions
+of his skill as a marksman.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page127" id="page127"></a>[pg 127]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Bridger and Carson trapping on the Black Hills&mdash;The Main Camp&mdash;The Rendezvous&mdash;Winter
+Quarters on the Yellow Stone&mdash;Carson with forty men in a desperate fight
+with the Blackfeet Indians&mdash;A Council&mdash;Sentinel posted&mdash;One Thousand Warriors
+come to punish the Trappers&mdash;The War Dance&mdash;The Courage of the Savages deserts
+them&mdash;Winter Quarters&mdash;The Spring Hunt&mdash;Another Fight with the Blackfeet&mdash;Continued
+Annoyances&mdash;The Trappers abandon the Country&mdash;The Rocky
+Mountains and Alps compared&mdash;Other Trapping Expeditions&mdash;Beaver becoming
+scarce&mdash;Prices of Fur reduced&mdash;Kit Carson and the Trappers give up their Vocation&mdash;The
+Journey to Bent's Fort&mdash;Mitchell the Mountaineer&mdash;His Eccentricities.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>In the spring, Kit Carson joined Bridger. With four
+companions they went to the Black Hills to hunt. In the
+streams adjacent to that country, the beaver existed in
+large numbers and their success in trapping was excellent.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after arriving, however, the party broke up. Kit
+Carson and a trapper named Owens made a hunt by
+themselves and were very fortunate in obtaining a large
+stock of the fur. After which they joined the main
+camp of the trappers on Green River. When the summer
+was pretty well advanced, the camp was broken up
+and all of its occupants started for the Rendezvous, this
+year held on the Popoayhi, a branch of the Wind River.</p>
+
+<p>In the fall, most of the trappers went to the country
+which lies in the immediate neighborhood of the Yellow
+Stone River. Having trapped all the streams there, they
+went into winter quarters on that stream.</p>
+
+<p>Nothing was heard of their sworn enemies, the Blackfeet
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page128" id="page128"></a>[pg 128]</span>
+Indians until about the middle of the winter. A
+party who were out hunting suddenly came upon some
+signs which, looking suspicious, attracted their attention.
+To these signs they gave a close investigation, and fully
+made up their minds that they were close to the stronghold
+of their foes. Without waiting to follow up the
+signs they immediately retraced their steps and informed
+their party in camp of their conviction that trouble was
+brewing. A command of forty men was instantly
+detailed to seek out the Indians and give them battle.
+Kit Carson was once more called upon to lead the brave
+trappers in this expedition, and everything was left to his
+direction and good judgment. Soon after commencing
+their march, the company fell in with a scouting party
+of the enemy in the vicinity of the spot where the fresh
+signs had been discovered. To this party the trappers
+gave chase, wisely concluding they would run for their
+main body. The result satisfied their anticipations. In
+a short time they found themselves opposed to a strong
+band of the Indians, when, a regular fight was instantly
+commenced. After quite a spirited contest, the Indians
+gave way and retreated, but in good order, to an island
+in the Yellow Stone River where they had previously
+erected strong barricades. Night put a stop to the
+scenes of the day and further action was deferred until
+the next morning. As soon as the light would again
+warrant it, the trappers plunged into the stream and
+made for the island, being determined to dislodge the
+Indians. To their great dismay the brave savages had
+already retreated having quietly given them the slip during the night.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page129" id="page129"></a>[pg 129]</span>
+
+<p>The result of the battle the day before was now made
+apparent. It was evident that not much powder had
+been wasted in the action. The snow within the fortification
+was red with fresh blood, and from the place a
+bloody trail led to a hole in the ice of the stream where
+a large number of lifeless bodies had been sunk. There
+was nothing now to be done except to return to camp.
+Upon their arrival a council was convened to devise
+measures and plans for their future conduct. It was
+quite evident to all that the campaign had but just commenced.
+It was the general impression that the main
+village of the Blackfeet tribe had been located within
+a few miles. When therefore the news of their recent
+severe loss should be carried there by the survivors in
+the battle, active measures would be set on foot to seek
+revenge. It was the decision of the council that the
+trappers should act chiefly on the defensive. Measures
+were immediately set on foot to guard against surprise.
+To make everything doubly secure, none but the most
+trusty and well-tried men were detailed to perform
+sentinel duty. Near their camp there was a very lofty
+hill which commanded a fine view of the surrounding
+country. Upon this eminence they posted a sentinel
+throughout the day time. Their arrangements having
+been all determined upon and plans laid, the execution
+of them, to men so well skilled in frontier life, occupied
+but little time. Notwithstanding this celerity in their
+movements they had been none too quick. Soon after
+their preparations were fully made, the sentinel on the
+hill gave his signal indicating the approach of the
+Indians, showing that their precaution in this respect had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page130" id="page130"></a>[pg 130]</span>
+been a wise one. The order was immediately given to
+erect strong breastworks. This task was so successfully
+accomplished, that, in a few hours, they had prepared a
+little fortress, which, covered with their unerring rifles,
+was impregnable against any force the Indians could
+bring against it. The advance party of the savages soon
+appeared in sight, but when they discovered the strength
+of the trappers, they halted and awaited, distant about
+half a mile from the breastwork, the arrival of the rest
+of the band. It was three days before the whole force
+of the Indians had arrived. They mustered about one
+thousand warriors. It was a sight which few white men
+of the American nation have looked upon. Arrayed in
+their fantastic war costume and bedaubed with paint,
+armed with lances, bows and arrows, rifles, tomahawks,
+knives, etc., some mounted and some on foot, they presented
+a wild and fearful scene of barbaric strength and
+fancy. Soon after their last company had reported, the
+frightful war-dance, peculiar to the American savages,
+was enacted in sight of the trappers' position. The battle
+songs and shouts which accompanied the dance reached
+the ears of the whites with fearful distinctness. Any
+other than hearts of oak with courage of steel would have
+quailed before this terrible display of savage enmity and
+ferocity. This dance, to men so well skilled in the ways
+of the Indian warrior, was a sure signal that the next
+day would be certain to have a fearful history for one
+party or the other and doubtless for both. The odds,
+most assuredly, were apparently greatly in favor of the
+savage host and against the little band of hardy mountaineers.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page131" id="page131"></a>[pg 131]</span>
+
+<p>The following day the expectations of the trappers
+were realized. The Indians, at the first dawn of day,
+approached the breastwork, eager for the battle. They
+were, evidently, very much astonished at beholding the
+invincibility of the trappers' position. It was what they
+had not calculated upon and seemed to cast a perfect
+damper upon their courage. After firing a few shots
+which did no harm, and seeing that nothing could be
+accomplished except by a charge, they commenced a
+retreat. The trappers, though only sixty strong, were
+filled with disappointment and chagrin at the course
+taken by their wary foes. They began to shout to their
+enemies in derisive terms, hoping the taunts would exasperate
+and draw them into an attack. Nothing, however,
+would tempt them to face the danger, for they withdrew
+to a spot about one mile from the little fort and sat
+down in council. The speeches appeared to be generally
+opposed to risking an assault; for, after the council was
+dissolved, the Indians divided into two nearly equal
+parties and immediately marched off. One band took
+the direction of the Crow country and the other shaped
+their course in the direction from whence they came.</p>
+
+<p>The trappers remained at their little fort during the
+winter and were not again disturbed by the Indians.
+Early in the following spring, they set their traps on one
+of the tributaries of the Missouri River and finished
+the hunt on the head of Lewis' Fork. They then
+departed for the rendezvous which was held on Green
+River near the mouth of Horse Creek, remaining there
+until the month of August and until the meeting was dissolved.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page132" id="page132"></a>[pg 132]</span>
+
+<p>Kit Carson, on the breaking up of the camp at the
+rendezvous, accompanied by five other trappers, went to
+Fort Hall and joined a party attached to the "Northwest
+Fur Company." With this band he trapped to
+the head of Salmon River. Thence they went to Malade
+River, trapping down it to where it empties into the Big
+Snake River. They continued on up this latter river,
+and then, after trapping on Goose Creek and Raft
+River, returned to Fort Hall. Their stock of fur was
+quite extensive on their arrival here and, an opportunity
+offering to dispose of it, they sold out at a fair valuation.
+After recruiting their strength at the Fort for one month,
+Kit Carson, accompanied by most of the trappers, set
+out to join Bridger, who was still in the country of the
+Blackfeet Indians. Upon striking the Missouri River,
+signs of trappers were discovered, indicating that, whoever
+the party, or parties might be, they were now
+above the place where Kit and his party then were.
+With fourteen companions Kit started in advance of the
+main party to overtake, and report who these men were.
+Towards evening of the same day, the advance party
+came up with the trappers and found that they were
+under the charge of Joseph Gale and in the employ of Captain Wyatt.</p>
+
+<p>Gale informed Carson that his command had recently
+been engaged in a closely contested fight with the Blackfeet
+Indians; that several of his party had been wounded,
+and one, by the name of Richard Owens, was at
+first thought to be mortally so; but, eventually, he had
+begun to recover and now was doing well.</p>
+
+<p>Kit and his men remained one night with Gale. On
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page133" id="page133"></a>[pg 133]</span>
+the following day his party commenced setting their
+traps, intending to proceed up the river at a slow pace
+in order to allow the main party to overtake them. The
+men sent out to set their traps had not gone from the
+camp over two miles before they were fired upon by a
+party of Blackfeet Indians and compelled to retreat.
+They did so, succeeding in joining their comrades without
+the loss of a single man. The pursuit had been
+close and well sustained by the savages; hence, it
+became necessary to take instant measures in order to
+insure the safety of the advance. Kit Carson, who was
+the commander of the party, after quietly surveying the
+scene, gave orders for the men, with their animals, to
+conceal themselves, as best they could in the brush.
+His orders had been issued but just in time, for the
+concealment was barely attained, when the Indians were
+upon them. They were received with a well-directed
+volley from the rifles of the little party, which brought
+down several of the fierce assailants. They recoiled and
+retreated for a moment. The moment was golden to the
+few white men. Like men who were fighting for their
+lives but who were cool in danger, they made no mistakes
+in reloading their rifles. They were but just
+ready, however, for the second charge. This time the
+savages came on with unearthly yells and desperate
+courage, seemingly well satisfied that before them stood
+the men whose faithful rifle-talk they had heard before.
+Kit warned his men to keep cool and fire as if shooting
+game, a warning which was entirely unnecessary, for the
+result was that the savages were again driven back with
+a brave bleeding or dying for nearly every shot fired.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page134" id="page134"></a>[pg 134]</span>
+It was very fortunate that Kit had chosen this position,
+for the engagement lasted nearly the entire day. The
+loss on the part of the Indians was very severe. They
+did everything in their power to force Kit and his party
+from their cover, but without avail. Every time they
+attempted to charge into the thicket the same deadly
+volley was poured in with never-failing aim, which invariably
+caused the savages to beat a hasty retreat.
+Before the next attack the trappers were ready for them
+with reloaded rifles. At last, as if driven to desperation,
+the Indians set the thicket on fire, hoping to burn
+out their foes. Most providentially, in this also they
+were foiled. After consuming the outer shrubbery, the
+fire died out. This was the last act attempted by the
+savages. Seeing the ill-success of their effort to dislodge
+the trappers by fire, they departed. They may have
+been hurried in this leave-taking somewhat by news
+brought in by their spies of the near approach of the
+main body of the trappers, which had arrived at a
+point about six miles distant from the battle ground.
+They had been prevented from hearing the reports of
+fire-arms by adverse winds, and knew nothing of the
+fight until informed by the trappers engaged in it.
+When sufficient time had elapsed for the Indians to be
+well out of sight, Kit Carson and his companions left
+their cover and soon found their way into the camp of their friends.</p>
+
+<p>Gale was so continually annoyed by these Indians that
+he joined the other trappers and together they concluded
+to leave their country. Their combined forces, though
+able to cope with them so far as defensive measures were
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page135" id="page135"></a>[pg 135]</span>
+necessary, was utterly powerless to overawe them. This
+made it next to an impossibility for them to continue in
+their country with a hope of success in business. For
+the purpose of getting rid of them, they moved off, some
+distance, to a small creek where beaver were plenty.
+Trouble followed them, however. The first day of their
+arrival, one of the party was killed by the Blackfeet Indians
+within a short distance, only, of the camp. During
+the remainder of the stay made by the party on this
+stream, the rascals hovered around and worried them to
+such a degree that a trapper could not leave the camp
+without falling into an ambuscade and being forced to fight his way back again.</p>
+
+<p>It became evident to all interested that so long as
+such a state of affairs existed they could not employ
+their time with just hope of advantage. After a short
+council, it was decided to abandon this region of the
+country and go to the North Fork of the Missouri.
+They soon accomplished their journey and began the business
+of trapping. Proceeding up the river, on the
+fourth day, they came, suddenly, upon a large village of
+Flathead and Pondrai Indians who were encamped upon
+its banks. These Indians were friendly to the whites.
+A chief of the Flatheads and several of his people joined
+the trappers and went with them to the Big Snake River
+where they established their winter quarters. The winter
+passed away so quietly that not a single incident occurred
+beyond the usual routine which the imagination
+of the reader can easily supply. It was quite cold that
+season, and the snow fell to a great depth. Everything
+however was arranged as best conduced to comfort, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page136" id="page136"></a>[pg 136]</span>
+the trappers found a pleasant and congenial exercise in
+hunting to supply their daily wants.</p>
+
+<p>The winter seasons in the Rocky Mountains are usually
+fearful and severe. There, snow storms form mountains
+for themselves, filling up the passes for weeks, even
+those which are low being impracticable either for man
+or beast. As a set-off to all this, the scenery is most
+grand provided the beholder is well housed. If the case
+is otherwise and he be doomed to combat these terrible
+storms, his situation is most critical. During the summer
+months the lofty peaks of this mighty chain of mountains,
+like those of the Alps, are covered with white caps
+of snow. As time, the bright sun and the south wind
+wear out these old-lady head-gearings, no matter what
+be the part of the year, whether the cold days of January,
+or the hot days of August, the snow storms are
+faithful in replenishing them. It affords a contrast of
+the elements of the grandest conception to stand in the
+shade of some wavy verdure of the valley wiping off the
+unbidden perspiration from the brow, and, at the same
+instant, look upon a darkly threatening storm-cloud powdering
+the heads of the hoary monster mountains from
+its freight of flaky snow. So far these American giant
+mountains are unsurpassed by their Alpine neighbors of
+Europe. Not so in the glaciers. Throughout the great
+range, there are none of those beautiful glaciers to be
+found that can compare with those possessed by their compeers in Europe.</p>
+
+<p>To the traveler whose taste has led him to wander
+along the "Great back bones," or vertebræ, of the two
+hemispheres, preparing the mind to draw truthful contrast,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page137" id="page137"></a>[pg 137]</span>
+his pleasantest reveries will find him drawing comparisons
+between them. He is never tired, for the subject
+he cannot exhaust. When, supposing that his conclusions
+are at last made and that the Alps have won the
+highest place in favor, some forgotten scene from America
+will assume the form and shape of a vivid recollection,
+rife with scenic grandeur and sublimity, restoring
+the Rocky chain to its counterpoise; then, an hour of
+peril and fearful toil will come to memory, and, until the
+same mental process shall bring them again to an equilibrium,
+the far-famed Alps will descend in the balance.
+Each have their attractions, each their grandeur, each
+their sublimity, each their wonderful, awful silence, each
+their long and glorious landscape views, while, to each,
+the general contour is the same. In the point of altitude,
+the Rocky chain, as is well known to science, has
+the advantage; but, in historical science and lore, the
+famous Alps stand preeminent. True, it is from ignorance
+that we are led to concede this, because no man
+can give to the world the reminiscences of the Rocky
+Mountains. Their history, since the first red man entered
+them, must forever rest in oblivion. In scenery these
+mountains of the Western Continent again carry off the
+palm; for, they strike the observer as being more bold,
+wild and picturesque than their formidable rivals. To
+the foot-worn traveler, who has journeyed thirty or forty
+days upon the level prairies, seeing nothing to break the
+monotony of a sea of earth, the dark outlines of the
+Rocky Mountains, gradually coming into the view, never
+fail to prove a refreshing sight both to the physical and
+mental eye. They appear as if descending from the heavens
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page138" id="page138"></a>[pg 138]</span>
+to the surface of the earth, perpendicularly, as
+though intended to present a perfect barrier over which
+no living thing should pass. This view never fails to engross
+the earnest attention of the traveler, and hours of
+gazing only serve to enwrap the mind in deeper and
+more fixed contemplation. Is there not here presented
+a field, such as no other part of this globe can furnish, in
+which the explorer, the geologist, the botanist may sow
+and reap a rich harvest for his enterprise? As yet scientific
+research, on questions concerning the Rocky Mountains,
+is comparatively speaking, dumb. But science will
+soon press forward in her heavenly ordained mission,
+borne upon the shoulders of some youthful hero, and once
+more the wise book-men of the gown and slipper, who,
+surrounded with their tomes on tomes of learned digests,
+are fast approaching the hour when they had better prepare
+their last wills and testaments, will again be distanced
+in the race and doomed to argue technicalities. To
+the hunter, the real lover of and dependent upon the
+chase, there can be no comparison between the mighty
+Alps and the huge Rocky Mountain Barrier of the American
+Prairies. The one is destitute of animal life while
+the other bears a teeming population of the choicest
+game known to the swift-leaden messenger of the white
+man's rifle. He who wishes to behold in the same gaze,
+beautiful valleys, highly cultivated by a romantic and interesting
+race, in rich contrast with wonderfully moulded
+masses of earth and stone, covered with a medley of green
+foliage and white snow, let him go to the Alps.</p>
+
+<p>In the following spring Kit Carson, accompanied by
+only one trapper, started out to hunt the streams in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page139" id="page139"></a>[pg 139]</span>
+the vicinity of Big Snake River. The Utah nation of
+Indians inhabit this country; and, with them, Kit Carson
+stood on a friendly footing. The business of trapping
+was therefore carried on without fear of molestation.
+The labors of the two were crowned with great success.</p>
+
+<p>Loaded with a full cargo of fur they soon after set out
+for Robidoux's Fort, which they reached in safety, selling
+out their stock to good advantage.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson made only a short stop at this Fort. As
+soon as his fur was disposed of, he immediately organized
+a small party consisting of five trappers and made
+a journey to Grand River. After thoroughly trapping
+this river, he established himself at Brown's Hole on
+Green River for the winter. Early in the spring he
+returned with the same party to the country of the
+Utahs and hunted there for some time. He then went
+to the New Park, where they finished their trapping
+operations and returned to Robidoux's Fort. Here Kit
+again found a purchaser for his furs; but, the prices at
+which he was obliged to sell them, did not at all please
+him. Within a few years, the value of beaver fur had
+greatly deteriorated. This was caused by the slow
+demand which had gradually ruled at the great emporiums
+of Europe and America. The skill of the manufacturer
+had substituted a material for the making of
+hats which, while it was cheaper, pleased the great race
+of hat-wearers. The beaver itself was becoming scarce,
+owing to their being so diligently hunted. It was evident
+to Kit Carson and many of his mountaineer companions
+that their occupation was gradually becoming
+less profitable and that it would soon drive them into
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page140" id="page140"></a>[pg 140]</span>
+other employments. Acting upon this impression Kit
+Carson, accompanied by "Old Bill Williams,"<a id="footnotetag14" name="footnotetag14"></a><a href="#footnote14"><sup>14</sup></a> William
+New, Mitchell and Fredericks, a Frenchman, started for
+Bent's Fort, which was then located on the Arkansas
+River near a large forest of cotton wood trees, and which
+is, even at this day, known as the "Big Timbers." The
+party struck the river at a point about one hundred
+miles above the Fort, where, in later years, was built a
+settlement called St. Charles.<a id="footnotetag15" name="footnotetag15"></a><a href="#footnote15"><sup>15</sup></a></p>
+
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page141" id="page141"></a>[pg 141]</span>
+
+<p>On reaching the river, two of the party, Mitchell and
+New, concluded to tarry awhile in order to gratify their
+humor for hunting. But Kit Carson, with the remainder
+of the mountaineers, continued on their course, and, in
+three days time, were safely lodged within the walls of
+the Fort. One week subsequently, Mitchell and New
+followed their companions to the Fort, but in a sad
+plight. They had not suspected danger, and, consequently,
+had failed to guard against it. They had been
+surrounded by Indians and deprived of everything they
+possessed except their naked bodies. In this denuded
+state they arrived at the Fort. They were kindly received
+and provided for by its noble-hearted proprietors;
+and, for some time enjoyed a respite from all their troubles.</p>
+
+<p>This mountaineer Mitchell, full of eccentricities of
+character, has seen the ups and downs of a frontiersman
+during a long and eventful life. He once joined the
+Camanche nation and became one of their braves.<a id="footnotetag16" name="footnotetag16"></a><a href="#footnote16"><sup>16</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>In this capacity he won great renown by the efficient
+and active part he took in several engagements between
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page142" id="page142"></a>[pg 142]</span>
+the tribe of his adoption and their enemies. His real
+object in turning Indian was to discover the locality of a
+gold mine which was said to have an existence in some
+of the mountains of northern Texas. Having convinced
+himself that the story of the gold mine, like many of the
+tales and traditions which gain currency in Indian countries,
+was entirely without foundation, Mitchell, with
+some plausible excuse, bid his red friends good bye and
+sought out his old comrades, the trappers, to whom he
+ever afterwards proved faithful. About two years since,
+Mitchell paid a trading visit to the States. On his route,
+it became necessary that he should pass over the Kansas
+Territory, just at a time when political difficulties there
+were exciting the people to the highest pitch of anxiety.
+The consequence was, that his views upon the all-absorbing
+questions at issue were frequently asked for by
+members of both parties. To all these queries he invariably
+replied, professing his ignorance of everything
+that appertained thereto. This caused him to be regarded
+as a dangerous man, and one not to be trusted.
+He was accordingly treated with indifference and silent
+reserve. This to a mountaineer, who, during a long
+period of years, had met every "pale face" as a brother,
+was insupportable usage. In all haste he finished his
+business, relinquished his contemplated journey through
+the States, and started to return to his home in New
+Mexico. While upon the road, he accidentally fell in
+with a friend; and, in reply to the question, where have you been? said:</p>
+
+<p>"After a lapse of many years, I thought I should
+like to see the <i>whites</i> again; so, I was going to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page143" id="page143"></a>[pg 143]</span>
+States. But the sample I've seen in Kansas is enough
+to disgust <i>a man</i> with their character. They do
+nothing but get up war parties against one another;
+and, I would much rather be in an Indian country
+than in civilized Kansas." Mitchell is full of dry
+humor and commands the faculty of telling a good
+story, which makes him a pleasant traveling companion.</p>
+
+<p>Since the time when Kit Carson first joined a trapping
+expedition, up to the time of his arrival at Bent's Fort,
+a period of eight long years, he had known no rest from
+arduous toil. Not even when, to the reader, he was
+apparently idle, buried in the deep snows of the Rocky
+Mountains and awaiting the return of Spring, has he
+rested from toil. Even then his daily life has been
+given up to bodily fatigue and danger, frequently in
+scenes which, although of thrilling interest, are too
+lengthy for this narrative. It has been our purpose
+thus far to present Kit Carson undergoing his novitiate.
+We regard, and we think a world will eventually regard,
+this extraordinary man as one raised up by Providence
+to fulfill a destiny of His all-wise decree. It is premature
+for us, at this stage of our work, to advance the
+argument upon which this conclusion, so irresistibly to
+our mind, is deduced. We have yet before us an array
+of historical fact and incident to relate, without parallel
+in the history of nations, and in which Kit Carson plays
+no insignificant part. For these eight years of stirring
+practical life, Kit Carson, relying upon his beloved rifle
+for his sustenance and protection, had penetrated every
+part of the interior of the North American Continent,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page144" id="page144"></a>[pg 144]</span>
+setting his traps upon every river of note which rises
+within this interior, and tracing them from the little
+springs which originate them to the wide mouths from
+which they pour their surcharged waters into the mighty
+viaducts or drains of the vast prairies, and the mighty
+leviathan ranges of the Rocky Mountains. In this time
+he had wandered over a wild territory equal in its dimensions
+to nearly all of the empires, kingdoms and
+principalities of Europe combined. His journeys, as it
+has already appeared, were made sometimes on foot and
+sometimes on horseback. By themselves, his travels
+will be called no trivial undertakings. Each fresh adventure
+led him into regions where but seldom, and
+more frequently never, had a white man trod the soil.
+He was, therefore, now an explorer in every sense of
+that distinguishing word, with the single exception that
+he had not produced the results which the early culture
+and advantages of a scientific and classical education
+might have brought about. But the history of the world
+furnishes few examples, if indeed any, where the physical
+training, practical skill and knowledge of a country,
+as possessed by Kit Carson, have been united with
+scholastic lore. At all events, in the wisdom of that
+special Providence which was intending the gold mines
+of California to be consecrated to the advancement of
+American civilization, with its religious freedom, personal
+liberties and sacred literature, the novitiate of Kit
+Carson was decreed to be wholly of a practical nature.
+But while Kit Carson, with his rifle, was thus reared up
+in character, courage and experience, the same All-wise
+hand was directing the pathway of a mind, equal to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page145" id="page145"></a>[pg 145]</span>
+accomplish His call, through all the labyrinths of Science,
+History and the Arts, endowing that mind with a keenness
+of intellectual grasp in strange contrast with the
+practical skill of its future guide. Those who see no
+God in nature, no God in events, may batter away at
+this proposition. The record of Kit Carson's future
+tasks will prove it to be an invincible stronghold of theory.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson's mind had now become well stored with
+facts and localities which were destined to be made
+known to the world through his connections with others.
+It is not detracting from the merits of any one to assert
+that, without frontiers-men like Kit Carson, the numerous
+scientific expeditions which have been sent out by the
+United States Government to explore the far West would
+have returned but sorry and meagre records for their
+employers. After reading some of the many printed
+accounts which parties of a more recent date have gathered
+from their experience while making their way overland
+to the Pacific, and also the sad fate of some brave
+men with noble hearts who have fallen a sacrifice upon
+the altar of science under the fatal blows of hostile savages,
+attributable no doubt in some measure to bad advice,
+we can thus more easily form a correct judgment
+of the hardships which Kit Carson has been called upon
+to endure and the wisdom or skill which he has displayed
+in surmounting every obstacle on his wild and
+solitary pathway. The hardships which fell to the lot of
+the "trappers of olden time" also stand out in bolder relief.
+Out of the whole catalogue of labors, from which
+man, to gain an honest livelihood has selected, there is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page146" id="page146"></a>[pg 146]</span>
+not one profession which presents so many formidable
+obstacles as that under consideration; yet, it was with
+difficulty that the mountaineers could wean themselves
+from their calling even when forced by stern necessity.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page147" id="page147"></a>[pg 147]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Kit Carson is employed as Hunter to Bent's Fort&mdash;His Career for Eight Years&mdash;Messrs.
+Bent and St. Vrain&mdash;The commencement of his Acquaintance with John
+C. Fremont on a Steamboat&mdash;Is employed as a Guide by the Great Explorer&mdash;The
+Journey&mdash;Arrival at Fort Laramie&mdash;Indian Difficulties&mdash;The business of the
+Expedition completed&mdash;Return to Fort Laramie&mdash;Kit Carson goes to Taos and is
+married&mdash;He is employed as Hunter to a Train of Wagons bound for the States&mdash;Meeting
+with Captain Cook and four companies of U.S. Dragoons on Walnut
+Creek&mdash;Mexicans in Trouble&mdash;Kit Carson carries a Letter for them to Santa F&#233;&mdash;Indians
+on the Route&mdash;His safe Arrival&mdash;Amijos' advance Guard massacred by
+the Texians&mdash;The one Survivor&mdash;The Retreat&mdash;Kit Carson returns to Bent's
+Fort&mdash;His Adventures with the Utahs and narrow escape from Death&mdash;The Texians
+disarmed&mdash;The Express Ride performed.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>It has already appeared that Kit Carson was now at
+Bent's Fort. Also, that his occupation as a trapper of
+beaver had become unprofitable. His services were however
+immediately put into requisition by Messrs. Bent
+and St. Vrain, the proprietors of what was called Bent's
+Fort, which was a trading-post kept by those gentlemen.
+The position which he accepted was that of Hunter to
+the Fort. This office he filled from that time with the
+most undeviating fidelity and promptitude for eight consecutive
+years. During all of this long period not a single
+word of disagreement passed between him and his
+employers, which fact shows better than mere words, that
+his duty was faithfully and satisfactorily performed. It
+is but seldom that such a fact can be stated of any employee,
+no matter what the service. Here, however, was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page148" id="page148"></a>[pg 148]</span>
+an example in which, the nature of the employment
+would of itself, at times, present cause for discord, such
+as scarcity of game, bad luck, and men hungry in consequence.
+But Kit Carson was too skillful in his profession
+to allow such reasons to mar his fortunes. With the
+effort the game always was at hand; for, it was not his
+custom to return from his hunts empty handed.</p>
+
+<p>Of course Kit Carson's duties were to supply the traders
+and their men with all the animal food they wanted,
+an easy task when game was plenty; but, it would often
+happen that bands of Indians, which were always loitering
+about the trading post, would precede him in the
+chase, thereby rendering his labors oftentimes very difficult.
+From sunrise to sunset and not unfrequently during
+the night, he wandered over the prairies and mountains
+within his range in search of food for the maintenance,
+sometimes of forty men who composed the garrison
+of the Fort and who were dependent on the skill of their
+hunter; but, rarely did he fail them. He knew, for hundreds
+of miles about him, the most eligible places to seek
+for game. During the eight years referred to, thousands
+of buffalo, elk, antelope and deer fell at the crack of Kit
+Carson's rifle. Each day so added to his reputation that
+it is not to be wondered at, considering the practice of
+his previous life, that he became unrivalled as a hunter.
+His name spread rapidly over the Western Continent until,
+with the rifle, he was the acknowledged "Monarch
+of the Prairies." The wild Indians, accustomed to measure
+a man's greatness by the deeds which he is capable
+of performing with powder and lead, were completely
+carried away in their admiration of the man. Among
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page149" id="page149"></a>[pg 149]</span>
+the Arrapahoes, Cheyennes, Kiowas and Camanches, Kit
+Carson was always an honored guest whenever he chose
+to visit their lodges; and, many a night, while seated at
+their watch-fires, he has narrated to them the exciting
+scenes of the day's adventures, to which they have listened
+with eager attention and unrestrained delight.
+When arrayed in his rough hunting costume and mounted
+upon his favorite charger Apache, a splendid animal,
+Kit Carson was a picture to behold. The buffalo were
+his favorite game, and well were they worthy of such a
+noble adversary. In the eyes of a sportsman, the buffalo
+is a glorious prey. To hunt them is oftentimes
+attended with great danger; and, while thus engaged,
+many a skillful man has yielded up his life for his temerity.</p>
+
+<p>The American bison or buffalo seems to demand at
+our hands a short episode from the narrative of Kit
+Carson's life. This animal has several traits of character
+peculiarly his own. If alarmed, he starts off almost
+instantly and always runs against the wind, his sense of
+smell appearing to be better than his eyesight. What is
+a most remarkable fact, a herd of buffalo, when grazing,
+always post and maintain a line of sentinels to warn the
+main body of the approach of danger. When a strange
+object comes within sight or smelling distance, these
+sentinels immediately give the alarm by tossing up their
+heads and tails and bellowing furiously. The whole
+herd instantly heed the warning and are soon in motion.
+Buffalo run with forelegs stiff, which fact, together with
+their ugly-looking humps and the lowness of their
+heads, gives a rocking swing to their gait. If a herd,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page150" id="page150"></a>[pg 150]</span>
+when in full motion, have to cross a road on which
+wagons are traveling, they change their course but
+little; and, it sometimes happens, that large bands will
+pass within a stone's throw of a caravan. At night they
+are quite systematic in forming their camps. In the
+centre are placed the cows and calves; while, to guard
+against the wolves, large numbers of which always
+follow them, they station on their outposts, the old bulls.
+The age to which a buffalo may attain is not known;
+but, it is certain that they are generally long-lived when
+not prematurely cut off. When their powers of life
+begin to fade, they fall an easy prey to the small, carnivorous
+animals of the plains. The attempt has been made
+to domesticate and render them useful for agricultural
+purposes. Hitherto such efforts have invariably failed.
+When restrained of their freedom, they are reduced to
+mere objects of curiosity.</p>
+
+<p>In hunting buffalo the most important matter for the
+attention of the hunter is to provide himself with a
+suitable horse. The best that can be selected is a
+trained Mexican or Indian pony. Their familiarity with
+the game and the prairies, over which the hunter must
+ride at full speed, renders these horses quite safe. On
+the other hand a green horse is sure to be terribly
+frightened when called upon to face these ugly-looking
+animals, and the rider will find he has his hands full to
+manage him without thinking of his game. One great
+danger to be apprehended is the being led into a prairie-dog
+town. Here a horse needs experience to carry his
+rider through with safety. Upon reaching the herd, the
+hunter dashes in at the cows, which, are easily recognized
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page151" id="page151"></a>[pg 151]</span>
+by the fineness of their robes and their smaller
+forms. The white man hunter, of all weapons, prefers a
+revolver; but, the red man uses the lance, and bow and
+arrows, which he handles with remarkable dexterity.
+The place of election to make the deadly wound is just
+behind the fore shoulder where the long, shaggy mane
+of the hump is intersected by the short hair of the body.
+The death-wound being given, the blood gushes out in
+torrents and the victim, after a few bounds, falls on her
+knees with her head bunting into the ground. If, by
+chance, a vital organ is not reached, the pain of the
+wound makes the stricken animal desperately courageous.
+She turns upon her pursuer with terrible earnestness
+ready to destroy him. It is now that the horse is to be
+depended upon. If well trained, he will instantly wheel
+and place himself and rider out of harm's way; but,
+woe to both horse and hunter if this is not done. The
+lives of both are in imminent danger. In case the
+buffalo is killed, the hunter rides up, dismounts and
+makes his lariet fast to the horns of his game. He next
+proceeds to cut up the meat and prepare it for his pack
+animals which he should have near by. By their aid he
+easily carries it into camp.</p>
+
+<p>It would doubtless afford many a page of exciting
+interest could we carry the reader through all the varied
+scenes of the chase in which Kit Carson has been the
+principal actor. To transmit to our narrative a choice
+fight with the fierce old grizzly bear; or, perchance, a
+fine old buffalo bull turning on his destroyer with savage
+ferocity; or, a wounded panther, with its inevitable
+accompaniment in the shape of a hand-to-hand encounter
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page152" id="page152"></a>[pg 152]</span>
+for dear life, each of such could not fail in giving interest
+to the general reader. We are forced, against our own
+conviction of the duty we owe the public as Kit Carson's
+chosen Biographer, to pass by all such acts of
+his personal daring and triumph because of his own
+unwillingness to relate them for publication. Notwithstanding
+our urgent requests, backed up by the advice
+and interference of friends, Kit Carson is inflexibly
+opposed to relating such acts of himself. He is even
+more willing to speak of his failures, though such are
+few, rather than of his victories in the chase. While the
+description of these adventures could not fail to furnish
+useful and interesting data, most unfortunately, Kit
+Carson considers that they are uninteresting minutiæ
+which have pertained to the every-day business of his
+life and no persuasion can induce him to enter upon
+their relation. Not so when he is entertaining some of
+the brave chiefs of the Indian nations whose friendship
+he has won by his brave deeds. If they are his guests,
+or he himself theirs, then their delight to hear kindles a
+pride in his breast to relate. He knows that he will not,
+by them, be called a boaster.</p>
+
+<p>Before quitting the mountains, Kit Carson married an
+Indian girl to whom he was most devotedly attached.
+By this wife he had one child, a daughter. Soon after
+the birth of this child, his wife died. His daughter, he
+watched over with the greatest solicitude. When she
+reached a suitable age, he sent her to St. Louis for the
+purpose of giving her the advantages of a liberal education.
+Indeed most of Kit Carson's hard earnings, gained
+while he was a hunter on the Arkansas, were devoted to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page153" id="page153"></a>[pg 153]</span>
+the advancement of his child. On arriving at maturity
+she married and with her husband settled in California.</p>
+
+<p>The libertine custom of indulging in a plurality of
+wives, as adopted by many of the mountaineers, never
+received the sanction, in thought, word or action, of Kit
+Carson. His moral character may well be held up as an
+example to men whose pretensions to virtuous life are
+greater. Although he was continually surrounded by
+licentiousness he proved true to her who had first gained
+his affections. For this honoring of virtue he is indebted
+in a measure to the present sway which he holds over
+the western Indian races. While their chiefs are seldom
+men of virtuous act or intent, they are high in their
+appreciation of, and just in their rewards to those whose
+lives are patterns of honor and chastity. The Indian
+woman, concerning whom no truthful tale of dereliction
+can be told, when she arrives at the requisite age, is
+invested with great power in her tribe. One of their
+ancient customs, well authenticated, was to honor the
+virtuous women of their tribe with sacred titles, investing
+them, in their blind belief, with power to call down
+the favor, in behalf of the people, of their Manitou, or
+Great Spirit. But every woman who aspired to this
+honor, was required upon a certain day in the year, to
+run the gauntlet of braves. This was sometimes a
+terrible scene. All the warriors of the tribe, arrayed
+in their fiercest war costume and armed at every point
+with lance, bow and arrow, knife, tomahawk, etc., were
+drawn up under command of the principal chief, in
+single line. At the head of this line was placed a kind
+of chaplet, or crown, the possession of which by any
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page154" id="page154"></a>[pg 154]</span>
+woman was supposed to confer the power of necromancy
+or magic, rendering her able to heal diseases and to foretell
+events. The line having been formed, all of the
+young maidens of the tribe were drawn up in a body at
+the further extremity and any of them who aspired to
+the possession of the chaplet was at liberty, having first
+uncovered her back and breast as far as her waist, to
+march before the line of warriors within ten paces of
+their front and, if she lived to reach it, take possession
+of the crown. On the other hand, it was the duty of
+any warrior, who knew aught by word or deed against
+the virtue of the advancing maiden, to kill her upon the
+spot. If one arrow was shot at her, the whole band
+instantly poured a flight of arrows into her bare and
+defenceless bosom until life was extinct. Again, it was
+the belief of the untutored savage that whatever warrior
+failed to make his knowledge apparent, if he possessed
+any, by sending his arrow at the aspirant, would always
+be an object of revenge by the Great Spirit both here
+and hereafter; and, that he would always live in the
+hereafter, in sight of the Happy Hunting Grounds, but
+never be allowed to enter them. This latter belief made
+it a rare thing for young girls to brave the attempt;
+but, sometimes, the candidates were numerous and the
+horrible butchery of the young girls which took place
+formed a terrible expos&#233; of their lewdness. To kill an
+innocent girl was equally a matter which would be forever
+avenged by the Great Spirit.</p>
+
+<p>The warm friendship which sprang up between Kit
+Carson and the proprietors of Bent's Fort, under whom
+he held his situation as Hunter, is a sufficient index of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page155" id="page155"></a>[pg 155]</span>
+the gentlemanly conduct and amiability of heart evinced
+towards him on their part. The names of Bent and St.
+Vrain were known and respected far and near in the
+mountains, for, in generosity, hospitality and native
+worth, they were men of perfect model.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Bent was appointed, by the proper authority, the
+first Civil Governor of New Mexico, after that large and
+valuable country was ceded to and came under the jurisdiction
+of the United States Government. He held this
+distinguished position however only a short time; for, in
+the year 1847, he was most foully and treacherously
+murdered by the Pueblo Indians and Mexicans. A revolution
+had broken out among this turbulent people, and,
+in his endeavors to stem it, Governor Bent was frustrated.
+At last, being driven to his own house, he barricaded the
+doors and windows. The rascally rioters, after a severe
+contest, succeeded in breaking open his doors; and, having
+gained access to their victim, murdered him in cold
+blood in the midst of his family. The only crime imputed
+by the mob against this benevolent and just man was,
+that he was an American. His untimely death, which
+was mourned by all the Americans who knew him, cast
+a settled gloom over the community in which he resided.
+The Mexicans were afterwards very penitent for the
+share they took in the committal of this black crime.
+Although several of the guilty party are still living, they
+have left the country; for, the mountaineers have not
+forgotten the friend whom they esteemed and respected,
+and will avenge his death if ever the opportunity offers.</p>
+
+<p>Cerin St. Vrain, the surviving partner of this celebrated
+trading firm was equally noted. Upon the declaration
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page156" id="page156"></a>[pg 156]</span>
+of war between the United States and Mexico, St.
+Vrain took an active part on the side of his country, and,
+from his extensive knowledge of the Mexican character,
+was enabled to render important services. At the close
+of the war, he became extensively engaged in mercantile
+pursuits within the New Territory, and, by his untiring
+industry amassed a large fortune. He was the first man
+who discovered and recognized the superior skill of Kit
+Carson as a hunter; and, for his subsequent success in
+life, Kit Carson is much indebted to him. St. Vrain is
+one of the oldest mountaineers now living; and, as such,
+he is viewed by his old and new associates in the light of a father.</p>
+
+<p>As the reader can now easily compute, sixteen years
+had elapsed since Kit Carson commenced his exploits in
+the Rocky Mountains. During this long period, as frequently
+as once every year, he had sat down to a meal
+consisting of bread, vegetables, meat, coffee, tea, and sugar.
+When dining thus sumptuously, he considered himself
+as greatly favored with luxuries of the rarest grade.
+Few men can say, with Kit Carson, "During sixteen
+years, my rifle furnished nearly every particle of food
+upon which I lived." Fewer can say with equal truth,
+that "For many consecutive years, I never slept under
+the roof of a house, or gazed upon the face of a white woman."</p>
+
+<p>It was after such an experience as we have endeavored
+to paint by the simple tale of his life thus far, that Kit
+Carson longed, once more, to look upon and mingle with
+civilized people. For some time before he determined
+to visit the United States, this desire had taken possession
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page157" id="page157"></a>[pg 157]</span>
+of his mind and had been growing stronger. The
+traders of the Fort were accustomed, yearly, to send into
+the States a train of wagons, for the purpose of transporting
+their goods. The opportunity, therefore, presented
+for Kit Carson to gratify his wish. In the spring
+of 1842, one of these caravans started with which Kit
+Carson traveled as a supernumerary. When it arrived
+within the boundary lines of the State of Missouri, he
+parted from his <i>compagnons de voyage</i> and went in quest
+of his relatives and friends, whom, now, he had not seen
+for over sixteen years. The scenes of his boyhood days,
+he found to be magically changed. New faces met him
+on all sides. The old log-cabin where his father and mother
+had resided was deserted and its dilapidated walls
+were crumbling with decay. The once happy inmates
+were scattered over the face of the earth while many of
+their voices were hushed in death. Kit Carson felt himself
+a stranger in a strange land&mdash;the strong man wept. His
+soul could not brook either the change or the ways of the
+people. While he failed not to receive kindness and
+hospitality, to which his name alone was a sufficient passport
+among the noble-hearted Missourians, nevertheless,
+he had fully allayed his curiosity, and, as soon as possible,
+bid adieu to these unpleasant recollections. He
+bent his steps towards St. Louis. In this city he remained
+ten days; and, as it was the first time since he
+had reached manhood that he had viewed a town of any
+magnitude, he was greatly interested. But, ten days of
+sight-seeing wearied him. He resolved to return to his
+mountain home where he could breathe the pure air of
+heaven and where manners and customs conformed to his
+wild life and were more congenial to his tastes. He engaged
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page158" id="page158"></a>[pg 158]</span>
+passage upon the first steamboat which was bound up the Missouri River.</p>
+
+<p>We cannot resist the impulse which here struggles for
+utterance. Look upon that little steamboat as it ascends
+the mighty Missouri bearing in its bosom the man who
+was destined to point out the hidden paths of the mighty
+West; to mount and record the height of the loftiest
+peak of the American monster mountain chain; to
+unfold the riches of the interior of a great and glorious
+empire to its possessors, and, finally, to conquer with his
+good sword, preparing the way for its annexation to his
+country, the richest soil and fairest land on earth, thus
+adding one more glorious star to the original thirteen of
+1776; a star, too, of the very first magnitude, whose
+refulgent brightness shines clear, sparkling and pure for
+the Truth of Sacred Writ and American Liberty. On the
+deck of that little steamboat, the two men, the one the
+master mind, the giant intellect, the man of research and
+scholastic strength, the scientific engineer; the other,
+than whom his superior as an American mountaineer
+was not living, stood, uninterested spectators of each
+other; and, each, unconscious why they had been permitted
+to enter the same cabin. The Christian student
+of American history cannot pass by this simple circumstance
+without seeing Heaven's wisdom in such a coincidence;
+namely, Kit Carson for the first time in sixteen
+years bending his steps to his boyhood home just as his
+sixteen years of mountaineer skill and experience were
+required by one of the master workmen of American
+Engineering, about to enter upon the exploration of inland North America.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson wandered over the boat, studying its
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page159" id="page159"></a>[pg 159]</span>
+mechanism, admiring the machinery, which, so like a
+thing of life, subserved the interests of human life;
+watched with quiet reserve the faces and general
+appearance of his fellow-passengers; occasionally, modestly
+addressed an acquaintance, for some present
+were known to him; and, finally singled out from
+among the strangers a man on whose face he thought
+he discovered the marks of true courage, manhood
+and nobility of character. The impression which Kit
+Carson had thus received, was nothing fleeting. The
+eagle eye, the forehead, the form, the movements, the
+general features, the smile, the quiet dignity of the man,
+each and all of these attributes of his manhood had been
+carefully noted by the wary and hardy mountaineer, and
+had not failed to awaken in his breast a feeling of
+admiration and respect. While on this boat Kit Carson
+learned the fact that the man, whom he had thus studied,
+was Lieutenant John C. Fremont of the U.S. corps of
+topographical engineers; also, that Lieutenant Fremont
+had been earnestly seeking Captain Drips, an experienced
+mountaineer, but, that he had been disappointed
+in finding him. Upon learning this, Kit Carson fell into
+a deep reverie which lasted some little time, when,
+having brought it to a conclusion, he approached Lieutenant
+Fremont and modestly introducing himself, said:</p>
+
+<p>"Sir! I have been some time in the mountains and
+think I can guide you to any point there you wish to reach."</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Fremont's answer indicated his satisfaction
+in making the acquaintance which Kit Carson had offered
+him and that he would make inquiries concerning his
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page160" id="page160"></a>[pg 160]</span>
+capabilities of performing the duty for which he offered himself.</p>
+
+<p>The inquiries which the then lieutenant instituted,
+or, at least, may be supposed to have instituted, must
+have been favorable; for, soon afterwards, Kit Carson
+was engaged by Colonel Fremont to act as guide to his
+first exploring expedition at a salary of one hundred
+dollars per month. Upon arriving in Kansas the party
+prepared for a long and dangerous journey which lay
+before them. The objects of this expedition was to
+survey the South Pass, and take the altitude of the
+highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains, besides gathering
+all the collateral information which they could. The
+party had been chiefly collected in St. Louis. It consisted
+of twenty-two Creole and Canadian voyageurs;
+Mr. Charles Preuss, a native of Germany, whose education
+rendered him a master in the art of topographical
+sketching, and, towards whom, Colonel Fremont has
+always extended high and just encomium; Henry Brant,
+a son of Colonel J.H. Brant, of St. Louis, nineteen
+years of age; young Randolph Benton, a son of Colonel
+Benton, twelve years of age; Mr. L. Maxwell, a mountaineer
+engaged as the hunter of the party; and finally,
+Kit Carson, as guide, making, including the commander
+of the Expedition, twenty-eight souls. On the 10th day
+of June, 1842, the party commenced their march. The
+daily routine usually observed on the march was as follows:</p>
+
+<p>At daybreak the camp was aroused, the animals led
+out and turned loose to graze; breakfast about six o'clock,
+immediately after which, the line of march was resumed;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page161" id="page161"></a>[pg 161]</span>
+at noon there was a halt of one or two hours; the march
+was then again resumed and kept up until within an
+hour or so of sunset, when the order was usually given
+to encamp; the tents were then pitched, horses hobbled
+and turned loose to graze and the cooks prepared supper.
+At night all the animals were brought in and picketed,
+carts set for defence and guard mounted.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;"><a href="images/160-161.jpg"><img width="100%" src="images/160-161.jpg" alt="Buffalo Hunt.&mdash;Page 161." /></a><span class="sc">Buffalo Hunt.&mdash;Page 161.</span></div>
+
+<p>The party had only accomplished a few miles of the
+march when they fell in with the buffalo. Before we
+pursue the narrative of Kit Carson's life we must redeem
+our promise and allow Col. Fremont to describe his own
+impressions in his first Buffalo Hunt, in which Kit Carson
+and Mr. L. Maxwell were his companions and guides. Col. Fremont says:</p>
+
+<p>"A few miles brought us into the midst of the buffalo,
+swarming in immense numbers over the plains, where
+they had left scarcely a blade of grass standing. Mr.
+Preuss, who was sketching at a little distance in the
+rear, had at first noted them as large groves of timber.
+In the sight of such a mass of life, the traveler
+feels a strange emotion of grandeur. We had heard
+from a distance a dull and confused murmuring, and,
+when we came in view of their dark masses, there was
+not one among us who did not feel his heart beat
+quicker. It was the early part of the day, when the
+herds are feeding; and everywhere they were in motion.
+Here and there a huge old bull was rolling in
+the grass, and clouds of dust rose in the air from various
+parts of the bands, each the scene of some obstinate
+fight. Indians and buffalo make the poetry and life of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page162" id="page162"></a>[pg 162]</span>
+the prairie, and our camp was full of their exhilaration.
+In place of the quiet monotony of the march, relieved
+only by the cracking of the whip, and an '<i>avance donc!
+enfant de garce!</i>' shouts and songs resounded from
+every part of the line, and our evening camp was
+always the commencement of a feast, which terminated
+only with our departure on the following morning. At
+any time of the night might be seen pieces of the most
+delicate and choicest meat, roasting <i>en appolas</i>, on
+sticks around the fire, and the guard were never without
+company. With pleasant weather and no enemy
+to fear, and abundance of the most excellent meat, and
+no scarcity of bread or tobacco, they were enjoying the
+oasis of a voyageur's life. Three cows were killed today.
+Kit Carson had shot one, and was continuing the
+chase in the midst of another herd, when his horse fell
+headlong, but sprang up and joined the flying band.
+Though considerably hurt, he had the good fortune to
+break no bones; and Maxwell, who was mounted on a
+fleet hunter, captured the runaway after a hard chase.
+He was on the point of shooting him, to avoid the loss
+of his bridle (a handsomely mounted Spanish one),
+when he found that his horse was able to come up with
+him. Animals are frequently lost in this way; and it
+is necessary to keep close watch over them, in the vicinity
+of the buffalo, in the midst of which they scour
+off to the plains, and are rarely retaken. One of our
+mules took a sudden freak into his head, and joined a
+neighboring band to-day. As we are not in a condition
+to lose horses, I sent several men in pursuit, and remained
+in camp, in the hope of recovering him; but
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page163" id="page163"></a>[pg 163]</span>
+lost the afternoon to no purpose, as we did not see him
+again. Astronomical observations placed us in longitude
+100° 05' 47", latitude 40° 49' 55".</p>
+
+<p>"<i>July 1.</i>&mdash;As we were riding quietly along the bank,
+a grand herd of buffalo, some seven or eight hundred
+in number, came crowding up from the river, where
+they had been to drink, and commenced crossing the
+plain slowly, eating as they went. The wind was favorable;
+the coolness of the morning invited to exercise;
+the ground was apparently good, and the distance
+across the prairie (two or three miles) gave us a fine
+opportunity to charge them before they could get
+among the river hills. It was too fine a prospect for a
+chase to be lost; and, halting for a few moments, the
+hunters were brought up and saddled, and Kit Carson,
+Maxwell and I started together. They were now
+somewhat less than half a mile distant, and we rode
+easily along until within about three hundred yards,
+when a sudden agitation, a wavering in the band, and
+a galloping to and fro of some which were scattered
+along the skirts, gave us the intimation that we were
+discovered. We started together at a hand gallop, riding
+steadily abreast of each other, and here the interest
+of the chase became so engrossingly intense, that we
+were sensible to nothing else. We were now closing
+upon them rapidly, and the front of the mass was
+already in rapid motion for the hills, and in a few
+seconds the movement had communicated itself to the whole herd.</p>
+
+<p>"A crowd of bulls, as usual, brought up the rear, and
+every now and then some of them faced about, and then
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page164" id="page164"></a>[pg 164]</span>
+dashed on after the band a short distance, and turned
+and looked again, as if more than half inclined to stand
+and fight. In a few moments, however, during which
+we had been quickening our pace, the rout was universal,
+and we were going over the ground like a hurricane.
+When at about thirty yards, we gave the usual
+shout (the hunter's battle cry) and broke into the herd.
+We entered on the side, the mass giving way in every
+direction in their heedless course. Many of the bulls,
+less active and less fleet than the cows, paying no attention
+to the ground, and occupied solely with the hunter
+were precipitated to the earth with great force,
+rolling over and over with the violence of the shock,
+and hardly distinguishable in the dust. We separated
+on entering, each singling out his game.</p>
+
+<p>"My horse was a trained hunter, famous in the west
+under the name of Proveau, and, with his eyes flashing,
+and the foam flying from his mouth, sprang on
+after the cow like a tiger. In a few moments he
+brought me alongside of her, and, rising in the stirrups,
+I fired at the distance of a yard, the ball entering
+at the termination of the long hair, and passing near
+the heart. She fell headlong at the report of the gun,
+and checking my horse, I looked around for my
+companions. At a little distance, Kit was on the
+ground, engaged in tying his horse to the horns of a
+cow which he was preparing to cut up. Among the
+scattered bands, at some distance below, I caught a
+glimpse of Maxwell; and while I was looking, a light
+wreath of white smoke curled away from his gun, from
+which I was too far to hear the report. Nearer, and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page165" id="page165"></a>[pg 165]</span>
+between me and the hills, towards which they were
+directing their course, was the body of the herd, and
+giving my horse the rein, we dashed after them. A
+thick cloud of dust hung upon their rear, which filled
+my mouth and eyes, and nearly smothered me. In the
+midst of this I could see nothing, and the buffalo were
+not distinguishable until within thirty feet. They
+crowded together more densely still as I came upon
+them, and rushed along in such a compact body, that I
+could not obtain an entrance&mdash;the horse almost leaping
+upon them. In a few moments the mass divided to
+the right and left, the horns clattering with a noise
+heard above everything else, and my horse darted into
+the opening. Five or six bulls charged on us as we
+dashed along the line, but were left far behind, and singling
+out a cow, I gave her my fire, but struck too high.
+She gave a tremendous leap, and scoured on swifter than
+before. I reined up my horse, and the band swept on
+like a torrent, and left the place quiet and clear. Our
+chase had led us into dangerous ground. A prairie-dog
+village, so thickly settled that there were three or
+four holes in every twenty yards square, occupied the
+whole bottom for nearly two miles in length. Looking
+around, I saw only one of the hunters, nearly out of
+sight, and the long dark line of our caravan crawling
+along, three or four miles distant."</p>
+
+<p>The trail which the party left behind them now forms
+the emigrant road to California via Fort Laramie, Salt
+Lake, etc. On reaching Fort Laramie, Fremont found a
+fearful state of affairs existing among the Sioux Indians
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page166" id="page166"></a>[pg 166]</span>
+through whose country his route lay. An encounter
+had recently taken place between a war-party belonging
+to the Sioux nation and a party of trappers and Snake
+Indians. In the fight the Indians had been worsted and
+several of their braves killed. To revenge themselves
+the Sioux chieftains had collected their warriors; and,
+while the nation was encamped to the number of one
+thousand lodges, they had gone forth to seek and punish their enemies.</p>
+
+<p>At Fort Laramie the exploring party met several
+trappers and friendly Indians who used their utmost
+endeavors to dissuade Colonel Fremont from venturing
+into such inevitable danger. There was but one opinion
+expressed, viz.: that, as sure as he entered upon the
+journey, the entire party would be massacred. To all
+these admonitions and warnings, Colonel Fremont had
+but one reply. His government had directed him to
+perform a certain duty. The obstacles which stood in
+his way, it was his duty to use every means at his command
+to surmount; therefore, in obedience to his
+instructions, he was determined to continue his march.
+Finally, he said, that he would accomplish the object or
+die in the attempt, being quite sure that if the expedition
+failed by being cut to pieces, a terrible retribution
+would be in store for the perpetrators of the act. Kit
+Carson, his guide, openly avowed that the future looked
+dark and gloomy; but, he was delighted to hear this
+expression from his commander. He now felt that he
+had a man after his own heart to depend on, and should
+danger or inevitable death be in store for them he was
+ready and willing to face either with him. In order to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page167" id="page167"></a>[pg 167]</span>
+be prepared for the worst, Kit Carson felt it his duty,
+considering the dangers apprehended, to make his will,
+thereby showing that if he had to fight he was ready to
+count it his last battle. Colonel Fremont resumed his
+journey, and very opportunely arrived at the South
+Pass of the Rocky Mountains without, in any way, being
+annoyed with Indians, not even meeting any on the route.</p>
+
+<p>He had now reached the field where his chief labors
+were to commence. Without loss of time he set earnestly
+about his work, making and recording such observations
+as he deemed to be essential and examining and
+exploring the country. Having finished this part of his
+labors, the ascent of the highest peak of the mountains
+was commenced. The length of the journey had jaded
+the animals. It was very difficult to procure game.
+The men had undergone such severe hardships that their
+spirits had become almost worn out. The daily fare
+now was dried buffalo meat. This was about the consistency
+of a pine stick; and, in taste, resembled a piece
+of dried bark. Besides these rather uncomfortable prospects,
+the expedition stood in constant fear of an attack
+by the Indians. It was now in the country of the Blackfeet;
+and, only a short distance from the encampment,
+at the foot of the mountain, there was one of their forts.
+In the face of all these obstacles, sufficiently formidable
+to have deterred most commanders, the mountain party
+was detailed, being fourteen in number including Fremont.
+A man named Bernier was left in command of
+the camp which had been made by felling forest trees in
+a space about forty feet in diameter, using the trunks to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page168" id="page168"></a>[pg 168]</span>
+form a breastwork. The camp was thus concealed by
+the trees and their foliage. It was well calculated for
+defence, and a few determined men could have maintained
+it against almost any Indian force.</p>
+
+<p>On the 12th day of August the mountain party left
+the camp. It was fifteen in number. On the 14th of
+August some of the party reached an elevation at which
+the barometer stood 19.401. On the 15th some of the
+party were sent back. Kit Carson had command of this
+party. The remainder consisted of Colonel Fremont,
+Mr. Preuss, Basil Lajeunesse, Clement Lambert, Janesse,
+and Descoteaux. The day previous Kit Carson had
+alone climbed one of the highest peaks of the main
+ridge from which he had a full view of the highest peak,
+which rose about eight or ten hundred feet above him.
+The arduous labors of the 14th August had determined
+the commander to ascend no higher. Instead of carrying
+out this intention, after Kit Carson with his party
+had set out, Fremont made one more effort to climb the
+highest peak and succeeded. His own words in describing
+this ascent are as follows:</p>
+
+<p>"'At intervals, we reached places where a number
+of springs gushed from the rocks, and about 1,800
+feet above the lakes came to the snow line. From
+this point our progress was uninterrupted climbing.
+Hitherto, I had worn a pair of thick moccasins, with
+soles of <i>parfl&#234;che</i>; but here I put on a light thin pair,
+which I had brought for the purpose, as now the use
+of our toes became necessary to a further advance. I
+availed myself of a sort of comb of the mountain,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page169" id="page169"></a>[pg 169]</span>
+which stood against the wall like a buttress, and which
+the wind and the solar radiation, joined to the steepness
+of the smooth rock, had kept almost entirely free
+from snow. Up this I made my way rapidly. Our
+cautious method of advancing in the outset had spared
+my strength; and, with the exception of a slight disposition
+to headache, I felt no remains of yesterday's
+illness. In a few minutes we reached a point where
+the buttress was overhanging, and there was no other
+way of surmounting the difficulty than by passing
+around one side of it, which was the face of a vertical
+precipice of several hundred feet.'</p>
+
+<p>"<i>Parfl&#234;che</i> is the name given to buffalo hide. The
+Indian women prepare it by scraping and drying. It
+is exceedingly tough and hard, and receives its name
+from the circumstance that it cannot be pierced by
+arrows or spears. The entire dress of Fremont and
+his party, on their ascent to the 'top of America,' consisted
+of a blue flannel shirt, free and open at the neck,
+the collar turning down over a black silk handkerchief
+tied loosely, blue cloth pantaloons, a slouched broad-brimmed
+hat, and moccasins as above described. It
+was well adapted to climbing&mdash;quite light, and at the
+same time warm, and every way comfortable.</p>
+
+<p>"'Putting hands and feet in the crevices between the
+blocks, I succeeded in getting over it, and, when I
+reached the top, found my companions in a small valley
+below. Descending to them, we continued climbing,
+and in a short time reached the crest. I sprang
+upon the summit, and another step would have precipitated
+me into an immense snow-field five hundred feet
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page170" id="page170"></a>[pg 170]</span>
+below. To the edge of this field was a sheer icy precipice;
+and then, with a gradual fall, the field sloped
+off for about a mile, until it struck the foot of another
+lower ridge. I stood on a narrow crest, about three
+feet in width, with an inclination of about 20° N. 51° E.
+As soon as I had gratified the first feelings of curiosity,
+I descended, and each man ascended in his turn, for I
+would only allow one at a time to mount the unstable
+and precarious slab, which it seemed a breath would
+hurl into the abyss below. We mounted the barometer
+in the snow of the summit, and, fixing a ramrod
+in a crevice, unfurled the national flag, to wave in the
+breeze where never flag waved before. During our
+morning's ascent, we met no sign of animal life, except
+a small bird having the appearance of a sparrow. A
+stillness the most profound and a terrible solitude
+forced themselves constantly on the mind as the great
+features of the place. Here, on the summit, where
+the stillness was absolute, unbroken by any sound, and
+the solitude complete, we thought ourselves beyond
+the region of animated life; but while we were sitting
+on the rock, a solitary bee (<i>bombus terrestris</i>, the humble
+bee) came winging his flight from the eastern valley,
+and lit on the knee of one of the men.</p>
+
+<p>"'Around us, the whole scene had one main striking
+feature, which was that of terrible convulsion. Parallel
+to its length, the ridge was split into chasms and fissures,
+between which rose the thin, lofty walls, terminated
+with slender minarets and columns, which are
+correctly represented in the view from the camp on
+Island Lake. According to the barometer, the little
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page171" id="page171"></a>[pg 171]</span>
+crest of the wall on which we stood was three thousand
+five hundred and seventy feet above that place, and
+two thousand seven hundred and eighty above the
+little lakes at the bottom, immediately at our feet.
+Our camp at the Two Hills (an astronomical station)
+bore south 3° east, which, with a bearing afterward
+obtained from a fixed position, enabled us to locate
+the peak. The bearing of the <i>Trois Tetons</i> was north
+50° west, and the direction of the central ridge of the
+Wind River Mountains south 39° east. The summit
+rock was gneiss, succeeded by sienitic gneiss. Sienite
+and feldspar succeeded in our descent to the snow line,
+where we found a feldspathic granite. I had remarked
+that the noise produced by the explosion of our pistols
+had the usual degree of loudness, but was not in the
+least prolonged, expiring almost instantaneously. Having
+now made what observations our means afforded,
+we proceeded to descend. We had accomplished an
+object of laudable ambition, and beyond the strict
+order of our instructions. We had climbed the loftiest
+peak of the Rocky Mountains, and looked down upon
+the snow a thousand feet below, and, standing where
+never human foot had stood before, felt the exultation
+of first explorers. It was about two o'clock when we
+left the summit; and when we reached the bottom,
+the sun had already sunk behind the wall, and the day
+was drawing to a close. It would have been pleasant
+to have lingered here and on the summit longer; but
+we hurried away as rapidly as the ground would permit,
+for it was an object to regain our party as soon
+as possible, not knowing what accident the next hour might bring forth.'"</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page172" id="page172"></a>[pg 172]</span>
+
+<p>This peak was found, by barometrical observation, to
+be <i>thirteen thousand five hundred and seventy</i> feet above
+the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. It bears the name of
+the Great Explorer, being called Fremont's Peak.</p>
+
+<p>The return trip was now commenced, all of the objects
+of the expedition having been successfully accomplished.
+The party again reached Fort Laramie in the month of
+September, 1842. Kit Carson had served in the double
+capacity as a hunter and guide. It is sufficient to say
+of the manner in which he performed his duties that he
+won the friendship of John C. Fremont, and has ever
+occupied since then a prominent and permanent place
+in his esteem. At Laramie, Kit Carson's labors were
+done. There he bid his commander good bye and set
+out for New Mexico. Fremont returned to the United
+States in safety. Thus terminated the first of his great explorations.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson's Indian wife had long since been dead.
+In the month of February, 1843, he married a Mexican
+lady by the name of Se&#241;ora Josepha Jarimilla. Of this
+lady it is sufficient to say that for her many virtues and
+personal beauty she is justly esteemed by a large circle
+of acquaintance. By this wife Kit Carson has three
+children, to whom he is devotedly attached.</p>
+
+<p>In the following April Kit Carson was employed
+as hunter to accompany Bent and St. Vrain's train
+of wagons, while on their journey to the United
+States. On arriving at Walnut Creek, which is about
+two-thirds of the distance across the Plains from
+Santa F&#233;, Kit and his companions came upon the
+encampment of Captain Cook, belonging to the United
+States Army&mdash;who was in command of four companies
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page173" id="page173"></a>[pg 173]</span>
+of United States Dragoons. Captain Cook informed
+Carson's party that in his rear was traveling a train
+of wagons belonging to General Armijo, a wealthy Mexican.</p>
+
+<p>For the purpose of insuring protection to this richly-freighted
+caravan while passing through an Indian
+country, the Mexican wagon-master in charge, had hired
+one hundred men. There were rumors, currently
+reported at that time and believed, that a large body
+of Texians were waiting on the road to plunder and
+murder this wagon party, and thus retaliate the treatment
+Armijo had been guilty of in the case of the
+"famous Muir Prisoners;" but, in order that this should
+not happen in Territory belonging to the United States,
+the War Department had ordered Captain Cook and the
+dragoons to guard the property as far as the fording of
+the Arkansas River, which was then the boundary line
+between the two countries. The Mexicans had become
+alarmed for fear they might be attacked on parting with
+the United States soldiers; so, on meeting with Kit
+Carson, who was well known to them, they offered three
+hundred dollars if he would carry a letter to Armijo
+who was then Governor of New Mexico, and lived at
+Santa F&#233;. This letter apprised the General of the
+danger to which his men and property were exposed and
+asked for assistance to be immediately sent to them.
+Carson accepted the offer, and in company with Owens,
+another mountaineer, he set out on his express ride. In
+the course of a few days he reached Bent's Fort, where
+his companion concluded not to go on with him. At the
+Fort, Kit Carson was informed that the Utah Indians,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page174" id="page174"></a>[pg 174]</span>
+then hostile, were scattered along his intended route.
+He was not, however, turned from his duty by this danger,
+but he resumed his journey immediately. At this
+last-named place his friend, Mr. Bent, kindly furnished
+him with a fleet and magnificent horse, which he led, so
+that, should he find himself in peril, he might mount this
+fresh animal and make his escape.</p>
+
+<p>By watching for signs and being continually on the
+alert, Kit Carson discovered the Indians and their village
+without exposing his own person to view. He immediately
+secreted himself in an out-of-the-way place and
+remained until the coming on of darkness; when, he
+passed safely by the camp of the savages. In the course
+of a few days he reached Taos and handed his dispatch
+to the <i>Alcalde</i> of the town to be forwarded to Santa F&#233;.
+As had been previously agreed upon, he waited here for
+an answer with which he was to return. At Taos Carson
+was informed that Armijo had already sent out one
+hundred Mexican soldiers to seek his caravan and that
+the General himself, in command of six hundred more,
+was soon to follow after. It was afterwards learned that
+this unfortunate band of one hundred men went as far
+as the Arkansas River, but could not find any traces of
+the train of wagons, it not having completed that much of
+its journey; therefore, they commenced to retrace their
+steps, but had proceeded only a few miles, when they
+were suddenly attacked by the Texians, who succeeded in
+massacring all but one man. This survivor had succeeded
+in catching, in the heat of the battle, a fully equipped
+Texan horse which was loose. Mounting him, he made
+off in the direction of Santa F&#233;; and, at Cold Springs
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page175" id="page175"></a>[pg 175]</span>
+came upon the camp of Armijo, to whom he reported
+proceedings. The narration of this sad story so dampened
+the courage of the General and his men as to cause
+them to make a precipitous retreat. The spot where
+this slaughter took place has since gone by the name of
+the "battle ground" and many are the bleached human
+bones that are still to be found there.</p>
+
+<p>It was during Carson's stay of four days in Taos, that
+Armijo and his small army had started out in quest of
+the enemy; but, before his departure, he had received
+the letter and directed an answer to be sent, thinking
+perhaps, that Kit Carson might reach the train even if he
+himself did not. On the answer coming into Carson's
+hands, he selected a Mexican boy to accompany him and
+was quickly on the road again. They had left Taos two
+days' journey behind them and had reached the River
+<i>Trinchera</i> (for they were traveling via the <i>Sangero de
+Christo</i> Pass and Bent's Fort) when they unexpectedly
+met four Indian warriors. Eat Carson immediately recognized
+them as hostile Utahs. As yet the red men
+were some distance off; and, while Kit and his companion
+stood meditating what was best to be done, the latter
+spoke and said to the former: "I am a boy and perhaps
+the Indians will spare my life. At any rate yours is
+much more valuable than mine, therefore mount the
+horse you are leading, without delay, and make your
+escape." Carson at first thought this advice to be
+good, and was about acting on it, when it struck his
+equally generous heart, how cowardly such a course
+would be&mdash;to desert a youth who had in the hour of peril
+so manfully borne himself. Turning to the boy he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page176" id="page176"></a>[pg 176]</span>
+thanked him and added that "he could not and would
+not desert him." He said "we must stand our ground
+together and if we have to die let us take with us each
+his warrior." While this colloquy was going on, the
+foremost of the Indians came up. He approached Carson
+with the air of a man sure of an easy victory, and,
+with a bland smile, proffered one hand in friendship,
+while, with the other, he grasped Kit's rifle. A powerful
+blow from the fist of the latter released his hold and
+instantly laid him sprawling upon the ground. The other
+Indians, seeing the fate of their companion, hastened to
+his rescue. When they reached talking distance, Kit,
+standing with his rifle brought to his shoulder, informed
+them that, upon the first hostile demonstration they
+made, he and his companion would fire. The Indians
+commenced shaking their priming into the pans of their
+flint lock guns, and, while doing so, talked loud and
+threatened to perform a great many things. This was a
+mere ruse to intimidate Kit and his companion and
+throw them off their guard. It was, however, well understood
+and operated to make them only the more
+vigilant. This endeavor to draw off Kit's attention was
+continued in various ways, but, finally seeing the determined
+posture of their opponent, they grew weary of the
+game, and, at last, departed.</p>
+
+<p>The journey was now resumed. After five days of
+hard traveling, Kit and his companion entered Bent's
+Fort, without further molestation. Here Kit Carson
+learned that the Texians had been caught by Captain Cook
+and his dragoons in United States Territory, and had been
+disarmed. This had immediately relieved the conductors
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page177" id="page177"></a>[pg 177]</span>
+of the train from all anxiety. They had, consequently,
+continued their route, not thinking a stop at Bent's Fort
+necessary as had been anticipated. Gen. Armijo's letter
+of instruction was, accordingly, left by Carson with Mr.
+Bent who promised to forward it to Santa F&#233; by the first
+favorable opportunity. To pursue and overtake the wagons
+would be nothing but labor thrown away. All danger had disappeared.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page178" id="page178"></a>[pg 178]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Kit Carson visits Fremont's Camp&mdash;Goes on the Second Exploring Expedition&mdash;The
+Necessary Arrangements&mdash;Trip to Salt Lake&mdash;Explorations there&mdash;Carson is dispatched
+to Fort Hall for Supplies&mdash;Their Operations at Salt Lake&mdash;The Great
+Island&mdash;The Journey to the Columbia River in Oregon&mdash;Incidents on the Route&mdash;Tlamath
+Lake&mdash;The Journey to California&mdash;The Trials and Privations met with
+while crossing the Sierra Nevada Mountains&mdash;Mr. Preuss is lost but finds the
+Party again&mdash;Arrival at Sutter's Fort in a Destitute Condition&mdash;Two of the Party
+become deranged&mdash;The Route on the Return Trip&mdash;Mexicans come into their
+Camp asking Aid and Protection&mdash;Indian Depredations&mdash;Carson and Godey start
+on a Daring Adventure&mdash;The Pursuit&mdash;The Thieves overtaken&mdash;These Two White
+Men attack Thirty Indians&mdash;The Victory&mdash;Horses retaken&mdash;The Return to Camp&mdash;One
+of their Companions killed&mdash;The Journey continued&mdash;Arrival at Bent's
+Fort&mdash;The "Fourth of July" Dinner.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>A few days before Kit Carson's arrival at Bent's Fort,
+Col. Fremont had passed by and had informed the Traders
+there that he was bound on another Exploring Expedition.
+Having finished up his business with the Mexicans,
+Kit thought he would like to see his old commander
+once again. Accordingly, he started on his trail: and,
+after seventy miles of travel, came up with him. The
+meeting proved to be mutually agreeable. Although
+Kit Carson had made this visit solely from his desire to
+see again his old commander and not with a view of joining
+his second expedition, Col. Fremont insisted so
+strongly upon having Kit accompany him that he acquiesced in doing so.</p>
+
+<p>For Col. Fremont, Kit Carson has the greatest admiration.
+He knows, as well as any man living, his bravery,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page179" id="page179"></a>[pg 179]</span>
+his talents and the many splendid qualities of his mind
+and heart. The question will naturally arise, does Kit
+Carson indorse the political creed upon which Col. Fremont
+accepted the nomination for the Presidency of the
+United States? The best answer and the one which is
+true, will be: Kit Carson considers it one of the highest
+honors and greatest blessings to be a citizen of the United
+States. He is willing to incur any danger for his country's
+good, even if the sacrifice of his life is the alternative.
+He has spent all his life in the wilds of America
+where news is always as scarce an article as luxuries of
+the table and fire-side, and, where the political strifes of
+factions and parties are not known. The inference will
+therefore be plainly apparent, that his curiosity does not
+lead him to examine very attentively the minute workings
+of political machinery. He is not a man to be
+swayed by friendship from performing any act which the
+interests of his country seem to require at his hands.
+His political bias will, therefore, remain a matter of conjecture
+until such time, if his life is spared to see it, when
+New Mexico shall be admitted into the Union as a State.
+So far, he has never lived where he could exercise the
+right of franchise. The time must come which shall entitle
+him to a Presidential vote before he decides what
+political party shall count him as its supporter.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after Kit Carson was again enrolled under the
+command of Col. Fremont, he received orders to return
+to Bent's Fort and purchase some mules of which the
+party stood in need. Mules are valuable animals in
+new and mountainous countries. They are often the
+only beasts of burden which can be successfully used in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page180" id="page180"></a>[pg 180]</span>
+crossing the wild mountains. Being more sure footed and
+more able to endure great fatigue than the horse, in such
+expeditions, they become absolutely necessary. While
+he was absent on this duty, the expedition journeyed
+first to Soda Springs and thence on to St. Vrain's Fort,
+which was located on the South Fork of the Platte. At
+this point, the expedition was joined by Major Fitzpatrick
+with a command of forty men which he had enrolled,
+under orders, to assist in the exploration. When
+Kit Carson had rejoined the party, the arrangements for
+the arduous task in view were nearly complete.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Fremont divided his forces, sending one division,
+with most of the camp equipage, on the more direct
+route. This division was placed under the command of
+Major Fitzpatrick. The other division under the command
+of Colonel Fremont, consisting of a squad of
+fifteen men and his guide Kit Carson, struck out up
+Thompson's Fork. The object of this expedition had in
+view by the government was, to have Colonel Fremont
+connect his explorations of the preceding year with the
+coast surveys of Commander Wilkes on the Pacific.
+This would give the data for making a correct map of
+the interior of the wild lands of the continent. From
+Thompson's Fork Colonel Fremont's division marched to
+the Cache la Poudre River, and thence to the plains of
+Laramie until they came to the North Fork of the
+Platte. This river they crossed below the New Park
+and bent their way to the sweet water, reaching it at a
+point about fifteen miles below the Devil's Gate. From
+this point they traveled almost the same road which is
+now used by emigrants and which leads to Soda Springs
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page181" id="page181"></a>[pg 181]</span>
+on Beaver River. It had been decided by Fremont to
+go to the Great Salt Lake and accomplish its exploration.
+He therefore started for that direction; but,
+before doing so, ordered Kit Carson to proceed to Fort
+Hall and obtain such supplies as were required. After
+procuring these necessities, Kit Carson, with one companion
+and his pack animals, set out on the return from
+Fort Hall and eventually found Fremont on the upper
+end of Salt Lake. From here the party journeyed
+around to the east side of the lake, a distance of about
+twenty miles. At this spot they obtained a good view
+of the lake and its adjacent scenery. Before him, and
+in bold relief, stood out everything which the explorer
+desired to examine, even to one of the several islands
+which are located in the midst of this wonderful collection
+of saline waters. To this isolated land Fremont
+was resolved to go. Among the rest of the forethought,
+supplies, there was an India-rubber boat. This was
+ordered to be made ready for a trip to the island early
+the following day. No doubt our readers will be
+pleased to enjoy Colonel Fremont's account of this lake,
+its scenery and characteristics. We insert therefore as
+much thereof as our space will admit. It was the
+twenty-first day of August 1843 that the little party
+reached Bear River, which, as has already appeared in
+another, part of this work, was the principal tributary
+of the Great Salt Lake. At this point of Colonel
+Fremont's narrative, he says: "We were now entering
+a region which, for us, possessed a strange and extraordinary
+interest. We were upon the waters of the
+famous lake which forms a salient point among the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page182" id="page182"></a>[pg 182]</span>
+remarkable geographical features of the country, and
+around which the vague and superstitious accounts of
+the trappers had thrown a delightful obscurity, which
+we anticipated pleasure in dispelling, but which, in the
+meantime, left a crowded field for the exercise of our imagination.</p>
+
+<p>"In our occasional conversations with the few old
+hunters who had visited the region, it had been a
+subject of frequent speculation; and the wonders
+which they related were not the less agreeable because
+they were highly exaggerated and impossible.</p>
+
+<p>"Hitherto this lake had been seen only by trappers,
+who were wandering through the country in search of
+new beaver streams, caring very little for geography;
+its islands had never been visited; and none were to
+be found who had entirely made the circuit of its
+shores; and no instrumental observations, or geographical
+survey of any description, had ever been made
+anywhere in the neighboring region. It was generally
+supposed that it had no visible outlet; but, among the
+trappers, including those in my own camp, were many
+who believed that somewhere on its surface was a
+terrible whirlpool, through which its waters found their
+way to the ocean by some subterranean communication.
+All these things had made a frequent subject of
+discussion in our desultory conversations around the
+fires at night; and my own mind had become tolerably
+well filled with their indefinite pictures, and insensibly
+colored with their romantic descriptions, which, in the
+pleasure of excitement, I was well disposed to believe,
+and half expected to realize.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page183" id="page183"></a>[pg 183]</span>
+
+<p>"'In about six miles' travel from our encampment, we
+reached one of the points in our journey to which we
+had always looked forward with great interest&mdash;the
+famous Beer Springs, which, on account of the effervescing
+gas and acid taste, had received their name
+from the voyageurs and trappers of the country, who,
+in the midst of their rude and hard lives, are fond of
+finding some fancied resemblance to the luxuries they
+rarely have the good fortune to enjoy.</p>
+
+<p>"'Although somewhat disappointed in the expectations
+which various descriptions had led me to form
+of unusual beauty of situation and scenery, I found it
+altogether a place of very great interest; and a traveler
+for the first time in a volcanic region remains in a
+constant excitement, and at every step is arrested by
+something remarkable and new. There is a confusion
+of interesting objects gathered together in a small
+space. Around the place of encampment the Beer
+Springs were numerous; but, as far as we could ascertain,
+were entirely confined to that locality in the bottom.
+In the bed of the river, in front, for a space of
+several hundred yards, they were very abundant; the
+effervescing gas rising up and agitating the water in
+countless bubbling columns. In the vicinity round
+about were numerous springs of an entirely different
+and equally marked mineral character. In a rather
+picturesque spot, about 1,300 yards below our encampment,
+and immediately on the river bank, is the most
+remarkable spring of the place. In an opening on the
+rock, a white column of scattered water is thrown up,
+in form like a <i>jet-d'eau</i>, to a variable height of about
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page184" id="page184"></a>[pg 184]</span>
+three feet, and, though it is maintained in a constant
+supply, its greatest height is attained only at regular
+intervals, according to the action of the force below.
+It is accompanied by a subterranean noise, which,
+together with the motion of the water, makes very
+much the impression of a steamboat in motion; and,
+without knowing that it had been already previously
+so called, we gave to it the name of the Steamboat
+Spring. The rock through which it is forced is slightly
+raised in a convex manner, and gathered at the opening
+into an urn-mouthed form, and is evidently formed
+by continued deposition from the water, and colored
+bright red by oxide of iron.</p>
+
+<p>"'It is a hot spring, and the water has a pungent and
+disagreeable metallic taste, leaving a burning effect on
+the tongue. Within perhaps two yards of the <i>jet d'eau</i>,
+is a small hole of about an inch in diameter, through
+which, at regular intervals, escapes a blast of hot air
+with a light wreath of smoke, accompanied by a regular noise.'</p>
+
+<p>"As they approached the lake, they passed over a
+country of bold and striking scenery, and through
+several 'gates,' as they called certain narrow valleys.
+The 'standing rock' is a huge column, occupying the
+centre of one of these passes. It fell from a height of
+perhaps 3,000 feet, and happened to remain in its
+present upright position.</p>
+
+<p>"At last, on the 6th of September, the object for
+which their eyes had long been straining was brought to view.</p>
+
+<p>"'<i>Sept. 6</i>.&mdash;This time we reached the butte without
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page185" id="page185"></a>[pg 185]</span>
+any difficulty; and, ascending to the summit, immediately
+at our feet beheld the object of our anxious
+search, the waters of the Inland Sea, stretching in still
+and solitary grandeur far beyond the limit of our
+vision. It was one of the great points of the exploration;
+and as we looked eagerly over the lake in the
+first emotions of excited pleasure, I am doubtful if the
+followers of Balboa felt more enthusiasms, when, from
+the heights of the Andes, they saw for the first time
+the great Western Ocean. It was certainly a magnificent
+object, and a noble <i>terminus</i> to this part of our
+expedition; and to travelers so long shut up among
+mountain ranges, a sudden view over the expanse of
+silent waters had in it something sublime. Several
+large islands raised their high rocky heads out of the
+waves; but whether or not they were timbered was
+still left to our imagination, as the distance was too
+great to determine if the dark hues upon them were
+woodland or naked rock. During the day the clouds
+had been gathering black over the mountains to the
+westward, and while we were looking a storm burst
+down with sudden fury upon the lake, and entirely hid
+the islands from our view.</p>
+
+<p>"'On the edge of the stream a favorable spot was
+selected in a grove; and felling the timber, we made
+a strong <i>corral</i>, or horse-pen, for the animals, and a
+little fort for the people who were to remain. We
+were now probably in the country of the Utah Indians,
+though none reside upon the lake. The India-rubber
+boat was repaired with prepared cloth and gum, and
+filled with air, in readiness for the next day.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page186" id="page186"></a>[pg 186]</span>
+
+<p>"'The provisions which Carson had brought with him
+being now exhausted, and our stock reduced to a small
+quantity of roots, I determined to retain with me only
+a sufficient number of men for the execution of our
+design; and accordingly seven were sent back to Fort
+Hall, under the guidance of Fran&#231;ois Lajeunesse, who,
+having been for many years a trapper in the country,
+was an experienced mountaineer.</p>
+
+<p>"'We formed now but a small family. With Mr.
+Preuss and myself, Carson, Bernier, and Basil Lajeunesse
+had been selected for the boat expedition&mdash;the
+first ever attempted on this interior sea; and Badeau,
+with Derosier, and Jacob (the colored man), were to
+be left in charge of the camp. We were favored with
+most delightful weather. To-night there was a brilliant
+sunset of golden orange and green, which left the
+western sky clear and beautifully pure; but clouds in
+the east made me lose an occultation. The summer
+frogs were singing around us, and the evening was
+very pleasant, with a temperature of 60°&mdash;a night of a
+more southern autumn. For our supper we had <i>yampah</i>,
+the most agreeably flavored of the roots, seasoned
+by a small fat duck, which had come in the way of
+Jacob's rifle. Around our fire to-night were many
+speculations on what to-morrow would bring forth;
+and in our busy conjectures we fancied that we should
+find every one of the large islands a tangled wilderness
+of trees and shrubbery, teeming with game of every
+description that the neighboring region afforded, and
+which the foot of a white man or Indian had never
+violated. Frequently, during the day, clouds had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page187" id="page187"></a>[pg 187]</span>
+rested on the summits of their lofty mountains, and we
+believed that we should find clear streams and springs
+of fresh water; and we indulged in anticipations of the
+luxurious repasts with which we were to indemnify
+ourselves for past privations. Neither, in our discussions
+were the whirlpool and other mysterious dangers
+forgotten, which Indian and hunters' stories attributed
+to this unexplored lake. The men had discovered that,
+instead of being strongly sewed (like that of the
+preceding year, which had so triumphantly rode the
+ca&#241;ons of the Upper Great Platte), our present boat
+was only pasted together in a very insecure manner,
+the maker having been allowed so little time in the
+construction that he was obliged to crowd the labor of
+two months into several days. The insecurity of the
+boat was sensibly felt by us; and, mingled with the
+enthusiasm and excitement that we all felt at the
+prospect of an undertaking which had never before
+been accomplished, was a certain impression of danger,
+sufficient to give a serious character to our conversation.
+The momentary view which had been had of
+the lake the day before, its great extent and rugged
+islands, dimly seen amidst the dark waters in the
+obscurity of the sudden storm, were well calculated to
+heighten the idea of undefined danger with which the
+lake was generally associated.</p>
+
+<p>"'<i>Sept. 8</i>.&mdash;A calm, clear day, with a sunrise temperature
+of 41°. In view of our present enterprise, a part
+of the equipment of the boat had been made to consist
+of three air-tight bags, about three feet long, and capable
+each of containing five gallons. These had been
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page188" id="page188"></a>[pg 188]</span>
+filled with water the night before, and were now placed
+in the boat, with our blankets and instruments, consisting
+of a sextant, telescope, spy-glass, thermometer, and barometer.</p>
+
+<p>"'In the course of the morning we discovered that two
+of the cylinders leaked so much as to require one man
+constantly at the bellows, to keep them sufficiently full
+of air to support the boat. Although we had made a
+very early start, we loitered so much on the way&mdash;stopping
+every now and then, and floating silently
+along, to get a shot at a goose or a duck&mdash;that it was
+late in the day when we reached the outlet. The river
+here divided into several branches, filled with fluvials,
+and so very shallow that it was with difficulty we could
+get the boat along, being obliged to get out and wade.
+We encamped on a low point among rushes and young
+willows, where there was a quantity of driftwood,
+which served for our fires. The evening was mild and
+clear; we made a pleasant bed of the young willows;
+and geese and ducks enough had been killed for an
+abundant supper at night, and for breakfast next morning.
+The stillness of the night was enlivened by millions of water-fowl.</p>
+
+<p>"'<i>Sept. 9</i>.&mdash;The day was clear and calm; the thermometer
+at sunrise at 49°. As is usual with the trappers
+on the eve of any enterprise, our people had made
+dreams, and theirs happened to be a bad one&mdash;one
+which always preceded evil&mdash;and consequently they
+looked very gloomy this morning; but we hurried
+through our breakfast, in order to make an early start,
+and have all the day before us for our adventure. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page189" id="page189"></a>[pg 189]</span>
+channel in a short distance became so shallow that our
+navigation was at an end, being merely a sheet of soft
+mud, with a few inches of water, and sometimes none
+at all, forming the low-water shore of the lake. All
+this place was absolutely covered with flocks of screaming
+plover. We took off our clothes, and, getting over-board,
+commenced dragging the boat&mdash;making, by this
+operation, a very curious trail, and a very disagreeable
+smell in stirring up the mud, as we sank above
+the knee at every step. The water here was still fresh,
+with only an insipid and disagreeable taste, probably
+derived from the bed of fetid mud. After proceeding
+in this way about a mile, we came to a small black
+ridge on the bottom, beyond which the water became
+suddenly salt, beginning gradually to deepen, and the
+bottom was sandy and firm. It was a remarkable
+division, separating the fresh water of the rivers from
+the briny water of the lake, which was entirely <i>saturated</i>
+with common salt. Pushing our little vessel
+across the narrow boundary, we sprang on board, and
+at length were afloat on the waters of the unknown sea.</p>
+
+<p>"We did not steer for the mountainous islands, but
+directed our course towards a lower one, which it had
+been decided we should first visit, the summit of which
+was formed like the crater at the upper end of Bear
+River valley. So long as we could touch the bottom
+with our paddles, we were very gay; but gradually, as
+the water deepened, we became more still in our frail
+batteau of gum cloth distended with air, and with
+pasted seams. Although the day was very calm, there
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page190" id="page190"></a>[pg 190]</span>
+was a considerable swell on the lake; and there were
+white patches of foam on the surface, which were
+slowly moving to the southward, indicating the set of
+a current in that direction, and recalling the recollection
+of the whirlpool stories. The water continued to
+deepen as we advanced; the lake becoming almost
+transparently clear, of an extremely beautiful bright-green
+color; and the spray, which was thrown into the
+boat and over our clothes, was directly converted into
+a crust of common salt, which covered also our hands
+and arms. 'Captain,' said Carson, who for some time
+had been looking suspiciously at some whitening appearances
+outside the nearest islands 'what are those
+yonder?&mdash;won't you just take a look with the glass?'
+We ceased paddling for a moment, and found them to
+be the caps of the waves that were beginning to break
+under the force of a strong breeze that was coming up
+the lake. The form of the boat seemed to be an admirable
+one, and it rode on the waves like a water bird;
+but, at the same time, it was extremely slow in its progress.
+When we were a little more than half way
+across the reach, two of the divisions between the cylinders
+gave way, and it required the constant use of
+the bellows to keep in a sufficient quantity of air. For
+a long time we scarcely seemed to approach our island,
+but gradually we worked across the rougher sea of the
+open channel, into the smoother water under the lee of
+the island, and began to discover that what we took for
+a long row of pelicans, ranged on the beach, were only
+low cliffs whitened with salt by the spray of the waves;
+and about noon we reached the shore, the transparency
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page191" id="page191"></a>[pg 191]</span>
+of the water enabling us to see the bottom at a considerable depth.</p>
+
+<p>"'The cliffs and masses of rock along the shore were
+whitened by an incrustation of salt where the waves
+dashed up against them; and the evaporating water,
+which had been left in holes and hollows on the surface
+of the rocks, was covered with a crust of salt
+about one-eighth of an inch in thickness.</p>
+
+<p>"'Carrying with us the barometer and other instruments,
+in the afternoon we ascended to the highest
+point of the island&mdash;a bare rocky peak, 800 feet above
+the lake. Standing on the summit, we enjoyed an extended
+view of the lake, inclosed in a basin of rugged
+mountains, which sometimes left marshy flats and extensive
+bottoms between them and the shore, and in
+other places came directly down into the water with
+bold and precipitous bluffs.</p>
+
+<p>"'As we looked over the vast expanse of water spread
+out beneath us, and strained our eyes along the silent
+shores over which hung so much doubt and uncertainty,
+and which were so full of interest to us, I could hardly
+repress the almost irresistible desire to continue our
+exploration; but the lengthening snow on the mountains
+was a plain indication of the advancing season,
+and our frail linen boat appeared so insecure that I was
+unwilling to trust our lives to the uncertainties of the
+lake. I therefore unwillingly resolved to terminate
+our survey here, and remain satisfied for the present
+with what we had been able to add to the unknown
+geography of the region. We felt pleasure also in remembering
+that we were the first who, in the traditionary
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page192" id="page192"></a>[pg 192]</span>
+annals of the country, had visited the islands, and
+broken, with the cheerful sound of human voices, the
+long solitude of the place.</p>
+
+<p>"'I accidentally left on the summit the brass cover to
+the object end of my spy-glass; and as it will probably
+remain there undisturbed by Indians, it will furnish
+matter of speculation to some future traveler. In
+our excursions about the island, we did not meet with
+any kind of animal; a magpie, and another larger
+bird, probably attracted by the smoke of our fire, paid
+us a visit from the shore, and were the only living
+things seen during our stay. The rock constituting
+the cliffs along the shore where we were encamped, is
+a talcous rock, or steatite, with brown spar.</p>
+
+<p>"'At sunset, the temperature was 70°. We had arrived
+just in time to obtain a meridian altitude of the
+sun, and other observations were obtained this evening,
+which place our camp in latitude 41° 10' 42", and
+longitude 112° 21' 05" from Greenwich. From a discussion
+of the barometrical observations made during
+our stay on the shores of the lake, we have adopted
+4,200 feet for its elevation above the Gulf of Mexico.
+In the first disappointment we felt from the dissipation
+of our dream of the fertile islands, I called this Disappointment Island.</p>
+
+<p>"'Out of the driftwood, we made ourselves pleasant
+little lodges, open to the water, and, after having
+kindled large fires to excite the wonder of any straggling
+savage on the lake shores, lay down, for the first
+time in a long journey, in perfect security; no one
+thinking about his arms. The evening was extremely
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page193" id="page193"></a>[pg 193]</span>
+bright and pleasant; but the wind rose during the
+night, and the waves began to break heavily on the
+shore, making our island tremble. I had not expected
+in our inland journey to hear the roar of an ocean
+surf; and the strangeness of our situation, and the
+excitement we felt in the associated interests of the
+place, made this one of the most interesting nights I
+remember during our long expedition.</p>
+
+<p>"'In the morning, the surf was breaking heavily on
+the shore, and we were up early. The lake was dark
+and agitated, and we hurried through our scanty
+breakfast, and embarked&mdash;having first filled one of the
+buckets with water from the lake, of which it was
+intended to make salt. The sun had risen by the time
+we were ready to start; and it was blowing a strong
+gale of wind, almost directly off the shore, and raising
+a considerable sea, in which our boat strained very
+much. It roughened as we got away from the
+island, and it required all the efforts of the men to
+make any head against the wind and sea; the gale
+rising with the sun; and there was danger of being
+blown into one of the open reaches beyond the island.
+At the distance of half a mile from the beach, the
+depth of water was sixteen feet, with a clay bottom;
+but, as the working of the boat was very severe
+labor, and during the operation of sounding it was
+necessary to cease paddling, during which the boat
+lost considerable way, I was unwilling to discourage
+the men, and reluctantly gave up my intention of
+ascertaining the depth, and the character of the
+bed. There was a general shout in the boat when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page194" id="page194"></a>[pg 194]</span>
+we found ourselves in one fathom, and we soon after landed.'"</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>We now resume Kit Carson's narrative. When the
+Indian-rubber boat was put in order, Colonel Fremont
+started, taking Carson and three others as companions.
+(Their names have already appeared.) The distance
+from the main land to the island is computed to be about
+three leagues, hence the pull at the oars, for landsmen
+unaccustomed to such kind of work, was no small task.
+However a landing upon the island was safely accomplished,
+the boat made fast and the investigations commenced.
+After examining most of the island without
+finding even a spring of water on it, it was determined
+to ascend the great hill which was the highest elevation
+on it. The party was not long in reaching the summit,
+where they found a shelving rock, on which they cut a
+cross, their names and the date as signs to after visitors,
+should any such follow in their footsteps, that they had
+been the first persons who had ever, within the knowledge
+of man, been on that island.</p>
+
+<p>The day having been far spent in their labors, orders
+were given to camp on the island for the night. On the
+morrow they departed for the main land. When they
+had accomplished about one league, being one-third of
+the distance, the clouds suddenly gathered and threatened
+a storm. Just as this danger impended, the air
+which acted in giving buoyancy to the boat, by some
+accident, began to escape. A man was immediately
+stationed at the bellows and it required his constant aid
+to supply the portion which steadily escaped. Colonel
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page195" id="page195"></a>[pg 195]</span>
+Fremont then ordered the men to pull for their lives and
+try thus to escape the danger of the impending storm.
+In this instance, as indeed in every hour of peril, an all-seeing
+Providence guided them in safety to the shore.
+Soon after they arrived, the storm came on with such
+fury that it caused the water of the lake, according to
+the natural water mark, to rise ten feet in one hour.</p>
+
+<p>The party soon after recommenced their march and
+proceeded some distance up the Bear River. Crossing
+it they went to the Malade and thence on until they
+reached Fort Hall. Here they met with the division
+under Fitzpatrick and made a short stay.</p>
+
+<p>Once more Colonel Fremont started with his small
+party in advance of his main body. He marched about
+eight days' journey ahead, Fitzpatrick following up his
+trail with the larger division. At this time the expedition
+was journeying in the direction of the mouth of the
+Columbia River. In due time they arrived safely at the
+river Dalles. Here they made another brief halt. Colonel
+Fremont left Kit Carson in command of this camp,
+while he, with a small party, proceeded to Vancouver's
+Island and purchased some provisions. On his return he
+found that the whole party had become consolidated.
+The command now journeyed to Tlamath Lake in Oregon
+Territory. The descriptions of all these journeys have
+already been given to the public in several forms, all however
+based upon Colonel Fremont's reports made to the
+U.S. Government. It would be superfluous, therefore,
+for us to fill up the pages of the life of Kit Carson with
+matter already published beyond the occurrences appertaining
+to him. Having finished the observations upon
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page196" id="page196"></a>[pg 196]</span>
+Tlamath Lake, the expedition started for California.
+The route led through a barren and desolate country,
+rendering game scarce. As the command drew near to
+the Sierra Nevada Mountains, they were found to be
+entirely covered with deep snow throughout the entire
+range of vision. At this time the provisions had commenced
+giving out. Game was so scarce that it could
+not be depended on. The propositions which presented
+themselves at this crisis were to cross the mountains or
+take the fearful chance of starving to death. Crossing
+the mountains, terrible though the alternative, was the
+choice of all. It was better than inactivity and certain
+death. On arriving at the mountains the snow was
+found to be about six feet deep on a level. The first
+task was to manufacture snow-shoes for the entire party.
+By the aid of these foot appendages, an advance party
+was sent on to explore the route and to determine how
+far a path would have to be broken for the animals.
+This party reached a spot from whence they could see
+their way clear and found that the path for the animals
+would be three leagues in length. The advance party
+also saw, in the distance, the green valley of the Sacramento
+and the coast range of mountains. Kit Carson
+was the first man to recognize these, to the snow-bound
+travelers, desirable localities, although it was now seventeen
+years since he had last gazed upon them. The
+advance party then returned to their friends in the rear
+and reported their proceedings. All were delighted on
+learning that they had one man among them who knew
+where they were. The business of making the road was
+very laborious. The snow had to be beaten compact
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page197" id="page197"></a>[pg 197]</span>
+with mallets. It was fifteen days before the party succeeded
+in reaching, with a few of their animals, a place
+where the heavy work of the route was ended. During
+this time, many of their mules had starved to death,
+and the few remaining were driven to such an extreme
+by want of food, that they devoured one another's tails,
+the leather on the pack saddles; and, in fact, they would
+try to eat everything they could get into their mouths.
+The sufferings of the men had been as severe as had
+ever fallen to the lot of any mountaineer present. Their
+provisions were all used and they were driven to subsist
+upon the mules as they died from hunger. But, commander
+and all bore these terrible trials in an exemplary manner.</p>
+
+<p>An incident is related by Colonel Fremont, in which
+Kit Carson enjoyed a cold-bath, which occurred during
+this terrible march. "<i>February Twenty-third.</i>&mdash;This
+was our most difficult day; we were forced off the
+ridges by the quantity of snow among the timber, and
+obliged to take to the mountain-sides, where, occasionally,
+rocks and a southern exposure afforded us a
+chance to scramble along. But these were steep and
+slippery with snow and ice; and the tough evergreens
+of the mountain impeded our way, tore our skins, and
+exhausted our patience. Some of us had the misfortune
+to wear moccasins with <i>parfl&#234;che</i> soles, so slippery
+that we could not keep our feet, and generally
+crawled across the snow beds. Axes and mauls were
+necessary to-day, to make a road through the snow.
+Going ahead with Carson to reconnoitre the road, we
+reached in the afternoon the river which made the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page198" id="page198"></a>[pg 198]</span>
+outlet of the lake. Carson sprang over, clear across a
+place where the stream was compressed among the
+rocks, but the <i>parfl&#234;che</i> sole of my moccasin glanced
+from the icy rock, and precipitated me into the river.
+It was some few seconds before I could recover myself
+in the current, and Carson thinking me hurt jumped
+in after me, and we both had an icy bath. We tried
+to search awhile for my gun, which had been lost in
+the fall, but the cold drove us out; and, making a
+large fire on the bank, after we had partially dried
+ourselves, we went back to meet the camp. We afterwards
+found that the gun had been slung under the
+ice which lined the banks of the creek."</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>It was while undergoing such experience as we have
+endeavored to narrate that the characters of men show
+forth in their true light and can be fully analyzed. John
+C. Fremont never was found wanting in times such as
+tried men's hearts. He was worthy of the trust reposed
+in him. His was no ordinary command. The men he had
+to deal with, in their line, had no superiors on the American
+Continent; yet, he proved a match for any one of
+them and gained from them the name of being a good
+mountaineer, an encomium they are not prone to bestow lightly.</p>
+
+<p>The party now commenced descending the mountains.
+On reaching the valley beneath, Fremont, taking Kit Carson
+and six of the men, pushed on in advance, in order
+to reach Sutter's Fort, where he would be able to purchase
+provisions. Fitzpatrick was left in charge of the
+main party, with orders to make easy marches. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page199" id="page199"></a>[pg 199]</span>
+second day after this division was made, Mr. Preuss, Fremont's
+assistant, accidentally got lost. His friends began
+making search for him. This failing, they traveled on
+slowly, fired guns and used every means in their power
+to let their whereabouts be known to him. After wandering
+about for four days, to the surprise and joy of his
+companions, he came into camp. During his absence he
+had subsisted on acorns and roots, and, as a matter of
+course, was nearly exhausted both in body and mind.
+Three days after Mr. Preuss was restored to them, Fremont,
+with the advance party, reached Sutter's Fort. He
+and his party were very hospitably received. They were
+entertained with the best the post could furnish, by its
+kind-hearted proprietor. Never did men more deserve
+such treatment. The condition of all was about as miserable
+as it could well be imagined, for men who retained their hold on life.</p>
+
+<p>It was at Sutter's Fort, as most of our readers will remember,
+that the great gold mines of California first received
+their kindling spark, the discovery of that precious
+metal having been made there. While some men
+were digging a mill-race the alluring deposit first appeared.
+This event has made the Fort world-renowned.</p>
+
+<p>At the time we describe Fremont on his second expedition,
+nothing whatever was known of the immense fields
+of treasure over which he and his men daily walked,
+although, for many years previous to the discovery being
+made, the mountaineers had trapped all the rivers in that
+vicinity, and on their banks had herded their animals for
+months together. They had drank thousands of times
+from the pure water as it flowed in the river's channel,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page200" id="page200"></a>[pg 200]</span>
+and, no doubt, frequently their eyes had penetrated
+through it until they saw the sand beneath in which, perchance,
+the sparkling specs may have occasionally allured
+them sufficiently to recall the proverb that "all is not gold that glitters."</p>
+
+<p>The writer once made inquiry of one of these mountaineers
+who had spent two summers in the manner narrated
+above near and at Sutter's Fort some twenty years
+since. He was asked whether he ever saw there anything
+in the shape of gold which in any way aroused his
+suspicions? His reply was: "Never. And had I, it
+would have been only for a brief space of time, as
+finally I should have been certain that I was deluded
+and mistaken, without there had been the <i>Eagle</i> of our
+country stamped upon it."</p>
+
+<p>Provisions were immediately obtained at the Fort and
+carried to Fitzpatrick and his party. Great difficulty had
+now to be encountered to prevent the men from losing
+their lives by the sudden change from want to comparative
+luxury. Notwithstanding the utmost care was taken,
+some of the party lost their reason. The hardships of
+the journey had proved too much for them. Fitzpatrick
+and the main body arrived at the Fort in a few days,
+where they were likewise welcomed by its hospitable and
+generous proprietor, Captain Sutter. His name in California
+has ever been but another term for kindness and
+sympathy for the unfortunate. This expedition, in one
+respect only, can be called unfortunate. When the terrible
+sufferings of the commander and his men have been
+named, the catalogue of misfortune is ended. Its results,
+grand and glorious, have immortalized the name of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page201" id="page201"></a>[pg 201]</span>
+every man who assisted, in any way, to accomplish it.
+"I belonged to the several Exploring Expeditions of John
+C. Fremont" is the key note to the respect and homage
+of the American nation; the truth would be equally
+real, if we add, to the whole civilized world. Every
+heart which beats with admiration for the heroic, or
+which is capable of appreciating the rich contributions to
+the sciences, direct resultants from their terrible sufferings,
+has thrilled with delight when possessed of the history
+which records the brilliant achievements of these Exploring Parties.</p>
+
+<p>The band started from the little town of Kansas on
+the twenty-ninth day of May, 1843. It returned to the
+United States in August, 1844. After traveling seventeen
+hundred miles, it reached, September sixth, Salt
+Lake. On the fourth day of November it reached Fort
+Vancouver, on the Columbia River. On the sixth day
+of March, 1844, it reached Sutter's Fort in the destitute
+condition already explained. The distance from Fort
+Hall by the route taken is about two thousand miles.
+The party remained at Sutter's Fort until the twenty-fourth
+day of March, or as Kit Carson expresses the
+time from his memory, the expedition remained at this
+place about one month. At the expiration of this time,
+the party was sufficiently recruited to be ready for their return
+journey, which they commenced in April, 1844. Just
+previous to their taking leave of Mr. Sutter, two of the
+company became deranged, owing to the privations and
+fasting to which they had been obliged to submit before
+being ushered into a land of plenty. They had indulged
+appetite too freely, and brought on one of those strange
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page202" id="page202"></a>[pg 202]</span>
+revolutions in the brain's action which never fails to excite
+the pity of friend and foe. The first warning which the
+party had that one of the men was laboring under a disordered
+intellect occurred in the following manner.
+Early in the morning the man suddenly started from his
+sleep and began to ask his companions where his riding
+animal was gone. During this time it was by him, but
+he did not know it. Unknown to the rest of the party
+he started off soon after in search of his imaginary animal.
+As soon as his absence became known to Fremont,
+he surmised the truth and sent persons in all directions
+to hunt for him. They searched the neighboring country
+for many miles and made inquiries of all the friendly Indians
+they chanced upon, but failed to discover him.
+Several days of delay was caused by this most unhappy
+circumstance. Finally, it becoming necessary for the party
+to depart without him, word was left with Mr. Sutter to
+continue the hunt. He did so most faithfully; and, by
+his exertions, some time after the party had set out on
+the return trip, the maniac was found and kept at the
+Fort until he had entirely recovered. He was then, on
+the first opportunity, provided with a passage to the
+United States. Before we follow the party on their
+homeward-bound tramp, it is proper that the reader
+should be favored with the estimate and views which the
+American historian, statesman and scholar, Colonel Benton,
+has recorded concerning the perils undergone and
+results accomplished by this expedition. His pen is so
+graphic and life-like that the reader will doubtless thank
+us for the extract. Besides presenting a view of the
+expedition, it will unfold a fact which shows where the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page203" id="page203"></a>[pg 203]</span>
+origin of the expedition had its conception. We give
+all he says concerning the expedition.<a id="footnotetag17" name="footnotetag17"></a><a href="#footnote17"><sup>17</sup></a></p>
+
+<p>"'The government deserves credit for the zeal with
+which it has pursued geographical discovery.' Such
+is the remark which a leading paper made upon the
+discoveries of Fremont, on his return from his second
+expedition to the great West; and such is the remark
+which all writers will make upon all his discoveries
+who write history from public documents and outside
+views. With all such writers the expeditions of Fremont
+will be credited to the zeal of the government
+for the promotion of science, as if the government under
+which he acted had conceived and planned these expeditions,
+as Mr. Jefferson did that of Lewis and Clark,
+and then selected this young officer to carry into effect
+the instructions delivered to him. How far such history
+would be true in relation to the first expedition,
+which terminated in the Rocky Mountains, has been
+seen in the account which has been given of the origin
+of that undertaking, and which leaves the government
+innocent of its conception; and, therefore, not entitled
+to the credit of its authorship, but only to the merit
+of permitting it. In the second, and greater expedition,
+from which great political as well as scientific
+results have flowed, their merit is still less; for, while
+equally innocent of its conception, they were not
+equally passive to its performance&mdash;countermanding
+the expedition after it had begun&mdash;and lavishing censure
+upon the adventurous young explorer for his
+manner of undertaking it. The fact was, that his first
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page204" id="page204"></a>[pg 204]</span>
+expedition barely finished, Mr. Fremont sought and
+obtained orders for a second one, and was on the
+frontier of Missouri with his command when orders
+arrived at St. Louis to stop him, on the ground that
+he had made a military equipment which the peaceful
+nature of his geographical pursuit did not require! as
+if Indians did not kill and rob scientific men as well as
+others if not in a condition to defend themselves. The
+particular point of complaint was that he had taken a
+small mountain howitzer, in addition to his rifles; and
+which he was informed, was charged to him, although
+it had been furnished upon a regular requisition on
+the commandant of the arsenal at St. Louis, approved
+by the commander of the military department (Colonel,
+afterward General Kearney). Mr. Fremont had left
+St. Louis, and was at the frontier, Mrs. Fremont being
+requested to examine the letters that came after him,
+and forward those which he ought to receive. She
+read the countermanding orders and detained them!
+and Fremont knew nothing of their existence, until
+after he had returned from one of the most marvellous
+and eventful expeditions of modern times&mdash;one to
+which the United States are indebted (among other
+things) for the present ownership of California, instead
+of seeing it a British possession. The writer of this
+View, who was then in St. Louis, approved of the
+course which his daughter had taken (for she had
+stopped the orders before he knew it); and he wrote
+a letter to the department condemning the recall,
+repulsing the reprimand which had been lavished upon
+Fremont, and demanding a court-martial for him when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page205" id="page205"></a>[pg 205]</span>
+he should return. The Secretary of War was then
+Mr. James Madison Porter, of Pennsylvania; the chief
+of the topographical corps the same as now (Colonel
+Abert), himself an office man, surrounded by West
+Point officers, to whose pursuit of easy service,
+Fremont's adventurous expeditions was a reproach; and
+in conformity to whose opinions the secretary seemed
+to have acted. On Fremont's return, upwards of a
+year afterwards, Mr. William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania,
+was Secretary of War, and received the young explorer
+with all honor and friendship, and obtained for him
+the brevet of captain from President Tyler. And such
+is the inside view of this piece of history&mdash;very different
+from what documentary evidence would make it.</p>
+
+<p>"To complete his survey across the continent, on the
+line of travel between the State of Missouri and the
+tide-water region of the Columbia, was Fremont's
+object in this expedition; and it was all that he had
+obtained orders for doing; but only a small part, and
+to his mind an insignificant part, of what he proposed
+doing. People had been to the mouth of the Columbia
+before, and his ambition was not limited to making
+tracks where others had made them before him. There
+was a vast region beyond the Rocky Mountains&mdash;the
+whole western slope of our continent&mdash;of which but
+little was known; and of that little, nothing with the
+accuracy of science. All that vast region, more than
+seven hundred miles square&mdash;equal to a great kingdom
+in Europe&mdash;was an unknown land&mdash;a sealed book,
+which he longed to open, and to read. Leaving the
+frontier of Missouri in May, 1843, and often diverging
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page206" id="page206"></a>[pg 206]</span>
+from his route for the sake of expanding his field of
+observation, he had arrived in the tide-water region of
+Columbia in the month of November; and had then
+completed the whole service which his orders embraced.
+He might then have returned upon his tracks, or been
+brought home by sea, or hunted the most pleasant path
+for getting back; and if he had been a routine officer,
+satisfied with fulfilling an order, he would have done
+so. Not so the young explorer, who held his diploma
+from nature, and not from the United States Military
+Academy. He was at Fort Vancouver, guest of the
+hospitable Dr. McLaughlin, Governor of the British
+Hudson Bay Fur Company; and obtained from him
+all possible information upon his intended line of
+return&mdash;faithfully given, but which proved to be disastrously
+erroneous in its leading and governing feature.
+A southeast route to cross the great unknown
+region diagonally through its heart (making a line from
+the Lower Columbia to the Upper Colorado of the
+Gulf of California), was his line of return; twenty-five
+men (the same who had come with him from the
+United States) and a hundred horses were his equipment;
+and the commencement of winter the time of
+starting&mdash;all without a guide, relying upon their guns
+for support; and, in the last resort, upon their horses&mdash;such
+as should give out! for one that could carry a
+man, or a pack, could not be spared for food.</p>
+
+<p>"All the maps up to that time had shown this region
+traversed from east to west&mdash;from the base of the
+Rocky Mountains to the Bay of San Francisco&mdash;by a
+great river called the <i>Buena Ventura</i>: which may be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page207" id="page207"></a>[pg 207]</span>
+translated, the <i>Good Chance</i>. Governor McLaughlin
+believed in the existence of this river, and made out a
+conjectural manuscript map to show its place and
+course. Fremont believed in it, and his plan was to
+reach it before the dead of winter, and then hybernate
+upon it. As a great river he knew that it must have
+some rich bottoms, covered with wood and grass,
+where the wild animals would collect and shelter,
+when the snows and freezing winds drove them from
+the plains; and with these animals to live on, and
+grass for the horses, and wood for fires, he expected
+to avoid suffering, if not to enjoy comfort, during his
+solitary sojourn in that remote and profound wilderness.</p>
+
+<p>"He proceeded&mdash;soon encountered deep snows which
+impeded progress upon the highlands&mdash;descended into
+a low country to the left (afterwards known to be the
+Great Basin, from which no water issues to any sea)&mdash;skirted
+an enormous chain of mountain on the right,
+luminous with glittering white snow&mdash;saw strange Indians,
+who mostly fled&mdash;found a desert&mdash;no Buena
+Ventura; and death from cold and famine staring him
+in the face. The failure to find the river, or tidings
+of it, and the possibility of its existence seeming to be
+forbid by the structure of the country, and hybernation
+in the inhospitable desert being impossible, and the
+question being that of life and death, some new plan
+of conduct became indispensable. His celestial observations
+told him that he was in the latitude of the Bay
+of San Francisco, and only seventy miles from it. But
+what miles! up and down that snowy mountain which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page208" id="page208"></a>[pg 208]</span>
+the Indians told him no men could cross in the winter&mdash;which
+would have snow upon it as deep as the trees,
+and places where people would slip off and fall half a
+mile at a time&mdash;a fate which actually befell a mule,
+packed with the precious burden of botanical specimens,
+collected along a travel of two thousand miles.
+No reward could induce an Indian to become a guide
+in the perilous adventure of crossing this mountain.
+All recoiled and fled from the adventure. It was
+attempted without a guide&mdash;in the dead of winter&mdash;accomplished
+in forty days&mdash;the men and surviving
+horses&mdash;a woeful procession, crawling along one by
+one; skeleton men leading skeleton horses&mdash;and
+arriving at Sutter's Settlement in the beautiful valley of
+the Sacramento; and where a genial warmth, and
+budding flowers, and trees in foliage, and grassy ground,
+and flowing streams, and comfortable food, made a
+fairy contrast with the famine and freezing they had
+encountered, and the lofty Sierra Nevada which they
+had climbed. Here he rested and recruited; and from
+this point, and by way of Monterey, the first tidings
+were heard of the party since leaving Fort Vancouver.</p>
+
+<p>"Another long progress to the south, skirting the
+western base of the Sierra Nevada, made him acquainted
+with the noble valley of the San Joaquin, counterpart
+to that of the Sacramento; when crossing through
+a gap, and turning to the left, he skirted the Great
+Basin; and by many deviations from the right line
+home, levied incessant contributions to science from
+expanded lands, not described before. In this eventful
+exploration, all the great features of the western
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page209" id="page209"></a>[pg 209]</span>
+slope of our continent were brought to light&mdash;the
+Great Salt Lake, the Utah Lake, the Little Salt Lake;
+at all which places, then deserts, the Mormons now
+are; the Sierra Nevada, then solitary in the snow,
+now crowded with Americans, digging gold from its
+flanks: the beautiful valleys of the Sacramento and
+San Joaquin, then alive with wild horses, elk, deer,
+and wild fowls, now smiling with American cultivation;
+the Great Basin itself and its contents; the Three
+Parks; the approximation of the great rivers which,
+rising together in the central region of the Rocky
+Mountains, go off east and west, towards the rising and
+the setting sun&mdash;all these, and other strange features
+of a new region, more Asiatic than American, were
+brought to light and revealed to public view in the
+results of this exploration.</p>
+
+<p>"Eleven months he was never out of sight of snow;
+and sometimes, freezing with cold, would look down
+upon a sunny valley, warm with genial heat;&mdash;sometimes
+panting with the summer's heat, would look up
+at the eternal snows which crowned the neighboring
+mountain. But it was not then that California was
+secured to the Union&mdash;to the greatest power of the
+New World&mdash;to which it of right belonged; but it
+was the first step towards the acquisition, and the one
+that led to it. The second expedition led to a third,
+just in time to snatch the golden California from the
+hands of the British, ready to clutch it. But of this
+hereafter. Fremont's second expedition was now over.
+He had left the United States a fugitive from his
+government, and returned with a name that went over
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page210" id="page210"></a>[pg 210]</span>
+Europe and America, and with discoveries bearing
+fruit which the civilized world is now enjoying."</p>
+
+<p>On their homeward-bound journey, the party followed
+up the valley of the San Joaquin crossing over the
+Sierra Nevada and coast range of mountains at a point
+where they join and form a beautiful low pass. They
+continued on from here close under the coast range until
+they struck the Spanish Trail. This they followed to
+the Mohave River. That stream, it will be recollected,
+was an old friend of Kit Carson's. The reader will
+recall the many times he had caught beaver out of its
+waters. They followed the trail up the course of the
+river to where it leaves it. At this point an event
+occurred which somewhat retarded their progress, relieving
+the monotony of the route and somewhat changing their plans.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the camp had been formed, they were
+visited by a Mexican man and boy; the one named
+Andreas Fuentes, the other Pablo Hernandez. They
+informed Fremont that they belonged to a party of
+Mexican traders which had come from New Mexico.
+They said that six of them, including in this number
+two women who acted as cooks, had been left by their
+friends in charge of a band of horses. The rest of the
+party were absent trafficking. The party of six thus left
+to watch the horses, consisted of Santiago Giacome,
+Andreas Fuentes and wife, and Pablo Hernandez, together
+with his father and mother. They were endeavoring
+to find better grazing for their animals. For this
+purpose they had penetrated the country as far as they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page211" id="page211"></a>[pg 211]</span>
+dared; and, at about eighty miles from the camp of
+Fremont, had resolved to wait for their friends. Fuentes
+and the boy Pablo were on guard over the animals
+when their camp was attacked by hostile savages. The
+attacking band was about thirty in number.</p>
+
+<p>Their principal object was to seize the horses. To effect
+this the more easily, they saluted the little band with a
+flight of arrows as they advanced. Fuentes and Pablo
+now heard Giacome warning them to start the horses
+and run for it. Both were mounted. They obeyed the
+directions of Giacome and with the entire band of
+horses charged boldly into the midst of the Indians
+regardless of their weapons. The charge succeeded in
+breaking their line, through which Fuentes and Pablo
+boldly dashed after their animals. The Indians deferred
+the chase to attend to a more bloody purpose. Having
+put sixty miles between them and the site of the
+attack, they left their horses and started in search of
+their main body. This search led them into Fremont's
+camp. Fuentes feared that the worst had overtaken his
+wife. Pablo already looked upon himself as an orphan
+boy. He doubted not that the bloody savages had murdered
+both his father and mother. It was a sad picture
+to witness their grief. But Kit Carson could not do so
+unmoved. The heart of such grief has ever awakened
+his earnest sympathy. His sympathy, too, has never
+been of a wordy nature. He volunteered to go with
+Fuentes and make an attempt to deliver the captives, if
+such they should prove, or to avenge their death, if that
+became the sad alternative.</p>
+
+<p>Fuentes had left the horses at a spring of water, well
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page212" id="page212"></a>[pg 212]</span>
+known to Carson. There he had found signs of white
+men which had led him into Fremont's camp. There
+was no difficulty for Carson to find the spring. The
+whole company therefore traveled to the spring, which
+they reached early the next morning, distant about
+thirty miles from their last camp. The horses were not
+to be seen. A short examination of signs soon revealed
+to Carson and Godey that the two Mexicans had been
+followed by the Indians and that they had come upon
+the horses shortly after they had left them. Of course
+therefore they had captured and driven them off.</p>
+
+<p>Carson and Godey were determined to make one effort
+to punish the rascals. They started, taking Fuentes with
+them, upon the trail of the Indians. The chase was a
+severe one, as, in the judgment of the mountaineers, the
+Indians would not make a short trail after acquiring so
+much booty. The horse which Fuentes rode, most unfortunately,
+gave out after a short ride. There was no
+time to be lost and no means at hand to supply this important
+deficiency. To turn back to camp would supply
+it, but that course would also lose them their game. Fuentes,
+therefore, was requested to return to Fremont's
+camp, and there await the return of Kit Carson and Godey.
+These two had been the only men in the entire
+command who had volunteered in this chase. The loss
+of Fuentes therefore made their task literally a Don
+Quixotic adventure. Two men against thirty. But Kit
+Carson was not the man to turn his back upon an adventure
+as soon as the difficulties began to present themselves.
+He well knew that he had one man on whom he
+could rely. Richard Godey was his tried and trusty
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page213" id="page213"></a>[pg 213]</span>
+friend, his kindred spirit and a noble hearted man.
+Leaving the Mexican to find his way back to camp, a
+distance of about twenty miles, they gave him their word
+that they would finish the business. The following night
+was very dark, and in order to keep on the right scent
+Carson and Godey were obliged to lead their horses and
+frequently to follow the trail by the sense of feeling. It
+was seldom, however, that they lost the path, and never
+for more than a few moments at a time. Gradually the
+signs grew fresher as they advanced, which gave them
+the assurance that they were rapidly gaining on the pursuit.
+Finally, they concluded that only a few hours separated
+them from the savages. Having accomplished a
+considerable part of their journey during the night, and
+finding that both themselves and their horses required
+rest, they concluded to halt. Having unsaddled their
+animals and turned them out to graze, they wrapped
+themselves up in their wet blankets and laid down to
+sleep. The weather, however, was too cold to permit
+sleeping in comfort without a fire. That they dare not
+make, fearing it would prove a warning signal to the
+savages. Having worried through the remainder of this
+cold and cheerless night, they arose early in the morning
+and went to the bottom of a deep ravine where they kindled
+a small fire and succeeded in warming themselves.
+At daybreak they re-saddled their jaded horses and once
+more started upon the trail. Just as the sun was rising they
+discovered the Indians. When first seen they were encamped
+two miles in advance, and were enjoying a breakfast
+on horse steaks, having already killed five of the stolen
+animals. Kit Carson and his friend dismounted, and,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page214" id="page214"></a>[pg 214]</span>
+concealing their horses near by, held a council of war.
+They decided to crawl in among the herd of stolen animals
+which were grazing, without guard, at a short distance
+from the camp of the savages. Upon reaching
+the horses, they agreed to be guided by circumstances.
+First divesting themselves of all useless apparel, they
+commenced their task. After much cautious labor they
+gained their point and stood among the animals. As
+soon, however, as they arrived, one of the young horses
+of the band became frightened at the grotesque figures
+cut by the two creeping men and exhibited his fear by
+snorting and kicking up his heels. This alarmed the remainder
+of the horses and caused quite a commotion
+among them, which had the effect to alarm the savages,
+who sprang for their arms. With a yell, Carson and Godey
+instantly turned towards the savages. As soon as
+they were all fairly in view the two white men saw that
+they had thirty warriors before them to deal with.
+When they had advanced within rifle range Kit Carson
+halted and, aiming his rifle at the stoutest looking brave,
+fired. The fierce savage fell with a cry of anguish. Godey
+had also halted and fired, but he missed his aim. Instantly
+reloading, he made the second attempt and this
+time brought down a warrior. While these events were
+taking place the red men were running about in great
+confusion. Occasionally they returned a few arrows, but
+they all proved but harmless missiles. The fact was the
+Indians were puzzled what to think of the audacity of
+the two men. Evidently they considered them to be an
+advance party of some strong force, acting with a view
+of decoying them into a close fight. Acting upon this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page215" id="page215"></a>[pg 215]</span>
+they began to fly in every direction except that from
+which danger impended. Kit and Godey, as they had
+calculated, were thus, quite unceremoniously, left masters
+of the enemy's camp. Besides the recaptured horses,
+they had two trophies lying upon the ground in the
+shape of a brace of stalwart warriors. In order to show
+their companions on their return that they were not
+given to boasting, they followed the example and practice
+of the savages and scalped the two Indians. The
+common expression now in use is that they proceeded to
+"take the hair" of their victims. The performance of
+this act was a matter of choice and fell to the lot of Godey,
+while Kit Carson, with the two rifles, ascended an
+eminence near at hand for the double purpose of standing
+guard over his companion and also to reconnoitre.
+Godey commenced his operations on the savage which he
+himself had shot. Having finished with him, he started
+for the other Indian hit by Kit Carson. But this fellow
+after he had fallen had crawled quite out of view among
+some rocks. Being only wounded, he raised up and sent
+an arrow at Godey as he approached which pierced his
+shirt collar. The Indian had already lost a large amount
+of blood. His last act so exhausted him that he sank
+back upon the ground and expired. They next proceeded
+to collect the horses. Upon counting them they
+found the number stated by the Mexican to be correct
+with the exception of five killed by the Indians for their
+feast. The animals were now driven to the spot where
+their own horses had been left.. Here they held another
+council and determined to seek out the fate of the remainder
+of the Mexican party. They therefore bent
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page216" id="page216"></a>[pg 216]</span>
+their steps towards the late camp of the Mexicans. There
+they found the bodies of the two men terribly mangled.
+The savage ferocity of the rascally savages had here
+had full play as soon as they found that the two who
+were on guard had broken through their line and
+escaped with the horses. Their bodies were naked and
+full of arrows. The women were not to be found. The
+remains were decently interred by Carson and Godey,
+and then they set about looking for the women. After
+a long search they could discover nothing of them, and
+concluded that they had been reserved for a worse fate.
+The remains of these two poor captives were afterwards
+found by some of Fremont's men. The Indians, not satisfied
+with killing them, had staked their bodies to the
+ground. Kit Carson and Godey having now accomplished,
+on this errand of mercy, all that lay in the power
+of man to do, set out to return and soon rejoined their
+friends, whom they found anxiously waiting for them.
+Col. Fremont concludes his account of this affair in the following words:</p>
+
+<p>"Their object accomplished, our men gathered up all
+the surviving horses, fifteen in number, returned upon
+their trail, and rejoined us at our camp in the afternoon
+of the same day. They had rode about one
+hundred miles in the pursuit and return, and all in
+thirty hours. The time, place, object, and numbers
+considered, this expedition of Carson and Godey may
+be considered among the boldest and most disinterested
+which the annals of western adventure, so full
+of daring deeds, can present. Two men, in a savage
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page217" id="page217"></a>[pg 217]</span>
+desert, pursue day and night an unknown body of
+Indians into the defiles of an unknown mountain&mdash;attack
+them on sight, without counting numbers&mdash;and
+defeat them in an instant&mdash;and for what? To punish
+the robbers of the desert, and to avenge the wrongs
+of Mexicans whom they did not know. I repeat: it
+was Carson and Godey who did this&mdash;the former an
+American, born in Kentucky; the latter a Frenchman
+by descent, born in St. Louis; and both trained to
+western enterprise from early life."</p>
+
+<p>The stolen property was restored to the Mexicans
+without one cent being demanded or received by either Carson or Godey.</p>
+
+<p>It was not for the love of Indian fighting as many may
+suppose, that Kit Carson was moved to take part in such
+expeditions; but, when the life of a fellow-creature is
+exposed to Indian barbarities, no living man is more
+willing, or more capable of rendering a lasting service
+than Christopher Carson. A name that, wherever it is
+known, is ranked among the "bravest of the brave."</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the two volunteers came in, Fremont
+resumed his journey and continued it without anything
+transpiring to disturb the equanimity of the party until
+they reached a point on the Virgin River where the
+Spanish Trail leaves it. It became necessary to change
+camps here, in order that the animals might take advantage
+of better grass. As the party were enjoying a
+day's rest, one of the men, a Canadian by birth, missed
+his riding mule from the herd. Without informing any
+of his friends of his intentions, he started out in quest
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page218" id="page218"></a>[pg 218]</span>
+of the animal. His absence, at first, was not noticed;
+but, soon, inquiries were made for him, and when an
+unusual length of time had passed without his return,
+Fremont became anxious for his safety. He directed
+Kit Carson to take three men and go in search of him.
+On arriving at their last camp, Kit found a spot where,
+undoubtedly, the man had fallen from his horse wounded,
+as, about the place, there were pools of coagulated
+blood. It was now believed that their companion was
+dead. Kit immediately ordered the party to search for
+his body, but they could not find it. They then followed
+the trail of the Canadian's horse, which it was very
+evident he had caught and mounted before being shot.
+It led to where the animal had crossed the river.
+There, all signs disappeared. After a faithful search for
+the trail, Kit returned to camp, and informed his commander
+of the result of his day's work. The next
+morning the search was renewed by all of the company.
+They discovered Indian signs, yet could not trace them
+to where the body was. After looking in every conceivable
+hiding-place in the neighborhood of the signs, they
+gave up the hunt. Kit Carson was much affected by the
+loss of this man. He had been his friend. They had
+been associated in many trapping expeditions, and knew
+each other most intimately. He felt assured that, if the
+Canadian had not been surprised by any enemy in
+ambuscade, he would have killed one or two Indians
+before he himself fell; for, besides being a very brave
+man, he was well versed in Indian mode of warfare, and
+was considered a fine marksman.</p>
+
+<p>The party now proceeded on their journey, returning
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page219" id="page219"></a>[pg 219]</span>
+to and keeping on the Spanish Trail, which was not left
+until they reached the "Vega of Santa Clara." There
+they struck out across the country to the Utah lake,
+which, after crossing, they left, and went to the Wintry
+River, and thence to Green River, Brown's Hole, Little
+Snake River, and so on to the mouth of St. Vrain's
+Fork. It was here that they traversed the mountains
+and came upon Laramie River below the New Park.
+They journeyed through this into the Old Park, and
+thence traveled to the head waters of the south fork of
+the Platte. On quitting it, they bent their way to the
+Arkansas River, coming on to it at a point just below
+the place where it leaves the Rocky Mountains; and, by
+keeping on down it, they arrived at Bent's Fort on the 2d
+of July, 1844. On the following fourth of July Mr. Bent
+gave a dinner in commemoration of the occasion to
+Fremont and his party. Although hundreds of miles
+separated from their countrymen, yet they sat down to
+as sumptuous a repast as could be furnished in many towns of the States.</p>
+
+<p>The exploring party considered their labors finished
+at this post, as, in accordance with the tastes of many
+of the party, they were near enough to civilization.
+The command was dissolved, and Colonel Fremont proceeded
+on his route to Washington. Kit Carson, about
+the same time, started for Taos, where he had been for
+a long time anxiously expected by his family and friends.</p>
+
+<p>The description which Colonel Fremont has given of
+the country through which this expedition traveled,
+seems to be an appropriate and almost a necessary addition
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page220" id="page220"></a>[pg 220]</span>
+to this work. On the 24th day of May the party,
+on their return, reached the Utah Lake. "Early the
+next day," says Fremont, "we came in sight of the
+lake; and, as we descended to the broad bottoms of
+the Spanish Fork, three horsemen were seen galloping
+towards us, who proved to be Utah Indians&mdash;scouts
+from a village, which was encamped near the mouth
+of the river. They were armed with rifles, and their
+horses were in good condition. We encamped near
+them, on the Spanish Fork, which is one of the principal
+tributaries to the lake. Finding the Indians
+troublesome, and desirous to remain here a day, we
+removed the next morning further down the lake, and
+encamped on a fertile bottom near the foot of the same
+mountainous ridge which borders the Great Salt Lake,
+and along which we had journeyed the previous September.</p>
+
+<p>"We had now accomplished an object we had in view
+when leaving the Dalles of the Columbia in November
+last; we had reached the Utah Lake; but by a route
+very different from what we had intended, and without
+sufficient time remaining to make the examinations
+which were desired. It is a lake of note in this
+country, under the dominion of the Utahs, who resort
+to it for fish. Its greatest breadth is about fifteen
+miles, stretching far to the north, narrowing as it goes,
+and connecting with the Great Salt Lake.</p>
+
+<p>"In arriving at the Utah Lake, we had completed an
+immense circuit of twelve degrees diameter north and
+south, and ten degrees east and west; and found ourselves
+in May, 1844, on the same sheet of water which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page221" id="page221"></a>[pg 221]</span>
+we had left in September, 1843. The Utah is the
+southern limb of the Great Salt Lake; and thus we
+had seen that remarkable sheet of water both at its
+northern and southern extremity, and were able to fix
+its position at these two points. The circuit which we
+had made, and which had cost us eight months of
+time, and 3,500 miles of traveling, had given us a
+view of Oregon and of North California from the
+Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and of the two
+principal streams which form bays or harbors on the
+coast of that sea. Having completed this circuit, and
+being now about to turn the back upon the Pacific
+slope of our continent, and to recross the Rocky
+Mountains, it is natural to look back upon our footsteps,
+and take some brief view of the leading features
+and general structure of the country we have traversed.
+These are peculiar and striking, and differ
+essentially from the Atlantic side of our country. The
+mountains all are higher, more numerous, and more
+distinctly defined in their ranges and directions; and,
+what is so contrary to the natural order of such formations,
+one of these, ranges, which is near the coast (the
+Sierra Nevada and the Coast Range), presents higher
+elevations and peaks than any which are to be found
+in the Rocky Mountains themselves. In our eight
+months' circuit, we were never out, of sight of snow;
+and the Sierra Nevada, where we crossed it, was near
+2,000 feet higher than the South Pass in the Rocky
+Mountains. In height, these mountains greatly exceed
+those of the Atlantic side, constantly presenting peaks
+which enter the region of eternal snow; and some of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page222" id="page222"></a>[pg 222]</span>
+them volcanic, and in a frequent state of activity.
+They are seen at great distances and guide the traveler in his courses.</p>
+
+<p>"The course and elevation of these ranges give direction
+to the rivers, and character to the coast. No great
+river does, or can, take its rise below the Cascade and
+Sierra Nevada Range; the distance to the sea is too
+short to admit of it. The rivers of the San Francisco
+Bay, which are the largest after the Columbia, are local
+to that bay, and lateral to the coast, having their
+sources about on a line with the Dalles of the Columbia,
+and running each in a valley of its own, between the
+Coast Range and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Range.
+The Columbia is the only river which traverses the
+whole breadth of the country, breaking through all the
+ranges, and entering the sea. Drawing its waters from
+a section of ten degrees of latitude in the Rocky Mountains,
+which are collected into one stream by three
+main forks (Lewis's, Clark's, and the North Fork), near
+the centre of the Oregon valley, this great river thence
+proceeds by a single channel to the sea, while its three
+forks lead each to a pass in the mountains, which opens
+the way into the interior of the continent. This fact in
+relation to the rivers of this region gives an immense
+value to the Columbia. Its mouth is the only inlet
+and outlet to and from the sea; its three forks lead to
+the passes in the mountains; it is, therefore, the only
+line of communication between the Pacific and the interior
+of North America; and all operations of war or
+commerce, of national or social intercourse, must be
+conducted upon it. This gives it a value beyond estimation,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page223" id="page223"></a>[pg 223]</span>
+and would involve irreparable injury if lost.
+In this unity and concentration of its waters, the
+Pacific side of our continent differs entirely from the
+Atlantic side, where the waters of the Alleghany Mountains
+are dispersed into many rivers, having their different
+entrances into the sea, and opening many lines of
+communication with the interior."</p>
+
+<p>"The Pacific coast is equally different from that of the
+Atlantic. The coast of the Atlantic is low and open,
+indented with numerous bays, sounds, and river estuaries,
+accessible everywhere, and opening by many
+channels into the heart of the country. The Pacific
+coast, on the contrary, is high and compact, with few
+bays, and but one that opens into the heart of the country.
+The immediate coast is what the seamen call <i>iron
+bound</i>. A little within, it is skirted by two successive
+ranges of mountains, standing as ramparts between the
+sea and the interior country; and to get through which,
+there is but one gate, and that narrow and easily defended.
+This structure of the coast, backed by these
+two ranges of mountains, with its concentration and
+unity of waters, gives to the country an immense military
+strength, and will probably render Oregon the
+most impregnable country in the world."</p>
+
+<p>"Differing so much from the Atlantic side of our continent
+in coast, mountains, and rivers, the Pacific side
+differs from it in another most rare and singular feature&mdash;that
+of the Great interior Basin, of which I have so
+often spoken, and the whole form and character of
+which I was so anxious to ascertain. Its existence is
+vouched for by such of the American traders and hunters
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page224" id="page224"></a>[pg 224]</span>
+as have some knowledge of that region; the structure
+of the Sierra Nevada range of mountains requires
+it to be there; and my own observations confirm it.
+Mr. Joseph Walker, who is so well acquainted in those
+parts, informed that, from the Great Salt Lake west,
+there was a succession of lakes and rivers which have
+no outlet to the sea, nor any connection with the Columbia,
+or with the Colorado of the Gulf of California.
+He described some of these lakes as being large, with
+numerous streams, and even considerable rivers, falling
+into them. In fact, all concur in the general report of
+these interior rivers and lakes; and, for want of understanding
+the force and power of evaporation, which so
+soon establishes an equilibrium between the loss and
+supply of waters, the fable of whirlpools and subterraneous
+outlets has gained belief as the only imaginable
+way of carrying off the waters which have no visible
+discharge. The structure of the country would require
+this formation of interior lakes; for the waters which
+would collect between the Rocky Mountains and the
+Sierra Nevada, not being able to cross this formidable
+barrier, nor to get to the Columbia or the Colorado,
+must naturally collect into reservoirs, each of which
+would have its little system of streams and rivers to
+supply it. This would be the natural effect; and what
+I saw went to confirm it. The Great Salt Lake is a
+formation of this kind, and quite a large one; and
+having many streams, and one considerable river, four
+or five hundred miles long, falling into it. This lake
+and river I saw and examined myself; and also saw the
+Wahsatch and Bear River Mountains which inclose the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page225" id="page225"></a>[pg 225]</span>
+waters of the lake on the east, and constitute, in that
+quarter, the rim of the Great Basin. Afterwards, along
+the eastern base of the Sierra Nevada, where we traveled
+for forty-two days, I saw the line of lakes and
+rivers which lie at the foot of that Sierra; and which
+Sierra is the western rim of the Basin. In going down
+Lewis's Fork and the main Columbia, I crossed only
+inferior streams coming in from the left, such as could
+draw their water from a short distance only; and I
+often saw the mountains at their heads, white with
+snow; which, all accounts said, divided the waters of
+the <i>desert</i> from those of the Columbia, and which could
+be no other than the range of mountains which form
+the rim of the Basin on its northern side. And in
+returning from California along the Spanish trail, as far
+as the head of the Santa Clara Fork of the Rio Virgen,
+I crossed only small streams making their way south
+to the Colorado, or lost in sand&mdash;as the Mo-hah-ve;
+while to the left, lofty mountains, their summits white
+with snow, were often visible, and which must have
+turned water to the north as well as to the south, and
+thus constituted, on this part, the southern rim of the
+Basin. At the head of the Santa Clara Fork, and in
+the Vegas de Santa Clara, we crossed the ridge which
+parted the two systems of waters. We entered the Basin
+at that point, and have traveled in it ever since,
+having its southeastern rim (the Wahsatch Mountain)
+on the right, and crossing the streams which flow
+down into it. The existence of the Basin is, therefore,
+an established fact in my mind; its extent and
+contents are yet to be better ascertained. It cannot
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page226" id="page226"></a>[pg 226]</span>
+be less than four or five hundred miles each way,
+and must lie principally in the Alta California; the demarcation
+latitude of 42° probably cutting a segment
+from the north part of the rim. Of its interior, but
+little is known. It is called a <i>desert</i>, and, from what I
+saw of it, sterility may be its prominent characteristic;
+but where there is so much water there must be some
+<i>oasis</i>. The great river and the great lake reported may
+not be equal to the report; but where there is so much
+snow, there must be streams; and where there is no
+outlet, there must be lakes to hold the accumulated
+waters, or sands to swallow them up. In this eastern
+part of the basin, containing Sevier, Utah, and the
+Great Salt lakes, and the rivers and creeks falling into
+them, we know there is good soil and good grass,
+adapted to civilized settlements. In the western part,
+on Salmon-trout River, and some other streams, the
+same remark may be made."</p>
+
+<p>"The contents of this Great Basin are yet to be examined.
+That it is peopled, we know; but miserably
+and sparsely. From all that I heard and saw, I should
+say that humanity here appeared in its lowest form,
+and in its most elementary state. Dispersed in single
+families; without fire-arms; eating seeds and insects;
+digging roots (and hence their name); such is the condition
+of the greater part. Others are a degree higher,
+and live in communities upon some lake or river that
+supplies fish, and from which they repulse the miserable
+<i>digger</i>. The rabbit is the largest animal known in this
+desert; its flesh affords a little meat; and their bag-like
+covering is made of its skins. The wild sage is
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page227" id="page227"></a>[pg 227]</span>
+their only wood, and here it is of extraordinary size&mdash;sometimes
+a foot in diameter, and six or eight feet
+high. It serves for fuel, for building material, for
+shelter to the rabbits, and for some sort of covering
+for the feet and legs in cold weather. Such are the
+accounts of the inhabitants and productions of the
+Great Basin; and which, though imperfect, must have
+some foundation, and excite our desire to know the whole."</p>
+
+<p>"The whole idea of such a desert and such a people,
+is a novelty in our country, and excites Asiatic, not
+American ideas. Interior basins, with their own systems
+of lakes and rivers, and often sterile, are common
+enough in Asia; people in the elementary state of
+families, living in deserts, with no other occupation
+than the mere animal search for food, may still be seen
+in that ancient quarter of the globe; but in America
+such things are new and strange, unknown and unsuspected,
+and discredited when related. But I flatter
+myself that what is discovered, though not enough to
+satisfy curiosity, is sufficient to excite it, and that subsequent
+explorations will complete what has been commenced."</p>
+
+<p>"This account of the Great Basin, it will be remembered,
+belongs to the Alta California, and has no application
+to Oregon, whose capabilities may justify a
+separate remark. Referring to my journal for particular
+descriptions, and for sectional boundaries between
+good and bad districts, I can only say, in general and
+comparative terms, that, in that branch of agriculture
+which implies the cultivation of grains and staple crops,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page228" id="page228"></a>[pg 228]</span>
+it would be inferior to the Atlantic States, though
+many parts are superior for wheat, while in the rearing
+of flocks and herds it would claim a high place. Its
+grazing capabilities are great; and even in the indigenous
+grass now there, an element of individual and
+national wealth may be found. In fact the valuable
+grasses begin within one hundred and fifty miles of
+the Missouri frontier and extend to the Pacific Ocean.
+East of the Rocky Mountains, it is the short, curly
+grass, on which the buffalo delight to feed (whence its
+name of buffalo), and which is still good when dry and
+apparently dead. West of those mountains it is a
+larger growth, in clusters, and hence called bunch
+grass, and which has a second or fall growth. Plains
+and mountains both exhibit them; and I have seen
+good pasturage at an elevation of ten thousand feet.
+In this spontaneous product, the trading or traveling
+caravans can find subsistence for their animals; and in
+military operations any number of cavalry may be
+moved, and any number of cattle may be driven, and
+thus men and horses be supported on long expeditions,
+and even in winter in the sheltered situations.</p>
+
+<p>"Commercially, the value of the Oregon country must
+be great, washed as it is by the North Pacific Ocean,
+fronting Asia, producing many of the elements of commerce,
+mild and healthy in its climate, and becoming,
+as it naturally will, a thoroughfare for the East India and China trade."</p>
+
+<p>Col. Fremont, in this beautiful and instructive passage
+of descriptive writing, refers to the grass on which the
+buffalo "delight to feed." It is eminently proper that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page229" id="page229"></a>[pg 229]</span>
+we should add a few words for general information concerning
+the grasses of the prairies, as also concerning
+the timber, flowers, game, face of the country, etc., etc.,
+in which the whole life of Kit Carson has been spent.</p>
+
+<p>On the west side of the Arkansas River, and between
+that stream and the Rocky Mountains, there are three
+distinct species of grass found. The first is the short,
+curly variety, on which the buffalo are said to feed, from
+which fact it takes its name. The second kind is the
+Grama grass, which is, I believe, indigenous to only this
+section of America. Its stalk grows to the height of
+about one foot. Near its top, it gives off, at right
+angles, another stem, which is usually from one and a
+half to three inches in length. From this last-mentioned
+stem, hang clusters of seeds which are well protected by
+a suitable covering. It is said, and my own observation
+confirms the fact, that horses will leave grain, such as
+corn and oats, to feed on this grass; and its wonderful
+nutritious properties cannot be denied. Wild oats are
+often seen in the mountain valleys. Along the low
+swampy lands which skirt the rivers of the plains, there
+is yet another species of grass which grows oftentimes
+several feet high, and has a broad blade, similar almost
+to that of the flag plant. On approaching the mountains
+the blue grass is found, which is nearly the same
+as that usually met with in many of our western States.
+The bunch grass, as spoken of by Fremont, is not confined
+to the mountains in New Mexico; it is sometimes
+met with in the valleys, where it grows to an immense
+height; but, in the low lands, it is useless, being too
+tough for animals to masticate. Strangers, when journeying
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page230" id="page230"></a>[pg 230]</span>
+in these parts, often make the mistake of selecting
+camps in this tall grass, being deceived by its thrifty
+appearance; but, one night, thus spent, will clearly
+prove its utter worthlessness.</p>
+
+<p>On the plains there are but few wild flowers; but, as
+the traveler approaches the mountains, they greet his
+eyes in extensive beds and of variegated colors. As a
+grazing country, the Rocky Mountains and their immediate
+vicinity cannot be surpassed. The timber found
+there is poor in quality. It comprises pine, cedar, and
+cotton wood, with here and there patches of small and
+crooked oak bushes. The rivers in the mountains are
+formed from melting snows and springs. They come
+tumbling down through rough gorges and rocky ca&#241;ons,
+until they are free in the valleys, where, they form bold
+and beautiful rivers. The brook trout are the fish which
+mostly inhabit them, and, a singular fact, in many of
+these streams this kind of fish treat the presence of a
+man with perfect indifference, which has led me to
+believe, that in their primitive state, the "shy trout"
+fear neither man nor beast. The Indians catch them,
+and it may be that this fish is first frightened by them.
+In the Rocky Mountains, south of the head waters of
+the Arkansas, comparatively speaking, there are but few
+small birds and squirrels. The raven, the crow, the
+hawk, the owl, and occasionally the eagle, are seen.
+Wild geese, ducks, and cranes, are common. Pigeons,
+including the wild dove, are not often seen. The magpie
+is found in abundance. Turkeys and grouse are also in
+abundance. Wild rabbits and a species of hare are also
+common. Indeed a man can travel for days in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page231" id="page231"></a>[pg 231]</span>
+Rocky Mountains and never hear the musical notes of a
+bird. In these mountains, rattle-snakes are only found
+in the valleys, where it is warm. In the summer, the
+deer and elk live in the mountains; but, when cold
+weather sets in, they are driven out of them by the deep
+snows. The antelope of the plains seek the mountain
+valleys during the winter. The buffalo migrate south as
+the season becomes too severe for them. Sometimes
+they are caught by the storms, and are obliged to winter
+also in the mountain valleys. The pine trees of the
+Rocky Mountains bear a small nut, which is called by
+the Mexicans <i>pi&#241;on</i>, which, when cooked, are quite
+pleasant to the taste. There are many small salt lakes
+in the mountains, and many marshes, where the ground
+is covered white by the salt deposit. The mineral
+wealth of the Rocky Mountains is very great, and there
+is no doubt but some day, rich veins of gold, silver, and
+iron ore will be discovered there. The geological
+formation of the country is such as to warrant this belief.
+Nearly every stream carries down in its floods that precious
+metal, gold; but, in such small quantities, as not
+to attract the attention of miners. I have found there,
+on the surface of the earth, small pieces of material
+resembling stone coal, which have probably been thrown
+up by some volcanic action. Hot and mineral springs
+are not unfrequently met with. They are places of
+frequent resort by the Indians, who use them for medicinal purposes.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page232" id="page232"></a>[pg 232]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Kit Carson concludes to become a Farmer&mdash;He is joined in the Enterprise by a
+Friend&mdash;They build a Ranche on the Cimeron River&mdash;Descriptions of Mexican
+Customs and Country&mdash;Fremont once more at Bent's Fort&mdash;Express sent for Kit
+Carson to join the Expedition as Guide&mdash;The Ranche Sold, and the Departure&mdash;The
+Third Expedition and its Explorations&mdash;Difficulties with the Mexican-Californians&mdash;General
+Castro's Orders to leave the Country&mdash;Determination to Fight&mdash;Fremont
+goes to Lawson's Fort&mdash;Fremont and his Men encounter a Thousand
+Indians&mdash;The Battle and the Victory&mdash;The news that War had been declared
+between the United States and Mexico reaches Fremont&mdash;Lieutenant Gillespie
+rescued from the Indians&mdash;Three of the party killed in the Night by Indians&mdash;The
+Savages repulsed&mdash;The Burial of Comrades.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>In the early spring of 1845, Kit Carson, after weighing
+the various occupations which presented, decided to
+become a farmer. One of his mountaineer friends, Mr.
+Richard Owens, came to the same conclusion. Together
+they talked over their plans, and concluded that it would
+be to them, at least, newness of life to be domiciled in
+their own houses. The two hunters carefully marked
+out their plans, and then set to work with a will for
+success to carry them into execution. A very short
+time enabled them to choose a farming site, because
+their knowledge of the country enabled them to see all
+of its desirable localities, as it were at a glance. They
+decided to purchase a tract of wild land situated on the
+little Cimeron River, and improve it. Their arrangements
+were soon made, tools and implements, stock and
+animals, provisions and necessaries all procured. With
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page233" id="page233"></a>[pg 233]</span>
+the services of some laborers hired by them, they were
+soon engaged actively preparing their land for the
+reception of seed. The spot which they selected was
+forty-five miles east of Taos. They commenced the
+enterprise by building some small huts. These afforded
+both themselves and their Mexican laborers a comfortable
+lodgment. They sowed a considerable quantity of
+grain, and prepared timber almost sufficient to build
+good substantial houses. Their vigorously prosecuted
+labors began to show evident results, and in the prospect,
+it was clearly apparent that another year would
+serve to give them profitable reward for their enterprise.</p>
+
+<p>It seems appropriate at this point, that we should enable
+the reader to look upon and judge of the farming
+country and habits of New Mexico; their markets, and
+some of the manners and customs of the people who
+dwell in cities. The town of Taos affords a fair sample
+of the markets, and as Kit Carson has many times been
+exhibited to the reader at that place, it is very proper
+that we should describe it.</p>
+
+<p>The town of Taos is located in a valley called by the
+same name. The town consists of a series of villages,
+which are scattered, and are known to the Mexicans by
+various names. The main village is called Fernandez de
+Taos, and is located near the centre of the valley, on a
+high plateau of ground. The buildings here, as, indeed,
+in all the towns of New Mexico, are constructed of
+adobes, and are one story high, with what is usually
+known as flat roofs. These houses are huddled together
+without much regard being paid to streets. The main
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page234" id="page234"></a>[pg 234]</span>
+attraction of the town is the plaza, where all the business,
+such as marketing, etc., is carried on. It is here
+that the stores are located; and, on a f&#234;te day, or in business
+hours, it is thronged with Mexicans, Americans,
+and Indians. Among these there is a large per-centage
+of idlers. The houses are mostly covered with a white
+material, which is either chalk or lime. The church is
+the largest building in the town, and is a rough specimen
+of architecture, which is rudely finished within. It has
+a flat-sounding bell, propped up in a sort of a belfry.
+To make a noise on this, a piece of iron, or several stones
+are used; and, when an attempt at chiming is made, it
+is very laughable. The figures representing saints, and
+even the altar, are a strange compound of imitation. On
+the respective days set apart by the Catholic church for
+worship, marriages and f&#234;te services are carried on with
+a great attempt at pomp, but, under the circumstances,
+they leave no lasting impression of grandeur, save on the
+inhabitants, who have beheld nothing beyond their own
+country. The dignitary most respected in these towns
+is the Padre (or Priest), who is looked upon as sacred;
+and, when so inclined, this class of men have the power
+of accomplishing much good; but, oftentimes, they pervert
+this power, setting bad examples in their mode of
+life, and offering wicked counsel. However, under the
+management of the present bishop, who is a very exemplary
+man, these things are being changed. The old
+Priests of New Mexico were formerly educated in Old
+Mexico. Their information was very imperfect, and their
+minds were contracted down to extreme narrowness,
+from want of observation; hence, they were the means
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page235" id="page235"></a>[pg 235]</span>
+of retarding the natural progress of the people. It cannot
+be denied but that the Catholic religion has been the
+pioneer system in the far West, and that, in the hands
+of good and pure men, it has done much praiseworthy
+work, and has set an example which other creeds might
+and ought to follow. The valley of Taos is bounded on
+all sides by lofty mountains, which are but continuations
+of the Rocky chain. The boundaries of this valley are
+very irregular, both in the course they take and in their
+altitudes. The valley is about thirty miles wide and some
+fifteen miles long. The ground has the appearance, at
+first sight, of being a plain; but, on closer observation,
+it is found to contain many ravines, and to bear the appearance
+of being undulating. To the west side of it,
+rolls the Rio Grande, which cuts, for most of the way,
+through a deep and impassable (for fording purposes)
+channel. In the valley, there are but few, if any, trees,
+which fact gives the villages a barren look. The mountains
+about are covered with timber, which is not generally
+of the first quality for building purposes. The number
+of people included within the limits of this valley, it
+is difficult to estimate; but, about ten thousand would
+include every living soul. The occupation of the people
+is farming. Raising horses, cattle and sheep is carried
+on to a certain extent; but most of the large herds of
+these animals owned in this town are kept at ranches
+situated at more distant points, where grass is to be had
+in abundance, and those retained about the villages are
+only kept for immediate use. The reason for this is found
+in the fact that most of this valley is not under cultivation,
+but is covered with sage bushes. It is around the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page236" id="page236"></a>[pg 236]</span>
+skirts of the mountains, that the only valuable grass is
+found. The people, as a general thing, are quite poor,
+but, as they find a ready market through the military
+posts for their produce, they manage to realize some
+money, and thus live quite comfortably, in contrast with
+their former destitute condition under the government
+of Old Mexico. Some of the inhabitants might be said
+to be rich, though but few of this class own ten thousand
+dollars' worth of property. It is with great labor that
+the people of Taos bring their crops to perfection, as it
+is necessary to irrigate the soil, unless the season, which
+is rarely the fact, is favorable in furnishing rains to them.
+There are no fences to divide one man's possessions from
+another's; but, by common law, they furnish shepherds
+to guard their flocks and cattle and keep them from trespassing.
+The climate is very severe during the winter
+season, but in the summer it is delightful. The health
+of this community is wonderfully good. Indeed, the
+only severe diseases they have to contend against are
+brought on by vices. Excluding small pox, and the
+lesser complaints among young children, no epidemics
+are known. The country is so elevated and inland, that
+the air is dry and salubrious, and the "dew point" is
+rarely reached so as to amount to anything. It may be
+well to add here, that for the consumptive patient, in the
+early stages of the disease, there is no such climate in
+the world to visit, as that of New Mexico; but, as a matter
+of course, he must vary his location with the changes
+of temperature, being governed by the seasons. The
+winter in Taos is too severe for him; then, he must go
+South, towards, or even to El Paso, where it is congenial
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page237" id="page237"></a>[pg 237]</span>
+to his disease. I prophesy that some day our internal
+continent will be the "Mecca" for pilgrims with this disease.</p>
+
+<p>The dress of the New Mexican is the same as in Old
+Mexico. The peasant wears his <i>sombrero</i> and his everlasting
+blanket, which serves him as a coat, and a covering
+by night. He rarely has but one suit of clothes,
+which are put on new and worn until they are of no
+further use. By amalgamating with the Americans, they
+are gradually changing their style of dress. The buckskin
+pants, which were characteristically cut and ornamented,
+are giving way to the ordinary cloth ones of his white
+companion. It is so with the blanket, which is being
+shed for the coat; and, again, this is true with the moccasin,
+which is being replaced by the leathern shoe. The
+dress of the female has undergone the same alteration.
+From almost a state of nudity, they have been raised to
+a position from which they look upon silk and satin with
+a "<i>connoisseur's</i> eye." When New Mexico was part and
+parcel of the domain of Old Mexico, Taos was the seat
+of much smuggling from the United States, and many
+an apparent pack of grain drawn into the town has been
+nothing less than packages of domestic goods, the duties
+upon which, when introduced in the legal way, were
+enormous; hence the white men engaged in this business,
+when successful, met with ample rewards for their
+labors. The frontiers were like the olden sea coasts.
+The Mexicans kept out scores of custom-house officers
+to guard their frontiers, but the shrewd foreigners, many
+times, were able to escape them; at others, they were so
+fortunate as to find that a bribe would answer as well.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page238" id="page238"></a>[pg 238]</span>
+An old trick was to have a double bottom to a wagon,
+and, in the vacant space thus formed, were stowed valuable
+shawls and such light articles as would meet a
+sure and remunerative sale. Sometimes the goods were
+brought near the frontiers and there hidden in the
+ground until a favorable opportunity offered to steal
+them into the country. When there was great danger
+that these secreted goods would be discovered, the
+smugglers would so arrange a keg of powder with a
+loaded pistol pointing at it, with strings running to the
+shrubbery near by, so as to cause it to explode and kill
+the searchers should the bushes about be disturbed. One
+old smuggler once fixed things in this manner, but performed
+his task too well; for, on going to remove his
+property, he came very near blowing himself up, as the
+mine was sprung and he was thrown in the air, but
+miraculously escaped. Many of the adventures of these
+men would be interesting; but they are too voluminous
+to be embodied in our work. The valley of Taos is well
+watered by mountain streams which flow into the Rio
+Grande. On one of these creeks and near the mountains,
+to the east of Fernandez de Taos, is located an
+Indian Pueblo which is very interesting to the traveler.
+Its houses are built one on top of another until a sort of
+pyramid is formed. The people enter their respective
+domicils through the roofs, which form a kind of steps.
+At the foot of this queer building there is a church; and
+around, the scenery is very picturesque, as the whole is
+bounded on one side by a gap in the mountains, while
+on the other is the open valley. This band of Indians
+at first offered great resistance and fought with much
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page239" id="page239"></a>[pg 239]</span>
+bravery against the United States; but now they are
+counted among its most faithful allies, and are great in
+their admiration of Kit Carson. The farming utensils
+of the New Mexicans are rude in the extreme; but the
+agricultural implements of the Anglo-Saxon are slowly
+replacing these articles. The old plough, as frequently
+used at the present time by the New Mexicans, is indeed
+a curiosity, as it probably was invented in the earliest
+times. It consists of one piece of timber which is
+crooked the proper shape by nature; the end of this is
+sharpened, and on it is fastened a single piece of iron
+which has an attempt at a sharp point. The force to
+propel this farming implement is attached in the usual
+way, with but few modifications. Oxen are always employed
+in this labor, and their yoke is fastened after the
+Egyptian fashion, to their horns instead of by bows. In
+breaking up the hard prairies, this plough had a difficult
+task to perform and was often broken; but, by the
+assistance of men employed in clearing obstacles, such
+as sage bushes, etc., the task was imperfectly gone
+through with. The Mexican axe is another curious tool,
+which resembles as much the common pick of our laborers
+as it does the axe used by American woodsmen. The
+sickle is used in harvesting to this day in these parts,
+performing the duties of the scythe, the cradle, etc. The
+most remarkable sight of all is the Mexican cart, the
+noise of which, when moving, can, be heard on a still day
+at a great distance. The wheels of this vehicle are at
+least one foot thick, and consist of pieces of solid wood
+which are pegged together and made to approach a circle
+by the best judgment of the <i>eye</i>, without the aid of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page240" id="page240"></a>[pg 240]</span>
+measuring. These wheels are very heavy, and when
+rolling they go by jerks, owing to their want of proportion,
+etc. The body of the cart, as are all of its parts, is
+made of soft wood, and seems to be constructed for
+weight and strength instead of beauty. The whole affair,
+when complete, is almost a load by itself; hence, it
+is capable of carrying but a small cargo. The grain that
+Mexicans of New Mexico grow is corn and wheat, and it
+is on these crops that they depend for their support. In
+converting this grain into flour, they either use the old
+water mill which is very primitive in its construction,
+or else, when these are not near by, they make use of
+two stones and grind it by hand. Their common diet
+is a sort of thick gruel made of corn meal, wheat bread,
+eggs, peas, beans, pumpkins, which latter articles they
+roast, and then break holes into them and with a spoon
+dip out the contents as they are required; and, to finish
+the catalogue, sometimes meat, game and milk. The fruits
+found in New Mexico are not various, and are mostly
+confined to apples, peaches, plums and grapes. These
+latter are truly superior, and are raised in the greatest
+abundance in the south of the Territory, where, also,
+they manufacture a very pleasant red wine, which goes
+by the name of El Paso Wine. We take the manners
+and customs of the people of Taos as a good type to
+judge of the manners and customs of the New Mexicans,
+for the town is second only in size, in this Territory, to
+Santa F&#233;. The inhabitants of New Mexico, notwithstanding
+their poverty and neglect, owing to their remote
+locality, are perhaps as happy and contented as
+any community in the world. They are not over-celebrated
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page241" id="page241"></a>[pg 241]</span>
+for their chastity or virtue; and, to the disgrace
+of the white man, they have not been assisted by him in
+these cardinal principles; but, time will work wonders
+on this score and teach the immorality of such proceedings.
+Their great source of enjoyment consists in dancing;
+and hence the fandango is always looked for as a
+time when dull care will be dispelled. A grand fandango
+is the event of a New Mexican's life. These affairs
+are gotten up sometimes for charitable purposes, when
+the money gathered in the sale of refreshments is distributed
+to the poor; or else they are started by individuals
+to make a little money out of. In a town the size
+of Taos, during the winter season, hardly a night passes
+by without a dance. Written invitations in Spanish are
+freely circulated about the town in order to entrap the
+strangers, while the inhabitants are invited by other
+means. The music consists of a high-strung violin and
+a species of guitar. This is perambulated about the
+town. The players perform light dancing tunes and accompany
+the music with their voices, making up the
+words as they go along. This music is learned entirely
+by ear, and is transmitted from one generation to another
+through the means of these fandangos. The vocal
+music is anything but harmonious to the ear, but some
+of the airs, when played on the instruments, are rather
+pleasing, and one, on hearing them, finds himself often
+humming them afterwards. The powers of music are
+nowhere better illustrated than among these people.
+Their ready ear quickly catches a new tune, and it is
+not uncommon to hear, in a Mexican town, a se&#241;orita
+giving vent to a negro melody or a favorite polka which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page242" id="page242"></a>[pg 242]</span>
+she has heard some American sing or whistle. At Santa
+F&#233; there are several noted players on the violin and
+harp who cannot read a word of music, yet they can
+play on their respective instruments with taste and skill.
+A New Mexican female, in preparing herself for these
+balls, is very particular in making, by the aid of cosmetics,
+her complexion as light as possible. She first
+uses a red berry which stains her face almost to the color
+of brick and renders her excessively ugly; this she
+leaves on several hours, when it is washed off and chalk
+is applied so freely as to render it easily perceptible.
+In her toilet she is also very particular, as far as the
+exterior is concerned, and in the <i>fandango</i> the stranger's
+eyes are taken by storm by the gaudy colors he sees
+rather than the neatness of the dress. The floor of the
+dancing-room is usually the mother earth, which is frequently
+sprinkled with water to keep down the dust.
+The men are in their everyday habiliments, with the
+addition of any clean thing they may chance to possess;
+but, usually they are a motley crowd, a glance at whom
+at first leaves the impression that they are far from being
+refined. Except when dancing, they cling to their blankets,
+and at the least pause in the proceedings, they at
+once draw forth the materials and make their cigarettos.
+Both men and women indulge in these articles; and
+oftentimes when the dance is in full blast, the air of the
+room is densely charged with the smell of the burning
+<i>punchi</i>, a species of tobacco, making it anything but
+agreeable. The women are seated on benches along the
+walls of the building, by themselves, while the men congregate
+in knots together. On the commencement of a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page243" id="page243"></a>[pg 243]</span>
+figure, the Mexican selects his partner and notifies her
+that she is his choice by making a signal to her with his
+hand, when she takes her position in the dance. The
+eyes and the latent smile on the face of the "dark eyed
+se&#241;orita" shows she is enjoying herself. The men exhibit
+their pleasure in a more boisterous manner; that
+is, by occasionally whooping and cracking jokes. Gambling<a id="footnotetag18" name="footnotetag18"></a><a href="#footnote18"><sup>18</sup></a>
+is carried on under the same roof; and in this
+both men and women join as long as their money lasts.
+Then they make room for others who are anxious to try
+their fortunes. This vice is truly of a national character,
+and so given to it are these people, that they will part
+with anything to support their appetite. To their credit
+it can be said, that the New Mexican women indulge
+but sparingly in alcoholic liquor; but the men are prone
+to the intoxicating cup. They often anticipate the evil
+effects of drink, and it is not unfrequent to see a New
+Mexican assuming the airs of a drunken man after two
+or three mouthfuls of "<i>aqua-diente</i>." The spirit of the
+ball is carried on well into the short hours of night,
+when all parties depart for their homes. Intoxication,
+that curse to all men, is playing havoc with this innocent
+amusement of the people, and causing these scenes to
+terminate in riot, and often bloodshed, especially when
+the jealousy of the white blood is raised at some imagined
+insult; and then, as is always the case, the two races
+come in fierce contact. It is hoped that by the aid of
+schools and education these things may be ameliorated, but
+they cannot be cured. The mischief is too deeply rooted.</p>
+
+<p>We have thus endeavored to give the reader a view
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page244" id="page244"></a>[pg 244]</span>
+of the people among whom Kit Carson had determined
+to become a farmer. But he was not destined to finish and perfect his plans.</p>
+
+<p>Near the conclusion of the second exploring expedition,
+and at the time when Kit Carson took his departure
+from the party, Col. Fremont had received a promise
+from him to the effect that he would join, as guide, any
+party of discovery, for the further exploration of the
+Rocky Mountains, which he, Col. Fremont, should command.</p>
+
+<p>During the active duties of a farmer's life, and just as
+Kit Carson had brought his new enterprise into working
+order, an expressman from Col. Fremont arrived at his
+ranche, bearing dispatches to Carson. The purport of
+these dispatches was to remind Kit Carson of his promise,
+to inform him of the organization of a third expedition,
+and to appoint a place where Kit Carson might find his old commander.</p>
+
+<p>The express found Carson in the midst of so many
+cares and anxieties concerning his new project, that it
+became a very difficult matter for him to keep his word.
+But the sacrifice of pecuniary interest was but a slight
+consideration with Kit, when weighed in the balance
+against his promise. He knew that his promise had not
+been either lightly given or received. Col. Fremont, by
+it, had the first right to his time and energies, and had
+formed his expectations accordingly; and Kit lost, therefore,
+no time in making preparations to satisfy these expectations
+by reporting himself at the appointed place of
+meeting, ready for the march.</p>
+
+<p>But to effect this was attended with no slight difficulties.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page245" id="page245"></a>[pg 245]</span>
+Kit Carson had a large sum invested in his improvements,
+by way of payments for labor, as well as
+purchases of stock, provision, farming tools, utensils,
+teams, wagons, seed, and stock in general. The erection
+of his house, barns, etc., was under an advance which
+reached far towards completion. But with Kit Carson,
+his word was worth more than prospective losses which
+its fulfillment would entail. In company with Mr.
+Owens, he set himself actively at work to effect a complete
+sell-out. After a good deal of anxious inquiry, he
+found a man who was willing to pay one half of the real
+valuation attached to his property. Notwithstanding this
+sacrifice, the bargain was closed and the business details
+completed. In company with Mr. Owens, Kit Carson
+once more bade his family and friends an affectionate farewell.
+They took the route for Bent's Fort, and arrived
+there in the course of a few days. The meeting between
+Fremont and Carson was mutually satisfactory. With
+his friend, Mr. Owens, he joined the Third expedition of
+Col. Fremont, which was the last one which he undertook
+by authority of the United States government.</p>
+
+<p>A long tramp was before them. The arrangements
+preparatory were, therefore, made with corresponding
+care and diligence. The route led up the Arkansas
+River to the point where that stream leaves the mountains;
+thence they made a circuit by the Ballo Salado, or
+Soda Springs, coming back again upon the Arkansas,
+striking the stream above its great ca&#241;on. Thence they
+journeyed on to the head waters of the river. Here
+they left the Arkansas River and took a direct route for
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page246" id="page246"></a>[pg 246]</span>
+the Piney River, down which latter stream they traveled
+to a spot within twenty-five miles of its mouth. From
+this place they continued their explorations of the country
+to the head of White River. Following down it,
+they soon reached the mountains. Crossing them, they
+proceeded to Prevost's Fork.</p>
+
+<p>At this spot a desperate fight once occurred between
+a party of trappers and a band of hostile Indians. The
+trappers were commanded by a man whose name has
+ever since been applied to the stream. Prevost, although
+he had a strong party and fought a most desperate battle,
+nevertheless was outnumbered, outgeneralled, and
+most completely overpowered. The Indians succeeded in
+killing the entire party, including himself, with but four
+exceptions. These four escaped only with the greatest
+difficulty and prudence. Through them the particulars
+of the affair became known to the mountaineers.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Fremont (we should before this have mentioned
+that Fremont had been promoted in the corps of Topographical
+Engineers from the post of Lieutenant to the
+rank of Captain by brevet) now examined the country
+as far as the south side of the Great Salt Lake, passing
+on his route a smaller body of water, which, for many
+years, has been known as Little Utah Lake. The command
+halted at Great Salt Lake a few days to recruit,
+preparatory to undertaking the further exploration of
+the lake, together with one of its largest islands, which
+would be reached by this southern route. The Indians
+met with on the journey, informed them that on this
+island there was plenty of fresh water, and game in
+abundance. On arriving at a suitable place, Col. Fremont
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page247" id="page247"></a>[pg 247]</span>
+pitched his tents for the main camp. On the following
+morning, taking Kit Carson and a few chosen
+men, Col. Fremont started to explore the island. The
+reports of the Indians were proven to be true. In addition
+to plenty of fresh water and game, they discovered
+very good timber growing there. The game, which
+proved to be antelope, was so abundant that they decided
+to kill from the herds a quantity sufficient for future use.
+The island was about fifteen miles in length by about five
+in breadth. From the main land to the island they were
+able to ride their horses, as the water was not deep.
+Upon the banks of the lake they found the salt deposit
+to vary from the thickness of a wafer to the depth of twelve inches.</p>
+
+<p>Having made their observations, the small party returned
+to the main camp. On the following day the journey
+was resumed, the route leading around the south side
+of the lake, until they reached the last fresh water to be
+found in that direction. Before them lay a wide and unknown
+desert, over which no white man had ever passed.
+Kit Carson had been at this spot several times in previous
+years, and had often heard the oldest trappers speak of
+the impossibility of crossing it for man or beast. They
+had always shrunk from a path apparently endless,
+which offered appearances of neither grass nor water.
+Colonel Fremont had determined to try the formidable
+desert, and, if possible, unfold its hidden secrets. His
+men were equally ambitious with himself, and were ready
+to second his efforts without fearing the trials or sufferings
+which the desert route might exact.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Fremont arranged all of his plans commensurate
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page248" id="page248"></a>[pg 248]</span>
+with the hardships in expectancy. Early the subsequent
+morning he dispatched Kit Carson, Maxwell and
+two others as an advance party to break the road and
+look for a camping site. With his telescope, he then
+ascended a neighboring mountain to watch the little
+party of pioneers. In the event that water and grass
+should be found, Kit Carson's orders were to build a fire,
+the smoke of which would serve as a signal to Fremont,
+who would immediately follow up their trail with the whole command.</p>
+
+<p>For sixty miles, Kit Carson with his little party
+traveled over this level, barren and sandy desert, without
+coming to a drop of water or a blade of grass. At
+the end of this distance they reached the mountains, on
+the west side of the lake, and found both in abundance.
+The signal of smoke was now made, according to agreement.
+Even at this long distance Fremont discovered
+it, and immediately set his party in motion. Kit Carson
+sent back one of the men to meet the main body, and
+guide it across the dreary waste. Before the party had
+accomplished more than half the distance to Kit Carson's
+advance, night set in, forcing the whole band to encamp
+without water, grass, or fuel. The camp became more
+necessary because the darkness was so great that they
+could not follow the trail in a night march. Early the
+following day the march was resumed, and a few hours
+served once more to reunite the command. They had
+the misfortune, however, to lose a few of their animals.
+The place which Kit Carson had selected for the camp
+was, to the weary travelers, in every respect equal to an
+oasis on the Great Sahara. There is no one thing
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page249" id="page249"></a>[pg 249]</span>
+which a traveler on the plains dreads more than being
+forced to camp without water and grass.</p>
+
+<p>At this resting-place Colonel Fremont, in order to
+accomplish as much as possible, divided his forces into
+two commands. One of them he gave into the charge
+of Mr. Talbot, his assistant, and appointed for his guide
+a mountaineer named Walker. To this party Colonel
+Fremont gave instructions to shape their course for
+Mary's River; on striking which, they were to follow
+down the stream to where it is lost in the Great Basin.
+Colonel Fremont retained with him fifteen men besides
+his guide. The route which he pursued lay in the
+country south of Mary's River forming a large tract of
+land, which it was very desirable that he should explore.
+After finishing this, he was to join Talbot on the lake
+which is formed by the widening of the Carson River.
+The country through which Colonel Fremont traveled, he
+found to be well furnished with grass, water and wood.
+It is highly picturesque; but, as its characteristics are so
+vividly painted in his reports, it is superfluous to add
+our attempt to the same task. Having arrived at the
+lake already mentioned, he there awaited the arrival of
+Talbot. It was three days before the command was
+again united. They, however, remained together only
+one night. Early the following morning they separated
+once more. This time, Talbot's instructions were, to
+find a certain pass which would bring him out in
+the vicinity of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, which he
+was to cross, and then keep on his course for the waters
+of the San Joaquin. Fremont, with his division, journeyed
+up the Carson River, and after traversing the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page250" id="page250"></a>[pg 250]</span>
+Sierra Nevada Mountains, he arrived safe at Sutter's
+Fort, without meeting with any incidents that were not
+to be expected on such a trip. Captain Sutter, with his
+usual urbanity of manner, kindly received them, and
+supplied their wants. Of him, Fremont purchased forty
+head of cattle and a few horses, with which he set out to
+look for Mr. Talbot. In doing so, he traveled up the
+valley of the San Joaquin, and forded that river at about
+where it is ushered forth from the mountains. Mr.
+Talbot was not to be found in this direction, so the party
+went to Kings River, and journeyed up it to its head
+waters. It now happened that the cattle belonging to
+the party began to grow foot-sore and weary from travel
+over rocky trails and through deep snows. It became
+evident that the looked-for men were not in that quarter;
+therefore, Fremont returned to the prairies near by,
+in the hopes of saving his cattle; but, when he arrived
+there, he was destitute of these animals, for they had all
+given out and died. The party had, previous to this
+misfortune, killed some of the best of the oxen, and
+prepared the meat to carry along with them; but, in no
+great quantities, as their riding animals were not strong
+enough to bear heavy burdens. The command had
+hardly left the mountains and succeeded in reaching the
+prairies, before they were obliged to submit to further
+trials and losses. After going into camp one night, the
+men, tired and worn out by much labor, had lain down
+to rest. As a guard had been posted, they gave themselves
+but little concern about danger. Their sentinels
+were not on the look-out as sharply as they might have
+been. The consequence was, that some hostile Indians
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page251" id="page251"></a>[pg 251]</span>
+crept within their lines and killed two mules, which
+depredation was not discovered until the next morning.</p>
+
+<p>Fremont had no animals remaining in condition to give
+chase, and therefore had quietly to submit to his loss.
+He now resolved to give up for the time being his search
+for Talbot's party and return to Sutter's Fort, where he
+could reorganize. While on their road to the Fort, the
+men came suddenly upon a band of the same Indians
+who had recently annoyed them. These fellows seemed
+to invite an engagement, and were gratified by Col.
+Fremont. In the skirmish that ensued, they lost five
+warriors killed. The rest fled. The party, after undergoing
+many hardships, finally reached their point of
+destination. During the latter part of this tramp, game
+had become so scarce that the men had to shoot whatever
+came in their way. This time it chanced to be wild
+horses. When they arrived at the Fort they were on
+foot, their saddle and pack animals having all given out
+and broken down. By the kind assistance of Mr. Sutter,
+they were furnished anew. After recruiting a little their
+own worn-out bodies, they started on their second trip
+in quest of their companions. They traversed the coast
+range and went to San Jos&#233; to see if they could hear
+anything through the Mexicans and Indians who resided
+there, concerning the whereabouts of the missing men;
+as perchance, some of the hunters or traders among these
+people might, in their travels, have met or heard something
+of them. On making inquiries at San Jos&#233;, they
+were informed that the party was encamped at a well
+known place on the San Joaquin. This piece of intelligence
+immediately decided Fremont to dispatch Carson
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page252" id="page252"></a>[pg 252]</span>
+and two companions to that section of country, while he
+and the remainder of the men would remain where they
+were and await his return. Kit Carson performed his
+mission with his usual promptness and soon returned
+with his charge, when the expedition was once more
+united under one leader. Owing to the great trials and
+privations recently met with, and the inability to procure
+at Sutter's Fort all that was wanted in the matter of an
+outfit, therefore it was determined upon that the party
+should proceed next to Monterey, where they knew they
+could purchase the articles that were actually required.
+While en route, and when within thirty miles of this last-named
+town, an impertinent order was received from
+Gen. Castro, the Mexican commander of the territory.
+The purport of this order was, that Fremont and his
+party must immediately vacate the country without
+further notice, or else the gallant general would be obliged
+to drive them out. It was late in the afternoon
+when the messenger with this document arrived in Fremont's
+camp; yet, he found time the same day to pack
+up and fall back to a place where he could fortify his
+position, as he felt confident that this was but an empty
+excuse which the Mexican general had invented to prevent
+him from penetrating further into the country. The
+Americans had hardly got things in proper trim before
+the Mexican general, at the head of several hundred
+troops, arrived and established his camp and head-quarters
+within sight of the former, being deluded with the
+belief that he would easily intimidate the exploring
+party. The general commenced firing his cannon and
+making a great uproar. He had all branches of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page253" id="page253"></a>[pg 253]</span>
+service with him, including artillery, infantry and cavalry.
+In the intention of intimidation, however, he was
+greatly mistaken, though the difference in numbers between
+the two parties was in itself almost decisive, should
+they come to a conflict. Yet the Mexicans had but
+poorly estimated the mettle contained in the American
+commander and his forty men. They were ready, one
+and all, to sell their lives dearly in a cause good as that
+before them. Unshaken in their purpose, the little band
+of intrepid men remained in their camp for the period
+of three days. The Americans who were then living at
+Monterey sent several expressmen to their countrymen,
+warning them of their danger, as they felt that the Mexicans
+could, without a doubt, completely annihilate them.
+Fremont's reply was perfectly characteristic of the man;
+he said he had done nothing to raise the wrath of the
+Mexicans, who were now treating him disgracefully. He
+had come to perform a duty, and could not leave without
+executing it. In fact, neither himself nor his men would
+submit to be driven out of the country. At the end of
+three days, Fremont saw that there was no prospect of
+Gen. Castro's consummating his threat; and, considering
+that he had sufficiently shown his willingness to fight if
+driven to it, he therefore concluded to strike his camp
+and withdraw to the Sacramento River. The party
+were not disturbed in their movements, and on reaching
+this stream they followed it up until they came to Peter
+Lawson's Trading Post, where Fremont intended, since
+he could not go to Monterey without being too rash, to
+purchase the outfit for the homeward-bound trip. The
+party remained at this post some ten days, during which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page254" id="page254"></a>[pg 254]</span>
+time some American settlers in the neighborhood came
+in with the information that one thousand Indian warriors
+were collecting for the avowed purpose of destroying
+their ranches, probably at the instigation of the
+Mexicans. The exploring party, and also five white
+men from the Post, proffered their services to go to the
+aid of their countrymen, and shortly afterwards the
+whole command under Fremont moved forward to meet
+and measure their strength with the savages. The village
+of the Indians was in due time found, when the
+whites commenced the fight by making an attack on it.
+The battle was for a little while stoutly contested; but
+finally the red men were completely routed. The number
+of the killed it was difficult to ascertain; but Carson
+is of the opinion that this fight had the tendency of fixing
+on the minds of this tribe the truth of their inability to
+cope with white men, the convincing evidence of which
+was that the battle-ground was strewn with their dead.
+Having more than accomplished his chastisement of the
+Indians, Fremont with his party returned to Lawson's.</p>
+
+<p>On finishing his purchases, at this post, whose occupants
+had done their utmost to supply his wants and
+make his stay agreeable, the explorer once more set his
+command in motion en route for the Columbia River.
+He traveled up the Sacramento and passed near the
+Shasta Buttes,<a id="footnotetag19" name="footnotetag19"></a><a href="#footnote19"><sup>19</sup></a> and thence on to the Tlamath Lake.
+While encamped on the head of this collection of water,
+news came to the party that war had been declared between
+the United States and Mexico. This intelligence
+had been sent to Fremont through Lieutenant Gillespie,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page255" id="page255"></a>[pg 255]</span>
+of the United States marines, who had with him six men
+as an escort. After traveling three hundred miles over
+bad trails at a rapid pace, his animals began to succumb
+to fatigue. The lieutenant saw he would fail to accomplish
+his ends with the whole party together, therefore
+he selected two of his most reliable men, mounted them
+on his fleetest horses, and sent them on ahead to bear
+the dispatches, while he himself would jog on slowly.
+The expressmen overhauled the exploring party after
+several days of hard travel and handed to Fremont the
+communications. As soon as he had read his letters,
+Fremont made inquiries in regard to Gillespie, and found
+that he was in rather a precarious position; for, should
+the Tlamath Indians take the notion, they would murder
+him and his men just by the way of pastime. Fremont
+at once determined to return with all haste and succor
+Gillespie from the imminent peril that surrounded him.
+With this purpose in view, he selected ten picked men,
+leaving orders for the rest of the party to follow on his
+trail, and set out. He had traveled about sixty miles
+when he met the officer he was in search of coming on.
+The meeting was very gratifying to both, but especially
+so to Fremont, who was fully alive to the dangers
+through which Gillespie had passed; for, the lieutenant
+was not sufficiently aware how black-hearted in their
+villainy and treachery this tribe, through whose country
+he was passing, were, as he had heretofore never dealt
+with them. A camp was selected near by, and all hands
+were not long in being snugly seated in it around a good
+fire, listening to the important news fresh from the civilized world.</p>
+
+<p>Fremont sat up until about one o'clock reading his
+letters from the United States. Kit Carson and Owens,
+wrapped in their saddle blankets, had picked out their
+beds near the fire, as the night was cold. On concluding
+the reading of his correspondence, Fremont turned in
+and was soon sound asleep. All was quiet for awhile,
+when Kit Carson heard a noise that awaked him; the
+sound was like the stroke of an axe. Rising to his feet,
+he discovered Indians in the camp. While in the act of
+reaching for his rifle, he gave the alarm, to his slumbering
+companions; but, two of them were already sleeping
+their last sleep, for the fatal tomahawk had been buried
+in their brains. One of these victims was the brave
+Lajeunesse, while the other was a full-blooded Delaware
+Indian. As Kit Carson left the fire, where he was too
+conspicuous an object, he saw several warriors approaching
+towards it. There lay near to it four other Delawares,
+who, on hearing the alarm, sprang to their feet.
+One of them by the name of Crane, seized hold of a rifle
+which, unfortunately, was not his own, and was not
+loaded. The poor fellow was not aware of this important
+fact. He kept trying to fire it while he stood erect,
+and manfully received five arrows, all of which penetrated
+his left breast, and either one of which was sufficient
+to cause his death. At last, he fell. On grasping
+his gun, Kit Carson remembered that the evening before,
+he had discharged it for the purpose of cleaning it, and
+while doing so had accidentally broken its cap tube,
+and consequently he had not reloaded it. As this flashed
+across his mind, he threw the rifle down and drew from
+his belt a single-barrelled pistol, with which he made at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page257" id="page257"></a>[pg 257]</span>
+the warrior who was so safely throwing his arrows into
+his companion. When sufficiently near, Kit Carson fired,
+but as the fellow kept dodging about, he only succeeded
+in cutting the string that held the tomahawk to its red
+owner's arm. Maxwell now shot at this same brave and
+hit him in the fleshy part of one leg; and, as he was
+turning to run, which was the case with most of the Indians
+by this time, a bullet from the rifle of a mountaineer
+passed through his heart and arrested his progress.
+The whites were now fully awakened to their
+danger, and about ready to commence the fight; but
+the enemy had scattered. If all the savages had shown
+the same quickness and coolness as did their foremost
+warrior, the probability is that the most, if not the
+whole of the party would have been massacred. As
+it was, the attack was well planned, but poorly carried out.</p>
+
+<p>The result of the affair was, that Fremont lost three
+brave men, and had one other wounded slightly. It now
+became evident that the party had fallen into a snare
+which was intended for Lieutenant Gillespie and his
+small force, but the coming up of Fremont had caused
+the assassins to find they had caught a Tartar.</p>
+
+<p>Fremont and his party apprehended no danger that
+night; consequently, they did not post a guard, and as
+the men were very tired they slept very soundly. Before
+lying down, several of them had fired off their rifles,
+and, after cleaning them, they had neglected to reload
+them. This was the first and last time they were guilty
+of such a mistake while in an Indian country.</p>
+
+<p>Of the three men killed, the one by the name of Lajeunesse
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page258" id="page258"></a>[pg 258]</span>
+was the most regretted, for he had been with
+Fremont on his previous expeditions, and had won the
+admiration and confidence of his commander and companions.
+In a small company of men, such as these expeditions
+were composed of, where every member becomes
+intimately known and admired by his companions, the
+loss of one would be greatly felt; but, when three such
+were thus suddenly taken, it caused a gloom to be cast
+over the remainder, not easily to be dispelled. The only
+consolation left to the living was, that they had been instrumental
+in saving Lieutenant Gillespie and his four
+companions; therefore, in sacrificing their comrades, they
+had saved more lives than had been lost.</p>
+
+<p>There were no more thoughts of sleep in this camp for
+that eventful night; but instead, the men selected positions
+behind neighboring trees and fallen logs, and were
+ready to receive the enemy should they see fit to visit them again.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians, however, as Kit Carson predicted, had
+come to the wise conclusion not to attempt so unsatisfactory
+a business as another attack, for the grey light of the
+following day came without their reappearance. Before
+the sun had fairly risen, Fremont had broken up this
+camp, which had become odious to the men from its unpleasant
+associations. With their packs, and with the
+bodies of their dead companions, the party started to
+find their rear guard. They had proceeded about ten
+miles on their journey, when, by unanimous consent,
+they resolved to halt and inter the remains, which they
+had wished to carry until they united their forces, so that
+all could participate in the funeral rites; but, the woods
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page259" id="page259"></a>[pg 259]</span>
+through which they were traveling were very thick, and
+already the bodies had become greatly disfigured, on account
+of their frequently striking against the trees, as
+they were fastened on the backs of three animals.</p>
+
+<p>Slowly and sadly, in that dense forest, hundreds of
+miles from their nearest countrymen, was this funeral
+procession formed. A spot was selected on one side of
+the main trail, at a distance of about one half mile, where
+a rude grave was dug, and, wrapped in their blankets,
+in the same common house, were deposited all that remained
+of these three brave men. An observer of these
+obsequies, would have seen the lips of daring men, now
+and then, giving spasmodic twitchings; eyes swimming
+in tears, and a silence and solemnity that bespoke the
+truest kind of grief. Among that party, such a one
+would have been sure to have marked out the countenance
+of Kit Carson; for, engraven on it were the throes
+which were troubling his kind heart on being thus
+obliged to separate from old friends. Not a man left that
+grave, but who resolved, secretly and silently, to make
+these dastardly Indians suffer for the lives they had thus
+wantonly taken. In fact, they felt it an imperative duty
+they yet owed to their departed comrades; who, if they
+but stood in their places, would have sworn to be
+avenged; hence, the reader must not judge them harshly
+if they nourished these feelings.</p>
+
+<p>That very day the two parties met and went into camp
+together. Plans were concocted to chastise the red men
+soundly. The next day, on quitting this last resting-place,
+a squad of fifteen men was left concealed in the
+neighborhood, in order to watch and act against any Indians
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page260" id="page260"></a>[pg 260]</span>
+who, by chance, might be following them from one
+camp to another, in hopes of finding something. The
+main command then moved on slowly, and had advanced
+but a few miles when they were overtaken by their
+friends, who came up with two scalps. These were the
+sum total of their morning's work. The two warriors to
+whom they had belonged were caught following the trail
+as scouts of their main body. The unerring rifles of the
+party in ambush had performed their fearful duty.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page261" id="page261"></a>[pg 261]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER X.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Fremont en route for California&mdash;His men are anxious to punish the Tlamath Indians&mdash;Kit
+Carson, in command of ten Men, is sent on ahead to reconnoitre&mdash;He
+discovers the main Village of these Indians&mdash;The Attack and the Victory&mdash;Beautiful
+Lodges&mdash;The Trophies mostly destroyed&mdash;Fremont saves Kit Carson's
+Life&mdash;The Journey resumed&mdash;The Sacramento Valley&mdash;An Indian Ambuscade&mdash;One
+Savage defies the Party&mdash;Kit Carson shoots him&mdash;The Tlamath Indians still
+on the War Path&mdash;Another Lesson given to them&mdash;A Thief is shot&mdash;Arrival at
+Lawson's Trading Post&mdash;A period of Inactivity&mdash;A Detachment sent to capture
+Sonoma&mdash;Prisoners taken&mdash;The Mexicans come to punish the Americans&mdash;Their
+Courage deserts them&mdash;The Retreat&mdash;The Pursuit&mdash;Fremont goes to Sutter's Fort
+and establishes a Military Post&mdash;Monterey is taken by the American Squadron&mdash;Fremont
+marches there&mdash;Further Operations&mdash;The taking of Los Angelos.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>The news of war having been declared between the
+United States and Mexico, determined Fremont to return
+to California; and, in doing so, he decided to enter
+that country by a new route of his own selection.</p>
+
+<p>He commenced his journey by traveling around Lake
+Tlamath, and had not proceeded far in that direction, before
+he found himself encamped on a small stream which
+empties into the lake, nearly opposite to the place where
+his three men were killed. The distance of each day's
+progress had been carefully reckoned and noted by the
+party. Upon their minds there was still resting a sadness,
+which, their leader saw, was only to be effaced by
+a satisfactory revenge, and that they were eager to obtain
+it before quitting the country. Perhaps, also, their
+commanding officer thought it best, while the opportunity
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page262" id="page262"></a>[pg 262]</span>
+offered, for the benefit of his countrymen, whom he
+felt sure would some day possess this territory, to impress
+these savages with the power and bravery of the
+white men. Whatever was the object to be gained, it
+matters not in relating the particulars. The next morning
+he sent Kit Carson on ahead, with ten chosen men,
+giving him orders to the effect that if he discovered a
+large village of Indians, which was the general surmise,
+without being himself seen, he was to send back word;
+when he (Fremont) would hasten on with reinforcements,
+in order to make the assault. If it should happen that
+the Indians were the first to be apprised of his near approach,
+then, without delay, Carson was to engage them
+as he thought best. Acting under these instructions, Kit
+Carson, with his detail of men, set out, and fortunately
+soon found a fresh trail that led directly to where the
+savages had established their village. This Indian village
+numbered fifty lodges; and, to each wigwam, the mountaineers
+estimated three braves, as this is the complement
+of men who live in one of these huts on the prairies and
+in the Rocky Mountains; thus making the force of the
+Indians to be in the neighborhood of one hundred and
+fifty. From the commotion noticed in the village, it was
+evident to all present that the tribe had become aware
+of danger, and that there was no time to be lost in sending
+back the desired information. Kit Carson, notwithstanding
+the strength of his enemies, determined to hazard
+an attack; and, after a brief consultation with his
+companions, he decided to take advantage of the confusion
+that was existing among the red men by charging
+right in among them. If ever there is a time when Indians
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page263" id="page263"></a>[pg 263]</span>
+will stand their ground, it is when defending their
+families; therefore, on this occasion, the white men were
+warmly received; but, they fought with such a degree
+of desperation, as they themselves had never done before.
+The result was, that the savages became panic stricken,
+and soon afterwards fled, leaving everything they possessed
+behind them. The victors, after pursuing the Indians
+for some distance, and adding a few more to the
+list of killed, returned to the village, which they found
+to be rich in booty. The lodges here taken, Kit Carson
+describes as being the most tasty pieces of handiwork
+that Indian skill could devise, and surpassed anything of
+the kind that he had previously looked upon. They
+were made of the broad leaves of the swamp flag, which
+were beautifully and intricately woven together. Within
+the wigwams, the party found a very large amount of
+fish in different stages of preservation for future use.
+Wishing to do these people as much harm as possible,
+and thus be even with them for their recent savage cruelties
+on their own party, Kit Carson gave the order to
+collect everything in the lodges and arrange the articles
+in such manner that fire would either destroy, or completely
+damage them. Having accomplished this work, the
+lighted tinder was applied, when the flames leaped high
+up in the air, forming a fit funeral pyre for their slain
+companions. Fremont saw the reflection of the fire, and
+also the smoke, and at once knew that Kit Carson was
+engaged with the Indians; consequently, he pushed on
+at a very rapid pace to assist him. He arrived too late
+for what the men called the sport; but instead, heard
+the report of his lieutenant and guide, Kit Carson,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page264" id="page264"></a>[pg 264]</span>
+whose words, to use his (Fremont's) own language, "are
+synonymous with truth." The gloom which had prevailed
+over the party, while the men recounted to their
+friends the details of the fight was temporarily dispelled;
+and, while thus engaged, the command moved on about
+two miles from the Indian village. Having here selected
+a site, they went into camp. After comfortably stowing
+themselves away in this resting-place, another "war
+talk" was called, and what was best to be done was canvassed
+over. After the adjournment of the council, Fremont
+decided to send back twenty men, under Richard
+Owens, to the neighborhood of the ruins of the village,
+there to conceal themselves and await the return of the
+Indians; who, it was thought, might come back to look
+after their dead. He did so; and Owens had not been
+secreted a great while before about fifty savages returned,
+and, by the moon's light, were quite visible. As had
+been previously agreed upon, word was sent by a trusty
+messenger to Fremont, who, with six companions, Kit
+Carson being of the number, hastened on horseback to
+join his outpost. For fear of being discovered, Fremont
+chose a different route from the one taken by Owens,
+which was quite direct, while that of the former was circuitous.
+On approaching the smouldering remains of the
+village, Kit Carson discovered only one Indian wandering
+about on the ground. As soon almost as he was seen by
+the party, they made a dash at him. Kit Carson was in
+the advance, and on arriving within about ten feet of the
+warrior, he drew up his horse and brought his rifle to
+his shoulder to fire, but the gun only snapped, and left
+its owner in a very precarious situation, as the red man
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page265" id="page265"></a>[pg 265]</span>
+had already drawn the string of his bow to plant an
+arrow in the body of his adversary. A moment more
+and, in all probability, Kit Carson would have been
+breathing his last. Fremont saw the danger his friend
+was in, although Kit had tried to avoid the arrow by
+throwing himself on one side of his horse. With much
+forethought, as well as personal exposure, he plunged
+the rowels of his spurs deep into his riding animal. The
+noble horse, obeying the impetus thus given by his rider,
+made a few extra strides, until he reached, knocked
+down and passed over the Indian, thereby causing his
+arrow to fly in a different direction from the one intended.
+Before the savage could regain his feet, a ball from
+one of the rifles belonging to the party had sent him to
+his last resting-place. Fremont now learned from Owens,
+that while the messenger was absent, the rest of the
+Indians had decamped, and as he had received orders
+from him to await his coming in case he found the enemy,
+therefore, he was obliged to let the rascals quietly depart
+without firing into them, which was much to his
+own and his men's displeasure.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;"><a href="images/264-265.jpg"><img width="100%" src="images/264-265.jpg" alt="A moment more" /></a><p>A moment more
+and in all probability Kit Carson would have been
+breathing his last. Fremont saw the danger his friend
+was in, although Kit had tried to avoid the arrow by
+throwing himself on one side of his horse.&mdash;<span class="sc">Page 265.</span></p></div>
+
+<p>It was now necessary to return without delay to their
+own camp, and thus anticipate the movements of the
+Indians, as they might conclude to make an attack in
+that quarter; but, on arriving there, they found everything
+safe; nor were they, during that night, in any
+way disturbed. Kit Carson was, and is still, very grateful
+to Fremont for thus interposing between him and
+almost certain death; for it would have been the work
+of an instant for the Indian warrior, at ten feet distance,
+to have sent an arrow into some vital organ. It was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page266" id="page266"></a>[pg 266]</span>
+such noble generosity, bravery, and disinterested exposure
+in the hour of peril, in order to serve his men, that
+strongly cemented Fremont to them. Indeed, in all of
+his expeditions, he had such command over his employees,
+that little or no trouble ever occurred among
+them while on their marches, although they had privations
+and dangers to undergo that would often try men of the most even temper.</p>
+
+<p>On the day following the one on which his party had
+encountered and chastised the Tlamath Indians, Fremont
+started for the Valley of the Sacramento. The expedition
+was progressing well, and was four days out from
+this last camp; when, as two of the men, whose names
+were Maxwell and Archambeau, were out hunting at a
+distance of about three miles on one side of their
+friends, they were surprised at seeing one Indian, on
+foot, approaching towards them.</p>
+
+<p>The hunters, in order to do away with all suspicion,
+at once halted and laid down their arms, to show the
+warrior that they were friendly disposed. They thought
+it was best to have a "talk" with him, and question him
+in regard to the country they were then in. As he
+showed no symptoms of fear, but kept coming on, they
+supposed that he had understood their actions; therefore,
+they paid but little attention to him, until they saw
+him stop. Their curiosity was now excited to know his
+intentions; and, as they watched his movements, they
+saw him take some young crows from his quiver, and,
+after untying the string that held them, he concealed
+them to his satisfaction in the grass, and again
+moved forward; but, while doing so, he was busy
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page267" id="page267"></a>[pg 267]</span>
+arranging his weapons for immediate use. The white
+men were not astonished at this, for they concluded that
+he was only preparing himself against danger. The
+Indian slowly advanced to a spot that was within fifteen
+yards of the hunters, when he again stopped, and commenced
+shooting his arrows at them. At first they
+dodged about, and made signs for him to desist, as they
+were friends; but, to their admonitions he paid not the
+least attention. Several of the missiles had come near
+causing them bodily injury. After a time, forbearance
+ceased to be a virtue. Raising his rifle, one of the men
+fired; when, to use mountaineer parlance, the Indian "went under."</p>
+
+<p>What could have been the foolhardy ideas of this
+warrior that compelled him to take such a course as he
+did, not one of the party, when they were informed of
+the adventure, could conjecture; but, a fact it is, that
+he lost his life and his scalp by his indiscretion. In due
+time the command reached the Sacramento River, and
+were proceeding on the trail down that stream, when
+they came to a point, not far from a deep ca&#241;on, the
+sides of which were almost perpendicular and composed
+of cragged rocks. Fremont decided not to pass through
+this deep gorge, but instead, to travel around it; and he
+did so by crossing the river. It proved afterwards to be
+a very fortunate change; for, their old enemies, the
+Tlamath Indians, had concealed themselves there, thinking,
+as a matter of course, that the white men would
+keep the trail. Seeing that the white men were not
+coming into the ambuscade laid for them, the Indians
+became so disappointed that they boldly ventured forth
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page268" id="page268"></a>[pg 268]</span>
+from their hiding-places. A few, more daring than the
+rest, advanced into open ground, when Carson, Godey,
+and another member of the party, made a dash at them.
+They all ran except one warrior, and as the charging
+party were mounted on mules, they made but poor
+progress in overtaking them. The one Indian who,
+apparently, had resolved to make war on his own
+account, concealed himself behind a rock, strung his
+bow, putting several arrows in his mouth, and thus
+awaited the advance of his foes. Kit Carson and Godey
+soon came within shooting distance, when he began to
+let fly his arrows, and kept it up so briskly, that the
+men dodged about, without being able to do anything
+else for some moments. At last, wearying of this dangerous
+sport, Kit Carson dismounted, and crept around
+until he obtained a good sight at the Indian; when, he
+drew up his rifle, fired, and sent a bullet through his
+heart. From this dead brave, Kit Carson took a beautifully
+wrought bow and quiver, which still contained a
+large number of arrows, and which he presented, on
+rejoining the party, to Lieutenant Gillespie. It is a pity
+that such a brave man as this savage was, should have
+met with such an inglorious death; but, it was his own
+seeking, for he had attacked the wrong persons. Another
+twenty-four hours now passed by without any
+further annoyance from the Indians; who, notwithstanding
+the late forcible instruction they had received, still
+continued to hover around, and follow after the exploring
+party. On encamping the next evening, after Kit
+Carson had killed the Indian, as above described, the
+party found themselves entirely destitute of anything to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page269" id="page269"></a>[pg 269]</span>
+eat, although they were very hungry. Game had, all at
+once, become very scarce, as the hunters whose turn it
+was to be out that day, had returned unsuccessful.
+Two more men were then sent out, in hopes that by
+perseverance they might find something. They had not
+proceeded far before they discovered an Indian watching
+their camp, as if awaiting a favorable opportunity to make
+a descent on the animals. Step (one of these hunters)
+crept unperceived by the red man until he was within
+range of his rifle, when he fired, and killed the would-be
+thief. No other game could be found, so the hunters
+returned, and the whole party retired to rest supperless,
+and arose the next morning to fast again. That day,
+however, they found and killed some game, and for the
+time being, their appetites were once more appeased.
+Fremont was now on his way to Peter Lawson's Fort,
+where he arrived safely, after several days of hard traveling.
+At this place the party rested for about one week;
+but the desire to have an active share in the approaching
+hostilities, caused Fremont to delay no longer than was
+absolutely necessary; hence, he started and went to a
+point lower down on the Sacramento, known to the
+mountaineers under the name of the Buttes. Here, a
+camp was made, and here Fremont had decided to wait
+positive orders concerning the war; and, until these
+instructions should arrive, he employed his men in
+hunting. After several days spent in this way, he began
+to weary of inactivity. He thought that, in all probability,
+war had commenced; and, finally, he decided to
+take the responsibility of sending a part of his force to
+surprise Sonoma&mdash;a Mexican military post that had but
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page270" id="page270"></a>[pg 270]</span>
+a weak garrison. This the party accomplished to the
+entire satisfaction of their commander. They captured
+and made prisoners of war at this fort, one general and
+two captains, besides taking several cannon and quite a
+quantity of small arms. It was about this time that
+news reached Fremont which convinced him that hostilities
+had already commenced, and that both countries
+were taking active measures to carry the war on with
+vigor. He set out immediately, on the receipt of this
+information, and joined his detail of men at Sonoma.
+During his stay at this fort, General Castro sent one of
+his captains, with a large force of Mexicans, from San
+Francisco, with orders to drive the Americans out of the
+country. This command came, and accidentally fell upon
+and butchered two men whom Fremont had sent out as
+messengers to inform all American settlers that Sonoma
+had been taken by him, and that thither they could
+fly for safety. The gallant Mexican captain, on seeing
+and hearing that Fremont's forces were anxious to meet
+him, becoming disheartened, began to retreat, and was
+pursued by the exploring party. For six days they thus
+followed the retreating enemy, whose courage had evidently
+deserted them though they had triple the force
+of their pursuers. So hot was the chase, that the Mexicans
+deserted many of their animals, which, as a matter
+of course, fell into the hands of the Americans. Fremont,
+on finding that he could not overtake the enemy,
+returned to Sonoma. The captain, with his Mexican
+command, as was afterwards learned, did not remain at
+San Francisco. No doubt he did not like to trust himself
+within reach of Fremont, for he continued his march
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page271" id="page271"></a>[pg 271]</span>
+until he reached the Pueblo of Los Angelos, where he
+was rejoined by General Castro, who reorganized the
+forces and assumed the command himself. The exploring
+party had now become a military expedition, and around
+this nucleus the Americans, then in California, flocked
+to pour out their vengeance against their country's foes.
+Having quite a little army at his disposal, Fremont left a
+strong detachment at Sonoma, and departed with the rest
+of his command for Sutter's Fort. On arriving there, he
+placed the fort under military rule, and left his prisoners,
+General Vallejos and the two captains, who had
+been captured at Sonoma. Also an American by the
+name of Lace, who was a brother-in-law to General
+Vallejos, and whose predilections appeared to lean in
+favor of the Mexican side. With all his mountain men,
+including Kit Carson, Fremont then took up his line of
+march towards Monterey, for the purpose of attacking
+and taking possession of the town; but, this movement
+had been anticipated by Commodore Sloat and the
+American squadron. Soon after Fremont's arrival at
+Monterey (where he was very kindly received by the
+commodore and his officers), Commodore Sloat left the
+country, and the command devolved upon Commodore Stockton.</p>
+
+<p>A consultation having been held among the officers, it
+was the prevailing opinion that it would be impossible
+to overtake and engage the Mexicans by following them
+up on land; therefore Fremont asked for a ship to take
+his force to San Diego, where he could obtain animals
+and march on to Los Angelos. The United States vessel
+Cyane, under the command of Capt. Dupont, was furnished
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page272" id="page272"></a>[pg 272]</span>
+him for this undertaking by Commodore Stockton.
+In four days time the party arrived at San Diego,
+where they landed. They there parted with the ship
+and the gallant captain, with many pleasant reminiscences
+of their short voyage. At San Diego, Fremont
+found himself at the head of about one hundred and fifty
+men, which was not a very strong force to be in an
+enemy's country with, especially so far from their homes
+as they were. However, nearly every man was a veteran
+in war, and the whole body felt themselves invincible,
+which was a source of great consolation to their leader.
+From San Diego, parties of the command were sent to
+scour the neighboring country, in order to bring in a
+sufficient number of horses to mount the men. This
+being accomplished, Fremont set out for Los Angelos,
+where the Governor and Gen. Castro had a force of
+seven hundred men at their disposal. These officials,
+with their soldiers, on learning the near approach of the
+Americans, broke up and fled, most of them taking the
+road to Sonora, while the balance scattered, not apparently
+caring where they went, as long as they did not
+come in contact with the Americans. Fremont marched
+within about one league of the town, and encamped to
+await, as had been previously agreed upon, the arrival
+of Commodore Stockton, who soon joined him at this
+place with a party of sailors and marines, "As fine a
+body of men," says Kit Carson, "as ever I looked upon."</p>
+
+<p>When the two commands had been consolidated, they
+marched direct for Los Angelos, which they easily captured,
+as its would-be defenders had some days before
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page273" id="page273"></a>[pg 273]</span>
+deserted it. In this town the command was quartered
+for some time; but, as it is our intention to follow the
+career of Kit Carson, who, shortly after their arrival, had
+been detailed for important duty, which placed him in
+new scenes; hence, we are necessitated to take leave of
+affairs as they transpired there, and hereafter revert to
+them casually as they connect with our narrative.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page274" id="page274"></a>[pg 274]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Kit Carson is sent Overland as Bearer of Dispatches to Washington&mdash;The Preparation
+and the Start&mdash;The Journey&mdash;Privations and Sufferings&mdash;Meeting with
+General Kearney&mdash;The General takes Carson as his Guide and sends on the Dispatches
+by Fitzpatrick&mdash;The March&mdash;Arrival at Warner's Ranche&mdash;Mexicans on
+the Road&mdash;Preparations for a Battle&mdash;The Battle&mdash;Disastrous Consequences&mdash;Kit
+Carson and Lieutenant Beale offer to run the lines of the Mexican Sentinels and
+carry Information to San Diego of Kearney's critical position&mdash;The Daring Undertaking&mdash;The
+Sufferings they encountered&mdash;Their Arrival&mdash;Reinforcements sent
+out&mdash;Lieutenant Beale is Delirious from the Privations he has undergone&mdash;Gen.
+Kearney and his Command finally reach and join the other American Forces in California.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>On the 15th day of September, 1846, Kit Carson was
+placed in the command of fifteen men, with orders to
+make an overland journey to Washington, as bearer of
+very important dispatches.</p>
+
+<p>At the time of which we write, there was no steam
+communication, as now, <i>vi&#226;</i> the two great oceans, consequently,
+the intercourse between our brave countrymen
+in California and the government at Washington was
+attended with extreme difficulty. Fortunately, Fremont
+had in Kit Carson just the man to make such a journey
+through an enemy's country.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson was instructed to use his utmost endeavors
+to make the journey in sixty days, which was no small
+undertaking, when we consider the great distance to be
+traveled over and the obstacles that lay in his path; he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page275" id="page275"></a>[pg 275]</span>
+undertook it, however, with a determination not to be easily frustrated.</p>
+
+<p>By judicious management and watchfulness, Kit was
+making good progress, and had reached a point within
+two days' travel of the Copper Mines in New Mexico
+without being in any way annoyed. Here he came into
+full view of a village of Apache Indians, who were then,
+as they nearly ever since have been, at war with the
+Americans. He had been discovered by these Indians,
+and there was but one true way to act, which was not
+to show the white feather by attempting to evade them.
+Fremont's dispatch bearer had not the least idea of that;
+he was too well schooled in Indian stratagem to be out-man&oelig;uvered,
+so he rode on as if nothing had happened
+until he came to some timber that lay within one hundred
+yards of their village, when he halted. At first the
+Indians were disconcerted at the boldness of the whites,
+and were showing it by hurrying to and fro, either for
+the purpose of leaving or to be better prepared to offer
+fight. On arriving near enough so to do, Kit Carson
+called to the savages and informed them that his party
+were friends and wished a parley. To this an assent was
+given, when Kit made them understand that he and his
+men were simply travelers, en route for New Mexico;
+that they carried the olive branch of peace with them,
+and had come among them bearing it, in the hopes of
+being able to exchange their fatigued animals for others
+that were fresh. With this the Indians were satisfied;
+therefore, Carson chose a camping-ground for himself
+and men, and selected the site so that they could best
+contend against the treachery of the red men, should
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page276" id="page276"></a>[pg 276]</span>
+they attempt any. When the camp was arranged, the
+Indians were allowed to come in; and, soon after, the
+trading commenced, which proved to be very successful,
+for the men obtained very good riding animals in place
+of their old ones. Their intercourse with this band of
+Apaches closed early the next day, when both parties
+bid each other good bye on the most friendly terms.</p>
+
+<p>A few days more of travel brought Kit Carson and his
+men to the first Mexican settlement which then stood in
+their road. Their arrival in the town happened very
+opportunely, having for the past few days been suffering
+severely from hunger. They had started from California
+with but a small stock of dried meat and corn, not being
+able conveniently to carry more without impeding their
+progress; therefore, they were left to depend on their
+rifles. Game they found to be scarce; and, in a short
+time, their meat was expended. Being reduced to the
+corn, they were, as a matter of necessity, very sparing
+of it. The maize was parched, and for several days they
+derived their entire subsistence from it; though, on
+account of the short allowance, they but poorly satiated
+their appetites. About the time succor appeared to
+them in the shape of this Mexican town, even the maize
+was nearly used up. They were delighted to reach a
+place where they would be able to replenish their provisions.
+It was well known to their commander that, as a
+<i>dernier resort</i>, he could kill and live upon his riding animals,
+but in so doing, he would cripple his means so
+much, that the business he was on might prove a failure.
+While so much depended on it, he felt that he ought not
+to leave any other means untried before resorting to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page277" id="page277"></a>[pg 277]</span>
+such a procedure. It was true, the Mexicans at that
+time were at war; but, there were scattered over New
+Mexico, in almost every town, former friends of Kit
+Carson, who would, he felt confident, serve him in the
+hour of trial. At the first ranche they came to, they
+halted and made a rest of two or three days, while Kit
+employed himself in purchasing supplies, in which he
+succeeded beyond even his expectations.</p>
+
+<p>It was while obeying instructions, in traveling as fast
+as possible, that one day, the sixth of October, 1846, the
+party discerned something which, at first, looked like a
+mere speck moving on the prairies. Watching it with
+intense anxiety, the little speck increased in size until
+they saw it emerge, as it were, from the apparent junction
+of the heavens with the earth, and form a visible
+line; as the front of this column came nearer to view,
+they discovered that it was a strong detachment of
+United States troops. The truth was now evident to
+them all that this was an expedition sent out by government
+to operate in California. Spurring on their animals,
+Kit and his men soon met the advance guard of
+the soldiers and learned that their commander was Gen.
+Kearney, who was further back in the lines. On coming
+to the general, Kit Carson reported himself, informed
+him of the business he was on, and also furnished him
+with all the intelligence in his power in reference to the
+disposal of the American forces in California, besides
+detailing to him what had already been accomplished in that quarter.</p>
+
+<p>After due deliberation, Gen. Kearney determined to
+send Mr. Fitzpatrick on to Washington with the dispatches
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page278" id="page278"></a>[pg 278]</span>
+and to order Kit Carson to join him as guide.
+In fulfilling this duty, he well knew that Kit would be
+invaluable to him. Acting on this decision, he sent for
+Kit Carson and informed him of what he wished him to
+do. Kit Carson replied, "As the general thinks best."
+The fact was, that Kit well knew he could be of great
+service to the command, and he was too honest not to
+confess it, though he was now nearly in reach of his
+happy home and its loved inmates, from whom he had
+been so long separated and whom he fondly wished to see.
+In facing about, Kit took upon his shoulders the prospect
+of encountering fearful dangers; but, he undertook
+his new duties without allowing a murmur to escape his
+lips, and without even asking additional pay; though,
+had he but mentioned it, the general could not have well
+refused the demand. A noble motive engrossed Kit
+Carson's mind. He has ever labored to win and wear
+the confidence and respect of his countrymen, being
+ambitious to leave a name behind him that shall be an
+honor to his friends and family.</p>
+
+<p>On the eighteenth day of October, 1846, General Kearney
+and his command left the Rio Del Norte, in New
+Mexico. The services of Kit Carson in directing the
+route, proved the wisdom of General Kearney in making
+the change in the bearers of dispatches. So true was
+Kit Carson's guidance, that the command traveled with
+so much dispatch as to reach Warner's Ranche, in California,
+on the third day of December following. From
+this place it took up a line of march for San Diego.</p>
+
+<p>While on their march, news was brought in by their
+spies that a strong command of Mexican Californians had
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page279" id="page279"></a>[pg 279]</span>
+taken up a position on their route, evidently awaiting
+their advance with the view of attacking them. This
+occurred on the sixth day of the same month. General
+Kearney made no change in his route, but advanced to
+within fifteen miles of the enemy's encampment. Here
+he commanded a halt. A reconnoitering party, consisting
+of fifteen dragoons, commanded by Lieutenant Hammond,
+was sent on in advance to note the position and
+force of the enemy. He proceeded upon the duty, but was
+discovered by the Mexicans. Nevertheless, he fortunately
+succeeded in making his observations previous to
+being seen. His report to General Kearney, among
+other facts, stated that these Mexican soldiers had
+strongly established themselves in an Indian village.</p>
+
+<p>General Kearney determined, without delay to attack
+them. Orders were given to resume the march; and,
+by one o'clock the next morning the American soldiers
+had fastened all their packs on their mules, and were
+themselves mounted and ready for the command to move.
+The order came without delay, and the little army was
+immediately in motion. Fourteen miles of the space
+which separated the two parties were passed without interruption.
+When within one mile of the Mexican position,
+the advance guard of the Americans suddenly came
+upon a small advance guard of the Mexicans, who were
+evidently posted to watch their approach and guard
+the road. As soon as they were discovered, the trumpets
+of the dragoons sounded, in quick succession, the orders
+to trot, and to gallop. The Americans were so prompt
+in making their charge that they came upon the Mexicans,
+when a sharp skirmish ensued, in which several of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page280" id="page280"></a>[pg 280]</span>
+enemy were killed. The remainder of the outpost were
+driven in, bearing the news of the attack to their friends.
+Captain Johnson, Kit Carson and fifteen American soldiers
+formed the attacking party in this affair. They had
+been ordered to secure the loose animals belonging to
+the enemy. In this they failed, the animals being too
+strongly guarded, and because, upon the first alarm, they
+were driven out of harm's way.</p>
+
+<p>This attack, however, proved to be the commencement
+of a serious fight. Seeing that his orders could not be
+obeyed in regard to the animals of the enemy, Captain
+Johnson and his party joined a party under Captain
+Moore. The force of the latter consisted of twenty-five
+American volunteers from California, who had attached
+themselves to General Kearney's command since its arrival
+in the country. Moore's command also comprised
+parts of two companies of United States dragoons. Captain
+Moore had been ordered to make an attack on the
+centre of the enemy, in order to cut their forces in two,
+and thereby cause confusion in their ranks. As has been
+stated, Captain Johnson, with his little force, joined Captain
+Moore in making this attack. While the charge
+was in progress, and when within one hundred yards of
+the Mexican camp, Kit Carson's horse, occupying a leading
+position in the column of attack, accidentally fell, and
+threw his rider with such force as to break the wood
+part, or stock, of his rifle into several pieces, rendering
+it useless. His position, for a short time, was precarious.
+Being foremost in the charge when the accident
+happened, the whole troop of horse came galloping over
+him as he lay upon the ground. His escape was almost
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page281" id="page281"></a>[pg 281]</span>
+a miracle. When the last horseman had passed, Kit
+arose, and was quite happy to find that he had received
+only slight contusions, which did not in the least impair
+his movements or strength of body. Casting a hasty
+glance over the field, he discovered a dead dragoon, not
+far distant from the spot where he himself had fallen.
+Instantly running up to the poor fellow, he relieved him
+of his gun and cartridge-box. Being once more armed, he
+rushed forward at the top of his speed and plunged into
+the thickest of the fight, which was then severely contested.
+Captain Johnson and several of the more advanced
+soldiers had been killed by the bullets of the
+enemy, almost at the same instant that Kit Carson's
+horse had fallen. It is not at all unlikely, therefore, that
+the accidental falling of his horse had been the means of
+saving Kit Carson's life. After a desperate and deadly
+conflict, Moore and his men dislodged the enemy, causing
+them to retreat. They were followed by the Americans,
+but, unfortunately for their complete success, the
+large majority of the latter were mounted on mules.
+These, when the firing commenced, became almost unmanageable.
+But forty of the entire command of General
+Kearney were mounted on horses, and these were none
+the best for cavalry purposes, having been but recently
+broken to the saddle. They had been captured since the
+arrival of the American forces in the country, from a
+party of Mexicans, who were en route to Sonora, by
+Lieutenant Davidson and twenty-five dragoons, assisted
+by Kit Carson. By the uncontrollable actions of the
+stubborn mules, Moore's men became greatly separated
+and could not act in concert. This rendered the pursuit,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page282" id="page282"></a>[pg 282]</span>
+so far as the enemy was concerned, nearly harmless.</p>
+
+<p>The Mexicans, quickly perceiving the condition of
+their assailants, and comprehending the chances, which
+the apparent difficulty gave them, at once rallied and
+turned on their pursuers. The fight was renewed with
+most determined courage. The Mexicans fought with a
+bravery and success which turned the hitherto, comparatively
+speaking, bloodless victory of the Americans,
+into a terrible slaughter. Every moment saw some
+brave dragoon yield up his life to the deadly bullets or
+blows of the exasperated Mexicans. Out of the forty
+dragoons who were mounted on horses, thirty-six were
+either killed or severely wounded. Among the names
+to be added to the sad list already killed, was Captain
+Moore, "as brave a man," says Kit Carson, "as ever
+drew breath in any service." As fast as the scattered
+American soldiers could reach the scene of carnage, they
+joined in the battle; but, the Mexicans, elated by their
+success, fought like demons, and seemed to sweep everything before them.</p>
+
+<p>General Kearney, seeing his officers thus shot down,
+drawing his sword, placed himself at the head of his remaining
+forces; and, though severely wounded, he made
+a desperate attempt to cause the enemy, once more,
+to retreat. At this crisis of affairs, Lieutenant Davidson
+arrived on the ground with two mountain howitzers.
+Before he could get his guns unlimbered and ready to
+commence firing, nearly every man he had to work them
+was shot down, being either killed or badly wounded.
+Following up their success, the Mexicans charged right
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page283" id="page283"></a>[pg 283]</span>
+up to the guns, and, with the lasso, unerring in their
+hands, captured the horses attached to, and, on the instant,
+made off with one of the guns. On reaching a distance
+of three hundred yards, they halted and prepared to
+turn the fire of the howitzer upon the Americans.
+From some unaccountable reason, it would not go off.
+Lieutenant Davidson did his utmost to prevent the loss
+of this gun, and after several narrow escapes from dangerous
+lance wounds, as his clothing and saddle sufficiently
+attested, he was finally stricken down, and
+nearly gave his life a sacrifice to his heroism.</p>
+
+<p>After being thus badly cut up, and with not more
+than one or two officers left who had not been either
+killed or wounded, while the men had been handled
+with equal severity, the Americans were obliged to take
+refuge at a point of rocks which chanced to be near
+where their advance had been defeated. A rally was
+made at this place. The Mexicans, however, did not
+venture to attack them. Both sides were apparently
+weary of fighting for that day. The firing ceased, and
+soon after, night closed over the scene of the battle field.</p>
+
+<p>These California Mexicans, previous to the war with
+the United States, were considered by the mountaineers
+as the bravest Spanish blood in the Mexican provinces.
+During the war, they proved that they had not been
+over-estimated, as they met their foes, at the commencement
+of hostilities, with a determination to win, or sell
+their lives dearly. The reason of this difference of
+courage in their favor over their countrymen who inhabited
+the internal States, is supposed to be owing to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page284" id="page284"></a>[pg 284]</span>
+their opportunities for intercourse with the bold mariners
+from different countries who visited them in ships
+for the purpose of trade. This commerce consisted in
+the transporting into the country of such articles as
+arms, ammunition, groceries, and dry goods, for which
+were bartered, hides, tallow, and furs. The currency of
+California at that time was hides, which were estimated
+as so many dollars. The raising of cattle and horses
+was the leading employment of the people, and occupied
+most of their time. On the discovery of gold, these
+affairs underwent a change, and the rapid strides of
+civilization has left this people far in the minority. The
+horses of California were celebrated as being larger than
+the ponies of New Mexico, and also for being much
+fleeter of foot. The California rider, at that time, was
+looked upon as being unrivaled by those who had witnessed
+his performances. However, the intercourse
+between the two countries was very limited among the
+Mexicans, and it was difficult to find a New Mexican who
+had seen the Pacific. Their dialects were also slightly
+different, as much so as happens in the dependencies of
+any other country. It was fear of the Indians that put
+a damper on the travel between these adjoining districts.
+The society of the man who had had the boldness to
+make a journey to California from New Mexico was
+courted, he being considered a renowned traveler. His
+amusing stories of large ships and the men who managed
+them, and also, of the great expanse of the ocean,
+amazed his auditors and made them deeply interested in
+his conversation and information. It has become a
+strange sight to look upon whole communities of men,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page285" id="page285"></a>[pg 285]</span>
+who have only heard of steamboats, telegraphs, railroads
+and other great improvements and inventions of the age,
+yet there are thousands of men living in the great interior
+of the North American continent who have only vague
+ideas of these things; and many there are, who cannot
+realize them, but believe that they are fabulous stories, and
+will meet the narrator of them with equal wonders, which
+they manufacture to suit the occasion. To give a specimen:
+we remember one night to have tried to explain these
+advancements to an old Mexican of some eighty winters,
+while we were the guest of his house. He listened attentively,
+but evidently could comprehend but little that we
+said. We changed the subject, and began to describe to
+him the great beasts of the forest, such as the lion, the
+tiger, and the elephant, and soon found that we had struck
+the theme which pleased him. In reply, he told us that
+in his younger days he himself was a famous hunter; and
+that, on one occasion, while on the chase, he met <i>Adam</i>,
+who, he informed us, was the greatest hunter of his
+age. We were somewhat surprised to hear this old man
+thus annihilate time and space, but not more so than
+when we heard him relate the conversation that passed
+between himself and Adam. It was both short and
+sweet. The Mexican demanded of Adam what was the
+particular game he was seeking in these parts, and the
+reply was deer. He said that he wished to kill a few
+choice bucks, in order to get their skins to clothe <i>Eve</i>
+with, and hence he had come to the Rocky Mountains.
+The flavor of this yarn was so good, I attempted to try
+the old man on another adventure, by asking him if he
+ever, by chance, in his travels, met the <i>Evil One</i>. Immediately,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page286" id="page286"></a>[pg 286]</span>
+he informed me that at one time, that gentleman
+lived in a salt marsh, which is to be found in the valley
+of <i>San Louis</i>. The object of his staying there was to
+watch a very fine band of horses which he was raising
+near by. The Indians and Mexicans one day determined
+to deprive Satan of his stock, and arranged things accordingly;
+but, on coming upon the horses, they were surprised
+to find that they could not overtake them, and
+that the horses ran directly into the swamp and vanished
+by easily sinking out of sight. While looking for a path
+that led into this marsh, they were all at once scared
+nearly out of their senses by seeing the devil raise himself
+up in the midst of the bog. The sequel was, that
+the Mexicans and their Indian friends retreated as fast as
+possible, and never stopped until they had reached a
+place of safety. My companions became vexed to think
+any man could perpetrate such a story on travelers, who
+considered they knew a thing or two, and commenced
+quizzing the old gentleman by asking him what the
+Indians knew of Satan; but the old Mexican evaded the
+answer by taking down the little wooden cross which
+hung on the wall of the room and expressed the desire
+to confirm the truth of his story by swearing to it; this,
+of course, was said to be entirely unnecessary. From it,
+we had learned the lesson never to try to impress on the
+minds of the ignorant too weighty matters. This is true
+with the Indian also; for, he is incredulous of anything
+beyond the grasp of his own mind; which fact is illustrated
+by the following incident. An American had
+some business to transact with a certain band of Indians,
+who were celebrated as being very treacherous. Being
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page287" id="page287"></a>[pg 287]</span>
+a bold man, he thought he would beard the lions in their
+den, and accordingly, traveled alone to where the band
+was located; but, instead of being received with open
+arms, as he expected, he was made a prisoner, and so
+held until it could be decided what was to be done with
+him. At last, a council was formed, before which he
+was to be tried. The first question asked by the head
+chief was, "How do your white people get gunpowder?"
+The reply was instantaneous: "We sow it in a peculiar
+soil and it grows up like wheat." This was responded
+to by a grunt from the examiner. A pause ensued,
+when the chief looked the captive full in the eyes, and
+thus addressed him: "Know you, young man, that the
+Great Spirit came into our camp this morning, and
+after resting a short time he took yonder large hill
+and placed it on the top of its fellow, and after leaving
+it there two hours, he returned it to its former site.
+He then bid his Indian children good bye. Young
+man, your tongue is split: one fork is for telling lies,
+and the other is for telling truths." This was enough
+to convince the white man that he had made a mistake,
+and, that if he had attempted to presume on too much
+knowledge, his scalp might soon be dangling on some
+lodge-pole. The Indians admired the brave and manly
+course he had pursued in coming to them single-handed,
+and this, with the importance of the business he came on, saved his life.</p>
+
+<p>The California Mexicans were so remote from their
+capital, that, although they acknowledged their allegiance
+to the general government, yet they were accustomed, in
+many things, to act with great independence. Whenever
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page288" id="page288"></a>[pg 288]</span>
+a governor was sent to them who would not conform to
+their rules and regulations, or made himself in the least
+obnoxious, he was immediately placed on board ship,
+with orders to take himself out of the country as fast as
+possible, which he never failed to obey, in order to save
+his life. Attempts were made by the home department
+to make them suffer for these disobediences of the general
+laws, but, in all of these contests, the Californians
+came out victorious, and hence they believed they were
+beyond the power of being vanquished. They were
+taught differently by the Americans.</p>
+
+<p>These few cursory remarks will serve to show the
+reader that General Kearney had no despicable foe to
+overcome and subdue. His care now was to attend to
+the wounded. There was no rest for his command that
+night, as, during the hours of darkness, his men were
+busy interring their dead and looking after the wants of
+the sufferers. A sharp look-out, also, was kept on the
+movements of the enemy, who were continually receiving
+reinforcements. A council of war was held in the
+American camp, when Gen. Kearney, after taking the
+advice of his remaining officers, decided to move on early
+in the morning, with the hope of meeting reinforcements.
+He had dispatched three men as bearers of dispatches
+to Commodore Stockton at San Diego before the battle;
+but, whether they had been successful, or not, in reaching
+the commodore, the general did not know. Just before
+the late fight, they had returned to within sight of their
+friends, when they were taken prisoners by the Mexicans.
+The order of the march on the following day was
+as follows: Kit Carson, with a command of twenty-five
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page289" id="page289"></a>[pg 289]</span>
+men, proceeded in the advance, while the remainder, of
+the now very much crippled band of soldiers, followed
+after on the trail made by their guide. Steadily and
+compactly these brave men moved forward, being continually
+in expectancy of a charge from the enemy, who
+would show themselves, from time to time, on the neighboring
+hills, and then again, for a time, disappear. During
+the previous day, a Mexican lieutenant had his horse
+shot from under him and he himself had been taken prisoner.
+On a favorable opportunity occurring, General
+Kearney ordered the "halt" to be sounded; when,
+through a flag of truce, he asked a parley. It being
+granted, he succeeded in making an exchange of the
+lieutenant for one of his expressmen. He gained nothing
+by this, for the man stated that he and his companions
+had found it impossible to reach their point of destination,
+and hence they had turned back. The man&oelig;uvering
+on the part of the Mexicans, which we have alluded
+to as consisting of making temporary stands on the hills,
+and then changing their positions as the Americans drew
+near to them, continued for the greater part of the day.
+Finally, as Gen. Kearney and his men were approaching
+the water, where they, intended to camp, and were not
+over five hundred yards from it, down came the Mexicans,
+divided into two separate commands, for the purpose
+of making a charge. They were at first warmly
+received by the Americans, who, after a time, were obliged
+to give way to superior numbers; but, in doing so,
+they retreated in good order to a hill about two hundred
+yards to their left. Here they halted and determined to
+decide the battle; but the wary Mexicans, on seeing the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page290" id="page290"></a>[pg 290]</span>
+strength of the position taken by their foes, declined to
+attack them and drew off to a neighboring height, from
+which they commenced and maintained a deadly fire on
+the Americans. Captains Emery and Turner, with all
+the available dragoons, were sent to dislodge them. This
+they did in splendid style, after a sharp encounter, and
+when their companions saw them take possession of this
+position, General Kearney, with all his wounded and
+luggage trains, joined them there. Here a permanent
+resting-place, for the time being, was made. In fact, the
+men had no other choice, as they were now pretty effectually
+used up from fighting, severe loss and fatigue.
+The Americans found on this hill water barely sufficient
+for their own use, and were obliged to exclude the idea
+of sharing it with their animals. Although within sight
+of abundance of this much-needed article, yet they did
+not dare to drive the latter to it, for they were too weak
+to defend them from the assaults of the enemy. The
+situation of Gen. Kearney's force was now critical in the
+extreme; as, besides the dangers that surrounded him,
+the men were reduced to living on their mules. That
+afternoon another council of war was called, at which
+desperate efforts to be made for immediate relief were
+discussed. When every spark of hope had almost died
+within them, and when they were in a dilemma as to
+what still remained for them to do, Kit Carson was found
+to act as the reader has previously seen him act to parties
+almost similarly situated&mdash;the right man in the right
+place. Rising to his feet, he addressed a few simple
+words to those present, saying that he was willing to
+make the attempt of creeping through the Mexican lines.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page291" id="page291"></a>[pg 291]</span>
+Should he succeed, he pledged his word that he could
+carry information to Commodore Stockton at San Diego,
+and thus bring them succor. No sooner had he made
+this proposition than he was seconded by Lieutenant
+Beale, then of the United States Navy, who, equally as
+brave and daring as Kit Carson, volunteered his services in the undertaking.</p>
+
+<p>This gentleman, since the time he first turned landsman
+up to the present date, has been adding fresh laurels
+to his fame. His recent career in exploring new routes
+across the great western girdle of prairies and mountains
+is so well known through his valuable and interesting
+reports as not to require recapitulation at our hands.
+His life has been one series of rare adventures; while, to
+the scientific world, he has proved a valuable acquisition.
+To the United States Government his services are inestimable;
+and, as an explorer, he has but few equals.</p>
+
+<p>General Kearney at once accepted the noble and
+generous offers of these two men, knowing that if he
+waited until the following day and then attempted to
+leave the hill, the consequences would be most disastrous;
+for, in so doing, a sanguinary battle must certainly ensue,
+with the chances greatly against him. Having made the
+few preparations necessary, Kit Carson and Lieutenant
+Beale waited the setting in of night, under the cover of
+which they had both resolved to succeed in the performance
+of their mission or die in the attempt. Having got
+well under way, and while stealthily crawling over the
+rocks and brush, they found their shoes would often,
+even with the greatest preventive care being taken,
+strike against the various impediments to their progress
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page292" id="page292"></a>[pg 292]</span>
+and make sounds which might lead to their detection.
+To avoid this, they took them off and pushed them
+under their belts. Slowly, but surely, they evaded the
+vigilant guard of the Mexican sentinels, who they found
+to be mounted and three rows deep, evidently being
+determined not to be eluded. So near would they often
+come to these Mexican sentinels, that but a few yards
+would measure the distance between them and their
+enemies; yet, with brave hearts they crept along over
+the ground foot by foot; they were almost safe beyond
+these barriers, when all their hopes came near being
+dashed to pieces. This alarm was caused by one of the
+sentinels riding up near to where they were, dismounting
+from his horse and lighting, by his flint and steel, his
+cigarretto. On seeing this, Kit Carson, who was just
+ahead of Lieutenant Beale, pushed back his foot and
+kicked softly his companion, as a signal for him to lie
+flat on the ground as he (Carson) was doing. The Mexican
+was some time, being apparently very much at his
+leisure, in lighting his cigarretto; and, during these
+moments of suspense, so quietly did Kit Carson and his
+companion lie on the ground, that Carson said, and still
+affirms, that he could distinctly hear Lieutenant Beale's
+heart pulsate. Who can describe the agony of mind to
+which these brave hearts were subjected during this
+severe trial. Everything&mdash;the lives of their friends as
+well as their own&mdash;so hung on chance, that they shuddered;
+not at the thought of dying, but for fear they
+would fail in accomplishing what was dearer to them
+than life, the rescue of the brave men whose lives hung
+on their success. After quite a long time, the Mexican,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page293" id="page293"></a>[pg 293]</span>
+as if guided by the hand of Providence, mounted his
+horse and made off in a contrary direction from the one
+where these bold adventurers were biding their time to
+accept either good, if possible, or evil, if necessary, from
+the wheel of fortune. For a distance of about two miles,
+Kit Carson and Lieutenant Beale thus worked along on
+their hands and knees. Continually, during this time, Kit
+Carson's eagle eye was penetrating through the darkness,
+ever on the alert to discover whatever obstacle that
+might present itself on which was stamped the least
+appearance of danger. Having passed the last visible
+image in the shape of a sentinel and left the lines behind
+them at a suitable distance, both men regained their feet,
+and once more breathed freely. Their first thought was
+to look for their shoes, but, alas, they were gone. In
+the excitement of the journey, they had not given them
+a thought since depositing them beneath their belts.
+Hardly a word had hitherto passed between these two
+companions in danger, but now they spoke hurriedly
+and congratulated each other on the success that so far
+had attended them, and thanked God in their hearts that
+He had so mercifully aided them. There was no time
+for delay, as they were by no means yet free from danger,
+though they thought that the worst was over. Kit
+Carson was familiar with the country, and well knew the
+necessity of avoiding, for fear of being discovered, all
+the well trodden trails and roads which led to San Diego,
+every one of which was closely watched by the enemy.
+He chose a circuitous route, over rocks, hills and wild
+lands. The soil was lined with the prickly pear, the
+thorns of which were penetrating, at almost every step,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page294" id="page294"></a>[pg 294]</span>
+deep into their bare feet, which, owing to the darkness
+and the thickness of the plants, they could not avoid.
+The town of San Diego was located many miles in a
+straight line from the point from whence they had started,
+but, by the round-about route they were obliged to travel,
+this distance was much lengthened. All the following
+day they continued their tramp and made as much progress
+as possible. Their mental excitement kept them
+in good spirits, though, from previous fatigue, the want
+of food during this time, and by the rapid pace at which
+they were traveling, they were putting their physical
+powers to their full test. Another night closed in around
+them, yet "ONWARD" was their watchword, for they
+thought not of rest while those behind them were in such
+imminent peril. Kit Carson's only compass was his eye,
+which served him so well that soon the dark outlines of
+the houses of San Diego could just be discerned. Both
+men were ready to leap with joy. They were challenged
+by the American sentinels about the town, and answered
+in pure English, "Friends," which same English was
+unmistakable proof to the guard from whence they came.
+On stating their important business, they were conducted
+into the presence of Commodore Stockton, to whom they
+related what we have tried to describe. Commodore
+Stockton, with his usual promptitude, immediately detailed
+a command of about one hundred and seventy
+men to make forced marches in order to reach and relieve
+their besieged countrymen. With as much dispatch
+as possible, this force set out, taking with them a piece
+of heavy ordnance, which, for want of animals, the men
+themselves were obliged to draw, by attaching ropes to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page295" id="page295"></a>[pg 295]</span>
+it. Kit Carson did not return with them, for it was considered
+that he had seen service enough for the present;
+besides, his feet were badly swollen and inflamed from
+the rough usage they had recently been obliged to submit
+to. He graphically described the position of Gen.
+Kearney, so that the relief party could have no difficulty
+in finding him. He remained to recruit in San Diego;
+though, had the commodore expressed the least wish to
+have Kit Carson return, every man who knows him can
+bear witness with me that he would have been the last
+person to object, so long as there was life in his body.
+Unused then to such hardships and mental excitements
+on land, as was his more experienced companion, Lieutenant
+Beale, from the trials of the service performed,
+became partially deranged; and for treatment, was sent
+on board the frigate Congress, which ship lay in the
+harbor, being one of the vessels attached to the commodore's
+fleet. Two long years elapsed before the gallant
+lieutenant fully recovered from the effects of this adventure,
+which, for the bravery and unselfishness evinced in
+its planning, and the boldness with which it was carried
+out, without mentioning the good results it produced,
+was not excelled by any one feat performed during the
+Mexican War. Better than all, had these two men known
+previously the poor rewards which were afterwards to
+be bestowed upon them by their government for this
+heroic deed, I hesitate not in saying, that it would have
+had no effect in changing their purpose. The reinforcements
+sent out to meet General Kearney, by traveling
+both by day and night, soon reached and released him,
+without coming in contact with the enemy. They kept
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page296" id="page296"></a>[pg 296]</span>
+a bright look-out and were early apprised, through their
+spies, of what was transpiring among the Americans;
+hence, as the naval brigade drew near, they retreated.
+The road being now clear, General Kearney, with his
+soldiers and the marines, marched on to San Diego,
+where his wounded men were comfortably housed and
+received the attentions of skillful surgeons.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page297" id="page297"></a>[pg 297]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+A Command of Six Hundred Men is sent against Los Angelos&mdash;The Mexican Army
+evacuates the Town&mdash;Its Capture&mdash;Rumors of an Attack to be made on Fremont's
+Command&mdash;The Mexicans surrender&mdash;The Winter Quarters&mdash;Kit Carson
+is ordered to carry Dispatches overland to Washington&mdash;Lieutenant Beale accompanies
+him&mdash;A Night Attack made by the Indians&mdash;Arrival in the United
+States&mdash;Kit Carson's Introduction to Col. Benton and Mrs. Fremont&mdash;Hospitality
+offered to him at Washington&mdash;Kit Carson receives the Appointment of Lieutenant
+in the Rifle Corps of the U.S. Army from President Polk&mdash;He is ordered to
+carry Dispatches to California&mdash;The Journey&mdash;A Brush with the Camanche Indians&mdash;Arrival
+at Santa F&#233;&mdash;More trouble with hostile Indians&mdash;Arrival at Los
+Angelos&mdash;Dispatches delivered&mdash;Kit Carson is assigned to do Duty with the Dragoons&mdash;Is
+ordered to Guard Tajon Pass&mdash;The Winter spent there&mdash;Is ordered
+again to carry Dispatches to Washington&mdash;The Journey and its Adventures&mdash;The
+return to New Mexico.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>One month elapsed before the forces of the United States
+that were concentrated at San Diego were entirely recruited,
+and in fine trim for taking the field again. At
+the expiration of this time, a command of six hundred
+men was detailed for the purpose of capturing Los Angelos.
+The commanding officers of this force were General
+Kearney and Commodore Stockton. At Los Angelos
+was assembled the main strength of the Mexicans
+then in California; the number of their fighting men was
+about seven hundred. Towards this town the Americans
+took up their line of march, and, in the course of a
+few days, they arrived within fifteen miles of it. The
+Mexican forces had taken a strong position on a hill, near
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page298" id="page298"></a>[pg 298]</span>
+by where they had pitched their tents and strongly fortified
+their camp. Between the Americans' and the enemy's
+camp ran a small river. It was decided to postpone
+the attack until the following day. Early the
+next morning, General Kearney ordered two pieces of
+artillery to be brought to bear upon the Mexican position.
+The guns were so well and successfully served,
+that the Mexicans were forced to break up their camp.
+As soon as this state of things became apparent, General
+Kearney and Commodore Stockton crossed the river and
+marched on the town. On entering Los Angelos, they
+found that it had been evacuated by the Mexicans, and
+that only a few stragglers remained in or near the place.
+From some of these they learned that the retreating
+army had gone to attack Col. Fremont; who, with a
+force of four hundred Americans collected in Monterey,
+was also on the march for Los Angelos. It turned out
+afterwards that the Mexicans succeeded in finding Col.
+Fremont, but, for unknown reasons, failed to give him
+battle, as they had boasted they would; but instead,
+they gave him the preference over the other American
+commanders by surrendering to him. Col. Fremont
+continued his journey, and finally reached Los Angelos,
+where he and all the officers and men heretofore spoken
+of as engaged in this campaign, rested for the winter,
+and managed to pass the time very agreeably, considering
+their remote position. Carson, who had, for a
+great length of time, been rendering valuable services
+to Kearney, rejoined Fremont, when that officer arrived
+in town, and once more enrolled himself on his old commander's muster roll.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page299" id="page299"></a>[pg 299]</span>
+
+<p>We have said that the cold and dreary winter days
+were passed at Los Angelos as agreeably and happily as
+the circumstances of the case would permit. This is only
+true to a certain extent. It was at Los Angelos, and
+during this winter, that the seeds of discord were first
+sown between the rival commanders, and the plot carefully
+laid, which finally led to Colonel Fremont's court
+martial. Rank, with its green-eyed monster, jealousy,
+which is ever watching with a restless and caustic determination
+to snatch from the subaltern his hard-earned
+laurels, was actively at work during these winter
+months. By the programme, cut and dried, the
+ambitious young soldier, who was nobly breasting the
+conflicts against the enemies of his country, was to be
+summarily put down, and his career quickly guillotined.
+These ungenerous plans had their birth and were carefully
+fostered at Los Angelos; but, the wise decrees of
+the American people, ever just in the cause of truth,
+although tardy, came at last to the rescue, and stamped
+the course with its approval and complete indorsement
+which had led the bold Explorer to unfurl the standard
+of his country over the modern El Dorado. In this view
+the course of the Mexican forces at Los Angelos in surrendering
+their swords to Colonel Fremont becomes significant.
+A brave though fallen enemy, seldom fails to
+admire a heroic, chivalrous and discreet victor. The
+choice here plainly indicated between Colonel Fremont
+and General Kearney, we repeat, is sufficiently significant.
+In Colonel Fremont the fallen chieftains of the
+brave Californian-Mexicans discerned all the qualities
+which make up true nobility of character. Many of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page300" id="page300"></a>[pg 300]</span>
+men under him were well known to the Mexicans as being
+upright, honorable and generous. For many years
+they had lived among them. Hence we discover the
+reason of their preference in laying down their arms in their presence.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson took no active part in these unhappy differences,
+but, his simple action in leaving General Kearney's
+command and reenlisting under his old commander
+shows plainly to a discerning public, that he could not
+be alienated from his friend by acts of injustice. It
+also spoke more significantly than words that he adjudged
+his friend to have performed in behalf of his
+country, meritorious actions and a great service. Such
+was Kit Carson's view; and no man was capable of forming
+a better judgment in the premises than he. As an
+occupant of an inferior rank, he then kept his counsel to
+himself; the time has at last arrived when he should fully
+and appropriately express his opinion, though that opinion
+he is well aware has been rendered entirely unnecessary
+by the honorable mention since attached to the name of
+Fremont by the highest officer in the American service,
+by the recommendation to the President of the officers
+of the court to commute the sentence, and by the President
+of the United States in appointing, unsolicited, the
+court-martialed Conqueror of California to the high and
+important trust of commissioner to run the boundary
+line between the United States and Mexico, and finally,
+by the spontaneous outburst of enthusiasm which greeted
+the name of John C. Fremont, from around the firesides
+of the American people, when his name was placed at
+the head of one of the great political parties of the nation.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page301" id="page301"></a>[pg 301]</span>
+
+<p>It is not for or against regulations that these remarks
+are directed. The transactions with which they deal
+have not been forgotten. They are recorded as historical
+facts, and, as such, are always open for investigation
+or deductions. In the month of March, 1847, Kit Carson
+was ordered to carry important dispatches to the war
+department at Washington. Lieutenant Beale, who was
+still a great invalid, was permitted to accompany him.
+In order to show the regard which Kit Carson entertained
+for this brave officer, and also to portray to the
+reader the goodness of heart which has ever been the
+actuating impulse in all of Kit Carson's actions, we will
+give his own words in relating this part of his adventures.
+He says: "Lieutenant Beale went with me as
+bearer of dispatches intended for the Navy Department.
+During the first twenty days of our journey, he was so
+weak that I had to lift him on and off of his riding animal.
+I did not think for some time that he could live;
+but, I bestowed as much care and attention on him as
+any one could have done under the circumstances. Before
+the fatiguing and dangerous part of our route was
+passed over, he had so far recovered as to be able to
+take care of himself. For my attention (which was
+only my duty) to my friend, I was doubly repaid by
+the kindness shown to me by his family while I staid
+in Washington, which was more than I had any reason
+for expecting, and which will never be forgotten by
+me." On the river Gila, Kit Carson's party was attacked
+by Indians during the night, while they were
+encamped. These savages threw a good round number
+of arrows into the midst of his men, which, however,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page302" id="page302"></a>[pg 302]</span>
+did no damage, as, early in the commencement of the
+assault, he had directed them to hold up before them
+their pack-saddles, behind which they could pretty
+securely conceal themselves while lying upon the ground.
+He also directed the men not to talk, lest they should
+indicate their positions. It was very dark, and the Indians,
+from the above precautions being taken, were frustrated
+in their plans. His men lay very still; and, having
+previously received the order so to do, they awaited
+the near approach of the red men, when they were to use
+their rifles as clubs. The reason which made this latter
+command best was, because no man could see to shoot;
+hence, were they to fire at random, they would only expend
+their ammunition, a loss they were in no situation
+to sustain. However, the Indians became weary of their
+shooting after a few hours, and did not hazard a close
+attack, but went away to parts unknown.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson and Lieutenant Beale arrived at Washington
+in the following June, having accomplished their
+journey overland, a distance of nearly 4,000 miles, in
+about three months, a record which shows that they
+had not been idle while on the route. With the exception
+of the Indian attack sustained on the Gila, they
+were not again annoyed by the red men, although, over
+the vast tract of wild territory which they had traversed,
+there roam thousands of savages who often, for the
+slightest pretext, and frequently without any reason whatever,
+will murder the unsuspecting traveler, as it chances
+to please them. Hence, to accomplish this journey, it
+was not only necessary to know the direction to shape
+their course, but also to be familiar with the haunts and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page303" id="page303"></a>[pg 303]</span>
+habits of these various tribes, in order to avoid them.
+All of this knowledge, Kit Carson, the mainspring of this
+little party, was well possessed of, and, as a matter of
+business, guided himself and men in a direct and safe course.</p>
+
+<p>The hardships and privations of this trip were trivial
+affairs when compared to most of Kit Carson's previous
+adventures, and not considered by him as worthy of mention.
+Indeed, Kit Carson appears so hardened in all
+kinds of vicissitudes, that a man, in his eyes, must have
+stood on the brink of death before he has seen much real
+suffering; but, probably, if the reader had been one of the
+members of this party, he would, unless equally experienced
+in Western frontier life, have considered that he
+had seen something of the world, and the rough side of it at that.</p>
+
+<p>It requires no small amount of courage and determination
+to start out with but a handful of men to
+perform the difficult and dangerous task of threading
+the American continent from tide to tide, even at the
+present epoch; but, eleven years ago, there were few
+men living who had ever performed, or were able to
+perform the feat at all; much less with the certainty and
+speed which lay within the power and experience possessed
+by Kit Carson. In describing these trips, he now
+speaks of them as lightly as a man would after making
+a journey of a few hundred miles in a railroad car. He
+seems to have acted with the idea that this duty was
+expected of him, and it required but the official orders
+to send him bounding over the country, without regard
+to obstacles or dangers. His final object was his destination;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page304" id="page304"></a>[pg 304]</span>
+which, on reaching, he was ready to quit at a
+moment's warning, with as much <i>sang froid</i> as a Russian
+courier possesses when doing his master's bidding. Yet
+so cautious is he when traveling, that, at first, to a new
+companion, he often appears to be wanting in courage.
+Not a bush, a tree, a rock, or any other hiding-place on
+his path, escapes his notice. Towards the heavens, in
+search of smoke ascending from, or crows, as they hover
+about Indian encampments which are deserted, or for
+ravens, and back again to the earth, on the look-out for
+moccasin or horse tracks, his eyes are continually turning.
+There is a nervous action about the man that
+shows he is ever alive to meet and be ready for any
+emergency. These traits are sure to instill confidence in his followers.</p>
+
+<p>On starting from Los Angelos, Kit Carson took but a
+few rations of provisions with him, as he could not
+burden the few animals he had, too heavily; hence, he
+was compelled to depend on the rifle and the chances of
+meeting with game. This, of course, is always an
+uncertain mode of supporting life, and, consequently, it
+not unfrequently happened, that the party were out of
+food and went fasting; yet, not a murmur was heard.
+On they sped, in the hopes of reaching their homes and
+firesides, where kind friends were awaiting them, and
+where their cares and troubles would be buried in the
+past, and appear like dreams. In the breast of the
+leader of this expedition, there was throbbing a heart
+that was anxious to do its duty well, for he was approaching,
+not his family circle, but instead, the fireside
+of strangers to whom he was only known by name.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page305" id="page305"></a>[pg 305]</span>
+Yet, in the common cause of his country's honor, he
+recognized in every American with whom he came in
+contact his true friend, and therefore he, also, was very
+happy as he neared Washington. There he looked confidently
+forward to hear the words: "Well done thou
+good and faithful servant." At St. Louis, Kit Carson
+had the honor of an introduction to the Hon. Thomas
+H. Benton, who was greatly interested in him, and who
+kindly invited him to make his house in Washington his
+home during his stay there. Of this invitation Kit
+Carson availed himself, and since considers that he was
+very fortunate in doing so, for the best of everything
+was heaped upon him, while he enjoyed the satisfaction of
+meeting and conversing with the great men of his country.</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. John C. Fremont, daughter of Colonel Benton,
+and wife of the distinguished explorer, was in attendance
+at the railroad d&#233;p&#244;t, when the train of cars in which
+Kit Carson was traveling arrived in Washington. It
+was quite late in the evening when he reached the terminus
+of his journey; yet, notwithstanding this, Kit had
+hardly landed on the platform of the d&#233;p&#244;t, before he
+was addressed by a lady who said that she knew him
+from her husband's descriptions of him, and that he
+must accept the hospitalities of her father's house.</p>
+
+<p>The distinguished father-in-law of John C. Fremont
+became, from the time of their first meeting in St. Louis,
+the warm friend and patron of Kit Carson; and, up to
+the time of his death, he had no cause to change his first
+impressions of him. There was not a friendly favor
+within his power which would not have been freely
+given, had it been asked. It is one thing to make a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page306" id="page306"></a>[pg 306]</span>
+friend, but another to keep him; and those who knew
+the true character of Mr. Benton are cognizant of the
+fact, that he was not easily won; but, when gained, that
+he was true as steel, as is beautifully illustrated by the
+able and devoted manner in which he stood by General Andrew Jackson.</p>
+
+<p>It is indeed a valuable possession to know that one
+has friends who cannot be bought by wealth or other
+sordid attractions; men, who can discern through the
+rough garb of the working, as well as thinking man,
+those noble qualities which place them on a par.
+This acquisition Kit Carson holds. He easily makes a
+friend, and never deserts him; hence, those, with whom
+he comes in contact, who are worthy of this name, are
+enrolled on his side; and he seldom has occasion to call
+a man his enemy. Kit Carson was so embarrassed and
+overcome by the expressions of kindness and hospitality
+which greeted his first arrival at Washington, that he
+could hardly essay a reply; and yet, he was almost too
+happy at the opportunity presented of accepting Mrs.
+Fremont's invitation. If there was anything wanted to
+cement Carson more firmly in his friendship and admiration
+for Colonel Fremont, it was thus to know his accomplished
+and gifted lady. The situation of Jessie Fremont
+has often been comparable with that of the noble-hearted
+Lady Franklin. Again and again has she been compelled
+to part from her husband when he started out to
+battle in the cause of science, and, in the words of the
+poet, she seemingly said:</p>
+
+<div class="poem">  <div class="stanza">
+<p>"Go, wondrous creature! mount where science guides;</p>
+<p>Go, measure earth, weigh air, and state the tides."</p>
+  </div>  </div>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page307" id="page307"></a>[pg 307]</span>
+
+<p>Kit Carson remained some time in Washington; but
+had it not been for the many tokens of kindness which
+he there received, he would have grown weary of the
+restraints of civilization. As it was, he continually
+longed to be once more in the mountains and prairies.
+His desire, in time, was granted; for, having received
+the appointment of lieutenant in the rifle corps of the
+United States army from President Polk, he was
+ordered, as bearer of dispatches, to return across the
+continent from whence he had but recently come.
+Lieutenant Beale had intended to return with him, but
+did not eventually proceed any further than St. Louis.
+There he became too ill to continue on the journey.
+After arriving at Fort Leavenworth, Kit Carson was furnished
+with an escort of fifty men, who were volunteers
+in the war which was then being carried on against
+Mexico. With his usual promptness and dispatch, Kit
+Carson was soon under way crossing the plains. At
+Leavenworth he had learned that the Camanche Indians
+were at war with the whites. As he knew them to be a
+numerous and treacherous tribe, he had taken this
+strong escort in order to give them battle, if they should
+be anxious for it. However, he arrived at a place
+called the "Point of Rocks," which is not far from the
+Rocky Mountains, and on their east side, without discovering
+any signs of these Indians. At this place they made their appearance.</p>
+
+<p>The "Point of Rocks" appears to be a favorite place
+of resort for the Indians of the plains. It is notorious
+as being one of the most dangerous places for the
+traveler in all the far West. It is a series of continuous
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page308" id="page308"></a>[pg 308]</span>
+hills, which project out on the prairies in bold relief.
+They end abruptly in a mass of rocks, out of which
+gushes a cold and refreshing spring, which is the main
+attraction about the place. The road winds about near
+this point, and therefore it is a chosen spot for the
+Indians to lurk, in order to catch the unwary pilgrim.
+Several encounters with the savages have taken place
+here, which has caused it to be pointed out as the scene
+of bloody tragedies, thereby making it quite historical.
+The Indians themselves have made this spot the stage
+on which has been enacted several desperate battles.
+In making the journey to Santa F&#233;, when these rocks
+are passed, the traveler counts his march as being drawn
+to a close. Government troops, on the look-out for
+Indians on the plains, rarely fail, when they come from
+New Mexico, to give this place a visit.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson had arrived at the place with his escort,
+and was about establishing his camp. His men were under
+orders to keep a vigilant watch for Indians, while
+Kit Carson's restless eye was searching the country in
+every direction to discover their signs. About three
+hundred yards distant he discovered white men, and
+found there was encamped a company of United States
+volunteers, under the command of Lieutenant Mulony.
+With this company was a large train of wagons bound for
+New Mexico. Kit Carson ordered his men to go into
+camp. The night passed by without any signs of the Indians;
+but, early in the morning of the subsequent day,
+as Lieutenant Mulony's men were leading out their animals
+to picket them in fresh grass, the savages suddenly
+made their appearance and began an attack upon the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page309" id="page309"></a>[pg 309]</span>
+picketing party, capturing all their cattle and twenty-six
+horses. Mulony's men had left their rifles in camp, and
+therefore, in order to escape being killed, they retreated
+to their wagons. The cattle, in the confusion which ensued,
+turned and came towards Kit Carson's camp. He
+and his men, who were instantly on the alert, made an
+unexpected charge upon the Indians and recaptured the
+oxen. During the skirmish which ensued, two of his
+men dismounted, in order to be more certain of a deliberate
+aim, but, in so doing, they accidentally let their
+own horses go loose, and lost them, as they ran away
+with those that were being stampeded by the red men.</p>
+
+<p>In this affair three of the volunteers were wounded.
+With the two horses lost by Kit Carson's men, twenty-eight
+riding animals, belonging to the United States government,
+were stolen by this band of Camanches. But,
+had it not been for Kit Carson and his men, Lieutenant
+Mulony would have lost his cattle likewise.</p>
+
+<p>Young oxen, when stampeded, are sometimes lost by
+the Indians. When not killed by wolves they usually join
+with the herds of buffalo and soon become wild. In this
+state, they are represented as being quite fleet of foot.
+More generally, they fall a prey to the wolves, and sometimes,
+again into the hands of the savages. A party was
+crossing the plains in the year 1854; the advance of the
+party sent back word that the first buffalo was in sight.
+Many amateur hunters eagerly volunteered for the chase,
+and soon, quite a squad of men were traveling at a good
+round gallop towards the supposed game. On approaching
+the game, it was found to be an old lame ox,
+which had been turned out by some caravan to die.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page310" id="page310"></a>[pg 310]</span>
+The disappointment which prevailed in this crowd of
+neophyte hunters, on discovering this mistake, can be
+better imagined than described. The poor ox, apparently,
+had no idea of giving up the ghost quite yet.
+He was in good health and spirits, and showed signs
+of being pleased to see a white man again. The little
+birds of the prairies had used him as a perch. This
+office he appeared quite accustomed to perform, for he
+did not disturb the flock that was then occupying his
+back. How he had escaped the wolves is a miracle.</p>
+
+<p>From signs discovered after the Indians had decamped,
+it became evident that several of the thieves had been
+mortally wounded; but, being tied on their horses, they
+were carried out of sight before they died. This is a fair
+sample of many of the Indian fights which have occurred,
+and are yet not unfrequent, on the prairies; the object of
+the savages is to plunder; therefore, an unguarded moment
+is selected for their attacks. In this instance, by the time
+the whites had got their firearms and men ready to commence
+the contest, the Indians had perpetrated their intended assault and were off.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;"><a href="images/310-311.jpg"><img width="100%" src="images/310-311.jpg" alt="CAMANCHE WARRIOR." /></a>CAMANCHE WARRIOR.</div>
+
+<p>The Camanches are excelled by no men in the world
+in their horsemanship, not excepting the famous Cossacks
+of Europe. The level prairies are beautiful fields for
+them to act on. It is in a skirmish similar to the one we
+have endeavored to describe, that they put these qualifications
+to the test. The arena where these scenes are
+enacted is a very undesirable place for a mere spectator.
+Kit Carson and party resumed their march the same day,
+and arrived safely at Santa F&#233;, without meeting with any
+other adventures. At this town he left his escort of fifty
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page311" id="page311"></a>[pg 311]</span>
+volunteers, and hired sixteen other men with which to
+perform the remainder of his journey. This was in obedience
+to the orders he had received at Fort Leavenworth.
+Pursuing his route on Muddy Creek, a tributary
+of Virgin River, he came upon a village of some three
+hundred Indians, so suddenly, as his route twisted
+about among the hills, that he had to make a bold matter
+of it, and go into camp, for the purpose of having a
+"talk." Kit Carson had learned some time before that
+these very red men had massacred seven Americans. For
+this reason he determined not to trust them, even if they
+professed friendship. The Indians wished to come into
+his camp, but this privilege he would by no means grant
+to them. He posted his men and selected a place so that
+he himself could talk, and at the same time let them see
+that if the least hostile demonstration was made by their
+side, it would be answered by a volley of bullets from
+the rifles of the white men. Kit Carson harangued them
+and informed them that he knew of the murders they had
+committed on his people during the past year. He told
+them that they bore a treacherous character and could
+not be treated as friends, and wound up his discourse by
+adding, that he would not allow himself to be deceived,
+for he knew that their only object in gaining admission
+into his camp was to repeat their bloody acts. He now
+gave them a limited period of time in which to be off, at
+the expiration of which, several lounged about, apparently
+doubting his words. He now gave the order to fire. In
+consequence, a few shots were aimed at them, which
+killed one and wounded three or four others. This had
+the tendency to hurry the movements of the remainder,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page312" id="page312"></a>[pg 312]</span>
+who retired from the dangerous proximity to his camp.
+This was a case which required some nerve and great experience
+in the commander of the little party. Nothing
+but the personal courage and promptness of Kit Carson
+saved his command. The success of fifteen men against
+three hundred Indians in this manner, is chiefly due to their commander.</p>
+
+<p>The party proceeded on their journey, but soon were
+troubled for food. Having used up all the game they
+could find, they were obliged to kill two mules, on which
+they lived until they arrived at Los Angelos. Kit Carson,
+finding that the officers to whom he was ordered
+to deliver his dispatches were at Monterey, journeyed
+thither, and having reached that town in safety, gave the
+documents to Col. Mason, then of the First Regiment of
+United States dragoons, who was in command. Obeying
+orders, Kit Carson, now an acting lieutenant in the
+United States army, returned to Los Angelos and was
+assigned to do duty in the company of United States
+dragoons commanded by Captain Smith. Kit was allowed
+little time to recruit, but his restless disposition did not
+ask, nor his habits require it; consequently, he remained
+at Los Angelos only a short period. With a command
+of twenty-five dragoons, he was ordered to proceed to
+Tajon Pass, the main outlet through which hostile Indians
+went out of California, bearing the proceeds of
+their incursions, such as cattle, horses, sheep and captives.
+Kit Carson's duty in this place was to intercept
+the Indians and examine their <i>papers</i> and <i>cargoes</i>. He
+spent the winter in doing much good in this service. In
+the spring, he was again ordered to proceed overland to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page313" id="page313"></a>[pg 313]</span>
+Washington, with dispatches. An escort being furnished
+him, he was soon under way, and had reached Grand
+River without encountering any serious difficulty. At
+this place an accident happened to his party while crossing the river on rafts.</p>
+
+<p>During the early part of summer, the fording of
+streams which have their source in the Rocky Mountains
+is no safe or easy task. When the sun and the warm
+south winds begin to melt the immense piles of snow and
+ice in the mountains, the water comes tumbling down
+in torrents; and, having overflowed the rivers' banks,
+floods the adjacent country. By this means, new gullies
+and ravines are continually forming, which, when the
+melting process ceases, are converted into dry beds.
+With this rush of angry water, large rocks and masses of
+earth are swept from their natural seat, leaving a wreck
+behind that is fearfully grand to behold. The roaring
+of these torrents as they come leaping past and over
+every obstacle, resembles a low, rumbling thunder, which
+is reechoed through the deep forests and ca&#241;ons. Sometimes
+travelers are compelled to wait weeks before these
+rivers fall sufficiently to allow a safe transit. Heavy
+rains have the same effect to enlarge them; and, in one
+instance, a body of soldiers, while crossing the plains,
+were overtaken by these rains, which fell with such
+rapidity and in such quantity as to make the level
+prairies almost one sheet of water, while every ravine
+was converted into a river, swift and deep. To cross
+these, the men were obliged to use their best exertions
+with very poor means to guard against loss; and, even
+with the best care, one man was drowned, while several
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page314" id="page314"></a>[pg 314]</span>
+mules shared the same fate. In the prospective construction
+of bridges for highroads and railroad tracks
+across the continent, in certain seasons of the year, this
+sudden accumulation and explosion of water may cause
+trouble by sweeping them suddenly away.</p>
+
+<p>This accident crippled the resources of Kit Carson's
+party very much and caused them afterwards great suffering.
+The accident occurred something after the following
+manner. One division of the men, with their
+leader as a companion, had constructed a float of logs,
+on which they had crossed the stream in safety; but the
+second branch of the party, under charge of Lieutenant
+Brewerton, then of the United States army, and who
+was traveling in company with Kit Carson, were not so
+successful with their raft; for, no sooner did they get it
+into the swift current than it became unmanageable, and
+finally precipitated its contents, among which were included
+several of the men and their luggage, into the
+water. The wrecked men with great difficulty saved
+their lives by swimming to the shore from which they
+had started. The day was far spent and no attempt to
+succor them could be made that evening; so, in their
+semi-state of nudity, and without the means of making a
+fire, they passed a miserably cold night; but, early the
+next morning, one of their friends recrossed and carried
+them an axe, by the aid of which a new raft was made,
+on which they embarked a second time and were soon
+safe with their companions. Among the very useful
+articles that were lost by this mishap there were several
+saddles and six valuable rifles. What made this loss
+peculiarly unpleasant was, that they could not be replaced
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page315" id="page315"></a>[pg 315]</span>
+until the party could reach the settlements. The
+owners of the saddles were now in a sad plight; for,
+neither to the rider or his horse is it a very pleasant
+prospect to make a long journey without these useful
+articles. After repairing their damages as best they
+could, they struck out afresh. Setting aside hunger and
+the suffering experienced from exposure to cold, they
+were not again incommoded in any way until they had
+come to the vicinity of the Mexican towns. Here they
+met several hundred Utah and Apache Indians. These
+red skins showed some warlike symptoms which Kit
+Carson did not in the least fancy; but, to make the best
+of his situation, he ordered his men to post themselves
+in a neighboring thicket and be ready to act on the defensive.
+Kit Carson then informed the Indians that they
+must keep at a proper distance, or otherwise he would
+direct his men to fire into them. He told them that if
+they were disposed to be friendly, which they professed
+to be, towards the white men, they could show it by
+leaving and not annoying his party, who, being nearly
+naked and in a destitute condition, could give them
+nothing. Evidently the savages saw this was true, and
+so did not hazard a fight, but departed. Kit Carson
+traveled that night ten miles further. It was late in the
+day when he again ventured on the trail, but this distance
+was all that his animals could accomplish without
+food and rest, for they were fatigued and poor. His
+object in thus resuming his march, was to separate himself
+and men as far as he could from the Indians, fearing
+that they might change their minds and conclude to attack
+him. Being too weak, his party was in no condition
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page316" id="page316"></a>[pg 316]</span>
+for an engagement. At the end of this distance he fortunately
+met with a party of volunteers, who had been
+out in search of these very savages, in order that they
+might punish them for some rascality they had been
+recently guilty of. The next day Kit Carson reached
+Taos, where he allowed himself a short respite for the
+purpose of recruiting, and also to have the pleasure of a
+visit to his family and friends. These were privileges
+which, during his life in the mountains, had been seldom
+granted to him, though his feelings of attachment for
+relatives and intimate acquaintances are not exceeded
+by those of any living man. Indeed, his love for his
+children is unbounded. We have several times heard
+him assert, that if there was any one thing that could
+make him a coward, it would be the thoughts of his little
+ones. When his party was sufficiently recruited, Kit
+Carson left Taos and proceeded to Santa F&#233;. At this
+time Colonel Newby, of the Illinois Volunteers, was in
+command of the United States forces stationed there.
+This gentleman informed Kit Carson that his appointment
+as lieutenant, made by President Polk, was not
+confirmed by the United States Senate. Many of Kit's
+friends, on hearing this, came to him and advised him
+not to carry the dispatches any further; but, instead,
+they counseled him to deliver them to the commanding
+officer of the post he was at, advising him that he was
+doing duty as an officer in the army and yet was not
+recognized by government. The language used by Kit
+Carson on this occasion, in reply to his friends, is so
+much to his credit and is so like the man, that every
+American citizen ought to know it. It was as follows:
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page317" id="page317"></a>[pg 317]</span>
+"I was intrusted with these dispatches, having been
+chosen in California, from whence I come, as the most
+competent person to take them through safely. I
+would try to fulfill this duty even if I knew it would
+cost me my life. It matters not to me, while I am
+performing this service for my country, whether I hold
+the rank of a lieutenant in the United States army, or
+am known merely as an experienced mountaineer. I
+have gained some little honor and credit for the manner
+in which I have always conducted myself when
+detailed on any special and important business, and I
+would on no account now wish to forfeit the good
+opinion formed of me by a majority of my countrymen
+because the United States Senate did not deem it proper
+to confer on me an appointment which I never
+solicited, and one which, had I been confirmed, I
+would have resigned at the termination of the war."</p>
+
+<p>The reasons why the wishes of the President were not
+carried out by Congress in this instance, we know not;
+but, certain it is, that the lucky aspirant who eventually
+received this office at the hands of the same United
+States, had no credentials to present that could, as far
+as merit was concerned, compare with those held by
+Christopher Carson. It is fair to infer, that Kit Carson
+had but few friends at court, though it cannot for one
+moment be supposed that his name was not well known
+at Washington, when for five long years he had been the
+right-hand man of John C. Fremont in his explorations.
+The privates and the hardships which that commander
+and his guide willingly submitted to during those years,
+it is impossible to describe through reports. The whole
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page318" id="page318"></a>[pg 318]</span>
+newspaper press of the United States, together with
+several volumes of well-written books, have attempted
+it, but all have failed in giving a true picture of the
+reality. These things availed nothing when brought in
+contact with political moves; and Kit Carson was doomed
+to go by the board. He had, however, met, during his
+eventful life, with too many disappointments to be much
+chagrined at this, and we find him, soon afterwards,
+making inquiries in relation to the state of feeling among
+the Indians who inhabited the country through which he had to pass.</p>
+
+<p>The appointment of civilians to the responsible duties of
+a command in the United States army has, of late years,
+become, in many instances, very unfortunate. Perhaps
+it is this that has taught our legislators a lesson. But
+there is a truth which lies above this difficulty. The
+severe ordeal necessary to be gone through with at
+West Point, in order to make military men of the proper
+standard, has very naturally raised a jealousy between
+these two classes of men. This is very healthy for the
+country, as it stimulates each to noble exertions. In
+order to make the army less secluded, it is necessary to
+appoint a certain per-centage of men from the walks of
+private life, and therefore the most meritorious should
+be selected. West Point men, as a body, are a great
+credit to our country; and, as a scientific corps, they
+cannot be surpassed; but, the fact is incontrovertible,
+that many, if not most of the leading officers of the
+United States army, are self-educated, and have risen to
+their exalted positions by untiring industry and distinguished
+services. For frontier work, men, to be capable
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page319" id="page319"></a>[pg 319]</span>
+of taking command, are required to have great experience
+in Indian strategy, and to become accustomed to
+endure privations and vicissitudes. These cannot be
+taught by schools or books. For these positions those
+are best fitted who have been trained to the mountains
+from earliest boyhood, and where is the man in North
+America who has battled in this service longer or more
+successfully than Christopher Carson? But Kit Carson
+could see no reason why the votes of the United States
+Senators, refusing to confirm the President's effort to
+reward him for his services to his country, should cause
+him for one moment to swerve from his duty. He
+pocketed at once his disappointment, and went to work.
+Colonel Newby informed him that the Camanches had
+of late been very hostile, and that they were then roaming
+in war parties, numbering from two to three hundred,
+scattered along the old Santa F&#233; road, on which
+their depredations had, so far, been mostly committed.
+On learning this, Kit Carson determined to make a trail of
+his own, and endeavor thus to avoid them. He reduced
+the number of his escort to ten trusty followers. With
+them, he returned to Taos, and after a halt there of two
+days, once more was on the march. At first, he traveled
+to the northward, until he reached a tract of country
+which these Indians seldom visited; then, changing his
+route by compass, he struck the Bijoux River, which is
+a tributary of the Platte River, and followed it down
+stream. At about twenty-five miles from the mouth of
+the Bijoux, he quit that stream, and struck out diagonally
+across the prairies, and soon reached the Platte
+itself, down which he journeyed to Fort Kearney. Here
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page320" id="page320"></a>[pg 320]</span>
+he again changed his course for the Republican Fork.
+On leaving this last-named stream, he traveled direct to
+Fort Leavenworth, finally reaching that post with his
+men and animals in fine condition, for the journey had
+been as pleasant as could have been expected. Here he
+left his escort, and set out alone for Washington. After
+reaching the land of railroads and steamboats, he was
+but a few days in bringing the latter part of his journey
+to an end. Handing his dispatches to the proper authorities,
+Kit Carson turned right about and made his way
+to New Mexico, where he arrived in the month of October, 1848.</p>
+
+<p>It will be seen by following on a map the route which
+Kit Carson planned on this occasion, that it was very
+circuitous, and led him a great distance out of his way.
+Indeed he was, at times, far beyond the roaming grounds
+of the Camanches, but this was necessary. He was not,
+however, free from danger; but was obliged to be on the
+lookout for their allies, the Kiowas, who are usually at
+war whenever the Camanche nation is. His trail led
+him through a country which is celebrated as abounding
+in game, and also in being well watered, and last, but
+not least, the desideratum of finding grass of a good
+quality, whenever he desired it, was proved a valuable
+assistant on the march. It may be well to mention
+here, that one of the most curious of the phenomena
+of the plains, to the inexperienced traveler, are those
+mirages which, on every clear day, are sure to meet and
+delude his eyes. So wonderful are these deceptions,
+that often the vision leads one to believe he is beholding,
+in the distance, a beautiful city which is located on the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page321" id="page321"></a>[pg 321]</span>
+banks of some attractive lake. The outlines of the
+palaces, spires of cathedrals, and even the lesser buildings
+themselves, all surrounded with trees, bearing luxuriant
+and green foliage, together, form an imaginary picture
+which throws into the background any of the realities
+which are the work of man. The shading is oftentimes
+very captivating, and on it the traveler can be entertained
+for hours, until a change in the rays of light or
+intervening clouds, or else by approaching the delusion
+itself, the magic scene fades away. A mirage and a
+prairie on fire, seen by night, the one a delusion, the
+other a fearful reality, are two of the grandest sights to
+be seen in the far West; we might add, on the American continent.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page322" id="page322"></a>[pg 322]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XIII.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Kit Carson at his Home&mdash;The Apache Indians become hostile&mdash;An Expedition sent
+against them&mdash;It is not successful&mdash;Another is organized, with which, Kit Carson
+goes as Guide&mdash;Two Indian Chiefs captured&mdash;Other Incidents of the Trip&mdash;Colonel
+Beall attempts to force the Indians to give up Mexican Captives&mdash;Two
+thousand Savages on the Arkansas River&mdash;The Visit to them&mdash;Kit Carson emigrates
+and builds a Ranche at Rayado&mdash;Description of the Valley&mdash;The Massacre
+of a Santa F&#233; Merchant&mdash;His Wife is made Prisoner&mdash;The Expedition sent to
+rescue her&mdash;The Indians overtaken&mdash;Bad Counsel and Management&mdash;The commanding
+Officer wounded&mdash;Mrs. White's Body found&mdash;Severe Snow Storm on the
+Plains&mdash;One Man frozen to Death&mdash;Kit Carson returns to Rayado&mdash;The occupation
+of a Farmer resumed&mdash;The Apaches steal from the Settlers nearly all their
+Animals&mdash;Kit Carson with thirteen others in the Pursuit&mdash;The Surprise&mdash;A running
+Fight&mdash;The Animals recovered&mdash;A gallant Sergeant and his Fate&mdash;Kit
+Carson and Goodel go on a Trading Expedition to meet California Emigrants at
+Fort Laramie&mdash;Humorous Adventures&mdash;The Dangers that beset the Road to New
+Mexico&mdash;Hair-breadth Escape&mdash;Arrival at Taos.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>Being comfortably housed in his own pleasant home at
+Taos, Kit Carson made up his mind to treat himself to a
+more lengthy stay there than he had for some time
+enjoyed. While he was quietly enjoying the pleasures
+of home, active operations were transpiring about him,
+for the neighboring Indians had dug up the tomahawk
+and buried the calumet, and were holding in defiance
+the United States forces, which had been stationed in
+New Mexico to protect its inhabitants. Colonel Beall
+was at that time commanding officer of the district, and
+had established his head-quarters at Taos. The colonel,
+soon after assuming the command, being a resolute man,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page323" id="page323"></a>[pg 323]</span>
+saw that there was but one way to deal with these
+Indians, and that was to bring them to a strict account,
+and make them amenable for their many crimes. This
+tribe of Apaches has given the government of the United
+States almost as much trouble as have the Seminoles in
+Florida, and I hesitate not in saying, that before they
+are exterminated, which is the only sure plan of making
+a peace with them, they will have surpassed their red
+brethren of the swamps of the South in the number and
+enormity of their crimes. Before New Mexico came
+under the jurisdiction of the United States, the Apaches,
+for many years, had committed all kinds of heinous
+offences against the Mexicans; and, for a period of ten
+years after that event, these same savages were continually
+on the war path, notwithstanding military expeditions,
+one after another, were organized and sent out
+against them. Their mountain retreats are almost inaccessible
+to white men, while the Indians, apparently,
+play about in them like rabbits. The amount of physical
+endurance and the length of the journeys these red
+men can make, appear very astonishing to one not
+accustomed to them. The Apaches, as an Indian race,
+are not wanting in bravery, the best evidence of which
+statement is, that nearly all their warriors <i>die in battle</i>.
+Their country is the healthiest in America. Besides
+waging war against the whites and Mexicans, they have
+their differences to settle with their neighboring tribes,
+with whom they are punctilious in vindicating their
+national honor. Colonel Beall commenced his operations
+against these Indians by dispatching a junior
+officer, backed by a strong force, with orders to pursue,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page324" id="page324"></a>[pg 324]</span>
+overtake, and chastise them. This expedition started;
+but, on coming to the mountains, the guides reported
+that there was too much snow on them for the command
+to pass through in safety; so the undertaking was given
+up, and the men were marched back to Taos.</p>
+
+<p>The most famous war chief of the Apaches, during
+these troubles, was called by the Mexicans <i>Chico Velasques</i>,
+and his name, for many years, was a terror to
+the surrounding country. His savage brutality knew no
+bounds, and he was truly in his element, only when he
+was tearing the bloody scalp from his half-lifeless victim.
+He was the sworn enemy of the Americans and Mexicans,
+and his hunting-knife was rarely clean of human blood,
+until his cruel life, by the wise decrees of an all-seeing
+Providence, was suddenly cut short. He fought against
+his disease (small pox) with that rashness that had been
+his ruling spirit through life, and thus ingloriously terminated
+his days. The pride of this man was to strut
+through the Mexican towns and gloat over his many
+crimes. To the gazing crowd, he would point out the
+trophies of his murders, which he never failed to have
+about him. To his fringed leggins were attached the
+phalanges (or finger bones) of those victims whom he
+had killed with his own hands. On the one side, he
+proclaimed to his auditors, were the fingers of the
+Mexicans, while on the other, were the same tokens
+from the Americans; and it gave him great delight,
+ironically, to dwell upon the latter name. With whip
+in hand, he struck out right and left when anything
+displeased him. He met one day more than his match
+in the person of the famous Mexican hunter, Armador
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page325" id="page325"></a>[pg 325]</span>
+Sanchez, of whom we have previously spoken. The circumstances
+of this rencounter were as follows: The bold
+Indian, with but few followers, was on a visit of pleasure
+to the Mexican town of Culebro. He had agreed to a
+temporary peace, to suit his convenience and ends; and,
+taking advantage of it, he made his appearance in the
+settlements, to lord it over the peaceable inhabitants.
+After indulging in a little fire-water, his wicked propensities
+could be controlled no longer, and broke forth in
+minor cruelties. At last he found himself in the house
+belonging to Sanchez, who was quietly conversing with
+his aged father, for whom he had great veneration, and
+also with his son. The Indian peremptorily demanded
+that some whisky should be given him. He was informed
+by Sanchez that he did not keep the article. A second
+demand was now made, with the threat that if it was not
+forthcoming immediately, he would whip the person who
+refused him. This had the effect of bringing Sanchez to
+his feet, when the following colloquy, in Spanish, between
+him and the Indian transpired: "Chico Velasques,
+you have long been accustomed to treat our people
+almost as you please. You have robbed and murdered
+us at your will, notwithstanding we have given
+you no cause thus to act. Had you asked for bread, I
+would have given it to you, for the door of my house
+is always open to the friendly red man; but, as for
+whisky, you can have none from my hands. Raise
+that whip but once to strike me, and I will dash your
+brains out with this mass of lead." Suiting his actions
+to his words, Sanchez drew forth from the pocket of his
+hunting-shirt a slung shot that weighed nearly four
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page326" id="page326"></a>[pg 326]</span>
+ounces, which he always carried to dispatch his game
+with when it was in the last agonies of death. With uplifted
+hand, the Indian hesitated; for, he knew the character
+of the man who stood before him, as they had
+hunted together during many moons gone by, on the
+same mountains and on the same trail. At last, using
+his own savage dialect, in order that his words could not
+be understood by others about him, the savage answered
+the Mexican hunter by saying, "that by chance they
+might some day meet again;" a threat which fell harmless
+at the feet of Sanchez. As he took his departure,
+the chief added, in Spanish, "I will tell these things to my
+father,<a id="footnotetag20" name="footnotetag20"></a><a href="#footnote20"><sup>20</sup></a> Kit Carson," as if further attempting to intimidate
+the hunter; but Sanchez knew that his own and
+Carson's opinions were the same in regard to this man;
+therefore, he smiled at the rascal's knavery. <i>Chico Velasques</i>
+was followed in his chieftainship by <i>Blanco</i>, who
+did his utmost to walk in the footsteps of his illustrious
+predecessor; but, he was not so cunning, and was less
+successful in his encounters with the Americans and
+Mexicans, and therefore had not that influence with his
+tribe which the former possessed. Still, he performed
+his quantum of mischief, and yet lives to play his part
+in the great drama of Indian life. An Apache Indian is
+rather small in stature, but everything about him denotes
+symmetry and strength. His limbs are almost straight,
+and their muscles are as hard as iron. The elasticity of
+his movements, when in the least excited, shows a high
+degree of physical training. His coal-black eye exhibits
+an amount of treachery rarely seen elsewhere, proving
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page327" id="page327"></a>[pg 327]</span>
+the truth of the Chinese adage, that "the tongue may
+deceive, but the eye can never play the rogue."</p>
+
+<p>But to return to the narrative. The commanding officer
+of the party sent out against these Indians, on arriving
+again at Taos, reported to Col. Beall that the reason
+he had returned was because, at the present time, it was
+impracticable to cross the mountains. That brave and
+experienced officer replied, "that there was no such word
+as impracticable in the soldier's vocabulary, and that
+nothing ought to be impossible for the 1st regiment of
+United States dragoons to accomplish." Suiting his
+actions to his words, Col. Beall reorganized the command,
+took charge of it himself, and employed Kit Carson
+as his guide. When everything was in proper trim,
+this expedition set out, and after surmounting many obstacles
+and privations, finally accomplished the feat of
+crossing the snow-clad mountains, and after a long and
+fruitless search for the Indians, the men were obliged to
+turn about, because their stock of provisions was running
+low. As the command emerged through the "<i>Sangre
+de Christo Pass</i>," on their return route, they came suddenly
+into view of a village of Apaches. As soon as the
+Indians were discovered the charge was sounded, but the
+animals of the dragoons were too much jaded to obey
+the summons with the celerity wished for by their riders;
+the result was that, besides a considerable amount of
+plunder, only two persons were taken, but they, fortunately,
+proved to be no less than two important chiefs.
+In order to impress these Indians with the fairness and
+liberality which his government wished to show to the
+red men, after a long talk, in which the colonel exacted
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page328" id="page328"></a>[pg 328]</span>
+promises of good behavior, he let the prisoners go.
+They departed, to forget as quickly as possible all their
+vows and promises; for, seemingly, they will act in no
+other way than as their own savage instinct teaches.
+After this affair, Col. Beall made a direct march for Taos,
+where he remained for some time, attending to the ordinary duties of his garrison.</p>
+
+<p>In the treaty between the United States and New
+Mexico, entered into at the close of the Mexican War, a
+clause was inserted binding the former to turn over to
+the latter all the Mexican captives then held by the Indians
+who inhabited territory belonging to the first named
+government. The carrying out of this provision of the
+treaty involved the United States government in a large
+and constant bill of expense. This was, undoubtedly, unavoidable,
+for even had the clause not been inserted in
+the treaty, the maintenance of about the same frontier
+military forces would have been necessary. It would
+have proved a difficult matter to carry out this treaty to the letter.</p>
+
+<p>If it had been so carried out to the letter, the Camanches
+would have been great sufferers, for at least one
+third of the blood that now runs in their veins is Mexican.
+During the last half century, and perhaps longer,
+they have been accustomed to make annual visits into
+the Mexican settlements of Old Mexico. The object of
+these hostile incursions has ever been to load themselves
+with plunder. They steal all the horses that fall in their
+way, and also take for captives as many young children
+as they can lay hands on. The latter are brought up in
+true Indian style, and, having cast off all remembrance
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page329" id="page329"></a>[pg 329]</span>
+of their former habits and friends, they gradually become
+the wild men of the plains. The female captives, on arriving
+at the suitable age, are married to the young warriors
+of the tribe, and thus the true Indian stock, becoming
+amalgamated with the Mexico-Spanish blood, is fast
+becoming degenerated. The reason, therefore, why the
+fulfillment of this treaty would have militated strongly
+against the Camanche Indians especially, is clearly apparent.</p>
+
+<p>In the following February, Col. Beall learned that on
+the Arkansas River there were congregated a large body
+of Indians, who had quite a number of Mexicans in
+bondage. He felt it to be his duty to visit these savages
+and endeavor to have them deliver up all such captives,
+using peaceable means to accomplish this result in the
+first instance; and, should they fail, he made up his
+mind to resort to more forcible and potent arguments.
+With this determination, and with two companies of dragoons
+to back him and Kit Carson as his guide, he set
+out on his mission. In due time he reached the Arkansas,
+and there found congregated four tribes of Indians
+who numbered in the vicinity of two thousand souls.
+Their object in thus coming together was to have a grand
+council and lay out plans for the future, and also to meet
+their agent. This agent, who was an experienced mountaineer,
+informed the colonel that, considering the present
+state of ill feeling existing among these Indians
+towards the whites, it would be useless to make the
+demand for the prisoners; and as to using force, it would
+almost certainly prove a failure, when such a large number
+of well armed warriors were arrayed against him.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page330" id="page330"></a>[pg 330]</span>
+It required a great deal of persuasion to bring the colonel
+around to this mode of thinking; but, at last he yielded
+to the advice of his friends and concluded to make no
+demonstration against the Indians at the present time,
+concluding, as his anger cooled, that it was the wisest
+policy to await a more favorable opportunity, when a
+treaty could be made with them, in which there could
+be an article inserted that would stipulate for the restoration of the captives.</p>
+
+<p>In parting with these red men without accomplishing
+the main object for which they came, both officers and
+men felt that their labors had not been entirely thrown
+away. Their presence must have left lasting impressions
+on the minds of the savages, in showing them that they
+no longer had poorly clad and poorly armed Mexican soldiers to deal with.</p>
+
+<p>On arriving again in Taos, Kit Carson returned to his
+home to ruminate over what was best for him to take
+up as a business for the future. He revolved in his
+thoughts his past career, and, in the end, finished the
+mental study by resolving to give up his roaming life, as
+he rightly considered that now was the time, if ever,
+that he should be making a substantial home for himself
+and family, before old age crept upon and disabled him
+from the undertaking. About the time that he was in
+this frame of mind, his old mountaineer friend, Maxwell,
+was about going to a pretty little valley called by the
+Mexicans <i>Rayado</i>. Maxwell proposed to Kit Carson to
+join him in the enterprise of building a ranche on the
+site which he had selected. This offer the latter gladly
+accepted. Rayado would have, long before, been settled
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page331" id="page331"></a>[pg 331]</span>
+by the Mexicans, had they not been deterred by its exposure,
+and consequent inviting position for Indian depredations.
+The valley is about fifty miles east from
+Taos; and, for its scenery, cannot be surpassed by anything
+of the kind in America. Standing at the head of
+it on a blunt bluff, you look down and out on the prairies,
+and nothing can be more enchanting than the view that
+is thus presented. On each side there are lofty hills,
+which, when green with grass and foliage, add a magic
+beauty to the scene. Through the valley, as if it had
+been intended for its dividing line, runs a broad mountain
+stream, the banks of which are now metamorphosed into beautiful fields.</p>
+
+<p>We stop here to undeceive the reading public concerning
+an idea which has gained currency by the extraordinary
+imaginative writings of novelists. These trashy
+fictions represent the western plains, or prairies, as
+flower-beds. In this a great mistake has become prevalent.
+A traveler often pursues his way over them for
+many days without seeing anything to interrupt the continuity
+of green grass except it be the beautiful road
+over which he is journeying. Near the slopes of the
+mountains and on the river banks the remark will apply.
+There, fields of wild flowers are often found growing in great luxuriance.</p>
+
+<p>The settlement was soon after commenced by Kit
+Carson and Maxwell, and, as now completed, is really a
+beautiful spot. It is located about midway down the
+valley. Among its several houses, there are two which
+are more conspicuous than the rest. In the finest of
+these two, the owner of which has taken great pains and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page332" id="page332"></a>[pg 332]</span>
+spent much valuable time with its construction, lives
+Maxwell, whose honest pride is the being master of a
+model farm. In the residence next most to be admired
+in Rayado, Kit Carson sometimes sojourns.</p>
+
+<p>The mansion which belongs to Maxwell would be an
+ornament to any country. At one time, it was used as a
+garrison for American troops, and on it, the soldiers
+made many improvements. It is built one story high,
+in the shape of a hollow square, and has the size of an
+ordinary block in a city. Around the whole runs a fine
+veranda. With its lofty ceilings, large and airy rooms,
+and its fine yard in the centre of the square, which is
+well stored with its fowls, pigeons, and other pet animals,
+with appropriate kennels; with antlers of noble buck
+and elk; hams of venison, buffalo meat, wild turkeys, etc.,
+and near by a fine vegetable garden; altogether, it presents
+a picture of sumptuous living rarely seen within the
+pale of civilization. Maxwell counts his steeds and cattle
+by hundreds, while his flocks of sheep are enumerated
+by thousands. Near by stands Kit Carson's ranche, which,
+though more modest, yet, when the hunter occupies it,
+in dead game and comfort, it fully rivals its compeer.
+Around these two hunters live a handful of Mexican
+friends, who are either engaged in agricultural pursuits
+for themselves, or else in the employ of the "lords of
+the manor," Carson and Maxwell.</p>
+
+<p>In this his residence at Rayado, Kit Carson is only
+kept from spending his whole time by business for which
+his tastes are more suited. Soon after the commencement
+of the settlement, and while he was engaged in his
+vocation as farmer, news reached him that the Apaches
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page333" id="page333"></a>[pg 333]</span>
+had been committing a most wicked murder, the details
+of which are horrible in the extreme. A merchant by
+the name of White, who was engaged in business at
+Santa F&#233;, had been into the United States for the purpose
+of purchasing goods. With his train of wagons and
+his small escort of men, traveled his private carriage, in
+which there were, as passengers, his accomplished but
+unfortunate lady and her only child. On arriving at a
+point where he anticipated no further danger, Mr. White
+started on ahead of his caravan, in order that he might
+reach Santa F&#233; as soon as possible, and thus relieve his
+family from the privations of camp life. He had proceeded
+but a few miles when he was attacked by some
+Indians who had concealed themselves in the rocks on
+either side of the road. The savages, as the carriage
+neared their hiding-place, fired with such accuracy of
+aim that they killed, by their first volley, all of the men
+who were with the carriage before they were aware of
+the danger which surrounded them. Mrs. White and
+her child were reserved for a worse fate. They were
+carried off into captivity. The child proved to be a
+source of annoyance to the blood-thirsty savages, and its
+angel spirit was released from earth by their cruel ferocity.
+Before the eyes of its captive mother the fatal
+tomahawk was raised, and by one dastard blow its keen
+edge was made to mingle with its brains. The horrid
+work failed not to bring the bitter woes and anguish of
+despair to the breast of the unhappy mother. It was
+then thrown into Red River, which was the stream nearest
+to the scene of the bloody tragedy.</p>
+
+<p>Red River and its great ca&#241;on has always been to the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page334" id="page334"></a>[pg 334]</span>
+Apache Indians a favorite haunt of refuge, either when
+pursued, or after the committal of some terrible crime.
+There are several streams in the West called by this
+name. The one here referred to is the Red River of the
+plains, and is one of the upper tributaries of the Arkansas
+River. In olden times it went by the name of the
+Canadian River. Several sharp conflicts have occurred
+on this stream between the Apache Indians and parties
+of United States troops. It has also formed the stage
+of many an Indian tragedy in conflicts between the
+mountain Indians and the Indians of the plains. Quite
+recently, attempts have been made by whites to use its
+banks for grazing purposes, but every enterprise which
+has been set on foot to establish ranches in its vicinity,
+have been warmly contested by the Camanches, who
+have killed several persons who have dared to essay such attempts.</p>
+
+<p>The intelligence of this terrible butchery having been
+carried to New Mexico, a command was organized in hot
+haste, which had for its object the immediate rescue of
+Mrs. White from her bondage, worse than death. Two
+men went with this party as guides, named Leroux and
+Fisher. Watkins Leroux is an old and famous trapper
+and mountaineer, whose reputation and skill as a guide
+in the far West, is second only to Kit Carson's. A few
+of his warm partisans, who are ever very warm in their
+praise of their friend, at one time considered him superior
+even to Kit Carson; but, when the skill of the two
+men came to be tried in the same cause, the palm was
+yielded to Kit Carson. Leroux has guided several
+parties over new routes with meritorious success. His
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page335" id="page335"></a>[pg 335]</span>
+knowledge of Indian character is nearly equal to that possessed
+by Kit Carson, and he is endowed with a wonderful
+amount of forethought and prudence; but, in an Indian
+fight, or on any great emergency, his faculties appear to
+be less active, and his judgment less certain, than those
+exhibited by the great Nestor of the Rocky Mountains.
+It is a well well-understood maxim, that there are more
+or less narrow-minded persons who are ready and eager
+to pull down any and every rising man; and, for this
+purpose, such must choose a champion. Kit Carson's
+association with Colonel Fremont had won him so great
+renown, as a mountaineer and guide, that an opposition
+party was formed to detract from his merits and capabilities.
+Leroux, owing to his popularity, was chosen for
+the leader of this party, and whenever the name of Kit
+Carson was mentioned, the friends of Leroux always
+saw fit to compare the deeds of the two men together.
+This strife, of course, could not be lasting, and now it
+is almost forgotten. It is a just tribute of praise due to
+both of these brave men, to say that they do not sanction,
+by word or deed, either party to the controversy.
+They could but appreciate each other, and, as friends,
+ever felt elated, the one at the success of the other, and
+<i>vice vers&#226;</i>. They mutually considered that every fresh
+laurel of glory added a measure-full of honor and
+renown to their common brotherhood of mountaineers,
+among whom the good reputation of their cloth was as
+dear as it was among the knights attached to the orders
+of chivalry. Their ranches are located in the same
+valley, and in the same town; where, having lived together
+as fast friends in life, in all probability they will
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page336" id="page336"></a>[pg 336]</span>
+find their last resting-places in the same graveyard.
+Few men can say aught against the character of Watkins
+Leroux, but in this estimate of his actions, we are only
+reviving what has already been given to the public.</p>
+
+<p>With Leroux and Fisher employed as guides, the expedition
+for the rescue of Mrs. White set out on its
+route, and, on its journey, passed by Rayado. Kit Carson
+immediately proffered his services for the expedition.
+They were accepted, but, much to the surprise of many
+of the party, instead of being at once placed in the position
+which his great experience demanded, he was assigned
+to an inferior position under the command of Leroux.
+Kit Carson, however, was too good a soldier to
+exhibit the conduct which the little buzzing talkers so
+anxiously looked for from their supposed kindling of his
+jealousy, and quietly took the post assigned him, eager
+to lend a helping hand, which might even thus be instrumental
+in saving a valuable life. It is proper, however,
+that we should add, that this slight upon his reputation
+and experience wounded his feelings. But, especially,
+as the life in jeopardy belonged to a woman, he would
+not, and did not, think of allowing his actions to partake
+of his feelings. We have reason to believe that this
+slight, at least on the part of the commanding officer of the
+expedition, was not intentional. That gentleman was an
+honorable man, and would not have committed an act
+which he considered would have resulted otherwise than
+for the best; and, in appointing Leroux his chief counsellor,
+he had selected a good man, but, one whom he
+afterwards learned, to his sorrow, was every way the subordinate
+of Kit Carson in managing Indian affairs.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page337" id="page337"></a>[pg 337]</span>
+
+<p>A few years subsequent to the transpiring of this murder
+and the skirmish which succeeded it, we traveled
+near to the spot under the same officer who had the command
+of the above expedition. He reverted to the affair
+with much feeling, and from his actions and remarks, we
+could plainly see that his sympathies had been, perhaps,
+too greatly enlisted in behalf of his unfortunate countrywoman,
+and that his better judgment had been overcome
+by giving way to the urgent advice of others. If it had
+been a battle where either scientific attainments or
+manly courage could have succeeded, he would, doubtless,
+have been himself, and carried everything through
+with success. This is no mere assertion, for his long and
+well tried military career warrants us in this belief. We
+have the greatest respect for this gentleman, and consider
+him a very able man; but, as a biographer, we are
+called upon to narrate the facts as they come to us. If
+he had succeeded, everything would have been considered
+as well done; but he failed, and the cause of his failure is plain.</p>
+
+<p>The party being thus constituted, and no delay having
+been occasioned by any unforeseen accident, the
+party arrived in good season at the place where the cold-blooded
+murder had been consummated. Around the
+spot, there was strewn, in great confusion, boxes, trunks,
+pieces of harness, and many other things, which had
+belonged to the unfortunate party, and which the villains
+did not fancy and carry away with them. The path
+taken by these Indians was soon found, and on it, the
+command traveled in full chase for twelve days, without
+seeing the outline of a savage. Carson describes this as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page338" id="page338"></a>[pg 338]</span>
+being the most difficult trail to follow he remembers
+ever to have undertaken, for the rascally Apaches, on
+breaking up their camps, would divide into parties of
+two and three, and then scatter over the vast expanse of
+the prairies to meet again at some preconcerted place,
+where they knew water could be had. In several of
+these camps the pursuers found remnants of dress and
+other articles, that were known to have belonged to
+Mrs. White. By these signs, they were led to believe
+that she still lived. Although these things would be
+trifles on ordinary occasions, yet, at the present time,
+they were the cause of stimulating the white men to
+their utmost exertions; and, as they grew fresher, the
+excitement among the party increased. At last, the
+camp, and even the persons of the savages, became
+visible to the foremost of the pursuers; and, among the
+first to get a glimpse of them was Kit Carson. At the
+time the discovery was made, Kit Carson was considerably
+in advance of most of the men. Turning to those
+near him, he shouted to have the command come on as
+fast as possible, for he saw at once that there was no
+time to be lost in consultation as to the best mode of
+assaulting the Indians. They, already, were in commotion,
+and were making hurried preparations to decamp.
+Riding on at full speed for some distance, Kit Carson
+again turned his head and saw, to his dismay, that he
+was not followed; but instead, the command had halted.
+The cause of this curious order being given, at such a
+precarious moment, was, as he afterwards learned,
+brought about by the advice of the chief guide, who
+told the commanding officer that the Indians wished to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page339" id="page339"></a>[pg 339]</span>
+have a parley. On seeing what was transpiring behind
+him, Kit Carson had no alternative but to rein up his
+horse also; for, to ride on alone into the midst of the
+savages, would have been unjustifiable rashness, and
+might, perhaps, have destroyed the plans his superior
+officers were concocting. So, he stood paralyzed and
+confounded at the inactivity of his companions. Just
+about this time, a bullet, fired from the Indian camp,
+struck the commanding officer in the breast, and bent
+him forward. Those around him, for a little while, supposed
+that he had received a mortal wound. Still, he
+retained his seat in the saddle, but could not speak.
+Thus again was precious time lost, as the party, during
+this time, were virtually without a leader, and did not
+seem to be inclined to make one. Fortunately for this
+officer, just before he received the shot, he had taken off
+his thick buckskin gauntlets and crowded them into a
+breast pocket. The ball had struck this bundle; and,
+as its force was somewhat expended by the distance it
+had come, it was unable to more than penetrate the
+mass and contuse the soft parts of the chest.</p>
+
+<p>This accident assisted in preventing this well known
+military man from inflicting such a blow on these savages,
+that they would have been long in recovering from it.
+He had undoubtedly seen, soon after he had halted,
+that Kit Carson was right in recommending a charge;
+for, as quick as he recovered sufficiently from his injury
+to be able to speak, he commanded the men to make
+the attack, and leave him to himself. Unfortunately, the
+time had passed to accomplish the desired effect when
+this order was given, for, on arriving among the lodges,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page340" id="page340"></a>[pg 340]</span>
+the men found only one warrior. He, as a matter of
+course, was slain. The body of Mrs. White was also
+found in the camp. Life was extinct, though her soul
+had but just flown to heaven. There was still warmth in
+the corpse when the men first discovered it. An arrow
+had pierced her breast. Evidently she had been conscious
+that friends were near, and was trying to make her
+escape when the missile of death produced the fatal wound.</p>
+
+<p>Much has been written and said about this sad affair,
+and much unjust calumny has been heaped upon the
+head of the leader of the expedition; therefore, the
+opinion of Kit Carson in reference to the matter may
+not be out of place; hence, we give it word for word.
+"I am certain" says Kit Carson, "that if the Indians had
+been charged immediately on our arrival, Mrs. White
+would have been saved. At first, the savages were
+much confused at our approach, and I do not hesitate
+to say that she saw us as quick as any one of the redskins
+did, for it undoubtedly was the all absorbing topic
+of her mind that her rescue would be attempted by her
+friends and countrymen. On seeing us coming, she
+had attempted to run towards us, when she was shot
+down. Had she been liberated, she could not have
+long survived the brutality, hardships and vicissitudes
+she had experienced. Words cannot describe the bitter
+cup that she had been obliged to drink during her captivity.
+It was the will of Providence that, having
+suffered like a martyr on earth, she should be taken
+to himself before we arrived to where her remains lay;
+upon coming upon which, we shed tears at thus being
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page341" id="page341"></a>[pg 341]</span>
+defeated in what had been our cherished hopes even
+had it cost some of us our own lives."</p>
+
+<p>By this language it can be readily seen that Kit Carson
+regretted the failure of this attempt made to rescue
+Mrs. White as deeply as any one, either in the expedition,
+or among her friends at the home from which she
+had so recently, in health and happiness, been torn.
+"Yet I cannot," says Kit Carson, "blame the commanding
+officer, or the other guide, for the action they took
+in the affair. They evidently did as they thought best,
+but I have no doubt that they now can see, that if my
+advice had been taken, the life of Mrs. White might
+have been spared for at least a short period." This
+expedition was far from being a failure, for the Indians
+lost all their provisions, camp equipage and a few animals.
+Many of these savages ran away leaving behind
+them everything they possessed in the world, except the
+scanty amount of clothing they had on.</p>
+
+<p>For six miles they were pursued over the level prairies
+when another brave was killed, several wounded
+and three children taken prisoners. The horses belonging
+to the Expedition broke down, one by one, until at
+last, the chase had to be given over, after which the Indians
+made short work in getting out of sight. Among
+the trinkets and baggage found in the captured camp,
+there was a novel which described Kit Carson as a great
+hero who was able to slay Indians by scores. This book
+was shown to Kit and was the first of the kind he had
+ever seen. After glancing at it he made the remark,
+"that perhaps Mrs. White, to whom it belonged, knowing
+he lived not very far off, had prayed to have him make
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page342" id="page342"></a>[pg 342]</span>
+his appearance and assist in freeing her. He wished
+that it might have been so, but consoled himself by thinking
+that he had performed his duty." While on their
+route back to Taos, the command was overtaken by a
+terrible snow storm which was accompanied by a high
+wind; as there were no hills to break its force, it
+amounted almost to a tornado. The snow was driven
+with such force into the men's faces that they became
+nearly blind, and were bewildered as to the course they
+should travel. During its continuance, they wandered
+about on the prairies. Finally they were so fortunate
+that at last they reached a clump of timber in the neighborhood
+of <i>Las Vegas</i> in New Mexico; but, during the
+tramp, one man had been frozen to death and others had come near to perishing.</p>
+
+<p>After arriving in the settlements; the party learned
+from some friendly Indians, that the Apaches had suffered
+severely by being exposed to this same storm, and the
+report was that many of them had since died in consequence
+thereof. From this, it would appear as if an all
+seeing power had protected the whites, while it had
+dealt out a fearful judgment upon these wicked savages,
+who have more than vague ideas of the sin of murdering,
+in cold blood, innocent people, sages and philanthropists
+far distant and safe in great cities to the contrary notwithstanding.
+There are no set of men in the world who
+can draw the line between right and wrong based on its
+first principle, and taught to them by the great lessons
+of nature, as can many tribes of Indians. Among themselves,
+and especially among their individual bands, in
+regard to all crimes, the Indian has his moral code of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page343" id="page343"></a>[pg 343]</span>
+laws which, in many respects, is not surpassed by those
+of his pale-faced brother. They have their civil chief
+who is responsible for the peace and good order of the
+camp; and, before him, are tried, by the lawyers of the
+tribe, all cases worthy of notice. If the parties are
+found guilty, the offender or offenders are summarily
+dealt with&mdash;therefore, "with his untutored mind," in his
+intercourse with white men, the Indian is not altogether
+excusable in committing crime.</p>
+
+<p>There are many people who believe that the Indians,
+as a race, have been greatly sinned against, and to sustain
+their views, have called in the assistance of flowery-written
+romances and the high-sounding language of prose
+and poetry. Much of this novelty and interest rubs off
+by coming in contact with the savage as he really exists.
+Admiration often changes, in this case, into distrust and
+even enmity. It is natural that this should be so, for
+mere book-education biases the mind always, either for
+or against, and therefore, it is not strange that in the far
+West, we should often meet with men who unhesitatingly
+declare that the red man, if capable, is unwilling to entertain
+in his character even one redeeming trait; but, on
+investigating their individual case, we find that they are
+but superficial observers who are prone to find fault with
+everything that does not exactly suit their tastes. It is
+necessary to spend a whole life with Indians, in order to
+judge them without prejudice. The Great Spirit has endowed
+his red children with reason, the same in quality
+as possessed by any other race, but their habits, mode of
+life and experience is of such a kind, that, when taken,
+as a whole, they are truly original. Looking upon this
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page344" id="page344"></a>[pg 344]</span>
+class of people, either in the light of an enthusiast or as
+a detractor, cannot be otherwise than wrong; for, as is
+usually the case, the truth lies between the extremes.</p>
+
+<p>To be caught in one of these winter storms on the
+plains is a very serious affair; and one only needs to
+have been through a fearful gale on the seas to render
+him dubious of which to choose. To the faint heart,
+death seems inevitable in either case; and, to such a
+one, a choice between a watery grave or a bed of snow,
+when hunger and cold are his attendants while life is
+gradually ebbing out, is a question in which the contrast
+appears small. During many of the winter months, a
+life on the prairies becomes a necessity to the frontiersman
+and not a pleasure. The force and power of the
+winds on the level earth of the far West, are beyond
+human imagination. The snow storms there, at the
+proper period of the year, are terrific in their grandeur.
+The quantity of the snow that falls is not so much a matter
+of notice as the force with which it comes, being
+almost blinding in its effects and requiring all the physical
+powers of both man and beast to meet and contend
+against it. It but seldom happens, during one of these
+seasons, that the roads are so blocked up by snow that
+human ingenuity cannot overcome the obstacle; for the
+wind drifts the snow, rendering the path clear at intervals
+which vary in their area. The poor mail parties are
+the ones who experience this undesirable life; and, in
+their attempts to make their journeys, they are often
+driven near to death's door, although every precaution is
+taken to make the transit safe. The mules of these parties
+are well protected with india rubber coverings which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page345" id="page345"></a>[pg 345]</span>
+are lined with blankets, and, so snugly are they made to
+fit every available part of the animal, that it seems
+almost impossible for cold to touch them. Corn and fodder,
+to a limited extent, is transported; but, even with
+these precautions, the mules now and then succumb to
+cold. The man covers his body with warm clothing and
+carries with him furs and robes enough to be seemingly
+able to defy the storms. He can provide himself only
+with a scanty amount of fuel, for his means of conveyance
+are very contracted. When overtaken by the
+storms, which may last several days, he is rendered
+almost powerless, and is at the tender mercies of the gale;
+for he cannot make fires,&mdash;and without them he may
+perish. This is not true of every trip made across the
+plains during the winter, for, like on the ocean, the passage
+may be frequently gone through with the encountering
+of but little real suffering. One thing in favor of
+making the journey in this season of the year is, the
+probability of not seeing an Indian. They, usually, during
+the cold months, stow themselves away in their,
+comparatively speaking, warm mountain retreats. In
+crossing the plains, small parties find the item of meeting
+Indians to be of considerable importance, as, even in the
+time of peace, they are very exacting and troublesome,
+demanding that provisions should be given them, by way
+of toll. To refuse is apt to bring down their ire, when
+they will usually help themselves to whatever suits their
+fancy. They are very partial to sugar, which, when
+they cannot say the word in English, they call "Shoog."
+If not understood, they make their wants known by the
+Indian sign of touching with the index finger the tip of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page346" id="page346"></a>[pg 346]</span>
+the tongue, thereby indicating the sweetness of the
+article. Many of them come armed with a piece of
+paper, which testimonial of good behavior they have
+obtained from their agent or forced from some traveler.
+As they cannot read, it makes but little difference what
+is the sense of the writing so long as it is <i>bon&#226; fide</i> penmanship.
+I once saw one of these documents which the
+owner prized very highly, but, had he known the purport
+of his paper, he would have sighed for the scalp of
+his <i>kind friend</i> who wrote it. The language was as follows:
+"Crossing of the Arkansas," etc. "The bearer,
+<i>Young Antelope</i>, is a good Indian and will not take anything
+out of his reach. This is to warn traders and
+travelers to beware of his race, breed, seed, and
+generation." It was signed evidently with a fictitious
+name, and answered the purpose for which it was intended,
+which was, to get rid of an ugly customer and
+to put strangers on their guard against the man who carried it.</p>
+
+<p>On arriving at Taos, Kit Carson left this party and
+proceeded to Rayado, where he was, soon after, actively
+engaged in farming pursuits.</p>
+
+<p>During the subsequent winter, a detachment of ten
+dragoons under the command of sergeant Holbrook was
+stationed at Rayado to protect the little settlement. In
+order that their animals might have the benefit of the
+good grass which was to be found in the mountains at a
+place where but little snow fell, the settlers established
+there a herder's ranche, posting two men there to look
+after and guard the property. The cold months were
+passed in peace and quiet, but, in the spring the marauding
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page347" id="page347"></a>[pg 347]</span>
+Apaches came, and, after wounding both of the
+herders, stole all the gentle animals, including both
+horses and mules. One of the wounded men made his
+way to Rayado, notwithstanding his injuries, and gave
+information of what had happened to himself and companion.
+On learning these facts, Kit Carson, the dragoons
+and three of the settlers, immediately proceeded
+to the ranche. They arrived there just as the shades of
+night began to fall. Nothing could be attempted until
+the dawn of another day, consequently, a camp was
+ordered and duly arranged. As the first faint beam of
+light gilded anew the mountain tops, the party were up
+and moving. They soon found the trail made by the
+thieves and commenced a sharp pursuit. The pace at
+which they traveled became so rapid, that, at the distance
+of only twenty-five miles from the spot where they
+first struck the trail, the Indians were discovered moving
+on the prairie a long way in advance. There remained
+nothing but an open chase.</p>
+
+<p>Orders were issued to accelerate even the hitherto
+rapid march. Each man resumed his exertions to put
+his horse to his best speed. The chase was growing
+intensely exciting when four of the animals belonging to
+the pursuers gave out, completely ridden down. Their
+riders were the most unhappy of any of the party at this
+circumstance, for it precluded even the chances of engaging
+in the expected affray. Leaving the four men
+behind, the remainder of the party pushed on in the
+pursuit, and every bound made by their horses brought
+them nearer to their foes. After several hours of this
+hard riding, they came near enough to the warriors to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page348" id="page348"></a>[pg 348]</span>
+count their numbers. Their force consisted of twenty
+well armed and equipped Indians. They showed no
+fear of the party pursuing them, but clung to their stolen
+property with such pertinacity that they allowed themselves
+to be overtaken. A running fight was immediately
+commenced which became most exciting, as well as
+dangerous, to the participants; but, all the more exciting
+because thus dangerous. The Indians were all skillful
+horsemen and fought with great dexterity. Their animals
+being comparatively fresh, in this respect they had
+the advantage. Notwithstanding this fact, the pursuing
+party administered to them a severe lesson. Five of the
+rascally Indians were killed and several wounded, while
+all of the stolen animals, with the exception of four, were
+overtaken and recaptured. The whole of this pursuit
+and the running fight which terminated so successfully
+was accomplished under the advice of Kit Carson. Each
+man in the pursuing party felt that the simple fact that
+Kit Carson's eagle eye and experienced hand watched
+and guided their movements was a guaranty of certain
+and ample success. Hence, the labor of the long chase
+and the demands upon their personal skill, activity and
+courage made by the necessities of the fight, were all
+met with that kind of readiness and determination which
+seldom fails to make the soldier invincible. Every man
+in that party knew well that an Indian chase with Kit
+Carson for a leader, meant fight and win success or die.</p>
+
+<p>In referring to this adventure Kit Carson, when speaking
+of the gallant men who accompanied him, said,
+"They all proved themselves to be men of the very best material."</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page349" id="page349"></a>[pg 349]</span>
+
+<p>Unfortunately, two of this gallant party have since
+fallen by the hands of these same Apache warriors. One
+of these was Sergeant Holbrook, a brave man, a skillful
+soldier and a noble friend. He was one who adorned his
+profession of arms and who was an honor to the country
+whose uniform he wore. He was killed at the well
+known battle of Ceneguilla while bravely fighting
+against overwhelming odds. This battle was fought in
+New Mexico in the year 1854. In it, a company of
+United States dragoons were worsted and cut to pieces
+by a greatly superior force of these Indians who succeeded
+in drawing them into an ambuscade.</p>
+
+<p>The other person referred to as having been since
+killed by this tribe of Apaches was a brave and experienced
+trapper, well known throughout the range of
+Indian depredations as a fearless and dangerous adversary.
+His name was William New. He was literally
+murdered at Rayado by these Apaches. This occurred
+only a few months after he had formed one of the party
+to pursue and recover the animals stolen from their
+ranche. When he was attacked, New was engaged tilling
+the soil on his own farm. The rascally Indians surrounded
+him before he became aware of their presence.
+Having an empty rifle with him, he succeeded, for some
+time, in keeping his assailants at bay, by pretending that
+the piece was loaded and pointing it at the foremost
+warrior as if he intended to fire it. The savages, however,
+finally discovered the truth and immediately made
+a rush upon him. A most desperate fight ensued, for
+William New, even thus defenceless, was not one who
+would yield up his life without a struggle. He made
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page350" id="page350"></a>[pg 350]</span>
+almost superhuman efforts to effect his escape, using the
+rifle as a club; wound after wound was given him in
+rapid succession in return for the desperate blows which
+he dealt with the rifle. His efforts, however, proved
+futile. Gradually the red blood was gathered from his
+body and drank up by the soil to which he looked for
+the sustenance of himself and family, until finally, he
+sank upon the ground fainting from its loss, literally
+covered from head to foot with frightful wounds. Thus
+died one more of the sparse race of original mountaineers,
+now fast passing away, bravely meeting the fate
+that has hitherto usually awaited this band of fearless men.</p>
+
+<p>We again turn to the adventures of Kit Carson. On
+the fifth day of May, 1850, accompanied by an old mountaineer
+named Timothy Goodel, he started with fifty
+head of mules and horses for Fort Laramie. This fort
+is distant from Rayado, over five hundred miles. The
+object which the two men had in view was to trade their
+animals with the emigrants who were, at that time,
+thronging the overland route to California. The journey
+was safely accomplished, Kit Carson and Goodel arriving
+at the fort, with their animals all in good condition, sometime
+in the following June. They remained here about
+one month disposing of their animals at good bargains.</p>
+
+<p>A few rather amusing anecdotes have had their rise
+connected with this visit which Kit Carson made to Fort
+Laramie. Among several other incidents the following
+is somewhat laughable and seems to us worth relating.
+Among the line of emigrants then on the road, the
+report was circulated for some distance back that the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page351" id="page351"></a>[pg 351]</span>
+famous Kit Carson was at the fort. The result was that
+every man, woman and child, as fast as they arrived at
+the fort, were eager to gratify their curiosity by a sight
+of the man whose name and exploits had already been
+the theme of many a conversation among them. If ever
+Yankee, or American, (which is the more appropriate
+term, we will not attempt to decide) inquisitiveness was
+exhibited, it certainly could be then seen at Fort Laramie.
+The large majority of those who were thus
+anxious to see the famous guide, were led astray by the
+descriptions which they had heard and read, and picked
+out some powerfully built trader who chanced to present
+himself, especially if the man was tastefully dressed in
+a hunting shirt, with buck-skin leggins, and whose
+appearance indicated ferocity. Of this kind of personages
+there were quite a number present at the fort. Usually
+they would accost the man whom they had thus selected.
+Sometimes, if their address was appropriate and the
+humor of the person accosted so inclined, they would get
+put right, but more frequently they were left to enjoy and
+cherish their mistake, or were made the subject of a joke.
+Among the rest there came along quite a rough looking
+individual fresh from the cane-brakes of Arkansas.
+He, also, was seeking to place his eyes upon Kit Carson.
+Accidentally, or intentionally, it matters not for the story,
+he was directed to the place where the <i>bon&#226; fide</i> Kit Carson
+stood. His powerful frame and determined looks, as
+he put his inquiries, made those inquired of, apparently,
+cautious how they perpetrated a joke upon the Arkansas
+man. At last, standing face to face with Kit Carson,
+he thus interrogated him. "I say, stranger, are you Kit
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page352" id="page352"></a>[pg 352]</span>
+Carson?" Being modestly answered in the affirmative,
+he stood a moment, apparently quite taken aback at
+beholding the short, compact and mild-looking man that
+stood before him. Evidently his beau ideal of the great
+mountaineer did not compare with the man whom he thus
+faced. This momentary hesitation resulted in the conviction
+that he was being deceived. The conviction, at
+last, took form in words. Rolling an immense quid of
+his beloved Indian weed from one cheek to its brother
+he said, "Look 'ere <i>stranger</i>, you can't come that over
+me any how. You ain't the kind of Kit Carson I am looking for."</p>
+
+<p>This was too much for Kit Carson to hear without
+treating the person addressed to his <i>beau ideal</i> of Kit
+Carson, so suppressing a laugh, and assuming a very
+meek expression of countenance, as if he was afraid to
+impose upon the Arkansas man, he quietly pointed to a
+powerfully built trader, who chanced to be passing near
+by, dressed in true prairie style. The Arkansas emigrant
+followed around after the trader until, seemingly,
+he was perfectly satisfied, that he had, at last, found the
+famous person of whom he had heard so many wonderful
+stories narrated. After gazing at the man for some
+time, he departed, no doubt with one more perfect description
+of what sort of personage Kit Carson was.</p>
+
+<p>From the time Kit Carson's name began to be
+heralded throughout the world up to the present date,
+impostors have presented themselves in various cities;
+and, acting on the credulity of the people, they have
+palmed themselves off as the individual of whom we
+write; but, from the perusal of this work, it can be seen
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page353" id="page353"></a>[pg 353]</span>
+how seldom the real Kit Carson has enjoyed the luxuries
+of civilized life. It is in this way, many persons have
+gathered wrong impressions concerning Kit Carson.</p>
+
+<p>Within the past few years, a stranger one day presented
+himself in the quiet town of Taos, and, being a
+fellow of words, he soon let everybody there know his
+business, both past and present. In one of the principal
+stores of the town, there happened to be congregated
+a small party of friends, among whom was Kit Carson.
+They were talking of the important affairs of their section
+of country, when this strange individual entered.
+His familiarity with all things soon gave him an introduction;
+and, after a short conversation, a wag present
+was tempted, by the fellow's boasting, to quiz him.
+Addressing the traveler he asked, "What part of the
+world, pray sir, do you come from?"</p>
+
+<p>The answer was prompt.</p>
+
+<p>"I kum from the Cheyenne Nation. I've been living
+with them Injins fur several years. Indeed, I consider
+myself more of an Injin than a white man."</p>
+
+<p>The conversation then turned upon other matters.
+The fellow made some remarks which led the party to
+believe that he was entirely unacquainted with the
+Cheyenne Indians, or any other Indians. When he was
+apparently off of his guard, the wag resumed his questioning.</p>
+
+<p>"I presume, stranger, you accompany the Cheyennes
+when they go out on war parties, as you say that you have turned warrior."</p>
+
+<p>The reply was:</p>
+
+<p>"When they go out 'gainst t'other Injins, I do; but
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page354" id="page354"></a>[pg 354]</span>
+when they hunt white men's hair, I am allowed to stay
+behind. This was one of the stip'lations when I took a
+squaw and jined the tribe."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh ho! that is the way you manage!" exclaimed the wag.</p>
+
+<p>"Yes! and I've bin the means of saving some scalps
+for my race too, fur the Injins believe in me, they do," continued the fellow.</p>
+
+<p>The wag resumed&mdash;</p>
+
+<p>"Perhaps, stranger, you have heard of Kit Carson.
+It is said he is on the prairies somewhere, either dead or alive."</p>
+
+<p>The fellow answered:</p>
+
+<p>"You've got me! Know Kit Carson! I reckon I do.
+It is strange that you should ask me that, when Kit was
+the very last man I laid eyes on as I left our tribe."</p>
+
+<p>Here the fellow lowered his voice and said, as if exemplifying sympathy.</p>
+
+<p>"Poor Kit was in a very bad way one hour before we
+parted. The fact is, you know, he'd bin playin' the
+papers (meaning gambling) and had lost everything.
+However, I made him happy by giving him my gun and
+powder-horn. With them, you know, he will git along anywhere!"</p>
+
+<p>All hands, except Kit Carson, joined in the laugh at
+the fellow's impudence. Kit Carson's patience was exhausted
+in listening to the barefaced falsehoods which
+the man was uttering; so, with some excuse, he left the
+party. The fellow was unapprised of the farce which he
+had been acting; and, shortly after, left the town, believing
+that he had acquitted himself as became a hero.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page355" id="page355"></a>[pg 355]</span>
+
+<p>By way of episode, and while story-telling keeps its
+hold on our pen, we may as well relate a short anecdote,
+which, though it does not form any close connection with
+this part of the narrative, seems to illustrate the practical
+jokes which are sometimes played off by the western
+men upon those who have yet to undergo their novitiate.</p>
+
+<p>A German accidentally wandered out to and located
+himself in company with others on or near the Greenhorn
+River, which is one of the tributaries of the Arkansas.
+Their business was trading with the Mormons, many of
+whom at that time traveled to Salt Lake, by what is
+known as the Arkansas River route. In so doing, they
+came near the vicinity of the site selected for trading
+purposes. In the commencement, the German was very
+inexperienced in matters that pertained to trading with
+these emigrants, and, as a matter of course, in an Indian
+country, met with many singular adventures. It so
+happened that this man was exceedingly afraid of rattlesnakes,
+and those he was associated with, by way of
+amusement, delighted in augmenting his fears by telling
+him wonderful stories of what feats the reptile had
+been known to perform. On the first trip which he
+made to the camp of some Mormons located about nine
+miles off, his ride took him through a perfect hot-bed
+of these snakes. Behind his saddle, on the horse's back
+which he rode, he had tied a bag of rice which he had
+intended to barter. The German, not being used to riding,
+was a poor horseman, while unfortunately, his steed
+was a spirited animal, and at once, on his mounting,
+started off on a trot. The string of the bag of rice
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page356" id="page356"></a>[pg 356]</span>
+became loosened by the severe jolting, and its contents
+came tumbling on the ground in great quantities, but
+afterwards as the stock on hand decreased, this was lessened.
+The German, who had his hands full to keep his
+seat in the saddle, heard the rattling noise behind him,
+but dared not look around, for fear of being thrown off
+from his horse. He supposed he was chased by a ferocious
+snake, and, at once, thought only of escape; therefore,
+seizing the mane of the horse, he gave him the
+spurs. He was soon going at a flying gait; still, the rattling
+noise pursued him as the increased speed sent the
+little grains of rice out of the sack in greater quantities.
+At last the sound died away, as the cause of the trouble
+was expended. The frightened rider now considered himself
+safe, and began to rein in his horse. After a while,
+he brought him to a stand-still, and turned to look for
+his retreating enemy, but instead, found the origin and
+cause of the mischief. His loss was irrecoverable, and
+he could only laugh at the ridiculous figure he must
+have cut. This adventure gave his friends much merriment,
+and served to open his eyes in reference to the
+much vaunted capabilities of this snake. He has since
+often told this story of himself, and considers it a capital joke.</p>
+
+<p>The labor of settling up their business at Fort Laramie
+was soon over, when Kit Carson and Goodel took their
+departure. Goodel started for California, while Kit Carson
+commenced his tramp homeward. As a traveling
+companion, he took with him a Mexican. They pursued
+their journey quite pleasantly and safely enough, but,
+on their arrival at the Greenhorn River, the scene of the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page357" id="page357"></a>[pg 357]</span>
+German's adventure with a rattle-snake, they were
+obliged to be very wary in their progress, for Kit had
+learned that the Apache Indians were out on the warpath,
+and were waylaying the road which, he intended
+to pursue with the avowed purpose of attacking, plundering
+and murdering whoever chanced to fall in their
+savage clutches. Kit Carson, therefore, halted for six
+days on the banks of the Greenhorn, and spent the time
+recruiting his animals. While here and thus engaged,
+a party of white men, whom he found encamped on the
+same river, formed the subject of his earnest attention.
+They had come thus far on their route to New Mexico, but,
+on learning the news of the hostile attitude of the Apache
+nation, their courage had entirely deserted them. They
+did not dare venture into New Mexico, and counselled
+the retracing of their steps. Kit Carson set himself to
+work, but found he had a difficult task to talk courage
+into these men. By dint of much argument, he succeeded
+in persuading one of them to accompany him. On
+the seventh day, with this one companion&mdash;for the Mexican
+had left him&mdash;he broke up his little camp on the
+Greenhorn, and set out upon his dangerous journey.</p>
+
+<p>By taking a zigzag course, avoiding, in the mountains,
+all the usually traveled trails, he advanced on his route
+forty miles without seeing any very fresh Indian signs.
+As often as the moon was unclouded, the two men embraced
+the assistance of its pale light to make progress
+through the dangers that beset them; and, on the days
+which succeeded this night-work, they would conceal
+themselves and animals in some out of the way place,
+where they were not to be easily discovered. Kit Carson
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page358" id="page358"></a>[pg 358]</span>
+had not sufficient confidence in the quickness of perception
+of his companion to trust him as a sentinel,
+therefore, he had to take upon himself all of that important
+duty. While on the lookout, he usually posted
+himself in the top limbs of a tree and always took care
+to select one that commanded a good prospect of the
+surrounding country. After several days passed without
+having proper rest, Kit, in the monotony of his position
+as sentinel, would feel sleep stealing over him, until it
+was difficult to keep longer awake. He would close
+his eyes and commence to nod, but on these occasions
+he was sure to be quickly aroused on almost losing his
+balance, by which, however, he endangered his neck.
+One day, while thus employed, he was perched in the
+highest branches of a lofty old cotton-wood on the banks
+of the River Timchera and not far off from the "Spanish
+Peaks." Nearly ten hours had passed without anything
+special having attracted his attention, when, all at once,
+a band of straggling Apaches came into view not over
+one half mile distant. A single look was sufficient to
+convince him that, as yet, neither himself nor his companion
+had been discovered. No time was to be lost,
+so Kit, as quickly as possible, descended and ran to
+where his friend was, and informed him of their danger.
+The animals were soon saddled, and the two men mounting
+them, struck out in a direction just the opposite to
+that in which the Indians were traveling. Fortune
+favored them, as, soon after they had emerged from the
+timber into the open prairies, night set in, thus shutting
+them out from the view of the savages. Profiting by
+the darkness and the level country which lay before
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page359" id="page359"></a>[pg 359]</span>
+them, they reached, by the rising of the next morning's
+sun, the Mexican town of Red River, which was sixty-five
+miles distant from the place they had last started
+from. All dangers having been now surmounted, they
+made a sufficient stay at Red River to rest themselves and animals.</p>
+
+<p>On resuming their journey, they jogged along over the
+now rough trail and, after a ride of thirty miles, came to
+Taos, where they were once more safe from the perils
+that had so recently surrounded them, and where they
+were well provided for by kind friends.</p>
+
+<p>Rio Colorado, or Red River settlement, is, next to
+Taos, the oldest town in northern New Mexico. It is
+located on a small stream of the same name, which flows
+into the Rio Grande. The town itself contains some
+two or three hundred inhabitants, and occupies rather a
+pretty site, being built on a high bank, while between
+it and the river there is a large strip of bottom land,
+which is under cultivation. The scenery about is
+picturesque, embracing lofty and bold mountains, beautiful
+wood-land and open prairies. The external appearance
+of the village is that of abject poverty; and, on
+entering it, one readily sees that his eyesight has not
+deceived him, but that his first impressions are fully
+realized. It was here that Fremont and his men found
+a haven of safety after meeting their trying reverses on
+the fourth exploring expedition. To them, the sight of
+this town must have been hailed with delight. In Red
+River there live two old trappers, who have long since
+been weaned from the habits and manners of civilization.
+These two men are Canadians, one of them notorious
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page360" id="page360"></a>[pg 360]</span>
+for the "yarns" he can spin; but as they are many of
+them past belief, they are listened to by the traveler
+as a help to pass the time while he is obliged to tarry
+in the place. A young English nobleman who was on a
+visit of pleasure to the western country, once fell into
+this man's clutches, and, from the trapper's after boasting,
+we infer that he (the trapper) more than surpassed
+himself in story-telling. Among other things, he informed
+this nobleman that he had once mastered a
+grizzly bear in a hand-to-hand fight by cramming a stick
+that was sharpened at both ends into the bear's mouth
+in such a way that the monster could not close his jaws,
+because it fastened and kept them open. Being asked
+by the nobleman how large were the <i>hare</i> in that vicinity
+of country, his answer was, that he had seen them of
+such a magnitude that one would be a load for a man,
+and that when strung across the hunter's shoulder, one
+part was sure to be dragging on the ground. He then
+boasted that he had killed a grasshopper that, with his
+head cut off, weighed <i>six ounces</i>. Notwithstanding his
+love of talk, this old man had once been a brave and
+famous hunter; but no confidence could be placed in him,
+owing to his habituated want of regard for truth and
+honor; hence, he has long since been excluded from the
+companionship of the mountaineers. The English gentleman
+above spoken of was an experienced traveler, and
+therefore undoubtedly knew how to weigh the truth of
+his astonishing information.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page361" id="page361"></a>[pg 361]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XIV.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Kit Carson reaches Home&mdash;Himself and Neighbors robbed by the Apaches&mdash;Major
+Grier goes in Pursuit of, and recaptures the stolen Stock&mdash;A Plot organized by
+White Men to murder two Santa F&#233; Traders for their Money&mdash;The Disclosure&mdash;Kit
+Carson goes to the Rescue of the Traders&mdash;The Camp of United States Recruits&mdash;Captain
+Ewell with twenty Men joins Kit Carson and they two make the
+Arrest of Fox&mdash;Gratitude expressed by the Traders&mdash;Money offered but refused&mdash;The
+Prisoner taken to Taos and incarcerated&mdash;Kit Carson receives a magnificent
+Pair of Revolvers as a Present from the grateful Traders&mdash;The return to Rayado&mdash;A
+Trading Expedition to the United States&mdash;The return Journey&mdash;An
+Encounter with the Cheyenne Indians&mdash;A State of Suspense&mdash;The Deliverance
+from Danger by a Message sent by a Mexican Runner&mdash;The arrival at Rayado.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>After finishing the pleasant visit which he was thus
+enabled to make, while recruiting himself among the
+good people of Taos, Kit Carson bent his way to his
+home at Rayado. He safely reached there and had
+but just dismounted at his own door, when he was informed
+of a recent calamity that had befallen himself
+and neighbors during his absence. It was the old story,
+viz. that the Indians had come in and boldly stole all the
+animals belonging to the settlement&mdash;At the time this
+depredation had been committed, there was a small detachment
+of United States troops stationed in the place,
+but the soldiers were too few in number to attempt a
+rescue of the property from the savages. The latter had
+visited the little town with a strong force on this occasion;
+the settlers, therefore, made application to the
+commanding officer of the territory, who promptly dispatched
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page362" id="page362"></a>[pg 362]</span>
+Major Grier with a command of dragoons to
+hunt up the guilty parties and punish them. This the
+major did and was so fortunate as to recover nearly all
+of the stolen stock which he had the satisfaction of returning to its owners.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson remained through the following summer
+months at his ranche at Rayado, busying himself in
+efforts to improve his house and lands.</p>
+
+<p>In his employment Kit Carson had several faithful
+Mexicans. His task was to superintend their labors,
+which occupied only a part of his time. When anything
+required it he lent a hand to assist them; but,
+these men had to be provided with provisions which, to
+purchase in those distant parts, would have entailed a
+great item of expense; indeed, more than equal to the
+profits arising from their labor. Therefore, a certain
+amount of time had to be set apart for hunting, which
+kind of employment he truly enjoyed. Mounted on a
+fine horse, with his faithful gun and dog, early each day,
+he would start out on the prairies to engage in the chase.
+In a few hours he would return on foot, with his noble
+hunter loaded down with choice game. Sometimes it
+would be antelope or elk; on another occasion, it would
+consist of black tailed deer, which are celebrated as
+being the largest and the finest species of venison that
+roam the forests of any country and are only to be
+found in the Rocky Mountains; on another, wild-turkeys;
+and then mountain grouse and prairie chickens helped to
+complete the load. When thus provided for, it is no
+wonder that Kit's workmen loved their employment and
+labored with good will. While thus engaged Kit Carson's
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page363" id="page363"></a>[pg 363]</span>
+weather eye was always open for Indian signs.
+His horses, cattle and sheep which he had bought since
+the last depredation were watched with great vigilance,
+as no one could foretell what the next hour would bring
+forth. In his mountain home Kit was often visited by
+Indian friends who came to smoke the pipe of peace
+with him and enjoy his hospitality. When thus surrounded
+by rival hunters worthy of his steel, who had
+sprung up, like oaks of the forest, he felt truly happy.
+This happiness was greatly enhanced and augmented by
+the thrifty appearance of everything that pertained to him.</p>
+
+<p>He saw himself in the possession of fine lands, well
+watered and well timbered. Also plenty which was
+ready for the plow. It was almost a farm, made to
+order by the most perfect Workman. The soil, unsurpassed
+in richness and fertility, was a safe and sure
+depository for his seeds, telling him, in its silent, but unmistakable
+language, of the rich harvest in store for him.
+His stock was the best which heart could wish; and last,
+but with him not least, he was within a stone's throw of
+splendid hunting grounds, which, to his unerring rifle, as
+the reader has already seen, proved as safe an assistant,
+as would have been a Wall street bank with a large
+credit side to his account.</p>
+
+<p>We have here a picture of Kit Carson enjoying the
+rewards of a home congenial to his taste and knowledge
+of life, while around him are gathered the objects which
+his manly soul had learned to love and live for. The
+painting is one which we find beautiful to the sight and
+which is rich in its lessons of life. But these deductions
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page364" id="page364"></a>[pg 364]</span>
+must be left for the sensitive and honest hearted imagination
+to draw. It is not fitting to add them to these
+pages, however truthful they may be, until the last sad
+rites which are measured out to all, shall have been performed
+for the brave man of whom we write, and his
+noble soul shall have winged its flight to the happier
+hunting grounds of eternity.</p>
+
+<p>The duties of farming and hunting were only once
+interrupted during the summer which Kit Carson thus
+enjoyed with his family. The exploit which called him,
+on this occasion, from his home, was caused by an effort
+to save the lives of two well known traders. To accomplish
+this, he assumed the character and duties of a
+detective police officer. The circumstances of the case were as follows.</p>
+
+<p>An American, by the name of Fox, had organized a
+party to accompany as a guard over the plains, and,
+while professedly engaged in this duty, to murder Messrs.
+Brevoort and Weatherhead, two gentlemen who were
+traveling into the United States, as the rascal and
+party supposed, with a large sum of money which they
+expected to expend in the purchase of goods to be used
+for trading purposes. Fox played his part so well that
+when he offered himself and men as an escort, the offer
+was accepted by the intended and unsuspicious victims,
+as if it had been a mark of particular favor. Before the
+route was entered upon, Fox visited Taos for the purpose
+of enlisting among his band of desperadoes, a fellow
+who resided in that town. He was a person who
+bore a very bad character, but for some reason, which
+has never transpired, he refused to go; yet, proving true
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page365" id="page365"></a>[pg 365]</span>
+as a wicked confidant, he waited until he thought his
+friend Fox was sufficiently advanced on the road to
+accomplish his hellish purposes without any chance of
+his being overtaken and arrested. He then saw fit to divulge the plot.</p>
+
+<p>Every new country is the favorite place of resort for
+desperadoes and rascals of all grades, who cannot live
+in their native districts on account of their many crimes.</p>
+
+<p>Until the machinery of law and order begins to work
+smoothly, these fellows, in their new homes, have every
+thing their own way unless they go to too great excesses,
+when their neighbors will rise for their own protection
+and treat them with summary and severe punishment.
+Often, by thus making an example of a few, large numbers
+are prevented from doing further mischief. In the
+early history of nearly every one of our western territories,
+escaped convicts, murderers, thieves and the worst
+sort of humanity, mingled in with good men, have commenced
+their nefarious practices on a grand scale. These
+things have brought such sections of our country into
+bad repute abroad. It needs but time for communities
+to ferret these human monsters out and visit upon
+them a just retribution. The inland position of New
+Mexico and the consequent difficulty of intercourse with
+the General Government of the United States, made it
+an inviting place, from time to time, for men of this
+stamp to visit; but, as they have met on most occasions
+with a reception from the friends of order, not in the
+least suited to their tastes, they have almost ceased their
+coming, thereby showing what a few resolute men can
+accomplish at the commencement of such trouble. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page366" id="page366"></a>[pg 366]</span>
+reforming work of mitigating the evil, which is sure to
+result among a mixed population under the best regulations,
+is slowly progressing, and the day is not far distant,
+when New Mexico, in this respect, will compare
+favorable with her sister (and older) territories.</p>
+
+<p>The purport of this diabolical plot accidentally came
+to the ears of an officer in the army, who chanced to
+be in Taos at the time. This gentleman was one of the
+first to hear of it, and at once sought Kit Carson; but
+instead of directly telling him what he had just heard,
+from some strange reason of his own, he demanded
+of Kit whether he would be willing to pursue and
+apprehend Fox for debt. To this proposition Kit Carson replied in the negative.</p>
+
+<p>On hearing Kit's indignant refusal to be employed in
+such a menial undertaking, the officer concluded to lay
+the true state of the case before him, who, he naturally
+enough thought, could, above all others in that territory,
+devise some plan that would result in rescuing
+Brevoort and Weatherhead from their impending fate.
+Here it may be proper for us to add that the officer
+who had thus indiscreetly acted, must have had previously
+a very slight acquaintance with Kit Carson, or
+he would not have selected him as a man ready and
+anxious for any dirty job which might offer, as it is
+entirely foreign to his true character. Kit Carson, on
+being apprised of the facts, became interested, and took
+the management of the affair, for the most part, into
+his own hands; and, on investigating it more thoroughly,
+he came to the conclusion that Fox and his companions
+contemplated committing the crime on the Cimaron River.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page367" id="page367"></a>[pg 367]</span>
+
+<p>This river is nearly east from Taos; and the point
+at which Carson anticipated overhauling the party was
+between two and three hundred miles distant. At this
+time, the Mountain Indians were unusually hostile; but
+Kit Carson was always well informed of their movements&mdash;as
+much so as it was in the power of any one to
+be. With the little command under him he was willing,
+where so weighty a matter as saving the lives of two
+of his countrymen demanded his services, to march anywhere&mdash;even
+if he had to contest his way. One hour
+was sufficient time for him to make ready for the undertaking,
+but not so with the soldiers. They had to put
+their horses and themselves in trim, for it might be
+severe and taxing duty. The route taken by the party
+was a trail, which leads direct to Rayado, and on which,
+just before reaching the last-named place, there are
+many curious piles of stones, which are scattered over
+the side of a mountain, and have formed a puzzle to
+many an inquiring mind. By some they are supposed
+to be Indian graves; but, by others, they are thought
+to have been made as a sort of landmark by the older
+inhabitants of the plains, when they started into New
+Mexico on some marauding incursion. These latter
+persons believe that the Indians were unacquainted
+with the country they were invading, and had left these
+marks to assist them in making their way out again.
+Most likely the first hypothesis is true, and that the
+stones were thus heaped up to protect the corpses from
+being devoured by the wolves. On quitting Rayado
+Kit Carson struck out on the open prairies.</p>
+
+<p>By making an expeditious march, Kit Carson felt that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page368" id="page368"></a>[pg 368]</span>
+the traders could yet be saved. His party consisted of
+ten picked men of the dragoons, and it was splendidly
+mounted on horses furnished him to assist in the undertaking.
+The pace which Kit commanded and required
+was one which would try the nerves and courage of
+most good horsemen. Onward, over the level prairie,
+the party galloped&mdash;every man feeling proud of the
+guide, whose spirit they caught and imitated. The
+second night out from Taos they came upon the camp
+of a detachment of United States recruits who were
+under the command of Captain Ewell, and who were
+bound for New Mexico, where they were to reinforce
+the regiments of the army which were stationed in that territory.</p>
+
+<p>It is customary to send out, each year, detachments
+of recruits to the different departments of the West.
+These men are enlisted and collected at the d&#233;p&#244;ts
+within the States; and, whenever a sufficient force
+is collected to fill up the requisitions, they are dispatched,
+at the proper seasons, to their respective
+regiments. Those intended for New Mexico set out
+during the summer months. They are rarely sent at
+the same time, or as the same command of men. These
+recruits are a hard set to manage, especially when
+traveling through the States, where they are exposed
+to temptation. On arriving at the commencement of
+their hardships, on the plains, it is usually found that
+many have deserted, and also that many might have
+done so with benefit to the government. Military service
+with recruits, and the same with old soldiers, are
+two different things. With the former, officers are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page369" id="page369"></a>[pg 369]</span>
+obliged to command, threaten and punish, to accomplish
+in one day, what the latter would perform without much
+trouble in half the time. Recruits know little or
+nothing about marching or camp duty; and, in taking
+care of them, an officer has his hands full. Even the
+most minute items have to be looked to; for example,
+they are men rarely used to fire-arms, being, for the
+most part, foreigners by birth, and are just as apt to
+load a gun with the ball of the cartridge first down, as
+with the powder. Old soldiers look upon these new
+comers as verdant in the extreme, and the pranks they
+often play upon them are very humorous. With patient
+discipline, they become serviceable men, and are an
+honor to the standard which they carry; and, what appears
+to be the strangest fact of all, frequently the poorest
+looking recruit may make the best soldier. This is
+a fair picture of the men Capt. Ewell was commanding.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson at once informed the captain of the duty
+he was on, when that distinguished officer, generously
+determined to assist in putting a damper on the wicked
+designs of the wretches. Taking with him twenty men,
+Captain Ewell joined Kit Carson, and together they
+proceeded in the pursuit. By using every precaution in
+their power, and forcing their marches, they entered into
+the camp of the traders, and arrested Fox before he had
+time even to suspect the business upon which the party
+had come. After Fox was secured, Messrs. Weatherhead
+and Brevoort, were informed of the dangers through
+which they had passed. These gentlemen, at first were
+astounded, but they soon became assured of the truth of
+what they heard. They then selected fifteen men whom
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page370" id="page370"></a>[pg 370]</span>
+they knew to be innocent, and ordered the remainder of
+their escort, numbering thirty-five souls, to leave their
+camp instanter, which command was promptly obeyed.
+To Kit Carson, they offered any sum of money that was
+in their power to bestow, in return for the invaluable
+service he had rendered them. Kit Carson replied, "that
+it was reward sufficient for him to have been instrumental
+in saving the lives of two worthy citizens, and
+that he could not think of receiving one cent of money."</p>
+
+<p>A long colloquy was held that night around a good
+camp fire, that was freely fed with "buffalo chips."<a id="footnotetag21" name="footnotetag21"></a><a href="#footnote21"><sup>21</sup></a> At
+midnight, most of the party were asleep, and nothing
+could then be heard except the barking of wolves and
+the heavy tread of the guard, as they walked to and fro
+on their respective beats. On the first appearance of
+day-light, all hands were up and preparing to strike their
+tents. Soon after the parties separated, but, before
+doing so, the traders again expressed their thanks, and
+then resumed their journey. Fox was first taken to
+Captain Ewell's camp, then he was turned over to Kit
+Carson, who conveyed him to Taos, where he was imprisoned
+for some time; but was finally released, as nothing
+positive could be proved against him, chiefly because
+he had committed no overt act, but had only, thus far,
+engaged in plotting the double murder and robbery.
+This is always a difficult crime to establish. In this
+instance, the difficulty was greatly augmented from the
+fact that the witnesses in the case, as soon as they heard
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page371" id="page371"></a>[pg 371]</span>
+of Fox's capture, scattered and left for parts unknown.
+He was finally set at liberty.</p>
+
+<p>At that day the keeping of a prisoner in close confinement
+in New Mexico, or of having him continually under
+the surveillance of the military was no ordinary, or easy
+matter. The only places which could be converted into
+jails, were the common <i>adobe</i> houses of the inhabitants.
+From these a wide awake and determined prisoner with
+the free use of his hands, and the assistance of the
+smallest kind of a tool, as a jack-knife or pair of scissors,
+could dig out of his dungeon in five or six hours. The
+large majority of the criminals who were thus incarcerated,
+managed to effect their escape. In the case of Fox,
+however, he had a man to deal with who was seldom
+thwarted in any of his undertakings. With so much convicting
+evidence of his wicked intentions, and with so
+much trouble to bring him to trial, it was greatly regretted,
+that he did not receive a suitable punishment. As
+soon as he was set free, Fox made his way out of the
+country; but his further history is not known.</p>
+
+<p>The general impression left upon the minds of the people
+who were familiar with the minutiæ of this affair
+was, that Fox was guilty. As he was known to be a
+finished villain, it was universally believed that, after
+murdering and plundering the two traders, he intended
+to grasp the "lion's share," and with his portion, to proceed
+to Texas, where, as he was there entirely unknown,
+he hoped to enjoy the rewards of his rascality.</p>
+
+<p>This valuable service rendered to Messrs. Brevoort and
+Weatherhead, was most gracefully and handsomely rewarded
+by them. In the course of the following spring,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page372" id="page372"></a>[pg 372]</span>
+they presented Kit with a pair of magnificent revolvers.
+Upon the silver mountings, there were engraved a very
+few, but expressive words, indicating the obligations
+which the donors considered themselves laboring under
+towards their deliverer. Such a testimonial to an unselfish
+heart like that which beats in the breast of Kit Carson,
+is a prize of greater value than any more substantial
+gift, which money could purchase. These beautiful
+weapons, Kit Carson prizes very highly; and, the donors
+may here learn the fact that, in the hands of their owner,
+they have since been duly initiated into active service, and
+found to perform their necessary duties most admirably.</p>
+
+<p>After the task of the arrest of Fox was thus successfully
+undertaken and consummated, by his being
+securely lodged in jail and placed under suitable guard,
+Kit Carson returned to Rayado, where he spent the winter
+in a very quiet manner. We use the term quiet
+manner: it should be qualified with the phrase, quiet
+manner for him. He found plenty of employment in
+looking after his animals, besides spending a large share
+of his time in hunting. This, however, although always
+attended with paying practical results, he did as much
+for pleasure as from necessity. He always found a large
+number of hungry mouths ready to relieve him from any
+superabundance of game; and, as his hospitality to all
+classes is unbounded, he took especial delight in feeding
+and liberally bestowing his bounties upon his poor Mexican
+neighbors, to whom powder and lead were more of a
+desideratum than to himself, and with whom his experience
+and skill as a hunter, were a source of support
+which they could only wish for.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page373" id="page373"></a>[pg 373]</span>
+
+<p>Early the next summer Kit Carson, in charge of a train
+of wagons belonging to himself and his friend Maxwell,
+set out for the United States. After an unusually pleasant
+journey, he reached the Missouri River, and proceeded
+down it, in a steamboat, to St. Louis. Here he
+purchased a large stock of goods. With this freight, he
+returned to Kansas, where he had left his caravan, into
+which, on his arrival, he transferred his merchandise.
+He then started on his return trip to New Mexico. In
+order that his animals might take advantage of the fine
+grass to be found there, he chose the route, known to
+all traders on the plains, as well as to the reader, as the
+road by Bent's Fort. He was progressing on his journey
+quite happily, when unfortunately, at a point that is
+located about fifteen miles above the fording of the
+Arkansas, he fell in with a village of Cheyenne Indians
+who were just at that time violently hostile towards
+the whites and were waiting an opportunity to wreak
+their vengeance on them. This state of feeling had been
+brought about only a few days previous, and was due to
+an officer who was attached to a command of recruits
+that some ten days before Kit Carson's arrival had passed
+by. He had flogged a warrior for some liberty which
+the fellow had taken while he was in the camp of the
+soldiers. These Cheyennes are very fond of dress and
+show; but, as a body, they are as noble and athletic
+looking men as tread this earth. Singular though the
+contrast may appear, a greater set of rascals never went
+unhung; yet, they are Indians, and, as such, they ought
+to command sympathy and forbearance.</p>
+
+<p>The young men who belong to the Cheyenne nation,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page374" id="page374"></a>[pg 374]</span>
+are fond of dress, and when arrayed in full costume one
+of them is a picture to look upon; when thus gilded no
+man could be prouder. These Indians wear their hair
+in a long cue &#224; la Chinese style. They take great pleasure
+in ornamenting this cue with innumerable pieces of
+silver, which are made from half dollar pieces, and are
+beat out in the shape of small shields. With their blue,
+or red blankets, long ribbons of different colored flannel,
+fancy leggins and bead decorations, and finally (as I once
+saw one) with a red cotton umbrella, they represent the
+very Paris tip of Indian fashion. Their squaws do not
+possess as regular and fine features as the men; but, this
+may be said to be true of most of the wild tribes of
+savages in North America, for it requires an enormous
+stretch of the imagination to call them handsome, while
+many of the men are fine looking. Hard work spoils
+the beauty of the Indian women. To admire an Indian
+woman one must seclude himself from the society of
+other females; under such circumstances it may be that
+a person might be inclined to change his opinion and
+think the race lovely. The lazy brave considers it
+beneath his station to work; therefore all camp labor and
+the packing, saddling and looking after the ponies
+devolves upon the squaw. When there is a scanty
+supply of horses, she is obliged to give her lord the preference
+in taking his ease, and go herself on foot and
+carry her pappoose. In fact it is lowering to the Indian's
+pride to do else than hunt and fight. Owing to the
+scarcity of timber on the western prairies the Indians
+transport their lodge poles from camp to camp. This is
+done by attaching them to the sides of the pack animals
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page375" id="page375"></a>[pg 375]</span>
+while the free ends drag on the ground, and in time of
+war this constitutes one of the signs of the trail by
+which to follow when in pursuit of them.</p>
+
+<p>The reason why the commanding officer of this party
+of recruits inflicted the summary punishment referred to,
+is not known to the writer; but, it surely does appear as if
+the person who ordered its execution or perhaps courageously
+performed it himself, might have reflected, that a
+savage, least of all men, allows a supposed injury done to
+him or his tribe to pass by unrevenged, and also that it is
+a matter of perfect indifference to him as to who the victim
+is, if he only gets the chance to strike a blow on the
+same nation. This revenge will quench his cruel thirst
+for blood quite as effectually as if he had the satisfaction
+of scalping the perpetrator of his real or supposed
+injury. It is a fact&mdash;alas too frequently true&mdash;that the
+parties who are strong in numbers, courage, and equipment,
+while crossing the plains, are prone to treat, in an
+overbearing and insolent manner, the bands of Indians
+with whom they chance to come into contact. For
+these insults and injuries weaker parties who travel upon
+the same road are held to a strict and revengeful account
+by being made to suffer even with their lives, as well as
+effects. Kit Carson and his small force, unfortunately,
+or rather, fortunately, so far as Kit himself was concerned,
+for no man could be better fitted to deal with
+such a crisis of trouble than he, were the first white
+men who came along after the flogging of their warrior
+had wrought up the temper of the Cheyenne nation to a
+degree which nearly bordered on frenzy.</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the whites were discovered, the Indians
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page376" id="page376"></a>[pg 376]</span>
+went into council evidently to decide on the best mode
+of attacking and making away with them. Kit Carson,
+though he did not know that this tribe had declared war,
+and much less their reasons for so doing, when he first
+saw them, was not long in coming to a conclusion, from
+their actions, that there was a screw loose somewhere.
+He, therefore, began to act with more than usual sagacity
+and caution. He ordered his men to keep their
+wagons close together, to have their rifles in good trim
+and be ready for an instant fight. In this manner, with
+every man on the watch, he pushed on for a distance of
+twenty miles. Although he had left the Indians far
+behind, he did not relax his vigilance, being still impressed
+with the belief that a storm was brewing. His
+surmises began to be verified soon after, for the Indians,
+in parties of two, three, and four, appeared in sight,
+arrayed and painted in their full war costume. Having
+approached some of them to within a distance sufficiently
+near so to do, Kit Carson commenced talking to them in
+a conciliatory manner. They were inclined to heed his
+words; and, in order to make it appear that he was not
+intimidated by their actions, he went into camp, and invited
+these advance parties of the Indians to come in and
+have a talk and smoke with him. The savages accepted
+the invitation and were soon seated in a circle. After
+the pipe had passed from one to the other, until all present
+had had a puff or two from it, they began to talk loud among themselves.</p>
+
+<p>At the time we now speak of, several years, as the
+reader can readily compute, had elapsed since Kit Carson
+was a hunter at Bent's Fort, and then well known
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page377" id="page377"></a>[pg 377]</span>
+to most of the Cheyenne nation; but, these few years
+had so altered him, together with his new style of dress,
+that it is no doubt that, at first, not one of the Indians
+remembered ever having seen him before.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson remained quiet and allowed the Indians
+to open the talk, as he was watching to find out what
+had so suddenly aroused their anger, and he well knew,
+that if they supposed that he and his men did not understand
+what they were conversing about, they might refer
+to the cause of the trouble, and thus give him a clue
+whereby he might take advantage and form a line of
+conduct. It was clear to his mind that the Indians were
+resolved to have revenge on his party, and that there
+was time enough to let himself be known to them, which,
+in their present excited state, would serve him but little.
+The Indians had at first conversed in the Sioux tongue.
+The reason for this was, to conceal their own nationality
+and thus, if necessary, in the future, they could shield
+themselves by laying the massacre, which they were
+about to commit, on the shoulders of that tribe. This is
+a ruse often employed by the Indians; but, in this case,
+in their heated state they forgot their native cunning
+and commenced conversing in the language which was
+most familiar to them. A Frenchman, called in the mountains
+Pete, who spoke English fluently and who was
+with Carson during these trying scenes, informed the
+writer, on one occasion, that he never fully knew or
+appreciated Kit Carson until this occurrence. "Why,"
+said he in his enthusiasm, "Kit knew just what was to
+be done and did it too. With any other man, we
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page378" id="page378"></a>[pg 378]</span>
+would <i>have gone under</i><a id="footnotetag22" name="footnotetag22"></a><a href="#footnote22"><sup>22</sup></a> The Indians were more
+afraid of him than all the rest of us put together.
+There were red fellows enough there to eat us up, and
+at one time I could almost feel my hair <i>leaving my
+head</i>. We had two women traveling with us and their
+crying made me feel so bad that I was sartin there
+was no fight in me. Women (he added) are poor
+plunder to have along when going out on a war party,
+but Kit talked to them and then to the Indians, and
+put them both finally on the right trail. Wah!! but
+them were ticklish times."</p>
+
+<p>As soon as the Indians, in their excitement, began to
+speak their own language, they became very violent, and
+so unguarded were they in expressing their individual
+sentiments that they treated Kit and his party with perfect
+indifference, and openly, though secretly as they
+thought, arranged for the massacre.</p>
+
+<p>Little did they imagine that Kit Carson, whom they
+had at first sight selected as the leader of the company,
+understood every word that was said. Kit listened attentively
+to their plans and heard them decide that the time
+to kill him was, when he again took the pipe to smoke;
+for, in so doing, he would lay down his weapons. They
+could be instantly seized, and therefore he would be
+prevented from doing them any harm. As to the Mexicans
+who accompanied him, they said they could kill them
+as easily as they could buffalo. Already enough had
+passed among the Indians to arouse in Kit Carson's
+breast the greatest feeling of alarm as to what would be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page379" id="page379"></a>[pg 379]</span>
+the result of the position in which he was placed. He
+had with him fifteen men, two only of which number,
+were men on whom he felt that he could rely. The
+other members of the party, who counted thirteen in all,
+were Mexicans of whom he had a poor opinion as to
+their bravery. Nothing daunted by such an accumulation
+of unfavorable circumstances, he at once saw that a
+bold face was to be put on in order to extricate himself
+from the grasp of the Indians. Springing to his feet
+with his weapons ready for immediate use, Kit Carson,
+as he advanced into the centre of the seated warriors,
+gave directions for his men to be ready to defend their
+lives. Then, turning to the Indians, who sat rooted to
+the earth, as it were, with astonishment at the suddenness
+of such actions and such coolness, he commenced
+addressing them. He informed them "that they might
+readily see from the fluency with which he spoke their
+language, that he had comprehended all that they had
+been talking about. What puzzled him most, however,
+was the cause of their wishing to have his scalp.
+Never," said he, "to his knowledge had he been guilty
+of any wrong to their tribe; that, on the contrary, there
+were braves among those present, who, if they turned
+to their memories, would recognize his face as that of
+an old friend in years gone by, and who could testify
+to the many acts of kindness which he had performed
+in their behalf." He reminded them "how that, even
+now, he had received them into his camp and treated
+them with all the hospitality in his power; and yet they
+persisted in repaying him by taking his life." In the
+end, he wound up his discourse by giving peremptory
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page380" id="page380"></a>[pg 380]</span>
+orders for them to leave his camp, and should any one
+refuse, he would be shot. The Indians were completely
+nonplused, and not feeling inclined to risk a fight without
+their usual accompaniment of a surprise, after saying
+something about returning, to which they were answered
+"that if they did they would be received by a volley of
+bullets," they departed to join their friends who were
+in swarms upon the neighboring hills. It is supposed
+that a grand council was called, in which the proceedings
+that had transpired in the camp of the white men were
+fully reported, and perchance, many of the braves, in refreshing
+their memories, began to recollect some of the
+daring deeds which Kit Carson had performed when he
+lived in their country. This, doubtless, led them to the
+conclusion that they had caught an experienced traveler;
+for, certain it was, that afterwards their actions became
+somewhat disconcerted and not so rash as they had been.
+No sooner had the savages retired from the camp, than
+Kit Carson ordered his men to harness their animals to
+the wagons so that they could resume their journey.</p>
+
+<p>As the train moved on, the Indians were once more
+left behind, although they had, by no means, formed the
+idea of allowing the white men to depart in peace. They
+were busy concocting some scheme whereby they could
+accomplish their ends without loss to themselves. The
+muleteers, as they walked beside their teams, by order
+of Kit Carson held in one hand their rifles, while in the
+other were their whips, which, from time to time, they
+were obliged to apply freely to their animals in order
+to keep the caravan in compact order. Mounted on
+a fine horse, with his rifle and pistols so adjusted that he
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page381" id="page381"></a>[pg 381]</span>
+could lay his hands on them at a moment's notice, Kit
+Carson rode from one end of the line to the other, inspiring
+his men with his own courage. He felt that
+upon him was rested the responsibility of saving the
+lives of his companions, and that it was to him they all
+looked to be rescued from the perils that surrounded
+them. As he rode along, his eyes were busy scanning
+the prairies in every direction. Now and then he rested
+from this duty as his mind became somewhat relieved,
+when he could discover nothing except bands of antelope,
+or, here and there, a hungry wolf, who, with his
+white, canine looking teeth, seemingly, spoke volumes
+of the empty condition of his stomach. For the remainder
+of that day, the train traveled on in apparent safety.
+When the shades of evening had fairly set in, a camping-ground
+was selected on a small stream. The wagons
+were formed in a circle, in which were huddled the men
+and animals so that both could be protected by the
+weapons of the former. Grass was cut with the butcher
+knives belonging to the members of the party and was
+laid before the mules. In this dangerous locality, they
+could not be allowed to procure this food for themselves.
+As strong a guard as their forces would permit of was
+posted. The remainder of the party gathered some
+wood that had floated down the stream from the mountains
+and was sparingly scattered along the shores of the
+river near to the camp. This was brought in, when
+small fires were made over which their frugal meal was
+prepared, after which the men lay down to rest. Many
+persons there are who would think that after escaping
+such perils once, it would take very great inducements
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page382" id="page382"></a>[pg 382]</span>
+to make them thus expose themselves a second time.
+Nevertheless, there exist in our land hundreds upon
+hundreds of men who take delight in returning into the midst of these dangers.</p>
+
+<p>A life on the prairies of the "Far West" has its good
+chances as well as its counter chances, and no man can
+be happier than the true mountaineer. At first, to one
+accustomed to luxuries and modern refinement, nothing
+can be more unpleasant than a journey over the plains;
+but each day thus spent, hardens the traveler until
+meals, that a beggar in our towns or cities would hardly
+deign to touch, are by him eaten with a relish to which
+he has long been a stranger. It is on these long tramps
+that the dyspeptic and melancholic man becomes the
+liveliest of the party; his sociability often increases to
+such a degree that he soon can spin a yarn in a true Baron Munchausen style.</p>
+
+<p>Eat Carson, as he rode silently along all the following
+day, had been meditating over the scenes through which
+he had so recently passed, and also the most practicable
+means to be employed for the future. When the night
+had fully set in, without saying one word to the other
+members of the party, he called to a young Mexican
+whom he knew to be very fleet of foot and whose
+powers of endurance were wonderful. On his coming to
+him he led him one side, when, after he had depicted
+to the boy their fearful situation in its true colors, he
+told him that he held the power of saving the lives of the whole party.</p>
+
+<p>The New Mexicans of the north are famous as being
+very fleet of foot, and the great distance which they can
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page383" id="page383"></a>[pg 383]</span>
+run in a short period of time is astonishing. As a general
+rule, they are very partial to horses, but, when they
+have no riding animal, they will start on a journey of
+hundreds of miles and accomplish it in an incredibly
+short time. A journey of forty or fifty miles in a day is
+an ordinary circumstance with them, even when the
+inducement for making it has in its behalf only a minor
+consideration. Owing to want of mail routes, it sometimes
+becomes necessary to dispatch them on express
+duty, such as carrying one, or several letters to some
+distant point. Their charge is wrapped up in a handkerchief
+and tied about their waists to prevent being
+lost. Then, on a jog trot, they will start out; and over
+mountains and broken country they will not alter the
+pace for many consecutive hours, and this for a reward
+of one or two dollars per diem. It is not uncommon to
+meet traveling companions where one is on horseback
+and the other on foot; but notwithstanding, they will
+keep together for an entire journey, and complete it as
+quickly as if the horseman had undertaken it alone.
+When, by chance, they come to and stop at a village
+where there is a fandango or other festive scene in full
+blast, they will, notwithstanding their long tramp, join in
+and dissipate as hard as any member present. Their
+healthy climate, coarse but plain diet, and the great
+amount of exercise which they take in the open air,
+make them capable of a wonderful amount of physical
+endurance, under which they seem never to grow weary.
+In this respect, the only successful rivals which they
+have, are the Indians. This was the kind of material
+Kit Carson had in the Mexican boy, whom he was now
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page384" id="page384"></a>[pg 384]</span>
+about to part with, having detailed him for a very important duty.</p>
+
+<p>That youth had long been known by and had the full
+confidence of his employer. He was ready at his bidding
+to undertake anything. Therefore, on hearing the
+mission which Kit proposed sending him on, he promised
+to use every exertion in its accomplishment, and at once
+set about its execution. Having obtained a few rations
+of provisions, he soon rejoined Carson. They then proceeded
+outside of the camp, where he was to receive his
+final instructions. By the dim light of the moon, Kit
+pointed in the direction of Rayado, where he was to travel;
+and, after warning him of the dangerous places that
+lay in his route, and giving him the message that he was
+to deliver to the commanding officer at Rayado, he bid
+him good bye, with the words, "be sure and leave a
+good many miles between us, by to-morrow's sunrise."
+The distance to the settlement of Rayado, from Kit Carson's
+camp, was between two and three hundred miles,
+yet, this runner was capable of travelling it in as short a
+period of time, as could any ordinary horse. Kit now
+returned among his men, not to sleep, but to watch.
+This he did until the break of the following day, when
+he summoned all hands to hitch up the teams and proceed.
+Until twelve o'clock no Indians were visible;
+but, at about that hour, five of the savages were seen
+approaching. On they came, and when within speaking
+distance, Kit Carson ordered them to halt. They obeyed
+his command. On scanning them closer he bade them
+come nearer, when, he informed them, "that the night
+before he had sent an express to Rayado, for the purpose
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page385" id="page385"></a>[pg 385]</span>
+of letting the troops there know of the annoyances
+their tribe were causing him. Among the soldiers," he
+said, "he had many friends, who would be certain to
+come to his relief, and, if they should find that his party
+was massacred, which he let the Indians know could
+only be accomplished by his men being overpowered,
+they would be already informed by whom it was done,
+and would be sure to visit upon the perpetrators of the
+crime, a terrible retribution." The Indians said they
+would look for the moccasin tracks made by the messenger,
+and thus decide whether that which they had just
+heard was true, or not. Kit Carson hearing this, at
+once considered it as the turning point in favor of the
+safety of his party. The Indians immediately went to
+look for the trail. Shortly afterwards the entire Indian
+village passed within sight, and were evidently making
+the best of their time in seeking some safe hiding-place.
+The five warriors had, therefore, evidently found the expressman's
+trail, as they had been informed that they
+would, and that the boy had proceeded too far on his
+journey to think of pursuing him. On his way to
+Rayado, the messenger overtook the detachment of recruits
+to which was attached the officer who had caused
+the trouble. To the commander of these men, the young
+Mexican reported the position, as he left them, of his
+employer and companions, but that gentleman, for some
+unaccountable reason, would not then grant the desired
+aid; therefore, the boy pushed on to Rayado, where he
+found a warm-hearted and brave soldier in the person of
+Major Grier, who commanded the post. The major, on
+hearing the message sent by Kit Carson, immediately
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page386" id="page386"></a>[pg 386]</span>
+ordered Lieutenant R. Johnston, his subaltern officer, to
+take a squad of dragoons and proceed to the assistance
+of his countrymen. While on his march, Lieutenant
+Johnston met with the command of recruits of whom
+we have before spoken. In the course of the conversation
+which ensued, Johnston was asked, by the officer in
+charge of the recruits, what was the service he was
+engaged on? and, being informed, that gentleman probably
+gave the subject deeper thought, and it may have
+occurred to him, and such is the opinion of Kit Carson,
+that if the affair was properly managed, there might
+be some glory accruing from it. At any rate, he suddenly
+changed his mind, and ordered a detail of men to
+go with the lieutenant. The relief party, as thus reinforced,
+again started, and found Kit Carson and his train
+of wagons at a point that is some twenty-five miles below
+Bent's Fort. Under the escort of the soldiers, Kit
+and his men travelled in safety to Rayado, where he had
+the pleasure of thanking Major Grier for his praise worthy
+and prompt action, in succoring him and a few other
+American citizens who had thus been exposed to the
+barbarities of savages, made hostile by the overbearing
+conduct of a man whose double blunder was shielded by
+power. Although the fighting qualifications of the soldiers
+were not called into requisition, yet, they performed
+a meritorious service by coming. They might have been
+instrumental in saving lives while protecting commerce,
+and their frequent visits to remote Indian countries
+always leaves salutary impressions on the minds of the red men.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson's thorough knowledge of Indian character
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page387" id="page387"></a>[pg 387]</span>
+and his established bravery and integrity ought, it appears
+to us, to have been a sufficient guaranty to this
+officer, that he was acting in good faith when he asked,
+through the proper channel, that protection to which he
+was certainly entitled while pursuing the necessary
+though hazardous business, connected with the commerce of the plains.</p>
+
+<p>Never, throughout his eventful career, had Kit Carson
+refused to offer his services in the cause of a countryman
+who stood in need of them; and now, when the first time
+came that he felt it necessary to make the call for assistance,
+he could not understand why two valuable days
+were allowed to pass, by an officer who could have aided
+him, without some notice being taken of his urgent requisition.
+It is true that by some, especially those who
+are not acquainted with the character of Kit Carson, he
+is regarded as being ever anxious for an Indian fight;
+but, had this been the case, he would have long since
+paid the forfeit with his life. To contradict such a statement,
+we have but to appeal to the reader of this narrative,
+and ask him to bear testimony of the marked
+discretion that has so far coupled itself with Kit Carson's
+fame. An amusing incident which came under the eye
+of the writer is to the point.</p>
+
+<p>In the early part of the so-called gold "fever" of
+California, when parties were organizing in the city of
+New York, to proceed overland to the Pacific, we
+chanced to be present at a meeting held by one of the
+companies. As most of those present were entirely
+unacquainted with the country to be passed over, and as
+they were anxious to place themselves in a safe position,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page388" id="page388"></a>[pg 388]</span>
+some one proposed that Kit Carson should be employed
+as a guide, provided his services could be had. This was
+ruled out. The amusing part of this incident consists in
+the reason which governed this judgment. It was on
+account of the fear that he might lead them out of their
+way in order to engage in some bloody Indian fight, it
+being generally represented and believed that he was sanguinarily
+inclined. Cheap literature had so ferociously
+made the man, that he, of all men most experienced, could
+not be trusted, showing thereby how little had been
+known of the real Kit Carson.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page389" id="page389"></a>[pg 389]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XV.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+Kit Carson's last Trapping Expedition&mdash;He embarks in a Speculation&mdash;His Trip to
+California with a large Flock of Sheep&mdash;The Method employed by Mexicans in
+driving Herds and their Dexterity&mdash;Kit Carson goes to San Francisco&mdash;Its wonderful
+Growth&mdash;Maxwell joins Kit Carson at Sacramento City&mdash;The Lucky Speculation&mdash;The
+Return Trip to New Mexico and its Adventures&mdash;The Mormon Delegate
+to Congress informs Kit Carson of his Appointment as Indian Agent&mdash;Kit
+Carson enters upon the Duties of his Office&mdash;Bell's Fight with the Apaches on
+Red River&mdash;Kit Carson's Interview with the same Indians&mdash;High-handed Measures
+on the Part of the Apaches&mdash;Davidson's desperate Fight with them&mdash;The Soldiers
+defeated with severe loss&mdash;Davidson's Bravery is unjustly questioned&mdash;Kit Carson's
+Opinion of it&mdash;The Apaches elated by their Victory&mdash;Their Imitations of the
+Actions of Military Men.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>The expedition into the United States which terminated
+with the last chapter, proved to be valuable in its results
+so far as the parties engaged in it were concerned. Kit
+Carson was once more trying hard to keep quiet in his
+comfortable home at Rayado. But his restless spirit
+was not proof against this inactivity. His stay at home
+therefore was short. The memories of other days came
+upon him, and he longed once more to enjoy, in
+company with the "friends of his youth," the scenes,
+excitements and pleasures of his old life as a trapper.
+Throughout his eventful life, as the reader has been able
+clearly to see, Kit Carson seldom spent his time in idle
+thinking. His thoughts almost invariably take form in
+actions. This eager longing resulted, therefore, in the
+forming of a regular trapping expedition after the olden
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page390" id="page390"></a>[pg 390]</span>
+style, shape, etc, which he organized with great care and
+attention. The members of the party were selected by
+himself chiefly with great exclusiveness, and numbers who
+wished to join the party were refused, on account of their
+inexperience. After a good deal of inquiry, Kit succeeded
+in collecting eighteen of his old companions.
+No one among them was not entitled to be called a
+mountaineer. Kit looked upon this party of men with
+an eye of real affection. The meeting previous to the
+start was a scene to behold. Such a greeting of old
+friends, well tried and true, will not soon be again seen
+on the American continent. The day when men went
+trapping was "long time ago." Kit Carson, as he stood
+among this band of friends, the acknowledged leader of
+the party, every man of whom he knew would have
+periled his life for either one of the company, felt that,
+indeed, the days of his youth had returned unto him.</p>
+
+<p>Everything preliminary was arranged in the most
+approved style. When all was complete, Kit Carson,
+mounted on his magnificent charger Apache, riding to
+the head of the line, gave the order to march. Kit had
+put it to vote and the result was unanimous, that the
+expedition should be no boy's play. On the contrary,
+the boldest and one of the longest of the routes, known
+to their experienced footsteps, was selected. It comprised
+many of the mighty rivers of the Rocky Mountains,
+every one of which was almost a hunting ground by
+itself. Onward, over the wild and broad plains, this band
+of stalwart men, brave and kindred spirits, dashed. They
+soon put many a mile between them and the comfortable
+firesides at Rayado. But these miles, Kit Carson has
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page391" id="page391"></a>[pg 391]</span>
+often said, were the shortest he ever traveled. The
+way was beguiled by many a recollection in which every
+man present could participate with a relish, keen as
+disuse alone can render the palate of enjoyment. In a
+short time the well-remembered waters of the South
+Fork of the River Platte were descried. Their
+practised eyes soon discovered the oft-noted "signs of
+the beaver." The camp was formed and the traps set.
+The beaver, so long left to mind their own business, had
+increased in great numbers. The hunt proved correspondingly
+successful. The party continued working
+down this stream through the plains of Laramie to the
+New Park; and from thence, on to the Old Park. We
+cannot follow them through this long and enlivening
+hunt. They trapped a large number of their old
+streams until, finally, the expedition was terminated on
+the Arkansas River. Throughout the whole course the
+hunt proved to be very successful. With a large stock
+of furs they returned in safety to Rayado, via the Raton
+Mountains, which are spurs of the great Rocky chain.</p>
+
+<p>The fact that most of the old trappers had given up
+their vocation furnishes the reason why the beaver were
+found, along the entire route, to be so plentiful. We
+desire that the reader shall paint for himself the enjoyment
+which these men gathered in this renewal of a
+pursuit rendered congenial by the experience of long years
+of activity in following it. It has been our purpose to
+enable the reader to gather a spark of this same enjoyment
+by the endeavor to make of him an amateur trapper.
+He has followed Kit Carson throughout the
+trapping expeditions of his earlier life. It is to be supposed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page392" id="page392"></a>[pg 392]</span>
+that with Kit he has acquired some experience.
+With Kit therefore he shall now receive his final polishing,
+and if he does not in the end catch a beaver, he shall
+at least learn how they are caught, and all the necessary
+minutiæ of toil which he must expect to encounter and undergo.</p>
+
+<p>On striking any river, when on the hunt, the trappers
+are accustomed to keep a bright lookout for signs, often
+heretofore referred to. The word "signs" conveys but
+a vague idea of its all-important meaning, as it was received
+by the trappers. The news of the presence of
+"signs" sent a thrill of joy through the hunters of the
+olden time only equalled on board of whale-ships when the
+man at the lookout cries "<i>there she blows</i>". It rarely happens
+that this cunning, amphibious animal can be seen
+moving free, either on the river banks, or in the water; for
+nature has given him no powerful weapons with which
+to defend himself when surprised and attacked; but,
+what is better, she has endowed him with exceedingly
+sensitive eyesight and hearing, which enables him to
+detect the approach of danger in time to escape. The
+marks, however, which he leaves behind are, for a time,
+ineffaceable. These were only to be detected and used
+for his own purposes, by the superior intellect of man.
+The unequalled industry of gnawing down trees and
+cutting twigs, peeling off the tender cuticle of the willow
+bushes, digging away banks, and carrying on their
+shovel-shaped tails the earth, together with innumerable
+foot-prints and sometimes dams, were the items
+which filled up the catalogue of "signs" on which the
+trappers' vision was regaled after long and dangerous
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page393" id="page393"></a>[pg 393]</span>
+tramps in search of them. These "signs" were not
+always found together; but instead, they each could
+exist separately and thus would arouse the hunter's suspicions
+of the game near by. The little twig, as it floated
+down the stream, half denuded of its bark, would go unheeded
+by the casual observer, but, to the experienced
+trapper, it was a prize to be obtained; for, by its freshness,
+it indicated to his mind how near he was to the
+chance of obtaining and adding another pound or so of
+valuable fur to his stock on hand. To him, this small
+event, or one like it, as for instance, a fresh footprint,
+with its neatly defined claw-tracks, as moulded in the
+moistened earth or sand, was of a greater importance
+than the wonderful and striking workmanship exhibited
+in a dam; for, the latter might be old and deserted,
+whereas, the former was too recent to cause him to be
+deceived with such a sign; and in such a vicinity, he
+hesitated not to set his trap.</p>
+
+<p>An idea prevails which ought to be exploded. It is
+boldly asserted that the beaver builds his dam for the
+purpose of having a nice swimming pond in the neighborhood
+of his residence, which is always located in the
+river's bank. This is not true; for, in every stream
+which he inhabits, if this was his sole object, he could
+select many natural places where the water is without a
+ripple and where it is both deep and broad. The animal
+has a wiser object in view; and, it consists in providing
+against the pinching wants of hunger during winter,
+when nearly everything green has lost its sap and nutrition,
+and is, as a body, without blood and animation.
+He therefore chooses a place favorable for obtaining food,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page394" id="page394"></a>[pg 394]</span>
+and also where his labors will be assisted by natural
+formations or accidents in the river's course and construction.
+Having pitched upon the right section to build, he
+sets to work with his fellows and falls giant trees. In
+this he again exhibits his wonderful instinct; for, while
+one party is cutting with their sharp teeth the hard wood
+of one side of the tree, another division is actively employed
+on the other side, never forgetting to make, like
+unto the woodman, the lowest incision on the side the
+tree is to fall, which, to suit their purposes, is always
+directly into and across the stream. When a tree is thus
+fallen, it is attacked in its branches, which are so turned
+and woven together in the outline of the dam as to catch
+in their meshes any floating material, or receive the tail-loads
+of soil and rubbish which they carry to it.
+Another and another tree are then systematically fallen
+and arranged as is the first, until the work is finished as
+completely as if it had been planned and executed by a
+reasoning mind. The finishing stroke is the transporting
+of the mud and laying it. In this labor, they show themselves
+to be excellent masons. They now act in concert.
+A large gang marches in a line to the bank where they
+load each other's tails and swim with their cargoes elevated
+above and free from the water. When they arrive
+at an unfinished point of the dam they dump the mud
+and mould it in place. Their houses they have previously
+built in the river banks. These consist of holes
+which lead into large and airy subterranean rooms, and
+which are above the water-mark. In these houses they
+are said to sleep and live in pairs; and, if we could
+believe the story of the trapper related many pages back,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page395" id="page395"></a>[pg 395]</span>
+they imitate human beings in managing their household
+and in keeping house. The main object they have in
+staying the progress of the current of the river is to
+afford a deep place where, having fallen numbers of
+trees, the deep water will preserve tender and fresh the
+limbs and shrubs on which to subsist during, not only
+time present, but also time to come. It is well known
+that fresh branches of trees and young willows, when
+placed in water, will keep up partial life for a considerable
+length of time. On this principle, the beaver acts
+in submerging his food deep in the water where it will
+retain its verdure and where the freezing process that is
+going on at the surface of the river will not bar his
+efforts in getting at his store of provisions during the
+winter season. It is said that the beaver goes so far as
+to bundle up small branches of trees and willows which
+he stows away in the muddy bottom of the river. The
+trapper, in his wondrous yarns, insists that there are
+grades of society among beavers the same as among
+men; and he will have it that they have their "head
+chiefs," and that often individuals among them roll in
+wealth and that they have slaves who stand ready to do
+their master's bidding at a moment's warning; for instance,
+to bring them a bundle of green twigs on which
+to feast. According to their imaginative stories, the life
+of a beaver cannot be rivaled in happiness; and if we
+could put full credence in their descriptions of the
+pastimes of the animal, his palaces and luxuries,
+we could only compare a beaver to a citizen of Venice
+in her most palmy days&mdash;the difference between the two
+being, that the former enjoyed himself more in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page396" id="page396"></a>[pg 396]</span>
+water than the latter did on it in his favorite <i>gondola</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The beaver, when captured young, can be sufficiently
+domesticated to make him a pet; but their unattractive
+form is anything but an ornament to the house.
+With young children, they are very friendly, though
+their disposition is amiable to any one. They are very
+neat in their person and, when moved from their comrades
+and domiciled with human beings, nothing do they
+so much like as being allowed the daily privilege of
+taking a clean bath. When thus engaged, they are a
+curiosity to look at, as they are very agile and particular
+in removing every particle of dirt. We remember
+seeing one of these pets in the Mexican town of <i>Culebro</i>
+thus enjoying himself. His owner hesitated not in
+taking the animal to the river, which was close by, and
+giving him his freedom. On finishing his ablutions the
+beaver returned to where his owner was standing, without
+making an effort to escape, and by a look as much
+as said, "I am ready to return to your home."</p>
+
+<p>The signs having been discovered, the trappers next
+select a suitable location for a camp, which they soon
+occupy. After the pack animals are unloaded, a part
+of the men start out to set the traps, while the remainder
+busy themselves in looking after their wants and in
+cooking and guarding their property, etc. The trap is
+very much like the same instrument used in different
+sections of the United States for catching foxes, wolves
+etc, excepting, that it is smaller and perhaps made with
+more skill. Old trappers were very superstitious in regard
+to the makers of their traps, for they entertained
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page397" id="page397"></a>[pg 397]</span>
+the idea that much of their good or bad fortune depended
+on the tools they worked with; hence, they
+always had their favorite makers, and would pay more
+for their traps than for those of any other maker. This
+is true also with their rifles. For many years a rifle was
+condemned at first sight if it did not have the name of
+Hawkins<a id="footnotetag23" name="footnotetag23"></a><a href="#footnote23"><sup>23</sup></a> stamped on it, and it was not uncommon for
+them, when boasting of the good qualities of their riding
+animals, if they considered them of the maximum degree
+of superiority, to style them "regular Hawkins <i>horses</i>",
+thereby showing how far, in this respect, their predilections grounded their opinions.</p>
+
+<p>The setting of the trap required expertness and experience,
+or else it availed nothing; for the game to be
+caught is, as the reader can now readily conceive, very
+wary and his suspicions of there being anything wrong
+near at hand, had to be allayed by concealing as much
+as possible the instrument from view; yet it must not be
+far from the surface of the water; and then again it
+had to be firmly fixed in its position, by being made fast
+to something that was firm so as prevent its being
+dragged off. The trapper, while thus engaged, is in the
+water. About his waist there is a strap to which is
+attached a pouch in which is carried the bait. Everything
+being arranged, the trap is set and the bait
+applied, when the man notes the place where he has
+been at work so as to recognize it again, and then takes
+his departure to return early the following morning.
+The beaver, during this interim, is attracted by the
+peculiar scent of the bait, and, as a reward for his curiosity,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page398" id="page398"></a>[pg 398]</span>
+he generally is caught by one of his paws and thus
+falls a prey to the hunter's pleasure. The traps, when
+visited, are relieved of the contents and then set again.
+The game is put out of its misery and carried to camp,
+where it is skinned, and where all of the pelts recently
+taken are stretched out, dried, cured, and packed in small
+bales, whenever a sufficient quantity is obtained so to
+do with it. The trapper, when in <i>full dress</i> for an expedition,
+and especially after having been on one with its
+concomitant hair-breadth escapes, Indian and bear fights,
+etc., cuts, to all appearances, a sorrowful figure. His
+wardrobe is meagre in the extreme, yet it answers all of
+his purposes and the man would have no other. When
+summed up, it would be found to consist usually of two
+pairs of moccasins, one (or two pair) of buckskin
+pantaloons, two woollen shirts, a loose, fringed buckskin
+coat and an old slouched hat (usually made of some kind
+of skin with the fur on). His baggage, limited to a very
+small bundle, comprises his blankets, a buffalo robe or
+two, a spare hide of dressed buckskin, his extra garments
+above spoken of, and a little tobacco (when it
+can be had). These, with his camp kettle and outfit
+of powder, lead, extra traps, scanty allowance of provisions,
+guns, pistols, horses, bridles,<a id="footnotetag24" name="footnotetag24"></a><a href="#footnote24"><sup>24</sup></a> saddles, etc. make
+up his traveling and working kit; it may be only for a
+few months or it may be for years. With them he was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page399" id="page399"></a>[pg 399]</span>
+ready to penetrate the loftiest mountains and unexplored
+regions. This is but a true picture, in a brief space, of
+the appearance of Kit Carson and the resources of his
+earlier days, the tools he had to work with, the mode of
+doing his labor, and the habits of the animal he diligently
+hunted for several years in order that his fellow
+man might convert into a luxury the products of his
+toil; yet had he been allowed the choice, he would not
+have exchanged situations with the consumer of the
+commodity. In the company of his boon companions
+and enjoying the pure mountain air, he had often seen
+as happy hours as ever fell to the lot of any man. And
+now he was starting out on probably his last trapping expedition.</p>
+
+<p>The party did not return to their homes until several
+months had expired, and, as much of the excitement that
+used to pertain to their former exploits had been worn
+off from the changes brought about by civilization, they
+decided that this, as far as they were concerned, should
+be their last trapping expedition; therefore, this visit
+to their old haunts was a sort of funeral service performed
+over their early adventures. On quitting each
+favorite river, the trappers felt that they were shaking
+hands with the streams and bidding them, one by one, a final good bye.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson, after disposing of his beaver, occupied
+himself in attending to his ranche, and was thus employed
+when news was brought to New Mexico of the
+exorbitant prices which sheep were bringing in California.
+He made up his mind to embark in a speculation
+in those animals by collecting a herd and driving it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page400" id="page400"></a>[pg 400]</span>
+to that territory. He set out for the valley of Rio
+Abajo, which lies to the south of Santa F&#233;, and there, to
+his satisfaction, made his purchases. In company with
+two friends, after employing a suitable number of shepherds,
+he commenced his journey and traveled northward
+to Fort Laramie, where he came to and followed the
+emigrant road that leads direct into California via Salt
+Lake, etc. In the month of August, 1853, after meeting
+with very trifling losses, as he traveled very slowly and
+understood thoroughly the business he was employed in,
+Kit Carson with his flock of sixty-five hundred sheep
+reached the point of his destination in California, where
+he found no difficulty in disposing of them at the rate of
+five dollars and fifty cents per head.</p>
+
+<p>The making of these long journeys with such large
+herds of sheep, over a diversified country, sometimes
+abounding in water and grass, while on the other hand,
+and not unfrequently, for many miles, the earth is barren,
+is a difficult task. When broad, deep and swift
+rivers are to be forded, it requires dexterity and management to prevent heavy losses.</p>
+
+<p>The trail which Kit Carson followed to Fort Laramie
+is now a well-beaten path. It runs almost due north
+from Taos, and abounds, in the proper season, in good
+grass and water. For about one hundred and twenty
+miles, it passes through a broken country, but when that
+distance is accomplished, the traveler is ushered on to
+the plains and keeps on them for most of the way close
+under the Rocky Mountains. The scenery on this route
+is most magnificent, and at times as grand perhaps as can
+be seen in any part of the world. The distance from
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page401" id="page401"></a>[pg 401]</span>
+Taos, Kit Carson's starting-point, to Laramie River, is
+counted by hundreds of miles; and in this great tract of
+country, there live several of the largest and most
+troublesome tribes of Indians in the far West. The names
+of these tribes are the Utahs, Apaches, Arrapahoes, Cheyennes
+and Sioux. A man with a large drove of sheep is
+so conspicuous an object that he is certain to attract
+their notice and bring them to him. Kit Carson, however,
+was well received by them and allowed to pass
+unmolested. They were pleased to find so formidable
+an enemy moving boldly into their country and bearing
+the olive branch of peace. He however forgot not to
+pay them toll by presenting them with a suitable number
+of the sheep. In this way he prevented them from
+being tempted to steal from him. This is a usual custom,
+and the Indians expect that this sort of attention
+will be shown them. They do not like, at all seasons of
+the year, to have these herds pass through their country.
+Being so large, they eat up much of their grass, which
+assists greatly to drive away the game. We remember
+on one occasion that an American, in charge of several
+thousand sheep, started on a journey from New Mexico
+to California. Everything went prosperously with the
+man until he left the Raton Mountains and entered the
+country inhabited by the Arrapahoes and Cheyennes.
+At first, he was received in a friendly manner by these
+Indians; but was commanded by them to rest where he
+was until they went ahead and killed their annual
+amount of buffalo. This, the man could not do; for the
+season was so far advanced that if he delayed, and then
+attempted to make California, he would be certainly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page402" id="page402"></a>[pg 402]</span>
+overtaken by snow-storms which would bury him and
+his property in the mountains. In vain he used his best
+endeavors to impress this state of affairs on the minds of
+the Indians. They would not listen to him or sanction
+his going on, and threatened to punish him if he undertook
+to disobey them. Bidding defiance to these
+threats, this man started; but had only proceeded a few
+miles, when a band of one hundred squaws, mounted on
+horseback, overtook him and dashed into his herd, and
+with savage delight put to death one hundred and fifty
+of the sheep before their owner's eyes and without
+his being able to stop them. The carcasses of the
+slaughtered animals were left to rot on the ground,
+thereby showing that the Indians did not stand in need
+of food, but that they wished to teach the intruder a lesson
+which he would be apt to remember. These women
+had been sent out by their husbands, who no doubt
+were close by in case their services should be needed, to
+show to the white man the contempt they had of his
+power. The result was that the American was obliged
+to return to New Mexico from whence he came. When
+he set out again, he chose what is known as the Southern
+Route, which runs via the Rio Gila and strikes California in its lower section.</p>
+
+<p>In the Rocky Mountains, the Indian women are rather
+small in stature, but, from their constant exercise they
+are physically very strong. They are naturally not
+wanting in modesty; but, being compelled to work and
+even engage in war, they soon become roughened and
+hardened. Their dresses consist principally of deer skins,
+and sometimes they are very tastefully arranged. They
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page403" id="page403"></a>[pg 403]</span>
+give birth to their children with great ease, and, as they
+have not become martyrs to fashions, or dress, they suffer
+but little inconvenience from this provision of nature.
+The children learn, during their earliest years, to look
+out for themselves, and soon become expert at it. The
+marriage ceremony amounts to little or nothing, and consists
+of a mere barter. The warrior is obliged to pay so
+many horses to the father for the bride. We remember,
+on one occasion, buying a superior pony from a trader,
+who said that he had obtained him from his Indian owner
+with great difficulty. The facts were as follows: This
+Indian was in love with a young maiden of his tribe.
+The young girl wished some silver ornaments which the
+trader had. The only thing the warrior had to exchange
+for these trinkets, was his prized pony. An old chief
+stood by with the trader and saw the warrior look and
+sigh at his horse. The chief gave the trader a wink, and
+said in a low tone of voice to him: "That man loves his
+horse and he loves his affianced bride, but the bride elect
+will conquer. Hold on and he will sacrifice the horse to
+please the girl. His love for her is the deepest feeling."
+Sure enough this came true, and we never regretted that
+it was so. The pony proved a valuable addition to our stock of animals.</p>
+
+<p>Besides the many dangers to his flock which a person
+runs the risk of, both from the numerous accidents to
+which it is liable, and the unwelcome visits of the Indians
+when thus traveling, there are others which may
+occasionally happen to his own person. He may be,
+while standing guard, suddenly attacked and bitten by a
+mad wolf. On this event occurring, he is almost certain
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page404" id="page404"></a>[pg 404]</span>
+to be seized with that terrible, and we might as well add
+incurable disease, hydrophobia, which renders him a most
+pitiful object to behold. From a human being so recently
+respected and beloved by his companions, a person,
+thus unfortunate, is suddenly changed into an object
+most dreaded and detested. A party of Mexicans in
+charge of a large herd of sheep, a few years since, were
+bound to California. One night a large, ferocious wolf
+entered the camp, and bit a man in the leg. Symptoms
+of hydrophobia very soon set in, and in a short time the
+victim was a confirmed case of the disease. His comrades
+had no proper means of taking care of and transporting
+him, as they were hundreds of miles from the
+nearest house. They were superstitious, and believed
+that all would die if they kept the man's company any
+longer; accordingly, they drove a stake in the ground,
+to which they inhumanly secured him; and, after depositing
+a small allowance of provisions near by, they left him
+to die. Human bones were afterwards found near the
+identical spot where it was said this unfortunate incident
+happened, which afforded strong circumstantial evidence
+that the man had eked out a miserable existence soon
+after he was deserted by his so-called friends, and also,
+that the truth of this story rested upon strong probability.</p>
+
+<p>When the Americans first obtained possession of New
+Mexico, sheep could be bought at the rate of twenty-five
+cents per head. The reason of this was, the want of a
+market and the ease with which they were raised.
+Cheapness of labor, also, assisted in reducing their value.
+The wool of these sheep was rather coarse, resembling
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page405" id="page405"></a>[pg 405]</span>
+hair more than wool. The only use in which it was employed,
+was for manufacturing blankets, rough carpet, and
+in filling mattresses. The valley of the Rio Grande is
+wonderful as a sheep growing country. The mountain
+districts also cannot be excelled in this respect. Their
+fitness for grazing is best exemplified by their abounding
+in the famous Rocky Mountain sheep. In many respects
+this animal resembles the chamois. They live on the
+tops of the highest peaks, eat the tenderest grass, and
+produce the finest flavored mutton in the world. One of
+their heads, with the horns, often weighs one hundred
+pounds. To shoot them, requires all of an experienced
+hunter's skill, and, when he has brought down one of
+these trophies, he feels he has done more than if he had
+killed ten deer. The sight of one of these mountain
+sheep, as perched on a high, rocky peak, is beautiful. The
+hostile Indians are the main drawback in New Mexico,
+to the successful raising of sheep.</p>
+
+<p>The usual modus operandi employed by Mexican
+herders, who cannot be surpassed in their vocation, to
+which they appear to take intuitively, although many of
+them serve an apprenticeship at it, which begins with
+early life and ends only by death, is, to send a youth
+who leads a goat in advance of the flock. From some
+strange and unaccountable reason, the sheep will follow
+after him even to the crossing of rivers whose currents
+are deep and swift. The shepherds, with their dogs to
+assist them when necessary, allow the herd to scatter
+over a space varying in its size, but always allowing
+sufficient area so that the animals can move on at their
+ease and at the same time be able to feed. The danger
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page406" id="page406"></a>[pg 406]</span>
+above all others that is to be apprehended and guarded
+against, while thus travelling, is crowding; for, in this
+manner, when journeying through deep gorges in the
+mountains and over the precipitous banks of rivers, hundreds
+of sheep can be, and not unfrequently are, smothered.
+When this crowding commences, it is next to impossible
+to arrest it; a sort of panic prevails over the entire herd,
+and they rush on, one on top of another, until a mass of
+dead and dying is thus piled up and a barrier is made;
+or else, until, as most frequently happens, a bridge of
+carcasses is formed over which the survivors pass in safety.
+The Indians who inhabit the country on the various
+routes to California, have a strong predilection for mutton,
+which is a fact to bear in mind when migrating with this
+sort of property. Such accidents as having a few sheep
+bitten by rattlesnakes, and also a certain percentage
+becoming foot-sore and breaking down from fatigue, are
+common to every herd that crosses the Rocky Mountains.
+Economy in living is the great fundamental principle
+among the lower classes of the Mexicans; therefore,
+when a sheep is going to die from fatigue, or any simple
+disease, natural death is anticipated by the herders
+with the aid of the hunting-knife, and the meat, being
+dressed and cooked, is unhesitatingly eaten by them.
+Next to the Mexican shepherd, his dog, although he is not
+generally a handsome animal, is found to be ever faithful
+in guarding the flocks. The greatest enemy to the
+herds is the wolf; and in keeping them at bay, and preventing
+their inroads by night, the dog is capable of performing
+valuable service; hence, no band of sheep should
+cross the plains and mountains without a full complement
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page407" id="page407"></a>[pg 407]</span>
+of them. It was at one of the frontier towns of California
+that Kit Carson disposed of his flock. There
+having heard of the rapid and marvelous growth of San
+Francisco, he made up his mind to verify these reports
+with his own eyes, for he was well acquainted with its ancient aspect.</p>
+
+<p>San Francisco had now had since the year 1848 to
+grow under the impulse of the gold fever. Kit Carson
+remembered it, a Spanish settlement as it existed in
+1845&mdash;6&mdash;7, then containing not over two hundred inhabitants.
+In 1847, the first gold discovery was made at
+Sutter's Fort. In two months thereafter, about $250,000
+in gold dust were carried into the town. The next two
+months $600,000 more. In February, 1849, the population
+of the town was two thousand. In the six months
+following, it increased to five thousand. In the early
+part of the year 1850, the population had increased to
+nearly twenty thousand. In 1852, according to the census,
+it was thirty-four thousand eight hundred and seventy.
+The first settlement made at San Francisco, was commenced
+in the year 1776. The place was then called
+Yerba Buena, or Good Herb, from the fact that an herb of
+that name, which was supposed to have great medicinal
+value, grew in rich luxuriance over the surrounding country.
+The houses were at first built of adobes, or sun
+dried bricks. It is now one of the most important cities
+on the western continent.</p>
+
+<p>As Kit Carson neared this great emporium of California,
+possessed of some of the details of its astonishing
+growth, and remembering it as it existed when its inhabitants
+could be easily counted in an hour, he was perfectly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page408" id="page408"></a>[pg 408]</span>
+astonished to behold the great changes which a few short years had produced.</p>
+
+<p>Had it not been for the immovable landmarks about
+the city and the familiar scenery of the bay, he would
+have been entirely at a loss in considering that this was the
+spot, called San Francisco, which he had visited in former
+years. This metropolis, however, like all others, presented
+few attractions to Kit Carson's vision, further than its
+objects of curiosity, which were a source of interest and
+amusement to him. When he had finished sight seeing
+he was ready and anxious to be on his way to New
+Mexico. Previous to his setting out, he went on business
+to Sacramento City. While there, he received a message
+from his friend and partner, Maxwell, asking him to
+wait until the latter could come in with a herd of sheep
+from Carson River, when they could join forces and return home together.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson's stay in California was shortened by the
+annoyance (as he considered it) of being made a lion.
+His society was constantly courted by men whom he had
+never seen; he was passed free on steamboats and to all
+places of public amusement; and, in fact, the people, in
+acknowledging his worth, treated him with marked distinction.
+He was pointed out wherever he went as a
+man who had done the State great service. This reward
+of his merit was indeed a just tribute to his worth. Kit
+felt himself highly honored and favored, but he did not
+expect or wish such attention. He felt himself to be a
+humble individual, who had honestly and faithfully performed
+his duty, as it had been assigned to him, and his
+modesty would not allow him to ask or be willing to receive
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page409" id="page409"></a>[pg 409]</span>
+any other than the unexpressed opinion of the people.
+There were some men (there always are such
+persons in every community) who sought his company
+expecting to hear him boast of his deeds and proclaim
+himself a hero such as had never before existed; but,
+what must have been their surprise on seeing his unassuming
+bearing, his disregard of notoriety, and his
+anxiety to escape that popularity which they themselves
+would have highly prized. Tired, by the anxiety and
+hard work of bringing his property over a long and dangerous
+journey to a good market, he had looked for rest
+and retirement; but instead, he was everywhere sought
+out and made conspicuous.</p>
+
+<p>And here we pause to speak of the noble qualities of
+moral character and good judgment evinced by Kit Carson
+on this occasion of his eventful life. He found himself
+surrounded with the choice spirits of the new
+El Dorado; his name a prestige of strength and position,
+and his society courted by everybody. The siren
+voice of pleasure failed not to speak in his ear her most
+flattering invitations. Good-fellowship took him incessantly
+by the hand, desiring to lead him into the paths
+of dissipation. But the gay vortex, with all its brilliancy,
+had no attractions for him; the wine cup, with its sparkling
+arguments, failed to convince his calm earnestness
+of character, that his simple habits of life needed remodeling.
+To the storm, however, he was exposed; but,
+like a good ship during the gale, he weathered the fierce
+blast, and finally took his departure from the new city
+of a day, with his character untarnished, but nevertheless
+leaving behind him many golden opinions. With a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page410" id="page410"></a>[pg 410]</span>
+hurried farewell and many kind remembrances of the
+good people of California, he left their great city to return
+to a home where he was certain to find a life better
+suited to his tastes. Money-getting had no charms for
+him. Had he chosen to accept some of the offers made
+him while then in San Francisco, he could easily have
+amassed an immense fortune. But his home had now
+the greater allurements, and a legitimate business gave
+him the certainty of comfort. The power merely which
+wealth assumes, Kit Carson never has desired to grasp.</p>
+
+<p>The time had nearly arrived for the appearance of
+Maxwell. He finally joined Kit Carson, when the two
+immediately engaged in the very profitable work of disposing
+of their sheep. The market proved to be quite
+active&mdash;so much so that they disposed of their entire
+flock at high cash values without the least difficulty.
+The speculation thus proved to be highly satisfactory to
+all concerned. In a monetary point of view, the adventure
+proved to be the most fortunate in which Kit Carson
+had been engaged. Heretofore, money had been a
+second consideration with Kit Carson. He had directed
+his energies and attention to almost everything, or at
+least to many things besides its accumulation.</p>
+
+<p>The sums which he had received for the important
+services rendered both to government officers and private
+individuals, had been expended on the wants of his
+family and on his suffering friends and countrymen. A
+trifling amount had always sufficed to satisfy his own immediate
+desires. The calls upon his purse, at the end of
+each year had left, therefore, but little which he could
+call his own. The snug sum now at his disposal, Kit
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page411" id="page411"></a>[pg 411]</span>
+Carson determined to lay by; and serving as a nucleus,
+around it, he has since accumulated enough amply to
+supply those comforts which will tend, in his old age, to
+make him happy. Maxwell and Carson decided to return
+to their homes by the southern route which runs
+through the country on and adjacent to the Rio Gila.
+Maxwell determined to take a steamer down the coast
+as far as Los Angelos, distant from San Francisco about
+three hundred and fifty miles, and used his best endeavors
+to persuade his friend Kit Carson to accompany
+him. In this however, he failed. Already one cruise over
+a part of the ocean route which Maxwell contemplated
+making, had been made by Kit Carson in 1846, and
+which had so sickened him of sea life, that he resolved
+never to travel on salt water again while it was in his
+power to obtain a mule to assist him in journeying by
+land. Maxwell, by his water conveyance, reached Los
+Angelos fifteen days in advance of Kit Carson, and employed
+himself in making the necessary preparations for
+their trip to New Mexico. When Kit rejoined his companion,
+everything was in readiness for them to proceed
+on their route, and, in a day or so afterwards, they
+started. Everything favored them until they reached a
+village belonging to some Pimo Indians, and located on
+the Rio Gila. Here the grass became suddenly very
+scarce. They learned from these Indians that the season
+had been unusually dry, and that, if they attempted to
+proceed on the regular trail, they would do so at the
+risk of losing their animals by starvation. While undecided
+as to which was the best course to pursue, Kit
+Carson informed the party that he could guide them over
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page412" id="page412"></a>[pg 412]</span>
+a new route which, though difficult and rough to travel,
+he felt confident would afford sufficient forage to answer
+all their purposes. At once the men agreed to be
+governed by their experienced friend's advice, and, having
+signified to him their willingness to do so, they resumed
+their march, following up the Rio Gila, until they came
+to the mouth of the San Pedro, when they struck out
+up the latter for three days, and then parted with it to
+risk the chances of reaching, at the end of each day, the
+small mountain creeks that lay on their contemplated
+route. After traveling in as direct a course as the nature
+of the country would admit, they arrived seasonably at
+the copper mines of New Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>While pursuing this experimental journey, Kit Carson,
+who was well acquainted with the general outline of the
+country, but was not equally conversant with it in reference
+to the certainty of finding eligible camping-sites,
+where wood, water and grass presented themselves in
+abundance, was frequently made the subject of a tantalizing
+joke by the men of the party.</p>
+
+<p>Occasionally his memory would not solve the question,
+what is the next course? He had neither map,
+chart, nor compass, and depended entirely upon old landmarks.
+Occasionally, the resemblance of different mountains,
+one to another, would serve to embarrass him. For
+a time, he would become doubtful as to the exact course
+to pursue. At such moments, the mischievous dispositions
+of the men would get the better of their judgment,
+and they would exert their lungs in shouting to him, as
+he spurred his riding animal to keep out of the sound of
+their raillery. He was not always successful in this,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page413" id="page413"></a>[pg 413]</span>
+and occasionally a few sentences reached him like the following:</p>
+
+<p>"Hurrah!"</p>
+
+<p>"I say! are you the famous Kit Carson, who knows this country so well?"</p>
+
+<p>"Are you really a good pilot, or are you lost?"</p>
+
+<p>These and similar expressions saluted Kit's ear&mdash;a language
+to which he had not been heretofore accustomed&mdash;as
+some impediment, such as a fallen tree, a rock, a
+swamp, or a creek staid, for a brief period, his progress,
+thus allowing the party to approach within speaking distance.
+The remarks might have temporarily chafed his
+spirit; but, he had too much good sense to allow his
+friends to see that they had gained any advantage over
+him. He rode boldly on, and answered their raillery
+with silence. He knew, however, very well, that his turn
+would come; and, when he had brought them in safety
+to a spot with which all were familiar, he turned the
+tables on them by retorting to their questions in a playful
+manner, which made their future interpretation of his
+occasional doubts, less sweeping in its conclusions.</p>
+
+<p>Kit succeeded in guiding the party safely to the Copper
+Mines, from whence their route was plain. From the
+Copper Mines the party traveled through to the Rio del
+Norte. This river is 1,800 miles in length and forms the
+boundary line between Texas and Mexico. It takes its
+rise in the Rocky Mountains and empties into the Gulf
+of Mexico. It is navigable for small steamers, sloops and
+schooners, for a distance of about four hundred and fifty
+miles from its mouth. About nine hundred miles from
+its mouth, there is a spot where the river is only about
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page414" id="page414"></a>[pg 414]</span>
+three or four feet deep. Here the Apache and Camanche
+Indians always cross when on their depredatory tramps into Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Leaving the Rio Grande or del Norte, the party pursued
+their homeward route through the settlements of the
+Rio Abajo and Santa F&#233; and finally reached Taos on the
+twenty-third day of December, 1853.</p>
+
+<p>Soon after the party entered the Territory of New
+Mexico, Kit Carson accidentally met the Mormon delegate
+to Congress. That person informed Kit Carson
+that the appointment of an Indian Agent had been conferred upon him.</p>
+
+<p>On learning this piece of intelligence, Kit was much
+elated. He felt that the office was perfectly suited to
+his tastes, and he was honestly impressed with the belief
+that he was capable of performing the duties of this
+office, and of accomplishing much good. His happiness
+and pride were heightened by thinking that, finally, his
+services had met the approbation of his government, the
+substantial proof of which, was the offering to him of an
+important trust without solicitation on his part. Immediately
+on arriving at Taos, he wrote an answer to the
+authorities at Washington, in which he expressed his
+willingness to serve the government, and the pleasure
+he felt in accepting the office; at the same time he sent
+the necessary bond required of persons who hold this appointment.</p>
+
+<p>Hardly had Kit Carson been ushered into his new
+duties before the Jiccarilla Apaches, who formed one of
+the tribes of his agency, began to show new signs of dissatisfaction
+by committing various kinds of outrages on
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page415" id="page415"></a>[pg 415]</span>
+the property and lives of the citizens of the northern
+part of New Mexico. To arrest them in their career and
+make them amenable for the crimes they had already
+committed, Lieutenant Bell, of the 2d Regiment of United
+States dragoons, was sent in quest of them. He found
+them on the Red River, and at once commenced operations
+against them. At first, these red men were equally
+ready to break a lance in combat with their foes; but,
+after the soldiers had made two charges and penetrated
+through and through their ranks, they were, although
+in superior numbers, glad to give up the mastership of
+the field, and run away. In this fight, the Apaches lost,
+by his being killed, one of their great chiefs, besides
+many warriors. On the side of the soldiers, two men
+were killed and several seriously wounded.</p>
+
+<p>A short time after the news of this skirmish had
+reached Taos, Kit Carson found it necessary, in order to
+attend to some official business, to proceed to Santa F&#233;;
+but, just as he was on the point of setting out, he was
+informed that a large party of these Jiccarilla Apaches
+had recently arrived at a place in the mountains only
+about twenty miles from Taos, and were there encamped.
+With the view of pacifying them if it was possible, Kit
+Carson immediately posted thither; and, with no
+small degree of peril attending his movements&mdash;for he
+went unattended, and among Indians who were at the
+time very bitter against the whites&mdash;he confronted their
+"head men" in their den. He needed no introduction,
+for, during many years, he had been well known to them.
+Therefore he proceeded, at once, to business. After passing
+through the usual Indian salutations, he commenced
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page416" id="page416"></a>[pg 416]</span>
+by haranguing them, in a style that most pleases their
+fancy, thereby fixing their attention on what he was saying.
+Among other things, he forewarned them that the
+course they were pursuing, if persisted in, would prove
+the cause of their being exterminated, as their "Great
+Father," the President, had at his disposal thousands of
+soldiers to replace those who fell in battle, while, when
+their warriors were killed, they could not immediately
+place others in their moccasins. When a warrior was
+killed, they were compelled to wait until their children
+grew up. He added, that the "Great Father" loved his
+red children, and through him, whose servant he was,
+he wished to give them annuities and otherwise aid them
+in living at peace. These Indians, on learning that Kit
+Carson was their agent, expressed great pleasure, and,
+at his earnest solicitation, came forward and professed
+friendship. So little reliance, however, was to be placed
+in this tribe, that Kit Carson doubted their sincerity;
+although he exacted every pledge which he thought
+would in the least tend to bind them to their promises,
+he feared they would not prove true. Having finished
+his business, Kit bent his way to Santa F&#233;; but, he had
+not more than reached there before he heard that the
+Jiccarillas had already become tired of the restraints
+which he had placed upon them, and had broken out in
+open defiance of the authorities. From this time onward,
+so thick and fast did their wicked crimes increase,
+that coercive measures became necessary to put them
+down. This finally resulted, in as sanguinary a battle
+being fought between a small band of soldiers and this
+tribe, as was ever recorded.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page417" id="page417"></a>[pg 417]</span>
+A rapid sketch of it must suffice to illustrate to the
+reader what kind of a fight this was, and what plucky
+fellows these Apaches are. Lieutenant J.W. Davidson,
+with a command of sixty men belonging to F and I
+companies of the 1st Regiment of United States dragoons,
+was ordered out to seek and act against these red men.
+Both the soldiers and their officers were renowned for
+their bravery and experience in Indian mode of warfare;
+hence, more than ordinary deeds were expected to be
+performed by them. The result will show that they did
+not disappoint any reasonable expectation. Lieutenant
+Davidson marched to the "<i>Embuda Mountains</i>" (which
+range lies between fifteen and twenty miles southwest
+of Taos), as he had been informed by good authority that
+the Indians were to be found there.</p>
+
+<p>On reaching the mountains he soon came upon the
+savages and found them fully prepared to meet him.
+They had selected their ground with great skill. The
+site which they had chosen was upon a high elevation,
+and at the first glance, to get at them, appeared to be an
+impossibility on account of the roughness of the country.
+If the Indians had hunted over the whole of the Rocky
+Mountains they could not have hit upon a place that
+offered them so many advantages for the use to which they
+intended to put it; but, as the red men had, by great
+labor, reached the tops of the crags, therefore, the soldiers
+resolved not to be outdone, even if they had to be the assaulting party.</p>
+
+<p>The strength of the Apaches amounted to eight lodges,
+or two hundred and forty warriors; and, as they were
+on foot and without their families, they were entirely
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page418" id="page418"></a>[pg 418]</span>
+unencumbered. Lieutenant Davidson's first man&oelig;uvre
+was to send in advance a small party, whose duty it
+was to act as spies, while at the same time they endeavoured
+to engage the Indians in a talk, of which they
+are usually so fond; but, the courage of the red men
+was apparently much elevated on seeing the smallness of
+the whole force sent against them; therefore, they
+received the advance with such coldness that the latter
+soon after gladly retreated to their companions, who were
+halted on the little creek that runs by the foot of the
+mountains. Lieutenant Davidson now saw that his only
+course was to commence the attack and trust to fortune
+and the bravery of his men. Therefore he ordered the
+gallant fellows to dismount, and after leaving their horses
+with a small guard, they commenced the work of scrambling
+up the rocks so that they might get at, and dislodge
+the enemy. In this they succeeded, notwithstanding
+they met with a powerful and determined resistance.
+In the attempt, five soldiers were killed; and when the
+dragoons had reached the highest eminence of the mountain,
+they found, to their disappointment, that the
+Apaches had not taken to flight according to their anticipations,
+but instead, they were scattering and surrounding
+them. There being great danger, as already demonstrations
+were visible in that quarter, that the Indians
+would capture the horses of the soldiers, therefore Lieutenant
+Davidson placed himself at the head of his men
+and led them back to the spot where the animals were
+congregated. In so doing, he was obliged to fight his
+way, as every foot of ground he passed over was stoutly
+contested; but at last he arrived, just in time to save
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page419" id="page419"></a>[pg 419]</span>
+them. The fight then became desultory, but desperate,
+on the part of the soldiers; for the Indians, by concealing
+themselves behind rocks, trees and whatever came in their
+way, were quite secure against injury from the carbines
+and revolvers of the whites, while, from their side, came
+a deadly fire that fast diminished the numbers of their
+adversaries. In vain did the dragoons charge them and
+cause the foremost of the enemy to retreat to their
+friends in the rear. Lieutenant Davidson soon found his
+party so much crippled in strength that he saw he could
+no longer protect his horses and at the same time carry on
+the combat against such great odds. When there was
+little left that he could do except to offer himself and
+men as targets to be shot at, Lieutenant Davidson reluctantly
+ordered his men to retreat.</p>
+
+<p>In obeying this command, the soldiers had not more
+than wheeled about, when down came the foe in full
+pursuit, making the very air ring with their war-whoops
+and unearthly shouts. So bold did these Indians become
+from the victory which they had achieved, that they
+charged so hotly and so near the soldiers that the latter
+were compelled, in self-defence, to turn and, in a hand to
+hand contest, beat them off. After resisting a succession
+of these assaults, the command finally gained the
+main road. Upon counting his men, Lieutenant Davidson
+found that twenty of them were killed and left
+behind on the battle-field; and that, out of the surviving
+forty, hardly one man had escaped being wounded,
+thereby showing, considering the numbers engaged, how
+bravely the fight had been maintained, and how gallantly
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page420" id="page420"></a>[pg 420]</span>
+each one had endeavored to turn the tide of affairs to a more favorable result.</p>
+
+<p>The course pursued by, and even the bravery of, Lieutenant
+Davidson in this affair, has been unjustly assailed
+and questioned by some persons who have probably
+been misinformed on the subject. Judging from the evidence
+of his companions, there was not a more courageous
+man on that ground than the officer in command.
+Kit Carson refutes the accusation made against his
+friend in the following strain: "I am intimately acquainted
+with Lieutenant Davidson and have been in
+engagements with him where he has taken a prominent
+part and can testify that he is as brave and discreet
+as it is possible for a man to be. Nearly every
+person engaged in and who survived that day's bloody
+battle has since told me that his commanding
+officer never once sought shelter, but stood manfully
+exposed to the aim of the Indians, encouraging his men
+and apparently entirely unmindful of his own life. It
+was, however, in the retreat they say that he acted
+the most gallantly, for, when everything was going
+badly with the soldiers, he was as cool and collected as
+if under the guns of his fort. The only anxiety he
+exhibited was for the safety of his remaining men."</p>
+
+<p>The Indians must have lost many of their warriors in
+this fight, but the exact number has never been ascertained.
+The news of the defeat was brought by the
+retreating soldiers themselves to the town of Taos, where
+on hearing it, for short time, consternation seized hold
+of its inhabitants; but slowly they calmed down, and a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page421" id="page421"></a>[pg 421]</span>
+party, consisting of Americans and Mexicans with wagons,
+was sent out to bring in the mutilated remains of the
+fallen. On reaching the field, the dead were found, but
+they were all mutilated and stripped of all their clothing.
+The Indians had left nothing which they thought might
+be turned to the least account. One poor fellow had
+escaped the rigid scrutiny of the red men by crawling to
+an obscure place where he had died from his wounds.
+On his body was found a belt that contained three hundred
+dollars in gold&mdash;his hard earnings that he had been
+saving up against a day of need. Had the savages known
+of this money, they would not have left it, for they are
+quite familiar with the use, if not with the real value of
+gold. A few days later, the Apaches made their appearance
+in a small Mexican settlement which was far
+distant from the scene of their success. They were
+dressed in portions of the uniforms and accoutrements
+taken from the dead dragoons; and, as they sauntered
+about the town, they would salute each other in military
+style, and otherwise mock the actions of the military
+men. Calling for a piece of paper, one fellow, with a
+bit of charcoal, pretended to write on it an order. No
+doubt, by so doing, he thought he was imitating something
+of the kind which he had seen done at a military
+post. After making a few scratches on the paper, he
+handed it to one of his red companions, and, with a smile
+on his rough countenance, addressed to him some
+directions in reference to the document. Although the
+Mexicans were much amused at these burlesque actions
+of the Indians, yet they did not dare to show their mirth
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page422" id="page422"></a>[pg 422]</span>
+until the latter had departed and left them in possession of their lives.</p>
+
+<p>The day following the one on which the fight had
+taken place, Kit Carson returned from Santa F&#233; and
+passed near to the spot where the soldiers had been so
+roughly handled; but he did not see a visage of an
+Apache. They had, by that time, traveled to the west
+side of the Rio del Norte. Indeed, he anticipated no
+danger to himself, as he was well aware, that the safest
+time to travel through any section of an Indian country,
+is just after the savages have been guilty of some highhanded
+act. They are then, instinctively, as some may
+say, but, as the fact appears to us, by use of their
+reasoning powers, well aware that active measures will
+be set on foot to repay them for their rascality.</p>
+
+<p>The trail which, on this occasion, Kit Carson traveled
+over in coming from Santa F&#233;, is one of the most interesting
+routes, in safe times, that the mere traveler can
+select. It comprises some of the most beautiful scenery
+in New Mexico. The length of the trail is about seventy-five
+miles, and so many windings and turns does it make
+through mountains, forests and gorges, that every hundred
+yards furnishes a suitable place for an Indian ambuscade.
+The largest part of the country which lies
+between Taos and Santa F&#233;, is mountainous; therefore,
+this trail is one series of ascents and descents. The
+greatest pitch is near the scene of the fight in which Lieutenant
+Davidson and his command were engaged, where
+the path, in order to avoid an almost perpendicular declivity,
+makes a zig zag course. To accomplish the ascent
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page423" id="page423"></a>[pg 423]</span>
+of this mountain on a good riding animal, it takes, at
+least, two hours; therefore, the height of the mountain
+can be easily imagined by those accustomed to mountain
+climbing. On reaching some of these immense eminences,
+the scenery is principally formed by the broken
+country, studded here and there with mountains, which
+appear as if in miniature, as well as real. Between are
+valleys, rivers, creeks, ca&#241;ons, etc., which render the
+views truly grand. There is sufficient woodland, plenty
+of pure air, and different species of game, in great abundance,
+playing about, and filling up the picture with life.
+To use the words of romance, this does not fail to make
+the scenery perfect. The trail runs through hamlets and
+villages, which come in at the proper distances and form
+great auxiliaries to the traveler, when fatigued by horseback
+riding; for, at most of these places, the traveler
+can find rest for the night, always provided that he be
+willing to submit to a multitude of inconveniences.</p>
+
+<p>The most desirable place at which to stop, on this trail,
+is a town nearly midway between Taos and Santa F&#233;.
+It is called Rio Arriba. In this village, the traveler can
+obtain many comforts which are denied him even in the
+larger towns. At the present time it is a very difficult
+matter for loaded caravans to pass direct from Santa
+F&#233; to Taos; but the United States government has taken
+the matter in hand and has appropriated large sums of
+money for making a good road between the two places;
+therefore, it will not be a long time before the transit
+will be accomplished with ease and safety. Scattered
+over the country adjacent to this trail now under consideration,
+there are many hamlets and villages which are
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page424" id="page424"></a>[pg 424]</span>
+being greatly augmented by new settlers yearly. Many
+of these have been seldom, if ever, visited by white men,
+and the minute geography of this tract of country is
+still in the embryo. Perhaps a new El Dorado is there
+in store for mankind, and that some day its resources will
+receive an impetus and be developed by the sudden discovery
+of valuable mines therein. This is no chimerical
+illusion; it scarcely rests upon an uncertainty; for, the
+mineral wealth of New Mexico, we are firmly persuaded,
+is still in its infancy. To use trapper language, judging
+from "signs" which exist there in abundance, we shall
+not be surprised to hear, in time, that this territory
+has turned out to be a second California. Rumors of
+gold, and even specimens of the article itself, are frequent
+in many parts of the country; but the poverty of
+the inhabitants keeps them from searching as they ought
+in order to make the discovery. The Americans find a
+more profitable business in commerce and trade, therefore
+they but seldom indulge in speculations designed
+to develop the mineral wealth of the country; but nevertheless,
+they have faith that gold, in immense quantities,
+exists there, and believe that, in time, scientific men will
+disclose the fact and position. We have seen <i>quills</i> full
+of gold dust which has been collected there, and we are
+well acquainted with men who have washed out from
+several streams in the northern part of the Territory,
+the value of two and a half dollars per diem; but, with
+the high prices of living, this rate of produce cannot be
+made to pay unless the work shall be carried on by the assistance of capital.</p>
+
+<p>On this trail to Santa F&#233;, there are several small Pueblos
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page425" id="page425"></a>[pg 425]</span>
+which are inhabited by the descendants of the ancient
+Aztecs. These settlements, generally, are quite
+thrifty, and exhibit many external appearances of comfort.
+To prepare and cultivate the soil, it takes much labor in
+irrigating and bestowing other farming operations upon
+the land in order to bring crops to perfection. Hence
+these people, like the New Mexicans, can realize from
+their toil but little beyond their own subsistence. This
+trail, as it approaches Santa F&#233;, enters through groves
+of small pines which are many miles in extent. In such
+places the ground is sandy and the vegetation poor in the
+extreme. It has proved an exceedingly difficult problem,
+for more than one mind, to solve the reason why the
+capital of the Territory should have been located in such
+a barren section of the country. Perhaps it was because
+this was the most central spot that could be selected,
+although such a reason can hardly be offered in sober
+earnestness. The most charitable reasoning which we
+can offer for it, is because the Mexicans knew no better.
+It is true there are valuable silver mines near by; but this
+could only cause a town to be raised to suit the miners
+and not to form the attraction where the <i>&#233;lite</i> of New
+Mexican society should for so many years congregate.</p>
+
+<p>Santa F&#233; is located on a plateau of ground which is
+about seven thousand feet above the level of the sea.
+The town itself contains about five or six thousand inhabitants
+which includes all races. It is built of <i>adobes</i>, or
+sun-burnt brick, and occupies both sides of a small stream
+which is called the <i>Rio Chicito</i> and which flows into the
+Rio Grande nearly twenty miles from the town. The
+site of Santa F&#233; is low when compared with the altitude
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page426" id="page426"></a>[pg 426]</span>
+of the surrounding country, being bounded on nearly all
+sides by lofty mountains. One of these mountains is quite
+famous. It is the loftiest of all in that section of country,
+and is capped during the greater part of the year with
+snow. As is invariably the case with the large majority
+of Mexican towns, there is but little regularity in the
+streets of Santa F&#233;; but yet, the plaza is easily reached
+by several avenues. Santa F&#233; forms the grand commercial
+emporium of the great interior continent of North
+America; and its trade diverges to every point of the
+compass. The extent of this trade can be realized when
+we assert the fact that with the State of Missouri alone
+it amounts annually to several millions of dollars. In
+the south it has overland communication even with the
+city of Mexico. If the tariff between the two countries
+could be arranged upon a more equitable footing than it
+now is, the Mexican trade would swell into an enormous
+sum. Every acquisition of a new territory in the far
+west and southwest aids in developing the commerce of
+Santa F&#233;; therefore, until steam shall cause a revolution
+in the course of trade, this town must necessarily increase
+greatly in importance. The stores in the town are
+mostly owned, and the mercantile business chiefly carried
+on, by Americans. These American speculators are celebrated
+for the daring manner with which they launch out
+their money upon various enterprises. With them, the
+greater the risk when their chances appear that the gain
+will be large, the more eager they are in facing the
+hazard. They sometimes lose, but oftentimes realize large
+fortunes. The appearance of these stores is captivating
+to the fancy, and many of them would be ornaments
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page427" id="page427"></a>[pg 427]</span>
+to any of the larger cities or towns of the east. The
+most expensive articles of luxury and dress are to be
+found in them, and in these distant parts, such property
+commands a price which would startle and quite shake
+the nerves of a prince; but, when the people can obtain
+the money, they purchase everything which their fancy
+dictates. A Santa F&#233; se&#241;orita dashes in her rich silks
+which have cost hundreds of dollars with as much grace
+as does one of the Washington or Fifth Avenue belles,
+clothed in the same luxuriant style. In Santa F&#233;, we
+are sorry to say, it requires vice of the worst shade for
+women to support such a style of living; but the morals of
+the Mexicans are so loose in all classes, that virtue is boldly
+parted with by both sexes in a spirit which the triumphs
+of natural reason alone ought to prevent, and which no
+lover of humanity can admire or tolerate. Gambling, in
+this town, has long held its full sway, and many is the victim
+which this wretched wickedness has prematurely hurried
+into a vortex, from which there has been no recovery.</p>
+
+<p>The palmy days of gambling, in San Francisco, have
+been rivaled in the little town of Santa F&#233;, and the
+boldness with which the Mexican player will part with
+his last dollar, shows the hardened state to which the
+man, and, what is perhaps worse, the woman, have been
+brought, by years of habitual playing for money. In
+olden times, the Mexicans used to travel hundreds of
+miles, and bring their money with them in order to
+squander it at their favorite game of <i>monte</i>. Not only
+this fact is true, but men will often sell themselves into
+the slavery of debt in order to satisfy their craving desire to gamble.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page428" id="page428"></a>[pg 428]</span>
+
+<p>The town of Santa F&#233; is watered by azequias or small
+canals, which are used in every section of the Territory,
+with which to irrigate the soil. Near the town, and on
+a hill adjoining, stands the ruins of Fort Marcy, which
+was used by the American Volunteers during the conquest
+of the country in the year 1846. This fort commands
+the town; and, for the purpose which governed
+its building it answered very well. There are several
+good boarding-houses in Santa F&#233;, and one hotel, which
+is well fitted up and well kept. It forms the rendezvous for
+the whole town. The commanding general of the military
+department which comprises the Territory of New
+Mexico, with his staff, makes this town his head-quarters.
+There is also a garrison of American soldiers stationed
+in the town. The governor of the territory, the
+judges, surveyor and all the government officials of any
+importance, make this place their home. The Territorial
+buildings, being the halls of legislation, and such
+other buildings as are necessary for the State and Territorial
+purposes, both finished and under process of erection,
+are located in Santa F&#233;. On one side of the plaza
+there stands a long, low building known as the Palace.
+No one, however, would be aware of the fact if not informed
+of it; for the building has more the appearance
+of having been intended for a rope-walk than for the assemblage
+of <i>savants</i> who were to discuss and arrange
+matters of state and public interest. Notwithstanding
+the small pretensions in the way of architecture which
+the Palace presents, nevertheless, within it, there have
+lived old Mexican governors who ruled their people with
+a rod of iron, and whose fiery impulses went forth as just
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page429" id="page429"></a>[pg 429]</span>
+and equitable law. These tyrants&mdash;for it was very seldom
+that the poor and ignorant New Mexicans were
+favored with a good, wise and just governor&mdash;governed on
+the principle of self aggrandizement. Being far separated
+from their home government, they took care to
+smother all evil reports, while the good, only, were
+allowed to circulate; and these, so far as the home government
+was concerned, solely by their authority, in order to
+have the desired effect to retain them in office. In this
+they were usually successful, as they generally retained
+their lucrative positions until cut off by death, or until
+they had amassed a fortune which made their tasks burdensome.
+Many of these men might have been envied
+by the richest among Americans, so far as wealth is considered.
+They were so envied by the wealthy men at
+the capital of the republic. These provinces of Mexico
+were the Indies where troublesome opponents were to be
+sent by government, to suck, like leeches, the public treasury,
+and thus obtain their fill to repletion. When the
+United States came into possession of the territory of New
+Mexico, affairs were somewhat tempered to the state of
+reason and justice; but, a people who had so long been
+kept down, could not at once appreciate the value of the
+changes; consequently, they have been slow in elevating
+their heads to the proper standard of men. The legislature
+of New Mexico, as it has been recognized under the
+constitution of the United States, resembles other forms
+of territorial governments. This statement is true in
+theory, but not in practice; for it is impossible to collect
+an uneducated people, unused to self government, and
+allow them to steer their own bark as law-makers, without
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page430" id="page430"></a>[pg 430]</span>
+observing that they make many openings for serious
+mistakes to creep in, which are and should be severely
+criticised. The pioneer laws, as they came from the first
+New Mexican legislature, were faulty in the extreme.
+They seemed to point out wickedness as a punishment
+for wickedness. If we desired to afford our readers a laugh,
+we should permit them to read many of these laws. The
+simple perusal of them would cause merriment equal to the
+most laughable comedy. Had it not been for the few white
+men, who, from time to time, have found their way into the
+legislature of New Mexico, the whole body would long since
+have lost themselves in the depth of learning which their
+untutored minds had undertaken to engraft upon their statute
+books. The members of this body, for a long time,
+turned their attention more to the emoluments which
+naturally accrued from their position, than to endeavors
+to steady the helm of government for the good of their country.
+In order to save their pay, they studied economy,
+which caused them to make a beggarly appearance, and, in
+the eyes of the white men, they were often contemptibly
+mean. Greatly predominating in numbers, the Mexicans
+of course had no difficulty in ruling the country; and
+they naturally preferred their own countrymen in filling
+the law-making department of their government. The
+consequence was, that they thus obtained a crowd of
+legislators who could hardly read. By the aid of a few
+schools, an enlightened press, and the examples of a few
+worthy Americans, they are gradually mending their
+ways in this respect; and the time will come in a few
+years, when the legislature of New Mexico will compare
+favorably with its sister territories; but this, not until
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page431" id="page431"></a>[pg 431]</span>
+education has made her indelible mark upon the people.</p>
+
+<p>The town of Santa F&#233; is provided with a Roman Catholic
+church, which, under the judicious management of the
+present bishop and clergy, is doing what it can to improve
+the condition of the Mexican population. Other
+religious denominations have not yet been fully developed;
+although the attempt is being made to establish
+churches of the Protestant faith on a sure and permanent
+footing; but this, although we regard it as certain, will
+take time, for the majority of the people lean strongly
+to the Roman Catholic faith. It is a very singular fact
+that among a population of seventy thousand souls included
+in the limits of the Territory of New Mexico,
+there have been such feeble and vain attempts made by
+Protestant missionaries to bring the people to their mode
+of thinking. The task might have been impossible when
+the country was under the jurisdiction of old Mexico;
+but, since it has changed masters, this excuse does not
+hold good. The Mexicans, as a body, learn readily;
+they easily discern between right and wrong; and, as
+the field for Christian enterprise to work in is large
+enough for all sects, it is strange that the Protestant
+church is not found laboring in the good cause, side by
+side with its Roman Catholic friend. It is true, there
+are a few persons struggling on under the auspices of the
+Protestant church; but they are so few that they are
+seldom met in the great expanse of the country. Santa
+F&#233; has long been celebrated as having a depraved population;
+but, as honest and honorable men are now working
+with satisfactory success for a reformation, the day
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page432" id="page432"></a>[pg 432]</span>
+cannot be far distant when this town will redeem itself.
+It is true that, not many years back, Santa F&#233; was filled
+with gamblers and desperadoes of all grades; but, at the
+present time, law and order is beginning to predominate,
+and it is to be hoped that the next generation will
+see a better state of affairs. The vices which have
+characterized the inhabitants have not been confined, by
+any means, to the Mexicans; but rather they have been
+exemplified in those Americans with bad characters, who
+have, from time to time, crept in among the people.
+These men, in several instances, have set examples which
+the most debased Mexican would hesitate to follow.</p>
+
+<p>The appearance of Santa F&#233;, from an outside view, is
+anything but striking. Its houses, like most Mexican
+buildings, are seldom higher than one story, and, with
+few exceptions, they are entirely wanting in beauty.
+They are built after what may be styled a Mexican mode
+of architecture, and consist of a series of rooms which
+encircle an open square or court, the access to which is
+through a large portal. These buildings are usually
+huddled together towards the centre or plaza, while, in
+the outskirts of the town, they are greatly scattered. The
+arrangement of the streets appears as if they were mere
+matters of accident rather than matters of system or intention.
+The town is ornamented by few, if any, trees,
+while the general appearance of the adjacent country, as
+has been seen, is barren. The markets of the town are
+but sparingly supplied with a variety, and those articles
+which are the most common, bring, comparatively speaking,
+good prices. Not many miles from Santa F&#233; there
+are famous silver mines, which for many years were
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page433" id="page433"></a>[pg 433]</span>
+worked almost entirely by hand. Within a recent date
+machinery has been introduced by some enterprising
+Americans, and the precious silver ore is being brought
+to light in large quantities. In point of amusement the
+people still cling to the pleasures of the fandango; and,
+as this town is much in advance of any other in the
+Territory, the Santa F&#233; balls are carried on, sometimes,
+on quite a grand scale. The majority of them
+are the places of resort for the free classes of society.
+The more respectable people seldom attend them, and
+then only when they are certain that they will find the
+ceremonies conducted in the spirit which administers
+really to pleasure and not to excess. The distance from
+Santa F&#233; to the Missouri River is in the neighborhood
+of nine hundred miles. The road, for the first one hundred
+miles towards the Santa F&#233; terminus, is rough and
+hilly; but, after that, it strikes out on the open plains,
+and is as level as can possibly be for such an immense
+distance. It is over this beautiful road that we have
+several times described Kit Carson as he traveled to and
+from the United States, though, more frequently, as has
+been seen, he preferred routes of his own selection, which
+enabled him, with his small escorts, to elude the vigilant
+watch of hostile Indians. The rich merchandise which
+finds its market in New Mexico passes over this road;
+and, during the summer months, the heavily-laden caravans
+are continually traversing it.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page434" id="page434"></a>[pg 434]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XVI.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+A fresh Campaign set on foot&mdash;Col. Cook in Command&mdash;Kit Carson goes as Guide&mdash;The
+Apaches and Utahs leagued together&mdash;The Roughness of the Country and
+the Privations to which the Command was exposed&mdash;The Indians overhauled&mdash;A
+running Fight&mdash;The Advantages gained&mdash;The Chase resumed&mdash;The Apaches
+resort to their old Tricks&mdash;Col. Cook is obliged to return to Abiquiu&mdash;A Utah
+taken Prisoner through Mistake&mdash;Kit Carson goes to Taos and has a Conference
+with the Chiefs of the Utah Nation&mdash;Cook's second Scout&mdash;He is caught in a
+furious Snow-storm and obliged to return to Rio Colorado&mdash;Major Brooks and
+Reinforcements come to the Rescue&mdash;Major Brooks on the Lookout, but fails to
+find the Indians&mdash;Carleton's Expedition&mdash;Kit Carson goes with it as Guide&mdash;The
+Adventures met with&mdash;Kit Carson's Prophecy comes true&mdash;The Muache Band of
+Utahs summoned by Kit Carson to a Grand Council&mdash;Troubles brewing among
+these Indians&mdash;The Small Pox carries off their Head Men.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>To retrieve the ground lost, and also, to show the
+Jiccarilla Apaches that their recent victory had tended
+only to stimulate the movements of the Americans to a
+display of greater activity and energy, after a brief space
+of time, a large body of regular troops were made ready
+to take the field against them. The commander of this
+expedition was Col. Cook of the 2d Regiment of United
+States dragoons. That officer chose for his principal
+guide Kit Carson, whose peace duties as Indian Agent
+had been abruptly arrested by the warlike attitude of
+some of his Indians. It was necessary, also, that Kit Carson
+should be on the ground in case the red men were
+overtaken, in order to ascertain whether, or no, the Utahs
+were mixed up with the operations of the Apaches. A
+large branch of the former tribe were part and parcel of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page435" id="page435"></a>[pg 435]</span>
+his agency, and the two nations were known to be on
+very friendly terms with each other; consequently, it was
+surmised that they might be secretly, and under disguise,
+acting together in the war.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Cook employed, besides the troops of the line
+which were under his command, some forty men selected
+from among the Mexican and Pueblo Indians, whose
+duties were to act as spies and trailers.</p>
+
+<p>These Pueblos were selected for spies on account of
+their being familiar with Indian habits and their mode
+of warfare. They were taken from among the best hunters
+which the Pueblo villages could furnish. They
+presented themselves provided with their own horses,
+rifles, and, in most cases, with their own ammunition, and
+were supplied only with their rations of food. When it
+was practicable, they were allowed to kill game; and,
+being very expert at it, they seldom returned from a
+hunt open-handed. Their peaceful mode of life prevented
+them from engaging in any deep league with the hostile
+Indians; but yet, there is no doubt that when the different
+tribes were at war with the whites, the Pueblos harbored
+the warlike Indians and supplied them, in many
+instances, with such articles as they stood most in need
+of. Their policy in thus acting might have been to retain
+the friendship of these Indians and thus prevent
+their committing any depredations on themselves. The
+Pueblos may have taken advantage of the state of affairs
+when war existed, and doubtless frequently did, under
+disguise of the enemy, become guilty of crimes which
+could easily have been proven against them. The Mexicans
+have often tried to criminate the Pueblos for thus
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page436" id="page436"></a>[pg 436]</span>
+acting; but they have proceeded with such bungling
+policy, that it has seldom happened that anything
+criminal has been definitely proven against them. If a
+part of them have thus acted, there is not the least doubt
+but that the majority are guiltless. They are, as a body,
+loyal to the government of the United States; but, not so
+much from love of the Americans as from being shrewd.
+They know it is for self interest to keep good friends with
+the strongest power. On these war scouts they rendered
+valuable service, and in this light, have been long regarded
+with favor by the whites.</p>
+
+<p>The command of these forty Mexicans and Pueblo Indians
+was conferred upon James H. Quinn, a well-known
+and prominent citizen of New Mexico. This gentleman
+became intimately associated with the Territory of New
+Mexico soon after that country was annexed to the
+United States. In politics, military life, farming and
+mercantile pursuits, he was most actively engaged, and
+by his talents and industry took a prominent position and
+became an influential member of society. He had some
+faults; (who has not?) but his unexpected death came so
+suddenly upon his friends that they could only think of
+him for the many good qualities both of his head and
+heart. Hence, his faults were most willingly passed over in silence.</p>
+
+<p>All things being in readiness, the command entered
+upon the pursuit of the Indians. They marched from
+Taos, ten miles north, to a stream called the Arroya
+Hondo. Thence, following the banks of this stream down
+through its deep and rocky ca&#241;on, they came to the Rio del Norte.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page437" id="page437"></a>[pg 437]</span>
+
+<p>On the first-named stream, there is a small and
+unattractive settlement, which bears the same name.
+Several years since, there was a large distillery in full
+operation at this place. This establishment was owned
+by an American, and was very extensive. The building
+was celebrated as being the place where several
+Americans were slaughtered by the Mexicans during the
+revolution, in which Governor Bent lost his life, heretofore
+spoken of. On the plain which is contiguous with
+the south bank of the Arroya Hondo, there are to be
+found the remains of a large Aztec town, which was, at
+some remote period, the largest settlement inhabited by
+that interesting people to be found in northern New
+Mexico. At the present day, can be seen the size and
+almost the number of houses which formed the town&mdash;which
+are very numerous. The building material, as
+here used by the Aztecs, was small cobble-stones which
+undoubtedly were mixed with mud and thus formed the
+structure. Pieces of pottery, flint arrow-points; stone
+pipe and rude tools have been, from time to time,
+found on the site of the town, going to prove that the
+people were not wandering in their habits, but that instead,
+they occupied their time in farming, raising cattle
+and mining. The wild Indians may have murdered the
+inhabitants, and then destroyed the town; or, civil war
+and pestilence might have caused it to become deserted,
+when, as a natural result, it fell to decay. The
+most plausible theory to entertain is the former, as every
+old Mexican town of the north contains relics which
+could not have been designed merely in case of an emergency.
+Not one of these towns in olden times was
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page438" id="page438"></a>[pg 438]</span>
+without a large well, which, in most instances, was bountifully
+supplied with water. In time of peace, these extensive
+reservoirs were covered over and concealed from
+view, and therefore, but few strangers could be made
+aware of their existence. On the breaking out of war,
+these wells were thrown open for public use, and, being
+located in the centre of the towns, the inhabitants
+escaped that danger in procuring water which necessarily
+would have surrounded them in case they had
+been obliged, as they are now, to bring it from the neighboring
+streams. As time rolled on, and danger was lessened,
+these wells were almost forgotten, until the timber
+which covered them rotted and allowed their fragments and
+the earth to cave in, when the object of the digging these
+reservoirs became apparent. It is an established fact in
+history, that the town of Taos once withstood a long and
+fearful siege, but finally escaped, as did its people, uninjured.
+The besieging party, in this instance, was composed
+of the Indians of the plains; they were present to
+the number of many thousand, and were at last compelled
+to depart, as is supposed, in consequence of their
+provisions giving out. Reasoning from analogy, it is no
+more than proper to suppose, that if the early settlements
+of the Mexicans were thus annoyed, the case of the
+Aztecs must have been still harder, and that being overcome
+by numbers, they were necessitated to succumb; and
+hence, were swept, by the Indians of the plains, from the
+face of the earth, leaving but a dim outline of their ancient grandeur.</p>
+
+<p>The party found the stream very much swollen by the
+melting of the snows in the mountains. When they
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page439" id="page439"></a>[pg 439]</span>
+arrived at its fording-place, notwithstanding a torrent
+rolled before them, the command was, of a necessity,
+given to cross. There was no shrinking. Without a single
+murmur, the entire command set themselves about
+the perilous task. The bed of the river at this place is
+rocky and shelving. At low water, these facts offer no
+great obstacles in crossing. The case is very different
+when the torrent has reached high-water mark&mdash;then, a
+single step will often plunge horse and rider into the
+angry waters beyond their depth. Kit Carson boldly
+took the lead, and before the infantry had all passed, the
+horses of the dragoons had to be sent back to assist
+them. To facilitate this fording, Kit Carson crossed and
+recrossed the stream at least twenty times. No serious
+accident occurred, although three of the dragoons came
+near being swept down the current, which, at the time,
+was very swift and strong. Had they gone below the
+fording-place, they would most assuredly have been
+drowned, as the river there takes a fearful leap through
+a cut in the rocks. Having safely gained the opposite
+shore, the men found that their labors had but just commenced.
+In front of them stood a precipice that was, at the
+least calculation, six hundred feet in height, of solid
+rock, and almost perpendicular. Up this ascent the command
+had to mount, by following a zigzag trail. With
+much trouble and toil, the summit of the height was
+reached, when they once more commenced their journey
+over a diversified country, made up of plains and ravines.
+No grass or water was found until the expedition arrived
+at a small Mexican town called Sirvilletta. Here an encampment
+was formed for one night, and here their animals
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page440" id="page440"></a>[pg 440]</span>
+were to have their last rations of corn and forage.
+The sale of these latter articles proved a windfall to, and
+made glad the hearts of the inhabitants of the settlement;
+for the money which they received, in exchange for their
+produce, was the largest sum they had ever possessed.
+Thus, in more ways than one, these campaigns in the
+mountains caused good results.</p>
+
+<p>These settlements on the remote frontiers of the territory
+of New Mexico are composed of very poor people,
+who, for many years succeeding their first efforts on
+establishing their small farms, find great difficulty in
+doing more than to feed themselves. Their distance
+from markets such as Taos affords, prevents them from
+transporting thither more than their small surplus of
+grain; but, as in this case, on thus finding many hungry
+horses and mules to feed, their corn-stalks and wheat-straw
+come into demand, and bring them in a remuneration
+in ready money, in sums which they have not
+even dreamed of before. The only difficulty in trading
+with such people is to fix a fair price on their produce;
+for they are so fearful of not receiving enough, that they
+often overshoot the mark, and charge so much as to
+prevent other expeditions of the same sort from visiting
+them. With the few dollars in their pockets thus gained
+from the party, these Mexicans for once felt themselves rich men.</p>
+
+<p>Early on the subsequent day the whole force was
+again in motion, and continued an active march for two
+days over a rough country. At last Kit Carson struck
+the Indian trail. The course was instantly made to suit
+this trail, when the party marched on two days more
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page441" id="page441"></a>[pg 441]</span>
+at a rapid pace. On the second day's march, the
+Indians were overhauled. The band of Apaches had
+been jogging on slowly, and consequently, their animals
+were in good order. The case was far different with
+their pursuers; their horses were much used up by overwork
+and privations. Thus, when their strength was
+most needed, it was found wanting. The Indians
+espied the soldiers in time to make good their flight, but
+not quick enough to save the lives of all their warriors.
+Several of them were killed and many more were
+wounded. They also lost a few of their horses, and
+nearly all their camp equipage. The roughness of the
+section of the country where they were overtaken, assisted
+the savages in escaping, notwithstanding every
+effort was made by the Americans to prevent their
+leaving so easily. Kit Carson, when describing these
+events, says: "To Capt. Sykes, who commanded the
+infantry, is due the greatest amount of praise for the
+part he acted in our adventures. When his men were
+almost broken down with sore feet, long and difficult
+marches, want of provisions, the coldness of the
+weather, and with their clothing nearly worn out, and
+when they were on the point of giving up with despair,
+they were prevented from so doing by witnessing the
+noble example set them by their captain. He showed
+them what a soldier's duty really was, and this so
+touched their pride that they hobbled along as if determined
+to follow him until death relieved them from
+their sufferings. Although this officer had a riding
+animal at his disposal, yet never for once did he mount
+him; but instead, he lent the horse to some deserving
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page442" id="page442"></a>[pg 442]</span>
+soldier who was on the point of succumbing to overwork.
+When the Indian village was discovered, he
+cheered his men from a limping walk into a sort
+of run, and dashing through a swollen mountain
+stream, that was nearly up to their arm-pits and full
+of floating ice, he was, with his company, the foremost in the attack."</p>
+
+<p>Two soldiers of Captain Sykes's company<a id="footnotetag25" name="footnotetag25"></a><a href="#footnote25"><sup>25</sup></a> were
+wounded, and one of them afterwards died. The other
+man was severely injured, but eventually recovered.
+The Indians, on being routed, were pursued through a
+deep ca&#241;on for about four miles. A few who had been
+previously wounded were overtaken and slain. Night
+now came on; therefore, the men had to give up the
+chase, and on returning to their own encampment they
+found their friends had located it on the same ground
+which the Indians had occupied when they were first
+discovered. The next morning the surviving wounded
+man, with an escort, was sent back to the nearest military
+post, so that he could receive proper attention.
+The pursuit at an early hour was then resumed, by the
+soldiers' taking the fresh trail of the Indians. Away
+went both parties through valleys, ca&#241;ons, and over snow
+clad mountains, until, in the end, the Americans saw that
+it was impossible to overtake the red men, who began to
+break up into squads of two and three and scatter in
+every direction. During the latter days of the chase,
+the routes which the Indians traveled were the worst
+they could select; their object being, entirely to use up
+the animals of their pursuers, who were thus vigorously
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page443" id="page443"></a>[pg 443]</span>
+driving them from one haunt to another. Very often, at
+night, the soldiers would find themselves bivouacked but a
+short distance from the place which they had left on
+the previous morning; and this happened, when not once
+during the whole day, had they missed the trail or
+ceased travelling; but the fact was, that the enemy were
+so familiar with the country that they made these
+crooked trails with impunity. Finally, the Indians saw
+that in this trial of muscles and nerves they gained
+nothing, and could not thus shake off their pursuers, but
+that it was necessary for them to try other expedients;
+therefore, they separated, to meet again at some preconcerted
+rendezvous. On this occasion, as so often heretofore,
+the Apaches did not belie the character formed
+of them by some of our most experienced military men,
+and of which we have before spoken: viz., that they have
+no equals for endurance, and such a thing as overtaking
+them when once put to flight is almost out of the category
+of the white man's feats.</p>
+
+<p>There being nothing more that could be accomplished
+by the pursuit, consequently, Col. Cook ordered his
+men to face about, and they having done so, he made a
+direct march to Abiquiu, a Mexican village that is
+located on the Rio Chamo, a tributary of the Rio del
+Norte. The design he had in going there was to recruit
+his men and animals. Their sufferings had been severe.
+Although performing constantly more than double duty,
+the entire command was put upon half allowance of food,
+and that little could not be properly cooked. For this
+reason, the trials and hardships which they experienced
+were of no ordinary character.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page444" id="page444"></a>[pg 444]</span>
+
+<p>The town of Abiquiu, where Colonel Cook arrived, is
+about sixty miles northwest from Santa F&#233;, and a traveler
+can make a journey through valleys from one town to
+the other. It stands next to Taos in point of magnitude
+and importance in the matter of townships in the north
+of New Mexico. The scenery about this settlement is
+very attractive, and, as it lies on the borders of the Utah
+Indian country, it is frequently visited by these Indians.
+The neighbors of the Utahs, the Navajoes, occasionally
+make their appearance in the town. The Mexicans of
+Abiquiu, from their continued intercourse with bands of
+the Utah Indians, are more or less linked in with them;
+and, in time of war, the Americans can place but little
+confidence in the inhabitants of Abiquiu on this account.
+The grazing and farming facilities of the country adjacent
+to this town are quite progressive, and were it not
+for the Indians, its resources would be much more rapidly
+developed than they now are.</p>
+
+<p>Utah was originally part of the territory of Upper
+California. The United States came into possession of it
+by treaty with Mexico in 1848. The population is
+chiefly Mormon. The new territory, as set off by the
+United States in 1850, includes an area of one hundred
+and eighty-seven thousand, nine hundred and twenty-three
+square miles, or one hundred and twenty millions,
+two hundred and seventy thousand and seven hundred
+and twenty acres. Near the eastern base of the Sierra
+Nevada range there are several lakes which receive
+the waters of the eastern slope of these leviathan mountains.
+One of these lakes bears the name of Kit Carson,
+having been named Carson Lake by Colonel Fremont.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page445" id="page445"></a>[pg 445]</span>
+
+<p>In one respect this country has characteristics seldom
+met with in any part of the globe. Large numbers of
+the lakes and rivers have no outlets. Such is the fact in
+regard to Carson Lake. The only means by which their
+waters are reduced is by evaporation. The Great Salt
+Lake of Utah, to the traveler is of great interest. It
+may well be called the Dead Sea of Utah.</p>
+
+<p>As has been seen, Col. Cook and party were now
+halted at a Mexican village on the Rio Chama, a tributary
+of the Rio Grande or del Norte.</p>
+
+<p>The party that had been sent back with the wounded
+man, while on their journey met and captured an
+Indian. Supposing him to be an Apache, they deprived
+him of his horse and arms and otherwise treated
+him as a prisoner. While they were en route, the Indian
+made his escape and joined his tribe. This captive they
+afterwards learned was a Utah, whose tribe had the external
+appearance of being friendly towards the whites,
+although there were existing good reasons for doubting
+their sincerity. Col. Cook, fearing that such treatment
+might offer the Utahs a plausible excuse for openly
+declaring war, determined to clear himself of censure by
+making such reparation as was in his power. Accordingly,
+he dispatched Kit Carson to the head-quarters
+of his Agency, in order to settle matters. On reaching
+Taos, Kit Carson sent an expressman to the Utah village
+with the request that their chiefs would come and
+have a talk with him. They obeyed his summons, and
+when they were seated in Council with their "Father
+Kit," he explained to them how that the soldiers had
+taken prisoner their <i>brave</i> through mistake and ignorance.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page446" id="page446"></a>[pg 446]</span>
+He informed them, that his countrymen did not
+wish to do their tribe any injury, and he trusted that
+they would overlook the affair; advising them that the
+best way to show to the white men that their intentions
+were honest would be by not rendering aid to the
+Apaches. He said that he had not sent for them
+through fear, as their warriors were but a handful when
+compared to the soldiers of their "Great Father;" but
+the main object, always to be held in view in their deliberations,
+was to cultivate friendship, as the country
+was large enough for both parties to live in. The
+Indians replied that they were satisfied with the explanation
+made to them, and declared that their hearts
+were not in the least inimical towards the whites. On
+hearing this, Kit Carson restored to them the captured
+property, and also made to the chiefs themselves a few useful presents.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Cook, after granting a sufficient rest to his men,
+and after obtaining supplies at Abiquiu, started out
+again to hunt the Jiccarillas. He was so fortunate soon
+after as to find a fresh trail, and in hot haste followed it
+for several days, when, unfortunately, he was caught in
+a furious snow-storm which obliterated the tracks of the
+Indians, besides otherwise greatly damaging his resources.
+The fair prospects of a successful termination
+to the expedition being so suddenly frustrated, the commander
+had no other alternative open to him but to
+return. This he did by going to the Rito Colorado, a
+small town that lay on his route. Here the command
+was joined by Major Brooks of the 3d Regiment of U.S.
+Infantry, who had marched to the relief of Col. Cook
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page447" id="page447"></a>[pg 447]</span>
+with reinforcements. As soon as the necessary preparations
+were gone through with, another scout was undertaken
+under charge of this last-named officer, while Col.
+Cook and his men retired from their active service.</p>
+
+<p>Major Brooks, without much difficulty, struck upon a
+recent path made by the enemy, and on it, gave them
+chase. The Indians were making their way to the Utah
+country, and on arriving there, the plans of the major
+were completely balked, owing to the great numbers of
+fresh trails that he discovered in those parts. They
+were so numerous that they crossed and recrossed one
+another at all points, and were so similar that his best
+guides could not distinguish the one made by the Apaches
+from those belonging to the Utahs. The result was
+that this command, after being in the field for fifteen
+days, was compelled to return without accomplishing anything.</p>
+
+<p>These two nations, the Utahs and Apaches, have been
+so long intimate, that many of their habits and customs
+are the same, and very often it requires them to speak
+their respective languages, before they can be recognized;
+but, usually, the Utahs are cleaner and better dressed
+than their faithful allies, the Apaches, whom they use,
+in time of peace and war, as tools.</p>
+
+<p>After allowing sufficient time for the Apaches to collect
+and reorganize so that they would be more accessible,
+a third expedition was made ready and placed under
+the command of Major Carlton of the First Regiment of
+United States dragoons. Major Carlton employed as his guide, Kit Carson.</p>
+
+<p>This command, at first, traveled to the north one hundred
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page448" id="page448"></a>[pg 448]</span>
+miles, until it reached Fort Massachusetts. Here it
+halted for one day until the final arrangement could be
+finished. Major Carlton then divided his party, sending
+one division, which consisted of his spy company, under
+Captain Quinn, to examine the country on the west side
+of the White Mountains, while he took it upon himself
+to inspect the territory on the east side of the same range.</p>
+
+<p>Captain Quinn followed up the valley of San Luis.
+When he reached the Mosco Pass, he turned off through
+it, in order to get into the Wet Mountain Valley, where
+it had been previously agreed upon that he should meet
+with and report progress to his commanding officer.</p>
+
+<p>The Mosco Pass is a narrow opening in the White
+Mountains, which latter is but another name for a
+branch of the Rocky Chain. This pass has been traversed
+by Col. St. Vrain, many years ago, with wagons;
+but, at the present time, such a feat would prove to be an
+impossibility, as the mountain streams have washed down
+large rocks and other obstacles, which now present difficulties
+which simply men and animals cannot overcome.
+The pass itself is but a few miles in length. It is but a
+deep cut through very lofty mountains. Its sides are
+rocky, craggy and very rough, defying, in many places,
+the most experienced climber to ascend them. It is a
+favorite route, which the Apaches delight to take when
+hotly pursued, as it offers them the saving of many miles
+of difficult and circuitous traveling, when they wish to reach the open prairies.</p>
+
+<p>On reaching the place of rendezvous, Carlton, while in
+the Sangre de Christo Pass, by the aid of his guide Kit
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page449" id="page449"></a>[pg 449]</span>
+Carson, discovered a trail made by three of the enemy,
+and on following it up, it was found to join the main
+path on the Huerfano Creek. On the arrival of Quinn, who
+had discovered signs which indicated the direction the
+Indians were taking, a conference was called, when all
+the old guides and spies of the party agreed in believing
+they were on the right scent. The skill shown by men
+accustomed to the business of tracking Indians, either
+for friendly or warlike purposes, is oftentimes truly wonderful,
+and especially is it so to a person brought up in
+a civilized community, only familiar with the reports of
+such things. The age of the trail, the haunts the red
+men are bound to, their object in going there, the numbers
+on the trail, and the tribe, or tribes to which they belong,
+can, in the majority of cases, be told with the greatest
+accuracy. It is by philosophizing on minute things,
+which in ordinary life would be considered mere trifles,
+and hardly worth a consideration, that this knowledge is
+arrived at. Thus, it takes but a minimum amount of wisdom
+to realize that a spear of grass, when trodden upon,
+is usually crushed to the earth; but, few reflect that the
+attempt is made by nature to restore the blade to its
+naturally upright position, and in doing so, requires a certain
+period of time to accomplish the task. This process,
+to the trailer, is an index by which he judges the
+age of the visit made by the Indians, to that section of
+country. The shape of the sole of the moccasin, or the
+carvings on arrows when they are found, which not unfrequently
+happens, and many other like things, are sure
+signs in guiding the experienced trailer to the particular party he is seeking.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page450" id="page450"></a>[pg 450]</span>
+
+<p>Carleton and his men became flushed with the prospects
+of success on finding the main trail, and they lost no time
+in following it up. For six days they made rapid progress,
+and at the end of that time espied the Indians
+encamped on "Fisher's Peak" in the Raton Mountains.
+Although the mountain was none the easiest to climb,
+yet the soldiers went at its performance with a determination
+that brought them upon the Indians before they
+could collect their animals and be off, and the consequence
+was, that many a brave warrior then and there
+drew his last breath. However, the most of the Indians
+ran away, but were pursued and a few were overtaken and shot.</p>
+
+<p>The mountain on which the Apaches were concealed,
+as described in this adventure with them, is devoid of
+trees, and hence, is what, in western language is known
+as a "bald mountain." Its summit contained a dry basin;
+which, besides the open lookout that the eminence commanded,
+formed another inducement to these Indians in
+selecting it for a hiding-place. The route from New
+Mexico to the United States, which we have before
+spoken of as the Bent's Fort road, runs through, or
+rather, close to, the Raton Mountains. On account of its
+being well timbered, and offering somewhat of a protection,
+this route is often chosen late in the autumn and
+early in the spring, as the safest for caravans to travel.
+As a hunting district it cannot be surpassed, especially
+in the seasons of the year above mentioned, as the game
+collects there for shelter from cold and storms.</p>
+
+<p>At night, a squad of men under command of
+Lieutenant R. Johnston, of the First Regiment of United
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page451" id="page451"></a>[pg 451]</span>
+States Dragoons, secreted themselves in the camp lately
+occupied by the Indians, in the expectancy that some of
+them would return to reconnoitre and see what had been
+done there. Along with this detachment, there was a
+man belonging to the spy company who could counterfeit
+the call used by these Indians when they wish to find
+each other and collect their forces. At about midnight,
+when all was still, this peculiar-toned whistle was sounded,
+when lo and behold! two warriors and two squaws came
+forth and commenced groping about in the darkness.
+They were fired upon, but as no accurate aim could be
+taken, only one of the men was mortally wounded.
+There is no reason to doubt that there were more of
+these Indians concealed in the neighborhood, but the
+report of the rifles and the yells of their exposed brothers,
+caused them to cling to their hiding-places; and,
+as the shades of night advanced, they thought it was best
+to be on the move to distant parts. Hence, they escaped.
+The Apaches, in this affray, parted with forty head of
+horses and also their scanty allowance of camp equipage;
+for, by prosecuting the war, they were fast becoming
+poverty stricken; but, to do them as much harm as possible,
+all the articles that could be of any service to them
+were collected and destroyed.</p>
+
+<p>A spectator, not used to seeing Indians in all phases,
+on beholding these Apaches in their most nourishing condition,
+would at once decide they had but little else to
+lose than their bodies, for they usually have but a small
+quantity of clothing on them; but this is but an instance
+where human eyes can be easily deluded. As long as he
+has his rifle with plenty of ammunition, or even when
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page452" id="page452"></a>[pg 452]</span>
+he is reduced to his bow and arrows, the Apache still
+considers that he is amply provided to carry on war.
+Least of all the Indians in the far West does this race
+prepare for the future. When deprived of his horse,
+which he is ready, at a moment's warning, to convert
+into food by killing, his spirits are as buoyant as if he
+was mounted on the fleetest charger. He is equally
+careless about partaking of his last morsel of nourishment,
+although his rashness may drive him, and often
+does, to the alternative of subsisting on roots and bark,
+or such other articles as may fall in his way.</p>
+
+<p>On the morning of the day that the Apache village
+was discovered and captured, Kit Carson rode up to his
+superior officer and said, "Major, if no accident shall
+happen to prevent us, we are certain to overtake the
+Indians by two o'clock this afternoon. The signs are
+becoming so fresh that I feel confident that I will not
+be mistaken." Carleton replied that if his words came
+true, he would present him with the finest hat that could
+be purchased in the United States. Strange as it may
+appear, the Indians were found at the hour which the
+guide had predicted. Sometime afterward, as it required
+quite a length of time to write and have the commission
+executed, Kit Carson was presented with a
+superb hat, in which there was a very appropriate inscription&mdash;viz.</p>
+
+<table summary="inscription" align="center" border="2">
+<tr><td align="center"><h4>AT 2 O'CLOCK.</h4>
+<h2>KIT CARSON,</h2>
+<h4>FROM</h4>
+<h3>MAJOR CARLETON.</h3></td></tr>
+</table>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page453" id="page453"></a>[pg 453]</span>
+
+<p>This prophecy was not guesswork. On the contrary,
+it was a matter of calculation, made on the same principle
+which any experienced workman would adopt,
+in reference to some undertaking that was within the
+range of his calling. A few years later, an officer, who
+had been an eye-witness of this incident, had the opportunity
+of trying Kit Carson a second time on the same
+business, but Kit was not mistaken. The Indians were
+overtaken within five minutes from the time he had foretold they would be.</p>
+
+<p>Major Carleton, having performed all that lay in his
+power, commenced his homeward-bound march. While
+<i>en route</i> he traveled by the head waters of the Canadian
+River and its tributaries, and passed over bold and lofty
+mountains, and through a picturesque country. Finally
+he reached Taos. His command was in a very good condition,
+considering the hardships to which it had been exposed.</p>
+
+<p>Although we say, in common parlance, that this command
+returned in good condition, yet it must not be
+presumed by this assertion that they came back making
+a fine appearance, like that presented by soldiers on a
+parade. When out on these campaigns, the comfort of
+the men is considered to be of more importance than
+either pomp or show; hence, those military trappings
+which are not particularly essential, are left behind,
+while there is just enough uniformity of dress remaining,
+to make them recognizable as soldiers. But little luggage
+can be transported on these trips, hence, the
+soldiers are obliged to limit their wants to actual necessity,
+which seldom amounts to more than the clothes
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page454" id="page454"></a>[pg 454]</span>
+they have on. When about starting out, the soldiers
+bear the appearance of being ready for hard work;
+which, after finishing, they are glad to return, even if
+they present themselves at their quarters in rags. It is
+wonderful what a change in personal appearance a few
+weeks can make by traveling in the mountains. The
+person thus exposed partially conforms to the habits of
+the wild Indians, both in appearance and mode of life.
+Such toilet articles as mirrors and razors, with their paraphernalia,
+are dispensed with, personal beauty being a
+thing the most to be despised. In lieu thereof, robust
+health shows itself in the cheek, the eye, and the whole
+economy of the man. The blood courses through his
+veins as pure as the water in the mountain streams about
+him. By this training, the mind becomes clear and well
+balanced, and the whole system reaches a condition which
+far surpasses the finest constructed machinery. This
+happy state of the body does not, however, communicate
+itself to the fantastical appearance of the soldiers as they
+come marching along. Were they to enter a town
+belonging to a civilized community, when arrayed in this
+mountain costume, they would be at once judged as a band of desperadoes.</p>
+
+<p>On arriving at his home, Kit Carson resumed the
+duties of his office as Indian Agent, which occupied his
+time during the remainder of the year. Soon after,
+another expedition was organized and sent out against
+the Apaches, but it returned unsuccessful.</p>
+
+<p>We have used this word "organizing," when speaking
+of the fitting out of various expeditions against the
+Indians, and it seems proper that here we should give
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page455" id="page455"></a>[pg 455]</span>
+the reader an idea of what kind of preparation is necessary
+to put one of these commands in proper trim. The
+company, or companies, of soldiers will be first detailed
+for the arduous duties of the field to castigate the Indians.
+This matter is easy to accomplish; but the next thing to
+be thought of is to take care of these troops, which is
+not quite so puerile a task. The quartermaster estimates
+from the number of the soldiers how many mules
+will be required to transport their luggage, equipments
+and provisions. This having been determined upon, he
+collects the animals and has them provided with pack-saddles.
+The task of shoeing the horses and mules is
+also no easy matter, for they cannot go until after they
+have been properly shod. A certain weight of freight
+is assigned to each pack mule, and a suitable number of
+men are employed to take care of, load and unload
+these animals when in camp. When on the march,
+these men perform duty as drivers, and otherwise look
+after their charge. Notwithstanding their proverbial
+obstinacy, these pack mules quickly learn the labor
+which they have to perform. After finishing their usual
+day's work, they often exhibit impatience to be relieved
+of their burdens. In the morning they are correspondingly
+reluctant about being loaded, and by their hostile
+demonstrations, they plainly show their unwillingness to
+engage in further labor. Especially is this true, when, by
+careless management, their backs have become injured;
+or when, from the steadiness of pressure from the "<i>dead</i>
+weight" of their cargoes, the same result has been
+brought about. The Mexicans understand the art of
+packing animals to perfection, hence they are preferred
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page456" id="page456"></a>[pg 456]</span>
+before other men to serve in this capacity. It is often
+a laughable scene to witness a mule who is used to the
+business, having his load strapped on and otherwise
+arranged in proper place. The packer, with the lashing
+rope in hand, and with his foot braced against the side
+of the animal, by the assistance of a kind of pulley
+arrangement in the saddle gearing, uses his utmost endeavors
+to make things as firm as possible. Every
+effort which he thus put forth, is strenuously and obstinately
+resisted by a trick which we will call a straining
+process that is resorted to by the mule. The animal
+seems to know when his pack is securely and properly
+adjusted; for, if it is not, he is ready to dump it on the
+first opportunity occurring. When the mules are loaded,
+they start out in a drove, but are allowed to select their
+own path, provided they follow on after the command.
+It generally happens that one of them is more ambitious
+than his companions. This one taking the lead, the
+others resign to him their right to the place, and are content
+to keep his company at a respectful distance in the
+rear. One of the duties of the Commissary Department
+in fitting out such expeditions is, to provide a sufficient
+quantity of rations for the men, such as beef, bacon, beans,
+sugar and coffee. These form the reliable subsistence of
+the soldiers while absent from their posts or the settlements.
+The estimate is judged of by the number of
+days which the expedition will require to be absent,
+in order to perform a certain amount of work. From
+this result is calculated the weight and number of the
+rations required, always, when practicable, allowing a
+small surplus. In this respect old and experienced soldiers
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page457" id="page457"></a>[pg 457]</span>
+are far superior to volunteers. The former will
+allow of no waste. They are accustomed to be methodic
+in their modes of life, while the volunteer is usually
+ignorant of such teaching; hence, he is wanting in making
+little things go a great way. While out on one of
+these campaigns, it is often practicable to a certain
+extent, provided the undertaking is not a hotly contested
+chase, to drive along beef cattle, which can be
+killed and used at discretion. Bacon, however, is the
+soldier's sheet anchor; and, the variety of forms in
+which he can cook and prepare for eating this article,
+while in the field, would astonish even a French <i>chef de
+cuisine</i>. It very frequently happens, however, that in
+an Indian country, he is not allowed to exercise his talent,
+for, making large fires might have the effect of apprising
+the enemy of the near approach of danger. In such a
+case he is obliged to make his coffee in a tin cup, over a
+very small fire, the fuel of which consists of a handful of
+dry twigs, which are carefully and cautiously replenished
+as the first supply is consumed. This coffee, together
+with the remains of his last frugal meal, serves to stay
+his appetite for the time being, <i>nolens volens</i>. The
+organization is said to be complete and fit for service
+when the soldiers are judiciously provided with arms,
+ammunition, and riding horses. When the party consists
+of mounted men, they also are provided with such other
+articles as are deemed necessary, which are included,
+usually, under the heading of an outfit for the especial
+business in which the soldier is to engage.</p>
+
+<p>In the latter part of the summer, Kit Carson departed
+from the agency, on a visit to the band of Utahs, one of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page458" id="page458"></a>[pg 458]</span>
+the tribes who were placed under his special charge.
+Although, usually, he went to their country several times
+in a year, yet, more frequently, these Indians came to
+him in order that they might enjoy the hospitality of his
+house, and receive from him presents of tobacco and
+other little commodities which he was always sure to
+give them&mdash;articles which he generally had to pay for
+himself. In visiting them at their home on this particular
+occasion, Kit Carson had the double object in view of
+notifying them of the <i>moon</i> when they must meet the
+superintendent of the Indian affairs of the territory at
+Abiquiu, a town adjacent to their hunting-grounds, and
+one which they often frequented, and also, to inform
+himself of the schemes which they had on foot and their
+actual wants, so that he could report to the proper authorities
+the necessary articles of which they stood most
+in need. To define the actual wants and requirements
+of Indians, is a subject which has puzzled many a person
+who has endeavored thoroughly to investigate their character,
+and who has understood their mode of life. If the
+question was left to themselves, it would be readily settled;
+for, they desire to possess everything which in the
+least pleases their active fancy; and, so extensive are
+their demands in this respect, that they know no limit,
+provided their own inclinations are consulted. By some,
+it is supposed that the presents of blankets and trinkets
+which they annually receive from government, are more
+than sufficient rewards for depriving them of parts of
+their country. Others there are who charitably add to
+these things, presents of weapons and ammunition, arguing
+that thus they can kill their game, and gain their
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page459" id="page459"></a>[pg 459]</span>
+own subsistence without resorting to plunder; but alas!
+this latter argument is not found, in the majority of instances,
+to be the peaceful manner in which they employ
+these gifts. Very often the weapons which they have
+but recently received, are turned upon their donors with
+a view of destroying them. The reasoning of the Indian
+in regard to these presents is perhaps right and just,
+yet it is by no means pleasing to the exposed frontiersman.
+The Indian argues that these gifts are but rights
+which he is forced to receive in lieu of his hunting
+grounds, with which he is very loath to part, no matter
+what be the terms or consideration offered. The inference
+which he draws is, that he can use these presents
+as he pleases. Money, in the hands of wild Indians, is
+almost worthless to them, and paying it for their lands
+by way of annuity, is extreme folly. Some of them in
+time, as they have become half civilized, begin to appreciate
+the value of money. Such only, should be allowed
+to receive or accept it. They sometimes desire it by
+way of ornament. Then by the usual means of exchanging
+property, they know how, easily, to obtain it.
+Every tribe has its own peculiarities in respect to its
+wants, and the best judge of these is the agent, who
+should be first chosen for his honor, integrity and skill,
+and then allowed a large discretion in his decisions.</p>
+
+<p>The distance to be traveled over while on this duty
+was in the vicinity of two hundred and fifty miles, and
+was performed, like all of Kit's previous journeys, on
+horseback. Indeed, there are but few men living or
+dead, who have ridden in the saddle over as much territory
+as the man we write of. On his way to the Utah
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page460" id="page460"></a>[pg 460]</span>
+village, Kit accidentally fell in with the Apaches; but as he
+was constantly on the look out, and therefore first in making
+the discovery, he lost no time in effecting his escape
+from them, by changing his course. He thus was able
+to pass around them in perfect safety. Kit Carson met
+with no difficulty in finding the Utahs, among whom he
+spent two days investigating their affairs. Just before
+parting with them, he left directions for them to be at
+the council at the time appointed, which was in the <i>new
+moon</i> of October. Notwithstanding his path was beset
+with the same perils that existed on his outward journey,
+yet by careful traveling he surmounted them all, and arrived
+at his home safe and sound. Little or nothing
+worth noting transpired until the time arrived for him to
+set out for Abiquiu, where all parties soon assembled in
+grand council and proceeded to business. Speeches were
+made by the superintendent, by Kit Carson, and also by
+the head chiefs. After these interesting proceedings
+were gone through with, the annuities, to which the
+band were entitled according to their treaty, were presented
+to them, which they received with outward signs
+of friendship, though the knowing ones who were on the
+ground could see, lurking beneath that stoic appearance
+which a savage usually assumes when facing his white
+brother, that the red men were not entirely satisfied with
+past events. However, every means had been employed
+to pacify the band, who, on first coming into the council,
+had succeeded in showing that they had been greatly outraged
+and injured, and that they had sufficient cause for
+resentment. The following circumstances will show the truth of this.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page461" id="page461"></a>[pg 461]</span>
+
+<p>Just previous to the holding of this council, one of
+the warriors who was much esteemed by his tribe, had
+been waylaid and murdered by a small party of Mexicans.
+The only excuse offered by the latter for committing
+this bloody deed was, that they wished to deprive
+the warrior of an old coat, which, by some means, had
+come into his possession.</p>
+
+<p>The killing of a human being to deprive him of a garment
+which was almost worthless, is perfectly characteristic
+of the depravity exhibited by the lower classes
+of Mexicans. It is a singular fact that these people love
+to steal trifling articles, or, sums of money. We remember
+two instances where this trait is singularly
+illustrated. An American, on one occasion, left on a
+table, in his log house, a large sum of money in gold.
+He sent a Mexican into this room to bring him something
+which he wanted, but the man returned saying he could
+not find it. The American now went himself to look for
+the article, and, while in the house, recounted his money
+and found one of the smallest coins missing. He at once
+called the thief and charged him with the crime. The
+Mexican knew this American to be very resolute; when,
+therefore, he heard him threaten him with severe and
+summary punishment if he did not, at once, produce the
+money, he knew there was no escape, and accordingly
+drew from its hiding-place, on his person, the missing
+coin and restored it to its owner. The American, being
+used to such every-day occurrences, passed by the affair
+without further notice. In the other instance an American
+was traveling and had occasion to stop at a Mexican's
+house during the night. On going to pay his bill
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page462" id="page462"></a>[pg 462]</span>
+for his lodging in the morning, he noticed that two pieces
+of his money had been abstracted while he was sleeping.
+These coins had been taken one from either end of his
+purse. This was what drew his attention to the fact of
+his having been robbed. The host was informed of what
+had happened and at once proceeded to restore the missing
+money. He called his son to him, a boy twenty
+years of age, and after threatening a good deal, he made
+the lad take his choice between owning the theft or submitting
+to the risk of being discovered by a search of his
+person for the missing coins. This had the desired
+effect, and at once the stolen property was returned to its rightful owner.</p>
+
+<p>Both of these facts are simple, and perhaps, uninteresting;
+but they serve to exhibit a characteristic of the
+lower classes of Mexicans. Doubtless, such paltry thieving
+is the result of a want of animal courage, easily discernible
+by the close observer of the Mexican race. Of
+course there are many exceptions to this statement.</p>
+
+<p>The white men interested in the council had their
+hands full in their endeavors to smooth over this affair,
+for the Indians were much dissatisfied with such treatment.
+At first they demanded that reparation should
+be made them by their agents giving them a certain number
+of horses. The Superintendent explained to them
+that he had not the power to do this, but he assured
+them that the murderers should be arrested and dealt
+with according to law. The Indians willingly received
+this promise, but seemed to feel, as finally was the fact,
+that they were doomed to be disappointed as far as the
+punishment was concerned. It afterwards happened
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page463" id="page463"></a>[pg 463]</span>
+that only one of the murderers was apprehended, and in
+a very short time after he was locked up as a prisoner,
+he succeeded in making his escape and was never retaken.
+This was all that was ever done by those in
+authority to render the justice that had been agreed
+upon and which was richly due to the Indians. After
+quitting the council, and while on their way back to
+their hunting-ground, the small pox broke out among
+the red men, and carried off, in its ravages, the leading
+men of this band of Muache Utahs. On the first appearance
+of this trouble, the Indians held a council among
+themselves, and decided that the Superintendent was the
+cause of the pestilence that had visited them. They,
+also, decided that he had collected them together in
+order thus to injure them, and to further his designs he
+had presented, to each of their distinguished warriors, a
+blanket-coat. They found that nearly every Indian who
+had accepted and worn this article, had died.</p>
+
+<p>It so happened that the writer, several years after
+these events occurred, visited the camp where this pestilence
+reigned in its full vigor. The site of this camp
+was very beautiful. Perhaps it was this, aided by other
+circumstances, which caused the red men to select it as a
+refuge for their sick. The place is located on the west
+side of the Valley of San Luis, and is about midway
+between its upper and lower extremes. Two mountain
+streams have so joined as to form a peninsula of tableland
+which is well shaded by cotton-wood trees. This
+ground, when the writer saw it, was literally strewn
+with the bleached bones of the Indian victims who had
+died from the scourge. As we lifted up one skull and
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page464" id="page464"></a>[pg 464]</span>
+another, the thought struck us that, perhaps, we might
+have touched the bones which once belonged to the
+famous chief, Chico Velasques, of whom we have before
+spoken, as it was here that he died. Had we done so
+knowingly, on account of that man's many cruel deeds,
+a thrill of horror must have run through our veins. The
+funeral rites of the dead among the Indians were clearly exemplified here.</p>
+
+<p>Whatever may be these rites observed among the Indians
+on the west side of the Rocky Mountains, I am
+satisfied that most of the tribes of Indians on the east
+side of this same range, use but few, if any, imposing
+ceremonies in committing the body to the dust. It is
+very difficult to find the bones of an Indian on the plains,
+and therefore I believe, and herein I am assisted by the
+observations of experienced men, that these Indians burn
+their dead bodies when they can do so, or completely
+hide them in the mountains by covering them with rocks,
+so that it is impossible to find them. Such a course
+would also serve the purpose of preventing the wolves
+from digging them up. The high-colored novels, referred
+to heretofore, which have, during the past few years,
+had for their theme the Indian race, love to dwell on the
+imposing and affecting spectacle of an Indian burial.
+When stripped of fancy, the truth is, that beyond the
+lamenting of a few hysterical squaws and the crackling
+of the flames of the funeral pile, there is little else done that is noticeable.</p>
+
+<p>But to return to results of the council. The Indians
+naturally enough, argued and persuaded themselves that
+these presents were intended as poisonous destroyers,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page465" id="page465"></a>[pg 465]</span>
+and that they had been steeped in contagion for that
+end. It wanted but the happening of this affair, or a
+similar one, to destroy the small amount of confidence
+which the superintendent had hitherto enjoyed with
+these savages. While they were secretly preparing for
+war, they anxiously inquired of the traders who came
+among them, what was transpiring in regard to the
+Mexican prisoners who had wantonly murdered their
+brave. On each separate occasion they were answered
+with intelligence that did not in the least satisfy them.
+They, therefore, renewed their energies in order soon to
+be ready to take the redress in their own hands. Kit
+Carson apprehended difficulty, even at the council; but,
+after it broke up, he was early apprised of the trouble
+which was brewing; and, to prevent any outbreak, he
+brought all his Indian experience to bear upon the task.
+In him they said that they knew they had a true friend;
+but, their nation had received too many wrongs to allow
+any more to be thrust upon them without showing to
+the world that they were worthy of the names which
+their fathers had given to them.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page466" id="page466"></a>[pg 466]</span>
+
+
+
+
+<h2>CHAPTER XVII.</h2>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+The Commencement of a formidable Indian War&mdash;High-handed Measures on the
+Part of the Indians&mdash;The Governor of New Mexico raises five hundred Mexican
+Volunteers and places them under the Command of Colonel St. Vrain&mdash;Colonel
+Fauntleroy placed in Command of all the Forces&mdash;Kit Carson is chosen as Chief
+Guide&mdash;The Campaign commenced&mdash;The Trail found&mdash;The Indians are met and
+the first Fight and its Consequences&mdash;An Excitement in Camp&mdash;The Indians again
+overtaken&mdash;The return to Fort Massachusetts&mdash;Intense Cold Weather experienced&mdash;The
+Second Campaign&mdash;Colonel Fauntleroy surprises the Main Camp of the
+Enemy&mdash;The War and Scalp Dance broken up&mdash;Terrible Slaughter of the Indians&mdash;The
+Great Amount of Plunder taken and destroyed&mdash;Another small Party of
+Indians surprised and routed&mdash;St. Vrain equally fortunate in his Campaign&mdash;The
+Indians sue for Peace&mdash;The Council held and Treaties signed&mdash;Kit Carson opposes
+the making of them&mdash;The poor Protection Indian Treaties usually afford to Settlers&mdash;Kit
+Carson's House at Taos and his Indian Friends&mdash;His Attachment for his
+Family put to the test&mdash;Cowardice of a Mexican&mdash;Kit Carson's Friends as they
+look upon him&mdash;His influence over Indians&mdash;General remarks&mdash;Conclusion.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>The Muache band of Utahs, under their renowned Chief
+Blanco, after trading for all the powder and lead which
+they required, joined the Apaches and commenced the
+war in earnest. They waylaid and murdered travelers
+on the roads, attacked towns, killed and made prisoners
+the people who inhabited them, and became so formidable
+that for a length of time everything was at their
+mercy. They lost no opportunity in showing their
+power and in possessing themselves of the finest herds
+of horses, mules, cattle and sheep within their reach.</p>
+
+<p>This Chief Blanco is a man who stands in his moccasins
+about five feet nine inches. He is rather thickset
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page467" id="page467"></a>[pg 467]</span>
+but, to use an Indian phrase, he is straight as an arrow.
+The chief attraction about this Indian is his head, which
+is finely developed. His lustrous black eye is filled with
+animation and shows an active brain, which, unfortunately,
+is turned to bad account. His forehead is lofty,
+yet it is symmetrically chiselled, and every feature about
+his face is as regular as if it had been carved for sculptured
+perfection. Blanco is a man who, in any sphere
+of life, would have become most certainly distinguished;
+and, under the influence of education, he might have
+risen even to greatness. In his present unreclaimed
+state, he shows to a disadvantage.</p>
+
+<p>It is within my province fully to attest to the earnestness,
+the savageness and the brutality with which these
+Indians commenced this contest. I was then stationed
+in their country and came very near being one of their
+first victims. The circumstances of this narrow escape
+happened as follows. For a considerable length of time
+the post to which I was then attached, was kept in a
+constant state of excitement by receiving authentic accounts,
+daily, of murders and robberies committed by the
+Indians. While these events were transpiring, the officers
+and soldiers were anxious to take the field in order
+that they might punish the perpetrators of the crimes;
+but, as the force of the Indians was, numerically speaking,
+very strong, therefore it required, in order to insure
+success, a well organized command to match them and
+checkmate their plans at once. It required time and
+much labor for the officers in charge of the military district
+to arrange and complete their plans. Every man
+who left our post ran the risk of losing his life; for, the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page468" id="page468"></a>[pg 468]</span>
+enemy kept an eye on the road which led away from it
+to the principal towns of New Mexico, as often there
+was rich booty, for them to obtain, passing over it. Notwithstanding
+this critical state of affairs, express duty
+had to be performed, and it required brave men for the
+task. There were present, however, those who stood
+ready to volunteer to execute all express orders. Before
+proceeding with our own case, we will illustrate these critical
+times. It was necessary to dispatch an expressman
+to Fort Union. This post, from Fort Massachusetts, was
+one hundred and fifty miles distant. The ever faithful
+Mexican, Armador Sanchez, was then attached to Fort
+Massachusetts as a hunter and interpreter. On account
+of extensive experience with the habits and customs of
+the hostile Indians, Armador was selected to perform this
+dangerous mission. In his usually quiet manner, this
+noble hunter soon prepared himself for the undertaking.
+By using every precaution, he reached his point of destination
+in safety. Having finished up his business,
+he instantly began his homeward-bound journey. While
+on the rough trail which leads from Fort Union to Taos,
+he came near being surprised and captured by the
+enemy, under the following circumstances. Armador had
+selected the night as the safest time to travel; and, as it
+was quite dark, in order to pick out his way and prevent
+his growing sleepy by riding, he traveled on foot
+and led his animal. He had made good progress on his
+journey when suddenly his hunter-trained ear detected a
+noise on ahead of him which sounded like the rolling of
+stones down the side of the hills, over which the trail
+ran. He stopped and listened more attentively. This time
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page469" id="page469"></a>[pg 469]</span>
+he was certain that he was not deceived, and thought
+that he could hear voices singing Indian war songs. This
+was convincing proof to him that danger was near at
+hand; therefore he turned off from the trail and led his
+animal as high up the steep hill as he could, where, fortunately,
+he found sufficient under-brush, aided by the
+darkness of the night, to conceal himself from view.
+Hardly had he taken up this position when the noises
+suddenly became very distinct. The Indians, while following
+the trail, had made a turn round a bluff and were
+almost beneath him. Now the hunter felt his situation
+to be most precarious, for, should his mule bray, as
+these animals are apt to do when others are approaching,
+his own life would have to pay the forfeit; but, to
+prevent this, Armador held the mule's nostrils firmly with
+his hands and otherwise drew off the animal's attention
+by various gentle manipulations bestowed upon him.
+He saw the outlines of the Indians as they passed along
+in single file beneath him and estimated them to be at
+least twenty strong. Had these savages known that a
+victim was so close by, they would have made short
+work of him; but, before they could have killed him, it
+is safe to affirm that Armador Sanchez would have had
+a companion with whom to draw in his last breath.
+Fortunately affairs took a better turn and the expressman
+finished his journey without further trouble.</p>
+
+<p>To return to my own case&mdash;I was obliged to visit Taos.
+As an escort, I was allowed one faithful and brave soldier.
+We traveled together over the first half of our journey,
+and as we had considered, far the most dangerous part, in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page470" id="page470"></a>[pg 470]</span>
+perfect safety. At the Mexican town of Costillo, after
+our day's ride, we rested for the night. Our fears of meeting
+Indians were now almost dispelled; but still, we took
+the precaution to question the Mexicans of the town in
+regard to their knowledge of their whereabouts. In reply
+we were invariably answered that no fresh signs had been
+discovered and that intercourse was both safe and free
+for the remainder of our route. By the first appearance
+of daylight on the following morning we were up and
+preparing for our journey, and but a little time elapsed
+before we were leisurely traveling along on the main
+road. We had left the town but a few miles behind us
+when the morning sun began to make its appearance
+in all his splendor. The country through which we
+were journeying was prairie land, and was bounded on
+either side by lofty and picturesque mountains, and the
+distance of the one range from the other was considerable,
+but yet could fully be taken in by the eye almost at a
+single view. As we rode along, we were amusing ourselves
+admiring the beauty of the morning, and especially
+directed our attention to the rising of the sun.
+All at once, just as we had reached a high plateau of land,
+the soldier made the discovery of a flock of sheep at a
+great distance off on the prairie. They appeared to be
+moving under rather suspicious circumstances. We
+reined up our horses, for the purpose of obtaining a
+better observation. What puzzled us, was the dim
+figures of, apparently, mounted men, who were moving
+at great speed from one point of the band of sheep to
+another, as if hurrying them along. After taking a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page471" id="page471"></a>[pg 471]</span>
+searching look, we came to the conclusion that the horsemen
+which we saw were hostile Indians, as we had not
+been accustomed to see Mexican herders mounted and acting so strangely.</p>
+
+<p>The herders, near the towns in New Mexico, are usually
+small boys, who are under the surveillance of one or
+two men stationed near by. When the Apaches and
+Utahs steal these herds they always take the young
+herders along in order to look after the property in their
+mountain retreats. They rarely mortally injure these
+boys, for they say that it is against their own interest to
+do so; but instead, they prefer to save their lives, so
+that they may be useful in guarding other flocks which,
+perchance, may fall into their hands. Most of these
+youthful prisoners in time make their escape; and, after
+a series of hardships, return safe to their homes. Many
+Mexicans can give such adventures of their early experience,
+but scarcely one of them can recall a single kind
+act shown them by their captors save the mere sparing of their lives.</p>
+
+<p>As we were viewing the herd, we thought that we
+noticed the figures of the horsemen throwing themselves
+from one side to the other of their horses, as if very
+busily employed in frightening the sheep. We now held
+a council, and decided that our best policy was to quit
+the main road, as it was crooked, and make a straight
+march across the prairies for the town of Red River,
+which was located about twenty miles in our advance.
+It was our opinion, which afterwards proved to be correct,
+that, if the Indians were stealing the stock belonging
+to the town of Costillo, they were also engaged in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page472" id="page472"></a>[pg 472]</span>
+attacking the place itself. For, while a strong party
+were engaged in drawing off the attention of the people,
+another would be driving off the cattle, sheep, etc. To
+return, therefore, would be almost certain death; so, at
+a full gallop we commenced our direct course. As the
+sage bushes were thick and high and the ground much
+broken by various kind of holes, we soon found that we
+had our hands full in managing our horses. We had
+hardly started afresh before our eyes were attracted to
+one side of us; and in the direction of the Rio del
+Norte, which runs through the valley, saw, what we at
+first considered to be, antelope; but which, afterwards,
+proved to be Indians in pursuit of us. As we watched
+closely these supposed antelope; we remarked that they
+kept in Indian file, and that the course they were on
+would diagonally intercept our own point of the compass.
+We began now to suspect that the white appearance
+assumed by these objects was owing to the strong sunlight
+which dazzled our eyesight, and struck on the
+dressed side of buffalo robes, and that in these robes
+were concealed human beings who had formed the determination to have our scalps.</p>
+
+<p>During the cold weather, most of the Indians who
+dwell in the country adjacent to the Rocky Mountains,
+and especially those living on the eastern side of them,
+wear buffalo robes with the fur next to their bodies.
+These robes serve the double purpose of shirts or coats,
+and a covering by night. The wearers make them fast
+around the waist, and, in the heat of the day, they are
+allowed to fold over and hang down; but, as the cool
+air of the evening comes on, they are wrapped around
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page473" id="page473"></a>[pg 473]</span>
+the head and body, something after the Spanish fashion
+of wearing a cloak. The Indians, frequently, for the
+purpose of decoying their enemies into battle, go out on
+the prairies, and by turning the fur side of these robes
+out, and covering their persons, having previously
+assumed a half bent position, imitate the Simon Pure
+buffalo while in the act of grazing. In order to keep up
+the ruse, they move about with a rocking motion.
+When taken for the buffalo, which frequently happens,
+they are enabled to gain an advantage in approaching a
+party or village which they wish to attack. The Cheyenne
+Indians are very partial to loose sack-coats which
+are made out of white blankets. To these coats a hood
+is attached, which is thrown over the head at the wearer's
+pleasure. In addition to this, during the winter season,
+they also resort to the buffalo robe. The squaws of
+the various tribes of Indians on the plains are well versed
+in the art of tanning and dressing buffalo hides. They
+frequently ornament them with beads, porcupine quills
+and rude paintings. In times long since gone by, these
+robes could be purchased, or rather traded for, at good
+bargains; but, the unlimited and increasing demand for
+them has greatly enhanced their value. Now days they bring standard prices.</p>
+
+<p>Being satisfied that the Indians were in pursuit of us,
+we carefully guided our horses, at the same time using
+our spurs freely and keeping them at their maximum
+speed. As the Indians drew nearer, we could
+see distinctly that they were urging on their animals.
+Our safety, therefore, depended entirely on outriding
+them. The race became most exciting, and demanded
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page474" id="page474"></a>[pg 474]</span>
+the greatest caution, for we well knew, that one misstep
+made by either of our horses, would prove fatal to the
+rider. We had decided, on commencing the race, that
+neither of us should fire a shot except as a last resort,
+and that we should do it only on the principle of man
+for man. While putting our horses to their speed, our
+weapons were held in our hands and kept ready for instant
+service. The most dangerous point was that at
+which the two trails would inevitably intersect. To
+gain this place in advance of our savage enemies, all our
+hopes now centered. For twelve miles we dashed along,
+laboring under a state of suspense not to be easily forgotten.
+When, at last, we arrived at the desired point,
+we were only about two hundred yards in the advance
+of our savage pursuers; still, we felt that our lives, for
+the time being, were saved, and accordingly breathed a
+prayer to the Almighty in thanks for our deliverance
+thus far. The pace now became tremendous; and here
+our grain-fed horses proved to be too much (and their
+powers of endurance were fully put to the test), for the
+grass-fed ponies of the Indians. After a short run, the
+savages saw that the advantage belonged to us, consequently
+soon after they halted. We, however, kept
+steadily, but with slackened speed, on our course, fearing
+that some accident might change the happy turn of
+affairs in their favor. On finding themselves thwarted
+in their designs, the Indians fired two or three shots at
+us, but even these final compliments did not, to use nautical
+phraseology, make us "heave to." We reached
+the settlement of the Red River in good season, and
+concluded that we had traveled the distance in about as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page475" id="page475"></a>[pg 475]</span>
+brief a space of time as it ever had been accomplished
+either before or since our adventure. Our horses were
+so used up by this race that we were obliged to exchange
+them for fresh ones, on which we finished our journey
+without further annoyance. The Indians, in this incursion
+stole five thousand sheep, besides other property
+from the Costillo, and killed two men who were traveling
+behind us and on the same road. When the bodies
+of these men were discovered, one of them had a mouthful
+of bullets, which he had evidently put there in order
+that he might drop them into his rifle as he should require
+them, and not be obliged to be delayed in taking
+them from his ammunition pouch; but, evidently,
+before he could have used more than one from this
+supply, he was shot dead.</p>
+
+<p>It cannot be denied but that this outbreak on the
+part of the Indians, and its subsequent outrages, was
+the result of mismanagement; and, it is but justice to
+the reputation of Kit Carson to assert, that it was no
+fault of his that affairs had terminated so disastrously.
+He had used every means which human skill could devise
+to allay the anger of the Indians. Had his superiors
+in power acted with the same discretion and judgment,
+in all probability the Utahs might have been kept
+at peace. It is wonderfully strange that our Government
+will persist in placing at the head of Indian affairs
+men who are not practically acquainted with Indian
+habits, which can only be learned by a long life passed
+upon the frontiers. If it was a matter where dollars
+and cents alone were to be estimated, it might be
+different; but where valuable lives are legitimately
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page476" id="page476"></a>[pg 476]</span>
+exposed, it seems to us morally wrong to give the
+control of tribes of wild men to politicians, who are
+liable to make all kinds of mistakes, and in whom
+the Indians will not repose the least confidence. It
+is because such appointments are made that, in a great
+measure, the troubles with these border Indians arise;
+and many is the section of country in western America,
+where apparently the reward for taking a white man's
+scalp is a blazing red or a sky blue blanket, which is
+paid under the plea of keeping the peace. This, too,
+when efficient means and decided measures are the only
+hopes of a lasting peace.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;"><a href="images/476-477.jpg"><img width="100%" src="images/476-477.jpg" alt="FORT MASSACHUSETTS, NEW MEXICO, IN 1855." /></a>FORT MASSACHUSETTS, NEW MEXICO, IN 1855.</div>
+
+<p>While engaged in our travels through the far West,
+we remember to have met with an Indian agent who
+was, both in years and experience, but a mere boy.
+To him had been intrusted the affairs of a large tribe,
+notorious in the country where they reside, as being
+great thieves. These Indians had so little respect for
+their agent, that they would openly boast of the crimes
+which they had committed, in his very presence. Not
+only this, but, on horses stolen from the neighboring
+settlers, they would ride by him, thus defying his
+power. The settlers were loud in their complaints
+against the Government for thus neglecting to protect
+them, and sending them a block of wood for a king.
+The young man of whom we speak, bore an exemplary
+character, but it was plainly and painfully apparent,
+that he was, in no way whatever, fitted for the office he
+held, and which he had attained through the influence
+of powerful political friends. This is but a fair example
+by which many of the so-called Indian agents may be
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page477" id="page477"></a>[pg 477]</span>
+rated, who are the actual managers of Indian affairs on our frontiers.</p>
+
+<p>The Utahs and the Apaches, having now openly combined,
+met with such success in their endeavors to
+attack the whites, that, during the course of a few
+months, they overran almost the entire northern part of
+the territory of New Mexico. They utterly defied the
+power of the American Government; and, whenever
+the opportunity offered, boasted to the Mexicans "that
+they no longer stood in fear of the white man." The
+subsequent cruel and barbarous crimes of which they
+were guilty, clearly demonstrated that they had become
+greatly elated by their success. It soon became apparent
+that, unless checked, they would exterminate the population
+and burn or otherwise destroy their settlements.</p>
+
+<p>At this time, it was only by running great risk, that the
+whites could leave their towns and go to the neighboring
+mountains, for the purpose of obtaining even a little firewood.
+Working parties were daily surprised and murdered;
+women and children were carried into bondage,
+and reserved for a worse fate, and all kinds of business
+were receiving a check, which was becoming ruinous to
+the country. It was even greatly feared, that the boldness
+of the savages would carry them so far as to make
+them attack Fort Massachusetts. To give them a warm
+reception, should they dare undertake that enterprise,
+the post was strengthened, by cutting down and removing
+everything which might, in the least, tend to aid the
+Indians, and give them a cover which they so much like
+when fighting; all the trees and brush about the post
+were cut away. Breastworks were thrown up on the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page478" id="page478"></a>[pg 478]</span>
+block-house attached to the fort, so that the soldiers
+could be well protected in case of emergency. In these,
+sentinels were posted, and the strength of the guard
+doubled and greater vigilance exacted. Haystacks were
+removed to a safe place, for fear they would be fired by
+the enemy. The sentinels were ordered to cry out every
+half hour of the night while on their posts, and no man
+was allowed to approach after the shades of night came
+on, without giving the countersign. It proved to be
+well that these precautions were taken; for, on the neighboring
+mountains, Indian watch-fires were seen nightly;
+and, on several mornings, Indian moccasin tracks were
+discovered in close proximity to the fort, showing
+thereby that the enemy was watching and waiting for a
+favorable opportunity to strike a sudden and overwhelming
+blow upon the garrison within. The savages, no
+doubt, were deterred from making a bold attack by the
+prompt precautionary measures which had been taken
+by the commander to anticipate their plans. The
+wagons belonging to the fort were sent out after wood
+under a strong escort, and the government herd of beef-cattle,
+horses and mules, were well protected by the
+soldiery. On one occasion, through a false alarm of Indians,
+the whole command of the post, which numbered
+less than one hundred men, was put in great and sudden
+commotion. The cause will appear in connection with
+the following circumstances. The party in charge of
+the herd had espied a large cavalcade of men and animals
+approaching them. At the long distance they were
+off, the strangers resembled Indians. The commander of
+the party, immediately sent an expressman to the fort to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page479" id="page479"></a>[pg 479]</span>
+apprise its occupants of the fact. The drums immediately
+sounded the rally, which caused the men to rush for
+their arms. They quickly fell into their ranks, and the
+order was given to march. Headed by a gallant lieutenant,
+they dashed out of the fort on a fast run, in order
+to reach and save their property from being captured by
+the enemy. The soldiers were elated at the prospect
+of having a brush with the Indians, and, on an open
+plain, giving them battle, where, notwithstanding the
+great numbers which would certainly be arrayed against
+them, they felt that they could soundly chastise them.
+On reaching the herd, the soldiers scattered, and were
+soon prepared to commence the skirmish; but, lo! when
+the strangers drew near enough to be discernible, they
+were recognized as a large party of Mexicans, under the
+command of an American. These people had been
+absent several months on a trading voyage among the
+Cheyennes and Arrapahoes, and for the purpose of returning
+home in safety, they had formed themselves into
+one body. Their dress was similar to that of the Indians,
+and therefore at the great distance at which they were first
+discovered, it is not strange that such a mistake had been
+made, especially during these dangerous times. The
+reason of the sudden stationing of the soldiers about the
+herd, the traders easily surmised; hence, on drawing
+near, they began to cry out that they were friends. No
+set of men were ever more disappointed than were these
+soldiers at this unexpected termination of the affair.</p>
+
+<p>Matters eventually arrived at such a crisis that the
+Governor of the Territory, by and with the advice of the
+commanding general, felt obliged to issue a proclamation
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page480" id="page480"></a>[pg 480]</span>
+calling upon the people to volunteer for the purpose of
+defending their lives and property.</p>
+
+<p>The inhabitants of New Mexico promptly responded
+to this call, by flocking to the places designated for them
+to organize. Out of the great number who presented
+themselves and offered their services, there were selected
+men sufficient to fill six companies, each of which, when
+fully organized, contained eighty mounted men. They
+had the power of electing their own officers, by and with
+the advice and consent of the Governor. These volunteers
+furnished themselves with riding horses. The
+pay which they were to receive amounted to about thirty
+dollars per month, which was considered very liberal, inasmuch
+as they were provided, in most cases, with arms.
+Rations were issued out to them the same as to the
+regular army. The willingness which the Mexicans exhibited
+on this occasion to volunteer, does them great
+credit, and clearly proves the fact that they do not
+always lack in courage, but that they are prompt to
+defend their homes when properly disciplined and aided
+with the means necessary to do so.</p>
+
+<p>It is the opinion of many of the most prominent citizens
+of the Territory of New Mexico, that, if the chastisement
+of the Indians, when it was required, was left
+to the people themselves, the general government only
+supplying them with money and arms, that peace
+between the two parties would, in a short time, be
+firmly established on a sure and permanent footing.</p>
+
+<p>In giving currency to such opinions, we risk them,
+with the knowledge that the previous experiments made
+on this policy, which have proved unsuccessful in the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page481" id="page481"></a>[pg 481]</span>
+various older territories belonging to the United States,
+will be brought to bear as potent arguments against such
+a course by a large and powerful opposition. But such
+facts of Indian history are exceptions. Indian history
+clearly demonstrates the proposition, that well-organized
+volunteers, under able leaders, have accomplished more
+in warfare against the savages than regular troops, taking
+into consideration that the same length of time,
+which each have been engaged in actual service, has
+given them equal experience. The cause of this is plain.
+These two distinct forces are composed, entirely, of
+different material. The one is made up of frontiersmen
+who thoroughly understand the effective use of the rifle,
+and a life in an Indian country, while the regular soldiers
+have been, for many years back, chiefly foreigners who,
+as has been heretofore stated, have to be taught these
+things; and, as it very often happens, they have never
+seen one of their enemy until sent out in quest of the savages.</p>
+
+<p>As matters usually stand, the Indians are almost the
+actual, although not the nominal, masters of the country.
+In short, they commit excesses whenever it suits them,
+paying no regard to treaties. This has been their habit
+from time immemorial, and it is found to be a difficult
+task to break them from it. Their minor crimes are
+allowed to accumulate, and when, at last, they are
+actuated by increasing success and consequent boldness,
+to commit some great and overt act, it is noticed and
+expeditions are sent out against them. These, usually,
+fail to punish the really guilty parties, but instead, they
+recover a small share of the property stolen, and with it
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page482" id="page482"></a>[pg 482]</span>
+the thirst for revenge must be satiated. The officers and
+soldiers do their utmost to accomplish something more,
+and readily meet hardships and privations in every shape
+in order to accomplish the desired end; but, their time
+is too limited rightly and efficiently to perform the
+work; for the campaign must be ended, when in reality
+it has but just commenced. The reason exists in the
+fact that, those high in authority are liable to be called
+to an account for spending a dollar too much in a good
+cause. Perhaps this state of affairs has been brought
+about by the immense expenses which have attended
+many of the Indian wars in which the United States
+government has been engaged, when mismanagement
+and paltry results have characterized the acts of whole
+campaigns. This charge cannot, however, reach to the
+military department in which New Mexico is included,
+for the leading officers who have, from time to time, been
+stationed there, have invariably exhibited an unusual
+amount of discretion and sound judgment, and have set
+examples of military science, promptitude and skill which
+it might be well for others to follow.</p>
+
+<p>Under the existing causes for difficulty and peculiarity
+of circumstances, it is sometimes hazardous to assume
+the responsibility of punishing the hostile Indians as they deserve.</p>
+
+<p>By punishing the Indians we do not wish to impress
+the reader with the idea that they must be collected and
+butchered, like animals, in order to bring them to terms.
+Milder means serve the same purpose; but, when they
+dig up the hatchet, battles must be fought in which they
+ought to be so closely driven as to cause them to see
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page483" id="page483"></a>[pg 483]</span>
+that it is perfect rashness to attack the whites. One
+victory gained by savages over white men so exhilarates
+their pride that they forget the past and believe themselves
+invincible. In these fights, valuable lives are
+sacrificed, but they are necessary sacrifices for the common
+good. When one tribe is severely chastised, the
+surrounding Indians hear of it, and, becoming alarmed,
+for a time they behave themselves with propriety. This
+happy state of things will continue until some weak
+move on the part of government officials counteracts this
+good influence, when, misconstruing kind acts for fear, the
+red men at once dig up the tomahawk and boldly march
+upon the war path, to spill innocent blood. Such results
+often follow when the power is taken from the experienced
+military commanders, and vested in the hands
+of (often the fact) inexperienced superintendents. These
+men pompously invite the Indians to grand councils,
+where unmeaning speeches are manufactured to suit the
+occasion. Usually when thus summoned, the wily
+savages are delighted to go into council, for, as a rejoinder
+to the many concessions which are easily obtained
+from them, and which they are always ready to make
+after assuming a little coquetry, they receive presents
+which the superintendent informs them are merely
+tokens of the high appreciation with which they are regarded
+by their Great Father at Washington.</p>
+
+<p>It is the opinion of Kit Carson "that the Territory of
+New Mexico will continue to remain in its present
+impoverished state during the time that the mountain
+Indians are allowed to run at large. The only true
+remedy" (he says) "for this great evil is to compel the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page484" id="page484"></a>[pg 484]</span>
+savages to form settlements by themselves. Then and
+there assist and teach them to cultivate the soil. In
+time they will be able to gain a maintenance independent
+of the General Government; and, to a certain
+extent, they will become responsible for their acts."</p>
+
+<p>The people who form the chief population of the territory
+have so often been deprived of their property that
+it is not strange that they have become poverty-stricken
+and indolent. It is enough to strike down the enterprise
+of any nation to have been so long badly governed,
+and then, without any resources in the way of arms and
+ammunition, to be compelled to beat back hostile Indians.
+Under the provisions of the government of the United
+States, they are improving, but yet, even now, they have
+not the protection which they require, and should receive.
+In their territory it takes a daring man to venture
+his small capital in raising stock. To be sure,
+claims are allowed them by Congress for the losses by
+Indian depredations, but these usually fall into the hands
+of speculators, and in reality, assist the people to a very
+trifling extent. It can be said, to their credit, that
+Mexicans bear reverses of fortune with a nonchalance
+seldom seen among any other race. Although generally
+poor they are as happy and joyous as it is possible for human beings to be.</p>
+
+<p>The organization of the Mexican volunteers was made
+complete by the governor of the Territory, who selected
+as their leader, Mr. Ceran St. Vrain of Taos. This gentleman,
+although he had much important business which
+called his attention elsewhere, immediately expressed
+his willingness to accept the responsible position which,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page485" id="page485"></a>[pg 485]</span>
+without solicitation, had been conferred upon him. The
+commission received by St. Vrain gave him the rank of
+lieutenant-colonel. Without delay he set about the
+difficult and important work that lay before him, bringing
+to bear upon the details, that sound judgment, gentlemanly
+bearing and ready zeal, which have long characterized
+the man. He had the good fortune to secure the
+services of Lieutenant Creigg of the regular army, whom
+he appointed one of his aids-de-camp. Having completed
+his staff and other arrangements to place his force
+upon a military basis, he was ready to take the field.</p>
+
+<p>The appointment of St. Vrain as commander of the
+Volunteers, was hailed with delight throughout the
+territory. His great experience in the mountains, his
+knowledge of the Indian mode of warfare, and the
+respect which the people he was called to command invariably
+paid him, seemed to convince every thinking
+mind that something more than usual was to be accomplished.
+They felt that the wrongs of their country
+would now be certainly redressed. The sequel will
+prove that the people were not doomed to disappointment.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the month of February, 1855, Col. T.T.
+Fauntleroy of the First Regiment of United States Dragoons
+arrived in Taos from Fort Union, New Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Fort Union is the first post met with on entering the
+Territory of New Mexico from the east. It lies on the
+Santa F&#233; road usually traveled by parties when crossing
+the plains, and is about one hundred miles distant from
+the capital. The site of this fort, at the first view, is bold
+and picturesque, as it is located near the west side of a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page486" id="page486"></a>[pg 486]</span>
+broad valley, which is continuous with the open prairies.
+The houses composing the fort are built mostly of logs;
+and, as there are quite a number of them, the post has
+the appearance of a small settlement. The soil about is
+sandy, and the place being exposed, it suffers when the
+high winds spring up. This fort is usually garrisoned
+by several companies of soldiers.</p>
+
+<p>As it has such free access to the mail communication
+with the States, it is, comparatively speaking, quite a
+desirable fort for an officer to be stationed at. The
+difficulty of procuring fuel for the fort, and also other
+necessary articles, is the great objection to the present
+location, but its importance more than counterbalances
+these; therefore, the post will probably be kept up either
+where it is, or in the immediate vicinity, for many years
+to come. Colonel Fauntleroy had received orders from
+the Department General to proceed to the town of Taos
+and take command of the entire expedition. The little
+force had been made as powerful as the resources of the
+country would permit. The Mexican Volunteers, soon
+after their enrollment, purchased woolen shirts and felt
+hats, the color of which, in each company, was similar;
+this fact, with a little drilling, gave them quite a military
+appearance. Never were men prouder of the position
+they now held than the volunteers under consideration;
+and a more daring and expert band of horsemen has
+been seldom collected. So pleased were they at being
+recognized as soldiers, that they could not, when afterwards
+marching through their own towns, resist the
+temptation of jocosely taunting their countrymen whom
+they chanced to meet, for being obliged to till the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page487" id="page487"></a>[pg 487]</span>
+ground. We have before said that these men were
+mounted. At first sight it would appear as though they
+would soon be on foot, for their horses appeared to be in
+a sad plight for so severe a campaign as that which lay
+before them. As has often occurred before, looks are
+frequently deceptive. In this instance, it was found to
+be the case; for, no sooner did these hardy ponies reach
+the mountains than their wonderful powers of endurance
+began to be exemplified. When the noble dragoon
+horses began to droop from hunger and overwork, these
+little fellows were fresh and strong as the day they
+started. The reason of this was that the Mexican horses
+were well versed in taking care of themselves, and when
+the snow fell and prevented their having free access to
+the dry grass beneath, they were not in the least disconcerted;
+for, with the aid of their fore feet, they readily
+pawed the snow away and thus obtained full rations;
+but, their more enlightened rivals did not fully understand
+this science, and, owing to a want of proper
+nourishment, their strength would fail gradually until finally they broke down.</p>
+
+<p>The only real inconvenience under which the ponies
+seemed to labor, arose from tender feet, for, the rocky
+trails in the mountains rapidly wore away, and broke off
+their hoofs. This continued, so that at last, reaching
+the matrix of these horny growths, their feet became
+very sensitive. Many of the Mexicans had taken the
+precaution to guard against this, before leaving the towns
+and military posts which lay on their route. They had
+obtained horse-shoes, with which they shod the ponies. We
+remember seeing a large party of them thus engaged as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page488" id="page488"></a>[pg 488]</span>
+blacksmiths. It was at night; while some held burning
+torches, others were busy with hammers, stones and
+hatchets in applying all sorts and sizes of horse and mule
+shoes, with which they were content, provided they approached
+the diameters of the hoofs to which they were
+to be nailed. Strange to say, this rough work answered
+the purpose, and but few, if any, of the animals so shod,
+went lame. After the command had got under full headway,
+if any of these ponies became so tender in their feet
+as to be able to travel only with great difficulty, their
+riders resorted to other expedients for relieving them.
+When practicable, they obtained the fresh hides of the
+beef cattle as they were killed, and, binding the material
+around the injured feet, and making it fast about the
+fetlocks, they allowed it to dry on. In the morning,
+thus protected, the horse could journey on. It is customary
+regularly to shoe these ponies only on the fore feet,
+as the weight of the animal's head and neck, together
+with that of the rider, comes harder on these hoofs and
+causes them, when traveling over sharp rocks, to wear
+away quickly. It seldom happens that the hind feet
+become tender. The Indians cannot understand the
+policy of this, and one of them philosophizing on the subject,
+while visiting the blacksmith's shop attached to a
+military post, made the remark in Spanish, after apparently
+having been for some little time engaged in a deep
+study, "that it was not right." Said he, "The horse,
+with his eyes, can see where to put his fore feet when traveling
+over bad places, but he cannot do this with those
+behind; therefore, you white men ought to put the
+moccasins there." The Mexicans had so much confidence
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page489" id="page489"></a>[pg 489]</span>
+in the powers of endurance of their ponies while
+out on this campaign, that they hesitated not to run them
+on races, whenever circumstances and the site of the camp
+would permit such pastime. The only training required
+for these trials of speed, consisted in the rider foregoing
+the pleasure of riding for a day or two, in order to allow
+his horse to recruit. As their walking did not in the
+least interfere with the order of the march, they of
+course were permitted to race as they pleased, for their
+services on the march are just as valuable on foot.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Fauntleroy's command, when completed, consisted
+of four companies of Mexican volunteers, two companies
+of dragoons, one company of artillery who were
+performing duty as a rifle corps, and one company of
+spies. The two remaining companies of volunteers were
+dispatched to exposed towns on the remote frontiers in
+order to protect them. The artillery company was the
+only one on foot; but the soldiers who then composed
+it were known from actual experiment to be more than
+a match for the horses in traveling when the party should
+reach and penetrate the mountains. Col. Fauntleroy
+engaged the services of Kit Carson as his chief guide,
+and, having arranged all of his plans necessary for a
+vigorous campaign, he set out upon its execution.</p>
+
+<p>The command proceeded at first one hundred miles due
+north to Fort Massachusetts, which was to be their
+d&#233;p&#244;t. Without delay they left this post and proceeded,
+encountering snow-storms and severe cold weather. The
+mercury of the thermometer, for most of the time, ranged
+several degrees below zero. They marched to the Rio
+Grande del Norte, and thence, on up this river to where
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page490" id="page490"></a>[pg 490]</span>
+it makes its exit through a deep ca&#241;on from the mountains.
+It was, as will be remembered by the reader, on
+the head-waters of this last-mentioned stream, that Col.
+Fremont, while engaged in his last great exploring expedition,
+met with severe reverses, in which several of
+his men lost their lives from exposure, hunger, etc., while
+he, and the remainder of his party, barely escaped the same fate.</p>
+
+<p>While passing over this point of his journey, Col.
+Fauntleroy sent out as an advance party the company of
+spies. Their duty was to seek for fresh Indian trails.
+On reaching the mouth of the ca&#241;on of this river, the
+main portion of the soldiers halted for a short time
+while their trailers penetrated the mountains in search
+of the much desired Indian signs. During this resting
+spell, an incident occurred which, for an hour or two,
+created some little stir and excitement among part of
+the men present. A large Newfoundland dog belonging
+to an officer had, accidentally, been allowed to follow the
+soldiers. By his pranks and his good disposition he had
+become a general favorite among them. While attempting
+to drink, this animal lost his foot-hold on the ice and
+slipped into the swift current of the river, which was partially
+frozen over. The dog at once attempted to extricate
+himself, but with all his efforts he could do no more
+than stem the flood, making no progress against it.
+His situation was very precarious, for, should his strength
+begin to give out, he was certain to be carried under the
+ice and lost. The sympathies of the men were soon well
+awakened in his behalf, and many plans were devised to
+rescue him, but they all proved abortive until, at last, a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page491" id="page491"></a>[pg 491]</span>
+Mexican approached him with a lasso, and after making
+several vain attempts, succeeded finally in encircling the
+dog's head with the slip noose. On tightening the rope
+he found that he had the animal firm, and soon dragged
+him from his perilous position.</p>
+
+<p>The spies were not long in discovering a trail made
+by the Indians, to which they led the main portion of the
+command. This trail had been so frequently used of
+late by the Indians in driving stolen bands of sheep and
+cattle over it, that it was now a well-trodden road and
+therefore there was no difficulty in keeping on it at all
+hours of the day and night.</p>
+
+<p>Being accustomed to perform his duty carefully, and,
+at the same time, to use dispatch, the Colonel, in the
+course of a few days, led his party to the entrance of the
+Saquachi Pass, which is the great natural opening in the
+mountains that bound, on the west, the valley of San Luis.
+As they approached the mouth of the pass, the men were
+traveling close under the hills, therefore, on coming to
+it, and in order to follow it up, it was necessary to turn
+off almost at a right angle. The spies, as was usual
+when the command was on the march, were considerably
+in the advance. They had hardly entered the pass
+and had just reached the summit of a knoll which lay in
+their path, and which had hitherto prevented their seeing
+up the valley, when, all at once, the long looked
+for Indians were presented to their view. They were
+but a short distance off, and as if surprised at thus so
+suddenly discovering each other, both parties halted.
+During this state of suspense, the white men noticed
+that the Indians were arrayed in their war costume,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page492" id="page492"></a>[pg 492]</span>
+showing that they were bound on another plundering
+expedition. Everything went to show that the visit
+which the white men were making to their mountain
+haunts was unexpected by the red men.</p>
+
+<p>The Indians quickly recovered from their astonishment
+and began to form in line of battle by spreading
+themselves out across the valley. They were evidently
+emboldened by the small force with which,
+apparently, they had to contend, and felt certain that a
+victory would be both easy and sure. Having taken
+their position, Blanco, their chief, was easily recognized
+by the red woolen shirt which he wore. He was busy,
+riding along in front of his warriors, occasionally stopping
+to give some command. As they were near enough
+so to do, the Indians opened a warfare of small talk, in
+the Spanish language. They charged their adversaries
+with being afraid to advance, or to use their expressive
+words, the Americans were as cowardly as squaws. To
+these taunts no reply was made; but to keep up the
+decoy, the few soldiers who were exposed to view,
+remained stationary, while word was passed to the rear
+of what was transpiring in the advance. Thus several
+minutes passed by; but they were not thrown away.
+During this time, most of the dragoons and volunteers
+were relieving themselves of such extra luggage as overcoats,
+blankets, etc.; saddle girths were tightened and
+weapons put in order for immediate use. The Indians
+were finely mounted, and about two hundred and fifty
+strong; and, as their wild career had gone so long
+unchecked, their bravery was aroused to its highest
+pitch. All things being in readiness, the bugles sounded
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page493" id="page493"></a>[pg 493]</span>
+the command to charge, when away dashed the gallant
+soldiers, eager for the affray, and each trying to be foremost
+in the fight. As they came bounding over the
+knoll before spoken of, the Indians began to see the
+delusion under which they had been laboring, and at
+once turned to fly, but not in time to escape, for the soldiers
+were soon among them and with their revolvers
+and small arms were fast thinning their ranks and sending
+many a brave to his final home. A running fight
+ensued, which was continued up the valley for about eight
+miles, when a majority of the Indians gained the mountains
+and made good their escape. The chase was a
+splendid affair to behold, and many feats of horsemanship
+were performed that would be difficult to excel.
+Among the foremost in this skirmish was, as the reader
+might readily imagine, Kit Carson. The pursuit was
+continued far into the mountains and was only given over
+when night came on. The soldiers then retired to their
+reserve-guard, who had established a camp on a small
+stream which runs through the centre of the pass, where
+their pack animals and stores could be easily guarded.
+During this exciting fight, several of the soldiers were
+slightly wounded. With this exception, the command
+came out of the skirmish unharmed. On the side of the
+Indians, affairs in this respect were quite different.
+Their blood had well sprinkled the battle-ground, and
+several of their swarthy forms were stretched out at full
+length, sleeping that sleep that knows no wakening,
+except it be at the final judgment day. Had it not been
+that most of the Indians, as is usually the case with them
+when in action, were tied on their horses, this number
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page494" id="page494"></a>[pg 494]</span>
+would have been augmented. The bloody trails that
+were afterwards found in the mountains, went to prove
+that many of the wounds given to the escaped Indians
+were mortal, and, while their horses were carrying them
+from the danger, they themselves were sinking from
+furious hemorrhage. Early in the pursuit, a fine warrior
+was thrown from his horse. As he had been
+crippled by a ball, he could not recover himself and
+make off. For some time he lay alone and neglected,
+but when the rear guard came along they noticed that
+he was playing a game by pretending to be dead; but
+he had closed his eyes too firmly for a man in that condition,
+and this fact attracted the notice of the passers-by.
+A Mexican raised his rifle and fired at the brave; but
+the bullet only served to cause another flesh wound.
+This so irritated the would-be dead, savage, that, seizing
+his lance which lay by his side, he attempted to reach
+and kill his adversary with it; but, others coming up, he was soon dispatched.</p>
+
+<p>While this running fight was in progress, the author
+met with an adventure which came near costing him his
+life. It was my duty to follow the charging soldiers in
+order to be near at hand to render professional services
+to the wounded, should there be any. I was mounted on
+a mule, and when the dragoon horses started off, he
+became frightened and unmanageable. I soon found that
+this mule lacked the speed of the former animals, hence
+he was in a short time left far behind, but not until he
+had fallen and thrown me into a thrifty bed of prickly
+pears, the thorns of which did not, in the least, save me
+from being hurt. On regaining my feet, I found that
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page495" id="page495"></a>[pg 495]</span>
+my injuries were but slight, and that I still retained
+my bridle rein, therefore I quickly regained my seat in
+the saddle and started on again, remembering the old
+proverb, which says, "All is fair in war." While
+riding on, I was joined by a soldier whose horse had
+broken down in the charge. As we now advanced together,
+our route led us by some large sand hills, behind
+which several Indians had sought refuge, when hotly
+pursued. Seeing that they had been overlooked during
+the excitement of the moment, they remained quiet until
+we came along, when they made a dash at us and commenced
+firing their arrows in fine-style. We returned
+their volleys with our revolvers, but, whether we produced
+any result further than preventing their coming
+too near, it is difficult to say. Several of their arrows
+came in close proximity to our bodies, and one struck,
+the soldier's horse in the neck and wounded a main
+artery, which bled, for a time, furiously. As danger was
+thick about them, the Indians soon left us to effect their
+own escape; when, we halted and attended to the
+wounded horse, whose life we were so fortunate as to
+save, by putting a ligature about the bleeding vessel.</p>
+
+<p>The night succeeding the day on which this fight
+occurred, with a single exception, passed by quietly.
+A soldier, who lay near the centre of the camp, had
+retired to rest, perhaps impressed with the belief that
+he and his comrades would be attacked by the Indians
+before morning; this train of thought had led him into
+dreams of war, and while reveling in them, he imagined
+that danger was at hand. Suddenly starting up, and
+seizing his rifle, he fired at random. His bullet came
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page496" id="page496"></a>[pg 496]</span>
+near striking a Mexican sentinel who was on duty, and
+who was making his rounds. The sentinel was very
+naturally startled by this unaccountable noise in the
+camp, and supposing that the Indians had, unobserved,
+crept within the lines, he returned the compliment by
+discharging his piece in the direction of the supposed
+danger. The report of these firearms had the effect of
+arousing the entire command. The men were quickly
+on their feet and ready for active service. In the confusion
+which ensued, several more rifles were fired, but
+fortunately no harm was done, and as soon as the cause
+of the trouble was explained, quietness and order was promptly established.</p>
+
+<p>At the break of day, on the next morning, the soldiers
+were up and preparing for their march. The
+Indians had, on this morning, made fires, and even presented
+themselves to view on the mountains, but they
+were few in number, and it was well known that this
+was only a ruse to allure the white men to the wrong
+trail, while their families should have time to escape in
+the contrary direction; hence, but little notice was
+taken of these demonstrations.</p>
+
+<p>Col. Fauntleroy here determined to relieve himself of
+all drawbacks which should in the least tend to
+prevent his now giving full chase to the Indians. Accordingly,
+he left his baggage and provision train under
+escort of the foot company and quartermaster men, the
+whole being placed under the command of Lieutenant
+Lloyd Beall, of the Second Regiment U.S. Artillery,
+with instructions to meet him at an appointed rendezvous
+in the Wet Mountain Valley. It required but a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page497" id="page497"></a>[pg 497]</span>
+short search by his guide, Kit Carson, and his spies, to
+put him on the right trail taken by the main portion of
+the enemy. When it was found, the pursuit was resumed
+and kept up vigorously. Late and early, the
+soldiers followed on this trail, and although the Indians
+purposely led them over the worst conceivable
+routes, yet they gained nothing substantial by it. On
+one occasion, when the men were pushing on as fast as
+possible, their advance guard surprised three Indians,
+one of them a woman, while they were leisurely watering
+their ponies. These Indians attempted to fly, and
+succeeded in making a good run for about four miles,
+but, at the end of that distance, two of them were overtaken.
+A Mexican, who was mounted on a very swift
+horse, was the first to come up with the savages. He
+fired and brought the woman to the ground. Quickly
+dismounting, he made a trophy of her scalp. The other
+Indian, being arrested by a slight wound, was made a
+prisoner. On questioning him, it was found that they
+all belonged to one family. The man who had made
+his escape, was the husband of the woman who was
+killed, while the prisoner was her brother. These Indians
+had heard nothing of the recent fight in the
+<i>Saquachi Pass</i>, and, had the soldiers dropped down
+from the heavens, they could not have been more surprised
+at thus unceremoniously meeting them. It was
+very much regretted by those present that this Indian
+woman had lost her life; but, as she was dressed in the
+disguise of a man, her sex could not be recognized.
+There are many of our readers who will perhaps censure
+this Mexican for his barbarous action of scalping a
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page498" id="page498"></a>[pg 498]</span>
+human being, but it must be remembered that the education
+of his people is different from our own. The
+taking of Indian scalps for a long time has been authorized
+by the Mexican Government, as a means of lessening
+their savage enemies, and handsome premiums have
+been offered as an inducement to obtain them. In
+the case of this Mexican, there were extenuating circumstances
+which, if they did not warrant such a cruel
+act, yet they rendered him somewhat excusable. He
+had recently lost a near and dear relative by the hands
+of these same Indians, and the appearance of this
+mangled body was still fresh in his memory, making
+him to thirst for revenge. It must not be supposed for
+a moment that the commanding officer of this expedition
+had sanctioned such a mode of procedure, for, he
+had no knowledge of the matter until after it had been
+ended. It was not within his province to preach humanity
+to a people who had been so greatly outraged by
+savages. He came to punish and not to intercede for
+wild men who had long been a terror to the surrounding
+country, and upon whom, in order to reconcile them,
+every kind act had been expended in vain.</p>
+
+<p>It may possibly be asked whether or no a man, who
+has simply lost his scalp, can recover. In reply we can
+safely say that without any other wound, and under
+favorable circumstances, with good care the sufferer
+stands a chance of being restored to health. There was
+a man who formerly was living and working at his trade
+as a blacksmith in Santa F&#233;, who, in a fight with the
+Camanches while crossing the plains, was wounded by a
+lance and then scalped. After a long period of suffering
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page499" id="page499"></a>[pg 499]</span>
+this person entirely recovered, although the cicatrix of
+the wound was ever afterwards a source of annoyance to
+him, compelling him continually to wear a skull-cap
+made of oiled silk. The size of the scalp, as usually
+taken off by the Indians, varies. Sometimes they remove
+only the back covering of the head. At other times
+they cut off the whole, running down even with the
+margin of the ear. When a man has died in a manner
+which the Indians style as "brave"&mdash;that is, desperately
+fighting for his life, and never for once showing fear,
+they take two scalps, one from either side of the head.
+The object of this is, to have scalp dances for each, as
+they consider such a man as deserving the fate of two
+ordinary men. These scalps are often stretched, dried,
+decorated and frequently kept for years as trophies.
+The more scalps a warrior takes, the greater favorite he
+becomes with his tribe; and finally, having obtained a
+given number, he is considered eligible to fill the office
+of War Chief, provided he has other qualifications, such
+as the power of quickly conceiving the right plan on
+which to act in case of emergency. When a party
+of Indians in the Rocky Mountains have been on a
+war trail, met the enemy and vanquished them, they
+appoint a brave who is honored as being the scalp-bearer.
+This warrior carries a long pole, to which, at
+suitable distances from each other, the scalps are attached.
+When the party returns to, and enters their
+own village, this brave is the observed of all observers.
+Eagerly, by the old men, women, and children, these
+bloody trophies are counted, for each of them offers an
+occasion for rejoicing, to be at separate intervals of time.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page500" id="page500"></a>[pg 500]</span>
+They are, then, each synonymous with the phrase, a f&#234;te
+day, and the scalp-bearer is looked upon with the same
+jealous eye which greets the color-bearer of an army
+after having been engaged in some great battle which has
+proved successful to his standard. An Indian will not
+remove, as a general thing, a scalp which contains grey
+hairs. This he considers to be a business fit only for
+women. The scalp which is to cause a general jubilee,
+on an appointed evening, is attached to the top of a
+long pole, planted in the earth at a suitable place. The
+warriors who have been instrumental in tearing it from
+the head of its owner, form a circle around the pole,
+outside of which are arranged the spectators. By the
+aid of one drum-stick, the person who has been detailed
+for this duty, keeps up a beating motion on a sort of
+kettle-drum, the noise of which serves the purpose
+of marking time. The voices of the dancers make the
+music. At first the song is a mere humming sound, but
+after a time, it grows gradually louder, until the participants
+in the dance, being excited to the highest attainable
+pitch with interest in the ceremonies, it becomes
+terribly hideous. Almost naked, with tomahawk and
+hunting-knife in hand, the warriors imitate the process
+of dispatching and tearing off the scalps of their victims.
+So excited do the dancing savages sometimes become
+while reveling in these fantastical scenes, that they frequently
+are aroused to a pitch which borders on frenzy.
+The spectators of these sights get so deeply interested
+that it is not an extraordinary matter for them to appear
+as if almost deranged. Their excitement breaks out into
+exclamations of encouragement and applause, until at
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page501" id="page501"></a>[pg 501]</span>
+last they can control themselves no longer, and, on their
+own account, commence making bodily demonstrations
+of joy by jumping about. The scalp dance may last an
+entire night, or until, worn down with fatigue, the actors
+are willing to forego their pleasure and seek rest. The
+Mexicans on the frontiers have fallen into this Indian
+custom, and they can go into the spirit of the scalp
+dance with a relish which fully equals that exhibited by
+their savage neighbors. This is not true as a general
+rule; but, very many of their people really enjoy these ceremonies.</p>
+
+<div class="figcenter" style="width:80%;"><a href="images/500-501.jpg"><img width="100%" src="images/500-501.jpg" alt="INDIAN WAR DANCE." /></a>INDIAN WAR DANCE.</div>
+
+<p>Colonel Fauntleroy and his men traveled at such a
+rapid pace, that, in the course of a very few days, they
+succeeded in once more overtaking the main village belonging
+to the enemy. The Indians took refuge in a
+steep and rocky mountain. A skirmishing fight immediately
+commenced, which lasted several hours. During
+this engagement, a large number of the savage warriors
+were killed, their band completely routed, and the
+inhabitants of the whole village made to scatter in every
+direction in order to save their lives. At first the braves
+attempted to make a stand, but they were driven from
+rock to rock, until they broke their ranks and fled. It
+was about the time of this crisis, and when they were
+most needed, that the dragoon horses began to break down and die.</p>
+
+<p>The word village has many times appeared in our
+pages, and as it may prove ambiguous to a few of our readers
+and render them liable to confound its meaning
+with that of a fixed town, we will here stop and explain
+its signification when applied to Indians. An Indian
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page502" id="page502"></a>[pg 502]</span>
+village, as understood in border parlance, comprises
+the lodges, the women, children, old men, and such movable
+property as Indians may chance to possess. They
+are usually found in some safe retreat where the old
+men, women and children stay while the warriors are
+engaged following the hunt or war path. The word has
+become more generalized since it was first given to stationary
+camps of the savages, and may now include any band of
+Indians traveling with their families and property. The
+village is the home of the red man, where those persons
+and things which he most cherishes, he tries to keep
+intact and sacred from the spoiler's hand. It is also where
+the Indian allows his love, friendship and all the better
+feelings of his nature to exhibit themselves. It is where
+in early youth he has listened to the legends of his tribe,
+and where he is taught those lessons and forced to endure
+those trials which are to prepare his heart in seeking
+out revenge. It is the place where, as he approaches
+the age of manhood, he takes those steps which are to
+make for him the reputation of a daring hunter and brave
+warrior. Here he first learns to shoot his arrows with
+precision, and to handle the lance with dexterity. His
+boyish feats in horsemanship, which he daily performs in
+the village, would be witnessed with astonishment by
+skillful riders. It is here that he runs to welcome his
+father when he returns either from the chase or the war
+path; and, while he listens to the marvellous adventures
+which his sire has encountered, he secretly wishes himself
+a man, so that he can emulate his greatness. In fact,
+the same feelings exist between parent and child with the
+Indian race, as with those who boast of being more
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page503" id="page503"></a>[pg 503]</span>
+civilized. Youth and the vigor of manhood, are the
+golden days with the savage. To be doomed to old age,
+is considered by him to be a punishment. When he is
+no longer able to hunt and seek out his enemy, he loses
+his desire to live. His life is then considered an incumbrance
+to the camp. The old and infirm, therefore, are
+often willingly deserted, that they may the more quickly
+die. The village is always under the surveillance of
+men who are past the middle age, and who no longer
+can act out the stirring deeds of the warrior. Their experience
+renders them capable of giving good advice, and
+attending to the less active affairs of the nation. They
+hold the power of restraining the rashness and indiscretion
+of the younger men, therefore they are selected to
+watch over the property of the tribe, while the strong
+warriors are seeking to provide the dependent portion of
+the band with food, or to revenge their real or imaginary
+wrongs. Order and good fellowship is made to prevail in
+these villages, somewhat similar to the habits found in civilized
+communities, for the passions and evil propensities of
+all men are found to be alike, no matter what differences of
+education or color exist. We find that the Indian tribes
+have their wise men, whose voices are heard and heeded
+on all occasions. When these villages are located, or, to
+use soldier phrase; when the Indians go into camp, care
+is taken that each lodge shall be placed where it will not
+interfere with the common good. The internal economy
+of these habitations is arranged on a social system
+which, in many respects, is commendable. When one
+person is poor, generally speaking, the whole tribe is
+found to be so. The herds of horses and mules belonging
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page504" id="page504"></a>[pg 504]</span>
+to the tribe, are turned loose in one body as if they
+were the property of one man. If game exists in plenty
+and danger is not apprehended, happiness holds complete
+sway within these Indian homes. The proverbial
+caution of the red man rarely allows him to be surprised;
+therefore, even in times of peace, he keeps his fleetest
+horse tied at the door of his lodge, so that he may make
+haste and collect his property, and be away before his
+enemy can harm him. These favorite animals are fed
+by hand. Before trusting his body in sleep, some warrior,
+in whom the tribe repose the utmost confidence,
+must ascend a neighboring eminence, if there chance to
+be one, and examine the country in search of dangers.
+Parties are always kept out as spies, and, at the least
+appearance of suspicious signs, they become easily
+aroused and vigilant, and if danger really exists, word is
+immediately sent to their village to be ready to move.
+This is a homely but literal interpretation of the term Indian village.</p>
+
+<p>The reader has seen that the dragoon horses gave out
+before the fatigues of the march, while the Mexican
+ponies performed their tasks so admirably and easily.</p>
+
+<p>This was a painful subject to contemplate and one
+which no man who loves the noble horse could wish to
+witness the second time. The dragoon horses, reduced
+to skeletons from starvation while retaining all their
+natural spirit, with tottering limbs, faithfully tried to
+perform the labor which their riders, seemingly, asked
+of them. Long before the arrival of the time when they
+could no longer support a burden, the soldiers had
+humanely relieved them from this work and were assisting
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page505" id="page505"></a>[pg 505]</span>
+them, by all the means in their power, to reach a
+haven of safety, where food, so essential in restoring
+their sinking powers of life, existed in abundance. As
+their little remaining strength was leaving them, they
+would exhibit the fact by staggering. Finally, breaking
+down in their hinder legs, they would sink to the ground,
+but not until they had made the effort to drag themselves
+along with their fore feet. To relieve them from
+their agonies and prevent their falling into the hands of
+the Indians, one by one, they were shot.</p>
+
+<p>When these horses broke down and began to die off, it
+was decided to be best to return to Fort Massachusetts in
+order to recruit and also to allow the Indians an opportunity
+to concentrate their forces, when another effective
+blow could be struck against them. On his return,
+Colonel Fauntleroy met, at the designated place, Lieutenant
+Beall, who had managed the affairs intrusted to
+him very much to his credit. Having once more consolidated
+his command, Colonel Fauntleroy retired to
+Fort Massachusetts, which he made, for a time, his head-quarters.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson, the guide of this expedition, when afterwards
+speaking of it, says, "During the time our forces
+were in the field they were exposed to the most intense
+cold weather I ever remember experiencing.
+We were overtaken by several severe snow-storms
+which came near completely using us up."</p>
+
+<p>For the success that had so far attended the labors of
+this body of soldiers, the greatest amount of praise is
+due to their leader, who set a noble example to his men.
+During those hours when hardships and trials came
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page506" id="page506"></a>[pg 506]</span>
+thickest upon the command, all eyes were turned to the
+commander, and, as the result proved, with no lack of
+confidence. Kit Carson's services were found to be invaluable.
+His long experience and untiring energy
+proved to be one of the best anchors of the goodly ship.
+We should not omit to state, in regard to the severity
+of the cold, that it was early in the morning, just before
+the break of day, that the cold was invariably found to be
+the most intense. During this time, it is the greatest
+wonder that the Mexicans did not perish, for but few of
+them had more than one blanket as a covering by night,
+and the remainder were but very little better provided
+for. When wood was plenty, and they were allowed so
+to do, they made large fires and laid down near to them
+to attempt sleep. After about one hour thus spent, they
+were routed out by being nearly frozen. Getting into
+close contact with the fires, they would thaw out and
+then were ready to make another endeavor to repeat the
+sleeping operation. In this manner they managed to
+live through each night, and on the following day they
+were, apparently, none the worse for wear. A person
+judging these men as he oftentimes sees them during the
+summer season, basking in the sunlight on the sunny
+side of their houses in New Mexico, would not, for an
+instant, suppose that they could undergo such hardships;
+and yet, they can do so, as the above example sufficiently
+proves, without allowing one murmur of complaint
+to escape their lips. With the regulars, who
+were amply supplied with blankets and buffalo robes, it
+would appear that they could have obtained sound sleep.
+But this too proved to be almost an impossibility. The
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page507" id="page507"></a>[pg 507]</span>
+heat of the man's body, during the early and warmer
+part of the night, served to melt the icy covering of the
+mother earth just under him. When the cold increased,
+this was again frozen, rendering the portion of the body
+nearest to the ground almost benumbed. By frequently
+reversing the posture a little, some relief from suffering
+was obtained, but not sufficient to reach a degree which
+could be called comfortable, or, in the least, be claimed
+as desirable. Every member of this expedition can
+truthfully assert that they have experienced a foretaste
+of what the first symptoms of freezing to death must be.</p>
+
+<p>Finally, the command reached Fort Massachusetts,
+where, in ease and plenty, the half starved, half frozen,
+half used-up men soon forgot all their troubles and privations.
+A few weeks spent at the fort, acted like a
+magic charm in recruiting the men and the remaining
+animals, when they were once more in a fit condition,
+and, again eager to go on the war path, anxiously desiring
+to surpass the splendid deeds of their first tramp.</p>
+
+<p>At the permanent camp, which was made near Fort
+Massachusetts, the Mexican Volunteers, especially, enjoyed
+themselves hugely. From privations of various
+kinds, to which they had shown themselves to be well
+trained, and which consequently affected them but little,
+they were suddenly placed in a state of comparative
+comfort and even luxury rarely realized at their own
+homes. They had not much else to do beyond guarding
+their animals and attending to such other minor duties
+as were required by camp duties. Had not their hardy
+ponies required the rest that was now being given them,
+these troops would have been kept in more active service;
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page508" id="page508"></a>[pg 508]</span>
+but, as this could not be, they were allowed a
+respite, which they themselves turned into pleasure.
+Foot races and various athletic games were concocted
+and played by them, making the time pass merrily by.
+Their discipline and respect for their officers had reached
+a degree seldom, if ever, attained by volunteer soldiers,
+and which, in many respects, could be imitated with
+advantage by regular troops.</p>
+
+<p>But the time soon arrived for the march to be resumed.</p>
+
+<p>At a council held among the chief officers, it was decided
+that the best and surest course to be followed
+would be to divide the forces and send them out in quest
+of the Indians, as if they were separate commands.
+Thus it might happen that being caught between the two,
+as they were running from danger they would rush into
+it and receive chastisement sufficient to answer all
+purposes. Acting on this plan, Colonel St. Vrain, with
+most of the Volunteers, was ordered to proceed in one
+direction, while Colonel Fauntleroy, with the main division,
+started in another; while on his route, Colonel
+Fauntleroy traveled close in under the mountains, and
+kept his men as much concealed as possible, making
+most of his marches by night. He traveled through the
+Valley of San Luis up to its head.</p>
+
+<p>The Valley of San Luis is about one hundred miles
+in length. Its greatest width is fifty miles. On either
+side, it is bounded by snow-capped mountains. The
+scenery of the valley is very prepossessing, being sure
+to enchant the eye throughout its entire length. In the
+south, the valley is continuous with prairie land, which
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page509" id="page509"></a>[pg 509]</span>
+extends down as far as the settlement of Rio Colorado.
+It is well watered by mountain streams and bears the
+appearance of being an excellent farming district; but,
+the probability is, that its climate is too cold for raising
+crops, and that its true value will be found chiefly to
+consist in using it for grazing purposes. From time to
+time, the Indians have reported that it contains gold
+mines, but there are no authentic proofs that this is a fact.</p>
+
+<p>At one time, the Indians succeeded in making the
+Mexicans converts to the belief in the existence of these
+mines, as they showed them specimens of gold which
+they affirmed to have been taken from them. It was
+agreed that, for this valuable information, presents, such
+as blankets, horses, and guns, should be made to those
+Indians who had openly proclaimed the good news, provided
+they could conduct the Mexicans to them. A
+party was formed and started to explore the valley, but,
+as nothing was afterwards heard of their success, and, as
+many of them, to all external appearances, were as poor
+as ever when they returned, it is presumed that they
+were duped by the Indians. The bottom land of the
+Rio Grande which skirts the southern border of the valley
+of San Luis, is, judging from the luxuriant hay
+crops which it produces, year by year, quite a good
+farming section; and, no doubt, ere long, the Mexicans
+will there establish a new settlement and thus practically
+demonstrate the use to which this beautiful valley can be put.</p>
+
+<p>While passing up the valley of San Luis, Colonel
+Fauntleroy came to the Punchi Pass. This pass is the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page510" id="page510"></a>[pg 510]</span>
+main opening through the mountains which bound the
+valley of San Luis on the north. The pass itself is less
+than half a mile wide, but yet, it presents some of the
+grandest scenery human eyes ever beheld. The mountains,
+on either side, are not so lofty as their compeers
+close by, but they are rugged and picturesque.
+Through the pass runs a bold stream, which, at about
+midway (and at this time) was obstructed by a beaver
+dam, that was so scientifically constructed as immediately
+to attract the attention of the entire party. Near
+to this dam, there is a very large hot spring, which is
+located close under the base of one of the mountain
+sides, and which, under the favorable circumstance of a
+fine day, lends enchantment to the view. The Punchi
+Pass is but a few miles long and leads into a beautiful
+little valley, called by the Mexicans after the same name
+which is given to the pass.</p>
+
+<p>On arriving at the Punchi Pass, Col. Fauntleroy proceeded
+on through it to the head-waters of the Arkansas
+river, where, fortunately, a fresh trail made by the Indians
+was found. This trail was followed with such
+assiduity and prudence that the camp of some spies belonging
+to the enemy, and which was in their rear, was
+passed by the Americans one night without their presence
+being noticed. Early the ensuing morning (before
+the break of day), the main village of the Indians was
+discovered. Its occupants were enjoying a war and
+scalp dance, and their voices, as engaged in the song
+which usually accompanies such festivities, could be
+heard for a distance of at least a mile. Unconscious of
+danger, they were having a merry time. One can
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page511" id="page511"></a>[pg 511]</span>
+imagine, better than can be described, the scene that
+followed when three hundred loaded rifles poured their
+contents into this crowd. Suffice it to say, that among
+those who survived this terrible retribution, the greatest
+consternation prevailed; but, as a dernier resort, they began
+to fly, when they were hotly pursued by the soldiers.
+Before quitting their late camp, some of the savages had
+managed to get their own rifles, and with them to fire
+several shots which did some execution, as two soldiers
+were killed and two wounded.</p>
+
+<p>Thus it will be seen that the main village of these
+Apaches and Utahs fell into the hands of the Americans.
+It proved to be rich in plunder, for it contained
+all their stock of dried buffalo meat, besides other
+provisions. Also several cart-loads of robes, saddles,
+weapons, ropes, skins, blankets, trinkets and camp
+equipage. Most of this property was collected and destroyed
+by fire, being of little use to the command,
+whose means of conveyance was limited to their own
+actual wants. The number of Indians killed in this
+surprise has been variously estimated, as has been also
+the number of the red men on the ground when the
+carnage commenced; but all agree that this was the
+severest blow these savages had ever received.</p>
+
+<p>Among the many other objects of curiosity found
+by the victors, was a "Medicine lodge," which had,
+from appearance, but recently been in full blast. It
+was highly (and to Indian eyes it must have been very
+artistically) decorated, and contained all the emblems
+and symbols of witchcraft. If sickness was to be frightened
+away, or even coaxed to dethrone itself from the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page512" id="page512"></a>[pg 512]</span>
+afflicted, there was sufficient in this temple of the Indian
+gods, seemingly, to have answered either purpose.
+Some potentate of the magnitude of a great chief had,
+evidently, but a few hours since, been its occupant; for, in
+his hurry to desert the premises, on hearing the music
+of the white man's rifle, he had forgotten his beautiful
+head-dress of feathers, and other articles pertaining to
+his wardrobe, which designated to the captors his high
+rank. Perhaps, and the surmise may not be far out
+of the way, this chief was suffering from a gun-shot
+wound inflicted in a recent fight by his pale-faced
+enemy, and having received one of their most dangerous
+potions of lead, he was not anxious for another, and
+therefore made his escape with the activity of a well man.</p>
+
+<p>In this expedition, a company of artillery,<a id="footnotetag26" name="footnotetag26"></a><a href="#footnote26"><sup>26</sup></a> who have
+before been described, doing duty as infantry, performed
+a feat that will compare well with anything of the same
+kind on record. These men, under the command of Lieutenant
+Beall, who shared all the privations of his soldiers,
+marched on foot through a mixture of mud and
+snow, nearly ankle deep, over an uneven country, from
+the Mosco Pass in the Valley of San Luis, to the head-waters
+of the Arkansas River, a distance which is computed
+at eighty-five miles, in thirty-six hours, including
+all their stoppages. This company had been long celebrated
+as being expert marksmen, therefore, their
+services were much needed when the Indian village was
+discovered. Although nearly broken down with fatigue,
+yet as soon as the electrifying news of the enemy being
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page513" id="page513"></a>[pg 513]</span>
+so near at hand reached them, it seemed to inspire them
+with new vigor. They dashed ahead, and gallantly led
+the van in this assault which terminated so favorably to
+the side of the Americans.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Fauntleroy was not satisfied with the victory
+already obtained; but, after having accomplished all
+that was possible for him in this quarter, and having
+scattered the Indians to the four winds, he determined to
+make forced marches in order to surprise another band
+of them who were supposed to be located in a distant
+mountain haunt well known to his guide. His object
+in thus hurrying away from the scenes of his late
+triumph, was to reach and surprise the Indians before
+their friends had time to travel to and apprise them of
+their defeat. In this man&oelig;uvre he was also successful.
+He came upon this second band also before they were
+aware of their danger. They were routed, and after
+severe loss were followed far into the mountains. At this
+camp, Blanco, the celebrated Apache chief, was driven
+to such close quarters that he evidently began to feel
+that the safety of his whole tribe stood in jeopardy.
+He made his appearance on a high point of rocks and
+asked the white men who occupied the plain beneath for
+a parley, which was granted him. He said, in the
+Spanish language, that he and his Indians wished to
+make peace; that they were tired of fighting. In reply,
+he was informed that the terms he demanded would
+be listened to on his coming into the soldiers' camp.
+He was going on to say that he was afraid to trust himself
+there, when a bullet was sent whizzing by his head,
+which caused him to decamp in all haste. It was ascertained,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page514" id="page514"></a>[pg 514]</span>
+afterwards, that a Mexican, who had great antipathy
+to this chief, had, unknown to the rest of the
+party, crept secretly up into the rocks. When he had
+reached a place where Blanco was within the range of
+his rifle, he fired; but, as the reader has inferred, he missed an accurate aim.</p>
+
+<p>At this latter camp or village, and near the close of
+this same day, another incident happened which will
+long be remembered by those who witnessed it. Two
+Indians who probably had been absent to some distant
+section of the country, having no knowledge of the
+matters which had lately been transpiring, were seen approaching.
+Gradually, they drew near to a cotton-wood
+grove of trees in which the soldiers were resting, thinking
+no doubt, that they were there about to meet their
+friends. A mountaineer by the name of Stewart, who
+commanded the Spy company, and another man, one of
+the Mexican Volunteers, immediately on seeing the Indians,
+sprang upon the backs of their horses which
+chanced to be near by, and started out to attack them.
+Not until these Indians saw the men advancing, were
+they made aware of their danger; when instantly they
+turned around their animals, and put them on a keen
+run for the nearest mountain. They were pursued and
+the race hotly contested for at least two miles; but, the
+Indians succeeded in making their escape, although
+shots were fired at them, and returned by the Indians.
+In doing so, one of them was obliged to dismount and
+leave his horse behind him, which fell into the hands of his pursuers.</p>
+
+<p>At the time that the chief Blanco was endeavoring to
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page515" id="page515"></a>[pg 515]</span>
+gain a parley, a stirring scene was being enacted at the
+soldiers' camp, which was several miles distant. Most of
+the soldiers had left it and were then out engaged in the
+business of scouring the country. In the camp there
+were all the pack animals, provisions, luggage etc., of
+the command. To guard this property there were only
+about fifty men left, who, anticipating no danger, were employing
+themselves in cooking and otherwise providing for
+the wants of their absent friends against their return. The
+herd of mules was scattered about, and grazing under the
+charge of a few herders. Suddenly a band of about one
+hundred warriors, were discovered coming down the little
+valley where the camp was located. The alarm was given,
+when each man seizing his rifle, rushed to place himself
+in the line of sentinels which were forming around the
+property. The mules were quickly driven together in a
+compact body into the centre of the camp. Hardly had
+this movement been performed, before the red men came
+galloping by. Seeing the smallness of the force opposed
+to them, they made two or three attempts at an attack
+on the weakest points of the lines. They were about to
+succeed, when a shout went up from the Americans, who
+descried relief in the shape of the foot company which,
+having been left behind for one night in order to make
+easy marches and thus partially rest themselves, was
+now approaching. The Indians saw the near approach
+of this powerful reinforcement, and using that discretion
+which is often the better part of valor, they started off
+and were soon lost sight of. Had not this reinforcement
+providentially thus arrived, the Indians would have certainly
+captured the pack mules belonging to the soldiers,
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page516" id="page516"></a>[pg 516]</span>
+and got away with them. Never was succor hailed with
+more delight, than on this occasion; for, had the red
+men succeeded in this endeavor, the benefits of this whole
+campaign would have been greatly frustrated.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel Fauntleroy, after thoroughly scouring the adjacent
+country in the hope of meeting with parties of
+straggling Indians, but, as the result proved, without success,
+returned to Fort Massachusetts, where he had the
+satisfaction of learning that Colonel St. Vrain, in his expedition,
+had caught other bands of these same Indians,
+and most severely chastised them.</p>
+
+<p>The Fort Massachusetts here referred to has recently
+been abandoned and another one has been built, distant
+about six miles from the original site. The name is retained
+for the new defences, which are located on the
+river Trinchera. The present location is picturesque,
+and beautiful in the extreme.</p>
+
+<p>In one of his fights, Col. St. Vrain had overtaken the
+red men on the prairies, where a running battle ensued,
+in which the volunteers killed many of the enemy, and
+made several prisoners. During this skirmish, the Indians
+tried the ruse of setting fire to the prairie grass,
+and, as the wind was blowing in the direction from which
+their foes were coming, they hoped thereby to impede
+their progress, and thus give themselves time to escape;
+but the volunteers boldly rode through the flames, and
+successfully continued the chase.</p>
+
+<p>The time for which the New Mexican volunteers had
+enlisted, was fast drawing to a close; but, as the hostile
+Utahs and Apaches were scattered to the four winds, it
+was thought best not to send out again a regularly appointed
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page517" id="page517"></a>[pg 517]</span>
+force to act against them. Instead, while awaiting
+the effect of their late telling blows, it was decided to
+be judicious to keep out, in different directions, small scouting
+parties, who could better follow the trails of the
+small parties of fugitive Indians with some prospect
+of success. It was now the season for the richly
+laden caravans to arrive on the borders of the territory,
+and perchance they might fall in with bands of the hostile
+savages of sufficient strength to cause them trouble;
+or, it might be, the Indians would combine in sufficient
+strength, being driven by pressing want, to capture some
+one of these trains, and thus obtain the material for renewing
+the contest. In view of these apprehensions, it
+was decided that the regular troops should go out on the
+plains, where they could be on hand ready to afford protection
+in case of need. Major Blake, in command of the
+dragoons, started out and faithfully performed this mission.
+After this duty was fully accomplished, he visited
+the mountains to the northeast of Fort Massachusetts,
+and then returned to Taos <i>vi&#226;</i> the fort and the intervening Mexican towns.</p>
+
+<p>While intimating the dangers which may befall trains
+on their journey across the plains, especially in time of
+Indian war, it may be well to narrate a fatal adventure
+which once happened to a mail party while traveling
+this route. Not many miles from Fort Union, and on
+the plains, there is a clump of hills known as the
+"Wagon Mound," so called from their resemblance to
+one of those peculiar wagons which are used to transport
+valuable freight across the country. It being dangerous
+times, a party of ten picked men had been sent
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page518" id="page518"></a>[pg 518]</span>
+out to insure the safe transit of the mail. Everything
+went well with the little band of travelers, and their
+prospects were becoming bright for making a safe journey,
+when, suddenly, a large band of hostile Apaches and
+Utahs hove in sight. The mail party, on making this discovery,
+immediately halted and prepared for a fight. The
+Indians very soon granted to them this favor. At first,
+the attack was sharply maintained, but, at last, fortune
+favored the whites, for the time being, and they succeeded
+in repulsing their foes, who retreated out of sight.
+The mail party, being thus freed from the unpleasant
+society of the Indians, at once hitched up their teams
+and proceeded on their route. It was afterwards learned
+that the Apaches made the first attack, but, they were
+countenanced by the Utahs, who remained close by. On
+the return of the unsuccessful war party of Apaches to
+the Utahs, the latter at once commenced charging them
+with cowardice, and boasted that they could have done
+better. The true state of the case was, that the Utahs
+were using the Apaches as tools by which to gain plunder,
+crying "go dog," while they themselves were keeping
+out of harm's way. The anger of the Apaches
+was fully aroused at these derisive imputations. Under
+the new impulse, they said to the Utahs, if you will
+help, we will return and show you whether we are
+afraid to meet these pale-faces. Another attack having
+been decided upon, the Indians set out and overtook the
+mail party once more near to this "Wagon Mound." It
+was snowing fast at the time, therefore, the white men
+were comfortably traveling in their vehicles and had
+their guns protected with suitable coverings to prevent
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page519" id="page519"></a>[pg 519]</span>
+their being injured, for they anticipated no further danger.
+The curtains of the mail wagons were all fastened
+down, and there was no look-out kept, for it was considered
+sufficient to prepare for the furies of the storm.
+The Indians accordingly approached unperceived and
+made such a desperate attack that all the white men
+were quickly killed. Not one, if the boasts of the Indians
+can be believed, had time to get out from his seat.
+Several days elapsed and no tidings were heard of the
+expected mail party; therefore, a body of men started
+out in quest of the missing men and found them sleeping
+the last sleep which knows no awakening. The bodies
+of the dead were decently interred; and, since that day,
+the "Wagon Mound" is pointed out to the traveler
+accompanied with a historical account of this awful tragedy.</p>
+
+<p>During the campaign under consideration, several Indian
+children were captured. These were generally under
+the age of ten years. They could not stand the kindly-planned
+treatment which they received while in bondage,
+for many of them died from over-eating, after having so
+long been accustomed to Indian frugality. One of the
+women prisoners taken, openly declared, and there is no
+reason why she should not be believed, that many of the
+younger children belonging to her tribe had been
+strangled by their parents and friends in order to prevent
+their becoming an inconvenience, and thus prevent
+their being able to prosecute the war, thereby showing
+that their hatred of the white man was deeply rooted,
+and that their anger had been aroused to its highest
+degree. On the publishing of peace, those Indian children
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page520" id="page520"></a>[pg 520]</span>
+who still lived, were collected, and, through the
+Indian agents, restored to their relatives and friends.
+The good effect which the moral of this campaign had
+on the surrounding Indian nations cannot be denied.
+They soon became loud in proclaiming their friendships
+for the Americans. Taking advantage of the now
+crippled condition of the Utahs and Apaches, their
+enemies the Arrapahoes and Cheyennes were ready to
+pounce upon them at a moment's warning. The opportunity
+did not, however, present itself until long after
+peace had been established with the white men, when
+the Utahs and Apaches had been able to recover from
+their losses and collect again.</p>
+
+<p>War party after war party of Cheyennes and Arrapahoes
+entered the country of their old enemies the
+Apaches and Utahs, but returned unable to find them.
+Yellow Bear, a head war chief of the Arrapahoes, did
+not accompany his braves on these expeditions, and he
+would not believe that they could not find either the
+Apaches or Utahs; therefore, to show his people that
+there was one warrior living of the olden stamp, he
+started, accompanied only by his youngest squaw, to
+meet and fight them. A severe snow-storm compelled
+this noble chieftain to come into Fort Massachusetts.
+While he was there the commanding officer of the post
+endeavored to dissuade him from his rash undertaking. In reply the chief said:</p>
+
+<p>"Captain, my young men are no longer warriors.
+They have become squaws. I sent them to seek our
+nation's enemies. They went, discovered their fires
+and counted their lodges, but were afraid to attack
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page521" id="page521"></a>[pg 521]</span>
+them. I am now on my way to find the Utah village,
+where I intend, either to smoke the pipe of peace, or
+offer fight to any three of their chiefs. If they kill me
+otherwise than fairly, perhaps it will stir up once more
+the fire in the breast of the warriors of the Arrapahoe nation."</p>
+
+<p>This speech was delivered with so much pathos, and
+yet with such an oratorical air, that the interpreter was
+enabled to catch and translate every word of it. Yellow
+Bear was now informed of the recent campaign against
+the Utahs and Apaches, but the news made no change
+in his determination. The advice was words thrown
+away, as he was found conversant with the whole proceedings
+of the campaign. We have brought in this incident
+to show how surrounding tribes are directly affected
+and personally interested in the results of all military
+transactions with hostile Indians. As we have taken up
+for a theme the story of this brave and really noble Indian,
+it may prove interesting to some of our readers if
+we complete the picture. Yellow Bear has always been
+the firm friend of Kit Carson both by word and action.
+He is the finest specimen of an Indian that the writer
+ever laid eyes on. He stands in his moccasins over six
+feet; is straight and symmetrically proportioned. The
+head, however, is the main attraction of this Indian.
+Never was a statesman possessed of a better. We once
+heard him address a large council of his warriors, and,
+although we could not understand one word he said, yet
+our attention was fixed on the man, for we never saw
+either before or since such majestic gestures, mixed with
+equal grace, in any speaker. It was a master-piece of
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page522" id="page522"></a>[pg 522]</span>
+acting, and from the "humphs," or grunts, ejaculated
+by his auditors, we were inclined to think that the
+speech was impressive. There is one great point
+about this chief which those who are familiar with the
+Indian race, as they now exist, cannot but admire. He
+has never been known to beg; rather than do this, we
+believe, he would actually starve. We will finish this
+description of Yellow Bear by adding that he finally
+listened to the advice of the then commanding officer
+of Fort Massachusetts, and returned to his own nation.</p>
+
+<p>On the final arrival at Taos of the troops engaged in
+this brilliant Indian campaign against the Utahs and
+Apaches, they received orders to disband. Those whose
+calling was arms, returned to their respective military
+posts, while the New Mexicans scattered to seek their
+homes, where they were received and justly treated as
+heroes. Before the forces were dispersed, the Pueblo
+Indians, who had been employed in the spy companies,
+gave, with the aid of their friends, by moonlight, a grand
+war-dance entertainment in the plaza of the town. It
+proved a fine display of this time-honored Indian custom.</p>
+
+<p>The combined efforts of the two commanders, Colonel
+Fauntleroy and Lieutenant-Colonel St. Vrain, aided by
+their followers, among whom Kit Carson played a most
+conspicuous and important part, had the effect to compel
+the Indians to send a delegate to Santa F&#233;, commissioned
+to sue for peace. Peace was finally granted,
+which formed a most happy and pleasing termination to
+this brilliant Indian campaign.</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page523" id="page523"></a>[pg 523]</span>
+
+<p>It proved afterwards that a great mistake was made
+in hastily allowing these Indians to evade the punishment
+they so richly deserved, and which was being so
+summarily inflicted, by entertaining so soon conciliatory
+measures. At the council that was subsequently held, it
+was found that only a part of the Apaches were present to
+sanction the proceedings, and that the remainder were
+still in the mountains and were either hostile or undecided
+what course they would pursue. Kit Carson, their
+agent, was at the meeting, and earnestly opposed the
+policy of making a treaty so long as any portion of the
+two nations were insubordinate, as it offered a loop
+hole for those present to creep out whenever they were
+so inclined. He said, "that now was the time, if ever,
+when they might, at a small additional expense,
+and with the prospect of saving many valuable lives,
+show these Indians that they were dealing with a
+powerful government." His voice and experience were
+overruled by the other officials present and the treaty was
+made. It stipulated that the Indians should receive
+certain sums annually in case they would settle down
+and commence farming, and that they should be allowed
+to select their own locality within certain prescribed
+limits. The making of such offers to tribes of savages
+half subdued is absurd. The wisdom of this assertion
+has since been clearly shown, for hardly one article contained
+in the treaty there made has been carried out.
+The actions of those Apaches present at the council were
+trifling in the extreme, notwithstanding which, they were
+presented with some cattle. These they objected to receiving
+on the ground that they were not fat enough to suit
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page524" id="page524"></a>[pg 524]</span>
+their fastidious tastes. They insolently addressed the
+Government officials in the following strain: "If you
+do not give us better, we will again take the road
+where we can have our choice."</p>
+
+<p>The fact was that these half-starved rascals saw
+that the white men were anxious to make peace, and
+hence they assumed a haughty air in order to drive a good bargain.</p>
+
+<p>The great results which should have been brought
+about by the teachings of Colonels Fauntleroy and St.
+Vrain, by this weak diplomacy, were more or less frustrated.
+These gentlemen, however, had won great
+renown. They had the savages driven to such extremes
+that one more expedition, led by them in person, would
+have subdued all their obstinacy and made them over
+anxious for peace. The Indians had been seven times
+caught, and, on every one of the occasions, they had been
+greatly worsted. They had lost at least five hundred
+horses, all their camp equipage, ammunition, provisions,
+and most of their arms, and were indeed almost at the
+mercy of the whites. Under these circumstances they
+should have been shown true magnanimity and greatness,
+by forcing them into that course which was and is for
+their own welfare as well as the welfare of the country,
+and against which, they themselves so blindly contend.
+Say to an Indian, that ere many years have passed by
+the buffalo will all be destroyed, and he will answer you
+"that the 'Great Spirit' rains them down in the mountains
+for his red children." This is a fair example of the
+manner in which most of them listen to the voice of
+reason. It requires practical and active demonstrations
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page525" id="page525"></a>[pg 525]</span>
+by means of rifles and other weapons to teach, them that
+they will not be permitted to plunder and murder at
+pleasure. The wrong of this conduct they are as well
+aware of as their white brethren. It is by rifle arguments
+that their treaties become worth the value of the paper
+upon which they are written.</p>
+
+<p>It is a well known fact that people who live in Indian
+countries prefer to have the red men at war, rather than
+bound to peace by such slender ties as they are usually
+called upon to take upon themselves. In the former
+case, the settler knows what to expect and is always
+prepared for the worst so far as it lies in his power; but,
+in the latter position, he is continually exposed to
+the caprices of a race who are in many respects as
+changeable as the very air they breathe.</p>
+
+<p>In the old Mexican town of Don Fernandez de Taos,
+as we have before said, resides at the present time Kit
+Carson. A stranger entering this town, and especially
+at a little distance from it, is reminded of a number
+of brick-kilns just previous to being burnt, and all huddled
+together without any regard being paid to symmetry.
+In order to reach the Plaza, which is the main feature of
+attraction belonging to the town, the traveler is obliged
+to follow the crooks and turns of several unattractive
+streets. The home of Kit Carson faces on the west side
+of this public square. It is a building only one story in
+height; but, as it extends over a considerable space of
+ground, it makes up in part this defect, and within, it is
+surpassed by but few other houses in the country for the
+degree of comfort which is furnishes to its occupants.
+On most any fair day, around the doors of this house
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page526" id="page526"></a>[pg 526]</span>
+may be seen many Indians of various tribes who are
+either waiting for their companions within, or else for
+the opportunity to present itself so that they themselves can enter.</p>
+
+<p>Business or no business to transact with Kit Carson,
+they cannot come to town without visiting "Father Kit,"
+and having a smoke and talk with him. Kit Carson
+enjoys himself in their society, for his heart and hand
+have long since taught them that, irrespective of the
+office which he holds towards them, he is their true friend
+and benefactor. Never is his patience exhausted by
+their lengthy visits. He listens to their narrations of
+grievances which they lay freely before him for his counsel,
+even in matters exclusively personal. Being familiar
+with all those things which will, in the least, touch their
+feelings and make them interested, he finds no difficulty
+in entering into the spirit of their affairs in a manner
+that exactly suits their tastes. This causes them to look
+upon him in the same light as they would upon some
+brave and experienced chief of their own race.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson takes every opportunity to warn the
+Indians against the use of intoxicating drinks, and shows
+them by his own example, that "fire water" is a dangerous
+luxury which man does not require and in which he
+should not indulge. Notwithstanding his best efforts,
+now and then they get under its influence. On
+becoming sober, they are so ashamed of their conduct
+that they often keep clear of their agent until they
+think he has forgotten the occurrence. Kit Carson, to
+a certain extent, treats Indians as a wise father does his
+own children; hence, he has won their respect as well as
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page527" id="page527"></a>[pg 527]</span>
+confidence, which fact has given him more influence over
+them, than any other man in the country where he lives.
+When Kit Carson enters the various villages of the
+Indians under his supervision, he is invariably received
+with the most marked attention. Having selected the
+warrior whose guest he intends to be, he accompanies
+him to his lodge, which is known during his stay as the
+"soldiers' lodge." He gives himself no concern about
+his horse, saddle, bridle rifle or any minor thing. The
+brave whom he has thus honoured, considers that he has
+assumed the responsibility of a "soldier," and so styles
+himself. This making of a "soldier" is no every day
+business with the Indians. It is only when they are
+visited by some great personage for whom they have
+the greatest respect, that this ceremony is gone through
+with. When thus favored, the "soldier," at once,
+becomes the sworn friend of the white man who occupies
+his lodge, and will fight and die for him even against his own brethren.</p>
+
+<p>It is the opinion of Kit Carson, that Indians should
+not be allowed to come, when it pleases them, into the
+settlements. Every visit which they thus make is detrimental
+to them in many ways. He thinks that the time
+thus spent could be better employed in hunting or otherwise
+providing for the wants of their families. In the
+towns of the frontiers they do nothing but beg and learn
+the vices of the white man, which, added to their own,
+make them as dangerous and wicked as men can be. In
+lieu thereof, he advises that mission and agency houses
+should be established in their midst, when supplies should
+be furnished to them in a time of need. As matters
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page528" id="page528"></a>[pg 528]</span>
+stand now, the Indians, during a severe winter, or from
+some unforeseen accident, are liable to become suddenly
+destitute. They are then compelled either to starve or
+to make inroads upon the property of the settlers on the
+frontiers. Besides his Indian friends, Kit Carson is surrounded
+by a host of Mexicans and Americans, to whom
+he has greatly endeared himself. To his children Kit
+Carson is a kind and indulgent father, and to best illustrate
+his self-sacrificing attachment for them, it is only necessary
+to relate one striking incident of its proof. A
+few years since, he was returning to Taos from Rayado,
+whither he had been on a visit in company with his
+wife, two children, and two servants (a Mexican man
+and woman). The party had completed the first half of
+their journey, and were jogging along over a tract of
+prairie land that was of considerable extent, when suddenly,
+Kit Carson discovered, far off, a band of about
+forty Indians. Being so exposed, he at once concluded
+that he also had been seen, for while he was looking, he
+thought he could see the speed of their riding animals
+increase. The glaring rays of the sun impeded his view,
+so that he could not discern at such a distance, either
+from their dress or appearance, to what tribe they belonged.
+He was in a section of country that was frequently visited
+by the marauding Camanches, and, as their signs had
+been recently seen in the neighborhood, he made up his
+mind that it was a band of this tribe that he now saw.
+No time was to be lost; so, dismounting from the very
+fleet horse he was riding, he placed in his saddle his wife
+and eldest child. To the first named he gave directions
+"to follow on the trail that led to Taos, and let the
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page529" id="page529"></a>[pg 529]</span>
+bridle reins be a little slack, so that the horse would
+know what was expected of him, when he would travel
+at the top of his speed. He said that he intended to
+ride towards the Indians and engage them at first in
+a parley, and then if necessary offer them a single-handed
+combat. At any rate, before they could manage
+to kill him, she would have sufficient time to lessen
+her danger. As to the remainder of the party he added,
+there was no alternative but for them to take their
+chances for life or death." Bidding his wife and boy
+good bye, with one heart-rending look, he turned to
+face his apparent doom. As Kit approached the Indians,
+they began to call out his name. As soon as he heard
+this, he aroused himself from the agonizing frame of mind
+he had been laboring under after parting with all that
+was so dear to him, and as he had thought, for the last
+time. To his joy, Kit quickly recognized before him, the
+familiar faces of some of his Indian friends. They
+had come, as they afterwards informed him, to see him
+and his helpless charge safely lodged in their home, for
+they had become aware that he was exposed to great
+danger. While the friends were talking, some of the Indians
+began to laugh, which caused Carson to turn his
+head and look in the direction they were gazing. To his
+astonishment and disgust, he saw (the truth was too evident
+to be mistaken) that the cowardly Mexican man
+had, on his leaving, pulled off from her horse Mrs. Carson
+and her child, and having mounted the animal himself,
+was making good his escape. The Indians wished
+to keep up the ruse, pursue, Attempt to overtake and
+punish the poltroon; but Kit Carson was too thankful
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page530" id="page530"></a>[pg 530]</span>
+that matters had gone so well; therefore, he said that he
+felt that he could excuse such dastardly conduct, and requested
+the Indians to let it pass unnoticed. It is hardly
+necessary to add that with his faithful body-guard who
+had come to watch over him from feelings of earnest respect,
+gratitude and affectionate regard, the agent accomplished
+the remainder of his journey in perfect safety.</p>
+
+<p>Several years have elapsed, as the reader can easily
+estimate, since Kit Carson met, while traveling home
+from one of his expeditions, the Mormon delegate to
+Congress who had first informed him of his appointment
+as Indian agent. During this length of time Kit
+Carson has retained this office and rendered satisfactory
+service. The tract of country over which the Indians
+roam who are especially connected with his agency, is
+about equal in its area, to any one of the larger States
+in the American Confederacy. The Indians who are
+under his jurisdiction, are large and powerful bands of
+the Apaches and Utahs; but, as we have said before,
+neighboring tribes freely seek his counsel, aid and protectorate
+power as they may require it, and they all,
+from habit, consider that they have a claim on his services.
+To best illustrate this, we have but to cite one
+instance of which a thousand similar exist. Two Indian
+women were taken prisoners by the red men of the
+plains from a band of savages not under the immediate
+control of Kit Carson, who inhabited a section of New
+Mexico. These squaws, while captives, were subjected
+to the severest labor and the most brutal punishment
+which Indian ingenuity could invent. For one year they
+submitted without exhibiting any outward symptoms by
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page531" id="page531"></a>[pg 531]</span>
+which their condition could be known; but, at the end
+of that time, they resolved to escape, even if they were
+killed in the attempt. Watching a favorable opportunity,
+they started, and fortunately, so well laid their plans,
+that, for some time, they were not missed. On their
+prolonged absence being noticed, a party who were well
+mounted commenced the pursuit, no doubt believing
+that, to recapture the runaways would be an easy task.
+The squaws however eluded these horsemen, and, on
+foot, made their way to Kit Carson's house at Taos.
+By him they were hospitably received, entertained and
+amply provided for. They had traveled on foot for
+hundreds of miles, and, while en route, had lived on
+roots and such other food as fell in their way. In their
+reduced condition, it required kindness, proper diet and
+rest to resuscitate them. In the comfortable house to
+which they had come, these things were at hand, and
+were freely given, without hoping for the rewards which
+man can give. The pursuers of these unfortunate
+Indian women followed on their trail, which, with native
+instinct, the squaws had made as indistinct as possible,
+until they found themselves at a Mexican settlement,
+within the boundaries of New Mexico. Here they were
+informed that their late captives were safe under the
+protection of Kit Carson. This name acted like magic
+in settling their future mode of proceedings. They
+needed nothing more to bid them face about and retrace
+their steps to their own homes. The squaws, in the
+household of Kit Carson, rapidly recruited, and when the
+time came for them to be sent to their own tribe, they
+went away rejoicing at their good fortune; first in
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page532" id="page532"></a>[pg 532]</span>
+making their escape, and second, because they had been
+so humanely treated by a man whose name they had
+often heard, but never before seen. As we have said
+before and with truth, this is but one example out of
+thousands which have passed by unheralded since Kit
+Carson first commenced his official career as Indian agent.</p>
+
+<p>The duties of an agent are not by Kit Carson confined
+to the mere letter of the law. His is a heart that could
+not be happy were he not daily doing some equitable
+and humane act to ameliorate the condition of the Indian
+race. The strict duties of an Indian agent require
+that he should receive and disburse certain sums
+of money in purchasing such minor articles as the
+tribes over which he is placed may require. He has to
+give monthly and quarterly reports to the General Government
+and the superintendent of the Territory he is
+in, of the condition, crimes, practices, habits, intentions,
+health, and such other things as pertain to the economy
+of his charge. How seldom is this knowledge properly
+attained and how often are these things intrusted
+to clerks while the principal receives the emoluments
+of his office! Of the details which make the Indian
+happy or miserable, he, too frequently, knows but
+little about, except from routine. The agent, if he be a
+fit man, and the Indian is by no means slow in forming
+his estimate of the person he has to deal with, is received
+into the confidence of the tribes, when, after sufficient
+trial, he has been proved worthy of their esteem
+and friendship. When once he has gained a foothold in
+the affections of the savages, his task assumes the condition
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page533" id="page533"></a>[pg 533]</span>
+of pleasure rather than severe labor; but, if he
+is ignorant of the minute workings of his business, he is
+generally imposed upon and always disliked to such a
+degree that no honorable man would retain such a
+position longer than to find out his unpopularity and the
+causes of it. The Indian agent, to perform his duties
+well, must be continually at his agency house, or among
+the Indians, in order that he may personally attend to
+their wants and protect them from the mercenary visits
+and contact of outside intruders, who are continually
+watching their opportunity, like hungry wolves, to prey
+upon and cheat them in every shape and form. In fine,
+he is to assist the superintendent in managing the entire Indian family. .</p>
+
+<p>The business of Indian agent, which he strictly and
+conscientiously attends to, keeps Kit Carson employed
+during the most of his time; yet, as often as once each
+year, he manages affairs so that he can spend a few
+weeks in the exciting scenes of the chase. On these
+excursions, which are eagerly looked forward to by his
+friends, he is accompanied by the crack shots of the
+country, including his Indian and Mexican friends. On
+horseback and on open prairies, Kit Carson is indisputably
+the greatest hunter in America, if indeed he is not
+the greatest hunter now living. He has killed, in the
+brief space of three consecutive hours, with his rifle,
+twenty-two antelope, at a time when the game was so
+scarce, that other men who followed the business of
+hunting under pay, and were no ordinary shots, thought
+themselves doing well to bring down six of the same animals.
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page534" id="page534"></a>[pg 534]</span>
+It gives the greatest satisfaction to the people of New
+Mexico that Kit Carson is, from time to time, reinstalled
+in his office of Indian agent, notwithstanding the
+other great changes that have been and are continually
+making in their politics. His fitness for the position
+which he holds cannot be doubted, when the good
+already accomplished by his efforts is considered. No
+one would be so loath to part with his services as the
+Indians themselves. His influence reaches far beyond
+his own tribes, and is felt by the Cheyennes, Arrapahoes,
+and Kiowas, who are fast becoming very chary about
+visiting, with hostile intentions, the settlements of northern New Mexico.</p>
+
+<p>Kit Carson is still in the full vigor of his manhood,
+and is capable of undergoing almost any amount of
+privation and hardship; therefore we infer that to the
+country he has adopted; he will be spared many years
+to come, as one of its most valuable citizens. And
+when the time arrives for his final exit from this stage
+of life, he will bequeath to his family and friends a
+spotless character and an enviable reputation.</p>
+
+
+<h4>FINIS.</h4>
+
+<hr />
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote1" name="footnote1"></a><b>Footnote 1: </b><a href="#footnotetag1">(return) </a><p>This disease has probably been the worst enemy with which the red man of
+America has had to contend. By terrible experience he has become familiarized
+with its ravages, and has resorted to the most desperate remedies for its cure.
+Among many tribes, the afflicted are obliged to form camps by themselves; and,
+thus left alone, they die by scores. One of their favorite remedies, when the
+scourge first makes its appearance, is to plunge into the nearest river, by which
+they think to purify themselves. This course, however, in reality, tends to shorten
+their existence. When the small pox rages among the Aborigines, a most unenviable
+position is held by their "Medicine Man." He is obliged to give a strict
+account of himself; and, if so unfortunate as to lose a chief, or other great personage,
+is sure to pay the penalty by parting with his own life. The duties of the
+"Medicine Man" among the Indians are so mixed up with witchcraft and jugglery,
+so filled with the pretence of savage quackery, so completely rude and unfounded as
+to principle, that it is impossible to define the practice for any useful end. About
+five years since, a young gentleman of scientific habits, who was attached to an
+exploring party, accidentally became separated from his companions. In his wanderings,
+he fell in with a band of hostile Sioux Indians, who would quickly have
+dispatched him, had he not succeeded immediately in convincing them of his wonderful
+powers. It so happened that this gentleman was well informed in the theory
+of vaccination, and it struck him that by impressing on the savages his skill, he
+might extricate himself. By the aid of signs, a lancet and some virus, he set himself
+to work, and soon saw that he had gained a reputation which saved him his
+scalp. He first vaccinated his own arm, after which all of the Indians present solicited
+his magic touch, to save them from the loathsome disease. The result was, that he
+found he had enlisted himself in an active practice. After a few days, the Indians
+were delighted with the results, and began to look upon their prisoner as possessed
+of superhuman knowledge. They feared to do him injury, and finally resolved to
+let him go; of which privilege, it is almost unnecessary to say, he was delighted to
+avail himself, and was not long in finding his friends.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote2" name="footnote2"></a><b>Footnote 2: </b><a href="#footnotetag2">(return) </a><p>There are two species of these animals found on the western prairie. One
+is small, called the Jackal; the other much larger. The latter, or larger species,
+are found of various, colors, but more frequently grey. The color, however, varies
+with the season and often from other causes. Many of their habits are strikingly
+similar to those of the domestic dog, with the simple difference that the wolf is
+unreclaimed from his wild state. The connecting link between the prairie wolf and
+the domestic dog is the cur found among the Indians. The Indian cur, by a casual
+observer, could be easily mistaken for a prairie wolf. Near the Rocky Mountains,
+and in them, these animals are found of immense size; but, being cowardly, they
+are not dangerous. The first night a person sleeps on a prairie is ever afterwards
+vividly impressed upon his memory. The serenade of the wolves with which he is
+honored, is apt to be distinctly remembered. It is far from agreeable, and seldom
+fails to awaken unpleasant forebodings concerning the future; and, the idea that
+these fellows may be soon clearing his bones, is not very genial to the fancy. To
+the wolf the graveyard is anything but consecrated ground; and, if a person is very
+chary of his cadaver, he had better not leave it on the Western Plains. The wolf
+is quite choice in his viands whenever the opportunity offers, and will, at any time,
+leave the carcass of an Indian for that of a white man. Old frontiersmen, speaking
+of the wolves, usually style them as "their dogs;" and, after a night when
+these animals have kept up an incessant barking, they will express wonder by
+asking what has been disturbing "their hounds." The flesh of the mountain
+wolf, when cooked, has something of the smell and taste of mutton, but it is very rank.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote3" name="footnote3"></a><b>Footnote 3: </b><a href="#footnotetag3">(return) </a><p>Salt Springs.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote4" name="footnote4"></a><b>Footnote 4: </b><a href="#footnotetag4">(return) </a><p>These stampedes are a source of great profit to the Indians of the Plains. It
+is by this means they deprive the caravans of their animals. The Camanches are
+particularly expert and daring in this kind of robbery. They even train horses to
+run from one given point to another in expectancy of caravans. When a camp is
+made which is nearly in range they turn their trained animals loose, who at once
+fly across the plain, penetrating and passing through the camp of their victims.
+All of the picketed animals will endeavor to follow, and usually succeed in following,
+the trained horses. Such are invariably led into the haunts of the thieves,
+who easily secure them. Young horses and mules are easily frightened; and, in
+the havoc which generally ensues, oftentimes great injury is done to the runaways
+themselves. The sight of a stampede on a grand scale requires steady nerves to
+witness without tremor; and, woe to the footman who cannot get out of the way
+when the frightened animals come along. At times, when the herd is very large,
+the horses scatter over the open country and are irrecoverably lost; and, such as
+do not become wild, fall a prey to the ravenous wolves. Such, most frequently, is
+the fate of stampeded horses which have been bred in the States, not being trained
+by a prairie-life experience to take care of themselves. Instead of bravely stopping
+and fighting off the wolves, they run. The whole pack are sure to leave the bolder
+animals and make for the runaways, which they seldom fail to overtake and dispatch.
+Four years since, one of these stampedes occurred on the Plains of a band
+of horses, in which there were several hundred valuable animals. It was attended
+with very heavy loss to the owners. Through the courage and great exertions of
+those who had the animals in charge, many were recovered, but none without having
+sustained more or less injury.</p>
+
+<p>A favorite policy of the Indian horse thieves is to creep into camp, cut loose one
+animal and thoroughly frighten him. This animal seldom fails to frighten the
+remainder, when away they all go with long ropes and picket pins dangling after
+them. The latter sometimes act like harpoons, being thrown with such impetus as
+to strike and instantly kill a valuable steed from among the brother runaways. At
+other times, the limbs of the running horses get entangled in the ropes, when they
+are suddenly thrown. Such seldom escape without broken legs or severe contusions,
+which are often incurable. The necessity of traveling on, at any rate,
+renders it an impossibility to undertake the cure, when it might be practicable
+under other circumstances.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote5" name="footnote5"></a><b>Footnote 5: </b><a href="#footnotetag5">(return) </a><p>The mountain Indians, during the Summer season generally come down from
+their secure retreats and are engaged either in hunting buffalo, or marching on the
+war-path. When they are at peace with the Indians of the Plains, which is rarely
+the case, they join them, and, together, with their united strength and skill, they
+make piratical excursions into the Settlements of the Mexicans. While out on this
+business, they leave their families in some secluded spot for abundant caution,
+placing them under the guardianship of the old men, assisted by some of the
+younger members of the tribe.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote6" name="footnote6"></a><b>Footnote 6: </b><a href="#footnotetag6">(return) </a><p>Animalium patris testiculum.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote7" name="footnote7"></a><b>Footnote 7: </b><a href="#footnotetag7">(return) </a><p>The author once saw thirty brave and determined men in pursuit of an old
+grizzly bear and her two cubs near the head waters of the Arkansas River. In
+vain they urged their horses to the chase. Not a single steed in the entire band
+could be induced to run for the game. The old bear was quite thin and her young
+nearly half grown and were very fleet of foot. The chase lasted for about three
+miles, but not a man present was able to obtain a shot, because their riding animals
+were so completely frightened as to be almost unmanageable; consequently, the bears
+made good their escape. The last that was seen of them was their dim outlines as
+they traveled leisurely up a deep ravine.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote8" name="footnote8"></a><b>Footnote 8: </b><a href="#footnotetag8">(return) </a><p>Charles Wentworth Upham.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote9" name="footnote9"></a><b>Footnote 9: </b><a href="#footnotetag9">(return) </a><p>The reader will easily correct the few discrepancies of facts contained in
+this statement, by the narrative which is from Carson himself, and given with a view to
+publication.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote10" name="footnote10"></a><b>Footnote 10: </b><a href="#footnotetag10">(return) </a><p>We give the name which was applied to this river at the date of the facts related in the text. It is now called the Humboldt River.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote11" name="footnote11"></a><b>Footnote 11: </b><a href="#footnotetag11">(return) </a><p>See page <a href="#page161">161</a>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote12" name="footnote12"></a><b>Footnote 12: </b><a href="#footnotetag12">(return) </a><p><i>Corral</i>, a barnyard.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote13" name="footnote13"></a><b>Footnote 13: </b><a href="#footnotetag13">(return) </a><p>A lariet is a beautifully made rope, manufactured from hides and used for picketing horses out upon the prairies. They are worth, in New Mexico, about two dollars each.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote14" name="footnote14"></a><b>Footnote 14: </b><a href="#footnotetag14">(return) </a><p>William Williams was a most celebrated character in the Rocky Mountains,
+where he lived for many years. At one time he was a Methodist preacher in the
+State of Missouri, which he frequently boasted of in after life. Whenever relating
+this part of his eventful career, he used to say that he was so well known in his
+circuit, that the chickens recognized him as he came riding past the farmhouses.
+The old chanticleers would crow "Here comes Parson Williams! One of us must
+be made ready for dinner." Upon quitting the States, he traveled extensively
+among the various tribes of wild Indians throughout the far West and adopted their
+manners and customs. Whenever he grew weary of one nation he would go to
+another. To the Missionaries, he was often very useful. He possessed the faculty
+of easily acquiring languages and could readily translate most of the Bible into
+several Indian dialects. His own conduct, however, was frequently in strange contrast
+with the precepts of that Holy Book. He next turns up as a hunter and
+trapper; when, in this capacity, he became more celebrated for his wild and daring
+adventures than before he had been for his mild precepts. By many of his companions,
+he was looked upon as a man who was partially insane. Williams
+proved to be a perfect enigma and terror to the Mexicans, who thought him possessed
+of an evil spirit. He once settled for a short time in their midst and became
+a trader. Soon after he had established himself, he had a quarrel with some of his
+customers about his charges. He appeared to be instantly disgusted with the
+Mexicans, for he threw his small stock of goods into the street of the town where
+he lived, seized his rifle and started again for the mountains. His knowledge of
+the country over which he had wandered was very extensive; but, when Colonel
+Fremont put it to the test, he came very near sacrificing his life to his guidance.
+This was probably owing to the failing of Williams' intellect; for, when he joined
+the Great Explorer, he was past the meridian of life. After bequeathing his name
+to several mountains, rivers and passes which were undoubtedly discovered by him,
+he was slain by the red men while trading with them.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote15" name="footnote15"></a><b>Footnote 15: </b><a href="#footnotetag15">(return) </a><p>Five years ago this settlement contained, about thirty inhabitants, mostly
+Mexicans. It was frequently subjected to various kinds of annoyances from Indians.
+On one occasion it was attacked by the hostile Utahs and Apaches,
+who killed and carried off as prisoners a total of sixteen settlers. Among the
+slain was a Canadian who fought so skillfully and desperately before he was dispatched,
+that he killed three of his assailants. When his body was found, it was
+literally pierced through and through with lance and arrow wounds, while the
+hand, with which he had caught hold of some of these weapons, was nearly cut to
+pieces. Around his corpse, there were a dozen horses' tails which had been cut
+from the horses which were owned by the dead warriors, and left there, as a sign
+of mourning, by the Indians.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote16" name="footnote16"></a><b>Footnote 16: </b><a href="#footnotetag16">(return) </a><p>White men have frequently enrolled themselves as warriors among the American
+Indians; but they have rarely gained the full confidence of the Indians, who,
+naturally very proud of their birthright, view with a jealous eye all intruders.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote17" name="footnote17"></a><b>Footnote 17: </b><a href="#footnotetag17">(return) </a><p>Thirty Years View, vol. ii. chap. 134.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote18" name="footnote18"></a><b>Footnote 18: </b><a href="#footnotetag18">(return) </a><p>The game most frequently played is <i>monte</i>.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote19" name="footnote19"></a><b>Footnote 19: </b><a href="#footnotetag19">(return) </a><p>Blunt projecting mountains.</p></blockquote>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page256" id="page256"></a>[pg 256]</span>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote20" name="footnote20"></a><b>Footnote 20: </b><a href="#footnotetag20">(return) </a><p>This expression of "father," with these Indians, means their agent.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote21" name="footnote21"></a><b>Footnote 21: </b><a href="#footnotetag21">(return) </a><p>Buffalo chips form the principal fuel of the plains. It is dry buffalo manure.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote22" name="footnote22"></a><b>Footnote 22: </b><a href="#footnotetag22">(return) </a><p>A trapper phrase for being killed.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote23" name="footnote23"></a><b>Footnote 23: </b><a href="#footnotetag23">(return) </a><p>Mr. Hawkins was the owner of a large gun establishment at St. Louis, Mo.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote24" name="footnote24"></a><b>Footnote 24: </b><a href="#footnotetag24">(return) </a><p>These saddles and bridles are queer-looking articles; but, for use, they
+could not
+be surpassed either for durability or comfort. Their bridle bits are the same as are
+used by the Mexicans. They are very powerful and intended for managing wild
+horses and mules, particularly the latter. With one in his mouth, an animal cannot
+drink or feed. A Mexican only waters his horse twice a day when traveling,
+viz. morning and night.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote25" name="footnote25"></a><b>Footnote 25: </b><a href="#footnotetag25">(return) </a><p>Company D, 2d Regiment U.S. Artillery.</p></blockquote>
+
+<blockquote class="footnote"><a id="footnote26" name="footnote26"></a><b>Footnote 26: </b><a href="#footnotetag26">(return) </a><p>D Company, 2d Regiment U. S. Artillery.</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page535" id="page535"></a>[pg 535]</span>
+
+<h4>RECENTLY ISSUED,</h4>
+
+<h2>BY W.R.C. CLARK &amp; CO.,</h2>
+
+<h3><i>348 Broadway,</i></h3>
+
+<h4><i>Appleton's Building.</i></h4>
+
+<h1>GEORGE MELVILLE,</h1>
+
+<h4>AN AMERICAN NOVEL.</h4>
+
+<p>One handsome 12mo. volume, nearly 400 pages. Price $1.00</p>
+
+<h3>CONTENTS.</h3>
+
+<p>I. George Melville and Thomas F. Griswold determine
+that "Old Sassy" had better look out.</p>
+
+<p>II. Horses <i>versus</i> Thorn-Apple Tree Limbs.</p>
+
+<p>III. "Wait for the Wagon."</p>
+
+<p>IV. The Boyhood Days of George Melville.</p>
+
+<p>V. The Excursion Party for Niagara&mdash;Astor House&mdash;James
+Mordaunt&mdash;The Plot.</p>
+
+<p>VI. Aurora&mdash;Cayuga Lake&mdash;The Pic-nic.</p>
+
+<p>VII. Clara Edgemonte's Mistake.</p>
+
+<p>VIII. Melville's and Griswold's Tour&mdash;A true Hand
+and firm Seat always come in Play.</p>
+
+<p>IX. Sunset at Niagara&mdash;James Mordaunt's Declaration.</p>
+
+<p>X. The Morning Walk&mdash;An Old Friend in Duplicate.</p>
+
+<p>XI. Hon. B.F. Mortimer&mdash;H.B. Edgemonte, Esq.,&mdash;James
+Mordaunt, Esq.&mdash;Frederick Mortimer&mdash;Thomas
+F. Griswold&mdash;George Melville&mdash;Mrs.
+Mortimer&mdash;Mrs. Edgemonte&mdash;Bell Mortimer&mdash;Clara
+Edgemonte&mdash;The Breakfast Party.</p>
+
+<p>XII. Bob Shank&mdash;The Fire&mdash;The Cave.</p>
+
+<p>XIII. Bell hates the Rain, but finally has no Objection
+to it&mdash;Miss Blackwood's Party.</p>
+
+<p>XIV. Various Things material both to the Story and
+the Reader&mdash;The Catfish Railroad Scheme.</p>
+
+<p>XV. Ahead&mdash;Back again.</p>
+
+<p>XVI. Who is Uncle Sam&mdash;Syracuse&mdash;Camillus&mdash;Junction&mdash;Auburn&mdash;A
+New York Lawyer obtains a
+Case (a hard one).</p>
+
+<p>XVII. The Dinner Party at Aurora&mdash;The Telegram&mdash;Mrs.
+Tryon's Glance.</p>
+
+<p>XVIII. Broadway, New York&mdash;James Mordaunt, Esq.,
+at his Office in Wall street&mdash;Is he a Married
+Man?</p>
+
+<p>XIX. Rev. John Furnace&mdash;The Funeral&mdash;The Lawsuit&mdash;The
+Catfish Railroad Stock at a Premium.</p>
+
+<p>XX. Arrival of the Liverpool Steamer&mdash;New York
+Firemen&mdash;Griswold's Heroism&mdash;The Catfish
+Railroad Stock falling&mdash;Trouble.</p>
+
+<p>XXI. Short but Interesting.</p>
+
+<p>XXII. A Sail on Cayuga Lake before Breakfast&mdash;Thermometer
+thirty Degrees below Zero&mdash;Two
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page536" id="page536"></a>[pg 536]</span>
+Miles a Minute under a fair Wind&mdash;Bell Mortimer
+takes an Observation&mdash;The Surprise not
+a Surprise&mdash;The Race Home&mdash;The Ice-Boat
+too much for the Horses&mdash;The Runaway&mdash;The
+Rescue,&mdash;Love told without Words&mdash;Death cheated, of his Prey.</p>
+
+<p>XXIII. Plans for the Future.</p>
+
+<p>XXIV. Commencement Day at Hamilton College&mdash;William
+Hastings&mdash;How a Clerk in New York
+City may obtain a Partnership.</p>
+
+<p>XXV. A Friend in Need.</p>
+
+<p>XXVI. New York City Corporation Counsel&mdash;All Marriage Notices not Agreeable.</p>
+
+<p>XXVII. Sarah E. Graham's call at Mordaunt's Law
+Office&mdash;A Cool Scene&mdash;James Mordaunt in trouble.</p>
+
+<p>XXVIII. George Melville under a Cloud.</p>
+
+<p>XXIX. The Metropolis of America never sleeps&mdash;Scene
+in Twenty-Third street late at Night.</p>
+
+<p>XXX. An Arrest&mdash;A Promise made, and a Promise given.</p>
+
+<p>XXXI. A Station on the N.Y. Central Railroad&mdash;Car
+Manufactory&mdash;Reception of a Convict at the
+Auburn State Prison&mdash;The Model Prison of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>XXXII. More about the Prison.</p>
+
+<p>XXXIII. James Mordaunt, Esq., triumphs.</p>
+
+<p>XXXIV. Mr. M&mdash;&mdash;l, Chief of the New York Police, puts
+his Private Seal upon a Coffin in Greenwood Cemetery.</p>
+
+<p>XXXV. A Council of War.</p>
+
+<p>XXXVI. A Smash-up in Broadway, N.Y.&mdash;The New York
+Hospital&mdash;The New York Press&mdash;Sarah E. Graham a Lunatic.</p>
+
+<p>XXXVII. Bell and Charger.</p>
+
+<p>XXXVIII. An Ante-Breakfast Ride&mdash;The Homestead of an American Statesman.</p>
+
+<p>XXXIX. Fort-Hill Cemetery&mdash;"Who is there to Mourn
+for Logan?"&mdash;How to carry on a Correspondence
+with a Convict&mdash;Distant View of the
+Auburn State Prison&mdash;Bell Mortimer in her Sanctum.</p>
+
+<p>XL. A Change in the progress of Events foreshadowed&mdash;Exercise of Wits&mdash;The Statesman
+proves too much for the Lawyer.</p>
+
+<p>XLI. An Alumnus of Hamilton College, <i>nolens volens</i>,
+becomes a Skillful Mechanic.</p>
+
+<p>XLII. A Ray of Hope.</p>
+
+<p>XLIII. Woman's Rights&mdash;The State Lunatic Asylum at
+Utica, Oneida County, N.Y.</p>
+
+<p>XLIV. The Arrest&mdash;Interview with the Governor of the Empire State.</p>
+
+<p>XLV. A Mountain in Massachusetts&mdash;The Home of an
+ex-President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>XLVI. Another Telegram&mdash;Early rising sometimes proves very agreeable.</p>
+
+<p>XLVII. Bell Mortimer makes the Acquaintance of Sarah E. Graham.</p>
+
+<p>XLVIII. The Homestead of an American Mechanic&mdash;A Proposition.</p>
+
+<p>XLIX. Trial of the Action "Wilcox against Mordaunt"&mdash;Thomas
+F. Griswold, Esquire, addresses the
+Jury&mdash;The Utica Asylum again&mdash;One of the Biters bitten.</p>
+
+<p>L. Death of a New York City Policeman&mdash;A Trial,
+Sentence, and Execution&mdash;Ought Governors
+hold the Pardoning Power?</p>
+
+<p>LI. The Island Martha's Vineyard.</p>
+
+<p>LII. Sunday-school in Prison&mdash;The Chaplain and his
+Convict Congregation&mdash;A Convict who had
+well earned his position reflects&mdash;Two Deaths.</p>
+
+<p>LIII. A Wedding&mdash;Wedding Tour&mdash;Conclusion.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>NOTICES OF THE PRESS.</h3>
+
+<center><i>From the Boston Traveller.</i></center>
+
+<p>"The language is chaste and dignified, and varies to suit the different circumstances.
+A high-toned integrity, clear common sense, and a true representation of
+life in its real and sound aspects, characterize the work."</p>
+
+<p>"One of the best novels of the day."</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page537" id="page537"></a>[pg 537]</span>
+
+<center><i>From the New York Leader.</i></center>
+
+<p>"A work of much power, possessing vastly more of that reality, which makes
+the real charm of a romance, than anything which has preceded it this season."</p>
+
+<center><i>From the Cincinnati Commercial.</i></center>
+
+<p>"A well written volume, spicy with interest, and quite above the every day
+average of the flood of works of fiction."</p>
+
+<center><i>From the Chambersburg (Pa.) Independent.</i></center>
+
+<p>"We submit the work to the perusal of our readers, as one replete with interest
+and instruction."</p>
+
+<center><i>From the Ladies' Visitor.</i></center>
+
+<p>"'GEORGE MELVILLE,' coming just now, will be even more certain of a warm
+reception than if he only swelled the crowd of claimants for the popular favor."</p>
+
+<center><i>From the Albany (N.Y.) Knickerbocker.</i></center>
+
+<p>"The style is dashing, and the scenes and incidents in the highest degree interesting.
+We commend 'GEORGE MELVILLE' to our readers."</p>
+
+<center><i>From the Morristown (N.J.) Banner.</i></center>
+
+<p>"The main features have evidently been actual occurrences, and are skillfully
+worked together by a talented writer, who, with an eye to its good moral influence
+has made a book which is at once pleasing, interesting and exciting."</p>
+
+<center><i>From the Constitution (Middletown, Ct.)</i></center>
+
+<p>"A book of great interest and spirit, and one that brings out, in a strong light,
+some peculiar traits of American character."</p>
+
+<center><i>From the Critic.</i></center>
+
+<p>"An unusually well-written and interesting book."</p>
+
+<center><i>From the Boston Saturday Evening Gazette.</i></center>
+
+<p>"There is a deal of promise in a new novel just out called 'GEORGE MELVILLE.'
+It is a dashing, clever, well-written story; its characters talk with animation and
+plenty of animal spirit, and 'the plot converges to an issue' according to the
+most approved rules. It has the American Stamp, and imitates no transatlantic
+author&mdash;a merit worth noticing."</p>
+
+<center><i>From the New York Sunday Times.</i></center>
+
+<p>"Its style is graphic, careless, romping and fanciful, and it is really captivating."</p>
+
+<center><i>From the Albany Evening Journal.</i></center>
+
+<p>"The style is lively; the dialogues frequent and effective; the graver scenes
+well drawn and the book wholly what it purports to be&mdash;an American Novel,
+characteristically descriptive of American Life."</p>
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page538" id="page538"></a>[pg 538]</span>
+
+<center><i>From the New York Sunday Mercury.</i></center>
+
+<p>"A book that will repay the reader for the time spent in its perusal. A pleasant
+companion for Saratoga, or the sea-shore."</p>
+
+<center><i>From the Educational Herald.</i></center>
+
+<p>"Its descriptions and pictures are very graphic."</p>
+
+<p>The following notice from the <i>Toledo Blade</i>, is so just and true that
+we copy it entire:</p>
+
+<p>"We had almost said, after reading this story, 'The good old days of Cooper
+have come again.' It is really refreshing, in the midst of so much literary pretension,
+to meet with something of real merit.</p>
+
+<p>"The conception of the plot is admirable&mdash;the characters finely portrayed&mdash;the
+scenery true to nature and the interest maintained throughout. Its life-like pictures,
+as well as the style of its author must commend it to every one who feels
+any interest in the revival of a genuine, home-bred American literature. When
+such tales as this reflecting on our own manners, scenery, morals and laws can be
+produced, there is little reason that our fiction-writers should be superseded by
+foreigners. A tale of equal merit with this, so neatly told, so entirely American,
+has not of late been issued from the press.</p>
+
+<p>"The scenery of Central New York&mdash;a sail on the placid waters of Cayuga
+Lake in summer, and across the ice which covers it in winter&mdash;the picturesque
+views around Auburn and the grand sublimity of Niagara, are alike portrayed in
+vivid characters.</p>
+
+<p>"Character is as well delineated as scenery. Dark and light shades&mdash;gay and
+corrupt life&mdash;vanity, vice and virtue, all perform their appropriate parts, in making
+up a goodly number of men and women, who once fairly introduced, carry themselves
+very naturally through plot and counter plot, to the close of a story which
+aptly illustrates the elements composing American society, in its various phases.
+There are many such victims as Melville, and many such true hearted girls as
+Bell Mortimer.</p>
+
+<p>"We do not pretend that the writer has attained perfection. The book has
+faults&mdash;but these may be overcome by a writer of so much real ability, and we
+hope his pen will not be allowed to remain idle.</p>
+
+<p>"GEORGE MELVILLE is a pleasant story&mdash;written in a chaste style with a good
+moral, and we cheerfully commend it to our readers."</p>
+
+<p>*** Copies sent by mail to any part of the United States, pre-paid, upon receipt of price.</p>
+
+<hr />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page539" id="page539"></a>[pg 539]</span>
+
+<h3>A BEAUTIFUL GIFT BOOK.</h3>
+
+<h2>SHELLS</h2>
+
+<h4>FROM THE</h4>
+
+<h2>SEA-SHORE OF LIFE,</h2>
+
+<h4>GATHERED BY</h4>
+
+<h3>PEARLY SHELLEY.</h3>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<p>This work comprises the lighter and more sketchy productions
+of one of the most original and distinguished writers in
+the country. The "Shells" are symbolical of the various lights
+and shades of Life&mdash;scattered over its surface or lying deep
+beneath its ocean. They embody a series of writings which may be called</p>
+
+<h3>THE PARABLES OF THE WORLD!</h3>
+
+<p>Every one of the series contains a moral which the Christian
+as well as the man of the world may bring home to his observation
+or experience. They sound the depths of the heart in the
+womanly as well as in the manly breast.</p>
+
+<p>Some of these brilliant sketches symbolized in Shells, were
+originally published in many of the first-class newspaper and
+periodical press; while others, again, have been republished
+extensively throughout the country. They are now "gathered"
+emphatically not only from the "Sea-Shore of Life," by the
+Author, but from the mass of journals through which they have
+been scattered broadcast far and wide.</p>
+
+<p>The "Shells" are published in a style which makes them,
+in their typographical and external dress, equal to their intellectual
+and moral interest, and renders them one of the most
+beautiful and appropriate presents that can be selected for the holidays.</p>
+
+<table summary="prices" align="center">
+<tr><td align="left"><i>One vol., 12mo., with twenty-one original illustrations, cloth</i>, </td><td align="right">$0 75</td></tr>
+<tr><td align="left"><i>Cloth, full gilt</i>,                             </td><td align="right">1 25</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p class="author"><b>W.R.C. CLARK &amp; Co., Publishers,</b></p>
+
+<p class="author">348 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.</p>
+
+<p class="author"><i>(Appletons' Building.)</i></p>
+
+<hr />
+<span class="pagenum"><a name="page540" id="page540"></a>[pg 540]</span>
+
+<h4>ALSO, LATELY ISSUED, THE FOLLOWING</h4>
+
+<h2>NEW MUSIC.</h2>
+
+<h3>SISTER SPIRIT, STAY NOT HERE&mdash;SONG.</h3>
+
+<center><i>Price Fifty Cents.</i></center>
+
+<center>WORDS AND MUSIC BY C. HATCH SMITH.</center>
+
+<center><i>From the New York Day Book.</i></center>
+
+<p>"There is a tenderness and a pathos, both in the words and the music, so admirably
+adapted to each other, that it cannot fail to please all who may hear it."</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>HO! THE DEEP&mdash;SONG.</h3>
+
+<h4>BY ALLEN N. LEET, JR.</h4>
+
+<center><i>Price Twenty-five Cents.</i></center>
+
+<p>A very inspiriting song, well adapted to the piano. The novelty of
+the melody has already made it very popular.</p>
+
+<hr class="short" />
+
+<h3>SPIRIT OF THE ISLAND HOME&mdash;SONG.</h3>
+
+<center><i>Price Twenty-Five Cents.</i></center>
+
+<center>WORDS AND MUSIC BY C. HATCH SMITH.</center>
+
+<p>A new and very beautiful song. Its tones bring the murmur of the
+waves to our ears. The imitation of the motion of the sea is admirable.</p>
+
+<p>Either of the above pieces will be sent by mail, post-paid, upon
+receipt of the price, or all of them on receipt of 75 cents.</p>
+
+<center>W.R.C. CLARK &amp; CO., PUBLISHERS,</center>
+
+<p class="author">No. 348 <i>Broadway</i>, New York.</p>
+
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<p>&nbsp;</p>
+<hr class="full" />
+<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF KIT CARSON, THE NESTOR OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, FROM FACTS NARRATED BY HIMSELF***</p>
+<p>******* This file should be named 16274-h.txt or 16274-h.zip *******</p>
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+The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Life and Adventures of Kit Carson, the
+Nestor of the Rocky Mountains, from Facts Narrated by Himself, by De Witt
+C. Peters
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: The Life and Adventures of Kit Carson, the Nestor of the Rocky Mountains, from Facts Narrated by Himself
+
+
+Author: De Witt C. Peters
+
+
+
+Release Date: July 12, 2005  [eBook #16274]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF KIT
+CARSON, THE NESTOR OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, FROM FACTS NARRATED BY
+HIMSELF***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Alicia Williams, William Flis, and the Project
+Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
+      file which includes the original illustrations.
+      See 16274-h.htm or 16274-h.zip:
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/2/7/16274/16274-h/16274-h.htm)
+      or
+      (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/6/2/7/16274/16274-h.zip)
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF KIT CARSON, THE NESTOR OF THE ROCKY
+MOUNTAINS, FROM FACTS NARRATED BY HIMSELF
+
+by
+
+DE WITT C. PETERS, M.D.,
+Late Assistant Surgeon U.S.A.
+
+With Original Illustrations, Drawn by Lumley,
+Engraved by N. Orr & Co.
+
+New York:
+W.R.C. Clark & Co.,
+348 Broadway.
+W.H. Tinson, Stereotyper and Printer,
+Rear of 43 & 45 Centre Street, N.Y.
+
+MDCCCLVIII
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+  "All are but parts of one stupendous whole,
+  Whose body nature is, and God the soul."
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: KIT AND HIS FAVORITE HORSE "APACHE."]
+
+
+
+
+TO
+
+COL. CERAN ST. VRAIN,
+
+OF NEW MEXICO.
+
+
+DEAR SIR,
+
+You were first among the brave mountaineers to discover and direct the
+manly energy, extraordinary natural ability, and unyielding courage
+which have attached to the subject of this volume; and, as among the
+first Americans who put foot on the Rocky Mountains, you are perhaps
+best acquainted with the history of the men, who, for fifty years,
+have lived there. CHRISTOPHER CARSON, after a long life, now crowned
+with successful and honorable achievements, still looks upon you,
+sir, as his earliest patron, and places your name on the list of his
+warmest friends. Through a life of unusual activity and duration,
+which, reflecting honor and renown upon your name, has given you a
+distinguished position among your countrymen, you have never been
+known to forget a duty to your fellow man.
+
+For these considerations, the dedication of this volume to you cannot
+but appear appropriate. That he may continue to merit a place in your
+confidence and esteem is the earnest desire of
+
+THE AUTHOR.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+
+
+
+FERNANDEZ DE TAOS, NEW MEXICO.
+
+SIR:
+
+We, the undersigned citizens of the Territory of New Mexico, have been
+acquainted with Mr. CHRISTOPHER CARSON for a number of years, indeed
+almost from the time of his first arrival in the country. We have been
+his companions both in the mountains and as a private citizen. We are
+also acquainted with the fact that for the past few months, during his
+leisure hours, he has been engaged dictating his life. This is, to
+our certain knowledge, the only authentic biography of himself and his
+travels that has ever been written. We heartily recommend THIS BOOK
+to the reading community for perusal, as it presents a life out of the
+usual routine of business, and is checkered with adventures which
+have tried this bold and daring man. We are cognizant of most of the
+details of the book, and vouch for their accuracy.
+
+Very respectfully,
+
+CERAN ST. VRAIN, LIEUT. COL. N.M. VOLUNTEERS.
+
+CHARLES BEAUBIEN, LATE CIRCUIT JUDGE.
+
+
+
+
+THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE.
+
+
+The pages here presented to the public form a book of facts. They
+unfold for the student, as does no other work yet extant, the great
+interior wilderness of the territories belonging to the United States.
+The scenic views, though plainly colored and wrought by the hand of
+an unpretending artist, inasmuch as they portray a part of the North
+American continent which is unsurpassed by any other country on the
+face of the earth, will not fail to interest the American public. In
+addition to this, the reader is introduced to an intimate acquaintance
+with the Indian races of the countries which He east and west of the
+Rocky Mountains. The savage warrior and hunter is presented, stripped
+of all the decorations with which writers of fiction have dressed
+him. He is seen in his ferocity and gentleness, in his rascality and
+nobility, in his boyhood, manhood, and old age, and in his wisdom and
+ignorance. The attentive reader will learn of his approximations to
+truth, his bundle of superstitions, his acts at home and on the war
+path, his success while following the buffalo and engaging the wild
+Rocky Mountain bear, that terror of the western wilderness. He will
+also behold him carrying devastation to the homes of the New Mexican
+settlers, and freely spilling their best blood to satiate a savage
+revenge. He will see him attacking and massacring parties of the white
+men traveling across the prairies, and trace him in his savage wars
+with the early settlers and frontiersmen.
+
+In order to acquire these important _data_ that they might be added
+to the pages of American history and form a reliable record, it was
+necessary that some brave, bold and determined man should become an
+actor on the scenes and among the races described. Such an actor
+has been, and yet is, Christopher Carson, the Nestor of the Rocky
+Mountains; and, it is the experience, as well as the acts, of his
+stirring life, which the following pages present.
+
+In olden times there existed, in the Rocky Mountains, a race
+familiarly known by the name of "Trappers and Hunters." They are now
+almost extinct. Their history has not yet been written. Pen paintings,
+drawn from the imagination, founded upon distant views of their
+exploits and adventures, have occasionally served, as do legends,
+to "adorn a tale." The volume now offered to the public, gives their
+history as related by one whose name as a trapper and hunter of the
+"Far West," stands second to none; by a man, who, for fifteen years,
+saw not the face of a white woman, or slept under a roof; who, during
+those long years, with his rifle alone, killed over two thousand
+buffalo, between four and five thousand deer, antelope and elk,
+besides wild game, such as bears, wild turkeys, prairie chickens,
+etc., etc. in numbers beyond calculation. On account of their
+originality, daring and interest, the real facts, concerning this race
+of trappers and hunters, will be handed down to posterity as matters
+belonging to history.
+
+As is the case with the Indian, the race of the "Simon Pure Trapper"
+is nearly run. The advance of civilization, keeping up its untiring
+march to the westward, is daily encroaching upon their wild haunts and
+bringing the day close at hand when warrior and trapper will depart
+forever to their "Happy Hunting Grounds."
+
+With the extinction of the great fur companies, the trappers of "Olden
+Time" disbanded and separated.
+
+The greatest number of these men, to be found at the present day,
+reside in the Territory of New Mexico; which, in the time of their
+prosperity, was the country where they located their head quarters. In
+this Territory, Christopher Carson now resides. His name, in the Rocky
+Mountains, has been familiarly known for more than a quarter of a
+century; and, from its association with the names of great explorers
+and military men, is now spread throughout the civilized world. It has
+been generally conceded, and the concession has become strengthened
+by time, that no small share of the benefits derived from these
+explorations and campaigns, as well as the safety of the commands
+themselves, was and is due to the sagacity, skill, experience,
+advice and labor of Christopher Carson. The exploring parties, and
+expeditions here referred to, are those which he accompanied in the
+capacity of chief guide and adviser.
+
+His sober habits, strict honor, and great regard for truth, have
+endeared him to all who can call him friend; and, among such may be
+enumerated names belonging to some of the most distinguished men whose
+deeds are recorded on the pages of American history. His past life has
+been a mystery which this book will unveil. Instead of Kit Carson as
+by imagination--a bold braggart and reckless, improvident hero of the
+rifle--he will appear a retired man, and one who is very reserved in
+his intercourse with others. This fact, alone, will account for the
+difficulty which has hitherto attended presenting the public with an
+accurate history of his life.
+
+A few years since, the writer of this work first met Christopher
+Carson. It needed neither a second introduction, nor the assistance of
+a friendly panegyric, to enable him to discover in Christopher Carson
+those traits of manhood, which are esteemed by the great and good to
+be distinguishing ornaments of character. This acquaintance ripened
+into a friendship of the purest stamp. Since then, the writer has been
+the intimate friend and, companion of Christopher Carson, at his home,
+in the wild scenes of the chase, on the war trail, and upon the field
+of battle. For a long period, in common with hundreds--and, we might
+with truth add, thousands, the writer has desired to see Christopher
+Carson's wonderful career made public for the world of readers; but,
+while this idea was germinating in his brain, he did not, for an
+instant, flatter himself that the pleasant task would ever be assigned
+to him. Finally, however, at the urgent solicitation of many personal
+friends, Christopher Carson dictated the facts upon which this book
+is written. They were then placed in the writer's hands, with
+instructions to add to them such information as had fallen under his
+observation, during quite extensive travels over a large part of the
+wide expanse of country, which has been Christopher Carson's theatre
+for action.
+
+The book is a book of solid truth; therefore, the faults in the style,
+arrangement and composition, become affairs of minor consideration.
+For this reason, the writer makes no apologies to embarrass the
+critics.
+
+Christopher Carson, physically, is small in stature, but of compact
+frame-work. He has a large and finely developed head, a twinkling
+grey eye, and hair of a sandy color, which he wears combed back _a la
+Franklin mode_. His education having been much neglected in his
+youth, he is deficient in theoretical learning. By natural abilities,
+however, he has greatly compensated for this defect. He speaks the
+French and Spanish languages fluently, besides being a perfect master
+of several Indian dialects. In Indian customs, their manners, habits
+and the groundwork of their conduct, no man on the American continent
+is better skilled.
+
+The writer, while on a foreign tour, once had the opportunity and
+pleasure of hearing Gordon Cumming and other hunters of less note,
+discourse on their hunting exploits; furthermore, in our own country,
+while seated around camp-fires and in log houses, he has listened to
+the adventures of ancient and modern Nimrods in the chase; besides
+these facts, he has both seen and read much of hunting exploits; but,
+no hunter ever filled his fancy so perfectly, as does Christopher
+Carson, a man who acts and never boasts.
+
+Without further comment, the reader is presented with the work, while
+the writer cherishes the hope, that the facts, which for the first
+time are given to the world, will prove to be both interesting and
+important as jottings of history.
+
+The author begs leave to return to his friend, C. HATCH SMITH, A.M.,
+of Brooklyn, New York, his acknowledgment for valuable assistance in
+revising, correcting and arranging his manuscript.
+
+196 Twenty-third street, New York.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+Carson's Birthplace--His Emigration to Missouri--Early Prospects--Is
+an Apprentice--Stories of the Rocky Mountains--He Enlists to go
+there--Adventures on the Prairies--Broaders is Wounded--Carson's Nerve
+put to the Test--Rude Amputation--Safe Arrival at Santa Fe--Goes
+to Taos and learns the Spanish Language--Early
+Vicissitudes--Disappointment and Attempt to return to Missouri--Is
+employed as an Interpreter, Teamster, etc., 13
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+The news of the Defeat of Mr. Young's Trapping Party by the Indians
+reaches Taos--Young raises a Party to chastise the Indians--Kit Carson
+becomes a Conspicuous Member of the Expedition--The Indians are found
+on Salt River--The Fight--Trapping Exploits--A new Country--Trials
+and Vicissitudes--Sacramento Valley--California and its Roman
+Catholic Missions in 1829--Another Indian Fight--Sale of Furs--Indian
+Depredations--Kit Carson and Twelve Trappers engage with the Indians
+in a Battle--Return to the Camp with recovered Property, 30
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+The Return from California to New Mexico--San Fernando and the Peublo
+of Los Angelos--Description of these Peublos--Passports demanded at
+Los Angelos--Trouble with the Mexican Authorities--Kit Carson sent on
+with the Pack Animals--One Trapper shoots another--The Mexicans become
+frightened--Indians come into Camp with their Weapons concealed--Cool
+Reception, by Kit Carson--Arrival at Santa Fe and Taos--Money realized
+soon parted with--Carson joins another Expedition--The Rivers trapped
+on--Four Men Killed by Blackfeet Indians--Kit Carson joins Gaunt's
+Party--The Parks--Winter Quarters--Crow Indian Depredations--Kit
+Carson and his Party in Pursuit--the Fight--Winter on the
+Arkansas--Another Expedition--Two Deserters--Kit Carson sent
+in Pursuit--The Fate of the Runaways--Adventures with
+Indians--Hair-breadth Escape made by Kit Carson, 42
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+Kit Carson and two Companions plan a Hunt for themselves--The Great
+Success met with--Return to Taos--Sale of the Beaver Fur--Kit
+Carson joins Captain Lee and goes on a Trading Expedition--Winter
+Quarters--Kit Carson is sent in Pursuit of a Thief--Overtakes and
+is obliged to shoot the Runaway--Property recovered--The Return to
+Camp--The Sale of Goods--Kit Carson joins Fitzpatrick and Party--Kit
+Carson organizes a Hunting Party--His Encounter with two Grizzly
+Bears--The Summer Rendezvous--Kit Carson joins fifty Trappers and
+goes to the Country of the Blackfeet Indians--Annoyances received from
+these Indians--Winter Quarters in 1832--Horses Stolen--Kit Carson
+and eleven Men in Pursuit--A Parley--A Fight--Kit Carson severely
+wounded--His great Sufferings and Fortitude--His Convalescence--The
+Retreat--A New Expedition--A Braggadocio--Kit Carson Fights a Duel and
+Wounds his man--Duels in the Rocky Mountains in Olden Times, 68
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+The Fall Hunt--McCoy of the Hudson's Bay Company organizes a Trapping
+Party which Kit Carson joins--The Hunt--Scarcity of Beaver on Humboldt
+River--The Party is divided--Kit Carson with a majority of the
+Men goes to Fort Hall--Hardships and Privations met with--Buffalo
+Hunt--All their Animals stolen in the Night by a Party of Blackfeet
+Indians--Arrival of McCoy from Fort Walla Walla--The Rendezvous--Kit
+Carson joins a strong Band--The Small Pox among the Blackfeet
+Indians--The Crow Indians on good terms with the Whites--Intense
+Cold--Immense Herds of Buffalo--Danger of their goring to death the
+Horses--The Spring Hunt--The Blackfeet Indian Village overtaken--A
+desperate Fight with these Indians--The Rendezvous--Sir William Stuart
+and a favorite Missionary--Kit Carson goes on a Trading Expedition to
+the Navajoe Indians--The Return--He accepts the post of Hunter of the
+Trading Post at Brown's Hole, 106
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+Bridger and Carson trapping on the Black Hills--The Main Camp--The
+Rendezvous--Winter Quarters on the Yellow Stone--Carson with forty men
+in a desperate fight with the Blackfeet Indians--A Council--Sentinel
+posted--One Thousand Warriors come to punish the Trappers--The War
+Dance--The Courage of the Savages deserts them--Winter Quarters--The
+Spring Hunt--Another Fight with the Blackfeet--Continued
+Annoyances--The Trappers abandon the Country--The Rocky Mountains
+and Alps compared--Other Trapping Expeditions--Beaver becoming
+scarce--Prices of Fur reduced--Kit Carson and the Trappers give
+up their Vocation--The Journey to Bent's Fort--Mitchell the
+Mountaineer--His Eccentricities, 127
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+Kit Carson is employed as Hunter to Bent's Fort--His Career for
+Eight Years--Messrs. Bent and St. Vrain--The commencement of his
+Acquaintance with John C. Fremont on a Steamboat--Is employed as
+a Guide by the Great Explorer--The Journey--Arrival at Fort
+Laramie--Indian Difficulties--The business of the Expedition
+completed--Return to Fort Laramie--Kit Carson goes to Taos and is
+married--He is employed as Hunter to a Train of Wagons bound for the
+States--Meeting with Captain Cook and four companies of U.S. Dragoons
+on Walnut Creek--Mexicans in Trouble--Kit Carson carries a Letter
+for them to Santa Fe--Indians on the Route--His safe Arrival--Amijos'
+advance Guard massacred by the Texians--The one Survivor--The
+Retreat--Kit Carson returns to Bent's Fort--His Adventures with the
+Utahs and narrow escape from Death--The Texians disarmed--The Express
+Ride performed, 147
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+Kit Carson visits Fremont's Camp--Goes on the Second
+Exploring Expedition--The Necessary Arrangements--Trip to Salt
+Lake--Explorations there--Carson is dispatched to Fort Hall for
+Supplies--Their Operations at Salt Lake--The Great Island--The Journey
+to the Columbia River in Oregon--Incidents on the Route--Tlamath
+Lake--The Journey to California--The Trials and Privations met with
+while crossing the Sierra Nevada Mountains--Mr. Preuss is lost
+but finds the Party again--Arrival at Sutter's Fort in a Destitute
+Condition--Two of the Party become deranged--The Route on the Return
+Trip--Mexicans come into their Camp asking Aid and Protection--Indian
+Depredations--Carson and Godey start on a Daring Adventure--The
+Pursuit--The Thieves overtaken--These Two White Men attack Thirty
+Indians--The Victory--Horses retaken--The Return to Camp--One of their
+Companions killed--The Journey continued--Arrival at Bent's Fort--The
+"Fourth of July" Dinner, 178
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+Kit Carson concludes to become a Farmer--He is joined in the
+Enterprise by a Friend--They build a Ranche on the Cimeron
+River--Descriptions of Mexican Customs and Country--Fremont once more
+at Bent's Fort--Express sent for Kit Carson to join the Expedition as
+Guide--The Ranche Sold, and the Departure--The Third Expedition and
+its Explorations--Difficulties with the Mexican-Californians--General
+Castro's Orders to leave the Country--Determination to Fight--Fremont
+goes to Lawson's Fort--Fremont and his Men encounter a Thousand
+Indians--The Battle and the Victory--The news that War had
+been declared between the United States and Mexico reaches
+Fremont--Lieutenant Gillespie rescued from the Indians--Three of the
+party killed in the Night by Indians--The Savages repulsed--The Burial
+of Comrades, 232
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+Fremont en route for California--His men are anxious to punish the
+Tlamath Indians--Kit Carson, in command of ten Men, is sent on ahead
+to reconnoitre--He discovers the main Village of these Indians--The
+Attack and the Victory--Beautiful Lodges--The Trophies mostly
+destroyed--Fremont saves Kit Carson's Life--The Journey resumed--The
+Sacramento Valley--An Indian Ambuscade--One Savage defies the
+Party--Kit Carson shoots him--The Tlamath Indians still on the War
+Path--Another Lesson given to them--A Thief is shot--Arrival at
+Lawson's Trading Post--A period of Inactivity--A Detachment sent
+to capture Sonoma--Prisoners taken--The Mexicans come to punish
+the Americans--Their Courage deserts them--The Retreat--The
+Pursuit--Fremont goes to Sutter's Fort and establishes a Military
+Post--Monterey is taken by the American Squadron--Fremont marches
+there--Further Operations--The taking of Los Angelos, 261
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+Kit Carson is sent Overland as Bearer of Dispatches to
+Washington--The Preparation and the Start--The Journey--Privations and
+Sufferings--Meeting with General Kearney--The General takes Carson
+as his Guide and sends on the Dispatches by Fitzpatrick--The
+March--Arrival at Warner's Ranche--Mexicans on the Road--Preparations
+for a Battle--The Battle--Disastrous Consequences--Kit Carson and
+Lieutenant Beale offer to run the lines of the Mexican Sentinels and
+carry Information to San Diego of Kearney's critical position--The
+Daring Undertaking--The Sufferings they encountered--Their
+Arrival--Reinforcements sent out--Lieutenant Beale is Delirious from
+the Privations he has undergone--Gen. Kearney and his Command finally
+reach and join the other American Forces in California, 274
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+A Command of Six Hundred Men is sent against Los Angelos--The Mexican
+Army evacuates the Town--Its Capture--Rumors of an Attack to be made
+on Fremont's Command--The Mexicans surrender--The Winter
+Quarters--Kit Carson is ordered to carry Dispatches overland to
+Washington--Lieutenant Beale accompanies him--A Night Attack made by
+the Indians--Arrival in the United States--Kit Carson's Introduction
+to Col. Benton and Mrs. Fremont--Hospitality offered to him at
+Washington--Kit Carson receives the Appointment of Lieutenant in the
+Rifle Corps of the U.S. Army from President Polk--He is ordered to
+carry Dispatches to California--The Journey--A Brush with the
+Camanche Indians--Arrival at Santa Fe--More trouble with hostile
+Indians--Arrival at Los Angelos--Dispatches delivered--Kit Carson
+is assigned to do Duty with the Dragoons--Is ordered to Guard Tajon
+Pass--The Winter spent there--Is ordered again to carry Dispatches to
+Washington--The Journey and its Adventures--The return to New Mexico,
+297
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+Kit Carson at his Home--The Apache Indians become hostile--An
+Expedition sent against them--It is not successful--Another is
+organized, with which, Kit Carson goes as Guide--Two Indian Chiefs
+captured--Other Incidents of the Trip--Colonel Beall attempts to force
+the Indians to give up Mexican Captives--Two thousand Savages on the
+Arkansas River--The Visit to them--Kit Carson emigrates and builds a
+Ranche at Rayado--Description of the Valley--The Massacre of a Santa
+Fe Merchant--His Wife is made Prisoner--The Expedition sent to rescue
+her--The Indians overtaken--Bad Counsel and Management--The commanding
+Officer wounded--Mrs. White's Body found--Severe Snow-storm on the
+Plains--One Man frozen to Death--Kit Carson returns to Rayado--The
+occupation of a Farmer resumed--The Apaches steal from the Settlers
+nearly all their Animals--Kit Carson with thirteen others in the
+Pursuit--The Surprise--A running Fight--The Animals recovered--A
+gallant Sergeant and his Fate--Kit Carson and Goodel go on a Trading
+Expedition to meet California Emigrants at Fort Laramie--Humorous
+Adventures--The Dangers that beset the Road to New
+Mexico--Hair-breadth Escape--Arrival at Taos, 322
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+Kit Carson reaches Home--Himself and Neighbors robbed by the
+Apaches--Major Grier goes in Pursuit of, and recaptures the stolen
+Stock--A Plot organized by White Men to murder two Santa Fe Traders
+for their Money--The Disclosure--Kit Carson goes to the Rescue of the
+Traders--The Camp of United States Recruits--Captain Snell with twenty
+Men joins Kit Carson and they two make the Arrest of Fox--Gratitude
+expressed by the Traders--Money offered but refused--The Prisoner
+taken to Taos and incarcerated--Kit Carson receives a magnificent Pair
+of Revolvers as a Present from the grateful Traders--The return
+to Rayado--A Trading Expedition to the United States--The return
+Journey--An Encounter with the Cheyenne Indians--A State of
+Suspense--The Deliverance from Danger by a Message sent by a Mexican
+Runner--The arrival at Rayado, 361
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+Kit Carson's last Trapping Expedition--He embarks in a
+Speculation--His Trip to California with a large Flock of Sheep--The
+Method employed by Mexicans in driving Herds and their Dexterity--Kit
+Carson goes to San Francisco--Its wonderful Growth--Maxwell joins Kit
+Carson at Sacramento City--The Lucky Speculation--The Return Trip to
+New Mexico and its Adventures--The Mormon Delegate to Congress informs
+Kit Carson of his Appointment as Indian Agent--Kit Carson enters
+upon the Duties of his Office--Bell's Fight with the Apaches on
+Red River--Kit Carson's Interview with the same Indian--High-handed
+Measures on the Part of the Apaches--Davidson's desperate Fight with
+them--The Soldiers defeated with severe loss--Davidson's Bravery is
+unjustly questioned--Kit Carson's Opinion of it--The Apaches elated by
+their Victory--Their Imitations of the Actions of Military Men, 389
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+A fresh Campaign set on foot--Col. Cook in Command--Kit Carson goes
+as Guide--The Apaches and Utahs leagued together--The Roughness of
+the Country and the Privations to which the Command was exposed--The
+Indians overhauled--A running Fight--The Advantages gained--The Chase
+resumed--The Apaches resort to their old Tricks--Col. Cook is obliged
+to return to Abiquiu--A Utah taken Prisoner through Mistake--Kit
+Carson goes to Taos and has a Conference with the Chiefs of the Utah
+Nation--Cook's second Scout--He is caught in a furious Snow-storm and
+obliged to return to Rio Colorado--Major Brooks and Reinforcements
+come to the Rescue--Major Brooks on the Lookout, but fails to find the
+Indians--Carleton's Expedition--Kit Carson goes with it as Guide--The
+Adventures met with--Kit Carson's Prophecy comes true--The Muache Band
+of Utahs summoned by Kit Carson to a Grand Council--Troubles brewing
+among these Indians--The Small Pox carries off their Head Men, 434
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+The Commencement of a formidable Indian War--High-handed Measures
+on the Part of the Indians--The Governor of New Mexico raises five
+hundred Mexican Volunteers and places them under the Command of
+Colonel St. Vrain--Colonel Fauntleroy placed in Command of all
+the Forces--Kit Carson is chosen as Chief Guide--The Campaign
+commenced--The Trail found--The Indians are met and the first Fight
+and its Consequences--An Excitement in Camp--The Indians again
+overtaken--The return to Fort Massachusetts--Intense Cold Weather
+experienced--The Second Campaign--Colonel Fauntleroy surprises the
+Main Camp of the Enemy--The War and Scalp Dance broken up--Terrible
+Slaughter of the Indians--The Great Amount of Plunder taken and
+destroyed--Another small Party of Indians surprised and routed--St.
+Vrain equally fortunate in his Campaign--The Indians sue for
+Peace--The Council held and Treaties signed--Kit Carson opposes the
+making of them--The poor Protection Indian Treaties usually afford
+to Settlers--Kit Carson's House at Taos and his Indian Friends--His
+Attachment for his Family put to the test--Cowardice of a Mexican--Kit
+Carson's Friends as they look upon him--His influence over
+Indians--General remarks--Conclusion, 466
+
+
+
+
+LIFE OF KIT CARSON.
+
+
+CHAPTER I.
+
+    Carson's Birthplace--His Emigration to Missouri--Early
+    Prospects--Is an Apprentice--Stories of the Rocky
+    Mountains--He Enlists to go there--Adventures on the
+    Prairies--Broaders is Wounded--Carson's Nerve put to the
+    Test--Rude Amputation--Safe Arrival at Santa Fe--Goes to
+    Taos and learns the Spanish Language--Early
+    Vicissitudes--Disappointment and Attempt to return to
+    Missouri--Is employed as an Interpreter, Teamster, etc.
+
+
+It is now a well-established fact, that no State in the American Union
+has given birth to so many distinguished pioneers and explorers of
+its boundless Territories, as the commonwealth of Kentucky. An Author,
+whose task is to tell of a Hero, his bravery, endurance, privations,
+integrity, self-denial and deeds of daring, carries the _morale_ with
+which to gain at once for these characteristics the assent of the
+reader, by the simple assertion, "My Hero was born a Kentuckian."
+Indeed, in America, to be a native of the State of Kentucky, is to
+inherit all the attributes of a brave man, a safe counsellor and a
+true friend. It is, at least, certain that this State, whether the
+fact is due to its inland and salubrious climate, or to its habits of
+physical training, has added many a Hero unto humanity.
+
+Christopher Carson, by his countrymen familiarly called "Kit Carson,"
+was born in the County of Madison, State of Kentucky, on the 24th day
+of December, 1809. The Carson family were among the first settlers
+of Kentucky, and became owners of fine farms. Besides being an
+industrious and skillful farmer, the father of Kit Carson was a
+celebrated hunter. When the Indians of Kentucky became quieted down,
+putting an end to the calls upon his courage and skill as a woodsman,
+he settled into a simple, respectable farmer. This monotonous life
+did not suit his disposition; and, as the tide of emigration into the
+wilds of Missouri was then commencing, where both game and the red man
+still roamed, he resolved to migrate in that direction. It was only
+one year after the birth of his son Christopher, that Mr. Carson sold
+his estate in Kentucky and established himself, with his large family,
+in that part of the State of Missouri now known as Howard County. At
+this time Howard County, Missouri, was a wilderness, on the remote
+American frontier. At his new home, the father was in his element. His
+reputation of carrying an unerring rifle and always enacting the deeds
+of a brave man, was not long in following him into this wilderness.
+Mr. Carson's only assistant, on his first arrival in Howard County,
+was his eldest son, Moses Carson, who was afterwards settled in the
+State of California, where he resided twenty-five years before the
+great California gold discovery was made.
+
+For two or three years after arriving at their new home, the Carson
+family, with a few neighbors, lived in a picketed log fort; and when
+they were engaged in agricultural pursuits, working their farms, and
+so forth, it was necessary to plough, sow and reap under guard,
+men being stationed at the sides and extremities of their fields to
+prevent the working party from being surprised and massacred by wild
+and hostile savages who infested the country. At this time the small
+pox, that disease which has proved such a terrible scourge to the
+Indian, had but seldom visited him.[1]
+
+[Footnote 1: This disease has probably been the worst enemy with which
+the red man of America has had to contend. By terrible experience he
+has become familiarized with its ravages, and has resorted to the most
+desperate remedies for its cure. Among many tribes, the afflicted are
+obliged to form camps by themselves; and, thus left alone, they die by
+scores. One of their favorite remedies, when the scourge first makes
+its appearance, is to plunge into the nearest river, by which they
+think to purify themselves. This course, however, in reality, tends
+to shorten their existence. When the small pox rages among the
+Aborigines, a most unenviable position is held by their "Medicine
+Man." He is obliged to give a strict account of himself; and, if so
+unfortunate as to lose a chief, or other great personage, is sure
+to pay the penalty by parting with his own life. The duties of the
+"Medicine Man" among the Indians are so mixed up with witchcraft
+and jugglery, so filled with the pretence of savage quackery, so
+completely rude and unfounded as to principle, that it is impossible
+to define the practice for any useful end. About five years since, a
+young gentleman of scientific habits, who was attached to an exploring
+party, accidentally became separated from his companions. In his
+wanderings, he fell in with a band of hostile Sioux Indians, who
+would quickly have dispatched him, had he not succeeded immediately
+in convincing them of his wonderful powers. It so happened that this
+gentleman was well informed in the theory of vaccination, and it
+struck him that by impressing on the savages his skill, he might
+extricate himself. By the aid of signs, a lancet and some virus, he
+set himself to work, and soon saw that he had gained a reputation
+which saved him his scalp. He first vaccinated his own arm, after
+which all of the Indians present solicited his magic touch, to save
+them from the loathsome disease. The result was, that he found he had
+enlisted himself in an active practice. After a few days, the Indians
+were delighted with the results, and began to look upon their prisoner
+as possessed of superhuman knowledge. They feared to do him injury,
+and finally resolved to let him go; of which privilege, it is almost
+unnecessary to say, he was delighted to avail himself, and was not
+long in finding his friends.]
+
+The incidents which enliven and add interest to the historic page,
+have proved of spontaneous and vigorous growth in the new settlements
+of America. Nearly every book which deals with the early planting and
+progress of the American colonists and pioneers, contains full, and
+frequently glowing, descriptions of exploits in the forest; strifes of
+the hunter; fights with the savages; fearful and terrible surprises of
+lurking warriors, as they arouse the brave settler and his family
+from their midnight dreams by the wild, death-announcing war-whoop;
+hair-breadth escapes from the larger kinds of game, boldly bearded in
+their lair; the manly courage which never yields, but surmounts every
+obstacle presented by the unbroken and boundless forest; all these
+are subjects and facts which have already so many counterparts in
+book-thought, accessible to the general reader, that their details
+may be safely omitted during the boyhood days of young Carson. It is
+better, therefore, to pass over the youthful period of his eventful
+life, until he began to ripen into manhood.
+
+Kit Carson, at fifteen years of age, was no ordinary person. He had at
+this early age earned, and well earned, a reputation, on the basis
+of which the prediction was ventured in his behalf, that he would not
+fail to make and leave a mark upon the hearts of his countrymen. Those
+who knew him at the age of fifteen, hesitated not to say, "Kit Carson
+is the boy who will grow into a man of influence and renown."
+
+The chief points of his character which elicited this prediction were
+thus early clearly marked. Some of his traits were kindness and
+good qualities of heart, determined perseverance, indomitable will,
+unflinching courage, great quickness and shrewdness of perception, and
+promptitude in execution. The predictions uttered by the hardy rangers
+of the forest concerning a boy like Carson are seldom at fault; and
+Kit was one who, by many a youthful feat worthy the muscle of riper
+years, had endeared himself to their honest love. It was among such
+men and for such reason, that Kit Carson thus early in life had won
+the influence and rewards of a general favorite.
+
+His frame was slight, below the medium stature, closely knit together,
+and endowed with extraordinary elasticity. He had, even then, stood
+the test of much hard usage. What the body lacked in strength was more
+than compensated for by his indomitable will; consequently, at this
+early age, he was considered capable of performing a frontier man's
+work, both in tilling the soil and handling the rifle.
+
+It was at this period of his eventful life that his father, acting
+partially under the advice of friends, determined that his son Kit
+should learn a trade. A few miles from Kit's forest home, there lived
+a Mr. David Workman, a saddler. To him he was apprenticed. With Mr.
+Workman young Carson remained two years, enjoying both the confidence
+and respect of his employer; but, mourning over the awl, the hide
+of new leather, the buckle and strap; for, the glorious shade of the
+mighty forest; the wild battle with buffalo and bear; the crack of
+the unerring rifle, pointed at the trembling deer. Saddlery is an
+honorable employment; but saddlery never made a greater mistake than
+when it strove to hitch to its traces the bold impulse, the wild
+yearning, the sinewy muscle of Kit Carson. Harness-making was so
+irksome to his ardent temperament and brave heart, that he resolved to
+take advantage of the first favorable opportunity and quit it forever.
+With him, to resolve has ever been followed by action. During the
+latter part of his stay with Mr. Workman, many stories of adventures
+in the Rocky Mountains reached the ear of the youthful Kentuckian in
+his Missouri home. The almost miraculous _hyperbole_ which flavored
+the narratives were not long in awakening in his breast a strong
+desire to share in such stirring events. The venturesome mind at last
+became inspired. He determined to go; and, giving his restless spirit
+full sway, in 1826, joined a party bound for his boyish fancy-pictures
+of the Elysian Fields. The leader of this expedition required no
+second request from young Carson before enrolling his name on the
+company-list. The hardy woodsman saw stamped upon the frank and open
+countenance of the boy who stood before him those sterling qualities
+which have since made his name a household word. These formed a
+passport which, on the spot, awakened the respect and unlocked the
+hearts of those whose companionship he sought.
+
+The work of preparation was now commenced by the different parties to
+the expedition. All of the arrangements having been finally completed,
+the bold and hardy band soon started upon their journey. Their route
+lay over the vast, and then unexplored territory, bounded by the Rocky
+Mountains on the one side, and the Missouri River on the other. Before
+them lay, stretched out in almost never-ending space, those great
+prairies, the half of which are still unknown to the white man.
+Crossing the plains in 1826 was an entirely different feat from what
+it is at this day. Where, then, were the published guides? Where were
+the charts indicating the eligible camping grounds with their springs
+of pure water? These _oases_ of the American Sahara were not yet
+acquainted with the white man's foot. The herds of buffaloes, the
+droves of wild horses, knew not the crack of the white man's rifle.
+They had fled only at the approach of the native Indian warrior and
+the yearly fires of the prairie. It was a difficult task to find a man
+who had gazed on the lofty peaks of the mountain ranges which formed a
+serpentine division of the vast American Territories, or who had drank
+the waters at the camping places on the prairies. The traveller
+at that day was, in every force of meaning which the word extends,
+literally, an explorer, whose chosen object was the task of a hero.
+The Indians themselves could give no information of the route beyond
+the confined limits of their hunting ranges. The path which this
+pioneer party entered was existent only in the imagination of the
+book-making geographer, about as accurate and useful from its detail,
+as the route of Baron Munchausen to the icelands of the North Pole on
+the back of his eagle. The whole expanse of the rolling prairie, to
+those brave hearts, was one boundless uncertainty. This language may
+possibly be pronounced redundant. It may be in phrase; it is not in
+fact. The carpet-knight, the holiday ranger, the book-worm explorer,
+knows but little of the herculean work which has furnished for the
+world a practical knowledge of the western half of the North American
+continent. We shall see in the progress of this work whether the
+adventures of Kit Carson entitle him to a place in the heart of the
+American nation on the same shelf with his compeers.
+
+In that day, the fierce red-man chief scoured the broad prairies, a
+petty king in his tribe, a ruler of his wild domain. Bold, haughty,
+cautious, wily, unrelenting, revengeful, he led his impassioned
+warriors in the chase and to battle. Even to-day, the lurking Indian
+foeman is no mean adversary to be laughed and brushed out of the way,
+notwithstanding disease, war, assassination and necessary chastisement
+have united rapidly to decimate his race, thereby gradually lessening
+its power. Thirty years ago the rolling plains were alive with them,
+and their numbers alone made them formidable. It is not strange that
+the untutored savages of the prairie, like those of their race who
+hailed with ungovernable curiosity the landing of the Pilgrims on
+Plymouth Rock, should have been attracted by the wonderful inventions
+of the white-man intruder. A very short period of time served to turn
+this ungovernable curiosity into troublesome thieving. Knowing no law
+but their wild traditionary rules, they wrested from the adventurous
+pioneer, his rifle, knife, axe, wagon, harness, horse, powder, ball,
+flint, watch, compass, cooking utensils, and so forth. The result was,
+sanguinary engagements ensued, which led to bitter hostility between
+the two races. Doubtless the opinion may be controverted, but it
+nevertheless shall be hazarded, that, until the weaker party shall be
+exterminated by the stronger, the wild war-whoop, with its keen-edged
+knife and death-dealing rifle accompaniments, will continue, from time
+to time, to palsy the nerve, and arouse the courage of the pioneer
+white man. The Indian, in his attack, no longer showers cloth-yard
+arrows upon his foe. He has learned to kill his adversary with the
+voice of thunder and the unseen bullet.
+
+The bold traveller, whose pathway lies over those great highroads
+which lead to the Pacific, must still watch for the red man's ambush
+by day; and, by night, sleep under the protecting vigilance of the
+faithful, quick-sighted sentinel. The savage never forgives his own or
+his ancestor's foe. Every generation of them learns from tradition the
+trials and exploits of its tribe. From earliest boyhood these form the
+burden of their education in history; and, on performing the feat of
+courage or strength which admits them to the councils of the braves,
+their nation's wrongs are uppermost in their thoughts, causing them to
+thirst for a revenge which sooner or later gives them a grave, making
+themselves, in turn, an object of revenge.
+
+It has already appeared that when Kit Carson entered upon his first
+expedition, game was to be had in abundance. His route lay across the
+western wilds to Santa Fe. All this distance the bulk of provisions,
+consisting of a small quantity of flour and bacon, had to be
+transported by himself and his companions. These articles were kept
+as a reserve, and were looked upon as luxuries; for, that man was
+estimated to be a very poor shot who could not obtain, with his rifle,
+all the animal food he required for his individual sustenance. These
+hunters, however, well understood the laws which govern and the
+advantages which follow division of labor. Everything was so arranged,
+both for this and subsequent expeditions, by which a regular hunter
+was appointed, and each man assigned some particular duty according
+to his capacity. These appointments were usually made by the leader
+of the party, whose supervision was acknowledged by general consent on
+account of his known experience and capability. This plan was the more
+necessary in order to avoid confusion.
+
+The caravan had hardly launched out on its long and tedious tramp,
+when an accident occurred which came very near proving serious in its
+results. For several days the men had been greatly annoyed by wolves
+who appeared more than usually ravenous and bold.[2]
+
+[Footnote 2: There are two species of these animals found on the
+western prairie. One is small, called the Jackal; the other much
+larger. The latter, or larger species, are found of various, colors,
+but more frequently grey. The color, however, varies with the season
+and often from other causes. Many of their habits are strikingly
+similar to those of the domestic dog, with the simple difference
+that the wolf is unreclaimed from his wild state. The connecting link
+between the prairie wolf and the domestic dog is the cur found among
+the Indians. The Indian cur, by a casual observer, could be easily
+mistaken for a prairie wolf. Near the Rocky Mountains, and in them,
+these animals are found of immense size; but, being cowardly, they are
+not dangerous. The first night a person sleeps on a prairie is ever
+afterwards vividly impressed upon his memory. The serenade of the
+wolves with which he is honored, is apt to be distinctly remembered.
+It is far from agreeable, and seldom fails to awaken unpleasant
+forebodings concerning the future; and, the idea that these fellows
+may be soon clearing his bones, is not very genial to the fancy. To
+the wolf the graveyard is anything but consecrated ground; and, if a
+person is very chary of his cadaver, he had better not leave it on the
+Western Plains. The wolf is quite choice in his viands whenever the
+opportunity offers, and will, at any time, leave the carcass of an
+Indian for that of a white man. Old frontiersmen, speaking of the
+wolves, usually style them as "their dogs;" and, after a night when
+these animals have kept up an incessant barking, they will express
+wonder by asking what has been disturbing "their hounds." The flesh of
+the mountain wolf, when cooked, has something of the smell and taste
+of mutton, but it is very rank.]
+
+In order to frighten the wolves, the teamsters would occasionally
+shoot them. One of the members of the expedition was obliged to take
+a fresh rifle from a wagon. In taking the gun out, the hammer of the
+lock caught against some projecting object, which caused it to be
+partially set. Having become freed, however, before it was fully set,
+it came down and fired the gun. The contents of the barrel were sent
+through the man's arm. No member of the expedition was conversant with
+surgical knowledge. Here was an occasion to shake the nerves of any
+feeling man; and, beneath the rough exterior of the western ranger,
+there runs as deep a stream of true humanity as can be found anywhere
+on the American continent. Every suggestion was offered and every
+effort was put forth which heart feeling chained to anxiety and the
+terrible necessity, could offer. Every remedy which promised a good
+result was duly weighed; and, if pronounced worthy of trial, it was
+adopted. The sufferer had kind, though rough nurses; but, the absence
+of scientific skill, under such emergency, proved a sad want for the
+unfortunate man. Notwithstanding their united efforts, Broader's arm
+grew alarmingly worse. It soon became manifest to all that he must
+part with his arm, or lose his life; perhaps both. At this critical
+period, a consultation was held, in which the suffering patient
+joined. Due deliberation was extended to all the symptoms. The giving
+of advice in such a council by men who could only give judgment from
+an imaginary stand-point, must strike the heart of true sympathy
+as having been painful in no ordinary degree. After every possible
+argument had been offered in favor of saving the arm, the final
+decision of the council was that it must come off. The next difficulty
+which presented itself was quite as formidable as the expression of
+a correct judgment. Who should perform the office of surgeon, was the
+knotty question? Again the consultations became exciting and intensely
+painful. The members of the council, however, took it upon themselves
+to designate the persons, and chose Carson with two others. These
+immediately set at work to execute their sad but necessary task. The
+arrangements were all hastily, but carefully made, and the cutting
+begun. The instruments used were a razor, an old saw; and, to arrest
+the hemorrhage, the king bolt taken from one of the wagons was heated
+and applied to serve as an actual cautery. The operation, rudely
+performed, with rude instruments, by unpractised hands, excited to
+action only by the spur of absolute necessity, proved, nevertheless,
+entirely successful. Before the caravan arrived at Santa Fe the
+patient had so far recovered that he was able to take care of himself.
+
+Besides this unfortunate affair, nothing worthy of note transpired,
+beyond the general record of their route, during the remainder of
+their journey. The latter would be too voluminous for the general
+reader, and has already served its purpose as an assistant to other
+exploring parties, both from published account and conversational
+directions. The party entered Santa Fe in the month of November. Very
+soon after, Kit Carson left his companions and proceeded to Fernandez
+de Taos, a Mexican town, which lies about eighty miles to the
+northeast of the capital of New Mexico. During the winter that
+followed his arrival in the territory of New Mexico, Kit lived with an
+old mountaineer by the name of Kin Cade, who very kindly offered him a
+home. It was at this period of his life that he commenced studying
+the Spanish language. His friend Kin Cade became his assistant in this
+task. At the same time Kit neglected no opportunity to learn all he
+could about the Rocky Mountains. He little thought, then, that these
+earth-formed giants were to become his future home, and so gloriously
+to herald his name throughout the entire civilized globe.
+
+The pinching effects of want now attacked poor Kit. He could obtain no
+employment. His expectations in this respect, as well as his earnest
+efforts, received so little encouragement that he began, finally,
+to despond. Extreme poverty is a wet damper on the fires of the best
+genius; but, as was the case with Kit, it does not effectually put
+it out. Kit saw with sorrow that he must retrace his steps. To obtain
+means to carry out his ardent desires, in the spring of 1827 he
+started on a backward trip to Missouri. Every step he took in this
+direction was accompanied with such displeasure, that had it not been
+his best and surest policy, he would have mastered any difficulties
+of another and better course, had such offered. Four hundred and fifty
+miles from Santa Fe, being about one half the distance across the
+prairies, had been accomplished by the party Kit had joined for this
+homeward trip. The fording of the Arkansas River had been reached.
+Here Kit's party met with some traders bound for New Mexico. They
+offered him employment, which he gladly accepted; and, in their
+company, retraced his steps back to Santa Fe But when arrived at
+Santa Fe, Kit found himself again without money. He was afforded
+an opportunity to obtain a wardrobe, but to the mountaineer, such
+property would be entirely a superfluity. He feels nearly independent
+on the score of clothing, as he considers that he needs but little
+raiment, and that little he is always proud to owe to his beloved
+rifle. This brings to his hand buckskins in plenty, and his own
+ingenuity is the fashion-plate by which they are manufactured into
+wearable and comfortable vesture. There is one article of clothing,
+however, for which the frontiersman feels an ardent predilection. It
+is a woollen shirt. This article, Kit really needed; and, in equal
+pace with his necessity, ran his anxiety that something should offer
+by which to obtain one. The reader may smile at this; and, so does Kit
+at this day, as he recounts the fact in his own inimitable style. But
+Kit says that to obtain a woollen shirt then, was, to him, no laughing
+matter. At a moment when he almost despaired of gaining employment, he
+received an offer to go as a teamster with an expedition bound to El
+Paso. This opportunity was a chance for success not to be lost, and
+he closed with the proposition. After faithfully performing his
+engagement, he, however, returned to Santa Fe, where he made a short
+stay, and then proceeded to Taos. In this town Kit entered into the
+service of Mr. Ewing Young, who was a trader and trapper. The reader
+may prepare again for a smile, as he will now learn that Kit became
+a cook. Mr. Ewing Young has the satisfaction of boasting that the
+renowned Kit Carson once performed the responsible and arduous duties
+of a master cook in the culinary department of his establishment; and
+that, for these valuable services, labor, care and diligence, he gave
+to Kit, as a _quid pro quo_, his board. In this way Kit supported
+himself in his straitened circumstances until the following spring.
+
+What was the bright thought which made the bold, the ardent, the
+energetic Kit Carson accept this menial office? Surely the brain metal
+which was so brightly polished when he set out from Howard county,
+Missouri, must have been sadly rusted. Not so! The hope which buoyed
+up his spirits while he attempted to rival French pastry and English
+beef with American venison and Buffalo meat on the table of Mr. Ewing
+Young, was that some trapper, or hunter, would come into Taos, their
+favorite place of resort; and, by being ready for an emergency, he
+would obtain an opportunity for gaining a permission to join them. His
+intention was certainly good, but it lacked the bright crown of good
+intention--success. In the spring of 1828, much chagrined with his,
+so far, continued bad luck, and no prospect of gaining his object
+appearing, he again joined a homeward-bound party and with it,
+sorrowfully, started for Missouri. But, as on the former trip
+homeward, he met on the route a party bound for Santa Fe. That
+indomitable ingredient in his composition, an iron will, caused him
+once more to turn his face westward. He joined this party and returned
+to Santa Fe, in order again to tempt fortune for an opportunity
+to reach the Rocky Mountains. But during all these changes and
+counterchanges Kit had not been idle. He had picked up considerable
+knowledge, and, to his other stock of accomplishments, had added the
+ability to speak the Spanish language.
+
+On arriving once more at Santa Fe, he fell in with Col. Tramell, who
+was at that time a well-known trader. Col Tramell needed a Spanish
+interpreter. Kit obtained the post, and set out with him for
+Chihuahua, one of the Mexican States. Here again Kit made a change in
+his employment. In Chihuahua he fell in with Mr. Robert McKnight.
+To him he hired out as a teamster, and in this capacity went to the
+copper mines which are found near to the Rio Gila. Amid the weary
+necessities of this humble but honorable calling, Kit's heart was
+constantly alive with ambition to become a hunter and trapper. He knew
+that he was expert with the rifle, which had been his boyish toy, and
+felt confident that he could rely upon it as an assistant to gain an
+honest living. His constant thought at this time was, let him now be
+engaged in whatever calling chance offered and necessity caused him
+to accept, the final pursuit of his life would be as a hunter and
+trapper. Here, then, is presented a fair example of the strife, both
+inward and outward, through which a young man of courage and ambition
+must expect to pass before he can win position, influence, and the
+comforts of life, whatever the scene of his action, or whatever the
+choice of employment suitable to his talent and genius. Kit Carson
+was determined, no matter what might be the obstacles which presented
+themselves, to be a hunter and trapper.
+
+The reader will have made a sad mistake if he has concluded, that
+during the time which has intervened since Kit started from Missouri,
+he has been roaming in a country where there was less danger than when
+he was in the picketed fort with his father. Such a supposition would
+be greatly at fault. The towns in New Mexico, at this early period,
+were almost entirely at the mercy of the Indians. The Mexicans were
+nearly destitute of means to defend themselves. Very few of the
+Anglo-Saxon race had entered this territory, and those who had
+were, in turn, exposed to the vacillating wills of the proverbially
+treacherous Mexicans. A man like Kit Carson, however, born and bred in
+danger, cared but little about this state of affairs. The dangers did
+not enter into his calculations of chance to overcome the difficulties
+which beset the pathway which the alluring hopes of his ambition had
+marked out. Not long afterward, he left the copper mines, and once
+more bent his steps to Taos, in company with a small party. At Taos,
+he found a band of trappers which had been sent out by Mr. Ewing
+Young. While _en route_ for the river Colorado of the _west_, in
+pursuit of game, they had been attacked by a band of Indians. After
+fighting an entire day, they had been compelled to retreat, and
+returned to New Mexico.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+    The news of the Defeat of Mr. Young's Trapping Party by the
+    Indians reaches Taos--Young raises a Party to chastise the
+    Indians--Kit Carson becomes a Conspicuous Member of the
+    Expedition--The Indians are found on Salt River--The
+    Fight--Trapping Exploits--A new Country--Trials and
+    Vicissitudes--Sacramento Valley--California and its Roman
+    Catholic Missions in 1829--Another Indian Fight--Sale of
+    Furs--Indian Depredations--Kit Carson and Twelve Trappers
+    engage with the Indians in a Battle--Return to the Camp with
+    recovered Property.
+
+
+The news of the attack and defeat of his men by the Indians, was
+brought to Mr. Ewing Young at Taos by a member of the unfortunate
+expedition. On learning the causes which brought this unpleasant
+termination to his enterprise, Mr. Young raised a party of forty men,
+consisting of Americans, Canadians and Frenchmen, and put himself at
+its head. Kit Carson was received into the party, and soon became
+one of its most prominent and efficient aids. Mr. Young's object was
+two-fold: first, to chastise the Indians; and, second, to make all he
+could out of the expedition by employing the men in their calling
+as trappers. Under the Mexican laws, licenses were required from the
+government to all Mexicans who set out on trapping expeditions. These
+were not granted to citizens of the United States. This was not
+the mere will of governmental officials; the Mexican statutory law
+prohibited the granting of licenses to citizens of the United States.
+This law was, however, often made a dead letter by Americans; for,
+they frequently, but stealthily evaded it. In order, therefore, to
+hoodwink the Mexican authorities, Mr. Young had to resort to various
+expedients. His preparations were so carefully and secretly made, that
+the real business he had in contemplation did not transpire, or even a
+suspicion gain currency as to his intended whereabouts.
+
+In April, 1829, the party set out, eager to bring about results equal
+to their anticipations. At first, to avoid the curiosity and inquiring
+disposition of the Mexicans, they traveled northward, as if their
+destination was into the territory of the United States. Hints had
+been sufficiently freely bestowed upon the Mexicans to lead them to
+believe that such was the destination of the party. After journeying
+fifty miles in this direction, and feeling themselves free from the
+scrutiny of the Mexican authorities, they changed their course to the
+southwest, and travelled through the country occupied by the Navajoes,
+who are an interesting and dangerous race of Indians, even to the
+trader of this day. On their route, the company passed through Zuni,
+a Peublo town; thence they traveled to the head of Salt River, one
+of the tributaries of the Rio Gila. Here they discovered the band of
+Indians who had attacked and defeated the former party. As soon as the
+Indians discovered the party of trappers, they became eager for the
+affray. The usual preliminaries for such fights were, therefore,
+quickly made on both sides. Young directed the greater part of his men
+to lie in ambush, for he felt confident that the Indians did not know
+his strength. The bands of savages who covered the hills round about
+mistook the halt necessary to complete the ambush for cowardice and
+fear on the part of the whites. At this their courage arose, to such
+a degree, that they made a bold charge against, as they supposed,
+the small party of white men who were visible. They were allowed to
+advance well into the trap, until, by the position of the trappers
+in ambush, they came under a cross fire. At the word of command, a
+general volley was fired into the advance column. Fifteen warriors
+fell dead, and many others were wounded. The Indians became
+panic-stricken, and the trappers immediately following up their
+advantage, advanced from cover. The warriors did not rally for a
+second attack, but fled in every direction, leaving Young, with his
+party, masters of the field. Strange as it has ever seemed, to the
+inquiring mind, in those days and for many succeeding years, companies
+of white men from fifty to sixty in number could wage successful war
+against whole tribes of Indians, who could easily muster a thousand
+fighting men. A reason often given for this is, that the trappers of
+the western wilds are invariably "dead shots" with the rifle and
+well versed in Indian strategy. On the other hand, the red men were,
+comparatively speaking, poorly armed, and could not travel together
+for any length of time in large parties, because they depended for
+food chiefly upon hunting. Had there existed no other cause, the means
+of obtaining provision being limited, must have compelled them to
+separate. Very frequently whole tribes are reduced to depend upon
+daily hunts. The bravery of the Indians is of a different stamp from
+that which is exhibited by the whites, especially where the white man
+is a Simon-pure western trapper. The white man on the prairie or in
+the mountains, knows but too well that if attacked by Indians he
+must conquer or die. It was, and is, seldom that a company out on an
+expedition has any place of refuge to which it may retreat. Here is
+the principal reason why the trapper is so seldom defeated. He cannot
+afford to lose his life to a certainty, and consequently will not
+allow a defeat.
+
+After this fight, Young's party trapped down the Salt River to San
+Francisco River, and thence on up to the head of the latter stream.
+The Indians failed not to hover on their pathway, and to make nightly
+attacks upon their party. Frequently they would crawl into camp and
+steal a trap, or kill a mule or a horse, and do whatever other damage
+they could secretly. At the head of the San Francisco River the
+company was divided. It was so arranged, that one party was to proceed
+to the valley of the Sacramento in California. Of this detachment
+Kit Carson was a member. The other party had orders to return to New
+Mexico for the purpose of procuring traps to replace those stolen.
+This latter party was also commissioned to take and dispose of the
+stock of beaver already on hand. The party bound for California was
+eighteen in number. Of this party Mr. Young took command. Previous to
+setting out, a few days were devoted to hunting. They only succeeded,
+however, in killing three deer. The meat of these animals they
+prepared to take with them, as they were about to journey into a
+country never before explored. The skins of the three deer were
+converted into tanks for carrying water. They had learned from some
+friendly Indians that the country over which they had to pass _en
+route_ was destitute of water. The red men told them additionally
+that the valley (meaning the Sacramento) was beautiful, and that the
+streams were full of beaver. All of this information the trappers
+found was true. For four days they travelled over a barren country,
+where not one drop of water could be found. At each night's
+camping-place, small allowances of water from the tanks was
+distributed by the commander to each man and animal. A guard was then
+stationed over the remainder to prevent any accident from depriving
+the company of this now precious article of sustenance. At the close
+of the fourth day, however, they again found water. The instinct
+exhibited by the pack mules on this occasion was truly remarkable.
+Long before any member of the party thought that water was so near,
+the mules, with unerring certainty, had smelt it, and each one,
+according to his remaining strength, had hurried on to partake of it.
+The result was, that when the first mule had reached the water, the
+remainder were scattered along upon the trail for a great distance.
+The company encamped here, and remained two days to recruit.
+
+The journey was renewed on the third day, the route being still over a
+similar kind of country, necessitating both man and beast to submit to
+similar privations as to water. In four days more they came in sight
+of the great Canon of the Colorado, which failed not to awaken a
+thrill of delight in every member of the party. Just before reaching
+the Canon they met a party of Mohave Indians, of whom they purchased
+an old mare. She was killed and eaten by the party with great gusto.
+The party remained three days on the banks of the Colorado recruiting
+their strength. While remaining here, another party of Mohave Indians
+visited them, from whom they procured a small quantity of corn
+and beans. Leaving the Colorado they recommenced their journey and
+travelled southwest. In three days they arrived at a stream which
+rises in the coast range, runs northeast and is lost in the sands of
+the Great Basin. About two years previous to their arrival here, three
+trappers by the names of Smith, Sublett, and Jackson, with a large
+party of men, had a desperate fight in this neighborhood with hostile
+Indians. They, also, had learned from friendly Indians of the wonders
+of the Sacramento Valley, and were _en route_ to explore it when
+attacked. Four only out of their entire company escaped with their
+lives. These succeeded in making their way to the nearest Mexican
+settlements, which they reached in a state of complete destitution,
+after many hardships. Young and his party followed the dry bed of this
+river for several days before they came to any visible water. It may
+be interesting to some of our readers to know that there are many of
+these curious rivers in western America, which, for miles disappear
+from the surface of the earth, and, probably, run through the
+quicksand beneath, as they reappear again. The outline of the river
+usually exists between the place of its disappearance and the place
+where the water again comes to the surface of the earth. By digging
+a few feet into the sand within the outline, the water is generally
+obtained. It takes but a short time, however, for the hole thus made
+to fill up again. On quitting this river, the party journeyed to the
+westward, and, in four days, came to the Mission of San Gabriel. Here
+they found one Roman Catholic priest, fifteen Mexican soldiers, and
+about one thousand Indians. Belonging to this little colony were
+eighty thousand head of cattle, fine fields and vineyards. Literally
+the work and life of the Jewish patriarchs were here being reenacted.
+
+    "A shepherd on the mighty plain he watched his roving store."
+
+To the half-starved followers of Mr. Young, this Mission appeared to
+be a "Paradise of Earth." They remained here, however, but one day.
+Having nothing else to trade, they parted with their butcher knives,
+receiving for four of them one fat ox. It would all appear a fabulous
+tale, were we to incorporate into this narrative a history, or even a
+slight description of the immensity of the herds of horses and cattle
+which once roamed over the plains and valleys of California and New
+Mexico. It is but a few years since, that some wealthy Mexicans
+owned herds in these parts of America which they numbered by tens of
+thousands. They were, however, almost valueless for want of a market;
+and, until the tide of emigration poured in, developing the resources
+of the country by its demand for provisions and labor, horses and
+cattle were sold for a mere trifle. In one day's march from San
+Gabriel, Young and his party arrived at another Roman Catholic
+Mission, called San Fernando. This establishment was on a much smaller
+scale than the first. Young and his hardy followers, however, stopping
+only for a few hours, pushed on for the Sacramento River, which proved
+to be distant only a few days' march. Their course from San Fernando
+was northeast. The last part of their journey led through a delightful
+tract of country, where water, grass and game existed in abundance,
+seemingly a foretaste of the success which awaited their further
+advance. Selecting an eligible camping site, Young here rested his
+party for some time. When they were fully recruited, the party started
+for the San Joaquin, and commenced trapping down the river. What gave
+the men great surprise, they discovered unmistakable signs of another
+trapping party. In a short time it appeared that they were close to a
+party belonging to the Hudson's Bay Company, commanded by Peter Ogden.
+Young's men, however, continued setting their traps on the San Joaquin
+and its tributaries. The two parties were near each other for some
+time, and as deer, elk, and antelope existed by thousands around them,
+which it was no trouble to kill in any numbers desirable, they
+fared well. On again reaching the Sacramento River, the two parties
+separated. Mr. Ogden, with his party, set out for the Columbia River,
+while Mr. Young's party encamped where they were, for the remainder of
+the summer. As the season for trapping had passed, they employed their
+time in hunting and preparing meat for future necessity.
+
+It was here that Kit Carson soon distinguished himself as a superior
+hunter, which reputation he has maintained ever since, no matter who
+have been his antagonists. Not but that Kit may have had his equals;
+but that it is next to an impossibility to find his superior. At all
+events, the world has given Kit Carson the title of "Nestor of the
+Rocky Mountains," for his reputation as a hunter alone; and as his
+biographer, we take pleasure in recording the facts by which the title
+has been earned and maintained. Let the reader possess himself of the
+facts, as they shall appear divested of any and every picture which
+fancy or partiality may accidentally cause us to paint, and even then
+Kit Carson will not lose the title. On the contrary, it will become
+the more indelibly stamped upon his brow.
+
+During the sojourn of the trappers on the Sacramento, an event
+occurred which exhibited the readiness with which these men responded
+to calls upon them for aid in a just cause. A few of the Indians
+belonging to the Mission of the San Rafael, after committing some
+excesses, deserted from those to whom they had pretended friendship.
+The priest having charge of the Mission sent a strong force to search
+for the fugitives. They were found secreted in an Indian village,
+the inhabitants of which were not on friendly terms with the priest's
+party. A demand was made that the deserters should be given up, which
+being refused, a fight ensued, and the priest's party was defeated.
+Assistance was now asked from the trappers. The request was complied
+with by Carson and eleven of his companions, who volunteered for the
+occasion. Thus reinforced, the vanquished party returned and resumed
+the fight, but with a far different result. The Indian village was
+captured and one third of its inhabitants killed. The day following
+a second demand to deliver up the deserters was complied with. Carson
+and his companions then left the priest's party and rejoined their
+camp. A short time after this affair had happened, Mr. Young carried
+the furs he had on hand to the Mission of San Rafael, where he was
+so fortunate as to find a captain of a trading schooner to whom he
+succeeded in disposing of the entire stock. With the money accruing
+from the sale, he purchased horses and then rejoined his company.
+
+A circumstance occurred a few days after Mr. Young's return, which
+proved to be a good warning to the party for their future vigilance.
+During one dark night, some Indians, eluding the watch of the
+sentinels, succeeded in entering the camp and moving off sixty horses.
+As soon as the robbery was discovered, which had been the more easily
+accomplished because the trappers, not apprehending danger, had
+allowed the animals to take care of themselves, Mr. Young directed
+Kit Carson to take twelve men with the remaining horses, fourteen in
+number, and pursue the thieves. Carson, in obedience to his orders,
+immediately started for the Sierra Nevada Mountains, following the
+trail of the Indians. After travelling one hundred miles he came up
+with the robbers, and discovered them in the act of feasting upon
+horse-flesh, six of their own animals having been killed to supply the
+viands. Doubtless stolen fruit made the feast all the sweeter to the
+savages, but Kit determined to mingle a little of the bitter as a
+condiment to the roasted flesh. Gathering his men well together, and
+approaching very close to the foe without being discovered, he gave
+the order to charge. His men needed no second command. They fell upon
+the feasting savages like a thunderbolt, scattering them right and
+left without mercy. Eight of the warriors were killed in the short
+conflict which ensued. The remainder were allowed to escape. With some
+difficulty they next succeeded in recovering all their horses, except
+the six which had been killed. With their horses, and three children
+taken prisoners, they returned to camp. It is unnecessary to add that,
+to men thus isolated in the wilderness, Kit and his party were hailed
+with joyful greetings when their complete success became known. To
+them their horses were like the good ship to the hardy sailors on the
+mighty ocean. The joyful reaction which followed such complete success
+was in ratio to the fears which the continuing suspense had excited.
+
+Kit Carson, though at that day a youth in years and experience when
+compared with the other members of the party of which he was then an
+associate, had risen rapidly in the estimation of all, and had excited
+the admiration and enlisted in his behalf the confidence of the entire
+band. When called upon to add his counsel and advice to the general
+fund of knowledge offered by the trappers concerning any doubtful or
+difficult enterprise, his masterly foresight and shrewdness, as well
+as clearness in attending to details, alone gave him willing auditors.
+But it was the retired manner and modest deportment, which he
+invariably wore, that won for him the love of his associates. Such
+characteristics failed not to surprise, in no ordinary degree, those
+who could boast a long lifetime of experience in Indian countries.
+Kit Carson's powers of quickly conceiving thoughts, on difficult
+emergencies, which pointed out the safest and best plans of action,
+"just the things that ought to be done," and his bravery, which, in
+his youth, sometimes amounted to rashness, were the component parts of
+his ability which thus caused his companions to follow his leadership.
+His courage, promptitude, willingness, self-reliance, caution,
+sympathy, and care for the wounded, marked him at once as the
+master-mind and safest counsellor. His first trapping expedition
+gained him so much credit, that from the time it was concluded, he
+found no difficulty in joining any band of trappers, no matter how
+select the party. In this respect the mountaineers resemble sea-faring
+men, who invariably dislike new and untried hands, because such are so
+apt to give more trouble than assistance. Green hands, therefore, are
+treated with indifference when they apply to be admitted as members on
+a contemplated hunt. The reader will here see one difficulty which
+had to be overcome by Carson, and which kept him so long in want of
+employment. From this time Kit carried a rifle and worked from an
+experience which commanded admiration, respect, and esteem wherever
+he went, and with whatever party he became connected. Like the great
+Napoleon, when he joined the army for his first campaign, he was a
+hero in spite of his youth among men grown grey with experience.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+    The Return from California to New Mexico--San Fernando and the
+    Peublo of Los Angelos--Description of these Peublos--Passports
+    demanded at Los Angelos--Trouble with the Mexican
+    Authorities--Kit Carson sent on with the Pack Animals
+    One Trapper shoots another--The Mexicans become
+    frightened--Indians come into Camp with their Weapons
+    concealed--Cool Reception by Kit Carson--Arrival at Santa
+    Fe and Taos--Money realized soon parted with--Carson joins
+    another Expedition--The Rivers trapped on--Four Men Killed
+    by Blackfeet Indians--Kit Carson joins Gaunt's Party--The
+    Parks--Winter Quarters--Crow Indian Depredations--Kit
+    Carson and his Party in Pursuit--the Fight--Winter on the
+    Arkansas--Another Expedition--Two Deserters--Kit Carson
+    sent in Pursuit--The Fate of the Runaways--Adventures with
+    Indians--Hair-breadth Escape made by Kit Carson.
+
+
+In September, Mr. Young, having accomplished all that he had intended,
+informed his men that he was going to New Mexico. The homeward
+route was through most of the country over which they had previously
+traveled. The preparations for the journey having been completed, the
+party started, touching on the way at the Mission of San Fernando, and
+thence through to the Peublo of Los Angelos. Scattered over various
+parts of the dominion of Old Mexico are these Peublos, or Indian
+villages, called so because they are inhabited by Indians who bear
+that name. These are the true descendants of the ancient Aztecs, who
+were once the subjects of the Montezumas. They are usually a quiet
+and industrious race, and are most devout in their religious worship,
+according to the principles, forms, and ceremonies of the Roman
+Catholic Church. They have not failed to inherit the superstition of
+their forefathers. Not withstanding the changes which time, with its
+cohorts of emigration, books, religious teachings, association with
+other races, mechanics, science and art, in greater or less degree,
+has introduced into their country, and accomplished under their eyes,
+they still believe that some day their great chief will return to
+them; accordingly, in each and every one of their towns, they keep a
+watch-fire burning, in order, on his advent, to let him know where his
+children live.
+
+At Los Angelos the Mexican authorities came to the trappers and
+demanded their passports. On finding that such articles of paper
+authority did not form any part of a trapper's outfit, they determined
+to arrest them. Fear, however, prevented their determination from
+assuming any very formidable action. Former experience in a similar
+matter of official duty had taught those Mexicans that the American
+trappers were men of a peculiarly resolute nature. Fair and legitimate
+means were therefore laid aside, and a foul policy adopted. They
+commenced supplying them with "firewater," thus attacking them in a
+weak point. When they should become fully inebriated they considered
+the matter of their arrest both easy and certain.
+
+Mr. Young, seeing the intentions of the authorities, and their
+underhanded method of carrying them out, determined to thwart them.
+He directed Carson to take three men, the loose animals and the camp
+equipage, and move on, with the instructions, that if he did not soon
+join him, to push on; that if he did not eventually overtake him, to
+report in New Mexico that the main party had been massacred. Young
+succeeded in collecting his men as best he could, for they were yet
+sufficiently sober to retain a little of their reason. The treacherous
+Mexicans, however, continued annoying the commander of the trappers by
+gratuitously offering the men all the liquor they desired. One by one,
+the trappers were allowing themselves to be easily conquered, as the
+effects of the liquor began to be more active. They would soon have
+fallen a complete prey to their enemies, had not a most singular
+circumstance put the Mexicans to flight. One of the trappers, named
+James Higgins, without any provocation and without any excuse, except
+that he was intoxicated, shot a man named James Lawrence, inflicting
+a slight wound. Such conduct so terrified the Mexicans that they took
+sudden and precipitous leave. This happened, very fortunately, before
+the party arrived at the mission of San Gabriel, where they would
+all have been arrested, and perhaps killed, by the Mexicans, aided by
+parties and reinforcements at the mission.
+
+About dark, Young, by urging his half-drunken men into a forced march,
+succeeded in overtaking Carson. At the first supply of water, they
+went into camp. A night of sleep soon set the brains of Young's
+trappers once more to rights. The next day the party, most of them
+sufficiently ashamed of their drunken debauch, commenced with vigor
+the homeward march. They continued nine days almost upon their former
+track, when outward bound. On the ninth day, they once more stood on
+the banks of the Colorado River.
+
+While encamped on this stream, a band of five hundred Indians made
+their appearance and entered the camp. The rascals professed the
+greatest friendship for the trappers, but their actions not fully
+measuring their words, the white men looked to Carson for advice. He
+had discovered that beneath their articles of dress their weapons were
+very carefully concealed; and from this circumstance it became quite
+clearly apparent the Indians intended to massacre the entire party.
+Here Carson's boldness proved, as it had before, and did many a time
+afterwards, the safety of himself and friends or associates. At the
+time the Indians entered the camp, Carson, with only a few of the
+party, occupied it; the rest were out visiting their traps, which it
+was their general custom to set whenever they arrived at a suitable
+stream. Kit having thus become satisfied concerning the design of the
+savages, and feeling that the salvation of the entire party rested
+upon his courage and wisdom, made up his mind that boldness was the
+wisest policy he could adopt. He found present among the warriors one
+who could speak the Spanish language. Through him he ordered the
+red men "to leave the camp. In the event of their not doing so
+immediately, he and his friends would, without further parley,
+commence hostilities, and would be sure each in killing his man,
+although they might all in the end lose their own lives."
+
+The Indians had been accustomed to act about as they chose with such
+small parties of Mexicans as they chanced to meet, and consequently
+were taken completely by surprise at Kit's unusual boldness. Seeing
+that they would inevitably lose several of their braves if they
+made any hostile demonstration, they chose the discreet part of best
+policy, and departed. As a general rule, no matter what the profit or
+urgent necessity which chance offers, these Indians will not hazard a
+contest when, to a certainty, they must expect their own killed will
+equal the number of scalps which they can obtain. This rule, and
+doubtless some fearfulness on the part of the Indians, saved the lives
+of the entire band.
+
+As has already appeared, the trappers were on the banks of the
+Colorado at the time this affair happened. They continued their work
+on it, descending the south side until they reached tide water, when
+they changed their camp on to the Gila, and continued trapping up this
+river as far as the mouth of the San Pedro. Near the outlet of this
+river, they discovered a large herd of horses and mules; on a closer
+examination, they found that they were in the possession of a band
+of Indians who had formerly given them some of their gratuitous
+hostilities. Not having forgotten their former troubles with these
+people, they determined to pay them off in their own coin by depriving
+them of the herd. A short search sufficed to discover the Indian camp.
+Without waiting an instant, they put their horses to their speed and
+charged in among the huts. The Indians were so completely taken by
+surprise, that they became panic-struck and fled in every direction.
+They, however, rallied somewhat, and a running fight commenced which
+lasted some time, but which did not change matters in favor of the
+Indians. The entire herd fell into the possession of the trappers.
+
+On the same evening, after the men had wrapped themselves up in their
+blankets and laid down for a sleep, and while enjoying their slumbers,
+a noise reached their ears which sounded very much like distant
+thunder; but a close application of the sense of hearing showed
+plainly that an enemy was near at hand. Springing up, with rifle in
+hand--for generally in the mountains a man's gun rests in the same
+blanket with himself on all sleeping occasions--they sallied forth to
+reconnoitre, and discovered a few warriors driving along a band of at
+least two hundred horses. The trappers comprehended instantly that the
+warriors had been to the Mexican settlements in Sonora on a thieving
+expedition, and that the horses had changed hands with only one party
+to the bargain. The opportunity to instill a lesson on the savage
+marauders was too good to be lost.
+
+They saluted the thieves with a volley from their rifles, which, with
+the bullet-whizzing about their heads and bodies, so astonished them,
+that they seemed almost immediately to forget their stolen property,
+and to think only of a precipitous flight. In a few moments, the
+whites found themselves masters of the field, and also of the
+property. To return the animals to their owners was an impossibility;
+Mr. Young, therefore, selected as many of the best horses as he needed
+for himself and men, and game being very scarce, killed two and dried
+most of the meat for future use, turning the remainder loose. Such
+either became wild mustangs or fell again into the clutches of the
+Indians. The company then renewed their trapping, and continued it up
+the Gila to a point opposite the copper mines of New Mexico. Here they
+left the river and proceeded to the copper mines, where they found Mr.
+Robert McKnight engaged in trading with the neighboring Indian tribes.
+These mines were not then, and ever since have not been, worked. The
+holes which had many years before been made by the miners--but who
+they were is unknown--formed a safe hiding-place for their skins. The
+stock of beaver was therefore placed under the care of Mr. McKnight.
+Young and his men then renewed their march, and in due time arrived
+safely at Santa Fe. Here they purchased licenses to trade with the
+Indians who live about the copper mines. With these licenses as
+protection papers, they returned to where the skins were concealed.
+Having once more recovered their fur, they returned with it to Santa
+Fe. The deserted mines of New Mexico show incontrovertible signs
+of having been successfully and extensively worked, at some remote
+period, for various kinds of metals. They have proved a knotty
+historical problem to many an investigating mind; for their authentic
+history has fallen, and probably will ever remain in oblivion. It
+may have been that about a century ago the Spaniards, with Indian
+assistants, worked them; and the savages becoming hostile to their
+employers, in some sudden fit of frenzy may have massacred the
+Spaniards. There is a legendary story circulating, similar to the
+traditions of the Indians, giving this explanation. The more probable
+hypothesis, however, is that the Indians themselves, many centuries in
+the past, were versed to some extent in the art of mining, and carried
+on the business in these mines; but from indolence or, to them,
+uselessness of the metals, the work was abandoned, and their
+descendants failed to obtain the knowledge which their ancestors
+possessed. These mines, and those which exist nearer to the large
+towns, will some day render New Mexico a profitable and rich field for
+the learned antiquary.
+
+The ruse which Mr. Young found absolutely necessary to employ, in
+order to blind the Mexican authorities, succeeded so well, that when
+the fur arrived at Santa Fe, every one considered the trappers had
+made a very good trade. The amount of beaver thus brought in amounted
+to two thousand pounds. The market price was twelve dollars the pound.
+The proceeds, therefore, of the entire trip were nearly twenty-four
+thousand dollars. The division of this handsome sum gave to each man
+several hundred dollars. It was during the month of April, 1830, that
+Mr. Young's party again reached the town of Taos. Here they disbanded,
+having completed their enterprise. Like as Jack, when he returns
+from his battles with old ocean, having a pocket well lined with hard
+earnings, fails not to plunge into excess, with the determination to
+make up for the pleasure lost by years of toil, the brave mountaineers
+courted merrymaking. From their own accounts, they passed a short
+time gloriously. This similarity of disposition between trappers and
+sailors, in regard to pleasure's syren cup and its consequent draft
+upon their treasures, causing them to forget the risk of life and
+limb and the expense of their valuable time, is most remarkable. These
+hardy trappers, like reliable old salts, proved to be as true to the
+bowl as they had been to their steel; for, most of the party, in a
+very brief space of time, were penniless and ready to be fitted
+out for another expedition. Young Kit, at this period of his life,
+imitated the example set by his elders, for he wished to be considered
+by them as an equal and a friend. He, however, passed through
+this terrible ordeal, which most frequently ruins its votary,
+and eventually came out brighter, clearer and more noble for the
+conscience-polish which he received. He contracted no bad habits,
+but learned the usefulness and happiness of resisting temptation, and
+became so well schooled that he was able, by the caution and advice of
+wisdom founded on experience, to prevent many a promising and skillful
+hand from grasping ruin in the same vortex.
+
+The scenes of pleasure lasted until the fall of 1830. Kit then joined
+his second trapping expedition. This band had been formed for the
+purpose of trapping the principal streams of the Rocky Mountains. Mr.
+Fitzpatrick, a trapper well known and respected by the mountaineers,
+had charge of the party. He was, at that time, well acquainted by
+experience with the Rocky Mountains, and has, since then, gained an
+enviable fame as an Indian Agent. The new party travelled North and
+commenced operations on the Platte River, which they followed down
+stream to one of its tributaries, the Sweet Water River. From
+here they worked on until they reached the Green River. Hence they
+journeyed to Jackson's Hole, which is a fork of the Great Columbia
+River. After making a short stay at this point they started for the
+Salmon River. Here they were joined by a band of their own party, who
+had left Taos some days in advance of the main body, and for whom they
+were then hunting. The whole party, as now organized, remained where
+they were throughout the winter of 1830 and 1831, employed in killing
+only the amount of game necessary for their sustenance. An unfortunate
+affair here happened to them. Four of their men, while hunting
+buffalo, were attacked and killed by a party of Blackfeet Indians.
+No other incident occurred during the winter to change the everyday
+routine. In April of 1831, they recommenced trapping, shaping their
+course for Bear River. This is the principal stream that empties into
+GREAT SALT LAKE. Thence they returned to Green River, where they found
+some Trappers under the command of Mr. Sinclair, who left New Mexico
+soon after Mr. Fitzpatrick's party and had wintered on the Bear River.
+Among many other facts, they learned from this party that Captain
+Gaunt, who was an old mountaineer well known to most of the whites
+present, had passed the winter on the Laramie River, and that he
+was then with his men in the New Park. Kit Carson and four of his
+companions determined to join him. For this purpose they started, and,
+after ten days of steady travel, found his party.
+
+There are two of these natural Parks in the Rocky Mountains. To
+distinguish them they are called the Old Park and the New Park. As
+their names imply, they are fair natural examples of the manufactured
+parks of civilization. In some things nature has lavished upon them
+charms and beauties which no human skill can imitate. These parks are
+favorite haunts of the deer, antelope and elk, while the streams which
+run through them are well stocked with otter and beaver. Kit and
+his companions were graciously received by Gaunt; and, with him they
+trapped the streams in the vicinity of the New Park and the plains of
+Laramie to the South fork of the Platte. Having finished here, they
+left for the Arkansas, remaining there while their captain went to
+Taos to dispose of their stock of furs and to make such purchases of
+necessaries as the men required. Gaunt returned after an absence of
+two months; when, trapping operations were resumed on the Arkansas
+River, which they trapped until it froze over. The party then went
+into Winter Quarters.
+
+The business of trapping for beaver is no child's play. A person
+unaccustomed to it may possibly look upon it as no very difficult
+task. A single trial is usually sufficient to satisfy the uninitiated
+on this point; for, the beaver, above all other wild animals of
+America is endowed with an extraordinary amount of instinct. His
+handiwork and habits sufficiently attest this.
+
+There are bands of Indians living in the Northwestern part of America
+who really believe that the beaver has almost as much intelligence as
+an Indian, holding and maintaining that all the difference that exists
+between a beaver and an Indian, is, that the latter has been endowed
+by the Great Spirit with power and capabilities to catch the former.
+Some of the stories which old mountaineers occasionally inflict upon
+an inquisitive traveller are somewhat startling; nevertheless, what
+this amphibious animal really performs is truly astounding, and
+oftentimes the truth fails to gain credence.
+
+During the winter the trappers had many very pleasant times, for they
+had little work beyond the task of making themselves comfortable.
+The snow fell to a great depth, which proved rather hard for their
+animals. By dint of cutting down cottonwood trees and gathering the
+bark and branches for fodder, they managed to prevent them from dying
+of starvation. The buffalo existed about there in great abundance;
+and, early in the winter, they had taken the precaution to kill and
+prepare a large supply of this kind of game, while it was in good
+condition. As the season advanced therefore, the trappers found
+themselves living quite sumptuously.
+
+In the month of January, the daily routine of their lives was
+rather unpleasantly disturbed. A party of fifty Crow Indians made an
+unfriendly visit to their camp on one very dark night. They succeeded
+in stealing nine of their loose animals, with which they escaped
+unperceived. Early the next morning, the _signs_ of the Indians were
+discovered. Kit Carson, with twelve of his companions, immediately
+saddled their horses and started in pursuit. It was very difficult
+to follow the trail of the Indians from the fact that many herds of
+buffalo had crossed and repeatedly recrossed it during the night,
+making the tracks very indistinct. Having traveled forty miles, their
+horses, which were very poor in flesh, became fatigued, causing them
+to think of making a halt. After due consultation, it was agreed that
+they had best go into camp. With this object in view they traveled
+towards some timber which was near by. On arriving at the woods,
+the advance of the party, to their surprise and not less to their
+satisfaction, discovered the smoke of their enemies' fires. The
+distance between the parties was inconsiderable; but, in order that
+their movements might be made unobserved, the trappers retreated to
+a secluded spot where they awaited the night, judging it best to take
+the party by surprise. Their first care was to secure and provide for
+their animals. The second was to prepare their arms. As soon as it
+would do for them to move, they started, eager for the strife. It was
+judged best first to make a half circuit and then approach the Indians
+from the direction they themselves were travelling, as from this
+source, they wisely judged the red men would be less apprehensive of
+an attack. Their movements were made slowly and with great care in
+order not to alarm the savages. Having obtained a position close
+enough to observe the strength of their enemies, they stopped to
+reconnoitre. The men then crept for a long distance on their hands and
+knees until finally they obtained a full view of the Indians, which
+showed them that the savages had erected two rough forts and that they
+were now divided into two parties. A dance was in progress in honor of
+the robbery so recently perpetrated, which proved conclusively, that
+they were without even a suspicion of danger. Just outside one of the
+forts, the nine stolen animals were securely tied. This sight did not
+tend to allay the wrath of the trappers. They resolved that come what
+might the attempt to regain their property and punish the Indians
+should be made notwithstanding their strength. To insure success in
+spite of their weakness, they determined to conceal themselves and
+wait quietly until the Indians had lain down for sleep. During this
+time of suspense the trappers were subjected to great suffering
+for the weather was intensely cold and they possessed but a scanty
+allowance of clothing fit for such work. But as there is an end to all
+things, there was an end to the dance and other festivities and the
+savages sought their rest. At last the time for action arrived. Kit
+Carson and five of his companions commenced crawling towards the
+stolen horses, which, on reaching, were easily set free by cutting
+their halters. They then threw snow-balls at them and by this means
+drove them away without disturbing the sleeping Indians. The trappers
+who acted as a reserve party soon after joined Kit and his companions;
+and, after retreating some distance in order to be out of the hearing
+of the enemy, they held a council to obtain the views of each member
+of the party as to their next step. It appeared that a difference of
+opinion existed; some of the men were in favor of returning, having
+recovered their property and sustained no damage. The remainder,
+those who had lost no animals, wanted satisfaction for the trouble
+and hardship they had undergone while in pursuit of the thieves.
+Kit Carson and two others composed this latter party and thus were
+determined to punish the thieves, let the consequences of the attempt
+be ever so fatal. The more peaceful party, seeing this earnestness,
+could not do otherwise than lend their aid in the fight and cheerfully
+did so.
+
+There always existed such a feeling of brotherly love among the old
+trappers of the Rocky Mountains, that the hour of peril was never the
+hour for separation or desertion. This instance affords a fair example
+how the minority could easily rule the majority when the minority held
+to the side of danger. The whole band were now unanimous in favor of
+the attack.
+
+Kit Carson, who had from the first acted as captain, ordered three
+men to take the recovered animals back to where they had secured their
+saddle horses. Then, with his comrades, he marched directly for the
+Indian camp. A dog belonging to the enemy first gave the alarm of
+approaching danger to the Indians; but not until Kit and his party
+were within a few paces of the first fort. As soon as the occupants
+of the fort heard the noise they sprang to their feet, and thus became
+fair marks for the unerring rifles of the trappers. The whites did not
+throw away a single shot; every ball struck a warrior in some vital
+spot. Those who survived retreated to the fort occupied by their
+friends, and, as soon as possible, commenced returning the fire; but
+without execution, as the trappers, on discharging their first volley,
+had well concealed themselves behind trees, from whence they were
+shooting only when sure of an object. It was now nearly daybreak; and
+as the savages discovered the weakness of the attacking party, they
+resolved to charge, feeling sure of success. They did so; but the
+white men, who were expert fighters in this kind of warfare, quietly
+waited until the Indians were fully exposed. They then fired and
+killed five warriors. The remainder immediately retreated into the
+fort.
+
+After considerable deliberation, the Indians decided once more to make
+a sortie. On they came, and this time with such determination that
+the trappers could not withstand the assault, but were compelled to
+retreat. They disputed, however, every inch of ground over which they
+trod, as they fell back from one tree to another, continually making
+their bullets tell with terrible effect on their foes. The three men
+who had been sent back with the horses had joined their comrades soon
+after they had commenced retreating. They had heard the incessant
+firing and had become convinced that the fight was hotly contested and
+that their services were required. On their joining, the whole party
+resolved to make one more stand, and as soon as the Indians saw this,
+they wavered and finally drew off. Both sides had now, seemingly, had
+enough of fighting, and hostilities soon after entirely ceased, the
+savages marching back and leaving the whites masters of the field.
+Several of the trappers were slightly, but none dangerously, wounded.
+The Indians had paid dearly, in numbers killed, for their rascality.
+Finding the coast clear, Carson and his men set out and soon rejoined
+their comrades on the Arkansas River. In the Spring, after having
+_cached_ their fur, the whole band departed for Laramie River on
+another expedition.
+
+While on the south fork of the Platte, two of the party deserted,
+taking with them three of their best animals. Suspecting their design,
+Gaunt sent Kit Carson and another man in pursuit of the fugitives, who
+had one day the start. As was suspected, the two deserters had gone
+to the camp where the beaver fur was concealed and buried. They had
+succeeded in digging it up and stealing about three hundred pounds of
+this valuable property, belonging to the company in general, share and
+share alike. Carson and his companion failed entirely in their
+efforts to find the two men. Doubtless they never lived to enjoy their
+ill-gotten wealth; for, notwithstanding careful search was made, the
+men were never heard from afterwards. It is probable that they were
+killed by Indians, a fate which they, at least, richly merited.
+
+This old camp, the reader will please bear in mind, was on the
+Arkansas River. Kit Carson and his comrade, after finding that the two
+deserters had thus succeeded in stealing the fur which had been buried
+by the company, made every further effort which lay in their power
+to recover it. As has also been seen, they were unsuccessful. It now
+remained for them to determine their future course. The country was so
+infested with hostile Indians that it made their position, thus
+alone, very precarious. To regain their commander's company was almost
+impracticable; at least, without a more important object to make the
+risk necessary, it was a foolhardy attempt. Time in learning the loss
+was of no great importance either to their leader or their party.
+Sooner or later this, as a matter of course, would be fully shown. Kit
+and his comrade, therefore, determined to remain where they were, in
+the old camp; and, to this end, immediately arranged everything so
+that they could make a successful defence in case they should be
+attacked by the savages. They did not dare to venture out far from
+their fortifications; but, this was no great trial to them, as game
+existed in great plenty and came very near their fortifications. While
+one slept, the other stood on guard. It was their intention to await
+the return of their party; but, at the expiration of one month,
+they were quite happily relieved from their perilous position. Mr.
+Blackwell, Mr. Gaunt's partner, arrived from the United States. He was
+accompanied by fifteen men, and brought with him a complete outfit
+for the entire band. Kit and his comrade had been expecting and were
+anxiously looking for this party. They were also made quite happy in
+obtaining the articles of outfit which would render their wild life
+more agreeable and easy. Shortly after this arrival, four men from
+the trapping party came into camp and brought the news as to the
+whereabouts of Gaunt and his men. They were overjoyed at finding Kit
+and his comrade, as they said that they had hunted for them in all
+directions; and, finally had given up all hopes of ever seeing them
+again. The whole party now began the march to join Gaunt at the Ballo
+Salado.[3]
+
+[Footnote 3: Salt Springs.]
+
+These Springs form the head waters of the south fork of the River
+Platte. When four days' journey had been accomplished, and while they
+were partaking of their breakfast in camp, an alarm of Indians was
+given by one of the men. He had accidentally discovered the red skin
+rascals as they were prowling about the camp. A rush was instantly
+made by the trappers, with rifles in hand, to save their horses.
+Shots were fired and one Indian fell. The rest of the band made off as
+empty-handed as they came, with one exception. One brave had succeeded
+in capturing and mounting a horse before the white men could reach
+him. Notwithstanding he had a dead brother lying on the ground, he
+appeared to be altogether too polite to make the trappers a longer
+visit; at least, without a proper introduction. On the contrary, he
+galloped off; seemingly, quite proud of his trophy. Had it not been
+that the trappers had taken the precaution to hobble their horses
+before turning them out to graze, they would have lost them all in
+this attempted stampede.[4]
+
+[Footnote 4: These stampedes are a source of great profit to the
+Indians of the Plains. It is by this means they deprive the caravans
+of their animals. The Camanches are particularly expert and daring
+in this kind of robbery. They even train horses to run from one given
+point to another in expectancy of caravans. When a camp is made which
+is nearly in range they turn their trained animals loose, who at once
+fly across the plain, penetrating and passing through the camp of
+their victims. All of the picketed animals will endeavor to follow,
+and usually succeed in following, the trained horses. Such are
+invariably led into the haunts of the thieves, who easily secure them.
+Young horses and mules are easily frightened; and, in the havoc which
+generally ensues, oftentimes great injury is done to the runaways
+themselves. The sight of a stampede on a grand scale requires steady
+nerves to witness without tremor; and, woe to the footman who cannot
+get out of the way when the frightened animals come along. At times,
+when the herd is very large, the horses scatter over the open country
+and are irrecoverably lost; and, such as do not become wild, fall a
+prey to the ravenous wolves. Such, most frequently, is the fate of
+stampeded horses which have been bred in the States, not being trained
+by a prairie-life experience to take care of themselves. Instead of
+bravely stopping and fighting off the wolves, they run. The whole pack
+are sure to leave the bolder animals and make for the runaways, which
+they seldom fail to overtake and dispatch. Four years since, one of
+these stampedes occurred on the Plains of a band of horses, in which
+there were several hundred valuable animals. It was attended with very
+heavy loss to the owners. Through the courage and great exertions of
+those who had the animals in charge, many were recovered, but none
+without having sustained more or less injury.
+
+A favorite policy of the Indian horse thieves is to creep into camp,
+cut loose one animal and thoroughly frighten him. This animal seldom
+fails to frighten the remainder, when away they all go with long ropes
+and picket pins dangling after them. The latter sometimes act like
+harpoons, being thrown with such impetus as to strike and instantly
+kill a valuable steed from among the brother runaways. At other times,
+the limbs of the running horses get entangled in the ropes, when they
+are suddenly thrown. Such seldom escape without broken legs or severe
+contusions, which are often incurable. The necessity of traveling on,
+at any rate, renders it an impossibility to undertake the cure, when
+it might be practicable under other circumstances.]
+
+This day the party travelled fifty miles and thought themselves clear
+of Indians, as there were no visible signs of their presence. The
+experience of the day, however, had admonished them to be on their
+guard against surprise. To make things sure as to their animals, they
+fastened them to stakes driven in the earth, sufficient rope being
+given them for grazing. The place selected for their camp was a
+beautiful spot, being on a small stream which empties into the
+Arkansas, the water of which is sparkling and clear. There are many of
+these charming little brooks which, emptying into, form this river.
+To the general traveler, however, they present one great drawback as
+eligible camping sites. Their banks are usually pretty thickly lined
+with rattlesnakes. The mountaineer is quite well accustomed and
+reconciled to this venomous reptile, as they abound in nearly every
+section of his hunting and trapping grounds. Not so however with the
+mere visitor of, or casual traveller over, the Western Territories. To
+them his rattlesnake-ship is a formidable personage.
+
+The rattlesnake rarely moves after sunset. The night air is generally
+too chilling for him. In the day time they are a noble enemy, always
+warning their antagonist of their hostile intentions by springing
+their rattles, thus giving a person warning of his danger. By these
+two wise provisions of the Creator the power of this otherwise
+terrible reptile, is so limited or restrained, that the trapper rarely
+gives him a thought unless he comes in direct contact. Although they
+are so numerous, it very seldom happens that either the Indian or the
+trapper is bitten by them.
+
+The party had not been long at rest before their suspicions were
+aroused that hostile Indians were near them. A faithful dog belonging
+to the camp kept up a furious barking, much more lustily than when
+wolves annoyed him. An extra guard was therefore immediately posted,
+when the remainder of the party lay down; but, not for sleep. They
+expected at every moment that their services would be needed to defend
+the camp. Everything however passed as usual during the night; and,
+with the morning, all suspicion was laid aside. Kit Carson, with three
+companions, proposed a visit to a fork of a river close by, to look
+for signs of beaver. They had been informed that these animals were
+numerous in this particular stream. Carson and the three men had
+been absent about one hour when the signs of Indians proved to be
+realities, in the shape of a bold and well-sustained charge upon their
+camp. The rascals succeeded in running off all of their loose animals.
+
+Four of the men immediately saddled the fleetest of the remaining
+horses and instantly gave chase. After a quick run they came up with
+the savages and immediately gave them battle. A sharp skirmish ensued
+in which one of the warriors was killed, when the remainder fled,
+leaving the property once more in the hands of its rightful owners.
+The men however did not come off entirely safe. One of them received
+a very severe wound; which, eventually, gave him considerable
+difficulty; but from the effects of which he finally recovered.
+
+Kit and his companions in the mean time, in order to reach their
+destination, found it necessary, unless they should take a long and
+circuitous route, to cross one of those lofty peaks for which the
+Rocky Mountains are so famous. The ascent was however commenced and
+successfully accomplished; but, not without labor and an occasional
+resting-place being sought for breathing their animals. In due time,
+they reached the desired stream; but, the beaver signs did not appear.
+Finding their errand had proved entirely useless, they started to
+return into camp. Experience had taught them that the longest way
+round was, in this case, the quickest way home. Taking therefore a
+circuitous route, they avoided recrossing the lofty mountain peak
+already alluded to. As they were riding carelessly homeward, beguiling
+the time with anecdote and remark upon their future prospects, the
+scenery around them, with an occasional sight at some kind of game,
+what should appear ahead of them but four Indian warriors, remarkably
+well mounted, painted and decked with feathers, showing, conclusively,
+that they were out upon the war-path. As soon as Kit and his
+companions saw the warriors, and without one word as to their proper
+and best action being interchanged, they simultaneously put spurs to
+their horses and dashed at the Indians in order quickly to bring
+them within range of their rifles. The pace became a hot one; but, as
+suddenly as the charge had been commenced, so suddenly the trappers
+found that they had, this time "caught a Tartar;" for, as they dashed
+on, sixty warriors, fully armed and splendidly mounted, came into view
+from beneath a hill where they were awaiting in ambush.
+
+There was but one course for the trappers to take and that was to run
+the gauntlet, which they did in gallant style, although twenty yards
+would have frequently measured the distance between them and the
+hostile savages. The bullets from the rifles of the Indians flew about
+their ears thick and fast, for a heavy fire was opened upon them,
+as they passed, and incessantly kept up until they were out of their
+reach. The trappers did not return a shot. It would not have been
+according to their custom. There is no one thing Simon-pure trappers
+consider to be a greater folly than firing their rifles on such an
+occasion as is here described. There is nothing they so much dread as
+being left on foot with an empty gun and no time to load, when perhaps
+a single shot might change defeat into victory; sure captivity into
+freedom, or a dead companion into a laughing, jolly and lovable
+help-mate, ready for setting a trap or to engage in the next bloody
+skirmish. This must inevitably happen if, after the rider has fired,
+among the score or so of passing bullets, one of them, perchance, took
+a peculiar fancy for a vital organ of his horse. The mortally wounded
+animal would make no account of dismounting his master and leaving
+him to the tender mercies of the refined savages. In every close and
+unequal contest, such as above detailed, they only think of the surest
+and speediest method of escape, leaving revenge to be obtained on some
+more fitting and favorable occasion. For some unaccountable reason the
+savages did not give chase.
+
+As soon as Carson and his comrades had got out of the reach of the
+Indians they began to recall the suspicions concerning signs of
+Indians which their faithful dog had aroused. Fears for the safety of
+their companions arose accordingly. Therefore, giving spurs to their
+horses they pushed on with vigor to know the worst. The facts that
+awaited them at camp concerning the attack by the Indians, stealing
+and rescue of the horses gave them therefore but little surprise. They
+had already surmised the reason why the Indians had thus set a trap
+for them. Having been watching the camp during the night and finding
+the white men fully on the alert and carefully guarding against any
+surprise, they had quietly waited until suspicion of their proximity
+had been entirely laid aside. The departure of Carson and his
+companions from camp was doubtless seen by the savages and afforded
+them a clear proof that the white men had forgotten their fears. As
+Kit's departure with the men weakened the camp party the Indians had
+gathered together sufficient courage to make a bold charge for the
+coveted plunder. The final result, however, which led to their losing
+the stolen property, and the life of one of their braves, had caused
+them to think of an attack upon Kit's party; thus, obtaining by its
+massacre, revenge for their dead companion; and, the horses which Kit
+and his comrades rode would have been a consolation for their failure
+to retain the horses obtained at the camp. The attack was skillfully
+planned and would undoubtedly have succeeded, but for the unexpected
+daring and promptitude displayed by Kit and his comrades. The Indians
+had not looked for the bold charge upon their advance party; but,
+on the contrary, they had been prepared for a chase and fight in the
+opposite direction. Had such a skirmish taken place, nothing beyond
+an absolute miracle, or change of the laws of nature, could have saved
+the little band. Kit and his friends had reason, therefore, to be very
+thankful for their safety. They all felt that they had retained their
+scalps by a very close shave. To use the expressive language of Carson
+employed in narrating the event "The red skins made a good attempt
+but, thank God, failed."
+
+Two of the trappers had received, in this affray, wounds; which proved
+to be of a serious nature: much more so than they or their companions
+thought on the first examination given them. In consequence, the whole
+party was obliged to halt and again go into camp, having accomplished
+but a very short remove from their savage foes. It became necessary
+to maintain a strong and careful guard during the succeeding night,
+notwithstanding the labors of the past day and night had been more
+than usually arduous. However, they succeeded in passing the night
+without further molestation. The next morning, it was found necessary
+to make a litter for one of the wounded men whose condition had grown
+to be much worse.
+
+The method which the mountaineers adopt for making a litter, they have
+taken from the Indians, and is as follows. Take two strong poles, six
+feet of which, at either extremity, is allowed for shafts, or handles,
+while the patient lies in the intermediate space on a buffalo robe, or
+strong sacking, which-ever is most convenient. Two mules or horses
+of the same size are then selected; and, to saddles upon each of the
+animals, the poles, at their extremities, are fastened. Another and
+simpler plan, but one not so comfortable to the patient, is to take
+the two poles as before and attach them strongly to a saddle on but
+one animal, while the two ends are allowed to drag upon the ground.
+Directly in the rear of the horse the patient's bed is affixed. If the
+poles are long they will act as springs, especially when the wood used
+is of a kind which has considerable elasticity.
+
+Having arranged everything to the satisfaction and comfort of the
+wounded men, the party commenced their march and in four days reached
+Gaunt's camp where they rested until the wounded men had nearly
+recovered. This simple fact shows the careful and sympathizing care
+which the mountaineers of the west ever exhibit towards each other in
+distress. It speaks more than would volumes of mere praise, concerning
+their character for true manhood.
+
+When the wounded men had so far recovered that they could safely
+proceed, the whole party, now quite strong in its numerical power, as
+well as skill and mountaineer experience, departed for, and, in due
+time, arrived at the Old Park. The coveted beaver however were scarce
+there, for other trappers had preceded them; and, to employ trapping
+phrase, "had caught all the fur in those streams that could be taken
+that season." This was an unpleasant condition for their business
+prospects; but, as the old adage hath it, "what could not be cured was
+quietly endured." Catching beaver is not always a matter of choice.
+The beaver themselves have considerable to say on the subject.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+    Kit Carson and two Companions plan a Hunt for themselves--The
+    Great Success met with--Return to Taos--Sale of the Beaver
+    Fur--Kit Carson joins Captain Lee and goes on a Trading
+    Expedition--Winter Quarters--Kit Carson is sent in Pursuit
+    of a Thief--Overtakes and is obliged to shoot the
+    Runaway--Property recovered--The Return to Camp--The Sale
+    of Goods--Kit Carson joins Fitzpatrick and Party--Kit Carson
+    organizes a Hunting Party--His Encounter with two Grizzly
+    Bears--The Summer Rendezvous--Kit Carson joins fifty Trappers
+    and goes to the Country of the Blackfeet Indians--Annoyances
+    received from these Indians--Winter Quarters in 1832--Horses
+    Stolen--Kit Carson and eleven Men in Pursuit--A Parley--A
+    Fight--Kit Carson severely wounded--His great Sufferings
+    and Fortitude--His Convalescence--The Retreat--A New
+    Expedition--Braggadocio--Kit Carson Fights a Duel and Wounds
+    his man--Duels in the Rocky Mountains in Olden Times.
+
+
+The fortunes of Gaunt's party in not finding game continued to grow
+darker and darker as they traveled from stream to stream. The men
+began to grow disheartened at this succession of failures. Kit Carson,
+finally, became so tired of going empty handed, that he resolved to
+try a hunt upon his own account. On stating his intentions to the
+party, two of his old companions offered to join him. These were
+gladly accepted by Kit; and, had they not been deterred by the
+consideration that their dangers would be greatly augmented if they
+worked with so small a party, others would most willingly have joined
+his company. With the good wishes, therefore, of Gaunt and his entire
+band, Kit and his two brave comrades boldly and confidently commenced
+their march.
+
+The plan Kit adopted was to confine his operations exclusively to the
+mountain streams and not to venture out upon the Prairie. By taking
+this course he hoped to avoid much of the danger to be apprehended
+from Indians.[5]
+
+[Footnote 5: The mountain Indians, during the Summer season generally
+come down from their secure retreats and are engaged either in hunting
+buffalo, or marching on the war-path. When they are at peace with the
+Indians of the Plains, which is rarely the case, they join them, and,
+together, with their united strength and skill, they make piratical
+excursions into the Settlements of the Mexicans. While out on this
+business, they leave their families in some secluded spot for abundant
+caution, placing them under the guardianship of the old men, assisted
+by some of the younger members of the tribe.]
+
+For several months they followed the business of trapping without
+being in any way annoyed by the Indians. Their success was abundant.
+At the end of the season they had gathered together a splendid stock
+of beaver fur and began to think of a homeward trip. Having made
+everything ready, they finally started for Taos. True, their party
+was small and the risks they ran of attacks from hostile and covetous
+Indians were imminent; but, fortune, or Providence favored them and
+there was finally a satisfactory end to their anxieties; for, after a
+quick march over the plains, they arrived safely at Taos. Beaver fur
+was, at the time of their arrival, in great demand and prices ruled
+correspondingly high. Kit and his comrades obtained the benefit of
+this state of the market and disposed of their fine stock to great
+advantage.
+
+The money realized, so far as Kit's two comrades were concerned, was
+soon expended in fleeting pleasures and a new outfit for the next
+trapping expedition which might offer. Kit's former experience had
+been sufficient on this score, and he had become impressed with the
+highly important fact that there existed a much wiser course to be
+pursued. With his characteristic consistency, Kit acted upon this
+conviction and wisely saved his hard earnings.
+
+While remaining at Taos, Kit Carson met with Captain Lee, formerly of
+the United States Army; but, at this time, a partner of Bent and
+St. Vrain, two names as familiarly known to the mountaineers as the
+household words of their boyhood days.
+
+Captain Lee was purchasing goods for the purpose of trading with
+and supplying the trappers. He desired Kit Carson to join in his
+enterprise and made him an offer which was accepted.
+
+In the latter part of October 1832, with their goods well packed
+and properly fitted for the rough transportation which they must
+necessarily be subjected to, they set out to find the trappers. They
+traveled for some distance on a route well known as the "Old Spanish
+Trail." This is nothing more than a mule path which leads from New
+Mexico to California.
+
+Having arrived safely at White River, they continued their march down
+stream, following the windings of the river until they came to Green
+River. Green River, they forded and then struck across the country for
+the Winty River which is a branch of the Green River.
+
+Here they found Mr. Robidoux who had a party of twenty men in his
+employ and who was engaged both in trapping and trading according as
+opportunity presented itself. Soon after these parties met, snow
+began to fall, indicating the approach of the cold season. A mutual
+understanding having been arrived at, the two parties joined together
+and began to establish Winter Quarters suitable for the whole.
+
+They selected a site for their permanent camp on the Winty River, at
+its mouth, where the men made themselves as comfortable as possible
+under such circumstances. They were provided with skin lodges, so
+common among the Indians of America, and which according to Kit's
+mountaineer experience are very comfortable substitutes for houses.
+
+During the winter Mr. Robidoux lost six of his most valuable and
+high-priced horses, in the following manner. Attached to the camp
+there was a California Indian who was employed by Mr. Robidoux, a keen
+and shrewd savage: and one, whose acquaintance with the trappers had
+enabled him to gain the confidence of Mr. Robidoux. He was also an
+expert with the rifle and possessed undoubted courage with great
+bodily strength and activity. These qualifications made him a
+troublesome customer in a skirmish.
+
+This Indian's education on the score of property rights had not been
+as well attended to as the methods of attack and defence in the chase
+and on the war path. By some, not strange, personal argument, he
+concluded to appropriate the six valuable horses above mentioned, in
+the law wordy vocabulary of civilization, "to his own, use, benefit
+and behoof, without asking the consent, good-will, approbation,
+permission and personal, directions of the said owner, to wit Mr.
+Robidoux."
+
+As these horses were worth, even at that remote spot on the great
+American Continent, the just and full sum of two hundred dollars each,
+making a round sum total of twelve hundred dollars, Mr. Robidoux was
+not content to pocket the loss; or, much less, to allow the rascal to
+enjoy ill-gotten wealth on the principle that "stolen fruit is sweet."
+He determined, if possible to show him that some stolen fruit is
+bitter.
+
+Knowing Kit Carson's reputation for skill and his fearless
+disposition, as soon as he had discovered his loss, he came and
+requested him to pursue the Indian. Kit Carson is a man who never
+works without orders except when he is leader. He therefore informed
+Captain Lee of Mr. Robidoux's request and asked permission to serve
+his friend. This, as a matter of course, was readily granted by
+Captain Lee; when, Kit instantly made his preparations for the
+adventure. He was very soon on horseback, well armed and well prepared
+for hard and close work.
+
+There chanced, near by to the camp, to be an Indian village belonging
+to the Utah Tribe. The whites were on friendly terms with the
+inhabitants of this village, which determined Carson to seek out, from
+among their warriors, one active and intelligent brave, and get him to
+join in the chase. This was the more easily accomplished as Carson's
+reputation for skill, courage and experience was already well known in
+this tribe. He, himself, had made a large circle of acquaintance among
+the braves, and many of them had become strongly attached to him. Some
+of these attachments have existed for years and are still maintained;
+for, a fact well known, the American Indian warrior, as a general
+rule, is true and unchangeable in his friendships. With this object
+in view, Carson, putting his horse to his speed, started for the Utah
+village. On making his errand known to such of the braves as enjoyed
+his confidence, he found no difficulty in engaging a well-known
+warrior, and one on whom he knew he could rely, to accompany him. The
+wily savage was soon ready for the march, when Kit gave the word to
+start. Both men were splendidly mounted. Their pace was that of no
+sluggard. The high-conditioned animals which they rode seemed to
+catch the eager spirit of their masters, and entering into it, bent
+themselves to their work with determination accordingly. To discover
+the trail of the deserter and to study its various characteristics,
+a science of no mean or useless order in the matter of a woodman's
+education, required the two men to slacken their pace for a short
+time. The tracks made by the stolen animals, however, were well
+marked; and, to such practised eyes, afforded a certain indication
+as to their route. Again putting their horses to their speed, with
+compressed lips and eyes directed to the trail before them, Carson and
+the Indian warrior dashed on, feeling confident, that, if the rascal
+escaped with his ill-gotten booty, the sin would not be laid upon
+their shoulders. The trail led down the Green River. This fact made
+Carson conclude that California was the destination aimed at in the
+deserter's calculations. Kit and his Indian brave had accomplished
+about one hundred miles, having, not once, lost sight of the trail,
+when, most unfortunately for Kit, the horse of the Indian was suddenly
+taken sick and his strength gave out completely. The Indian could go
+no further except on foot, and this mode of travel he was unwilling to
+adopt, refusing absolutely Carson's request made to him to do so. This
+was an unpleasant predicament, especially as the rascal, who formed
+the chase, was a dangerous antagonist even to an experienced fighter
+and in an honest cause. Goaded on by the fear of punishment for theft,
+Carson well knew that he would require all of his own address to
+purchase success; for, the rascal would not fail to make a most
+desperate resistance. But Kit Carson's courage arose, as the
+difficulties of the adventure seemed to multiply. With a farewell word
+to his Indian companion, he put spurs to his horse and entered boldly
+upon the trail alone, being determined to run every hazard, which the
+unhappy accident to the Indian's horse seemed to require at his hands.
+The spectacle here presented to the reader, is one which exhibits Kit
+Carson in his true character both as a faithful and earnest friend,
+and a determined and dangerous adversary. Such is his character. A
+life of most singular events has never yet found him false to his
+friend or his manhood. While he is not rash in judgment, he is
+consummately skillful, quick and brave. Onward he dashed, never for an
+instant taking his eagle eye from the tracks which formed his compass.
+Think not that such tracks are easily traced. None but a practised and
+ready eye can follow them to any advantageous end. To trace them even
+at a snail's pace, for an unpractised eye, is like the child putting
+pen and ink to paper through his first copy-book of penmanship. Many
+and many an awful blot and horribly crooked line will doubtless carry
+the simile fully and strikingly to the mind. But the result which
+crowned Kit's effort showed conclusively that, notwithstanding he had
+followed the trail for over one hundred and thirty miles, he had made
+no blots or crooked lines. At the distance of thirty miles from the
+place where he parted with his Indian companion, Kit discovered the
+chase. His pace now became tremendous. The wily savage had descried
+him almost at the same instant that he was discovered by Kit, and
+instantly prepared for a desperate encounter. With this object in
+view, the savage turned to seek a cover from whence he could fire upon
+his adversary and reload long before he should himself become exposed
+to a shot. The rascal's plan was good enough, but he was too slow in
+its execution to overcome Kit's activity. Kit had unslung his rifle as
+soon as he saw his enemy. Anticipating the object of the savage, he,
+instantly, covered him with his rifle. His horse was now at full speed
+and he was rapidly nearing the Indian. At the moment he discovered
+that the Indian had reached his cover and before he could take
+advantage of it, without relaxing his horse's speed, he fired. The
+ball from Carson's rifle was so well directed that the Indian, as it
+struck him, gave one bound and then fell dead in his tracks. At the
+same instant the rascal's rifle went off with a sharp report, sending
+a bullet whizzing at some distance from the line of Carson's approach.
+The fact of the Indian's rifle being fired at all is a sufficient
+explanation of what was his intent, had his career not been so
+suddenly cut short, thereby preventing its fulfillment.
+
+The words of an old trapper are here very much to the point. The
+author was, on a fitting occasion, questioning him in regard to Kit
+Carson's capabilities with the rifle. Said he: "If a man has a serious
+quarrel with Kit Carson, he had better not let him get the _first
+sight over his rifle_; for, if he succeeds in this, his adversary is
+as good as dead."
+
+An intimate acquaintance and tried friendship with Kit Carson has,
+since then, repeatedly furnished occasions which have confirmed this
+trapper's statement; although, in the first instance, a person will
+find it no easy task to render an altercation necessary, for Kit
+Carson holds his passions fully under control; and, besides, they are
+of a very conciliatory type. No man will sooner shun a difficulty when
+justice, honor and necessity do not warrant strife.
+
+The work of collecting the horses was soon accomplished, when Carson
+immediately commenced his journey back to the camp. This he reached
+in safety, after overcoming a few minor difficulties caused by his
+charge; and, had the satisfaction of returning the six horses to Mr.
+Robidoux in as good condition as they were the night on which they
+were stolen; and, also, of informing him that there was one rascal
+less in the world to prey upon honest people.
+
+This event served to interrupt the monotony and routine of winter camp
+duty, affording a basis for many a long yarn during the evening
+hours around the camp fires. These trappers, especially whenever a
+green-eyed bundle of curiosity chances to seek their company, can spin
+yarns most wondrous. The habits of the beaver and their remarkable
+instinct, form a fit subject for their active imagination. It would
+doubtless add very much to the interest of these pages if we could set
+down a few of these anecdotes and tales for the general reader; but,
+the task would be hopeless as to its accomplishment. To give them
+life and reality, they require all the surroundings of time, place and
+occasion; there should be the dark night; the wild whistling wind; the
+shaking tent with its covering of skins; the roasted venison, bear's
+meat, or horse flesh; the rifles standing in the corners; the lamp of
+bear's grease; in fine, all the similitude of camp life. Then the wild
+stories of bear fightings, beaver intelligence, Indian deviltry, and
+hairbreadth escapes, become intensely real. The auditor hangs upon
+each word which falls from the lips of the supposed sage orator with
+eager earnestness, while curiosity never becomes satisfied.
+
+"Ah! Jones, that is a whopper."
+
+"Sure as I live, but the beaver slept every night with the trapper,
+and in the day time, if he left the tent, the beaver would fall to
+work and make a dam across the floor of the tent, using the chist,
+skins, arms and everything."
+
+"Oh! Jones!"
+
+"But, I tell you it is true. Tame a beaver once, and you'll find I'se
+tellin' a plain statement as true as ever a Padre made."
+
+"Padre! who'd believe a Mexican priest? Mr. Jones, that tame beaver
+of your'n must have been born in the States, where he hadn't trees and
+mud to build dams with, and had to resort to furnitur."
+
+"That beaver," responded Jones, "was as near like a human bein' as any
+man present."
+
+"How do you make that out, Mr. Jones?"
+
+"Why, one day his master died. Well, they tried all they could to
+console the beaver, but it 'twant no use. He wouldn't be consoled.
+All he did was to git an ole shoe belonging to his master, an' if he
+didn't haul that ere shoe around day after day wherever he went. Well,
+the beaver 'gan to grow thin, and one night they found he was a dyin',
+jest from starvin' himself to death and a huggin' the ole shoe."
+
+"Oh! Jones," said the greenhorn, "you don't expect I'll swallow all
+that yarn?"
+
+But Mr. Jones and all of the other trappers present preserved an
+imperturbable dignity of mien, as if the very reference to the animal
+mentioned demanded from them all due reverence.
+
+"Well, but that was not doing as a human being would do. I never seen
+a man carry an old shoe around till he died from starvin'."
+
+"That is neither here nor there," continued Mr. Jones. "It was when
+the trapper first made the beaver's acquaintance that he showed he
+knew as much as a human critter. At that time he had one wife and
+lived with her all alone in a hole, side o' the dam. They had two sons
+and a darter. The darter the old beaver had married to a fine lookin'
+young beaver who lived t'other side the dam."
+
+The whistle which the neophyte here gave seemed to give great
+dissatisfaction to all of the trappers present. One of them quietly
+asked him--
+
+"Is that the way, youngster, you'se bin eddicated in perliteniss of
+manners? If it is, I know a beaver who kin larn you sumthin'. In the
+fust place, if a young beaver ever kums inter the presence of the ole
+uns, especially if she's, that is the ole uns, a female beaver, the
+young un 'mediately fetches his right fore paw up to his forehead,
+jest 'hind the right eyebrow, an' makes a reverintial bow of cerimony
+in salute. I'se seen that ar' oftener than you've put one leg ahead of
+t'other yit, young un."
+
+The trappers present all confirmed the truth of this statement by
+a solemn nod of assent to the query, "Ain't that true, gentlemen?"
+which, at least, served to prevent unceremonious whistling.
+
+It is thus that we might go on and fill page after page with this
+picture-talk of the trappers. Some of their yarns are pretty tightly
+strained, but most of them contain a capital hit and are usually
+founded on the facts. It is a well authenticated fact that the beaver
+has but one mate; and, that they live together a loving couple, as if
+husband and wife. As to their _liaisons_, coquetry, flirting and so
+forth, doubtless the society in some parts of the human family will
+bear a faithful resemblance in these respects also. As an example of
+industry the world will look in vain for a better one than is afforded
+by the little beaver of the Western Rivers. Look at them patiently
+felling the tallest trees; and, so nicely adjusting their fall and
+calculating their height, that they strike the opposite bank of their
+stream gaining a fixed and permanent lodgment. It is thus that these
+wonderful little creatures will often erect dams across wide rivers
+and effectually stop the rushing torrents.
+
+As has appeared, after collecting the six horses, Kit Carson returned
+with them safely into camp. A few days subsequent to this occurrence,
+a band of trappers belonging to another party _en route_, entered the
+camp. These men reported that Fitzpatrick and Bridger were encamped
+on Snake River distant about fifteen days' journey. This was too good
+news for Captain Lee and Kit to warrant their remaining any longer
+idle. They doubted not but that they should be able to dispose of
+their goods to these parties. With this object in view, they prepared
+for the march and started. Their journey, although perilous and
+laborious, was successfully accomplished. Messrs. Fitzpatrick and
+Bridger received and entertained them very hospitably, and purchased
+their entire stock, paying therefor in beaver fur. Kit Carson then
+joined Fitzpatrick's band, but remained with it only one month.
+His reason for separating from it was, that there were too many men
+congregated together either to accomplish much, or to make the general
+result profitable in the distribution. He, accordingly, arranged
+an enterprise upon his own account; and, from his well-established
+reputation, found more men than he wanted ready to join him. From
+those who applied, he selected but three. These were men of the best
+material; and, no man could judge a trapper's qualifications better
+than Kit Carson.
+
+With his three men he immediately set out for the Laramie River. On
+this stream and its tributaries, he spent the summer. Perhaps our
+readers will look for a full description of the course which the
+American trapper pursues in order to catch beaver. It is very simple
+in its detail but difficult and tedious in its application. The trap
+is the common steel trap made in the usual form; if there is any
+difference, it is larger and more powerful. It is set in the haunts
+of the beaver with a particular kind of bait[6] known chiefly among
+trappers. It is a singular fact that, frequently, old beavers will be
+discovered springing the traps, by the aid of a stick. If discovered
+at his work, he seems to enjoy hugely the vexation of the trappers
+which they sometimes exhibit. An old trapper, however, especially if
+he be a Frenchman or Mexican, feels so much pride in the matter, that
+he will cover up his vexation under assumed politeness, as if the
+beaver could understand and appreciate his language.
+
+[Footnote 6: Animalium patris testiculum.]
+
+But to escape from these pleasing digressions, Kit Carson and his men
+concluded their summer's work with unusual success. Their exertions
+had been crowned with rewards which surpassed their fondest
+anticipations. As the wintry months were again fast coming on, Kit and
+his men determined to rejoin Bridger's' command. The return trip,
+was therefore commenced and duly prosecuted. Late one afternoon,
+just after the little party had gone into camp, Kit, having lingered
+somewhat behind, suddenly rode into the camp ground and leaped from
+his horse, giving it in care of one of the men. With his rifle, he
+then started in pursuit of game for supper. He walked on about one
+mile from the camp and there came upon the fresh tracks of some elk.
+Following up the trail he discovered the game grazing on the side of
+a hill. In the neighborhood of the animals there were some low and
+craggy pine trees. Moving along with great care, he finally gained the
+cover of the trees, which brought him in close proximity to the
+elk, and within certain range of his rifle. This care was the more
+necessary as his party had been without meat diet for some time and
+began to be greatly in need thereof. These ever wary animals saw, or
+scented him; or, at any rate, became conscious of approaching danger
+from some cause, before he could reach the spot from which he desired
+to take his aim. They had commenced moving; and, in another instant,
+would have bounded away, out of all reach of his rifle. His eye and
+piece, however, were too quick for them; for, bringing his piece into
+position and without dwelling upon his aim, he sped a bullet after the
+largest and the fattest of the noble game before him. He had wisely
+allowed for the first leap, for his shot caught the nimble animal in
+mid air and brought him to the earth, writhing in his death agony with
+a fearful wound through the heart and lungs, from which there was
+no escape. One quiver ran through the frame of the beautiful animal,
+when, he breathed his last. The echoing sound of the rifle shot had
+hardly died away, to which the true hunter ever listens with unfeigned
+pleasure as the sweetest of music on his ear, whenever he has seen
+that his game is surely within his grasp, the last faint melody was
+broken in upon and completely lost in a terrific roar from the woods
+directly behind him. Instantly turning his head to note the source
+of this sound, the meaning and cause of which he well knew by his
+experienced woodman's ear, educated until its nicety was truly
+wonderful, he saw two huge and terribly angry grizzly bears. As his
+eye first rested upon these unwelcome guests, they were bounding
+towards him, their eyes flashing fiery passion, their pearly teeth
+glittering with eagerness to mangle his flesh, and their monstrous
+fore-arms, hung with sharp, bony claws, ready and anxious to hug his
+body in a close and most loving embrace. There was not much time for
+Kit to scratch his head and cogitate. In fact, one instant spent in
+thought then would have proved his death warrant without hope of
+a reprieve. Messrs. Bruin evidently considered their domain most
+unjustly intruded upon. The gentle elk and deer mayhap were their
+dancing boys and girls; and, like many a petty king in savage land,
+they may have dined late and were now enjoying a scenic treat of
+their ballet troupe. At all events Kit required no second thought to
+perceive that the monarchs of the American forest were unappeasably
+angry and were fast nearing him with mighty stride. Dropping his
+rifle, the little leaden bullet of which would now have been worth
+to him its weight in gold if it could by some magic wand have been
+transferred from the heart of the elk back into its breech, he bounded
+from his position in close imitation of the elk, but with better
+success. The trees! he hoped and prayed, as he fairly flew over the
+ground with the bears hot in chase, for one quick grasp at a sturdy
+sapling. By good fortune, or special Providence, his hope, or prayer,
+was answered. Grasping a lower limb he swung his body up into the
+first tier of branches just as passing Bruin brushed against one of
+his legs. Bears climb trees and Kit Carson was not ignorant of the
+fact. Instantly drawing his keen-edged hunting knife, he cut away for
+dear life at a thick short branch. The knife and his energy conquered
+the cutting just as Messrs. Bruin had gathered themselves up for an
+ascent, a proceeding on their part to which Mr. Carson would not give
+assent. Mr. Carson was well acquainted with the Messrs. Bruin's pride
+in, and extreme consideration for, their noses. A few sharp raps made
+with the severed branch upon the noses of the ascending bears, while
+they fairly made them to howl with pain and rage, caused them hastily
+to beat a retreat. This scene of ascending, getting their noses
+tickled and again descending howling with pain and rage now kept
+Mr. Carson and Messrs. Bruin actively busy for some time. The huge
+monsters and monarchs of the mountains were determined not to give it
+up so. Such a full and fair chase and to be beaten by a simple
+white man on their own domain! This evidently galled their sensitive
+natures. It is true the roaring of the bears in his rear had
+stimulated Mr. Carson in the race, so much so, that he undoubtedly
+ran at the top of his speed; and, being naturally, as well as by long
+practice, very fleet of foot, he had managed to outstrip his pursuers
+in the race. It is true he had made short work of climbing the tree
+and here again had very innocently beaten the bears at their own game
+and one in which they took great pride. It is more than probable that
+the bears were in too good condition to run well. Had it been early
+spring time they would doubtless have been much lower in flesh. That
+was their own fault too; they should have known that racing time
+cannot be made on high condition. After leaving their hibernating
+quarters they should have been less given to a sumptuous habit at the
+table.
+
+[Illustration: Two huge and terribly angry grizzly bears were bounding
+towards him, their eyes flashing fiery passion, their pearly teeth
+glittering with eagerness to mangle his flesh, and their monstrous
+forearms, hung with sharp, bony claws, ready and anxious to hug his
+body in a close and most loving embrace.--PAGE 83.]
+
+Affairs were, however, by no manner of means settled. They had the
+daring trespasser on their domain treed, and almost within their
+reach; and, indeed, to keep out of the way of their uncomely claws,
+Kit was obliged to gather himself up in the smallest possible space
+and cling to the topmost boughs. The bears now allowed themselves
+a short respite for breathing, during which they gave vent to their
+wrath by many shrill screeches. Then they renewed their endeavors to
+force the hunter from his resting place. Mounted on their hind paws
+they would reach for him; but, the blows with the stick, applied
+freely to their noses, would make them desist. In vain did they
+exhaust every means to force the man to descend; he was not to be
+driven or coaxed. The hard knocks they had sustained upon their
+noses had now aroused them almost to madness. Together they made one
+desperate effort to tear Kit from the tree. As in all their previous
+attempts, they were foiled, and their ardor dampened and cooled by the
+drumming operations upon their noses, which this time was so freely
+and strongly applied upon one of them as to make him lachrymate and
+cry out with pain. One at a time they departed; but, it was not
+until they had been out of sight and hearing for some time that Kit
+considered it safe to venture down from the tree; when, he hastened to
+regain and immediately to reload his rifle.
+
+Thus ended an adventure in which Kit Carson considers that he failed
+to lose life and limb by the narrowest miss that ever occurred to him.
+Although he has killed much more than his _quantum_ of this kind of
+game, and has gained what is a practical advantage to every western
+hunter, to wit: a knowledge of all their abilities with which they
+enforce sway, Kit Carson regards this adventure in the light of a
+warning. It is a warning too which he never allows himself to forget;
+consequently, whenever he has hunted since, he watches as closely
+for signs of Mr. Bruin as he does for the game he seeks; it would,
+therefore, be a difficult matter for the bears again to surprise him.
+Some of the most desperate battles on record between hunters and wild
+animals are narrated of encounters with the bear tribe.
+
+Several years ago, a Mexican by the name of Armador Sanchez, still
+well known in the Rocky Mountains as a brave and skillful hunter, had
+a fight with a bear which lasted several hours. This terrible battle
+ended by both the combatants being laid prostrate upon the ground, so
+completely exhausted as to be utterly unable to reach each other from
+the want of physical strength. In this condition they spent one night;
+and, on the following morning, when the brave Mexican hunter had
+recovered sufficiently to be able to creep to his antagonist, he found
+him dead. This close conflict grew out of the hunter's noble daring
+in endeavoring to save the life of a Mexican boy, whom, at the instant
+the hunter attacked the beast, the bear was about to tear into pieces.
+At one time the bear had the youth in his terrible clutches in such
+a manner that it was impossible for him to plant a shot in any vital
+organ. But nothing daunted, with his rifle and revolver, he lodged
+several bullets in other parts of the fierce monster. Still the
+savage animal clung to the unfortunate boy, endeavoring to tear him to
+pieces, and horribly mangling him in every part of his body. The noble
+hunter could resist no longer, and dropping his pistols and rifle, he
+drew his sheath-knife and slung shot, and, after winding his blanket
+around his left arm to protects it, rushed in and compelled the animal
+to turn upon him. Wounds were freely given and returned; but, the wary
+Mexican fought with such dexterity and determination, that the bear
+finally became so mad with pain and rage that by a tremendous effort,
+with one blow of his powerful paw, he knocked the brave hunter
+headlong upon the ground, where he lay some time before recovering his
+breath. Instead of following up this advantage, the brute, doubtless
+being deceived because the man did not move, commenced examining and
+licking his own bleeding wounds. But the brave hunter had now got his
+spirit so completely up, that he determined to conquer his antagonist
+or die. Early in the fight, by a blow from his slung-shot, he had
+succeeded in breaking the bear's lower jaw. This had greatly disabled
+the animal and undoubtedly was the successful wound which eventually
+gave Sanchez the victory. When he felt himself sufficiently rested,
+he renewed the fight; and, by adopting various manoeuvres, in which he
+was greatly assisted by some adjacent trees, succeeded in putting in
+several telling blows with his knife. Again the animal became aroused
+to madness unendurable, and, gathering himself up for a final effort,
+succeeded in planting a terrible blow on the hunter's head, which once
+more brought him to the ground. From this blow and the previous loss
+of blood, the brave man fainted entirely away. How long he remained
+in this state he could not tell; but, on becoming again conscious,
+he found that the victory was on his side, for the bear had already
+breathed his last. The poor boy, notwithstanding his wounds, as soon
+as the battle was decided; and, as he supposed, at the cost of his
+friend's life, started for a neighboring fort, and, reaching it the
+following morning, reported the affair. A party of men well armed
+immediately marched to the rescue. They found the brave hunter in a
+most pitiful condition, with his flesh terribly mangled, his clothes
+torn into ribbons, and his back and shoulders one mass of lacerated
+wounds. His reason had already become unseated. In his native language
+he would call out to his now visionary foe, "If you are a brave man,
+come on." Although the most delicate care and assistance was rendered
+to Sanchez, it was many weeks before he was able to resume his
+occupation; and, even then, he owed his life to the wonderful
+recuperative powers of his healthy and iron constitution. Had the
+fact been otherwise, he could not have survived his injuries. One more
+brave heart must have yielded its last drop of heroic blood in defence
+of youthful weakness. This picture, because it does not exaggerate the
+facts, we leave with regret; for, it is a pleasure to contemplate
+such nobility of character, whatever be the name which declares the
+governmental allegiance of the hero.
+
+It is not going beyond the bounds of truth to assert that the grizzly
+bear of the Rocky Mountains is as formidable an enemy as the hunter
+is called upon to meet, wherever the hunting-ground and whatever the
+animal which opponents to our assertion may set up. When caught out on
+the open prairie, where he can be attacked on horseback and lassoed,
+the chances are against the bear; but, in a broken country, woe to his
+assailants, unless life is saved by some trick; or, happy fortune; a
+lucky shot; a telling blow, like Sanchez's with his slung-shot;
+or, the fanciful drumming, such as was Kit's, on the noses of
+his antagonists; or, some other equally singular and unlooked-for
+expedient. The weight of one of these monsters often runs as high as
+fifteen hundred pounds; and, their fore paws, which they can manage
+with the greatest dexterity, frequently measure fourteen inches. The
+courage, sagacity and skill invariably evinced by this species of
+bear, when engaged in a fight, is not equaled by any other wild animal
+on the face of the globe, not excepting the lion.
+
+We take pleasure in here giving further publicity to the careful
+research and plain truths which have emanated from the pen of that
+distinguished and successful traveler Dr. Livingston. The new ideas
+which appear in his pages in regard to the courage of the "King of
+Beasts," have served, in a measure, to correct the general impression,
+and to bring down from its high-stilted hyperbole the courage,
+sagacity and terrible power of the lion, which, he states, are
+overrated. We do not desire to contradict published statements any
+farther than our own personal knowledge extends; hence, we give
+our authority for our statements in regard to the lion, very well
+satisfied ourself with Dr. Livingstone's love of truth and earnest
+candor. So much for the lion. Our statements in regard to the Rocky
+Mountain grizzly bear rest upon our own knowledge and investigation,
+gathered in his own haunts and on his own wild domain; and, as such,
+are given upon our own responsibility. Because brave American woodsmen
+can readily conquer the monarch of the American forest; and because
+the chicken-hearted Afric son, or dweller, trembles before the steady
+glare of the Afric King of Beasts, _ergo_ his bearship must in popular
+opinion, play subordinate to his lionship. For the sake of truth,
+we should like to see the Spanish arena once open for a fighting
+encounter between a Rocky Mountain bear and an African lion, full and
+native grown specimens of each. The bull-fights all good men abhor;
+but, such a battle would serve to set at rest a fast-growing doubt
+among naturalists; and, so far, would prove available to science and
+the cause of truth. We would readily stake a purse on the bear.
+
+With the Indians of the West, who live mostly by hunting, among whom,
+nine out of ten would, single handed, readily face a score of native
+lion spearsmen and, we verily believe, put them to flight; a man is
+considered a great brave who, alone, will undertake to kill a grizzly
+bear. If he succeeds, which is very rarely the case, his fortune in
+his tribe is made, once and for all. The reputation he gains will
+cling to and follow him into his grave and form one of the chief
+burdens of the tradition which bears his name to posterity. The
+Indians usually hunt and attack him in large parties; and, when the
+contest becomes really earnest, it requires a most immoderate amount
+of yelling, and fierce cry for the onset, to keep their bravery up in
+fighting trim. The victory is seldom gained without the sacrifice
+of several lives. The mounted hunter almost invariably finds it a
+difficult task to bring his charger even within shooting range of this
+kind of game. On an untrained or young horse the accomplishment of
+this feat is next to an impossibility; for, instinct seems to teach
+them the true character of the game even though they approach it for
+the first time.[7]
+
+[Footnote 7: The author once saw thirty brave and determined men in
+pursuit of an old grizzly bear and her two cubs near the head waters
+of the Arkansas River. In vain they urged their horses to the chase.
+Not a single steed in the entire band could be induced to run for the
+game. The old bear was quite thin and her young nearly half grown and
+were very fleet of foot. The chase lasted for about three miles, but
+not a man present was able to obtain a shot, because their riding
+animals were so completely frightened as to be almost unmanageable;
+consequently, the bears made good their escape. The last that was seen
+of them was their dim outlines as they traveled leisurely up a deep
+ravine.]
+
+Darkness closed in about Kit Carson before he could reach his camp;
+and, indeed, the sky was so cloudy that it was with great difficulty
+he found his way to it. The idea of sending out a pack animal for
+the elk was out of the question; therefore, the whole party went,
+supperless, to bed. In the morning they breakfasted upon a beaver
+found in one of their traps; for, they well knew that, long before
+daylight, the prowling wolves had feasted upon the elk; hence, they
+resigned it without a visit. The flavor of the meat of the beaver is
+not very palatable and the trappers rarely use it; never when they can
+do better. Not so with its tail. To this they are very partial; and,
+when properly boiled, it is, indeed, a great delicacy.
+
+Believing that Bridger would visit this place, Kit ordered his men
+to make a permanent camp. Kit's sagacity was not at fault in this
+hypothesis; for, in fifteen days, this famous old mountaineer made his
+appearance accompanied by his whole band. The two parties once
+more consolidated and started for the summer rendezvous, which was
+appointed to be held on the Green River.
+
+Upon their arrival at this place, they found congregated, all the
+principal trappers of the Rocky Mountains. They were divided into two
+camps, and numbered about two hundred men. The objects which brought
+them thus together were, the disposal of their fur and the purchase of
+supplies.
+
+When all the parties had reported their arrival, the trading commenced
+and was conducted upon a basis which gave general satisfaction. The
+most exorbitant and fabulous prices ruled for such articles as the
+mountaineers required. Sugar and coffee brought two dollars the pint;
+powder, the same; and ordinary blankets were sold at fifteen and
+twenty-five dollars each.
+
+Coffee, sugar, and even flour, were luxuries not every day indulged in
+by the hardy mountaineers. They seldom partook of such dainties; not
+more frequently than two or three times in the year, and then, merely
+as rare treats. Their standard food was game and wild vegetables when
+in their season.
+
+This meeting of the trappers continued in progress during two months.
+It was then dissolved; and, once more the bold mountaineers formed
+into bands of a size convenient for trapping, and started out to
+engage in the fall hunt. Kit Carson joined a party of fifty men which
+was bound for the country occupied by the Blackfeet Indians, and which
+lies on and adjacent to the head waters of the Missouri River. The
+party met with very poor success in catching beaver, but had their
+fill of annoyances from the tribe of savages already referred to.
+Finally the state of affairs between the trappers and the Indians
+became so desperate, that a white man could not leave his camp and
+go a distance of a single mile alone without being fired upon, so
+completely and untiringly was their camp surrounded and watched by
+this wily and dangerous tribe of Indians.
+
+This state of affairs led them to the determination to quit the
+country, as the trapping season was far advanced. With this line of
+policy they began the march; and, in the month of November, 1832,
+arrived on the banks of the Big Snake River where they established
+winter quarters and remained until the subsequent February.
+
+During these winter months, the quiet monotony of their life was
+unexpectedly broken in upon by a band of their old enemies, the
+Blackfeet Indians. Taking advantage of an unusually dark night they
+entered the camp and succeeded in running off eighteen of their
+horses. In consideration of their leniency displayed towards them when
+they were engaged trapping in their own country, then merely acting
+on the defensive, this act on the part of the savages appeared to the
+trappers to be more than they ought peaceably to bear. Such appeared
+to be the general opinion, and it was determined that a party should
+be sent out to recover the property and inflict a chastisement upon
+the hostile savages which they would not soon forget. Kit Carson with
+eleven men to accompany him was selected for this delicate but highly
+important service. Having prepared everything for the route, the party
+started and after fifty miles of sharp riding through the snow,
+came up with the savages. The progress of the Indians had been,
+fortunately, considerably retarded by the necessity of breaking a
+path through the deep snow, which had but very recently fallen. The
+trappers instantly made an attempt to recover their animals which were
+found grazing on the side of a hill, the Indians having previously
+come to a halt. In doing this, shots were exchanged by both parties
+without effect. The savages had on snow shoes which gave them
+considerable advantage over the trappers. After some manoeuvering, the
+Indians asked for a parley which was granted. On these occasions, it
+is customary for one man from each party to advance to a spot about
+halfway between the contending parties and there have a talk. The
+rascals, through their representative, informed the trappers through
+their representative, that they had supposed that they had been
+committing a robbery upon the Snake Indians; and, that they did not
+desire to steal from the white men.
+
+The trappers, believing these tales to be false, considered this a
+mere ruse on the part of the Indians to make them unwary of passing
+events. However, they put the very natural query to them, why, if they
+were so friendly disposed, they did not follow out their usual custom;
+and, on seeing them approach, lay down their arms and advance to meet
+their white brothers, so that they might have a smoke together and
+talk over their difficulties and thus amicably settle matters.
+
+Their replies to this query contained nothing but evasions. Finally,
+however, it having been mutually agreed upon, both parties disarmed
+and marched to the place where their representatives were talking. The
+Calumet was then prepared, lighted and handed around to each person
+present, it being puffed once or twice by every one of the savages
+and every one of the whites. The council then commenced. The head
+men among the savages led off by making several lengthy and unmeaning
+speeches. In their replies, the trappers came directly to the point,
+and said they could hear no overtures for peace, until their property
+was restored to them. The Indians, upon hearing this demand several
+times repeated, began to presume upon their strength, assuming an
+overbearing demeanor. After considerable talk among themselves, they
+sent out and brought in five of the poorest horses, declaring that
+it was the only number they could return. The trappers, upon hearing
+this, ran for their arms; when, the Indians instantly started for
+theirs. The fight was now renewed by both parties. Kit Carson, in the
+rush made for the rifles, and one of his companions named Markhead,
+succeeded in getting hold of their weapons first; and consequently,
+they formed the advance in the return to the contest. They selected
+for their antagonists, two Indians who were close together; but, who
+were partially concealed behind separate trees. As Kit was on the
+point of raising his rifle to fire he saw by a quick side glance at
+Markhead, that he was working at the lock of his gun without paying
+attention to his adversary who was aiming at him with, almost, a
+certainty of killing him. Kit instantly changed the direction of his
+rifle and fired, sending a bullet through the heart of Markhead's
+adversary; but, in thus saving the life of his friend, he was obliged,
+for the instant, to neglect his own adversary. A quick glance showed
+him the fellow sighting over his rifle and that the mouth of the
+Indian's gun covered his breast. Upon the instant he endeavored to
+dodge the bullet, but he was unsuccessful in doing so completely. It
+struck him in such a way that, first cutting the skin of his neck and
+glancing, it passed through his left shoulder. The head of the bone,
+of the arm in the shoulder was shattered; but, fortunately, the
+main artery of the arm escaped injury. Notwithstanding his wound Kit
+immediately endeavored to reload his rifle. In this effort he was
+unsuccessful, for his left arm hung powerless by his side. He was
+obliged, therefore, to remain a mere spectator during the remainder
+of the fight; when, being overcome by the loss of blood and the
+consequent fast increasing weakness, he threw himself upon the ground.
+The fight continued to be hotly contested by both the trappers and
+Indians until, gradually, the firing ceased, when the trappers drew
+off and went into camp. They did not dare to light any fires, as they
+would inevitably bring the Indians upon them. With nothing but their
+saddle-blankets to protect them from the bitter cold, even the safe
+and sound members of the party suffered severely. Kit's condition
+failed not to arouse the heartfelt sympathy of his friends, for there
+was not one among them who would not have readily risked life and limb
+to save Kit's. But his condition was most critical; at the least, he
+was in a most unenviable condition. His wounds bled profusely,
+and, the blood, as it oozed out, froze to the rude dressings. This,
+undoubtedly, in the final result, was beneficial to him, as the cold
+acted as a partial check upon the hemorrhage. It was, however, none
+the less painful to endure. He bore his agonizing sufferings without
+a single murmur, exhibiting in patient fortitude and resignation the
+same brave spirit and dauntless courage which distinguished him in
+every action. Not once did a single complaint escape from his lips.
+Had he received this wound within the pales of civilization with its
+concomitant constitution, he might never have recovered the use of
+his arm. In the pure air, and with a constitution in the best possible
+trim, after all danger from hemorrhage had passed, his chances to
+recover were favorable; and, finally, resulted in giving him once
+more, the full use of his arm.
+
+That night the trappers held a council. It was decided, that, although
+the result of the fight had been that they had given the Indians a
+sound thrashing, there having been several braves killed while they
+had suffered only in one wounded, they were, nevertheless, not then
+strong enough to pursue the savages farther. They adopted therefore
+the policy of returning to the camp and reporting their progress.
+
+On their arrival, a council was immediately called and their
+adventures duly rehearsed. The result was that a second party was
+immediately organized comprising thirty men. Under the command of
+Bridger, this party followed the trail for some days, but returned to
+camp without finding the savages. They, after their late engagement,
+had made their way as fast as possible into distant parts. A short
+time after this, the weather moderated and it was time for the spring
+hunt.
+
+This was now commenced and continued quite active for several weeks on
+the Green and Snake Rivers. The success of the trappers was far beyond
+their most sanguine expectations. Beaver fur seemed absolutely to
+rain down upon them. The season having passed, they went into summer
+rendezvous on the banks of the Green River. This was brought about
+by the arrival of the traders with their supplies. The whole force of
+trappers, therefore, again rested until the first week of September;
+when, they again broke up their camp for the fall hunt.
+
+Some time previous to this last named event Kit Carson, having
+recovered from the effects of his wounds, was very reluctantly drawn
+into an "affair of honor." The circumstances of this occurrence we
+give in detail for two reasons. It was an event in Carson's life,
+and therefore is required at our hands; but, it serves to exhibit the
+manner of the duello among these western mountaineers which throws
+around the circumstance the importance of an example in their manners
+and customs. By itself, so far as Kit Carson was concerned, it was of
+very little importance, serving but little, in his opinion, to adorn
+the story of his life.
+
+Among the men congregated at the rendezvous, there was a Captain
+Shunan, a powerful Frenchman. The Captain was exceedingly overbearing
+in his intercourse with all around him. Upon the slightest pretext, he
+was sure to endeavor to involve some of the trappers in a quarrel.
+The result was that he was heartily despised by all, although, for the
+sake of peace, he was allowed to go unmolested. One day his conduct
+was particularly offensive to the entire command; for, after having
+had two fist fights with a couple of weak and inoffensive men,
+he commenced boasting that he could easily flog all the Frenchmen
+present; and, as to the Americans, he said that "he could cut a stick
+and switch them." Such actions and manners, at last, attracted Kit
+Carson's notice and caused him to be greatly annoyed. He thought the
+matter over and concluded that if Captain Shunan was allowed to gather
+many more such detestable laurels, he would soon become even more bold
+and troublesome. As no other member of the company seemed disposed to
+put a check upon such unmanly behavior, he quietly determined to make
+the affair his own.
+
+An opportunity soon presented itself. A number of the company had
+congregated together and were engaged in conversation, when Captain
+Shunan began anew his bullying language; this time a little more
+boisterous than usual. Kit Carson advancing into the centre of the
+company and placing himself in front of the Captain thus addressed
+him:
+
+"Shunan, before you stands the humblest specimen of an American in
+this band of trappers, among whom, there are, to my certain knowledge,
+men who could easily chastise you; but, being peaceably disposed,
+they keep aloof from you. At any rate, I assume the responsibility of
+ordering you to cease your threats, or I will be under the necessity
+of killing you."
+
+To this Captain Shunan did not reply; but, immediately after Kit
+Carson had closed his remarks, he turned upon his heel and walked
+directly for his lodge.
+
+Kit Carson was too well versed in trapper rules not to read the
+meaning of this action. He, therefore, walked off also; but, in
+the direction of his own lodge. In a brief space of time, both men
+appeared before the camp, each mounted on their respective horses. The
+affair had drawn together the whole band, and they were now, quietly,
+so many witnesses of the facts here recorded.
+
+Captain Shunan was armed with his rifle. Kit Carson had taken merely
+a single-barrel dragoon pistol which happened to be the first weapon
+that had fallen in his way, because of his hurry to be on the ground.
+The two men now rode rapidly towards one another, until their horses'
+heads almost touched, when both horsemen reined up, and Kit Carson
+addressed Captain Shunan as follows:
+
+"Am I the person you are looking for?"
+
+Captain Shunan replied, "No!"
+
+It was apparent that this reply of Captain Shunan was a falsehood;
+for, while giving it utterance, he raised his rifle in the act of
+shooting, bringing it to his shoulder and covering his antagonist.
+Before, however, Captain Shunan could discharge his gun, the ball from
+Kit Carson's pistol shattered his forearm, causing the rifle to tilt
+upwards, which changed the direction of its contents in such a
+way that Kit Carson received a wound in his scalp while the powder
+severely burnt his face.
+
+[Illustration: Before, however, Captain Shunan could discharge his
+gun, the ball from Kit Carson's pistol shattered his forearm.--PAGE
+100.]
+
+It was the universal opinion of the spectators of this unhappy scene
+that both parties fired nearly at the same instant. The facts of the
+case show very plainly, first, that Captain Shunan's intent was to
+kill his antagonist. Why did he aim at Kit Carson's breast? Second,
+that Kit Carson's shot was delivered perhaps a second or two in
+advance of Captain Shunan's; third, that Kit Carson did not desire to
+kill his antagonist, but merely to save his own life, by disabling
+his adversary. The fact that his shot struck first and hit Captain
+Shunan's right arm is sufficient proof of this. When Kit Carson's
+well-known and indisputable skill with all kinds of fire-arms is taken
+into the account; and that, notwithstanding this skill, he hit his
+adversary in one of only two places (his right or left arms) which
+would have rendered his aim with the rifle uncertain, the statement
+that Kit Carson did not intend to kill his adversary becomes an
+incontrovertible fact. Last, had Kit Carson not gained a second in
+advance in the firing, he would have lost his own life, inevitably;
+and, the emphatic "No!" the lie of his antagonist, would have been
+crowned with success. Such plain deception seldom is allowed to
+triumph by an all-wise Providence.
+
+In judging Kit Carson in this matter, the reader will commit an
+ungenerous error if he fails to allow to be placed, in the balance of
+judgment, the stirring deeds and daily hair-breadth risks Kit Carson,
+during so many years of his eventful life, was constantly called upon
+to take a part in and undergo. We take leave of this unfortunate scene
+in his life, feeling confident a just public opinion will see in it no
+cause to pluck from the brow of Kit Carson any of the laurels which it
+has been called upon to place there. As a man of truth, honor, virtue,
+and reverence for the laws of his country, Kit Carson has few equals
+and no superior among Americans. It needed not this incident to
+establish his courage; that had long been proven to be undoubted. Nor
+did the result elate his feelings in the least. He met his companions
+without a smile, and invariably expressed his regrets that he felt it
+to be his duty, for the good order and peace of the camp, to interfere
+in the matter. On the other hand, when he espoused the cause of the
+majority in maintaining the right, he was not a man to be easily
+thwarted. When the affair was ended, Kit was congratulated and
+received the thanks of nearly every individual present; for, each felt
+that a load of most vexatious and troublesome responsibility had been
+taken from his shoulders. The good fellowship immediately introduced
+into the camp was also a circumstance of mark.
+
+The wounded man was carried to his quarters and every attention shown
+him in the power of his companions. His punishment had the effect
+completely to subdue him.
+
+These duels among the old trappers of the Rocky Mountains were not
+very unfrequent occurrences. Men, situated as they were, beyond the
+reach of the mighty arm of the law, find it absolutely necessary to
+legislate for themselves. It is not within our province to advocate
+either the right or wrong of duelling; for, with the best of
+reasoning, there will always exist a difference of opinion on the
+subject. In the case of these mountaineers, when any serious offence
+was given, the man receiving the injury to body or fame held the right
+of demanding satisfaction. The interests of the entire band required
+an immediate settlement of difficulties, so that their future plans
+could be carried out in concert. In their dealings with each other
+they were strictly honorable; and when by any mischance a rogue crept
+into their ranks, if detected in any rascality, he was summarily and
+severely dealt with. Their duels were serious events; for, oftentimes
+both men were killed. In fact, the case could hardly be otherwise.
+They were men of unflinching courage, and their weapons were generally
+rifles, which, from long practice, they held with a certain and deadly
+aim. We cannot better close this passage in the life of Kit Carson
+than to quote the language held in 1846 by the Biographer[8] of the
+great explorer, JOHN CHARLES FREMONT:
+
+"He" (Christopher Carson) "is a remarkably peaceable and quiet man,
+temperate in his habits, and strictly moral in his deportment. In a
+letter written from California, in 1847, introducing Carson as the
+bearer of dispatches to the government, Col. Fremont says: 'with me,
+Carson and truth mean the same thing. He is always the same--gallant
+and disinterested.' He is kind-hearted, and averse to all quarrelsome
+and turbulent scenes, and has never been engaged in any mere personal
+broils or encounters, except on one single occasion, which he
+sometimes modestly describes to his friends. The narrative is fully
+confirmed by an eye-witness, of whose presence at the time he was not
+aware, and whose account he has probably never seen or heard of. I
+shall tell the story as it is gathered from them both.[9]
+
+[Footnote 8: Charles Wentworth Upham.]
+
+[Footnote 9: The reader will easily correct the few discrepancies
+of facts contained in this statement, by the narrative which is from
+Carson himself, and given with a view to publication.]
+
+"In the year 1835, the Rev. Samuel Parker made an exploring and
+missionary tour, under the auspices of the American Board of
+Commissioners for Foreign Missions, beyond the Rocky Mountains, and as
+far as the settlements on the Columbia River. In his printed journal
+he gives an account of the incident to which I am referring; it
+occurred on the 12th of August, at a point on the borders of Green
+River, beyond the South Pass, on the occasion of a 'rendezvous,' that
+is, on a spot selected for Indians, trappers, and hunters to bring to
+market their peltries, and obtain supplies from the agents of the Fur
+Companies. There was a large concourse of savage tribes, and all the
+various denizens of the wilderness. There were Frenchmen, Spaniards,
+Dutchmen, Canadians, and Western backwoodsmen. The Rev. Mr. Parker
+happened to be there, to witness the strange gathering. Of course
+there were some rude characters, and not a little irregularity and
+disorder. Conflicts were liable to arise between quarrelsome persons,
+growing out of the feuds among the tribes, and animosities between the
+representatives of different nations, all actuated by pride of race or
+country.
+
+"A hunter, named Shunan, a Frenchman, who was well known by the title
+of the 'big bully of the mountains,' mounted his horse with a loaded
+rifle, and dashing defiantly around, challenged any person, of any
+nationality, to meet him in single combat. He boasted of his
+exploits, and used the most insulting and irritating language, and was
+particularly insolent and abusive towards Americans, whom he described
+as only worth being whipped with switches. Kit Carson was in the
+crowd, and his patriotic spirit kindled at the taunt. He at once
+stepped forward and said, 'I am an American, the most trifling one
+among them, but if you wish to die, I will accept your challenge.'
+Shunan defied him. Carson at once leaped upon his horse, with a loaded
+pistol, and both dashed into close conflict. They fired, almost at the
+same moment, but Carson an instant the quickest. Their horses' heads
+touched. Shunan's ball just grazed Carson's cheek, near the left eye,
+and cut off some locks of his hair. Carson's ball entered Shunan's
+hand, came out at the wrist, and passed through his arm above the
+elbow. The bully begged his life, and it was spared.
+
+"This put an effectual stop to all such insolent proceedings, and
+Americans were insulted no longer. Carson is still living, being yet,
+indeed, in his prime. His faithful commander has recorded his name
+on the geography of the continent, by calling after him a river and a
+lake, in the great basin they explored together."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+    The Fall Hunt--McCoy of the Hudson's Bay Company organizes a
+    Trapping Party which Kit Carson joins--The Hunt--Scarcity of
+    Beaver on Humboldt River--The Party is divided--Kit Carson
+    with a majority of the Men goes to Fort Hall--Hardships and
+    Privations met with--Buffalo Hunt--All their Animals stolen
+    in the Night by a Party of Blackfeet Indians--Arrival of McCoy
+    from Fort Walla Walla--The Rendezvous--Kit Carson joins a
+    strong Band--The Small Pox among the Blackfeet Indians--The
+    Crow Indians on good terms with the Whites--Intense
+    Cold--Immense Herds of Buffalo--Danger of their goring to
+    death the Horses--The Spring Hunt--The Blackfeet Indian
+    Village overtaken--A desperate Fight with these Indians--The
+    Rendezvous--Sir William Stuart and a favorite Missionary--Kit
+    Carson goes an a Trading Expedition to the Navajoe
+    Indians--The Return--He accepts the post of Hunter of the
+    Trading Post at Brown's Hole.
+
+
+Arrangements for the fall hunt were now in active progress among the
+trappers. Though the reader may find some similarity of fact and idea
+as we progress in this part of the Life of Kit Carson, the interest
+which hangs about it, nevertheless, will not, or should not be
+dampened, because this pen-painting of his long and active experience
+is a better and more faithful exhibit of those qualifications,
+knowledge and skill which afterwards made him, first the guide and
+then the bosom friend of the illustrious Fremont, than any assertions
+whether authenticated by published record, whether rested upon
+statement on knowledge, information and belief of acquaintances and
+friends, or, whether facts taken from the thousand allusions to his
+exploits which have from time to time flooded the press of the United
+States.
+
+The company of trappers which had been so fortunate as to secure the
+services of Kit Carson, for facts seem now to warrant us in employing
+this language of just praise, set out for the Yellow Stone River,
+which stream they safely reached, and on which they set their traps.
+Dame Fortune here seemed to be in unpleasant mood. Crossing the
+country from the Yellow Stone to the Big Horn River, they again
+courted the old lady's smile with stoical patience, but with no better
+results. They next extended their efforts to the three forks of the
+Missouri River; also, to the Big Snake River. The fickle old lady
+proved scornful on all these streams, and finally, on the latter
+stream and its tributaries they wintered.
+
+In this section of the country they fell in with Mr. Thomas McCoy,
+a trader who was in the employ of the Hudson's Bay Company. In his
+trading operations Mr. McCoy had been unsuccessful and had concluded
+to organize a trapping expedition. The inducements which he held out
+led Kit Carson and five of his companions to become members of his
+party. With him they traveled to Mary's River,[10] from whence reports
+had circulated that beaver existed in great abundance. The party
+struck upon this stream high up and slowly followed it down to
+where it is lost in the Great Basin. Their success here was not
+satisfactory; consequently, the party returned to the Big Snake River.
+By McCoy's direction the party tarried upon this river for some time
+when it was divided. McCoy and a small escort started for Fort Walla
+Walla. Kit Carson and the majority of the men took up their line of
+march for Fort Hall. While en route, the latter division was subjected
+to the greatest privations imaginable. Among the worst of these was
+hunger, as their trail led through a barren region of country. For a
+short time, they managed to subsist upon a small supply of nutritious
+roots which had been provided in advance. This source finally gave
+out, when their affairs assumed a most desperate attitude. To keep
+from starving, they bled their mules and drank the warm red blood with
+avidity, so acutely had the days of fasting sharpened their appetites.
+This operation, however could not be repeated without endangering the
+lives of their animals. These also were on a short allowance of food,
+for the grass was very poor and scanty. The whole party had become
+frightfully reduced in strength, and began to think it necessary to
+kill some of their animals, which at this time they could but ill
+spare. In this terrible condition they met with a band of Indians who
+proved to be of a friendly disposition. The party was then only
+about four days' journey from Fort Hall. Most unhappily, the Indians
+themselves possessed but a scanty supply of provisions, and no more
+than their immediate wants required. It was not without considerable
+manoeuvering and talk, during which all the skill and Indian
+experience possessed by Kit Carson were brought into active
+requisition, that the savages were prevailed upon to trade with the
+trappers. By the trade the half famished men obtained a fat horse,
+which was immediately killed, and on which they regaled with as much
+relish as the epicure in the settlements enjoys his "joint of roast
+beef."
+
+[Footnote 10: We give the name which was applied to this river at the
+date of the facts related in the text. It is now called the Humboldt
+River.]
+
+To a man not accustomed to this kind of meat, mule flesh and horse
+flesh would not be likely to prove over tempting or appropriate
+viands. Let him feel the pangs of hunger very sharply, and his ideas
+of lusciousness and propriety in respect to food will rapidly change.
+The civilized world has condemned the practice as belonging to
+barbarians. A mountaineer, not being quite so fastidious, scouts these
+ideas, considering them foolish prejudices of people who have never
+been forced by necessity to test the wisdom of their condemnation. Let
+the epicurean sages have their choice, eat horse flesh or starve,
+and, they confidently maintain, horse flesh would gradually grow to be
+considered a dainty, the rarer over beef, in proportion to its greater
+cost.
+
+The trappers of the western prairies, who wander thousands of miles
+over barren as well as fertile lands, where game cannot exist from
+stern necessity, are compelled to submit to all kinds of vicissitudes;
+but, with buoyant spirits, they conquer results, which, a faint heart
+and yielding courage would behold almost in their grasp but fail to
+reach.
+
+An emergency calls forth skill and great energies; and, in an
+unexplored country where, as in the case here recorded, everything
+living suddenly disappears, it is then that the wits of a trapper save
+his life when an ordinary traveler would lie down and die.
+
+Kit Carson and his men, at last, succeeded in reaching Fort Hall. They
+were kindly received and amply provided for by the whites who then
+occupied it as a trading post. Here they rapidly recruited their
+strength, and in the course of a few days felt able to start out upon
+a buffalo hunt. Reports had come in that large numbers of buffalo
+existed in close proximity to the Fort. Kit Carson and his men were
+not the kind who live upon the bounty of others when game can be had
+in return for the necessary effort to find. They were also not the
+men to hoard their stock of provisions whenever they met parties in
+distress. The first query which different bands of trappers offer
+to each other on meeting in the wilderness, is, "Does game exist in
+plenty," or "is game plenty in such and such sections of country?"
+This takes precedence over the commonplace question, "What's the
+news?" Oftentimes, when venturing into distant and unexplored
+districts of territory they were obliged to take their chances of
+finding sustenance; but, they hardly ever neglected an opportunity
+to inform themselves on the subject: on the contrary, they often
+sacrificed both time and profits in order to secure correct details.
+Any other course would have been fool-hardy rashness, just fit for
+parties of over-bold inexperience to take the consequences of.
+
+Hunting the buffalo is a manly and interesting sport; and, as Kit
+Carson on this occasion engaged in it with successful results, it
+might be interesting to the general reader, and, in this place the
+unity of the narrative seems to require, a complete and practical
+description of the manner of taking the buffalo. We have, however
+deferred this part of our duty to an occasion when Kit Carson had
+his friend John C. Fremont upon his first buffalo hunt. We shall then
+permit the bold Explorer to tell the story of a buffalo hunt in our
+behalf.[11]
+
+[Footnote 11: See page 161.]
+
+During their sojourn at Fort Hall, the hardy trappers were not idle.
+Besides the calls upon them by the hunt, they set to work with great
+industry repairing their saddles, clothing and moccasins. With the
+aid of a few buck-skins, usually procured from Indians, and a few rude
+tools, they soon accomplished wonders.
+
+To give the reader an appropriate view of the genius to conquer
+obstacles displayed by the mountaineers, he must picture one of them
+just starting upon a long journey over the prairies and through
+the mountains. His wagon and harness trappings, if he chances to be
+possessed of worldly effects sufficient to warrant him in purchasing a
+first-class outfit, present a neat and trim appearance. Follow him
+to the point of his destination, and there the reader will discover,
+perhaps, a hundredth part of the original vehicle and trappings.
+While en route, the bold and self-reliant man has met with a hundred
+accidents. He has been repeatedly called upon to mend and patch both
+wagon and harness, besides his own clothing. Though he now presents a
+dilapidated appearance, he is none the less a man; and, if his name
+is known as a regular trapper and mountaineer, he is immediately a
+welcomed and honored guest. If the broadcloth of a prince covered his
+back, spotless, scientifically shaped and foreign woven, his reception
+would not be more heartfelt and sincerely cordial. It is amusing to
+see the raw-hide patches of harness, wagon and clothing, now become
+dry and hard as oak. To have dispensed with the use of buckskin on his
+route, would have been like cutting off the right arm of the gallant
+pioneer. Buckskin and the western wilds of America are almost
+synonymous terms; at least, the one suggests the other, and therefore
+they are of the same brotherhood. The traveler in these regions of
+this day fails not to learn and appreciate its value. It has not only
+furnished material for clothing, but has been used to repair almost
+every article in daily use. Even the camp and tea-kettle, as well as
+the frying, milk and saucepan, bedstead and hammock, chair and table,
+all have had their buckskin appendage, as fast as any of them have
+become injured or broken.
+
+Everything being in readiness, Carson set out with his followers for
+their hunting-grounds. Their pace was one of so much rapidity, that
+after one day's march they discovered signs of the buffalo. On the
+following morning immense herds were in sight. A suitable place for a
+camp was soon selected, and everything which could impede their work
+well stowed away. The best marksmen were selected for hunters, and the
+remainder of the party detailed to take care of the meat as fast
+as the hunters should bring it in. Poles were planted on the open
+prairies, and from one to the other ropes of hide were stretched. Upon
+these ropes strips of the buffalo meat were hung for curing,
+which consists of merely drying it in the sun's rays. After it is
+sufficiently dried, it is taken down and bound up in bundles.
+During the time of hunting and curing, the trappers feasted upon
+the delicacies of the game, which consist of the tongue, liver and
+peculiar fat which is found along the back of the buffalo. Their past
+sufferings from hunger had made them so determined in the work of
+procuring game, that in a few days they possessed meat sufficient to
+load down all their pack animals. They now thought about returning to
+Fort Hall. Their pace, however, rendered so by their weighty game, was
+very slow. Their old enemies, the Blackfeet Indians, had discovered
+them while engaged in this hunt. They followed them on the march to
+the Fort, the trappers being wholly unaware of their presence; in
+fact, the idea of hostile Indians had not troubled their thoughts.
+
+Two or three nights after they arrived at the Fort, taking advantage
+of a dark evening, the Indians deprived them of all their animals.
+This was the result of carelessness on the part of one of the men,
+which, under the circumstances, was excusable. The party had encamped
+just without the pickets of the Fort, but had taken the precaution to
+secure their horses and mules while they slept, by placing them in the
+_corral_[12] belonging to the station. A sentinel was put upon duty
+over the corral, in order to make everything doubly secure. In the
+latter part of the night, nearly at daybreak, the sentinel saw two
+persons advance and deliberately let down the bars leading into the
+yard and drive out the animals. He mistook these men for two of
+his companions who were authorized to take the herd out to graze.
+Concluding, therefore, without going to them, that he was relieved,
+he sought his resting-place and was soon fast asleep. In the morning,
+anxious inquiries were made for the horses and mules, when a
+very short investigation revealed the truth of matters. It was,
+undoubtedly, very fortunate for the sentinel that he fell into the
+error alluded to. It was very apparent that the two advanced Indians
+who let down the bars were backed up by a strong party. The signs
+of Indians, discovered afterwards, proved this beyond a doubt. Their
+reserve party were posted where the least resistance on the part of
+the sentinel would have been followed by his quick and certain death.
+This successful theft was, no doubt, considered by the Indians a cause
+for great rejoicing. It may have formed the basis of promoting the
+brave who planned and directed it, as the animals had been obtained
+without the loss of a man or even the receiving of a wound. The
+parties living at the Fort were equally as poorly off for horses
+and mules as were now the trappers. The same Indians had recently
+performed the same trick upon them. The loss was most severely felt by
+the trappers, inasmuch as they had not a single animal left upon which
+to give chase. Nothing remained for them to enact, except a stoical
+indifference over their loss and await the return of McCoy, who had
+agreed, after finishing his business at Fort Walla Walla, to rejoin,
+them at Fort Hall.
+
+[Footnote 12: _Corral_, a barnyard.]
+
+This tribe of Indians, the Blackfeet, whose meddlesome dispositions
+have so frequently brought them in contact with Kit Carson in such and
+dissimilar affairs, occupy the country on the Yellow Stone River and
+about the head waters of the Missouri. There are other tribes in close
+proximity, the most important of which is the tribe called the Crows.
+When Kit Carson first entered upon his wild career the Blackfeet
+Indians numbered nearly thirty thousand souls. They were greatly
+reduced in numbers within the next six or seven years, between 1832
+and 1839. In the last-named year, in consequence of the ravages of
+the small pox, heretofore alluded to and which prevailed the
+year previous, they had lost at least fifty per cent. The Indian
+computations of 1850, according to Brownell, give their numbers at
+only about thirteen thousand. They are one of the finest races of the
+American Aborigines. Powerful in frame and development; well trained
+in horsemanship, although in this they are surpassed by the Camanches;
+capable of great endurance; and, usually well fitted as to arms,
+dress, horse trappings, _et caetera_, they generally prove knotty
+customers as enemies. We ought not to pass by this notice of the
+Blackfeet Indians without calling the attention of the inquisitive
+reader to a remarkable proof which is afforded by the whole
+intercourse of these western trappers with the Blackfeet Indians, as
+thus detailed by Kit Carson, of an assertion hazarded some years ago
+by Charles De Wolf Brownell, in his admirable work upon the Indian
+races of North and South America. On pages 465-6, Mr. Brownell comes
+to the defence of the Crow tribe of Indians, which, up to that time,
+had been characterized as a "lawless, thieving horde of savages."
+"But," says Mr. Brownell, "those best acquainted with their character
+and disposition, speak of them as honest and trustworthy." The
+adventures of Kit Carson among both the Crow and the Blackfeet
+Indians, we think, demonstrate pretty conclusively which of these
+contiguous tribes are the horse stealers. The Crows, it will be
+remembered, are more particularly inhabitants of the mountainous
+regions. The Blackfeet have ever been their sworn and implacable foes.
+Their burials of the hatchet have been few and far between, and
+never in deep soil. It is not, therefore, to be wondered at that
+the Blackfeet reputation should extend to the Crows; but, although
+circumstances exist which condemn the latter, they are few in number
+compared with the sins laid by the traders and trappers at the
+tent-doors of the former.
+
+After the lapse of one month McCoy made his appearance and, most
+opportunely, brought an extra supply of animals. The camp was soon
+struck and the whole band started for the rendezvous, which had been
+appointed to convene at the mouth of Horse Creek on the Green River.
+They reached this place after several days of hard travel. As usual,
+trading operations did not commence until all the regular bands
+of trappers had arrived and reported. They were then commenced and
+continued through a period of twenty days. Here Kit Carson left the
+company under McCoy and joined a company under the management of a
+Mr. Fontenelle which numbered one hundred men. This party went to and
+trapped on the Yellow Stone River. On commencing operations the party
+was divided into fifty trappers and fifty keepers. The duties of the
+former were to take the beaver and provide game for food. The latter
+to guard their property and cook. The trappers were now in the midst
+of their sworn foes, the Blackfeet Indians. They felt themselves
+sufficiently strong and were desirous to pay off old scores. They
+therefore trapped where they pleased, being determined to dispute
+the right of possession to the country if attacked. They were not,
+however, molested. A good reason appeared for this, soon after,
+brought by some friendly Indians belonging to the Crow Tribe. They
+informed the whites that the small pox was making terrible havoc with
+the Blackfeet Indians. Thousands were dying and fears were entertained
+that the whole tribe would be cut off. In order to attend to their
+sick they had secluded themselves. The trapping season being nearly
+over, as the streams began to freeze, the party commenced looking out
+for a camping site.
+
+In conjunction with the main body of the Crow nation they proceeded to
+a well protected valley and erected their lodges, making themselves
+as comfortable as possible under the circumstances. As the season
+advanced, the cold became more severe, until at last, it was more
+intense than ever before experienced by the trappers or Indians. Fuel,
+however, was abundant, and, excepting the inconvenience of keeping
+unusually large fires, they suffered but little. Not so with their
+animals. It was with the greatest difficulty that they preserved
+them from starvation. By the most unwearied exertions, however, they
+succeeded in obtaining food enough barely to keep them alive until the
+weather became more mild and auspicious. At one time the crisis was
+so imminent, that the trappers were compelled to resort to cottonwood
+trees, thawing the bark and small branches, after gathering them, by
+their fires. This bark was torn from the trees in shreds sufficiently
+small for the animals to masticate. The Indians of the Rocky
+Mountains, when suffering from hunger, are often driven to the
+extremity of eating this material. For miles, not unfrequently, the
+traveler discovers these trees denuded of their bark, after a party
+has passed through on their way to find the buffalo. The rough,
+outside cuticle is discarded, and the tender texture, next to the body
+of the tree, is the part selected for food. It will act in staying the
+appetite, but cannot, for any great length of time, support life.
+It is dangerous to allow starving animals to eat freely of it; the
+trappers, therefore, feed it to them but sparingly.
+
+The intense cold operated to bring upon them another serious annoyance
+in the shape of immense herds of starving buffalo, which, goaded on
+by the pangs of hunger, would watch for an opportunity to gore the
+animals and steal their scanty allowance of provender. It was only by
+building large fires in the valleys and constantly standing guard that
+the trappers succeeded in keeping them off.
+
+During the winter, to beguile the time, the whites vied with
+their Indian allies in many of their sports. As game existed in
+superabundance, always ready for a loaded rifle, both parties were
+contented and happy. Time flew away rapidly and soon brought again the
+sunshine of spring with the buds and blossoms, gay wild flowers, green
+herbage and forest verdure. For the purpose of procuring supplies,
+the trappers dispatched two messengers to Fort Laramie. They did not
+return and were never again heard from. The conclusion which gained
+belief was, that they had been murdered by the Sioux Indians. The
+party waited as long as they possibly could for the return of their
+two companions, but, finally, were compelled to commence the spring
+hunt without them. They trapped a short time on the Yellow Stone
+River and then went to the Twenty-Five-Yard River. From thence
+they proceeded to the head waters of the Missouri, and, on the most
+northern of its forks, remained some time, meeting with considerable
+success. Here they obtained news of the Blackfeet Indians, which
+showed that the ravages of the small pox had been greatly over
+estimated. They were still nearly as strong, and in character, had not
+at all become subdued. Upon drawing near to the source of this river,
+they discovered that the main village of these savages, their old
+foes, was in close proximity. This was pleasing intelligence to the
+trappers. They had suffered too many unprovoked insults at their hands
+not to desire the avenging of their wrongs and to punish them by way
+of retaliation. During the whole winter, and, in fact, from the
+time the party was first organized, they had anxiously abided their
+opportunity to meet and punish the rascally Blackfeet warriors. The
+old scores, or sores, had been festering too long, and here was a
+chance to probe them satisfactorily.
+
+The party cautiously followed upon the trail which led to the Indian
+encampment until within one day's journey of it. Here they came to a
+halt. Kit Carson, with five men, was sent in advance to reconnoitre.
+Upon approaching the Indians, the reconnoitering party discovered them
+busily engaged driving in their animals to saddle and pack, and
+making such other preparations necessary to the effecting of a hurried
+decampment. Kit and his companions hastened back and reported the
+results of their observations. A council was immediately held which
+decided to send out forty-three picked men to give battle; and, for
+the commander of this party, Kit Carson was unanimously elected. The
+fifty-five men left behind under Mr. Fontenelle had the onerous duty
+of guarding the animals and equipage. It was a part of the programme,
+also, that the latter force should move on slowly and act as a reserve
+in case of need.
+
+Kit Carson and his command were in fine spirits and lost no time in
+overhauling the village. In the first charge they killed ten of the
+bravest warriors. The savages quickly recovered from this blow and
+commenced retreating in good order. For three consecutive hours they
+heroically received a series of these furious and deadly assaults
+without offering much resistance. At the end of this time the firing
+of the mountaineers began to slacken, as their ammunition was running
+low. These experienced and brave, though rascally Indians, soon
+surmised the cause of this sudden change of affairs. Rallying their
+forces, they turned upon their assailants in right good earnest and
+a desperate hand-to-hand engagement ensued. The white men now had an
+opportunity to use their small arms, which told with such terrible
+effect upon their foes that they were soon driven back again. They,
+however, rallied once more and charged so manfully that the trappers
+were forced to retreat. In this latter engagement a horse belonging
+to a mountaineer by the name of Cotton, fell, throwing his rider
+and holding him on the ground by his weight. This happened as he was
+passing a point of rocks. Six of the warriors, seeing the accident,
+instantly hurried forward to take Cotton's scalp. But Kit Carson's
+eagle eye was watching every part of the battle-field and discovered,
+in time to be of service, the danger to which his friend was exposed.
+Although some distance off, Kit sprang from his saddle, and, with
+the leap of an antelope and the rallying cry for his men, was on the
+ground, ready to make a certain shot. His aim and the crack of his
+rifle almost belonged to the same instant of time. It was none the
+less sure. The foremost warrior, a powerful savage, whose fingers
+evidently itched for the scalp of the mountaineer, fell, shot through
+the heart. By this time others had followed the bold example of their
+leader, when the five remaining warriors, seeing the imminent danger
+which threatened them, turned to run back into their band. But two of
+them however reached a place of safety. The remainder, caught in
+their fleet career by the unerring and death-dealing bullets of the
+mountaineers, measured their lengths upon the battle-ground, stricken
+with wounds which demanded and received from them their last wild
+war-whoop.
+
+[Illustration: Kit Carson's eagle eye was watching every part of the
+battle-field and discovered, in time to be of service, the danger to
+which his friend was exposed. Although some distance off, Kit sprang
+from his saddle, and, with the leap of an antelope and the rallying
+cry for his men, was on the ground ready to make a certain shot.--PAGE
+120.]
+
+When Kit Carson fired, his horse, being under no restraint, became
+frightened and dashed away, leaving his brave rider on foot. Kit
+however instantly comprehended his position. The fallen horseman had
+succeeded in extricating himself, but not without difficulty, for
+the ground was very uneven. He had received a few pretty severe
+contusions, but was, notwithstanding these, worth a dozen Indians yet,
+and failed not to show the fact. Seeing Cotton thus all right, Kit
+Carson made his way to one of his companions, and, as the fighting
+had, apparently by mutual consent, ceased for a few moments, mounted
+up behind him and thus rejoined the main body of his men. The runaway
+horse, after quite a chase, was soon captured by a trapper and
+returned to his captain. A period of inactivity now reigned over the
+battle-field, each party apparently waiting for the other to again
+open the ball. During this resting spell, the reserve division of the
+trappers came in sight, having been anxiously expected for some time.
+The Indians showed no fear at this addition to the number of their
+adversaries. On the contrary, being no doubt carried away by their
+recent success in making a stand, they commenced posting themselves
+among the rocks about one hundred and fifty yards distant from the
+position taken up by the trappers. The arrival of the reserve was
+a great relief to the advance, because, they were tired of fighting
+without ammunition. Having well filled their ammunition pouches they
+once more became eager for the affray. Everything being in readiness,
+with a cheer, they started on foot to attack and dislodge the enemy.
+In a few moments was commenced the severest skirmish of the day. It
+became so exciting that frequently a trapper would occupy one side,
+and a stalwart warrior the other, of some large rock, each intent
+upon the life of his adversary. In such cases it required the closest
+watchfulness and the utmost dexterity to kill or dislodge the bold
+savage. The power of powder in the hands of skillful men soon began
+to assert its superiority in the battle, and when once the Indians
+commenced to waver, it was all over with them. Their first wavering
+soon broke into a complete rout, when they ran for their lives. As
+they scattered in every direction, the pursuit which followed was
+short. In this battle the trappers considered that they had thoroughly
+settled all outstanding accounts with the Blackfeet Indians, for they
+had killed a large number of their warriors and wounded many more. On
+their side three men only were killed and a few severely wounded.
+
+Fontenelle and his men camped for a few days in the vicinity of the
+scene of their late engagement, burying their dead and repairing
+damages. They then resumed the business of trapping, traversing the
+Blackfeet country whenever they chose without fear of molestation.
+The success in their late engagement seemed to follow them in their
+business, for their stock of fur accumulated rapidly.
+
+While they were encamped upon Green River, an express rider, sent by
+the traders, came into camp and informed the party that the rendezvous
+would be held on Mud River. With a large stock of beaver, the party
+started for that place, arriving in eight days.
+
+Besides the usual traders and trappers, the party met at this
+rendezvous some missionaries and a distinguished English nobleman, Sir
+William Stuart. Of this latter gentleman, Kit Carson says: "For the
+goodness of his heart and numerous rare qualities of mind, he will
+always be remembered by those of the mountaineers who had the honor of
+his acquaintance."
+
+Among the missionaries was "Old Father De Smidt," as he afterwards
+came to be familiarly called. This gentleman is at present well known
+as being a leading literary and religious man at St. Louis, Missouri.
+Perhaps there never was a person in the wilds of America who became
+so universally beloved both by the white and red man. While in the
+mountains, he acted with untiring zeal for the good of all with whom
+he came into contact. Wherever duty called him, there he was sure
+to be found, no matter what the obstacles or dangers spread upon
+the path. He worked during a long series of years in these dangerous
+localities, and accomplished much good. When, at last, he returned to
+civilization, he left an indelible name behind him.
+
+In twenty days after the camp at the rendezvous was formed, it broke
+up again into small parties. Kit Carson, with seven companions, went
+to Brown's Hole. This was a trading post. Here they found two traders
+who were contemplating getting up a business expedition to the Navajoe
+Indians. This tribe exhibits more traces of white blood than any other
+of the wild races in North America. They are brave and fond of owning
+large possessions. These consist chiefly of immense herds of fine
+horses and sheep. In this respect they are not unlike the ancient
+inhabitants of the earth, who "watched their roving store" on Syrian
+soil and the contiguous countries. The parties who desired to trade
+with them usually carried a stock of trinkets and articles of use, for
+which they received horses, mules, blankets and lariets.[13]
+
+[Footnote 13: A lariet is a beautifully made rope, manufactured from
+hides and used for picketing horses out upon the prairies. They are
+worth, in New Mexico, about two dollars each.]
+
+Navajoe blankets are very celebrated in the far west of America, and
+especially in old Mexico, where they are in great demand and command
+high prices. Many of these articles are really beautiful, and, from
+their fine texture, together with the great amount of labor spent in
+their manufacture, are expensive, even when purchased of the Indians.
+The art of weaving these blankets has been long known to the Navajoe
+Indians; and, all the female children belonging to the nation are
+taught the art during their earliest years. It is only after much
+practice, however, that they become expert.
+
+Kit Carson joined the two traders, whose names were Thompson and
+Sinclair, and made the trip with them which they had planned. They
+realized very handsomely from it, bringing back a large drove of very
+fine mules. The animals were driven to the Fort on the South Fork
+of the Platte, where they were disposed of at fair prices. Having
+received his share of the profits, Kit returned again to Brown's
+Hole. The season was too far gone for him to think of joining another
+trapping expedition that fall. He therefore began to look about for
+some suitable employment for the winter. As soon as it became known
+that his services were open for an engagement, several offers were
+made him, all of which he rejected. The reader will doubtless see a
+contrast between the Kit Carson renowned as a trapper and hunter and
+the Kit Carson who, at Taos, only a few years before, was glad to hire
+out as a cook, in order to gain his daily sustenance. For some time,
+strong inducements of high wages had been held out to him by the
+occupants of the Fort, in order to prevail upon him to accept the
+responsible and arduous office of Hunter to the Fort. The task of
+supplying, by the aid of the rifle, all the flesh twenty men would
+naturally consume during an entire winter, formed the duty required
+and expected from this officer. The inducements were so tempting,
+the task so congenial with his feelings, and, withal, the urgent
+persuasions of the men so pressing, that Kit Carson finally accepted
+the offer and entered upon his duties. He soon showed the company that
+he knew his business, and could perform it with an ease and certainty
+which failed not to elicit universal esteem and commendation. When
+the time arrived for him to resign the office in the Spring, he left
+behind him golden opinions of his skill as a marksman.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+    Bridger and Carson trapping on the Black Hills--The
+    Main Camp--The Rendezvous--Winter Quarters on the Yellow
+    Stone--Carson with forty men in a desperate fight with the
+    Blackfeet Indians--A Council--Sentinel posted--One Thousand
+    Warriors come to punish the Trappers--The War Dance--The
+    Courage of the Savages deserts them--Winter Quarters--The
+    Spring Hunt--Another Fight with the Blackfeet--Continued
+    Annoyances--The Trappers abandon the Country--The
+    Rocky Mountains and Alps compared--Other Trapping
+    Expeditions--Beaver becoming scarce--Prices of Fur
+    reduced--Kit Carson and the Trappers give up their
+    Vocation--The Journey to Bent's Fort--Mitchell the
+    Mountaineer--His Eccentricities.
+
+
+In the spring, Kit Carson joined Bridger. With four companions they
+went to the Black Hills to hunt. In the streams adjacent to that
+country, the beaver existed in large numbers and their success in
+trapping was excellent.
+
+Soon after arriving, however, the party broke up. Kit Carson and a
+trapper named Owens made a hunt by themselves and were very fortunate
+in obtaining a large stock of the fur. After which they joined the
+main camp of the trappers on Green River. When the summer was pretty
+well advanced, the camp was broken up and all of its occupants started
+for the Rendezvous, this year held on the Popoayhi, a branch of the
+Wind River.
+
+In the fall, most of the trappers went to the country which lies in
+the immediate neighborhood of the Yellow Stone River. Having trapped
+all the streams there, they went into winter quarters on that stream.
+
+Nothing was heard of their sworn enemies, the Blackfeet Indians until
+about the middle of the winter. A party who were out hunting suddenly
+came upon some signs which, looking suspicious, attracted their
+attention. To these signs they gave a close investigation, and fully
+made up their minds that they were close to the stronghold of their
+foes. Without waiting to follow up the signs they immediately retraced
+their steps and informed their party in camp of their conviction that
+trouble was brewing. A command of forty men was instantly detailed to
+seek out the Indians and give them battle. Kit Carson was once
+more called upon to lead the brave trappers in this expedition, and
+everything was left to his direction and good judgment. Soon after
+commencing their march, the company fell in with a scouting party of
+the enemy in the vicinity of the spot where the fresh signs had been
+discovered. To this party the trappers gave chase, wisely concluding
+they would run for their main body. The result satisfied their
+anticipations. In a short time they found themselves opposed to
+a strong band of the Indians, when, a regular fight was instantly
+commenced. After quite a spirited contest, the Indians gave way and
+retreated, but in good order, to an island in the Yellow Stone River
+where they had previously erected strong barricades. Night put a stop
+to the scenes of the day and further action was deferred until
+the next morning. As soon as the light would again warrant it, the
+trappers plunged into the stream and made for the island, being
+determined to dislodge the Indians. To their great dismay the brave
+savages had already retreated having quietly given them the slip
+during the night.
+
+The result of the battle the day before was now made apparent. It was
+evident that not much powder had been wasted in the action. The snow
+within the fortification was red with fresh blood, and from the place
+a bloody trail led to a hole in the ice of the stream where a large
+number of lifeless bodies had been sunk. There was nothing now to
+be done except to return to camp. Upon their arrival a council was
+convened to devise measures and plans for their future conduct. It was
+quite evident to all that the campaign had but just commenced. It was
+the general impression that the main village of the Blackfeet tribe
+had been located within a few miles. When therefore the news of their
+recent severe loss should be carried there by the survivors in the
+battle, active measures would be set on foot to seek revenge. It was
+the decision of the council that the trappers should act chiefly on
+the defensive. Measures were immediately set on foot to guard against
+surprise. To make everything doubly secure, none but the most trusty
+and well-tried men were detailed to perform sentinel duty. Near their
+camp there was a very lofty hill which commanded a fine view of
+the surrounding country. Upon this eminence they posted a sentinel
+throughout the day time. Their arrangements having been all determined
+upon and plans laid, the execution of them, to men so well skilled in
+frontier life, occupied but little time. Notwithstanding this celerity
+in their movements they had been none too quick. Soon after their
+preparations were fully made, the sentinel on the hill gave his signal
+indicating the approach of the Indians, showing that their precaution
+in this respect had been a wise one. The order was immediately
+given to erect strong breastworks. This task was so successfully
+accomplished, that, in a few hours, they had prepared a little
+fortress, which, covered with their unerring rifles, was impregnable
+against any force the Indians could bring against it. The advance
+party of the savages soon appeared in sight, but when they discovered
+the strength of the trappers, they halted and awaited, distant about
+half a mile from the breastwork, the arrival of the rest of the band.
+It was three days before the whole force of the Indians had arrived.
+They mustered about one thousand warriors. It was a sight which few
+white men of the American nation have looked upon. Arrayed in their
+fantastic war costume and bedaubed with paint, armed with lances, bows
+and arrows, rifles, tomahawks, knives, etc., some mounted and some on
+foot, they presented a wild and fearful scene of barbaric strength
+and fancy. Soon after their last company had reported, the frightful
+war-dance, peculiar to the American savages, was enacted in sight of
+the trappers' position. The battle songs and shouts which accompanied
+the dance reached the ears of the whites with fearful distinctness.
+Any other than hearts of oak with courage of steel would have quailed
+before this terrible display of savage enmity and ferocity. This
+dance, to men so well skilled in the ways of the Indian warrior, was
+a sure signal that the next day would be certain to have a fearful
+history for one party or the other and doubtless for both. The odds,
+most assuredly, were apparently greatly in favor of the savage host
+and against the little band of hardy mountaineers.
+
+The following day the expectations of the trappers were realized. The
+Indians, at the first dawn of day, approached the breastwork,
+eager for the battle. They were, evidently, very much astonished at
+beholding the invincibility of the trappers' position. It was what
+they had not calculated upon and seemed to cast a perfect damper upon
+their courage. After firing a few shots which did no harm, and seeing
+that nothing could be accomplished except by a charge, they commenced
+a retreat. The trappers, though only sixty strong, were filled with
+disappointment and chagrin at the course taken by their wary foes.
+They began to shout to their enemies in derisive terms, hoping
+the taunts would exasperate and draw them into an attack. Nothing,
+however, would tempt them to face the danger, for they withdrew to a
+spot about one mile from the little fort and sat down in council. The
+speeches appeared to be generally opposed to risking an assault; for,
+after the council was dissolved, the Indians divided into two nearly
+equal parties and immediately marched off. One band took the direction
+of the Crow country and the other shaped their course in the direction
+from whence they came.
+
+The trappers remained at their little fort during the winter and were
+not again disturbed by the Indians. Early in the following spring,
+they set their traps on one of the tributaries of the Missouri River
+and finished the hunt on the head of Lewis' Fork. They then departed
+for the rendezvous which was held on Green River near the mouth of
+Horse Creek, remaining there until the month of August and until the
+meeting was dissolved.
+
+Kit Carson, on the breaking up of the camp at the rendezvous,
+accompanied by five other trappers, went to Fort Hall and joined
+a party attached to the "Northwest Fur Company." With this band he
+trapped to the head of Salmon River. Thence they went to Malade River,
+trapping down it to where it empties into the Big Snake River. They
+continued on up this latter river, and then, after trapping on Goose
+Creek and Raft River, returned to Fort Hall. Their stock of fur was
+quite extensive on their arrival here and, an opportunity offering
+to dispose of it, they sold out at a fair valuation. After recruiting
+their strength at the Fort for one month, Kit Carson, accompanied by
+most of the trappers, set out to join Bridger, who was still in the
+country of the Blackfeet Indians. Upon striking the Missouri River,
+signs of trappers were discovered, indicating that, whoever the party,
+or parties might be, they were now above the place where Kit and his
+party then were. With fourteen companions Kit started in advance of
+the main party to overtake, and report who these men were. Towards
+evening of the same day, the advance party came up with the trappers
+and found that they were under the charge of Joseph Gale and in the
+employ of Captain Wyatt.
+
+Gale informed Carson that his command had recently been engaged in a
+closely contested fight with the Blackfeet Indians; that several of
+his party had been wounded, and one, by the name of Richard Owens, was
+at first thought to be mortally so; but, eventually, he had begun to
+recover and now was doing well.
+
+Kit and his men remained one night with Gale. On the following day his
+party commenced setting their traps, intending to proceed up the river
+at a slow pace in order to allow the main party to overtake them. The
+men sent out to set their traps had not gone from the camp over two
+miles before they were fired upon by a party of Blackfeet Indians
+and compelled to retreat. They did so, succeeding in joining their
+comrades without the loss of a single man. The pursuit had been close
+and well sustained by the savages; hence, it became necessary to take
+instant measures in order to insure the safety of the advance. Kit
+Carson, who was the commander of the party, after quietly surveying
+the scene, gave orders for the men, with their animals, to conceal
+themselves, as best they could in the brush. His orders had been
+issued but just in time, for the concealment was barely attained, when
+the Indians were upon them. They were received with a well-directed
+volley from the rifles of the little party, which brought down several
+of the fierce assailants. They recoiled and retreated for a moment.
+The moment was golden to the few white men. Like men who were fighting
+for their lives but who were cool in danger, they made no mistakes
+in reloading their rifles. They were but just ready, however, for the
+second charge. This time the savages came on with unearthly yells and
+desperate courage, seemingly well satisfied that before them stood the
+men whose faithful rifle-talk they had heard before. Kit warned his
+men to keep cool and fire as if shooting game, a warning which was
+entirely unnecessary, for the result was that the savages were again
+driven back with a brave bleeding or dying for nearly every shot
+fired. It was very fortunate that Kit had chosen this position, for
+the engagement lasted nearly the entire day. The loss on the part of
+the Indians was very severe. They did everything in their power to
+force Kit and his party from their cover, but without avail. Every
+time they attempted to charge into the thicket the same deadly volley
+was poured in with never-failing aim, which invariably caused the
+savages to beat a hasty retreat. Before the next attack the trappers
+were ready for them with reloaded rifles. At last, as if driven to
+desperation, the Indians set the thicket on fire, hoping to burn out
+their foes. Most providentially, in this also they were foiled. After
+consuming the outer shrubbery, the fire died out. This was the last
+act attempted by the savages. Seeing the ill-success of their effort
+to dislodge the trappers by fire, they departed. They may have been
+hurried in this leave-taking somewhat by news brought in by their
+spies of the near approach of the main body of the trappers, which
+had arrived at a point about six miles distant from the battle ground.
+They had been prevented from hearing the reports of fire-arms by
+adverse winds, and knew nothing of the fight until informed by the
+trappers engaged in it. When sufficient time had elapsed for the
+Indians to be well out of sight, Kit Carson and his companions left
+their cover and soon found their way into the camp of their friends.
+
+Gale was so continually annoyed by these Indians that he joined the
+other trappers and together they concluded to leave their country.
+Their combined forces, though able to cope with them so far as
+defensive measures were necessary, was utterly powerless to overawe
+them. This made it next to an impossibility for them to continue in
+their country with a hope of success in business. For the purpose of
+getting rid of them, they moved off, some distance, to a small creek
+where beaver were plenty. Trouble followed them, however. The first
+day of their arrival, one of the party was killed by the Blackfeet
+Indians within a short distance, only, of the camp. During the
+remainder of the stay made by the party on this stream, the rascals
+hovered around and worried them to such a degree that a trapper could
+not leave the camp without falling into an ambuscade and being forced
+to fight his way back again.
+
+It became evident to all interested that so long as such a state of
+affairs existed they could not employ their time with just hope of
+advantage. After a short council, it was decided to abandon this
+region of the country and go to the North Fork of the Missouri. They
+soon accomplished their journey and began the business of trapping.
+Proceeding up the river, on the fourth day, they came, suddenly, upon
+a large village of Flathead and Pondrai Indians who were encamped upon
+its banks. These Indians were friendly to the whites. A chief of the
+Flatheads and several of his people joined the trappers and went
+with them to the Big Snake River where they established their winter
+quarters. The winter passed away so quietly that not a single incident
+occurred beyond the usual routine which the imagination of the reader
+can easily supply. It was quite cold that season, and the snow fell
+to a great depth. Everything however was arranged as best conduced to
+comfort, and the trappers found a pleasant and congenial exercise in
+hunting to supply their daily wants.
+
+The winter seasons in the Rocky Mountains are usually fearful and
+severe. There, snow storms form mountains for themselves, filling up
+the passes for weeks, even those which are low being impracticable
+either for man or beast. As a set-off to all this, the scenery is most
+grand provided the beholder is well housed. If the case is otherwise
+and he be doomed to combat these terrible storms, his situation is
+most critical. During the summer months the lofty peaks of this mighty
+chain of mountains, like those of the Alps, are covered with white
+caps of snow. As time, the bright sun and the south wind wear out
+these old-lady head-gearings, no matter what be the part of the year,
+whether the cold days of January, or the hot days of August, the snow
+storms are faithful in replenishing them. It affords a contrast of the
+elements of the grandest conception to stand in the shade of some wavy
+verdure of the valley wiping off the unbidden perspiration from
+the brow, and, at the same instant, look upon a darkly threatening
+storm-cloud powdering the heads of the hoary monster mountains from
+its freight of flaky snow. So far these American giant mountains
+are unsurpassed by their Alpine neighbors of Europe. Not so in
+the glaciers. Throughout the great range, there are none of those
+beautiful glaciers to be found that can compare with those possessed
+by their compeers in Europe.
+
+To the traveler whose taste has led him to wander along the "Great
+back bones," or vertebrae, of the two hemispheres, preparing the mind
+to draw truthful contrast, his pleasantest reveries will find him
+drawing comparisons between them. He is never tired, for the subject
+he cannot exhaust. When, supposing that his conclusions are at last
+made and that the Alps have won the highest place in favor, some
+forgotten scene from America will assume the form and shape of a vivid
+recollection, rife with scenic grandeur and sublimity, restoring the
+Rocky chain to its counterpoise; then, an hour of peril and fearful
+toil will come to memory, and, until the same mental process shall
+bring them again to an equilibrium, the far-famed Alps will descend
+in the balance. Each have their attractions, each their grandeur, each
+their sublimity, each their wonderful, awful silence, each their long
+and glorious landscape views, while, to each, the general contour is
+the same. In the point of altitude, the Rocky chain, as is well known
+to science, has the advantage; but, in historical science and lore,
+the famous Alps stand preeminent. True, it is from ignorance that
+we are led to concede this, because no man can give to the world the
+reminiscences of the Rocky Mountains. Their history, since the first
+red man entered them, must forever rest in oblivion. In scenery these
+mountains of the Western Continent again carry off the palm; for,
+they strike the observer as being more bold, wild and picturesque than
+their formidable rivals. To the foot-worn traveler, who has journeyed
+thirty or forty days upon the level prairies, seeing nothing to
+break the monotony of a sea of earth, the dark outlines of the Rocky
+Mountains, gradually coming into the view, never fail to prove a
+refreshing sight both to the physical and mental eye. They appear
+as if descending from the heavens to the surface of the earth,
+perpendicularly, as though intended to present a perfect barrier over
+which no living thing should pass. This view never fails to engross
+the earnest attention of the traveler, and hours of gazing only serve
+to enwrap the mind in deeper and more fixed contemplation. Is there
+not here presented a field, such as no other part of this globe can
+furnish, in which the explorer, the geologist, the botanist may
+sow and reap a rich harvest for his enterprise? As yet scientific
+research, on questions concerning the Rocky Mountains, is
+comparatively speaking, dumb. But science will soon press forward
+in her heavenly ordained mission, borne upon the shoulders of some
+youthful hero, and once more the wise book-men of the gown and
+slipper, who, surrounded with their tomes on tomes of learned digests,
+are fast approaching the hour when they had better prepare their last
+wills and testaments, will again be distanced in the race and
+doomed to argue technicalities. To the hunter, the real lover of
+and dependent upon the chase, there can be no comparison between
+the mighty Alps and the huge Rocky Mountain Barrier of the American
+Prairies. The one is destitute of animal life while the other bears
+a teeming population of the choicest game known to the swift-leaden
+messenger of the white man's rifle. He who wishes to behold in the
+same gaze, beautiful valleys, highly cultivated by a romantic and
+interesting race, in rich contrast with wonderfully moulded masses
+of earth and stone, covered with a medley of green foliage and white
+snow, let him go to the Alps.
+
+In the following spring Kit Carson, accompanied by only one trapper,
+started out to hunt the streams in the vicinity of Big Snake River.
+The Utah nation of Indians inhabit this country; and, with them,
+Kit Carson stood on a friendly footing. The business of trapping was
+therefore carried on without fear of molestation. The labors of the
+two were crowned with great success.
+
+Loaded with a full cargo of fur they soon after set out for Robidoux's
+Fort, which they reached in safety, selling out their stock to good
+advantage.
+
+Kit Carson made only a short stop at this Fort. As soon as his fur was
+disposed of, he immediately organized a small party consisting of five
+trappers and made a journey to Grand River. After thoroughly trapping
+this river, he established himself at Brown's Hole on Green River for
+the winter. Early in the spring he returned with the same party to the
+country of the Utahs and hunted there for some time. He then went
+to the New Park, where they finished their trapping operations and
+returned to Robidoux's Fort. Here Kit again found a purchaser for his
+furs; but, the prices at which he was obliged to sell them, did not
+at all please him. Within a few years, the value of beaver fur had
+greatly deteriorated. This was caused by the slow demand which had
+gradually ruled at the great emporiums of Europe and America. The
+skill of the manufacturer had substituted a material for the making
+of hats which, while it was cheaper, pleased the great race of
+hat-wearers. The beaver itself was becoming scarce, owing to their
+being so diligently hunted. It was evident to Kit Carson and many
+of his mountaineer companions that their occupation was gradually
+becoming less profitable and that it would soon drive them into other
+employments. Acting upon this impression Kit Carson, accompanied
+by "Old Bill Williams,"[14] William New, Mitchell and Fredericks,
+a Frenchman, started for Bent's Fort, which was then located on the
+Arkansas River near a large forest of cotton wood trees, and which
+is, even at this day, known as the "Big Timbers." The party struck
+the river at a point about one hundred miles above the Fort, where, in
+later years, was built a settlement called St. Charles.[15]
+
+[Footnote 14: William Williams was a most celebrated character in the
+Rocky Mountains, where he lived for many years. At one time he was
+a Methodist preacher in the State of Missouri, which he frequently
+boasted of in after life. Whenever relating this part of his eventful
+career, he used to say that he was so well known in his circuit, that
+the chickens recognized him as he came riding past the farmhouses.
+The old chanticleers would crow "Here comes Parson Williams! One of us
+must be made ready for dinner." Upon quitting the States, he traveled
+extensively among the various tribes of wild Indians throughout the
+far West and adopted their manners and customs. Whenever he grew weary
+of one nation he would go to another. To the Missionaries, he was
+often very useful. He possessed the faculty of easily acquiring
+languages and could readily translate most of the Bible into several
+Indian dialects. His own conduct, however, was frequently in strange
+contrast with the precepts of that Holy Book. He next turns up as a
+hunter and trapper; when, in this capacity, he became more celebrated
+for his wild and daring adventures than before he had been for his
+mild precepts. By many of his companions, he was looked upon as a man
+who was partially insane. Williams proved to be a perfect enigma and
+terror to the Mexicans, who thought him possessed of an evil spirit.
+He once settled for a short time in their midst and became a trader.
+Soon after he had established himself, he had a quarrel with some of
+his customers about his charges. He appeared to be instantly disgusted
+with the Mexicans, for he threw his small stock of goods into the
+street of the town where he lived, seized his rifle and started again
+for the mountains. His knowledge of the country over which he had
+wandered was very extensive; but, when Colonel Fremont put it to the
+test, he came very near sacrificing his life to his guidance. This
+was probably owing to the failing of Williams' intellect; for, when
+he joined the Great Explorer, he was past the meridian of life. After
+bequeathing his name to several mountains, rivers and passes which
+were undoubtedly discovered by him, he was slain by the red men while
+trading with them.]
+
+[Footnote 15: Five years ago this settlement contained, about thirty
+inhabitants, mostly Mexicans. It was frequently subjected to various
+kinds of annoyances from Indians. On one occasion it was attacked by
+the hostile Utahs and Apaches, who killed and carried off as prisoners
+a total of sixteen settlers. Among the slain was a Canadian who fought
+so skillfully and desperately before he was dispatched, that he killed
+three of his assailants. When his body was found, it was literally
+pierced through and through with lance and arrow wounds, while the
+hand, with which he had caught hold of some of these weapons, was
+nearly cut to pieces. Around his corpse, there were a dozen horses'
+tails which had been cut from the horses which were owned by the dead
+warriors, and left there, as a sign of mourning, by the Indians.]
+
+On reaching the river, two of the party, Mitchell and New, concluded
+to tarry awhile in order to gratify their humor for hunting. But Kit
+Carson, with the remainder of the mountaineers, continued on their
+course, and, in three days time, were safely lodged within the walls
+of the Fort. One week subsequently, Mitchell and New followed their
+companions to the Fort, but in a sad plight. They had not suspected
+danger, and, consequently, had failed to guard against it. They had
+been surrounded by Indians and deprived of everything they possessed
+except their naked bodies. In this denuded state they arrived at the
+Fort. They were kindly received and provided for by its noble-hearted
+proprietors; and, for some time enjoyed a respite from all their
+troubles.
+
+This mountaineer Mitchell, full of eccentricities of character, has
+seen the ups and downs of a frontiersman during a long and eventful
+life. He once joined the Camanche nation and became one of their
+braves.[16]
+
+[Footnote 16: White men have frequently enrolled themselves as
+warriors among the American Indians; but they have rarely gained the
+full confidence of the Indians, who, naturally very proud of their
+birthright, view with a jealous eye all intruders.]
+
+In this capacity he won great renown by the efficient and active part
+he took in several engagements between the tribe of his adoption and
+their enemies. His real object in turning Indian was to discover the
+locality of a gold mine which was said to have an existence in some
+of the mountains of northern Texas. Having convinced himself that the
+story of the gold mine, like many of the tales and traditions which
+gain currency in Indian countries, was entirely without foundation,
+Mitchell, with some plausible excuse, bid his red friends good bye and
+sought out his old comrades, the trappers, to whom he ever afterwards
+proved faithful. About two years since, Mitchell paid a trading visit
+to the States. On his route, it became necessary that he should pass
+over the Kansas Territory, just at a time when political difficulties
+there were exciting the people to the highest pitch of anxiety. The
+consequence was, that his views upon the all-absorbing questions at
+issue were frequently asked for by members of both parties. To all
+these queries he invariably replied, professing his ignorance of
+everything that appertained thereto. This caused him to be regarded as
+a dangerous man, and one not to be trusted. He was accordingly treated
+with indifference and silent reserve. This to a mountaineer, who,
+during a long period of years, had met every "pale face" as a brother,
+was insupportable usage. In all haste he finished his business,
+relinquished his contemplated journey through the States, and
+started to return to his home in New Mexico. While upon the road, he
+accidentally fell in with a friend; and, in reply to the question,
+where have you been? said:
+
+"After a lapse of many years, I thought I should like to see the
+_whites_ again; so, I was going to the States. But the sample I've
+seen in Kansas is enough to disgust _a man_ with their character. They
+do nothing but get up war parties against one another; and, I would
+much rather be in an Indian country than in civilized Kansas."
+Mitchell is full of dry humor and commands the faculty of telling a
+good story, which makes him a pleasant traveling companion.
+
+Since the time when Kit Carson first joined a trapping expedition,
+up to the time of his arrival at Bent's Fort, a period of eight long
+years, he had known no rest from arduous toil. Not even when, to the
+reader, he was apparently idle, buried in the deep snows of the Rocky
+Mountains and awaiting the return of Spring, has he rested from toil.
+Even then his daily life has been given up to bodily fatigue and
+danger, frequently in scenes which, although of thrilling interest,
+are too lengthy for this narrative. It has been our purpose thus far
+to present Kit Carson undergoing his novitiate. We regard, and we
+think a world will eventually regard, this extraordinary man as one
+raised up by Providence to fulfill a destiny of His all-wise decree.
+It is premature for us, at this stage of our work, to advance the
+argument upon which this conclusion, so irresistibly to our mind,
+is deduced. We have yet before us an array of historical fact and
+incident to relate, without parallel in the history of nations, and in
+which Kit Carson plays no insignificant part. For these eight years
+of stirring practical life, Kit Carson, relying upon his beloved rifle
+for his sustenance and protection, had penetrated every part of the
+interior of the North American Continent, setting his traps upon every
+river of note which rises within this interior, and tracing them from
+the little springs which originate them to the wide mouths from which
+they pour their surcharged waters into the mighty viaducts or drains
+of the vast prairies, and the mighty leviathan ranges of the Rocky
+Mountains. In this time he had wandered over a wild territory equal
+in its dimensions to nearly all of the empires, kingdoms and
+principalities of Europe combined. His journeys, as it has already
+appeared, were made sometimes on foot and sometimes on horseback. By
+themselves, his travels will be called no trivial undertakings.
+Each fresh adventure led him into regions where but seldom, and more
+frequently never, had a white man trod the soil. He was, therefore,
+now an explorer in every sense of that distinguishing word, with the
+single exception that he had not produced the results which the early
+culture and advantages of a scientific and classical education
+might have brought about. But the history of the world furnishes few
+examples, if indeed any, where the physical training, practical skill
+and knowledge of a country, as possessed by Kit Carson, have been
+united with scholastic lore. At all events, in the wisdom of that
+special Providence which was intending the gold mines of California to
+be consecrated to the advancement of American civilization, with
+its religious freedom, personal liberties and sacred literature,
+the novitiate of Kit Carson was decreed to be wholly of a practical
+nature. But while Kit Carson, with his rifle, was thus reared up
+in character, courage and experience, the same All-wise hand was
+directing the pathway of a mind, equal to accomplish His call, through
+all the labyrinths of Science, History and the Arts, endowing that
+mind with a keenness of intellectual grasp in strange contrast with
+the practical skill of its future guide. Those who see no God in
+nature, no God in events, may batter away at this proposition. The
+record of Kit Carson's future tasks will prove it to be an invincible
+stronghold of theory.
+
+Kit Carson's mind had now become well stored with facts and localities
+which were destined to be made known to the world through his
+connections with others. It is not detracting from the merits of
+any one to assert that, without frontiers-men like Kit Carson, the
+numerous scientific expeditions which have been sent out by the United
+States Government to explore the far West would have returned but
+sorry and meagre records for their employers. After reading some of
+the many printed accounts which parties of a more recent date have
+gathered from their experience while making their way overland to the
+Pacific, and also the sad fate of some brave men with noble hearts
+who have fallen a sacrifice upon the altar of science under the fatal
+blows of hostile savages, attributable no doubt in some measure to
+bad advice, we can thus more easily form a correct judgment of the
+hardships which Kit Carson has been called upon to endure and the
+wisdom or skill which he has displayed in surmounting every obstacle
+on his wild and solitary pathway. The hardships which fell to the lot
+of the "trappers of olden time" also stand out in bolder relief. Out
+of the whole catalogue of labors, from which man, to gain an honest
+livelihood has selected, there is not one profession which presents
+so many formidable obstacles as that under consideration; yet, it was
+with difficulty that the mountaineers could wean themselves from their
+calling even when forced by stern necessity.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+    Kit Carson is employed as Hunter to Bent's Fort--His Career
+    for Eight Years--Messrs. Bent and St. Vrain--The commencement
+    of his Acquaintance with John C. Fremont on a Steamboat--Is
+    employed as a Guide by the Great Explorer--The
+    Journey--Arrival at Fort Laramie--Indian Difficulties--The
+    business of the Expedition completed--Return to Fort
+    Laramie--Kit Carson goes to Taos and is married--He is
+    employed as Hunter to a Train of Wagons bound for the
+    States--Meeting with Captain Cook and four companies of U.S.
+    Dragoons on Walnut Creek--Mexicans in Trouble--Kit Carson
+    carries a Letter for them to Santa Fe--Indians on the
+    Route--His safe Arrival--Amijos' advance Guard massacred by
+    the Texians--The one Survivor--The Retreat--Kit Carson returns
+    to Bent's Fort--His Adventures with the Utahs and narrow
+    escape from Death--The Texians disarmed--The Express Ride
+    performed.
+
+
+It has already appeared that Kit Carson was now at Bent's Fort. Also,
+that his occupation as a trapper of beaver had become unprofitable.
+His services were however immediately put into requisition by Messrs.
+Bent and St. Vrain, the proprietors of what was called Bent's Fort,
+which was a trading-post kept by those gentlemen. The position which
+he accepted was that of Hunter to the Fort. This office he filled from
+that time with the most undeviating fidelity and promptitude for eight
+consecutive years. During all of this long period not a single word
+of disagreement passed between him and his employers, which fact
+shows better than mere words, that his duty was faithfully and
+satisfactorily performed. It is but seldom that such a fact can be
+stated of any employee, no matter what the service. Here, however, was
+an example in which, the nature of the employment would of itself, at
+times, present cause for discord, such as scarcity of game, bad luck,
+and men hungry in consequence. But Kit Carson was too skillful in his
+profession to allow such reasons to mar his fortunes. With the effort
+the game always was at hand; for, it was not his custom to return from
+his hunts empty handed.
+
+Of course Kit Carson's duties were to supply the traders and their
+men with all the animal food they wanted, an easy task when game was
+plenty; but, it would often happen that bands of Indians, which were
+always loitering about the trading post, would precede him in the
+chase, thereby rendering his labors oftentimes very difficult. From
+sunrise to sunset and not unfrequently during the night, he wandered
+over the prairies and mountains within his range in search of food for
+the maintenance, sometimes of forty men who composed the garrison of
+the Fort and who were dependent on the skill of their hunter; but,
+rarely did he fail them. He knew, for hundreds of miles about him, the
+most eligible places to seek for game. During the eight years referred
+to, thousands of buffalo, elk, antelope and deer fell at the crack of
+Kit Carson's rifle. Each day so added to his reputation that it is not
+to be wondered at, considering the practice of his previous life, that
+he became unrivalled as a hunter. His name spread rapidly over the
+Western Continent until, with the rifle, he was the acknowledged
+"Monarch of the Prairies." The wild Indians, accustomed to measure a
+man's greatness by the deeds which he is capable of performing with
+powder and lead, were completely carried away in their admiration of
+the man. Among the Arrapahoes, Cheyennes, Kiowas and Camanches, Kit
+Carson was always an honored guest whenever he chose to visit their
+lodges; and, many a night, while seated at their watch-fires, he has
+narrated to them the exciting scenes of the day's adventures, to which
+they have listened with eager attention and unrestrained delight. When
+arrayed in his rough hunting costume and mounted upon his favorite
+charger Apache, a splendid animal, Kit Carson was a picture to behold.
+The buffalo were his favorite game, and well were they worthy of
+such a noble adversary. In the eyes of a sportsman, the buffalo is a
+glorious prey. To hunt them is oftentimes attended with great danger;
+and, while thus engaged, many a skillful man has yielded up his life
+for his temerity.
+
+The American bison or buffalo seems to demand at our hands a short
+episode from the narrative of Kit Carson's life. This animal has
+several traits of character peculiarly his own. If alarmed, he starts
+off almost instantly and always runs against the wind, his sense
+of smell appearing to be better than his eyesight. What is a most
+remarkable fact, a herd of buffalo, when grazing, always post and
+maintain a line of sentinels to warn the main body of the approach of
+danger. When a strange object comes within sight or smelling distance,
+these sentinels immediately give the alarm by tossing up their heads
+and tails and bellowing furiously. The whole herd instantly heed the
+warning and are soon in motion. Buffalo run with forelegs stiff, which
+fact, together with their ugly-looking humps and the lowness of their
+heads, gives a rocking swing to their gait. If a herd, when in full
+motion, have to cross a road on which wagons are traveling, they
+change their course but little; and, it sometimes happens, that large
+bands will pass within a stone's throw of a caravan. At night they are
+quite systematic in forming their camps. In the centre are placed the
+cows and calves; while, to guard against the wolves, large numbers
+of which always follow them, they station on their outposts, the old
+bulls. The age to which a buffalo may attain is not known; but, it is
+certain that they are generally long-lived when not prematurely cut
+off. When their powers of life begin to fade, they fall an easy prey
+to the small, carnivorous animals of the plains. The attempt has been
+made to domesticate and render them useful for agricultural purposes.
+Hitherto such efforts have invariably failed. When restrained of their
+freedom, they are reduced to mere objects of curiosity.
+
+In hunting buffalo the most important matter for the attention of the
+hunter is to provide himself with a suitable horse. The best that can
+be selected is a trained Mexican or Indian pony. Their familiarity
+with the game and the prairies, over which the hunter must ride at
+full speed, renders these horses quite safe. On the other hand a green
+horse is sure to be terribly frightened when called upon to face these
+ugly-looking animals, and the rider will find he has his hands full
+to manage him without thinking of his game. One great danger to be
+apprehended is the being led into a prairie-dog town. Here a horse
+needs experience to carry his rider through with safety. Upon
+reaching the herd, the hunter dashes in at the cows, which, are easily
+recognized by the fineness of their robes and their smaller forms. The
+white man hunter, of all weapons, prefers a revolver; but, the red man
+uses the lance, and bow and arrows, which he handles with remarkable
+dexterity. The place of election to make the deadly wound is just
+behind the fore shoulder where the long, shaggy mane of the hump
+is intersected by the short hair of the body. The death-wound being
+given, the blood gushes out in torrents and the victim, after a few
+bounds, falls on her knees with her head bunting into the ground. If,
+by chance, a vital organ is not reached, the pain of the wound makes
+the stricken animal desperately courageous. She turns upon her pursuer
+with terrible earnestness ready to destroy him. It is now that the
+horse is to be depended upon. If well trained, he will instantly wheel
+and place himself and rider out of harm's way; but, woe to both horse
+and hunter if this is not done. The lives of both are in imminent
+danger. In case the buffalo is killed, the hunter rides up, dismounts
+and makes his lariet fast to the horns of his game. He next proceeds
+to cut up the meat and prepare it for his pack animals which he should
+have near by. By their aid he easily carries it into camp.
+
+It would doubtless afford many a page of exciting interest could we
+carry the reader through all the varied scenes of the chase in which
+Kit Carson has been the principal actor. To transmit to our narrative
+a choice fight with the fierce old grizzly bear; or, perchance, a fine
+old buffalo bull turning on his destroyer with savage ferocity; or, a
+wounded panther, with its inevitable accompaniment in the shape of a
+hand-to-hand encounter for dear life, each of such could not fail in
+giving interest to the general reader. We are forced, against our
+own conviction of the duty we owe the public as Kit Carson's chosen
+Biographer, to pass by all such acts of his personal daring
+and triumph because of his own unwillingness to relate them for
+publication. Notwithstanding our urgent requests, backed up by the
+advice and interference of friends, Kit Carson is inflexibly opposed
+to relating such acts of himself. He is even more willing to speak of
+his failures, though such are few, rather than of his victories in
+the chase. While the description of these adventures could not fail
+to furnish useful and interesting data, most unfortunately, Kit Carson
+considers that they are uninteresting minutiae which have pertained to
+the every-day business of his life and no persuasion can induce him to
+enter upon their relation. Not so when he is entertaining some of the
+brave chiefs of the Indian nations whose friendship he has won by his
+brave deeds. If they are his guests, or he himself theirs, then their
+delight to hear kindles a pride in his breast to relate. He knows that
+he will not, by them, be called a boaster.
+
+Before quitting the mountains, Kit Carson married an Indian girl to
+whom he was most devotedly attached. By this wife he had one child,
+a daughter. Soon after the birth of this child, his wife died. His
+daughter, he watched over with the greatest solicitude. When she
+reached a suitable age, he sent her to St. Louis for the purpose of
+giving her the advantages of a liberal education. Indeed most of Kit
+Carson's hard earnings, gained while he was a hunter on the Arkansas,
+were devoted to the advancement of his child. On arriving at maturity
+she married and with her husband settled in California.
+
+The libertine custom of indulging in a plurality of wives, as adopted
+by many of the mountaineers, never received the sanction, in thought,
+word or action, of Kit Carson. His moral character may well be held up
+as an example to men whose pretensions to virtuous life are greater.
+Although he was continually surrounded by licentiousness he proved
+true to her who had first gained his affections. For this honoring of
+virtue he is indebted in a measure to the present sway which he holds
+over the western Indian races. While their chiefs are seldom men of
+virtuous act or intent, they are high in their appreciation of, and
+just in their rewards to those whose lives are patterns of honor
+and chastity. The Indian woman, concerning whom no truthful tale of
+dereliction can be told, when she arrives at the requisite age, is
+invested with great power in her tribe. One of their ancient customs,
+well authenticated, was to honor the virtuous women of their tribe
+with sacred titles, investing them, in their blind belief, with power
+to call down the favor, in behalf of the people, of their Manitou, or
+Great Spirit. But every woman who aspired to this honor, was required
+upon a certain day in the year, to run the gauntlet of braves. This
+was sometimes a terrible scene. All the warriors of the tribe, arrayed
+in their fiercest war costume and armed at every point with lance, bow
+and arrow, knife, tomahawk, etc., were drawn up under command of the
+principal chief, in single line. At the head of this line was placed
+a kind of chaplet, or crown, the possession of which by any woman was
+supposed to confer the power of necromancy or magic, rendering her
+able to heal diseases and to foretell events. The line having been
+formed, all of the young maidens of the tribe were drawn up in a body
+at the further extremity and any of them who aspired to the possession
+of the chaplet was at liberty, having first uncovered her back and
+breast as far as her waist, to march before the line of warriors
+within ten paces of their front and, if she lived to reach it, take
+possession of the crown. On the other hand, it was the duty of any
+warrior, who knew aught by word or deed against the virtue of the
+advancing maiden, to kill her upon the spot. If one arrow was shot at
+her, the whole band instantly poured a flight of arrows into her bare
+and defenceless bosom until life was extinct. Again, it was the belief
+of the untutored savage that whatever warrior failed to make his
+knowledge apparent, if he possessed any, by sending his arrow at the
+aspirant, would always be an object of revenge by the Great Spirit
+both here and hereafter; and, that he would always live in the
+hereafter, in sight of the Happy Hunting Grounds, but never be allowed
+to enter them. This latter belief made it a rare thing for young girls
+to brave the attempt; but, sometimes, the candidates were numerous
+and the horrible butchery of the young girls which took place formed
+a terrible expose of their lewdness. To kill an innocent girl was
+equally a matter which would be forever avenged by the Great Spirit.
+
+The warm friendship which sprang up between Kit Carson and the
+proprietors of Bent's Fort, under whom he held his situation
+as Hunter, is a sufficient index of the gentlemanly conduct and
+amiability of heart evinced towards him on their part. The names
+of Bent and St. Vrain were known and respected far and near in the
+mountains, for, in generosity, hospitality and native worth, they were
+men of perfect model.
+
+Mr. Bent was appointed, by the proper authority, the first Civil
+Governor of New Mexico, after that large and valuable country
+was ceded to and came under the jurisdiction of the United States
+Government. He held this distinguished position however only a short
+time; for, in the year 1847, he was most foully and treacherously
+murdered by the Pueblo Indians and Mexicans. A revolution had broken
+out among this turbulent people, and, in his endeavors to stem it,
+Governor Bent was frustrated. At last, being driven to his own house,
+he barricaded the doors and windows. The rascally rioters, after a
+severe contest, succeeded in breaking open his doors; and, having
+gained access to their victim, murdered him in cold blood in the
+midst of his family. The only crime imputed by the mob against this
+benevolent and just man was, that he was an American. His untimely
+death, which was mourned by all the Americans who knew him, cast a
+settled gloom over the community in which he resided. The Mexicans
+were afterwards very penitent for the share they took in the committal
+of this black crime. Although several of the guilty party are still
+living, they have left the country; for, the mountaineers have not
+forgotten the friend whom they esteemed and respected, and will avenge
+his death if ever the opportunity offers.
+
+Cerin St. Vrain, the surviving partner of this celebrated trading
+firm was equally noted. Upon the declaration of war between the United
+States and Mexico, St. Vrain took an active part on the side of his
+country, and, from his extensive knowledge of the Mexican character,
+was enabled to render important services. At the close of the war,
+he became extensively engaged in mercantile pursuits within the New
+Territory, and, by his untiring industry amassed a large fortune. He
+was the first man who discovered and recognized the superior skill of
+Kit Carson as a hunter; and, for his subsequent success in life,
+Kit Carson is much indebted to him. St. Vrain is one of the oldest
+mountaineers now living; and, as such, he is viewed by his old and new
+associates in the light of a father.
+
+As the reader can now easily compute, sixteen years had elapsed since
+Kit Carson commenced his exploits in the Rocky Mountains. During this
+long period, as frequently as once every year, he had sat down to a
+meal consisting of bread, vegetables, meat, coffee, tea, and sugar.
+When dining thus sumptuously, he considered himself as greatly favored
+with luxuries of the rarest grade. Few men can say, with Kit Carson,
+"During sixteen years, my rifle furnished nearly every particle of
+food upon which I lived." Fewer can say with equal truth, that "For
+many consecutive years, I never slept under the roof of a house, or
+gazed upon the face of a white woman."
+
+It was after such an experience as we have endeavored to paint by the
+simple tale of his life thus far, that Kit Carson longed, once more,
+to look upon and mingle with civilized people. For some time before
+he determined to visit the United States, this desire had taken
+possession of his mind and had been growing stronger. The traders of
+the Fort were accustomed, yearly, to send into the States a train of
+wagons, for the purpose of transporting their goods. The opportunity,
+therefore, presented for Kit Carson to gratify his wish. In the spring
+of 1842, one of these caravans started with which Kit Carson traveled
+as a supernumerary. When it arrived within the boundary lines of the
+State of Missouri, he parted from his _compagnons de voyage_ and went
+in quest of his relatives and friends, whom, now, he had not seen for
+over sixteen years. The scenes of his boyhood days, he found to be
+magically changed. New faces met him on all sides. The old log-cabin
+where his father and mother had resided was deserted and its
+dilapidated walls were crumbling with decay. The once happy inmates
+were scattered over the face of the earth while many of their voices
+were hushed in death. Kit Carson felt himself a stranger in a strange
+land--the strong man wept. His soul could not brook either the change
+or the ways of the people. While he failed not to receive kindness and
+hospitality, to which his name alone was a sufficient passport among
+the noble-hearted Missourians, nevertheless, he had fully allayed his
+curiosity, and, as soon as possible, bid adieu to these unpleasant
+recollections. He bent his steps towards St. Louis. In this city he
+remained ten days; and, as it was the first time since he had reached
+manhood that he had viewed a town of any magnitude, he was greatly
+interested. But, ten days of sight-seeing wearied him. He resolved
+to return to his mountain home where he could breathe the pure air of
+heaven and where manners and customs conformed to his wild life and
+were more congenial to his tastes. He engaged passage upon the first
+steamboat which was bound up the Missouri River.
+
+We cannot resist the impulse which here struggles for utterance. Look
+upon that little steamboat as it ascends the mighty Missouri bearing
+in its bosom the man who was destined to point out the hidden paths of
+the mighty West; to mount and record the height of the loftiest peak
+of the American monster mountain chain; to unfold the riches of
+the interior of a great and glorious empire to its possessors, and,
+finally, to conquer with his good sword, preparing the way for its
+annexation to his country, the richest soil and fairest land on earth,
+thus adding one more glorious star to the original thirteen of 1776;
+a star, too, of the very first magnitude, whose refulgent brightness
+shines clear, sparkling and pure for the Truth of Sacred Writ and
+American Liberty. On the deck of that little steamboat, the two men,
+the one the master mind, the giant intellect, the man of research and
+scholastic strength, the scientific engineer; the other, than whom
+his superior as an American mountaineer was not living, stood,
+uninterested spectators of each other; and, each, unconscious why they
+had been permitted to enter the same cabin. The Christian student
+of American history cannot pass by this simple circumstance without
+seeing Heaven's wisdom in such a coincidence; namely, Kit Carson for
+the first time in sixteen years bending his steps to his boyhood home
+just as his sixteen years of mountaineer skill and experience were
+required by one of the master workmen of American Engineering, about
+to enter upon the exploration of inland North America.
+
+Kit Carson wandered over the boat, studying its mechanism, admiring
+the machinery, which, so like a thing of life, subserved the interests
+of human life; watched with quiet reserve the faces and general
+appearance of his fellow-passengers; occasionally, modestly addressed
+an acquaintance, for some present were known to him; and, finally
+singled out from among the strangers a man on whose face he thought
+he discovered the marks of true courage, manhood and nobility of
+character. The impression which Kit Carson had thus received,
+was nothing fleeting. The eagle eye, the forehead, the form, the
+movements, the general features, the smile, the quiet dignity of
+the man, each and all of these attributes of his manhood had been
+carefully noted by the wary and hardy mountaineer, and had not failed
+to awaken in his breast a feeling of admiration and respect. While on
+this boat Kit Carson learned the fact that the man, whom he had
+thus studied, was Lieutenant John C. Fremont of the U.S. corps of
+topographical engineers; also, that Lieutenant Fremont had been
+earnestly seeking Captain Drips, an experienced mountaineer, but,
+that he had been disappointed in finding him. Upon learning this, Kit
+Carson fell into a deep reverie which lasted some little time, when,
+having brought it to a conclusion, he approached Lieutenant Fremont
+and modestly introducing himself, said:
+
+"Sir! I have been some time in the mountains and think I can guide you
+to any point there you wish to reach."
+
+Lieutenant Fremont's answer indicated his satisfaction in making the
+acquaintance which Kit Carson had offered him and that he would make
+inquiries concerning his capabilities of performing the duty for which
+he offered himself.
+
+The inquiries which the then lieutenant instituted, or, at least, may
+be supposed to have instituted, must have been favorable; for, soon
+afterwards, Kit Carson was engaged by Colonel Fremont to act as guide
+to his first exploring expedition at a salary of one hundred dollars
+per month. Upon arriving in Kansas the party prepared for a long
+and dangerous journey which lay before them. The objects of this
+expedition was to survey the South Pass, and take the altitude of
+the highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains, besides gathering all the
+collateral information which they could. The party had been chiefly
+collected in St. Louis. It consisted of twenty-two Creole and Canadian
+voyageurs; Mr. Charles Preuss, a native of Germany, whose education
+rendered him a master in the art of topographical sketching, and,
+towards whom, Colonel Fremont has always extended high and just
+encomium; Henry Brant, a son of Colonel J.H. Brant, of St. Louis,
+nineteen years of age; young Randolph Benton, a son of Colonel Benton,
+twelve years of age; Mr. L. Maxwell, a mountaineer engaged as the
+hunter of the party; and finally, Kit Carson, as guide, making,
+including the commander of the Expedition, twenty-eight souls. On the
+10th day of June, 1842, the party commenced their march. The daily
+routine usually observed on the march was as follows:
+
+At daybreak the camp was aroused, the animals led out and turned loose
+to graze; breakfast about six o'clock, immediately after which, the
+line of march was resumed; at noon there was a halt of one or two
+hours; the march was then again resumed and kept up until within an
+hour or so of sunset, when the order was usually given to encamp; the
+tents were then pitched, horses hobbled and turned loose to graze and
+the cooks prepared supper. At night all the animals were brought in
+and picketed, carts set for defence and guard mounted.
+
+[Illustration: BUFFALO HUNT.--PAGE 161.]
+
+The party had only accomplished a few miles of the march when they
+fell in with the buffalo. Before we pursue the narrative of Kit
+Carson's life we must redeem our promise and allow Col. Fremont to
+describe his own impressions in his first Buffalo Hunt, in which Kit
+Carson and Mr. L. Maxwell were his companions and guides. Col. Fremont
+says:
+
+"A few miles brought us into the midst of the buffalo, swarming in
+immense numbers over the plains, where they had left scarcely a blade
+of grass standing. Mr. Preuss, who was sketching at a little distance
+in the rear, had at first noted them as large groves of timber. In the
+sight of such a mass of life, the traveler feels a strange emotion of
+grandeur. We had heard from a distance a dull and confused murmuring,
+and, when we came in view of their dark masses, there was not one
+among us who did not feel his heart beat quicker. It was the early
+part of the day, when the herds are feeding; and everywhere they were
+in motion. Here and there a huge old bull was rolling in the grass,
+and clouds of dust rose in the air from various parts of the bands,
+each the scene of some obstinate fight. Indians and buffalo make
+the poetry and life of the prairie, and our camp was full of their
+exhilaration. In place of the quiet monotony of the march, relieved
+only by the cracking of the whip, and an '_avance donc! enfant de
+garce!_' shouts and songs resounded from every part of the line,
+and our evening camp was always the commencement of a feast, which
+terminated only with our departure on the following morning. At
+any time of the night might be seen pieces of the most delicate and
+choicest meat, roasting _en appolas_, on sticks around the fire, and
+the guard were never without company. With pleasant weather and
+no enemy to fear, and abundance of the most excellent meat, and
+no scarcity of bread or tobacco, they were enjoying the oasis of a
+voyageur's life. Three cows were killed today. Kit Carson had shot
+one, and was continuing the chase in the midst of another herd, when
+his horse fell headlong, but sprang up and joined the flying band.
+Though considerably hurt, he had the good fortune to break no bones;
+and Maxwell, who was mounted on a fleet hunter, captured the runaway
+after a hard chase. He was on the point of shooting him, to avoid the
+loss of his bridle (a handsomely mounted Spanish one), when he found
+that his horse was able to come up with him. Animals are frequently
+lost in this way; and it is necessary to keep close watch over them,
+in the vicinity of the buffalo, in the midst of which they scour off
+to the plains, and are rarely retaken. One of our mules took a sudden
+freak into his head, and joined a neighboring band to-day. As we are
+not in a condition to lose horses, I sent several men in pursuit,
+and remained in camp, in the hope of recovering him; but lost the
+afternoon to no purpose, as we did not see him again. Astronomical
+observations placed us in longitude 100 deg. 05' 47", latitude 40 deg. 49'
+55".
+
+"_July 1._--As we were riding quietly along the bank, a grand herd of
+buffalo, some seven or eight hundred in number, came crowding up from
+the river, where they had been to drink, and commenced crossing
+the plain slowly, eating as they went. The wind was favorable; the
+coolness of the morning invited to exercise; the ground was apparently
+good, and the distance across the prairie (two or three miles) gave
+us a fine opportunity to charge them before they could get among the
+river hills. It was too fine a prospect for a chase to be lost; and,
+halting for a few moments, the hunters were brought up and saddled,
+and Kit Carson, Maxwell and I started together. They were now somewhat
+less than half a mile distant, and we rode easily along until within
+about three hundred yards, when a sudden agitation, a wavering in the
+band, and a galloping to and fro of some which were scattered along
+the skirts, gave us the intimation that we were discovered. We started
+together at a hand gallop, riding steadily abreast of each other, and
+here the interest of the chase became so engrossingly intense, that we
+were sensible to nothing else. We were now closing upon them rapidly,
+and the front of the mass was already in rapid motion for the hills,
+and in a few seconds the movement had communicated itself to the whole
+herd.
+
+"A crowd of bulls, as usual, brought up the rear, and every now and
+then some of them faced about, and then dashed on after the band a
+short distance, and turned and looked again, as if more than half
+inclined to stand and fight. In a few moments, however, during which
+we had been quickening our pace, the rout was universal, and we were
+going over the ground like a hurricane. When at about thirty yards,
+we gave the usual shout (the hunter's battle cry) and broke into the
+herd. We entered on the side, the mass giving way in every direction
+in their heedless course. Many of the bulls, less active and less
+fleet than the cows, paying no attention to the ground, and occupied
+solely with the hunter were precipitated to the earth with great
+force, rolling over and over with the violence of the shock, and
+hardly distinguishable in the dust. We separated on entering, each
+singling out his game.
+
+"My horse was a trained hunter, famous in the west under the name of
+Proveau, and, with his eyes flashing, and the foam flying from his
+mouth, sprang on after the cow like a tiger. In a few moments he
+brought me alongside of her, and, rising in the stirrups, I fired at
+the distance of a yard, the ball entering at the termination of the
+long hair, and passing near the heart. She fell headlong at the report
+of the gun, and checking my horse, I looked around for my companions.
+At a little distance, Kit was on the ground, engaged in tying his
+horse to the horns of a cow which he was preparing to cut up. Among
+the scattered bands, at some distance below, I caught a glimpse of
+Maxwell; and while I was looking, a light wreath of white smoke
+curled away from his gun, from which I was too far to hear the
+report. Nearer, and between me and the hills, towards which they were
+directing their course, was the body of the herd, and giving my horse
+the rein, we dashed after them. A thick cloud of dust hung upon their
+rear, which filled my mouth and eyes, and nearly smothered me. In
+the midst of this I could see nothing, and the buffalo were not
+distinguishable until within thirty feet. They crowded together more
+densely still as I came upon them, and rushed along in such a compact
+body, that I could not obtain an entrance--the horse almost leaping
+upon them. In a few moments the mass divided to the right and left,
+the horns clattering with a noise heard above everything else, and my
+horse darted into the opening. Five or six bulls charged on us as we
+dashed along the line, but were left far behind, and singling out a
+cow, I gave her my fire, but struck too high. She gave a tremendous
+leap, and scoured on swifter than before. I reined up my horse, and
+the band swept on like a torrent, and left the place quiet and clear.
+Our chase had led us into dangerous ground. A prairie-dog village, so
+thickly settled that there were three or four holes in every twenty
+yards square, occupied the whole bottom for nearly two miles in
+length. Looking around, I saw only one of the hunters, nearly out of
+sight, and the long dark line of our caravan crawling along, three or
+four miles distant."
+
+The trail which the party left behind them now forms the emigrant
+road to California via Fort Laramie, Salt Lake, etc. On reaching Fort
+Laramie, Fremont found a fearful state of affairs existing among the
+Sioux Indians through whose country his route lay. An encounter had
+recently taken place between a war-party belonging to the Sioux nation
+and a party of trappers and Snake Indians. In the fight the Indians
+had been worsted and several of their braves killed. To revenge
+themselves the Sioux chieftains had collected their warriors; and,
+while the nation was encamped to the number of one thousand lodges,
+they had gone forth to seek and punish their enemies.
+
+At Fort Laramie the exploring party met several trappers and friendly
+Indians who used their utmost endeavors to dissuade Colonel Fremont
+from venturing into such inevitable danger. There was but one opinion
+expressed, viz.: that, as sure as he entered upon the journey,
+the entire party would be massacred. To all these admonitions and
+warnings, Colonel Fremont had but one reply. His government had
+directed him to perform a certain duty. The obstacles which stood
+in his way, it was his duty to use every means at his command
+to surmount; therefore, in obedience to his instructions, he was
+determined to continue his march. Finally, he said, that he would
+accomplish the object or die in the attempt, being quite sure that if
+the expedition failed by being cut to pieces, a terrible retribution
+would be in store for the perpetrators of the act. Kit Carson, his
+guide, openly avowed that the future looked dark and gloomy; but, he
+was delighted to hear this expression from his commander. He now felt
+that he had a man after his own heart to depend on, and should danger
+or inevitable death be in store for them he was ready and willing
+to face either with him. In order to be prepared for the worst, Kit
+Carson felt it his duty, considering the dangers apprehended, to make
+his will, thereby showing that if he had to fight he was ready to
+count it his last battle. Colonel Fremont resumed his journey, and
+very opportunely arrived at the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains
+without, in any way, being annoyed with Indians, not even meeting any
+on the route.
+
+He had now reached the field where his chief labors were to commence.
+Without loss of time he set earnestly about his work, making and
+recording such observations as he deemed to be essential and examining
+and exploring the country. Having finished this part of his labors,
+the ascent of the highest peak of the mountains was commenced. The
+length of the journey had jaded the animals. It was very difficult to
+procure game. The men had undergone such severe hardships that their
+spirits had become almost worn out. The daily fare now was dried
+buffalo meat. This was about the consistency of a pine stick; and,
+in taste, resembled a piece of dried bark. Besides these rather
+uncomfortable prospects, the expedition stood in constant fear of an
+attack by the Indians. It was now in the country of the Blackfeet;
+and, only a short distance from the encampment, at the foot of the
+mountain, there was one of their forts. In the face of all these
+obstacles, sufficiently formidable to have deterred most commanders,
+the mountain party was detailed, being fourteen in number including
+Fremont. A man named Bernier was left in command of the camp which
+had been made by felling forest trees in a space about forty feet in
+diameter, using the trunks to form a breastwork. The camp was thus
+concealed by the trees and their foliage. It was well calculated for
+defence, and a few determined men could have maintained it against
+almost any Indian force.
+
+On the 12th day of August the mountain party left the camp. It was
+fifteen in number. On the 14th of August some of the party reached an
+elevation at which the barometer stood 19.401. On the 15th some of
+the party were sent back. Kit Carson had command of this party. The
+remainder consisted of Colonel Fremont, Mr. Preuss, Basil Lajeunesse,
+Clement Lambert, Janesse, and Descoteaux. The day previous Kit Carson
+had alone climbed one of the highest peaks of the main ridge from
+which he had a full view of the highest peak, which rose about eight
+or ten hundred feet above him. The arduous labors of the 14th August
+had determined the commander to ascend no higher. Instead of carrying
+out this intention, after Kit Carson with his party had set out,
+Fremont made one more effort to climb the highest peak and succeeded.
+His own words in describing this ascent are as follows:
+
+"'At intervals, we reached places where a number of springs gushed
+from the rocks, and about 1,800 feet above the lakes came to the
+snow line. From this point our progress was uninterrupted climbing.
+Hitherto, I had worn a pair of thick moccasins, with soles of
+_parfleche_; but here I put on a light thin pair, which I had brought
+for the purpose, as now the use of our toes became necessary to a
+further advance. I availed myself of a sort of comb of the mountain,
+which stood against the wall like a buttress, and which the wind and
+the solar radiation, joined to the steepness of the smooth rock, had
+kept almost entirely free from snow. Up this I made my way rapidly.
+Our cautious method of advancing in the outset had spared my strength;
+and, with the exception of a slight disposition to headache, I felt
+no remains of yesterday's illness. In a few minutes we reached a point
+where the buttress was overhanging, and there was no other way of
+surmounting the difficulty than by passing around one side of it,
+which was the face of a vertical precipice of several hundred feet.'
+
+"_Parfleche_ is the name given to buffalo hide. The Indian women
+prepare it by scraping and drying. It is exceedingly tough and hard,
+and receives its name from the circumstance that it cannot be pierced
+by arrows or spears. The entire dress of Fremont and his party, on
+their ascent to the 'top of America,' consisted of a blue flannel
+shirt, free and open at the neck, the collar turning down over a black
+silk handkerchief tied loosely, blue cloth pantaloons, a slouched
+broad-brimmed hat, and moccasins as above described. It was well
+adapted to climbing--quite light, and at the same time warm, and every
+way comfortable.
+
+"'Putting hands and feet in the crevices between the blocks, I
+succeeded in getting over it, and, when I reached the top, found my
+companions in a small valley below. Descending to them, we continued
+climbing, and in a short time reached the crest. I sprang upon the
+summit, and another step would have precipitated me into an immense
+snow-field five hundred feet below. To the edge of this field was a
+sheer icy precipice; and then, with a gradual fall, the field sloped
+off for about a mile, until it struck the foot of another lower
+ridge. I stood on a narrow crest, about three feet in width, with
+an inclination of about 20 deg. N. 51 deg. E. As soon as I had gratified
+the first feelings of curiosity, I descended, and each man ascended in
+his turn, for I would only allow one at a time to mount the unstable and
+precarious slab, which it seemed a breath would hurl into the abyss
+below. We mounted the barometer in the snow of the summit, and, fixing
+a ramrod in a crevice, unfurled the national flag, to wave in the
+breeze where never flag waved before. During our morning's ascent, we
+met no sign of animal life, except a small bird having the appearance
+of a sparrow. A stillness the most profound and a terrible solitude
+forced themselves constantly on the mind as the great features of the
+place. Here, on the summit, where the stillness was absolute, unbroken
+by any sound, and the solitude complete, we thought ourselves beyond
+the region of animated life; but while we were sitting on the rock,
+a solitary bee (_bombus terrestris_, the humble bee) came winging his
+flight from the eastern valley, and lit on the knee of one of the men.
+
+"'Around us, the whole scene had one main striking feature, which was
+that of terrible convulsion. Parallel to its length, the ridge was
+split into chasms and fissures, between which rose the thin, lofty
+walls, terminated with slender minarets and columns, which are
+correctly represented in the view from the camp on Island Lake.
+According to the barometer, the little crest of the wall on which
+we stood was three thousand five hundred and seventy feet above that
+place, and two thousand seven hundred and eighty above the little
+lakes at the bottom, immediately at our feet. Our camp at the Two
+Hills (an astronomical station) bore south 3 deg. east, which, with a
+bearing afterward obtained from a fixed position, enabled us to locate
+the peak. The bearing of the _Trois Tetons_ was north 50 deg. west, and
+the direction of the central ridge of the Wind River Mountains south
+39 deg. east. The summit rock was gneiss, succeeded by sienitic gneiss.
+Sienite and feldspar succeeded in our descent to the snow line, where
+we found a feldspathic granite. I had remarked that the noise produced
+by the explosion of our pistols had the usual degree of loudness,
+but was not in the least prolonged, expiring almost instantaneously.
+Having now made what observations our means afforded, we proceeded
+to descend. We had accomplished an object of laudable ambition,
+and beyond the strict order of our instructions. We had climbed the
+loftiest peak of the Rocky Mountains, and looked down upon the snow
+a thousand feet below, and, standing where never human foot had stood
+before, felt the exultation of first explorers. It was about two
+o'clock when we left the summit; and when we reached the bottom, the
+sun had already sunk behind the wall, and the day was drawing to a
+close. It would have been pleasant to have lingered here and on the
+summit longer; but we hurried away as rapidly as the ground would
+permit, for it was an object to regain our party as soon as possible,
+not knowing what accident the next hour might bring forth.'"
+
+This peak was found, by barometrical observation, to be _thirteen
+thousand five hundred and seventy_ feet above the waters of the Gulf
+of Mexico. It bears the name of the Great Explorer, being called
+Fremont's Peak.
+
+The return trip was now commenced, all of the objects of the
+expedition having been successfully accomplished. The party again
+reached Fort Laramie in the month of September, 1842. Kit Carson had
+served in the double capacity as a hunter and guide. It is sufficient
+to say of the manner in which he performed his duties that he won
+the friendship of John C. Fremont, and has ever occupied since then a
+prominent and permanent place in his esteem. At Laramie, Kit Carson's
+labors were done. There he bid his commander good bye and set out
+for New Mexico. Fremont returned to the United States in safety. Thus
+terminated the first of his great explorations.
+
+Kit Carson's Indian wife had long since been dead. In the month
+of February, 1843, he married a Mexican lady by the name of Senora
+Josepha Jarimilla. Of this lady it is sufficient to say that for her
+many virtues and personal beauty she is justly esteemed by a large
+circle of acquaintance. By this wife Kit Carson has three children, to
+whom he is devotedly attached.
+
+In the following April Kit Carson was employed as hunter to accompany
+Bent and St. Vrain's train of wagons, while on their journey to the
+United States. On arriving at Walnut Creek, which is about two-thirds
+of the distance across the Plains from Santa Fe, Kit and his
+companions came upon the encampment of Captain Cook, belonging to the
+United States Army--who was in command of four companies of United
+States Dragoons. Captain Cook informed Carson's party that in his rear
+was traveling a train of wagons belonging to General Armijo, a wealthy
+Mexican.
+
+For the purpose of insuring protection to this richly-freighted
+caravan while passing through an Indian country, the Mexican
+wagon-master in charge, had hired one hundred men. There were rumors,
+currently reported at that time and believed, that a large body of
+Texians were waiting on the road to plunder and murder this wagon
+party, and thus retaliate the treatment Armijo had been guilty of
+in the case of the "famous Muir Prisoners;" but, in order that this
+should not happen in Territory belonging to the United States, the
+War Department had ordered Captain Cook and the dragoons to guard the
+property as far as the fording of the Arkansas River, which was then
+the boundary line between the two countries. The Mexicans had become
+alarmed for fear they might be attacked on parting with the United
+States soldiers; so, on meeting with Kit Carson, who was well known to
+them, they offered three hundred dollars if he would carry a letter
+to Armijo who was then Governor of New Mexico, and lived at Santa Fe.
+This letter apprised the General of the danger to which his men and
+property were exposed and asked for assistance to be immediately sent
+to them. Carson accepted the offer, and in company with Owens, another
+mountaineer, he set out on his express ride. In the course of a few
+days he reached Bent's Fort, where his companion concluded not to
+go on with him. At the Fort, Kit Carson was informed that the Utah
+Indians, then hostile, were scattered along his intended route. He was
+not, however, turned from his duty by this danger, but he resumed his
+journey immediately. At this last-named place his friend, Mr. Bent,
+kindly furnished him with a fleet and magnificent horse, which he led,
+so that, should he find himself in peril, he might mount this fresh
+animal and make his escape.
+
+By watching for signs and being continually on the alert, Kit Carson
+discovered the Indians and their village without exposing his own
+person to view. He immediately secreted himself in an out-of-the-way
+place and remained until the coming on of darkness; when, he passed
+safely by the camp of the savages. In the course of a few days he
+reached Taos and handed his dispatch to the _Alcalde_ of the town
+to be forwarded to Santa Fe. As had been previously agreed upon, he
+waited here for an answer with which he was to return. At Taos Carson
+was informed that Armijo had already sent out one hundred Mexican
+soldiers to seek his caravan and that the General himself, in command
+of six hundred more, was soon to follow after. It was afterwards
+learned that this unfortunate band of one hundred men went as far
+as the Arkansas River, but could not find any traces of the train of
+wagons, it not having completed that much of its journey; therefore,
+they commenced to retrace their steps, but had proceeded only a few
+miles, when they were suddenly attacked by the Texians, who succeeded
+in massacring all but one man. This survivor had succeeded in
+catching, in the heat of the battle, a fully equipped Texan horse
+which was loose. Mounting him, he made off in the direction of Santa
+Fe; and, at Cold Springs came upon the camp of Armijo, to whom he
+reported proceedings. The narration of this sad story so dampened
+the courage of the General and his men as to cause them to make a
+precipitous retreat. The spot where this slaughter took place has
+since gone by the name of the "battle ground" and many are the
+bleached human bones that are still to be found there.
+
+It was during Carson's stay of four days in Taos, that Armijo and
+his small army had started out in quest of the enemy; but, before his
+departure, he had received the letter and directed an answer to be
+sent, thinking perhaps, that Kit Carson might reach the train even
+if he himself did not. On the answer coming into Carson's hands, he
+selected a Mexican boy to accompany him and was quickly on the road
+again. They had left Taos two days' journey behind them and had
+reached the River _Trinchera_ (for they were traveling via the
+_Sangero de Christo_ Pass and Bent's Fort) when they unexpectedly
+met four Indian warriors. Eat Carson immediately recognized them as
+hostile Utahs. As yet the red men were some distance off; and, while
+Kit and his companion stood meditating what was best to be done,
+the latter spoke and said to the former: "I am a boy and perhaps the
+Indians will spare my life. At any rate yours is much more valuable
+than mine, therefore mount the horse you are leading, without delay,
+and make your escape." Carson at first thought this advice to be good,
+and was about acting on it, when it struck his equally generous heart,
+how cowardly such a course would be--to desert a youth who had in the
+hour of peril so manfully borne himself. Turning to the boy he thanked
+him and added that "he could not and would not desert him." He said
+"we must stand our ground together and if we have to die let us take
+with us each his warrior." While this colloquy was going on, the
+foremost of the Indians came up. He approached Carson with the air of
+a man sure of an easy victory, and, with a bland smile, proffered one
+hand in friendship, while, with the other, he grasped Kit's rifle.
+A powerful blow from the fist of the latter released his hold and
+instantly laid him sprawling upon the ground. The other Indians,
+seeing the fate of their companion, hastened to his rescue. When they
+reached talking distance, Kit, standing with his rifle brought to his
+shoulder, informed them that, upon the first hostile demonstration
+they made, he and his companion would fire. The Indians commenced
+shaking their priming into the pans of their flint lock guns, and,
+while doing so, talked loud and threatened to perform a great many
+things. This was a mere ruse to intimidate Kit and his companion
+and throw them off their guard. It was, however, well understood and
+operated to make them only the more vigilant. This endeavor to draw
+off Kit's attention was continued in various ways, but, finally seeing
+the determined posture of their opponent, they grew weary of the game,
+and, at last, departed.
+
+The journey was now resumed. After five days of hard traveling, Kit
+and his companion entered Bent's Fort, without further molestation.
+Here Kit Carson learned that the Texians had been caught by Captain
+Cook and his dragoons in United States Territory, and had been
+disarmed. This had immediately relieved the conductors of the train
+from all anxiety. They had, consequently, continued their route, not
+thinking a stop at Bent's Fort necessary as had been anticipated. Gen.
+Armijo's letter of instruction was, accordingly, left by Carson with
+Mr. Bent who promised to forward it to Santa Fe by the first favorable
+opportunity. To pursue and overtake the wagons would be nothing but
+labor thrown away. All danger had disappeared.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+    Kit Carson visits Fremont's Camp--Goes on the Second
+    Exploring Expedition--The Necessary Arrangements--Trip to Salt
+    Lake--Explorations there--Carson is dispatched to Fort
+    Hall for Supplies--Their Operations at Salt Lake--The Great
+    Island--The Journey to the Columbia River in Oregon--Incidents
+    on the Route--Tlamath Lake--The Journey to California--The
+    Trials and Privations met with while crossing the Sierra
+    Nevada Mountains--Mr. Preuss is lost but finds the Party
+    again--Arrival at Sutter's Fort in a Destitute Condition--Two
+    of the Party become deranged--The Route on the Return
+    Trip--Mexicans come into their Camp asking Aid and
+    Protection--Indian Depredations--Carson and Godey start on a
+    Daring Adventure--The Pursuit--The Thieves overtaken--These
+    Two White Men attack Thirty Indians--The Victory--Horses
+    retaken--The Return to Camp--One of their Companions
+    killed--The Journey continued--Arrival at Bent's Fort--The
+    "Fourth of July" Dinner.
+
+
+A few days before Kit Carson's arrival at Bent's Fort, Col. Fremont
+had passed by and had informed the Traders there that he was bound on
+another Exploring Expedition. Having finished up his business with
+the Mexicans, Kit thought he would like to see his old commander once
+again. Accordingly, he started on his trail: and, after seventy
+miles of travel, came up with him. The meeting proved to be mutually
+agreeable. Although Kit Carson had made this visit solely from his
+desire to see again his old commander and not with a view of joining
+his second expedition, Col. Fremont insisted so strongly upon having
+Kit accompany him that he acquiesced in doing so.
+
+For Col. Fremont, Kit Carson has the greatest admiration. He knows, as
+well as any man living, his bravery, his talents and the many splendid
+qualities of his mind and heart. The question will naturally arise,
+does Kit Carson indorse the political creed upon which Col. Fremont
+accepted the nomination for the Presidency of the United States? The
+best answer and the one which is true, will be: Kit Carson considers
+it one of the highest honors and greatest blessings to be a citizen of
+the United States. He is willing to incur any danger for his country's
+good, even if the sacrifice of his life is the alternative. He has
+spent all his life in the wilds of America where news is always as
+scarce an article as luxuries of the table and fire-side, and, where
+the political strifes of factions and parties are not known. The
+inference will therefore be plainly apparent, that his curiosity
+does not lead him to examine very attentively the minute workings of
+political machinery. He is not a man to be swayed by friendship from
+performing any act which the interests of his country seem to require
+at his hands. His political bias will, therefore, remain a matter of
+conjecture until such time, if his life is spared to see it, when New
+Mexico shall be admitted into the Union as a State. So far, he has
+never lived where he could exercise the right of franchise. The time
+must come which shall entitle him to a Presidential vote before he
+decides what political party shall count him as its supporter.
+
+Soon after Kit Carson was again enrolled under the command of Col.
+Fremont, he received orders to return to Bent's Fort and purchase some
+mules of which the party stood in need. Mules are valuable animals
+in new and mountainous countries. They are often the only beasts of
+burden which can be successfully used in crossing the wild mountains.
+Being more sure footed and more able to endure great fatigue than the
+horse, in such expeditions, they become absolutely necessary. While
+he was absent on this duty, the expedition journeyed first to Soda
+Springs and thence on to St. Vrain's Fort, which was located on the
+South Fork of the Platte. At this point, the expedition was joined by
+Major Fitzpatrick with a command of forty men which he had enrolled,
+under orders, to assist in the exploration. When Kit Carson had
+rejoined the party, the arrangements for the arduous task in view were
+nearly complete.
+
+Colonel Fremont divided his forces, sending one division, with most of
+the camp equipage, on the more direct route. This division was placed
+under the command of Major Fitzpatrick. The other division under the
+command of Colonel Fremont, consisting of a squad of fifteen men and
+his guide Kit Carson, struck out up Thompson's Fork. The object of
+this expedition had in view by the government was, to have Colonel
+Fremont connect his explorations of the preceding year with the coast
+surveys of Commander Wilkes on the Pacific. This would give the data
+for making a correct map of the interior of the wild lands of the
+continent. From Thompson's Fork Colonel Fremont's division marched to
+the Cache la Poudre River, and thence to the plains of Laramie until
+they came to the North Fork of the Platte. This river they crossed
+below the New Park and bent their way to the sweet water, reaching it
+at a point about fifteen miles below the Devil's Gate. From this point
+they traveled almost the same road which is now used by emigrants and
+which leads to Soda Springs on Beaver River. It had been decided by
+Fremont to go to the Great Salt Lake and accomplish its exploration.
+He therefore started for that direction; but, before doing so, ordered
+Kit Carson to proceed to Fort Hall and obtain such supplies as were
+required. After procuring these necessities, Kit Carson, with one
+companion and his pack animals, set out on the return from Fort Hall
+and eventually found Fremont on the upper end of Salt Lake. From here
+the party journeyed around to the east side of the lake, a distance of
+about twenty miles. At this spot they obtained a good view of the lake
+and its adjacent scenery. Before him, and in bold relief, stood out
+everything which the explorer desired to examine, even to one of
+the several islands which are located in the midst of this wonderful
+collection of saline waters. To this isolated land Fremont was
+resolved to go. Among the rest of the forethought, supplies, there was
+an India-rubber boat. This was ordered to be made ready for a trip
+to the island early the following day. No doubt our readers will be
+pleased to enjoy Colonel Fremont's account of this lake, its scenery
+and characteristics. We insert therefore as much thereof as our space
+will admit. It was the twenty-first day of August 1843 that the little
+party reached Bear River, which, as has already appeared in another,
+part of this work, was the principal tributary of the Great Salt Lake.
+At this point of Colonel Fremont's narrative, he says: "We were now
+entering a region which, for us, possessed a strange and extraordinary
+interest. We were upon the waters of the famous lake which forms
+a salient point among the remarkable geographical features of the
+country, and around which the vague and superstitious accounts of
+the trappers had thrown a delightful obscurity, which we anticipated
+pleasure in dispelling, but which, in the meantime, left a crowded
+field for the exercise of our imagination.
+
+"In our occasional conversations with the few old hunters who had
+visited the region, it had been a subject of frequent speculation;
+and the wonders which they related were not the less agreeable because
+they were highly exaggerated and impossible.
+
+"Hitherto this lake had been seen only by trappers, who were wandering
+through the country in search of new beaver streams, caring very
+little for geography; its islands had never been visited; and none
+were to be found who had entirely made the circuit of its shores;
+and no instrumental observations, or geographical survey of any
+description, had ever been made anywhere in the neighboring region. It
+was generally supposed that it had no visible outlet; but, among the
+trappers, including those in my own camp, were many who believed that
+somewhere on its surface was a terrible whirlpool, through which
+its waters found their way to the ocean by some subterranean
+communication. All these things had made a frequent subject of
+discussion in our desultory conversations around the fires at night;
+and my own mind had become tolerably well filled with their indefinite
+pictures, and insensibly colored with their romantic descriptions,
+which, in the pleasure of excitement, I was well disposed to believe,
+and half expected to realize.
+
+"'In about six miles' travel from our encampment, we reached one of
+the points in our journey to which we had always looked forward with
+great interest--the famous Beer Springs, which, on account of the
+effervescing gas and acid taste, had received their name from the
+voyageurs and trappers of the country, who, in the midst of their rude
+and hard lives, are fond of finding some fancied resemblance to the
+luxuries they rarely have the good fortune to enjoy.
+
+"'Although somewhat disappointed in the expectations which various
+descriptions had led me to form of unusual beauty of situation and
+scenery, I found it altogether a place of very great interest; and a
+traveler for the first time in a volcanic region remains in a constant
+excitement, and at every step is arrested by something remarkable and
+new. There is a confusion of interesting objects gathered together in
+a small space. Around the place of encampment the Beer Springs were
+numerous; but, as far as we could ascertain, were entirely confined to
+that locality in the bottom. In the bed of the river, in front, for
+a space of several hundred yards, they were very abundant; the
+effervescing gas rising up and agitating the water in countless
+bubbling columns. In the vicinity round about were numerous springs
+of an entirely different and equally marked mineral character. In a
+rather picturesque spot, about 1,300 yards below our encampment, and
+immediately on the river bank, is the most remarkable spring of the
+place. In an opening on the rock, a white column of scattered water is
+thrown up, in form like a _jet-d'eau_, to a variable height of about
+three feet, and, though it is maintained in a constant supply, its
+greatest height is attained only at regular intervals, according to
+the action of the force below. It is accompanied by a subterranean
+noise, which, together with the motion of the water, makes very much
+the impression of a steamboat in motion; and, without knowing that it
+had been already previously so called, we gave to it the name of the
+Steamboat Spring. The rock through which it is forced is slightly
+raised in a convex manner, and gathered at the opening into an
+urn-mouthed form, and is evidently formed by continued deposition from
+the water, and colored bright red by oxide of iron.
+
+"'It is a hot spring, and the water has a pungent and disagreeable
+metallic taste, leaving a burning effect on the tongue. Within perhaps
+two yards of the _jet d'eau_, is a small hole of about an inch in
+diameter, through which, at regular intervals, escapes a blast of hot
+air with a light wreath of smoke, accompanied by a regular noise.'
+
+"As they approached the lake, they passed over a country of bold and
+striking scenery, and through several 'gates,' as they called certain
+narrow valleys. The 'standing rock' is a huge column, occupying the
+centre of one of these passes. It fell from a height of perhaps 3,000
+feet, and happened to remain in its present upright position.
+
+"At last, on the 6th of September, the object for which their eyes had
+long been straining was brought to view.
+
+"'_Sept. 6_.--This time we reached the butte without any difficulty;
+and, ascending to the summit, immediately at our feet beheld the
+object of our anxious search, the waters of the Inland Sea, stretching
+in still and solitary grandeur far beyond the limit of our vision.
+It was one of the great points of the exploration; and as we looked
+eagerly over the lake in the first emotions of excited pleasure, I am
+doubtful if the followers of Balboa felt more enthusiasms, when,
+from the heights of the Andes, they saw for the first time the great
+Western Ocean. It was certainly a magnificent object, and a noble
+_terminus_ to this part of our expedition; and to travelers so long
+shut up among mountain ranges, a sudden view over the expanse of
+silent waters had in it something sublime. Several large islands
+raised their high rocky heads out of the waves; but whether or not
+they were timbered was still left to our imagination, as the distance
+was too great to determine if the dark hues upon them were woodland
+or naked rock. During the day the clouds had been gathering black over
+the mountains to the westward, and while we were looking a storm burst
+down with sudden fury upon the lake, and entirely hid the islands from
+our view.
+
+"'On the edge of the stream a favorable spot was selected in a grove;
+and felling the timber, we made a strong _corral_, or horse-pen, for
+the animals, and a little fort for the people who were to remain.
+We were now probably in the country of the Utah Indians, though none
+reside upon the lake. The India-rubber boat was repaired with prepared
+cloth and gum, and filled with air, in readiness for the next day.
+
+"'The provisions which Carson had brought with him being now
+exhausted, and our stock reduced to a small quantity of roots, I
+determined to retain with me only a sufficient number of men for the
+execution of our design; and accordingly seven were sent back to Fort
+Hall, under the guidance of Francois Lajeunesse, who, having been for
+many years a trapper in the country, was an experienced mountaineer.
+
+"'We formed now but a small family. With Mr. Preuss and myself,
+Carson, Bernier, and Basil Lajeunesse had been selected for the boat
+expedition--the first ever attempted on this interior sea; and Badeau,
+with Derosier, and Jacob (the colored man), were to be left in charge
+of the camp. We were favored with most delightful weather. To-night
+there was a brilliant sunset of golden orange and green, which left
+the western sky clear and beautifully pure; but clouds in the east
+made me lose an occultation. The summer frogs were singing around us,
+and the evening was very pleasant, with a temperature of 60 deg.--a night
+of a more southern autumn. For our supper we had _yampah_, the most
+agreeably flavored of the roots, seasoned by a small fat duck, which
+had come in the way of Jacob's rifle. Around our fire to-night were
+many speculations on what to-morrow would bring forth; and in our
+busy conjectures we fancied that we should find every one of the large
+islands a tangled wilderness of trees and shrubbery, teeming with game
+of every description that the neighboring region afforded, and which
+the foot of a white man or Indian had never violated. Frequently,
+during the day, clouds had rested on the summits of their lofty
+mountains, and we believed that we should find clear streams and
+springs of fresh water; and we indulged in anticipations of the
+luxurious repasts with which we were to indemnify ourselves for past
+privations. Neither, in our discussions were the whirlpool and other
+mysterious dangers forgotten, which Indian and hunters' stories
+attributed to this unexplored lake. The men had discovered that,
+instead of being strongly sewed (like that of the preceding year,
+which had so triumphantly rode the canons of the Upper Great Platte),
+our present boat was only pasted together in a very insecure manner,
+the maker having been allowed so little time in the construction that
+he was obliged to crowd the labor of two months into several days. The
+insecurity of the boat was sensibly felt by us; and, mingled with
+the enthusiasm and excitement that we all felt at the prospect of an
+undertaking which had never before been accomplished, was a certain
+impression of danger, sufficient to give a serious character to our
+conversation. The momentary view which had been had of the lake the
+day before, its great extent and rugged islands, dimly seen amidst the
+dark waters in the obscurity of the sudden storm, were well calculated
+to heighten the idea of undefined danger with which the lake was
+generally associated.
+
+"'_Sept. 8_.--A calm, clear day, with a sunrise temperature of 41 deg..
+In view of our present enterprise, a part of the equipment of the boat
+had been made to consist of three air-tight bags, about three feet
+long, and capable each of containing five gallons. These had been
+filled with water the night before, and were now placed in the boat,
+with our blankets and instruments, consisting of a sextant, telescope,
+spy-glass, thermometer, and barometer.
+
+"'In the course of the morning we discovered that two of the cylinders
+leaked so much as to require one man constantly at the bellows, to
+keep them sufficiently full of air to support the boat. Although we
+had made a very early start, we loitered so much on the way--stopping
+every now and then, and floating silently along, to get a shot at
+a goose or a duck--that it was late in the day when we reached the
+outlet. The river here divided into several branches, filled with
+fluvials, and so very shallow that it was with difficulty we could get
+the boat along, being obliged to get out and wade. We encamped on a
+low point among rushes and young willows, where there was a quantity
+of driftwood, which served for our fires. The evening was mild and
+clear; we made a pleasant bed of the young willows; and geese and
+ducks enough had been killed for an abundant supper at night, and for
+breakfast next morning. The stillness of the night was enlivened by
+millions of water-fowl.
+
+"'_Sept. 9_.--The day was clear and calm; the thermometer at sunrise
+at 49 deg.. As is usual with the trappers on the eve of any enterprise,
+our people had made dreams, and theirs happened to be a bad one--one
+which always preceded evil--and consequently they looked very gloomy
+this morning; but we hurried through our breakfast, in order to make
+an early start, and have all the day before us for our adventure. The
+channel in a short distance became so shallow that our navigation
+was at an end, being merely a sheet of soft mud, with a few inches of
+water, and sometimes none at all, forming the low-water shore of the
+lake. All this place was absolutely covered with flocks of screaming
+plover. We took off our clothes, and, getting over-board, commenced
+dragging the boat--making, by this operation, a very curious trail,
+and a very disagreeable smell in stirring up the mud, as we sank above
+the knee at every step. The water here was still fresh, with only an
+insipid and disagreeable taste, probably derived from the bed of fetid
+mud. After proceeding in this way about a mile, we came to a small
+black ridge on the bottom, beyond which the water became suddenly
+salt, beginning gradually to deepen, and the bottom was sandy and
+firm. It was a remarkable division, separating the fresh water of
+the rivers from the briny water of the lake, which was entirely
+_saturated_ with common salt. Pushing our little vessel across the
+narrow boundary, we sprang on board, and at length were afloat on the
+waters of the unknown sea.
+
+"We did not steer for the mountainous islands, but directed our course
+towards a lower one, which it had been decided we should first visit,
+the summit of which was formed like the crater at the upper end of
+Bear River valley. So long as we could touch the bottom with our
+paddles, we were very gay; but gradually, as the water deepened, we
+became more still in our frail batteau of gum cloth distended with
+air, and with pasted seams. Although the day was very calm, there was
+a considerable swell on the lake; and there were white patches of foam
+on the surface, which were slowly moving to the southward, indicating
+the set of a current in that direction, and recalling the recollection
+of the whirlpool stories. The water continued to deepen as we
+advanced; the lake becoming almost transparently clear, of an
+extremely beautiful bright-green color; and the spray, which was
+thrown into the boat and over our clothes, was directly converted
+into a crust of common salt, which covered also our hands and
+arms. 'Captain,' said Carson, who for some time had been looking
+suspiciously at some whitening appearances outside the nearest islands
+'what are those yonder?--won't you just take a look with the glass?'
+We ceased paddling for a moment, and found them to be the caps of the
+waves that were beginning to break under the force of a strong breeze
+that was coming up the lake. The form of the boat seemed to be an
+admirable one, and it rode on the waves like a water bird; but, at
+the same time, it was extremely slow in its progress. When we were
+a little more than half way across the reach, two of the divisions
+between the cylinders gave way, and it required the constant use of
+the bellows to keep in a sufficient quantity of air. For a long time
+we scarcely seemed to approach our island, but gradually we worked
+across the rougher sea of the open channel, into the smoother water
+under the lee of the island, and began to discover that what we took
+for a long row of pelicans, ranged on the beach, were only low cliffs
+whitened with salt by the spray of the waves; and about noon we
+reached the shore, the transparency of the water enabling us to see
+the bottom at a considerable depth.
+
+"'The cliffs and masses of rock along the shore were whitened by an
+incrustation of salt where the waves dashed up against them; and the
+evaporating water, which had been left in holes and hollows on
+the surface of the rocks, was covered with a crust of salt about
+one-eighth of an inch in thickness.
+
+"'Carrying with us the barometer and other instruments, in the
+afternoon we ascended to the highest point of the island--a bare rocky
+peak, 800 feet above the lake. Standing on the summit, we enjoyed an
+extended view of the lake, inclosed in a basin of rugged mountains,
+which sometimes left marshy flats and extensive bottoms between them
+and the shore, and in other places came directly down into the water
+with bold and precipitous bluffs.
+
+"'As we looked over the vast expanse of water spread out beneath us,
+and strained our eyes along the silent shores over which hung so much
+doubt and uncertainty, and which were so full of interest to us, I
+could hardly repress the almost irresistible desire to continue our
+exploration; but the lengthening snow on the mountains was a plain
+indication of the advancing season, and our frail linen boat
+appeared so insecure that I was unwilling to trust our lives to
+the uncertainties of the lake. I therefore unwillingly resolved to
+terminate our survey here, and remain satisfied for the present with
+what we had been able to add to the unknown geography of the region.
+We felt pleasure also in remembering that we were the first who, in
+the traditionary annals of the country, had visited the islands, and
+broken, with the cheerful sound of human voices, the long solitude of
+the place.
+
+"'I accidentally left on the summit the brass cover to the object end
+of my spy-glass; and as it will probably remain there undisturbed
+by Indians, it will furnish matter of speculation to some future
+traveler. In our excursions about the island, we did not meet with any
+kind of animal; a magpie, and another larger bird, probably attracted
+by the smoke of our fire, paid us a visit from the shore, and were
+the only living things seen during our stay. The rock constituting the
+cliffs along the shore where we were encamped, is a talcous rock, or
+steatite, with brown spar.
+
+"'At sunset, the temperature was 70 deg.. We had arrived just in time to
+obtain a meridian altitude of the sun, and other observations were
+obtained this evening, which place our camp in latitude 41 deg. 10' 42",
+and longitude 112 deg. 21' 05" from Greenwich. From a discussion of the
+barometrical observations made during our stay on the shores of the
+lake, we have adopted 4,200 feet for its elevation above the Gulf of
+Mexico. In the first disappointment we felt from the dissipation of
+our dream of the fertile islands, I called this Disappointment Island.
+
+"'Out of the driftwood, we made ourselves pleasant little lodges,
+open to the water, and, after having kindled large fires to excite the
+wonder of any straggling savage on the lake shores, lay down, for the
+first time in a long journey, in perfect security; no one thinking
+about his arms. The evening was extremely bright and pleasant; but the
+wind rose during the night, and the waves began to break heavily on
+the shore, making our island tremble. I had not expected in our inland
+journey to hear the roar of an ocean surf; and the strangeness of our
+situation, and the excitement we felt in the associated interests of
+the place, made this one of the most interesting nights I remember
+during our long expedition.
+
+"'In the morning, the surf was breaking heavily on the shore, and we
+were up early. The lake was dark and agitated, and we hurried through
+our scanty breakfast, and embarked--having first filled one of the
+buckets with water from the lake, of which it was intended to make
+salt. The sun had risen by the time we were ready to start; and it
+was blowing a strong gale of wind, almost directly off the shore, and
+raising a considerable sea, in which our boat strained very much.
+It roughened as we got away from the island, and it required all the
+efforts of the men to make any head against the wind and sea; the gale
+rising with the sun; and there was danger of being blown into one of
+the open reaches beyond the island. At the distance of half a mile
+from the beach, the depth of water was sixteen feet, with a clay
+bottom; but, as the working of the boat was very severe labor, and
+during the operation of sounding it was necessary to cease paddling,
+during which the boat lost considerable way, I was unwilling
+to discourage the men, and reluctantly gave up my intention of
+ascertaining the depth, and the character of the bed. There was a
+general shout in the boat when we found ourselves in one fathom, and
+we soon after landed.'"
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We now resume Kit Carson's narrative. When the Indian-rubber boat was
+put in order, Colonel Fremont started, taking Carson and three others
+as companions. (Their names have already appeared.) The distance from
+the main land to the island is computed to be about three leagues,
+hence the pull at the oars, for landsmen unaccustomed to such kind of
+work, was no small task. However a landing upon the island was safely
+accomplished, the boat made fast and the investigations commenced.
+After examining most of the island without finding even a spring of
+water on it, it was determined to ascend the great hill which was
+the highest elevation on it. The party was not long in reaching the
+summit, where they found a shelving rock, on which they cut a cross,
+their names and the date as signs to after visitors, should any such
+follow in their footsteps, that they had been the first persons who
+had ever, within the knowledge of man, been on that island.
+
+The day having been far spent in their labors, orders were given to
+camp on the island for the night. On the morrow they departed for
+the main land. When they had accomplished about one league, being
+one-third of the distance, the clouds suddenly gathered and threatened
+a storm. Just as this danger impended, the air which acted in giving
+buoyancy to the boat, by some accident, began to escape. A man was
+immediately stationed at the bellows and it required his constant aid
+to supply the portion which steadily escaped. Colonel Fremont then
+ordered the men to pull for their lives and try thus to escape the
+danger of the impending storm. In this instance, as indeed in every
+hour of peril, an all-seeing Providence guided them in safety to the
+shore. Soon after they arrived, the storm came on with such fury that
+it caused the water of the lake, according to the natural water mark,
+to rise ten feet in one hour.
+
+The party soon after recommenced their march and proceeded some
+distance up the Bear River. Crossing it they went to the Malade
+and thence on until they reached Fort Hall. Here they met with the
+division under Fitzpatrick and made a short stay.
+
+Once more Colonel Fremont started with his small party in advance of
+his main body. He marched about eight days' journey ahead, Fitzpatrick
+following up his trail with the larger division. At this time the
+expedition was journeying in the direction of the mouth of the
+Columbia River. In due time they arrived safely at the river Dalles.
+Here they made another brief halt. Colonel Fremont left Kit Carson
+in command of this camp, while he, with a small party, proceeded to
+Vancouver's Island and purchased some provisions. On his return he
+found that the whole party had become consolidated. The command now
+journeyed to Tlamath Lake in Oregon Territory. The descriptions of all
+these journeys have already been given to the public in several forms,
+all however based upon Colonel Fremont's reports made to the U.S.
+Government. It would be superfluous, therefore, for us to fill up the
+pages of the life of Kit Carson with matter already published beyond
+the occurrences appertaining to him. Having finished the observations
+upon Tlamath Lake, the expedition started for California. The route
+led through a barren and desolate country, rendering game scarce. As
+the command drew near to the Sierra Nevada Mountains, they were found
+to be entirely covered with deep snow throughout the entire range of
+vision. At this time the provisions had commenced giving out. Game
+was so scarce that it could not be depended on. The propositions which
+presented themselves at this crisis were to cross the mountains or
+take the fearful chance of starving to death. Crossing the mountains,
+terrible though the alternative, was the choice of all. It was better
+than inactivity and certain death. On arriving at the mountains the
+snow was found to be about six feet deep on a level. The first task
+was to manufacture snow-shoes for the entire party. By the aid of
+these foot appendages, an advance party was sent on to explore the
+route and to determine how far a path would have to be broken for the
+animals. This party reached a spot from whence they could see their
+way clear and found that the path for the animals would be three
+leagues in length. The advance party also saw, in the distance, the
+green valley of the Sacramento and the coast range of mountains.
+Kit Carson was the first man to recognize these, to the snow-bound
+travelers, desirable localities, although it was now seventeen years
+since he had last gazed upon them. The advance party then returned
+to their friends in the rear and reported their proceedings. All were
+delighted on learning that they had one man among them who knew where
+they were. The business of making the road was very laborious. The
+snow had to be beaten compact with mallets. It was fifteen days before
+the party succeeded in reaching, with a few of their animals, a place
+where the heavy work of the route was ended. During this time, many of
+their mules had starved to death, and the few remaining were driven
+to such an extreme by want of food, that they devoured one another's
+tails, the leather on the pack saddles; and, in fact, they would try
+to eat everything they could get into their mouths. The sufferings
+of the men had been as severe as had ever fallen to the lot of any
+mountaineer present. Their provisions were all used and they were
+driven to subsist upon the mules as they died from hunger. But,
+commander and all bore these terrible trials in an exemplary manner.
+
+An incident is related by Colonel Fremont, in which Kit Carson enjoyed
+a cold-bath, which occurred during this terrible march. "_February
+Twenty-third._--This was our most difficult day; we were forced off
+the ridges by the quantity of snow among the timber, and obliged to
+take to the mountain-sides, where, occasionally, rocks and a southern
+exposure afforded us a chance to scramble along. But these were
+steep and slippery with snow and ice; and the tough evergreens of the
+mountain impeded our way, tore our skins, and exhausted our patience.
+Some of us had the misfortune to wear moccasins with _parfleche_
+soles, so slippery that we could not keep our feet, and generally
+crawled across the snow beds. Axes and mauls were necessary to-day, to
+make a road through the snow. Going ahead with Carson to reconnoitre
+the road, we reached in the afternoon the river which made the outlet
+of the lake. Carson sprang over, clear across a place where the
+stream was compressed among the rocks, but the _parfleche_ sole of
+my moccasin glanced from the icy rock, and precipitated me into the
+river. It was some few seconds before I could recover myself in the
+current, and Carson thinking me hurt jumped in after me, and we both
+had an icy bath. We tried to search awhile for my gun, which had been
+lost in the fall, but the cold drove us out; and, making a large fire
+on the bank, after we had partially dried ourselves, we went back to
+meet the camp. We afterwards found that the gun had been slung under
+the ice which lined the banks of the creek."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It was while undergoing such experience as we have endeavored to
+narrate that the characters of men show forth in their true light
+and can be fully analyzed. John C. Fremont never was found wanting in
+times such as tried men's hearts. He was worthy of the trust reposed
+in him. His was no ordinary command. The men he had to deal with, in
+their line, had no superiors on the American Continent; yet, he proved
+a match for any one of them and gained from them the name of being a
+good mountaineer, an encomium they are not prone to bestow lightly.
+
+The party now commenced descending the mountains. On reaching the
+valley beneath, Fremont, taking Kit Carson and six of the men, pushed
+on in advance, in order to reach Sutter's Fort, where he would be able
+to purchase provisions. Fitzpatrick was left in charge of the main
+party, with orders to make easy marches. The second day after this
+division was made, Mr. Preuss, Fremont's assistant, accidentally got
+lost. His friends began making search for him. This failing, they
+traveled on slowly, fired guns and used every means in their power to
+let their whereabouts be known to him. After wandering about for four
+days, to the surprise and joy of his companions, he came into camp.
+During his absence he had subsisted on acorns and roots, and, as a
+matter of course, was nearly exhausted both in body and mind. Three
+days after Mr. Preuss was restored to them, Fremont, with the advance
+party, reached Sutter's Fort. He and his party were very hospitably
+received. They were entertained with the best the post could furnish,
+by its kind-hearted proprietor. Never did men more deserve such
+treatment. The condition of all was about as miserable as it could
+well be imagined, for men who retained their hold on life.
+
+It was at Sutter's Fort, as most of our readers will remember, that
+the great gold mines of California first received their kindling
+spark, the discovery of that precious metal having been made there.
+While some men were digging a mill-race the alluring deposit first
+appeared. This event has made the Fort world-renowned.
+
+At the time we describe Fremont on his second expedition, nothing
+whatever was known of the immense fields of treasure over which he
+and his men daily walked, although, for many years previous to the
+discovery being made, the mountaineers had trapped all the rivers in
+that vicinity, and on their banks had herded their animals for months
+together. They had drank thousands of times from the pure water as it
+flowed in the river's channel, and, no doubt, frequently their eyes
+had penetrated through it until they saw the sand beneath in which,
+perchance, the sparkling specs may have occasionally allured them
+sufficiently to recall the proverb that "all is not gold that
+glitters."
+
+The writer once made inquiry of one of these mountaineers who had
+spent two summers in the manner narrated above near and at Sutter's
+Fort some twenty years since. He was asked whether he ever saw there
+anything in the shape of gold which in any way aroused his suspicions?
+His reply was: "Never. And had I, it would have been only for a
+brief space of time, as finally I should have been certain that I
+was deluded and mistaken, without there had been the _Eagle_ of our
+country stamped upon it."
+
+Provisions were immediately obtained at the Fort and carried to
+Fitzpatrick and his party. Great difficulty had now to be encountered
+to prevent the men from losing their lives by the sudden change from
+want to comparative luxury. Notwithstanding the utmost care was taken,
+some of the party lost their reason. The hardships of the journey had
+proved too much for them. Fitzpatrick and the main body arrived at
+the Fort in a few days, where they were likewise welcomed by its
+hospitable and generous proprietor, Captain Sutter. His name in
+California has ever been but another term for kindness and sympathy
+for the unfortunate. This expedition, in one respect only, can be
+called unfortunate. When the terrible sufferings of the commander and
+his men have been named, the catalogue of misfortune is ended. Its
+results, grand and glorious, have immortalized the name of every man
+who assisted, in any way, to accomplish it. "I belonged to the several
+Exploring Expeditions of John C. Fremont" is the key note to the
+respect and homage of the American nation; the truth would be equally
+real, if we add, to the whole civilized world. Every heart which beats
+with admiration for the heroic, or which is capable of appreciating
+the rich contributions to the sciences, direct resultants from their
+terrible sufferings, has thrilled with delight when possessed of the
+history which records the brilliant achievements of these Exploring
+Parties.
+
+The band started from the little town of Kansas on the twenty-ninth
+day of May, 1843. It returned to the United States in August, 1844.
+After traveling seventeen hundred miles, it reached, September sixth,
+Salt Lake. On the fourth day of November it reached Fort Vancouver,
+on the Columbia River. On the sixth day of March, 1844, it reached
+Sutter's Fort in the destitute condition already explained. The
+distance from Fort Hall by the route taken is about two thousand
+miles. The party remained at Sutter's Fort until the twenty-fourth
+day of March, or as Kit Carson expresses the time from his memory, the
+expedition remained at this place about one month. At the expiration
+of this time, the party was sufficiently recruited to be ready for
+their return journey, which they commenced in April, 1844. Just
+previous to their taking leave of Mr. Sutter, two of the company
+became deranged, owing to the privations and fasting to which they
+had been obliged to submit before being ushered into a land of plenty.
+They had indulged appetite too freely, and brought on one of those
+strange revolutions in the brain's action which never fails to excite
+the pity of friend and foe. The first warning which the party had that
+one of the men was laboring under a disordered intellect occurred in
+the following manner. Early in the morning the man suddenly started
+from his sleep and began to ask his companions where his riding animal
+was gone. During this time it was by him, but he did not know it.
+Unknown to the rest of the party he started off soon after in search
+of his imaginary animal. As soon as his absence became known to
+Fremont, he surmised the truth and sent persons in all directions to
+hunt for him. They searched the neighboring country for many miles
+and made inquiries of all the friendly Indians they chanced upon, but
+failed to discover him. Several days of delay was caused by this most
+unhappy circumstance. Finally, it becoming necessary for the party
+to depart without him, word was left with Mr. Sutter to continue the
+hunt. He did so most faithfully; and, by his exertions, some time
+after the party had set out on the return trip, the maniac was found
+and kept at the Fort until he had entirely recovered. He was then, on
+the first opportunity, provided with a passage to the United States.
+Before we follow the party on their homeward-bound tramp, it is proper
+that the reader should be favored with the estimate and views which
+the American historian, statesman and scholar, Colonel Benton, has
+recorded concerning the perils undergone and results accomplished by
+this expedition. His pen is so graphic and life-like that the reader
+will doubtless thank us for the extract. Besides presenting a view of
+the expedition, it will unfold a fact which shows where the origin of
+the expedition had its conception. We give all he says concerning the
+expedition.[17]
+
+[Footnote 17: Thirty Years View, vol. ii. chap. 134.]
+
+"'The government deserves credit for the zeal with which it has
+pursued geographical discovery.' Such is the remark which a leading
+paper made upon the discoveries of Fremont, on his return from his
+second expedition to the great West; and such is the remark which
+all writers will make upon all his discoveries who write history
+from public documents and outside views. With all such writers the
+expeditions of Fremont will be credited to the zeal of the government
+for the promotion of science, as if the government under which he
+acted had conceived and planned these expeditions, as Mr. Jefferson
+did that of Lewis and Clark, and then selected this young officer
+to carry into effect the instructions delivered to him. How far such
+history would be true in relation to the first expedition, which
+terminated in the Rocky Mountains, has been seen in the account which
+has been given of the origin of that undertaking, and which leaves the
+government innocent of its conception; and, therefore, not entitled to
+the credit of its authorship, but only to the merit of permitting it.
+In the second, and greater expedition, from which great political as
+well as scientific results have flowed, their merit is still less;
+for, while equally innocent of its conception, they were not equally
+passive to its performance--countermanding the expedition after it had
+begun--and lavishing censure upon the adventurous young explorer for
+his manner of undertaking it. The fact was, that his first expedition
+barely finished, Mr. Fremont sought and obtained orders for a second
+one, and was on the frontier of Missouri with his command when orders
+arrived at St. Louis to stop him, on the ground that he had made
+a military equipment which the peaceful nature of his geographical
+pursuit did not require! as if Indians did not kill and rob scientific
+men as well as others if not in a condition to defend themselves. The
+particular point of complaint was that he had taken a small mountain
+howitzer, in addition to his rifles; and which he was informed,
+was charged to him, although it had been furnished upon a regular
+requisition on the commandant of the arsenal at St. Louis, approved by
+the commander of the military department (Colonel, afterward General
+Kearney). Mr. Fremont had left St. Louis, and was at the frontier,
+Mrs. Fremont being requested to examine the letters that came after
+him, and forward those which he ought to receive. She read the
+countermanding orders and detained them! and Fremont knew nothing
+of their existence, until after he had returned from one of the most
+marvellous and eventful expeditions of modern times--one to which
+the United States are indebted (among other things) for the present
+ownership of California, instead of seeing it a British possession.
+The writer of this View, who was then in St. Louis, approved of the
+course which his daughter had taken (for she had stopped the orders
+before he knew it); and he wrote a letter to the department condemning
+the recall, repulsing the reprimand which had been lavished upon
+Fremont, and demanding a court-martial for him when he should
+return. The Secretary of War was then Mr. James Madison Porter, of
+Pennsylvania; the chief of the topographical corps the same as now
+(Colonel Abert), himself an office man, surrounded by West Point
+officers, to whose pursuit of easy service, Fremont's adventurous
+expeditions was a reproach; and in conformity to whose opinions the
+secretary seemed to have acted. On Fremont's return, upwards of a year
+afterwards, Mr. William Wilkins, of Pennsylvania, was Secretary of
+War, and received the young explorer with all honor and friendship,
+and obtained for him the brevet of captain from President Tyler. And
+such is the inside view of this piece of history--very different from
+what documentary evidence would make it.
+
+"To complete his survey across the continent, on the line of travel
+between the State of Missouri and the tide-water region of the
+Columbia, was Fremont's object in this expedition; and it was all that
+he had obtained orders for doing; but only a small part, and to his
+mind an insignificant part, of what he proposed doing. People had been
+to the mouth of the Columbia before, and his ambition was not limited
+to making tracks where others had made them before him. There was a
+vast region beyond the Rocky Mountains--the whole western slope of our
+continent--of which but little was known; and of that little, nothing
+with the accuracy of science. All that vast region, more than seven
+hundred miles square--equal to a great kingdom in Europe--was an
+unknown land--a sealed book, which he longed to open, and to read.
+Leaving the frontier of Missouri in May, 1843, and often diverging
+from his route for the sake of expanding his field of observation,
+he had arrived in the tide-water region of Columbia in the month of
+November; and had then completed the whole service which his orders
+embraced. He might then have returned upon his tracks, or been brought
+home by sea, or hunted the most pleasant path for getting back; and if
+he had been a routine officer, satisfied with fulfilling an order, he
+would have done so. Not so the young explorer, who held his diploma
+from nature, and not from the United States Military Academy. He was
+at Fort Vancouver, guest of the hospitable Dr. McLaughlin, Governor of
+the British Hudson Bay Fur Company; and obtained from him all possible
+information upon his intended line of return--faithfully given, but
+which proved to be disastrously erroneous in its leading and
+governing feature. A southeast route to cross the great unknown region
+diagonally through its heart (making a line from the Lower Columbia to
+the Upper Colorado of the Gulf of California), was his line of return;
+twenty-five men (the same who had come with him from the United
+States) and a hundred horses were his equipment; and the commencement
+of winter the time of starting--all without a guide, relying
+upon their guns for support; and, in the last resort, upon their
+horses--such as should give out! for one that could carry a man, or a
+pack, could not be spared for food.
+
+"All the maps up to that time had shown this region traversed from
+east to west--from the base of the Rocky Mountains to the Bay of San
+Francisco--by a great river called the _Buena Ventura_: which may be
+translated, the _Good Chance_. Governor McLaughlin believed in the
+existence of this river, and made out a conjectural manuscript map to
+show its place and course. Fremont believed in it, and his plan was to
+reach it before the dead of winter, and then hybernate upon it. As a
+great river he knew that it must have some rich bottoms, covered with
+wood and grass, where the wild animals would collect and shelter,
+when the snows and freezing winds drove them from the plains; and
+with these animals to live on, and grass for the horses, and wood for
+fires, he expected to avoid suffering, if not to enjoy comfort, during
+his solitary sojourn in that remote and profound wilderness.
+
+"He proceeded--soon encountered deep snows which impeded progress upon
+the highlands--descended into a low country to the left (afterwards
+known to be the Great Basin, from which no water issues to any
+sea)--skirted an enormous chain of mountain on the right, luminous
+with glittering white snow--saw strange Indians, who mostly
+fled--found a desert--no Buena Ventura; and death from cold and famine
+staring him in the face. The failure to find the river, or tidings of
+it, and the possibility of its existence seeming to be forbid by the
+structure of the country, and hybernation in the inhospitable desert
+being impossible, and the question being that of life and death, some
+new plan of conduct became indispensable. His celestial observations
+told him that he was in the latitude of the Bay of San Francisco, and
+only seventy miles from it. But what miles! up and down that snowy
+mountain which the Indians told him no men could cross in the
+winter--which would have snow upon it as deep as the trees, and places
+where people would slip off and fall half a mile at a time--a fate
+which actually befell a mule, packed with the precious burden of
+botanical specimens, collected along a travel of two thousand miles.
+No reward could induce an Indian to become a guide in the perilous
+adventure of crossing this mountain. All recoiled and fled from
+the adventure. It was attempted without a guide--in the dead of
+winter--accomplished in forty days--the men and surviving horses--a
+woeful procession, crawling along one by one; skeleton men leading
+skeleton horses--and arriving at Sutter's Settlement in the beautiful
+valley of the Sacramento; and where a genial warmth, and budding
+flowers, and trees in foliage, and grassy ground, and flowing streams,
+and comfortable food, made a fairy contrast with the famine and
+freezing they had encountered, and the lofty Sierra Nevada which they
+had climbed. Here he rested and recruited; and from this point, and
+by way of Monterey, the first tidings were heard of the party since
+leaving Fort Vancouver.
+
+"Another long progress to the south, skirting the western base of the
+Sierra Nevada, made him acquainted with the noble valley of the San
+Joaquin, counterpart to that of the Sacramento; when crossing through
+a gap, and turning to the left, he skirted the Great Basin; and
+by many deviations from the right line home, levied incessant
+contributions to science from expanded lands, not described before. In
+this eventful exploration, all the great features of the western slope
+of our continent were brought to light--the Great Salt Lake, the Utah
+Lake, the Little Salt Lake; at all which places, then deserts, the
+Mormons now are; the Sierra Nevada, then solitary in the snow, now
+crowded with Americans, digging gold from its flanks: the beautiful
+valleys of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, then alive with wild
+horses, elk, deer, and wild fowls, now smiling with American
+cultivation; the Great Basin itself and its contents; the Three Parks;
+the approximation of the great rivers which, rising together in the
+central region of the Rocky Mountains, go off east and west, towards
+the rising and the setting sun--all these, and other strange features
+of a new region, more Asiatic than American, were brought to light and
+revealed to public view in the results of this exploration.
+
+"Eleven months he was never out of sight of snow; and sometimes,
+freezing with cold, would look down upon a sunny valley, warm with
+genial heat;--sometimes panting with the summer's heat, would look up
+at the eternal snows which crowned the neighboring mountain. But it
+was not then that California was secured to the Union--to the greatest
+power of the New World--to which it of right belonged; but it was the
+first step towards the acquisition, and the one that led to it. The
+second expedition led to a third, just in time to snatch the golden
+California from the hands of the British, ready to clutch it. But of
+this hereafter. Fremont's second expedition was now over. He had left
+the United States a fugitive from his government, and returned with a
+name that went over Europe and America, and with discoveries bearing
+fruit which the civilized world is now enjoying."
+
+On their homeward-bound journey, the party followed up the valley of
+the San Joaquin crossing over the Sierra Nevada and coast range of
+mountains at a point where they join and form a beautiful low pass.
+They continued on from here close under the coast range until they
+struck the Spanish Trail. This they followed to the Mohave River. That
+stream, it will be recollected, was an old friend of Kit Carson's.
+The reader will recall the many times he had caught beaver out of its
+waters. They followed the trail up the course of the river to where
+it leaves it. At this point an event occurred which somewhat retarded
+their progress, relieving the monotony of the route and somewhat
+changing their plans.
+
+Soon after the camp had been formed, they were visited by a Mexican
+man and boy; the one named Andreas Fuentes, the other Pablo Hernandez.
+They informed Fremont that they belonged to a party of Mexican traders
+which had come from New Mexico. They said that six of them, including
+in this number two women who acted as cooks, had been left by their
+friends in charge of a band of horses. The rest of the party were
+absent trafficking. The party of six thus left to watch the horses,
+consisted of Santiago Giacome, Andreas Fuentes and wife, and Pablo
+Hernandez, together with his father and mother. They were endeavoring
+to find better grazing for their animals. For this purpose they had
+penetrated the country as far as they dared; and, at about eighty
+miles from the camp of Fremont, had resolved to wait for their
+friends. Fuentes and the boy Pablo were on guard over the animals when
+their camp was attacked by hostile savages. The attacking band was
+about thirty in number.
+
+Their principal object was to seize the horses. To effect this the
+more easily, they saluted the little band with a flight of arrows as
+they advanced. Fuentes and Pablo now heard Giacome warning them to
+start the horses and run for it. Both were mounted. They obeyed the
+directions of Giacome and with the entire band of horses charged
+boldly into the midst of the Indians regardless of their weapons. The
+charge succeeded in breaking their line, through which Fuentes and
+Pablo boldly dashed after their animals. The Indians deferred the
+chase to attend to a more bloody purpose. Having put sixty miles
+between them and the site of the attack, they left their horses
+and started in search of their main body. This search led them into
+Fremont's camp. Fuentes feared that the worst had overtaken his wife.
+Pablo already looked upon himself as an orphan boy. He doubted not
+that the bloody savages had murdered both his father and mother. It
+was a sad picture to witness their grief. But Kit Carson could not
+do so unmoved. The heart of such grief has ever awakened his earnest
+sympathy. His sympathy, too, has never been of a wordy nature. He
+volunteered to go with Fuentes and make an attempt to deliver the
+captives, if such they should prove, or to avenge their death, if that
+became the sad alternative.
+
+Fuentes had left the horses at a spring of water, well known to
+Carson. There he had found signs of white men which had led him into
+Fremont's camp. There was no difficulty for Carson to find the spring.
+The whole company therefore traveled to the spring, which they reached
+early the next morning, distant about thirty miles from their last
+camp. The horses were not to be seen. A short examination of signs
+soon revealed to Carson and Godey that the two Mexicans had been
+followed by the Indians and that they had come upon the horses shortly
+after they had left them. Of course therefore they had captured and
+driven them off.
+
+Carson and Godey were determined to make one effort to punish the
+rascals. They started, taking Fuentes with them, upon the trail of
+the Indians. The chase was a severe one, as, in the judgment of the
+mountaineers, the Indians would not make a short trail after acquiring
+so much booty. The horse which Fuentes rode, most unfortunately, gave
+out after a short ride. There was no time to be lost and no means at
+hand to supply this important deficiency. To turn back to camp would
+supply it, but that course would also lose them their game. Fuentes,
+therefore, was requested to return to Fremont's camp, and there await
+the return of Kit Carson and Godey. These two had been the only men
+in the entire command who had volunteered in this chase. The loss of
+Fuentes therefore made their task literally a Don Quixotic adventure.
+Two men against thirty. But Kit Carson was not the man to turn his
+back upon an adventure as soon as the difficulties began to present
+themselves. He well knew that he had one man on whom he could rely.
+Richard Godey was his tried and trusty friend, his kindred spirit and
+a noble hearted man. Leaving the Mexican to find his way back to camp,
+a distance of about twenty miles, they gave him their word that they
+would finish the business. The following night was very dark, and in
+order to keep on the right scent Carson and Godey were obliged to
+lead their horses and frequently to follow the trail by the sense of
+feeling. It was seldom, however, that they lost the path, and never
+for more than a few moments at a time. Gradually the signs grew
+fresher as they advanced, which gave them the assurance that they were
+rapidly gaining on the pursuit. Finally, they concluded that only
+a few hours separated them from the savages. Having accomplished a
+considerable part of their journey during the night, and finding that
+both themselves and their horses required rest, they concluded to
+halt. Having unsaddled their animals and turned them out to graze,
+they wrapped themselves up in their wet blankets and laid down to
+sleep. The weather, however, was too cold to permit sleeping in
+comfort without a fire. That they dare not make, fearing it would
+prove a warning signal to the savages. Having worried through the
+remainder of this cold and cheerless night, they arose early in the
+morning and went to the bottom of a deep ravine where they kindled
+a small fire and succeeded in warming themselves. At daybreak they
+re-saddled their jaded horses and once more started upon the trail.
+Just as the sun was rising they discovered the Indians. When first
+seen they were encamped two miles in advance, and were enjoying a
+breakfast on horse steaks, having already killed five of the stolen
+animals. Kit Carson and his friend dismounted, and, concealing their
+horses near by, held a council of war. They decided to crawl in among
+the herd of stolen animals which were grazing, without guard, at a
+short distance from the camp of the savages. Upon reaching the horses,
+they agreed to be guided by circumstances. First divesting themselves
+of all useless apparel, they commenced their task. After much cautious
+labor they gained their point and stood among the animals. As soon,
+however, as they arrived, one of the young horses of the band became
+frightened at the grotesque figures cut by the two creeping men and
+exhibited his fear by snorting and kicking up his heels. This alarmed
+the remainder of the horses and caused quite a commotion among them,
+which had the effect to alarm the savages, who sprang for their arms.
+With a yell, Carson and Godey instantly turned towards the savages. As
+soon as they were all fairly in view the two white men saw that they
+had thirty warriors before them to deal with. When they had advanced
+within rifle range Kit Carson halted and, aiming his rifle at the
+stoutest looking brave, fired. The fierce savage fell with a cry
+of anguish. Godey had also halted and fired, but he missed his aim.
+Instantly reloading, he made the second attempt and this time brought
+down a warrior. While these events were taking place the red men were
+running about in great confusion. Occasionally they returned a few
+arrows, but they all proved but harmless missiles. The fact was the
+Indians were puzzled what to think of the audacity of the two men.
+Evidently they considered them to be an advance party of some strong
+force, acting with a view of decoying them into a close fight. Acting
+upon this they began to fly in every direction except that from which
+danger impended. Kit and Godey, as they had calculated, were thus,
+quite unceremoniously, left masters of the enemy's camp. Besides the
+recaptured horses, they had two trophies lying upon the ground in
+the shape of a brace of stalwart warriors. In order to show their
+companions on their return that they were not given to boasting, they
+followed the example and practice of the savages and scalped the two
+Indians. The common expression now in use is that they proceeded to
+"take the hair" of their victims. The performance of this act was a
+matter of choice and fell to the lot of Godey, while Kit Carson,
+with the two rifles, ascended an eminence near at hand for the double
+purpose of standing guard over his companion and also to reconnoitre.
+Godey commenced his operations on the savage which he himself had
+shot. Having finished with him, he started for the other Indian hit by
+Kit Carson. But this fellow after he had fallen had crawled quite out
+of view among some rocks. Being only wounded, he raised up and sent
+an arrow at Godey as he approached which pierced his shirt collar.
+The Indian had already lost a large amount of blood. His last act so
+exhausted him that he sank back upon the ground and expired. They next
+proceeded to collect the horses. Upon counting them they found the
+number stated by the Mexican to be correct with the exception of five
+killed by the Indians for their feast. The animals were now driven to
+the spot where their own horses had been left.. Here they held another
+council and determined to seek out the fate of the remainder of the
+Mexican party. They therefore bent their steps towards the late camp
+of the Mexicans. There they found the bodies of the two men terribly
+mangled. The savage ferocity of the rascally savages had here had full
+play as soon as they found that the two who were on guard had broken
+through their line and escaped with the horses. Their bodies were
+naked and full of arrows. The women were not to be found. The remains
+were decently interred by Carson and Godey, and then they set about
+looking for the women. After a long search they could discover nothing
+of them, and concluded that they had been reserved for a worse fate.
+The remains of these two poor captives were afterwards found by some
+of Fremont's men. The Indians, not satisfied with killing them, had
+staked their bodies to the ground. Kit Carson and Godey having now
+accomplished, on this errand of mercy, all that lay in the power of
+man to do, set out to return and soon rejoined their friends, whom
+they found anxiously waiting for them. Col. Fremont concludes his
+account of this affair in the following words:
+
+"Their object accomplished, our men gathered up all the surviving
+horses, fifteen in number, returned upon their trail, and rejoined us
+at our camp in the afternoon of the same day. They had rode about one
+hundred miles in the pursuit and return, and all in thirty hours. The
+time, place, object, and numbers considered, this expedition of Carson
+and Godey may be considered among the boldest and most disinterested
+which the annals of western adventure, so full of daring deeds, can
+present. Two men, in a savage desert, pursue day and night an unknown
+body of Indians into the defiles of an unknown mountain--attack them
+on sight, without counting numbers--and defeat them in an instant--and
+for what? To punish the robbers of the desert, and to avenge the
+wrongs of Mexicans whom they did not know. I repeat: it was Carson
+and Godey who did this--the former an American, born in Kentucky; the
+latter a Frenchman by descent, born in St. Louis; and both trained to
+western enterprise from early life."
+
+The stolen property was restored to the Mexicans without one cent
+being demanded or received by either Carson or Godey.
+
+It was not for the love of Indian fighting as many may suppose, that
+Kit Carson was moved to take part in such expeditions; but, when the
+life of a fellow-creature is exposed to Indian barbarities, no living
+man is more willing, or more capable of rendering a lasting service
+than Christopher Carson. A name that, wherever it is known, is ranked
+among the "bravest of the brave."
+
+Soon after the two volunteers came in, Fremont resumed his journey and
+continued it without anything transpiring to disturb the equanimity
+of the party until they reached a point on the Virgin River where the
+Spanish Trail leaves it. It became necessary to change camps here, in
+order that the animals might take advantage of better grass. As the
+party were enjoying a day's rest, one of the men, a Canadian by birth,
+missed his riding mule from the herd. Without informing any of his
+friends of his intentions, he started out in quest of the animal. His
+absence, at first, was not noticed; but, soon, inquiries were made for
+him, and when an unusual length of time had passed without his return,
+Fremont became anxious for his safety. He directed Kit Carson to take
+three men and go in search of him. On arriving at their last camp,
+Kit found a spot where, undoubtedly, the man had fallen from his horse
+wounded, as, about the place, there were pools of coagulated blood.
+It was now believed that their companion was dead. Kit immediately
+ordered the party to search for his body, but they could not find it.
+They then followed the trail of the Canadian's horse, which it was
+very evident he had caught and mounted before being shot. It led to
+where the animal had crossed the river. There, all signs disappeared.
+After a faithful search for the trail, Kit returned to camp, and
+informed his commander of the result of his day's work. The next
+morning the search was renewed by all of the company. They discovered
+Indian signs, yet could not trace them to where the body was. After
+looking in every conceivable hiding-place in the neighborhood of the
+signs, they gave up the hunt. Kit Carson was much affected by the loss
+of this man. He had been his friend. They had been associated in many
+trapping expeditions, and knew each other most intimately. He felt
+assured that, if the Canadian had not been surprised by any enemy in
+ambuscade, he would have killed one or two Indians before he himself
+fell; for, besides being a very brave man, he was well versed in
+Indian mode of warfare, and was considered a fine marksman.
+
+The party now proceeded on their journey, returning to and keeping on
+the Spanish Trail, which was not left until they reached the "Vega
+of Santa Clara." There they struck out across the country to the Utah
+lake, which, after crossing, they left, and went to the Wintry River,
+and thence to Green River, Brown's Hole, Little Snake River, and so on
+to the mouth of St. Vrain's Fork. It was here that they traversed
+the mountains and came upon Laramie River below the New Park. They
+journeyed through this into the Old Park, and thence traveled to the
+head waters of the south fork of the Platte. On quitting it, they bent
+their way to the Arkansas River, coming on to it at a point just below
+the place where it leaves the Rocky Mountains; and, by keeping on
+down it, they arrived at Bent's Fort on the 2d of July, 1844. On the
+following fourth of July Mr. Bent gave a dinner in commemoration of
+the occasion to Fremont and his party. Although hundreds of miles
+separated from their countrymen, yet they sat down to as sumptuous a
+repast as could be furnished in many towns of the States.
+
+The exploring party considered their labors finished at this post,
+as, in accordance with the tastes of many of the party, they were near
+enough to civilization. The command was dissolved, and Colonel Fremont
+proceeded on his route to Washington. Kit Carson, about the same time,
+started for Taos, where he had been for a long time anxiously expected
+by his family and friends.
+
+The description which Colonel Fremont has given of the country through
+which this expedition traveled, seems to be an appropriate and almost
+a necessary addition to this work. On the 24th day of May the party,
+on their return, reached the Utah Lake. "Early the next day," says
+Fremont, "we came in sight of the lake; and, as we descended to the
+broad bottoms of the Spanish Fork, three horsemen were seen galloping
+towards us, who proved to be Utah Indians--scouts from a village,
+which was encamped near the mouth of the river. They were armed with
+rifles, and their horses were in good condition. We encamped near
+them, on the Spanish Fork, which is one of the principal tributaries
+to the lake. Finding the Indians troublesome, and desirous to remain
+here a day, we removed the next morning further down the lake, and
+encamped on a fertile bottom near the foot of the same mountainous
+ridge which borders the Great Salt Lake, and along which we had
+journeyed the previous September.
+
+"We had now accomplished an object we had in view when leaving the
+Dalles of the Columbia in November last; we had reached the Utah Lake;
+but by a route very different from what we had intended, and without
+sufficient time remaining to make the examinations which were desired.
+It is a lake of note in this country, under the dominion of the Utahs,
+who resort to it for fish. Its greatest breadth is about fifteen
+miles, stretching far to the north, narrowing as it goes, and
+connecting with the Great Salt Lake.
+
+"In arriving at the Utah Lake, we had completed an immense circuit
+of twelve degrees diameter north and south, and ten degrees east and
+west; and found ourselves in May, 1844, on the same sheet of water
+which we had left in September, 1843. The Utah is the southern limb
+of the Great Salt Lake; and thus we had seen that remarkable sheet of
+water both at its northern and southern extremity, and were able to
+fix its position at these two points. The circuit which we had
+made, and which had cost us eight months of time, and 3,500 miles of
+traveling, had given us a view of Oregon and of North California from
+the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean, and of the two principal
+streams which form bays or harbors on the coast of that sea. Having
+completed this circuit, and being now about to turn the back upon the
+Pacific slope of our continent, and to recross the Rocky Mountains, it
+is natural to look back upon our footsteps, and take some brief view
+of the leading features and general structure of the country we have
+traversed. These are peculiar and striking, and differ essentially
+from the Atlantic side of our country. The mountains all are higher,
+more numerous, and more distinctly defined in their ranges and
+directions; and, what is so contrary to the natural order of such
+formations, one of these, ranges, which is near the coast (the Sierra
+Nevada and the Coast Range), presents higher elevations and peaks than
+any which are to be found in the Rocky Mountains themselves. In our
+eight months' circuit, we were never out, of sight of snow; and the
+Sierra Nevada, where we crossed it, was near 2,000 feet higher than
+the South Pass in the Rocky Mountains. In height, these mountains
+greatly exceed those of the Atlantic side, constantly presenting peaks
+which enter the region of eternal snow; and some of them volcanic, and
+in a frequent state of activity. They are seen at great distances and
+guide the traveler in his courses.
+
+"The course and elevation of these ranges give direction to the
+rivers, and character to the coast. No great river does, or can, take
+its rise below the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Range; the distance to
+the sea is too short to admit of it. The rivers of the San Francisco
+Bay, which are the largest after the Columbia, are local to that bay,
+and lateral to the coast, having their sources about on a line with
+the Dalles of the Columbia, and running each in a valley of its own,
+between the Coast Range and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Range. The
+Columbia is the only river which traverses the whole breadth of
+the country, breaking through all the ranges, and entering the sea.
+Drawing its waters from a section of ten degrees of latitude in the
+Rocky Mountains, which are collected into one stream by three main
+forks (Lewis's, Clark's, and the North Fork), near the centre of the
+Oregon valley, this great river thence proceeds by a single channel to
+the sea, while its three forks lead each to a pass in the mountains,
+which opens the way into the interior of the continent. This fact in
+relation to the rivers of this region gives an immense value to the
+Columbia. Its mouth is the only inlet and outlet to and from the sea;
+its three forks lead to the passes in the mountains; it is, therefore,
+the only line of communication between the Pacific and the interior of
+North America; and all operations of war or commerce, of national or
+social intercourse, must be conducted upon it. This gives it a value
+beyond estimation, and would involve irreparable injury if lost. In
+this unity and concentration of its waters, the Pacific side of our
+continent differs entirely from the Atlantic side, where the waters of
+the Alleghany Mountains are dispersed into many rivers, having
+their different entrances into the sea, and opening many lines of
+communication with the interior."
+
+"The Pacific coast is equally different from that of the Atlantic. The
+coast of the Atlantic is low and open, indented with numerous bays,
+sounds, and river estuaries, accessible everywhere, and opening by
+many channels into the heart of the country. The Pacific coast, on the
+contrary, is high and compact, with few bays, and but one that opens
+into the heart of the country. The immediate coast is what the seamen
+call _iron bound_. A little within, it is skirted by two successive
+ranges of mountains, standing as ramparts between the sea and the
+interior country; and to get through which, there is but one gate, and
+that narrow and easily defended. This structure of the coast, backed
+by these two ranges of mountains, with its concentration and unity of
+waters, gives to the country an immense military strength, and will
+probably render Oregon the most impregnable country in the world."
+
+"Differing so much from the Atlantic side of our continent in coast,
+mountains, and rivers, the Pacific side differs from it in another
+most rare and singular feature--that of the Great interior Basin,
+of which I have so often spoken, and the whole form and character of
+which I was so anxious to ascertain. Its existence is vouched for by
+such of the American traders and hunters as have some knowledge of
+that region; the structure of the Sierra Nevada range of mountains
+requires it to be there; and my own observations confirm it. Mr.
+Joseph Walker, who is so well acquainted in those parts, informed
+that, from the Great Salt Lake west, there was a succession of lakes
+and rivers which have no outlet to the sea, nor any connection with
+the Columbia, or with the Colorado of the Gulf of California. He
+described some of these lakes as being large, with numerous streams,
+and even considerable rivers, falling into them. In fact, all concur
+in the general report of these interior rivers and lakes; and, for
+want of understanding the force and power of evaporation, which so
+soon establishes an equilibrium between the loss and supply of waters,
+the fable of whirlpools and subterraneous outlets has gained belief
+as the only imaginable way of carrying off the waters which have no
+visible discharge. The structure of the country would require this
+formation of interior lakes; for the waters which would collect
+between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada, not being able
+to cross this formidable barrier, nor to get to the Columbia or the
+Colorado, must naturally collect into reservoirs, each of which would
+have its little system of streams and rivers to supply it. This would
+be the natural effect; and what I saw went to confirm it. The Great
+Salt Lake is a formation of this kind, and quite a large one; and
+having many streams, and one considerable river, four or five hundred
+miles long, falling into it. This lake and river I saw and examined
+myself; and also saw the Wahsatch and Bear River Mountains which
+inclose the waters of the lake on the east, and constitute, in that
+quarter, the rim of the Great Basin. Afterwards, along the eastern
+base of the Sierra Nevada, where we traveled for forty-two days, I saw
+the line of lakes and rivers which lie at the foot of that Sierra; and
+which Sierra is the western rim of the Basin. In going down Lewis's
+Fork and the main Columbia, I crossed only inferior streams coming in
+from the left, such as could draw their water from a short distance
+only; and I often saw the mountains at their heads, white with snow;
+which, all accounts said, divided the waters of the _desert_ from
+those of the Columbia, and which could be no other than the range of
+mountains which form the rim of the Basin on its northern side. And in
+returning from California along the Spanish trail, as far as the
+head of the Santa Clara Fork of the Rio Virgen, I crossed only small
+streams making their way south to the Colorado, or lost in sand--as
+the Mo-hah-ve; while to the left, lofty mountains, their summits white
+with snow, were often visible, and which must have turned water to the
+north as well as to the south, and thus constituted, on this part, the
+southern rim of the Basin. At the head of the Santa Clara Fork, and
+in the Vegas de Santa Clara, we crossed the ridge which parted the
+two systems of waters. We entered the Basin at that point, and have
+traveled in it ever since, having its southeastern rim (the Wahsatch
+Mountain) on the right, and crossing the streams which flow down into
+it. The existence of the Basin is, therefore, an established fact in
+my mind; its extent and contents are yet to be better ascertained. It
+cannot be less than four or five hundred miles each way, and must lie
+principally in the Alta California; the demarcation latitude of 42 deg.
+probably cutting a segment from the north part of the rim. Of its
+interior, but little is known. It is called a _desert_, and, from what
+I saw of it, sterility may be its prominent characteristic; but where
+there is so much water there must be some _oasis_. The great river
+and the great lake reported may not be equal to the report; but where
+there is so much snow, there must be streams; and where there is no
+outlet, there must be lakes to hold the accumulated waters, or sands
+to swallow them up. In this eastern part of the basin, containing
+Sevier, Utah, and the Great Salt lakes, and the rivers and creeks
+falling into them, we know there is good soil and good grass, adapted
+to civilized settlements. In the western part, on Salmon-trout River,
+and some other streams, the same remark may be made."
+
+"The contents of this Great Basin are yet to be examined. That it is
+peopled, we know; but miserably and sparsely. From all that I heard
+and saw, I should say that humanity here appeared in its lowest
+form, and in its most elementary state. Dispersed in single families;
+without fire-arms; eating seeds and insects; digging roots (and hence
+their name); such is the condition of the greater part. Others are a
+degree higher, and live in communities upon some lake or river that
+supplies fish, and from which they repulse the miserable _digger_. The
+rabbit is the largest animal known in this desert; its flesh affords
+a little meat; and their bag-like covering is made of its skins.
+The wild sage is their only wood, and here it is of extraordinary
+size--sometimes a foot in diameter, and six or eight feet high. It
+serves for fuel, for building material, for shelter to the rabbits,
+and for some sort of covering for the feet and legs in cold weather.
+Such are the accounts of the inhabitants and productions of the Great
+Basin; and which, though imperfect, must have some foundation, and
+excite our desire to know the whole."
+
+"The whole idea of such a desert and such a people, is a novelty in
+our country, and excites Asiatic, not American ideas. Interior basins,
+with their own systems of lakes and rivers, and often sterile, are
+common enough in Asia; people in the elementary state of families,
+living in deserts, with no other occupation than the mere animal
+search for food, may still be seen in that ancient quarter of the
+globe; but in America such things are new and strange, unknown and
+unsuspected, and discredited when related. But I flatter myself
+that what is discovered, though not enough to satisfy curiosity,
+is sufficient to excite it, and that subsequent explorations will
+complete what has been commenced."
+
+"This account of the Great Basin, it will be remembered, belongs
+to the Alta California, and has no application to Oregon, whose
+capabilities may justify a separate remark. Referring to my journal
+for particular descriptions, and for sectional boundaries between good
+and bad districts, I can only say, in general and comparative terms,
+that, in that branch of agriculture which implies the cultivation of
+grains and staple crops, it would be inferior to the Atlantic States,
+though many parts are superior for wheat, while in the rearing of
+flocks and herds it would claim a high place. Its grazing capabilities
+are great; and even in the indigenous grass now there, an element
+of individual and national wealth may be found. In fact the valuable
+grasses begin within one hundred and fifty miles of the Missouri
+frontier and extend to the Pacific Ocean. East of the Rocky Mountains,
+it is the short, curly grass, on which the buffalo delight to feed
+(whence its name of buffalo), and which is still good when dry and
+apparently dead. West of those mountains it is a larger growth, in
+clusters, and hence called bunch grass, and which has a second or fall
+growth. Plains and mountains both exhibit them; and I have seen good
+pasturage at an elevation of ten thousand feet. In this spontaneous
+product, the trading or traveling caravans can find subsistence for
+their animals; and in military operations any number of cavalry may be
+moved, and any number of cattle may be driven, and thus men and horses
+be supported on long expeditions, and even in winter in the sheltered
+situations.
+
+"Commercially, the value of the Oregon country must be great, washed
+as it is by the North Pacific Ocean, fronting Asia, producing many
+of the elements of commerce, mild and healthy in its climate, and
+becoming, as it naturally will, a thoroughfare for the East India and
+China trade."
+
+Col. Fremont, in this beautiful and instructive passage of descriptive
+writing, refers to the grass on which the buffalo "delight to feed."
+It is eminently proper that we should add a few words for general
+information concerning the grasses of the prairies, as also concerning
+the timber, flowers, game, face of the country, etc., etc., in which
+the whole life of Kit Carson has been spent.
+
+On the west side of the Arkansas River, and between that stream and
+the Rocky Mountains, there are three distinct species of grass found.
+The first is the short, curly variety, on which the buffalo are said
+to feed, from which fact it takes its name. The second kind is the
+Grama grass, which is, I believe, indigenous to only this section of
+America. Its stalk grows to the height of about one foot. Near its
+top, it gives off, at right angles, another stem, which is
+usually from one and a half to three inches in length. From this
+last-mentioned stem, hang clusters of seeds which are well protected
+by a suitable covering. It is said, and my own observation confirms
+the fact, that horses will leave grain, such as corn and oats, to
+feed on this grass; and its wonderful nutritious properties cannot be
+denied. Wild oats are often seen in the mountain valleys. Along the
+low swampy lands which skirt the rivers of the plains, there is yet
+another species of grass which grows oftentimes several feet high,
+and has a broad blade, similar almost to that of the flag plant. On
+approaching the mountains the blue grass is found, which is nearly the
+same as that usually met with in many of our western States. The bunch
+grass, as spoken of by Fremont, is not confined to the mountains in
+New Mexico; it is sometimes met with in the valleys, where it grows
+to an immense height; but, in the low lands, it is useless, being too
+tough for animals to masticate. Strangers, when journeying in these
+parts, often make the mistake of selecting camps in this tall grass,
+being deceived by its thrifty appearance; but, one night, thus spent,
+will clearly prove its utter worthlessness.
+
+On the plains there are but few wild flowers; but, as the traveler
+approaches the mountains, they greet his eyes in extensive beds and of
+variegated colors. As a grazing country, the Rocky Mountains and their
+immediate vicinity cannot be surpassed. The timber found there is poor
+in quality. It comprises pine, cedar, and cotton wood, with here
+and there patches of small and crooked oak bushes. The rivers in
+the mountains are formed from melting snows and springs. They come
+tumbling down through rough gorges and rocky canons, until they are
+free in the valleys, where, they form bold and beautiful rivers. The
+brook trout are the fish which mostly inhabit them, and, a singular
+fact, in many of these streams this kind of fish treat the presence of
+a man with perfect indifference, which has led me to believe, that in
+their primitive state, the "shy trout" fear neither man nor beast. The
+Indians catch them, and it may be that this fish is first frightened
+by them. In the Rocky Mountains, south of the head waters of the
+Arkansas, comparatively speaking, there are but few small birds and
+squirrels. The raven, the crow, the hawk, the owl, and occasionally
+the eagle, are seen. Wild geese, ducks, and cranes, are common.
+Pigeons, including the wild dove, are not often seen. The magpie is
+found in abundance. Turkeys and grouse are also in abundance. Wild
+rabbits and a species of hare are also common. Indeed a man can travel
+for days in the Rocky Mountains and never hear the musical notes of a
+bird. In these mountains, rattle-snakes are only found in the
+valleys, where it is warm. In the summer, the deer and elk live in the
+mountains; but, when cold weather sets in, they are driven out of
+them by the deep snows. The antelope of the plains seek the mountain
+valleys during the winter. The buffalo migrate south as the season
+becomes too severe for them. Sometimes they are caught by the storms,
+and are obliged to winter also in the mountain valleys. The pine
+trees of the Rocky Mountains bear a small nut, which is called by the
+Mexicans _pinon_, which, when cooked, are quite pleasant to the taste.
+There are many small salt lakes in the mountains, and many marshes,
+where the ground is covered white by the salt deposit. The mineral
+wealth of the Rocky Mountains is very great, and there is no doubt but
+some day, rich veins of gold, silver, and iron ore will be discovered
+there. The geological formation of the country is such as to warrant
+this belief. Nearly every stream carries down in its floods that
+precious metal, gold; but, in such small quantities, as not to attract
+the attention of miners. I have found there, on the surface of the
+earth, small pieces of material resembling stone coal, which have
+probably been thrown up by some volcanic action. Hot and mineral
+springs are not unfrequently met with. They are places of frequent
+resort by the Indians, who use them for medicinal purposes.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IX.
+
+    Kit Carson concludes to become a Farmer--He is joined in the
+    Enterprise by a Friend--They build a Ranche on the Cimeron
+    River--Descriptions of Mexican Customs and Country--Fremont
+    once more at Bent's Fort--Express sent for Kit Carson to
+    join the Expedition as Guide--The Ranche Sold, and
+    the Departure--The Third Expedition and
+    its Explorations--Difficulties with the
+    Mexican-Californians--General Castro's Orders to leave the
+    Country--Determination to Fight--Fremont goes to Lawson's
+    Fort--Fremont and his Men encounter a Thousand Indians--The
+    Battle and the Victory--The news that War had been
+    declared between the United States and Mexico reaches
+    Fremont--Lieutenant Gillespie rescued from the Indians--Three
+    of the party killed in the Night by Indians--The Savages
+    repulsed--The Burial of Comrades.
+
+
+In the early spring of 1845, Kit Carson, after weighing the various
+occupations which presented, decided to become a farmer. One of his
+mountaineer friends, Mr. Richard Owens, came to the same conclusion.
+Together they talked over their plans, and concluded that it would
+be to them, at least, newness of life to be domiciled in their own
+houses. The two hunters carefully marked out their plans, and then set
+to work with a will for success to carry them into execution. A
+very short time enabled them to choose a farming site, because their
+knowledge of the country enabled them to see all of its desirable
+localities, as it were at a glance. They decided to purchase a tract
+of wild land situated on the little Cimeron River, and improve it.
+Their arrangements were soon made, tools and implements, stock and
+animals, provisions and necessaries all procured. With the services of
+some laborers hired by them, they were soon engaged actively preparing
+their land for the reception of seed. The spot which they selected
+was forty-five miles east of Taos. They commenced the enterprise by
+building some small huts. These afforded both themselves and their
+Mexican laborers a comfortable lodgment. They sowed a considerable
+quantity of grain, and prepared timber almost sufficient to build good
+substantial houses. Their vigorously prosecuted labors began to show
+evident results, and in the prospect, it was clearly apparent that
+another year would serve to give them profitable reward for their
+enterprise.
+
+It seems appropriate at this point, that we should enable the reader
+to look upon and judge of the farming country and habits of New
+Mexico; their markets, and some of the manners and customs of the
+people who dwell in cities. The town of Taos affords a fair sample of
+the markets, and as Kit Carson has many times been exhibited to the
+reader at that place, it is very proper that we should describe it.
+
+The town of Taos is located in a valley called by the same name. The
+town consists of a series of villages, which are scattered, and are
+known to the Mexicans by various names. The main village is called
+Fernandez de Taos, and is located near the centre of the valley, on
+a high plateau of ground. The buildings here, as, indeed, in all the
+towns of New Mexico, are constructed of adobes, and are one story
+high, with what is usually known as flat roofs. These houses are
+huddled together without much regard being paid to streets. The main
+attraction of the town is the plaza, where all the business, such
+as marketing, etc., is carried on. It is here that the stores are
+located; and, on a fete day, or in business hours, it is thronged
+with Mexicans, Americans, and Indians. Among these there is a large
+per-centage of idlers. The houses are mostly covered with a white
+material, which is either chalk or lime. The church is the largest
+building in the town, and is a rough specimen of architecture, which
+is rudely finished within. It has a flat-sounding bell, propped up
+in a sort of a belfry. To make a noise on this, a piece of iron, or
+several stones are used; and, when an attempt at chiming is made,
+it is very laughable. The figures representing saints, and even the
+altar, are a strange compound of imitation. On the respective days set
+apart by the Catholic church for worship, marriages and fete
+services are carried on with a great attempt at pomp, but, under the
+circumstances, they leave no lasting impression of grandeur, save on
+the inhabitants, who have beheld nothing beyond their own country. The
+dignitary most respected in these towns is the Padre (or Priest), who
+is looked upon as sacred; and, when so inclined, this class of men
+have the power of accomplishing much good; but, oftentimes, they
+pervert this power, setting bad examples in their mode of life, and
+offering wicked counsel. However, under the management of the present
+bishop, who is a very exemplary man, these things are being changed.
+The old Priests of New Mexico were formerly educated in Old Mexico.
+Their information was very imperfect, and their minds were contracted
+down to extreme narrowness, from want of observation; hence, they were
+the means of retarding the natural progress of the people. It cannot
+be denied but that the Catholic religion has been the pioneer system
+in the far West, and that, in the hands of good and pure men, it has
+done much praiseworthy work, and has set an example which other creeds
+might and ought to follow. The valley of Taos is bounded on all sides
+by lofty mountains, which are but continuations of the Rocky chain.
+The boundaries of this valley are very irregular, both in the course
+they take and in their altitudes. The valley is about thirty miles
+wide and some fifteen miles long. The ground has the appearance, at
+first sight, of being a plain; but, on closer observation, it is
+found to contain many ravines, and to bear the appearance of being
+undulating. To the west side of it, rolls the Rio Grande, which
+cuts, for most of the way, through a deep and impassable (for fording
+purposes) channel. In the valley, there are but few, if any, trees,
+which fact gives the villages a barren look. The mountains about are
+covered with timber, which is not generally of the first quality for
+building purposes. The number of people included within the limits
+of this valley, it is difficult to estimate; but, about ten thousand
+would include every living soul. The occupation of the people is
+farming. Raising horses, cattle and sheep is carried on to a certain
+extent; but most of the large herds of these animals owned in this
+town are kept at ranches situated at more distant points, where grass
+is to be had in abundance, and those retained about the villages are
+only kept for immediate use. The reason for this is found in the fact
+that most of this valley is not under cultivation, but is covered with
+sage bushes. It is around the skirts of the mountains, that the only
+valuable grass is found. The people, as a general thing, are quite
+poor, but, as they find a ready market through the military posts for
+their produce, they manage to realize some money, and thus live quite
+comfortably, in contrast with their former destitute condition under
+the government of Old Mexico. Some of the inhabitants might be said to
+be rich, though but few of this class own ten thousand dollars' worth
+of property. It is with great labor that the people of Taos bring
+their crops to perfection, as it is necessary to irrigate the
+soil, unless the season, which is rarely the fact, is favorable in
+furnishing rains to them. There are no fences to divide one man's
+possessions from another's; but, by common law, they furnish shepherds
+to guard their flocks and cattle and keep them from trespassing. The
+climate is very severe during the winter season, but in the summer
+it is delightful. The health of this community is wonderfully good.
+Indeed, the only severe diseases they have to contend against are
+brought on by vices. Excluding small pox, and the lesser complaints
+among young children, no epidemics are known. The country is so
+elevated and inland, that the air is dry and salubrious, and the "dew
+point" is rarely reached so as to amount to anything. It may be well
+to add here, that for the consumptive patient, in the early stages of
+the disease, there is no such climate in the world to visit, as that
+of New Mexico; but, as a matter of course, he must vary his location
+with the changes of temperature, being governed by the seasons. The
+winter in Taos is too severe for him; then, he must go South, towards,
+or even to El Paso, where it is congenial to his disease. I prophesy
+that some day our internal continent will be the "Mecca" for pilgrims
+with this disease.
+
+The dress of the New Mexican is the same as in Old Mexico. The peasant
+wears his _sombrero_ and his everlasting blanket, which serves him
+as a coat, and a covering by night. He rarely has but one suit of
+clothes, which are put on new and worn until they are of no further
+use. By amalgamating with the Americans, they are gradually
+changing their style of dress. The buckskin pants, which were
+characteristically cut and ornamented, are giving way to the ordinary
+cloth ones of his white companion. It is so with the blanket, which is
+being shed for the coat; and, again, this is true with the moccasin,
+which is being replaced by the leathern shoe. The dress of the female
+has undergone the same alteration. From almost a state of nudity,
+they have been raised to a position from which they look upon silk
+and satin with a "_connoisseur's_ eye." When New Mexico was part
+and parcel of the domain of Old Mexico, Taos was the seat of much
+smuggling from the United States, and many an apparent pack of grain
+drawn into the town has been nothing less than packages of domestic
+goods, the duties upon which, when introduced in the legal way,
+were enormous; hence the white men engaged in this business, when
+successful, met with ample rewards for their labors. The frontiers
+were like the olden sea coasts. The Mexicans kept out scores of
+custom-house officers to guard their frontiers, but the shrewd
+foreigners, many times, were able to escape them; at others, they
+were so fortunate as to find that a bribe would answer as well. An old
+trick was to have a double bottom to a wagon, and, in the vacant space
+thus formed, were stowed valuable shawls and such light articles as
+would meet a sure and remunerative sale. Sometimes the goods were
+brought near the frontiers and there hidden in the ground until a
+favorable opportunity offered to steal them into the country. When
+there was great danger that these secreted goods would be discovered,
+the smugglers would so arrange a keg of powder with a loaded pistol
+pointing at it, with strings running to the shrubbery near by, so as
+to cause it to explode and kill the searchers should the bushes about
+be disturbed. One old smuggler once fixed things in this manner, but
+performed his task too well; for, on going to remove his property, he
+came very near blowing himself up, as the mine was sprung and he was
+thrown in the air, but miraculously escaped. Many of the adventures
+of these men would be interesting; but they are too voluminous to be
+embodied in our work. The valley of Taos is well watered by mountain
+streams which flow into the Rio Grande. On one of these creeks and
+near the mountains, to the east of Fernandez de Taos, is located an
+Indian Pueblo which is very interesting to the traveler. Its houses
+are built one on top of another until a sort of pyramid is formed. The
+people enter their respective domicils through the roofs, which form
+a kind of steps. At the foot of this queer building there is a church;
+and around, the scenery is very picturesque, as the whole is bounded
+on one side by a gap in the mountains, while on the other is the open
+valley. This band of Indians at first offered great resistance and
+fought with much bravery against the United States; but now they
+are counted among its most faithful allies, and are great in their
+admiration of Kit Carson. The farming utensils of the New Mexicans
+are rude in the extreme; but the agricultural implements of the
+Anglo-Saxon are slowly replacing these articles. The old plough, as
+frequently used at the present time by the New Mexicans, is indeed
+a curiosity, as it probably was invented in the earliest times. It
+consists of one piece of timber which is crooked the proper shape by
+nature; the end of this is sharpened, and on it is fastened a single
+piece of iron which has an attempt at a sharp point. The force to
+propel this farming implement is attached in the usual way, with but
+few modifications. Oxen are always employed in this labor, and their
+yoke is fastened after the Egyptian fashion, to their horns instead of
+by bows. In breaking up the hard prairies, this plough had a difficult
+task to perform and was often broken; but, by the assistance of men
+employed in clearing obstacles, such as sage bushes, etc., the task
+was imperfectly gone through with. The Mexican axe is another curious
+tool, which resembles as much the common pick of our laborers as
+it does the axe used by American woodsmen. The sickle is used in
+harvesting to this day in these parts, performing the duties of the
+scythe, the cradle, etc. The most remarkable sight of all is the
+Mexican cart, the noise of which, when moving, can, be heard on a
+still day at a great distance. The wheels of this vehicle are at least
+one foot thick, and consist of pieces of solid wood which are pegged
+together and made to approach a circle by the best judgment of the
+_eye_, without the aid of measuring. These wheels are very heavy, and
+when rolling they go by jerks, owing to their want of proportion, etc.
+The body of the cart, as are all of its parts, is made of soft wood,
+and seems to be constructed for weight and strength instead of beauty.
+The whole affair, when complete, is almost a load by itself; hence, it
+is capable of carrying but a small cargo. The grain that Mexicans of
+New Mexico grow is corn and wheat, and it is on these crops that they
+depend for their support. In converting this grain into flour,
+they either use the old water mill which is very primitive in its
+construction, or else, when these are not near by, they make use of
+two stones and grind it by hand. Their common diet is a sort of thick
+gruel made of corn meal, wheat bread, eggs, peas, beans, pumpkins,
+which latter articles they roast, and then break holes into them and
+with a spoon dip out the contents as they are required; and, to finish
+the catalogue, sometimes meat, game and milk. The fruits found in New
+Mexico are not various, and are mostly confined to apples, peaches,
+plums and grapes. These latter are truly superior, and are raised in
+the greatest abundance in the south of the Territory, where, also,
+they manufacture a very pleasant red wine, which goes by the name of
+El Paso Wine. We take the manners and customs of the people of Taos as
+a good type to judge of the manners and customs of the New Mexicans,
+for the town is second only in size, in this Territory, to Santa
+Fe. The inhabitants of New Mexico, notwithstanding their poverty and
+neglect, owing to their remote locality, are perhaps as happy and
+contented as any community in the world. They are not over-celebrated
+for their chastity or virtue; and, to the disgrace of the white man,
+they have not been assisted by him in these cardinal principles; but,
+time will work wonders on this score and teach the immorality of such
+proceedings. Their great source of enjoyment consists in dancing; and
+hence the fandango is always looked for as a time when dull care will
+be dispelled. A grand fandango is the event of a New Mexican's life.
+These affairs are gotten up sometimes for charitable purposes, when
+the money gathered in the sale of refreshments is distributed to the
+poor; or else they are started by individuals to make a little money
+out of. In a town the size of Taos, during the winter season, hardly
+a night passes by without a dance. Written invitations in Spanish are
+freely circulated about the town in order to entrap the strangers,
+while the inhabitants are invited by other means. The music consists
+of a high-strung violin and a species of guitar. This is perambulated
+about the town. The players perform light dancing tunes and accompany
+the music with their voices, making up the words as they go along.
+This music is learned entirely by ear, and is transmitted from one
+generation to another through the means of these fandangos. The vocal
+music is anything but harmonious to the ear, but some of the airs,
+when played on the instruments, are rather pleasing, and one, on
+hearing them, finds himself often humming them afterwards. The powers
+of music are nowhere better illustrated than among these people. Their
+ready ear quickly catches a new tune, and it is not uncommon to hear,
+in a Mexican town, a senorita giving vent to a negro melody or a
+favorite polka which she has heard some American sing or whistle. At
+Santa Fe there are several noted players on the violin and harp who
+cannot read a word of music, yet they can play on their respective
+instruments with taste and skill. A New Mexican female, in preparing
+herself for these balls, is very particular in making, by the aid of
+cosmetics, her complexion as light as possible. She first uses a red
+berry which stains her face almost to the color of brick and renders
+her excessively ugly; this she leaves on several hours, when it is
+washed off and chalk is applied so freely as to render it easily
+perceptible. In her toilet she is also very particular, as far as the
+exterior is concerned, and in the _fandango_ the stranger's eyes are
+taken by storm by the gaudy colors he sees rather than the neatness of
+the dress. The floor of the dancing-room is usually the mother earth,
+which is frequently sprinkled with water to keep down the dust. The
+men are in their everyday habiliments, with the addition of any clean
+thing they may chance to possess; but, usually they are a motley
+crowd, a glance at whom at first leaves the impression that they
+are far from being refined. Except when dancing, they cling to their
+blankets, and at the least pause in the proceedings, they at once
+draw forth the materials and make their cigarettos. Both men and women
+indulge in these articles; and oftentimes when the dance is in full
+blast, the air of the room is densely charged with the smell of
+the burning _punchi_, a species of tobacco, making it anything but
+agreeable. The women are seated on benches along the walls of the
+building, by themselves, while the men congregate in knots together.
+On the commencement of a figure, the Mexican selects his partner and
+notifies her that she is his choice by making a signal to her with
+his hand, when she takes her position in the dance. The eyes and the
+latent smile on the face of the "dark eyed senorita" shows she is
+enjoying herself. The men exhibit their pleasure in a more boisterous
+manner; that is, by occasionally whooping and cracking jokes.
+Gambling[18] is carried on under the same roof; and in this both men
+and women join as long as their money lasts. Then they make room for
+others who are anxious to try their fortunes. This vice is truly of
+a national character, and so given to it are these people, that they
+will part with anything to support their appetite. To their credit
+it can be said, that the New Mexican women indulge but sparingly in
+alcoholic liquor; but the men are prone to the intoxicating cup. They
+often anticipate the evil effects of drink, and it is not unfrequent
+to see a New Mexican assuming the airs of a drunken man after two or
+three mouthfuls of "_aqua-diente_." The spirit of the ball is carried
+on well into the short hours of night, when all parties depart for
+their homes. Intoxication, that curse to all men, is playing havoc
+with this innocent amusement of the people, and causing these scenes
+to terminate in riot, and often bloodshed, especially when the
+jealousy of the white blood is raised at some imagined insult; and
+then, as is always the case, the two races come in fierce contact. It
+is hoped that by the aid of schools and education these things may
+be ameliorated, but they cannot be cured. The mischief is too deeply
+rooted.
+
+[Footnote 18: The game most frequently played is _monte_.]
+
+We have thus endeavored to give the reader a view of the people among
+whom Kit Carson had determined to become a farmer. But he was not
+destined to finish and perfect his plans.
+
+Near the conclusion of the second exploring expedition, and at the
+time when Kit Carson took his departure from the party, Col. Fremont
+had received a promise from him to the effect that he would join,
+as guide, any party of discovery, for the further exploration of the
+Rocky Mountains, which he, Col. Fremont, should command.
+
+During the active duties of a farmer's life, and just as Kit Carson
+had brought his new enterprise into working order, an expressman from
+Col. Fremont arrived at his ranche, bearing dispatches to Carson. The
+purport of these dispatches was to remind Kit Carson of his promise,
+to inform him of the organization of a third expedition, and to
+appoint a place where Kit Carson might find his old commander.
+
+The express found Carson in the midst of so many cares and anxieties
+concerning his new project, that it became a very difficult matter for
+him to keep his word. But the sacrifice of pecuniary interest was but
+a slight consideration with Kit, when weighed in the balance against
+his promise. He knew that his promise had not been either lightly
+given or received. Col. Fremont, by it, had the first right to his
+time and energies, and had formed his expectations accordingly; and
+Kit lost, therefore, no time in making preparations to satisfy these
+expectations by reporting himself at the appointed place of meeting,
+ready for the march.
+
+But to effect this was attended with no slight difficulties. Kit
+Carson had a large sum invested in his improvements, by way of
+payments for labor, as well as purchases of stock, provision, farming
+tools, utensils, teams, wagons, seed, and stock in general. The
+erection of his house, barns, etc., was under an advance which reached
+far towards completion. But with Kit Carson, his word was worth more
+than prospective losses which its fulfillment would entail. In company
+with Mr. Owens, he set himself actively at work to effect a complete
+sell-out. After a good deal of anxious inquiry, he found a man who
+was willing to pay one half of the real valuation attached to his
+property. Notwithstanding this sacrifice, the bargain was closed and
+the business details completed. In company with Mr. Owens, Kit Carson
+once more bade his family and friends an affectionate farewell. They
+took the route for Bent's Fort, and arrived there in the course of
+a few days. The meeting between Fremont and Carson was mutually
+satisfactory. With his friend, Mr. Owens, he joined the Third
+expedition of Col. Fremont, which was the last one which he undertook
+by authority of the United States government.
+
+A long tramp was before them. The arrangements preparatory were,
+therefore, made with corresponding care and diligence. The route
+led up the Arkansas River to the point where that stream leaves the
+mountains; thence they made a circuit by the Ballo Salado, or Soda
+Springs, coming back again upon the Arkansas, striking the stream
+above its great canon. Thence they journeyed on to the head waters of
+the river. Here they left the Arkansas River and took a direct route
+for the Piney River, down which latter stream they traveled to a spot
+within twenty-five miles of its mouth. From this place they continued
+their explorations of the country to the head of White River.
+Following down it, they soon reached the mountains. Crossing them,
+they proceeded to Prevost's Fork.
+
+At this spot a desperate fight once occurred between a party of
+trappers and a band of hostile Indians. The trappers were commanded by
+a man whose name has ever since been applied to the stream. Prevost,
+although he had a strong party and fought a most desperate battle,
+nevertheless was outnumbered, outgeneralled, and most completely
+overpowered. The Indians succeeded in killing the entire party,
+including himself, with but four exceptions. These four escaped
+only with the greatest difficulty and prudence. Through them the
+particulars of the affair became known to the mountaineers.
+
+Col. Fremont (we should before this have mentioned that Fremont had
+been promoted in the corps of Topographical Engineers from the post of
+Lieutenant to the rank of Captain by brevet) now examined the country
+as far as the south side of the Great Salt Lake, passing on his route
+a smaller body of water, which, for many years, has been known as
+Little Utah Lake. The command halted at Great Salt Lake a few days
+to recruit, preparatory to undertaking the further exploration of the
+lake, together with one of its largest islands, which would be reached
+by this southern route. The Indians met with on the journey, informed
+them that on this island there was plenty of fresh water, and game in
+abundance. On arriving at a suitable place, Col. Fremont pitched his
+tents for the main camp. On the following morning, taking Kit Carson
+and a few chosen men, Col. Fremont started to explore the island. The
+reports of the Indians were proven to be true. In addition to plenty
+of fresh water and game, they discovered very good timber growing
+there. The game, which proved to be antelope, was so abundant that
+they decided to kill from the herds a quantity sufficient for future
+use. The island was about fifteen miles in length by about five in
+breadth. From the main land to the island they were able to ride their
+horses, as the water was not deep. Upon the banks of the lake they
+found the salt deposit to vary from the thickness of a wafer to the
+depth of twelve inches.
+
+Having made their observations, the small party returned to the main
+camp. On the following day the journey was resumed, the route leading
+around the south side of the lake, until they reached the last fresh
+water to be found in that direction. Before them lay a wide and
+unknown desert, over which no white man had ever passed. Kit Carson
+had been at this spot several times in previous years, and had often
+heard the oldest trappers speak of the impossibility of crossing
+it for man or beast. They had always shrunk from a path apparently
+endless, which offered appearances of neither grass nor water. Colonel
+Fremont had determined to try the formidable desert, and, if possible,
+unfold its hidden secrets. His men were equally ambitious with
+himself, and were ready to second his efforts without fearing the
+trials or sufferings which the desert route might exact.
+
+Colonel Fremont arranged all of his plans commensurate with the
+hardships in expectancy. Early the subsequent morning he dispatched
+Kit Carson, Maxwell and two others as an advance party to break the
+road and look for a camping site. With his telescope, he then ascended
+a neighboring mountain to watch the little party of pioneers. In the
+event that water and grass should be found, Kit Carson's orders
+were to build a fire, the smoke of which would serve as a signal to
+Fremont, who would immediately follow up their trail with the whole
+command.
+
+For sixty miles, Kit Carson with his little party traveled over this
+level, barren and sandy desert, without coming to a drop of water or
+a blade of grass. At the end of this distance they reached the
+mountains, on the west side of the lake, and found both in abundance.
+The signal of smoke was now made, according to agreement. Even at this
+long distance Fremont discovered it, and immediately set his party in
+motion. Kit Carson sent back one of the men to meet the main body, and
+guide it across the dreary waste. Before the party had accomplished
+more than half the distance to Kit Carson's advance, night set in,
+forcing the whole band to encamp without water, grass, or fuel. The
+camp became more necessary because the darkness was so great that they
+could not follow the trail in a night march. Early the following day
+the march was resumed, and a few hours served once more to reunite
+the command. They had the misfortune, however, to lose a few of their
+animals. The place which Kit Carson had selected for the camp was, to
+the weary travelers, in every respect equal to an oasis on the Great
+Sahara. There is no one thing which a traveler on the plains dreads
+more than being forced to camp without water and grass.
+
+At this resting-place Colonel Fremont, in order to accomplish as much
+as possible, divided his forces into two commands. One of them he gave
+into the charge of Mr. Talbot, his assistant, and appointed for his
+guide a mountaineer named Walker. To this party Colonel Fremont gave
+instructions to shape their course for Mary's River; on striking
+which, they were to follow down the stream to where it is lost in the
+Great Basin. Colonel Fremont retained with him fifteen men besides his
+guide. The route which he pursued lay in the country south of Mary's
+River forming a large tract of land, which it was very desirable that
+he should explore. After finishing this, he was to join Talbot on the
+lake which is formed by the widening of the Carson River. The country
+through which Colonel Fremont traveled, he found to be well furnished
+with grass, water and wood. It is highly picturesque; but, as
+its characteristics are so vividly painted in his reports, it is
+superfluous to add our attempt to the same task. Having arrived at the
+lake already mentioned, he there awaited the arrival of Talbot. It
+was three days before the command was again united. They, however,
+remained together only one night. Early the following morning they
+separated once more. This time, Talbot's instructions were, to find a
+certain pass which would bring him out in the vicinity of the Sierra
+Nevada Mountains, which he was to cross, and then keep on his course
+for the waters of the San Joaquin. Fremont, with his division,
+journeyed up the Carson River, and after traversing the Sierra Nevada
+Mountains, he arrived safe at Sutter's Fort, without meeting with any
+incidents that were not to be expected on such a trip. Captain Sutter,
+with his usual urbanity of manner, kindly received them, and supplied
+their wants. Of him, Fremont purchased forty head of cattle and a few
+horses, with which he set out to look for Mr. Talbot. In doing so, he
+traveled up the valley of the San Joaquin, and forded that river at
+about where it is ushered forth from the mountains. Mr. Talbot was not
+to be found in this direction, so the party went to Kings River, and
+journeyed up it to its head waters. It now happened that the cattle
+belonging to the party began to grow foot-sore and weary from travel
+over rocky trails and through deep snows. It became evident that the
+looked-for men were not in that quarter; therefore, Fremont returned
+to the prairies near by, in the hopes of saving his cattle; but, when
+he arrived there, he was destitute of these animals, for they had all
+given out and died. The party had, previous to this misfortune, killed
+some of the best of the oxen, and prepared the meat to carry along
+with them; but, in no great quantities, as their riding animals were
+not strong enough to bear heavy burdens. The command had hardly left
+the mountains and succeeded in reaching the prairies, before they were
+obliged to submit to further trials and losses. After going into camp
+one night, the men, tired and worn out by much labor, had lain down
+to rest. As a guard had been posted, they gave themselves but little
+concern about danger. Their sentinels were not on the look-out as
+sharply as they might have been. The consequence was, that some
+hostile Indians crept within their lines and killed two mules, which
+depredation was not discovered until the next morning.
+
+Fremont had no animals remaining in condition to give chase, and
+therefore had quietly to submit to his loss. He now resolved to give
+up for the time being his search for Talbot's party and return to
+Sutter's Fort, where he could reorganize. While on their road to the
+Fort, the men came suddenly upon a band of the same Indians who had
+recently annoyed them. These fellows seemed to invite an engagement,
+and were gratified by Col. Fremont. In the skirmish that ensued, they
+lost five warriors killed. The rest fled. The party, after undergoing
+many hardships, finally reached their point of destination. During the
+latter part of this tramp, game had become so scarce that the men had
+to shoot whatever came in their way. This time it chanced to be wild
+horses. When they arrived at the Fort they were on foot, their saddle
+and pack animals having all given out and broken down. By the kind
+assistance of Mr. Sutter, they were furnished anew. After recruiting a
+little their own worn-out bodies, they started on their second trip in
+quest of their companions. They traversed the coast range and went to
+San Jose to see if they could hear anything through the Mexicans and
+Indians who resided there, concerning the whereabouts of the missing
+men; as perchance, some of the hunters or traders among these people
+might, in their travels, have met or heard something of them. On
+making inquiries at San Jose, they were informed that the party was
+encamped at a well known place on the San Joaquin. This piece of
+intelligence immediately decided Fremont to dispatch Carson and two
+companions to that section of country, while he and the remainder of
+the men would remain where they were and await his return. Kit Carson
+performed his mission with his usual promptness and soon returned with
+his charge, when the expedition was once more united under one leader.
+Owing to the great trials and privations recently met with, and the
+inability to procure at Sutter's Fort all that was wanted in the
+matter of an outfit, therefore it was determined upon that the party
+should proceed next to Monterey, where they knew they could purchase
+the articles that were actually required. While en route, and when
+within thirty miles of this last-named town, an impertinent order was
+received from Gen. Castro, the Mexican commander of the territory. The
+purport of this order was, that Fremont and his party must immediately
+vacate the country without further notice, or else the gallant general
+would be obliged to drive them out. It was late in the afternoon when
+the messenger with this document arrived in Fremont's camp; yet, he
+found time the same day to pack up and fall back to a place where he
+could fortify his position, as he felt confident that this was but
+an empty excuse which the Mexican general had invented to prevent him
+from penetrating further into the country. The Americans had hardly
+got things in proper trim before the Mexican general, at the head
+of several hundred troops, arrived and established his camp and
+head-quarters within sight of the former, being deluded with the
+belief that he would easily intimidate the exploring party. The
+general commenced firing his cannon and making a great uproar. He had
+all branches of the service with him, including artillery, infantry
+and cavalry. In the intention of intimidation, however, he was greatly
+mistaken, though the difference in numbers between the two parties
+was in itself almost decisive, should they come to a conflict. Yet the
+Mexicans had but poorly estimated the mettle contained in the American
+commander and his forty men. They were ready, one and all, to sell
+their lives dearly in a cause good as that before them. Unshaken in
+their purpose, the little band of intrepid men remained in their camp
+for the period of three days. The Americans who were then living at
+Monterey sent several expressmen to their countrymen, warning them of
+their danger, as they felt that the Mexicans could, without a
+doubt, completely annihilate them. Fremont's reply was perfectly
+characteristic of the man; he said he had done nothing to raise the
+wrath of the Mexicans, who were now treating him disgracefully. He had
+come to perform a duty, and could not leave without executing it. In
+fact, neither himself nor his men would submit to be driven out of
+the country. At the end of three days, Fremont saw that there was no
+prospect of Gen. Castro's consummating his threat; and, considering
+that he had sufficiently shown his willingness to fight if driven
+to it, he therefore concluded to strike his camp and withdraw to the
+Sacramento River. The party were not disturbed in their movements, and
+on reaching this stream they followed it up until they came to Peter
+Lawson's Trading Post, where Fremont intended, since he could not go
+to Monterey without being too rash, to purchase the outfit for the
+homeward-bound trip. The party remained at this post some ten days,
+during which time some American settlers in the neighborhood came in
+with the information that one thousand Indian warriors were collecting
+for the avowed purpose of destroying their ranches, probably at the
+instigation of the Mexicans. The exploring party, and also five white
+men from the Post, proffered their services to go to the aid of their
+countrymen, and shortly afterwards the whole command under Fremont
+moved forward to meet and measure their strength with the savages.
+The village of the Indians was in due time found, when the whites
+commenced the fight by making an attack on it. The battle was for
+a little while stoutly contested; but finally the red men were
+completely routed. The number of the killed it was difficult to
+ascertain; but Carson is of the opinion that this fight had the
+tendency of fixing on the minds of this tribe the truth of their
+inability to cope with white men, the convincing evidence of which was
+that the battle-ground was strewn with their dead. Having more than
+accomplished his chastisement of the Indians, Fremont with his party
+returned to Lawson's.
+
+On finishing his purchases, at this post, whose occupants had done
+their utmost to supply his wants and make his stay agreeable, the
+explorer once more set his command in motion en route for the Columbia
+River. He traveled up the Sacramento and passed near the Shasta
+Buttes,[19] and thence on to the Tlamath Lake. While encamped on the
+head of this collection of water, news came to the party that war had
+been declared between the United States and Mexico. This intelligence
+had been sent to Fremont through Lieutenant Gillespie, of the United
+States marines, who had with him six men as an escort. After traveling
+three hundred miles over bad trails at a rapid pace, his animals began
+to succumb to fatigue. The lieutenant saw he would fail to accomplish
+his ends with the whole party together, therefore he selected two of
+his most reliable men, mounted them on his fleetest horses, and sent
+them on ahead to bear the dispatches, while he himself would jog on
+slowly. The expressmen overhauled the exploring party after several
+days of hard travel and handed to Fremont the communications. As
+soon as he had read his letters, Fremont made inquiries in regard to
+Gillespie, and found that he was in rather a precarious position; for,
+should the Tlamath Indians take the notion, they would murder him
+and his men just by the way of pastime. Fremont at once determined
+to return with all haste and succor Gillespie from the imminent peril
+that surrounded him. With this purpose in view, he selected ten picked
+men, leaving orders for the rest of the party to follow on his trail,
+and set out. He had traveled about sixty miles when he met the officer
+he was in search of coming on. The meeting was very gratifying to
+both, but especially so to Fremont, who was fully alive to the dangers
+through which Gillespie had passed; for, the lieutenant was not
+sufficiently aware how black-hearted in their villainy and treachery
+this tribe, through whose country he was passing, were, as he had
+heretofore never dealt with them. A camp was selected near by, and all
+hands were not long in being snugly seated in it around a good fire,
+listening to the important news fresh from the civilized world.
+
+[Footnote 19: Blunt projecting mountains.]
+
+Fremont sat up until about one o'clock reading his letters from the
+United States. Kit Carson and Owens, wrapped in their saddle blankets,
+had picked out their beds near the fire, as the night was cold. On
+concluding the reading of his correspondence, Fremont turned in and
+was soon sound asleep. All was quiet for awhile, when Kit Carson heard
+a noise that awaked him; the sound was like the stroke of an axe.
+Rising to his feet, he discovered Indians in the camp. While in the
+act of reaching for his rifle, he gave the alarm, to his slumbering
+companions; but, two of them were already sleeping their last sleep,
+for the fatal tomahawk had been buried in their brains. One of these
+victims was the brave Lajeunesse, while the other was a full-blooded
+Delaware Indian. As Kit Carson left the fire, where he was too
+conspicuous an object, he saw several warriors approaching towards it.
+There lay near to it four other Delawares, who, on hearing the alarm,
+sprang to their feet. One of them by the name of Crane, seized hold of
+a rifle which, unfortunately, was not his own, and was not loaded. The
+poor fellow was not aware of this important fact. He kept trying to
+fire it while he stood erect, and manfully received five arrows,
+all of which penetrated his left breast, and either one of which was
+sufficient to cause his death. At last, he fell. On grasping his gun,
+Kit Carson remembered that the evening before, he had discharged it
+for the purpose of cleaning it, and while doing so had accidentally
+broken its cap tube, and consequently he had not reloaded it. As this
+flashed across his mind, he threw the rifle down and drew from his
+belt a single-barrelled pistol, with which he made at the warrior
+who was so safely throwing his arrows into his companion. When
+sufficiently near, Kit Carson fired, but as the fellow kept dodging
+about, he only succeeded in cutting the string that held the tomahawk
+to its red owner's arm. Maxwell now shot at this same brave and hit
+him in the fleshy part of one leg; and, as he was turning to run,
+which was the case with most of the Indians by this time, a bullet
+from the rifle of a mountaineer passed through his heart and arrested
+his progress. The whites were now fully awakened to their danger, and
+about ready to commence the fight; but the enemy had scattered. If
+all the savages had shown the same quickness and coolness as did their
+foremost warrior, the probability is that the most, if not the whole
+of the party would have been massacred. As it was, the attack was well
+planned, but poorly carried out.
+
+The result of the affair was, that Fremont lost three brave men, and
+had one other wounded slightly. It now became evident that the party
+had fallen into a snare which was intended for Lieutenant Gillespie
+and his small force, but the coming up of Fremont had caused the
+assassins to find they had caught a Tartar.
+
+Fremont and his party apprehended no danger that night; consequently,
+they did not post a guard, and as the men were very tired they slept
+very soundly. Before lying down, several of them had fired off their
+rifles, and, after cleaning them, they had neglected to reload them.
+This was the first and last time they were guilty of such a mistake
+while in an Indian country.
+
+Of the three men killed, the one by the name of Lajeunesse was
+the most regretted, for he had been with Fremont on his previous
+expeditions, and had won the admiration and confidence of his
+commander and companions. In a small company of men, such as these
+expeditions were composed of, where every member becomes intimately
+known and admired by his companions, the loss of one would be greatly
+felt; but, when three such were thus suddenly taken, it caused a gloom
+to be cast over the remainder, not easily to be dispelled. The only
+consolation left to the living was, that they had been instrumental
+in saving Lieutenant Gillespie and his four companions; therefore, in
+sacrificing their comrades, they had saved more lives than had been
+lost.
+
+There were no more thoughts of sleep in this camp for that eventful
+night; but instead, the men selected positions behind neighboring
+trees and fallen logs, and were ready to receive the enemy should they
+see fit to visit them again.
+
+The Indians, however, as Kit Carson predicted, had come to the wise
+conclusion not to attempt so unsatisfactory a business as another
+attack, for the grey light of the following day came without their
+reappearance. Before the sun had fairly risen, Fremont had broken
+up this camp, which had become odious to the men from its unpleasant
+associations. With their packs, and with the bodies of their dead
+companions, the party started to find their rear guard. They had
+proceeded about ten miles on their journey, when, by unanimous
+consent, they resolved to halt and inter the remains, which they had
+wished to carry until they united their forces, so that all could
+participate in the funeral rites; but, the woods through which they
+were traveling were very thick, and already the bodies had become
+greatly disfigured, on account of their frequently striking against
+the trees, as they were fastened on the backs of three animals.
+
+Slowly and sadly, in that dense forest, hundreds of miles from their
+nearest countrymen, was this funeral procession formed. A spot was
+selected on one side of the main trail, at a distance of about one
+half mile, where a rude grave was dug, and, wrapped in their blankets,
+in the same common house, were deposited all that remained of these
+three brave men. An observer of these obsequies, would have seen the
+lips of daring men, now and then, giving spasmodic twitchings; eyes
+swimming in tears, and a silence and solemnity that bespoke the truest
+kind of grief. Among that party, such a one would have been sure to
+have marked out the countenance of Kit Carson; for, engraven on it
+were the throes which were troubling his kind heart on being thus
+obliged to separate from old friends. Not a man left that grave, but
+who resolved, secretly and silently, to make these dastardly Indians
+suffer for the lives they had thus wantonly taken. In fact, they felt
+it an imperative duty they yet owed to their departed comrades; who,
+if they but stood in their places, would have sworn to be avenged;
+hence, the reader must not judge them harshly if they nourished these
+feelings.
+
+That very day the two parties met and went into camp together. Plans
+were concocted to chastise the red men soundly. The next day, on
+quitting this last resting-place, a squad of fifteen men was left
+concealed in the neighborhood, in order to watch and act against
+any Indians who, by chance, might be following them from one camp to
+another, in hopes of finding something. The main command then moved on
+slowly, and had advanced but a few miles when they were overtaken by
+their friends, who came up with two scalps. These were the sum total
+of their morning's work. The two warriors to whom they had belonged
+were caught following the trail as scouts of their main body. The
+unerring rifles of the party in ambush had performed their fearful
+duty.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER X.
+
+    Fremont en route for California--His men are anxious to punish
+    the Tlamath Indians--Kit Carson, in command of ten Men, is
+    sent on ahead to reconnoitre--He discovers the main Village
+    of these Indians--The Attack and the Victory--Beautiful
+    Lodges--The Trophies mostly destroyed--Fremont saves Kit
+    Carson's Life--The Journey resumed--The Sacramento Valley--An
+    Indian Ambuscade--One Savage defies the Party--Kit Carson
+    shoots him--The Tlamath Indians still on the War Path--Another
+    Lesson given to them--A Thief is shot--Arrival at Lawson's
+    Trading Post--A period of Inactivity--A Detachment sent to
+    capture Sonoma--Prisoners taken--The Mexicans come to punish
+    the Americans--Their Courage deserts them--The Retreat--The
+    Pursuit--Fremont goes to Sutter's Fort and establishes
+    a Military Post--Monterey is taken by the American
+    Squadron--Fremont marches there--Further Operations--The
+    taking of Los Angelos.
+
+
+The news of war having been declared between the United States and
+Mexico, determined Fremont to return to California; and, in doing so,
+he decided to enter that country by a new route of his own selection.
+
+He commenced his journey by traveling around Lake Tlamath, and had not
+proceeded far in that direction, before he found himself encamped on a
+small stream which empties into the lake, nearly opposite to the place
+where his three men were killed. The distance of each day's progress
+had been carefully reckoned and noted by the party. Upon their minds
+there was still resting a sadness, which, their leader saw, was only
+to be effaced by a satisfactory revenge, and that they were eager to
+obtain it before quitting the country. Perhaps, also, their commanding
+officer thought it best, while the opportunity offered, for the
+benefit of his countrymen, whom he felt sure would some day possess
+this territory, to impress these savages with the power and bravery of
+the white men. Whatever was the object to be gained, it matters not
+in relating the particulars. The next morning he sent Kit Carson on
+ahead, with ten chosen men, giving him orders to the effect that if he
+discovered a large village of Indians, which was the general surmise,
+without being himself seen, he was to send back word; when he
+(Fremont) would hasten on with reinforcements, in order to make the
+assault. If it should happen that the Indians were the first to be
+apprised of his near approach, then, without delay, Carson was to
+engage them as he thought best. Acting under these instructions, Kit
+Carson, with his detail of men, set out, and fortunately soon found
+a fresh trail that led directly to where the savages had established
+their village. This Indian village numbered fifty lodges; and, to
+each wigwam, the mountaineers estimated three braves, as this is the
+complement of men who live in one of these huts on the prairies and in
+the Rocky Mountains; thus making the force of the Indians to be in the
+neighborhood of one hundred and fifty. From the commotion noticed in
+the village, it was evident to all present that the tribe had become
+aware of danger, and that there was no time to be lost in sending back
+the desired information. Kit Carson, notwithstanding the strength
+of his enemies, determined to hazard an attack; and, after a brief
+consultation with his companions, he decided to take advantage of the
+confusion that was existing among the red men by charging right in
+among them. If ever there is a time when Indians will stand their
+ground, it is when defending their families; therefore, on this
+occasion, the white men were warmly received; but, they fought with
+such a degree of desperation, as they themselves had never done
+before. The result was, that the savages became panic stricken, and
+soon afterwards fled, leaving everything they possessed behind them.
+The victors, after pursuing the Indians for some distance, and adding
+a few more to the list of killed, returned to the village, which they
+found to be rich in booty. The lodges here taken, Kit Carson describes
+as being the most tasty pieces of handiwork that Indian skill could
+devise, and surpassed anything of the kind that he had previously
+looked upon. They were made of the broad leaves of the swamp flag,
+which were beautifully and intricately woven together. Within the
+wigwams, the party found a very large amount of fish in different
+stages of preservation for future use. Wishing to do these people as
+much harm as possible, and thus be even with them for their recent
+savage cruelties on their own party, Kit Carson gave the order to
+collect everything in the lodges and arrange the articles in such
+manner that fire would either destroy, or completely damage them.
+Having accomplished this work, the lighted tinder was applied, when
+the flames leaped high up in the air, forming a fit funeral pyre for
+their slain companions. Fremont saw the reflection of the fire, and
+also the smoke, and at once knew that Kit Carson was engaged with the
+Indians; consequently, he pushed on at a very rapid pace to assist
+him. He arrived too late for what the men called the sport; but
+instead, heard the report of his lieutenant and guide, Kit Carson,
+whose words, to use his (Fremont's) own language, "are synonymous with
+truth." The gloom which had prevailed over the party, while the men
+recounted to their friends the details of the fight was temporarily
+dispelled; and, while thus engaged, the command moved on about two
+miles from the Indian village. Having here selected a site, they
+went into camp. After comfortably stowing themselves away in this
+resting-place, another "war talk" was called, and what was best to be
+done was canvassed over. After the adjournment of the council,
+Fremont decided to send back twenty men, under Richard Owens, to the
+neighborhood of the ruins of the village, there to conceal themselves
+and await the return of the Indians; who, it was thought, might come
+back to look after their dead. He did so; and Owens had not been
+secreted a great while before about fifty savages returned, and, by
+the moon's light, were quite visible. As had been previously agreed
+upon, word was sent by a trusty messenger to Fremont, who, with six
+companions, Kit Carson being of the number, hastened on horseback
+to join his outpost. For fear of being discovered, Fremont chose a
+different route from the one taken by Owens, which was quite
+direct, while that of the former was circuitous. On approaching the
+smouldering remains of the village, Kit Carson discovered only one
+Indian wandering about on the ground. As soon almost as he was seen by
+the party, they made a dash at him. Kit Carson was in the advance, and
+on arriving within about ten feet of the warrior, he drew up his
+horse and brought his rifle to his shoulder to fire, but the gun only
+snapped, and left its owner in a very precarious situation, as the red
+man had already drawn the string of his bow to plant an arrow in the
+body of his adversary. A moment more and, in all probability, Kit
+Carson would have been breathing his last. Fremont saw the danger his
+friend was in, although Kit had tried to avoid the arrow by throwing
+himself on one side of his horse. With much forethought, as well as
+personal exposure, he plunged the rowels of his spurs deep into his
+riding animal. The noble horse, obeying the impetus thus given by his
+rider, made a few extra strides, until he reached, knocked down
+and passed over the Indian, thereby causing his arrow to fly in a
+different direction from the one intended. Before the savage could
+regain his feet, a ball from one of the rifles belonging to the party
+had sent him to his last resting-place. Fremont now learned from
+Owens, that while the messenger was absent, the rest of the Indians
+had decamped, and as he had received orders from him to await his
+coming in case he found the enemy, therefore, he was obliged to let
+the rascals quietly depart without firing into them, which was much to
+his own and his men's displeasure.
+
+[Illustration: A moment more and in all probability Kit Carson would
+have been breathing his last. Fremont saw the danger his friend was
+in, although Kit had tried to avoid the arrow by throwing himself on
+one side of his horse.--PAGE 265.]
+
+It was now necessary to return without delay to their own camp, and
+thus anticipate the movements of the Indians, as they might conclude
+to make an attack in that quarter; but, on arriving there, they
+found everything safe; nor were they, during that night, in any way
+disturbed. Kit Carson was, and is still, very grateful to Fremont for
+thus interposing between him and almost certain death; for it would
+have been the work of an instant for the Indian warrior, at ten feet
+distance, to have sent an arrow into some vital organ. It was such
+noble generosity, bravery, and disinterested exposure in the hour of
+peril, in order to serve his men, that strongly cemented Fremont to
+them. Indeed, in all of his expeditions, he had such command over his
+employees, that little or no trouble ever occurred among them while
+on their marches, although they had privations and dangers to undergo
+that would often try men of the most even temper.
+
+On the day following the one on which his party had encountered and
+chastised the Tlamath Indians, Fremont started for the Valley of the
+Sacramento. The expedition was progressing well, and was four days out
+from this last camp; when, as two of the men, whose names were Maxwell
+and Archambeau, were out hunting at a distance of about three miles on
+one side of their friends, they were surprised at seeing one Indian,
+on foot, approaching towards them.
+
+The hunters, in order to do away with all suspicion, at once halted
+and laid down their arms, to show the warrior that they were friendly
+disposed. They thought it was best to have a "talk" with him, and
+question him in regard to the country they were then in. As he showed
+no symptoms of fear, but kept coming on, they supposed that he had
+understood their actions; therefore, they paid but little attention to
+him, until they saw him stop. Their curiosity was now excited to know
+his intentions; and, as they watched his movements, they saw him take
+some young crows from his quiver, and, after untying the string that
+held them, he concealed them to his satisfaction in the grass, and
+again moved forward; but, while doing so, he was busy arranging his
+weapons for immediate use. The white men were not astonished at this,
+for they concluded that he was only preparing himself against danger.
+The Indian slowly advanced to a spot that was within fifteen yards of
+the hunters, when he again stopped, and commenced shooting his arrows
+at them. At first they dodged about, and made signs for him to desist,
+as they were friends; but, to their admonitions he paid not the least
+attention. Several of the missiles had come near causing them bodily
+injury. After a time, forbearance ceased to be a virtue. Raising his
+rifle, one of the men fired; when, to use mountaineer parlance, the
+Indian "went under."
+
+What could have been the foolhardy ideas of this warrior that
+compelled him to take such a course as he did, not one of the party,
+when they were informed of the adventure, could conjecture; but, a
+fact it is, that he lost his life and his scalp by his indiscretion.
+In due time the command reached the Sacramento River, and were
+proceeding on the trail down that stream, when they came to a
+point, not far from a deep canon, the sides of which were almost
+perpendicular and composed of cragged rocks. Fremont decided not to
+pass through this deep gorge, but instead, to travel around it; and
+he did so by crossing the river. It proved afterwards to be a very
+fortunate change; for, their old enemies, the Tlamath Indians, had
+concealed themselves there, thinking, as a matter of course, that the
+white men would keep the trail. Seeing that the white men were
+not coming into the ambuscade laid for them, the Indians became so
+disappointed that they boldly ventured forth from their hiding-places.
+A few, more daring than the rest, advanced into open ground, when
+Carson, Godey, and another member of the party, made a dash at them.
+They all ran except one warrior, and as the charging party were
+mounted on mules, they made but poor progress in overtaking them.
+The one Indian who, apparently, had resolved to make war on his own
+account, concealed himself behind a rock, strung his bow, putting
+several arrows in his mouth, and thus awaited the advance of his foes.
+Kit Carson and Godey soon came within shooting distance, when he began
+to let fly his arrows, and kept it up so briskly, that the men dodged
+about, without being able to do anything else for some moments. At
+last, wearying of this dangerous sport, Kit Carson dismounted, and
+crept around until he obtained a good sight at the Indian; when, he
+drew up his rifle, fired, and sent a bullet through his heart. From
+this dead brave, Kit Carson took a beautifully wrought bow and
+quiver, which still contained a large number of arrows, and which he
+presented, on rejoining the party, to Lieutenant Gillespie. It is a
+pity that such a brave man as this savage was, should have met with
+such an inglorious death; but, it was his own seeking, for he had
+attacked the wrong persons. Another twenty-four hours now passed by
+without any further annoyance from the Indians; who, notwithstanding
+the late forcible instruction they had received, still continued to
+hover around, and follow after the exploring party. On encamping
+the next evening, after Kit Carson had killed the Indian, as above
+described, the party found themselves entirely destitute of anything
+to eat, although they were very hungry. Game had, all at once, become
+very scarce, as the hunters whose turn it was to be out that day, had
+returned unsuccessful. Two more men were then sent out, in hopes that
+by perseverance they might find something. They had not proceeded far
+before they discovered an Indian watching their camp, as if awaiting
+a favorable opportunity to make a descent on the animals. Step (one
+of these hunters) crept unperceived by the red man until he was within
+range of his rifle, when he fired, and killed the would-be thief.
+No other game could be found, so the hunters returned, and the whole
+party retired to rest supperless, and arose the next morning to fast
+again. That day, however, they found and killed some game, and for the
+time being, their appetites were once more appeased. Fremont was now
+on his way to Peter Lawson's Fort, where he arrived safely, after
+several days of hard traveling. At this place the party rested
+for about one week; but the desire to have an active share in the
+approaching hostilities, caused Fremont to delay no longer than was
+absolutely necessary; hence, he started and went to a point lower down
+on the Sacramento, known to the mountaineers under the name of the
+Buttes. Here, a camp was made, and here Fremont had decided to wait
+positive orders concerning the war; and, until these instructions
+should arrive, he employed his men in hunting. After several days
+spent in this way, he began to weary of inactivity. He thought that,
+in all probability, war had commenced; and, finally, he decided to
+take the responsibility of sending a part of his force to surprise
+Sonoma--a Mexican military post that had but a weak garrison. This the
+party accomplished to the entire satisfaction of their commander. They
+captured and made prisoners of war at this fort, one general and two
+captains, besides taking several cannon and quite a quantity of small
+arms. It was about this time that news reached Fremont which convinced
+him that hostilities had already commenced, and that both countries
+were taking active measures to carry the war on with vigor. He set out
+immediately, on the receipt of this information, and joined his detail
+of men at Sonoma. During his stay at this fort, General Castro
+sent one of his captains, with a large force of Mexicans, from San
+Francisco, with orders to drive the Americans out of the country. This
+command came, and accidentally fell upon and butchered two men whom
+Fremont had sent out as messengers to inform all American settlers
+that Sonoma had been taken by him, and that thither they could fly
+for safety. The gallant Mexican captain, on seeing and hearing that
+Fremont's forces were anxious to meet him, becoming disheartened,
+began to retreat, and was pursued by the exploring party. For six days
+they thus followed the retreating enemy, whose courage had evidently
+deserted them though they had triple the force of their pursuers. So
+hot was the chase, that the Mexicans deserted many of their animals,
+which, as a matter of course, fell into the hands of the Americans.
+Fremont, on finding that he could not overtake the enemy, returned
+to Sonoma. The captain, with his Mexican command, as was afterwards
+learned, did not remain at San Francisco. No doubt he did not like
+to trust himself within reach of Fremont, for he continued his march
+until he reached the Pueblo of Los Angelos, where he was rejoined by
+General Castro, who reorganized the forces and assumed the command
+himself. The exploring party had now become a military expedition, and
+around this nucleus the Americans, then in California, flocked to
+pour out their vengeance against their country's foes. Having quite
+a little army at his disposal, Fremont left a strong detachment at
+Sonoma, and departed with the rest of his command for Sutter's Fort.
+On arriving there, he placed the fort under military rule, and left
+his prisoners, General Vallejos and the two captains, who had been
+captured at Sonoma. Also an American by the name of Lace, who was a
+brother-in-law to General Vallejos, and whose predilections appeared
+to lean in favor of the Mexican side. With all his mountain men,
+including Kit Carson, Fremont then took up his line of march towards
+Monterey, for the purpose of attacking and taking possession of the
+town; but, this movement had been anticipated by Commodore Sloat and
+the American squadron. Soon after Fremont's arrival at Monterey
+(where he was very kindly received by the commodore and his officers),
+Commodore Sloat left the country, and the command devolved upon
+Commodore Stockton.
+
+A consultation having been held among the officers, it was the
+prevailing opinion that it would be impossible to overtake and engage
+the Mexicans by following them up on land; therefore Fremont asked for
+a ship to take his force to San Diego, where he could obtain animals
+and march on to Los Angelos. The United States vessel Cyane, under
+the command of Capt. Dupont, was furnished him for this undertaking by
+Commodore Stockton. In four days time the party arrived at San Diego,
+where they landed. They there parted with the ship and the gallant
+captain, with many pleasant reminiscences of their short voyage. At
+San Diego, Fremont found himself at the head of about one hundred
+and fifty men, which was not a very strong force to be in an enemy's
+country with, especially so far from their homes as they were.
+However, nearly every man was a veteran in war, and the whole body
+felt themselves invincible, which was a source of great consolation
+to their leader. From San Diego, parties of the command were sent
+to scour the neighboring country, in order to bring in a sufficient
+number of horses to mount the men. This being accomplished, Fremont
+set out for Los Angelos, where the Governor and Gen. Castro had a
+force of seven hundred men at their disposal. These officials, with
+their soldiers, on learning the near approach of the Americans, broke
+up and fled, most of them taking the road to Sonora, while the balance
+scattered, not apparently caring where they went, as long as they did
+not come in contact with the Americans. Fremont marched within about
+one league of the town, and encamped to await, as had been previously
+agreed upon, the arrival of Commodore Stockton, who soon joined him
+at this place with a party of sailors and marines, "As fine a body of
+men," says Kit Carson, "as ever I looked upon."
+
+When the two commands had been consolidated, they marched direct for
+Los Angelos, which they easily captured, as its would-be defenders had
+some days before deserted it. In this town the command was quartered
+for some time; but, as it is our intention to follow the career of
+Kit Carson, who, shortly after their arrival, had been detailed
+for important duty, which placed him in new scenes; hence, we are
+necessitated to take leave of affairs as they transpired there, and
+hereafter revert to them casually as they connect with our narrative.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XI.
+
+    Kit Carson is sent Overland as Bearer of Dispatches
+    to Washington--The Preparation and the Start--The
+    Journey--Privations and Sufferings--Meeting with General
+    Kearney--The General takes Carson as his Guide and sends on
+    the Dispatches by Fitzpatrick--The March--Arrival at Warner's
+    Ranche--Mexicans on the Road--Preparations for a Battle--The
+    Battle--Disastrous Consequences--Kit Carson and Lieutenant
+    Beale offer to run the lines of the Mexican Sentinels
+    and carry Information to San Diego of Kearney's critical
+    position--The Daring Undertaking--The Sufferings
+    they encountered--Their Arrival--Reinforcements sent
+    out--Lieutenant Beale is Delirious from the Privations he has
+    undergone--Gen. Kearney and his Command finally reach and join
+    the other American Forces in California.
+
+
+On the 15th day of September, 1846, Kit Carson was placed in the
+command of fifteen men, with orders to make an overland journey to
+Washington, as bearer of very important dispatches.
+
+At the time of which we write, there was no steam communication, as
+now, _via_ the two great oceans, consequently, the intercourse between
+our brave countrymen in California and the government at Washington
+was attended with extreme difficulty. Fortunately, Fremont had in Kit
+Carson just the man to make such a journey through an enemy's country.
+
+Kit Carson was instructed to use his utmost endeavors to make the
+journey in sixty days, which was no small undertaking, when we
+consider the great distance to be traveled over and the obstacles that
+lay in his path; he undertook it, however, with a determination not to
+be easily frustrated.
+
+By judicious management and watchfulness, Kit was making good
+progress, and had reached a point within two days' travel of the
+Copper Mines in New Mexico without being in any way annoyed. Here he
+came into full view of a village of Apache Indians, who were then, as
+they nearly ever since have been, at war with the Americans. He had
+been discovered by these Indians, and there was but one true way to
+act, which was not to show the white feather by attempting to evade
+them. Fremont's dispatch bearer had not the least idea of that; he
+was too well schooled in Indian stratagem to be out-manoeuvered, so he
+rode on as if nothing had happened until he came to some timber that
+lay within one hundred yards of their village, when he halted. At
+first the Indians were disconcerted at the boldness of the whites,
+and were showing it by hurrying to and fro, either for the purpose
+of leaving or to be better prepared to offer fight. On arriving near
+enough so to do, Kit Carson called to the savages and informed them
+that his party were friends and wished a parley. To this an assent was
+given, when Kit made them understand that he and his men were simply
+travelers, en route for New Mexico; that they carried the olive branch
+of peace with them, and had come among them bearing it, in the hopes
+of being able to exchange their fatigued animals for others that were
+fresh. With this the Indians were satisfied; therefore, Carson chose a
+camping-ground for himself and men, and selected the site so that they
+could best contend against the treachery of the red men, should they
+attempt any. When the camp was arranged, the Indians were allowed to
+come in; and, soon after, the trading commenced, which proved to be
+very successful, for the men obtained very good riding animals in
+place of their old ones. Their intercourse with this band of Apaches
+closed early the next day, when both parties bid each other good bye
+on the most friendly terms.
+
+A few days more of travel brought Kit Carson and his men to the first
+Mexican settlement which then stood in their road. Their arrival in
+the town happened very opportunely, having for the past few days been
+suffering severely from hunger. They had started from California with
+but a small stock of dried meat and corn, not being able conveniently
+to carry more without impeding their progress; therefore, they were
+left to depend on their rifles. Game they found to be scarce; and, in
+a short time, their meat was expended. Being reduced to the corn,
+they were, as a matter of necessity, very sparing of it. The maize was
+parched, and for several days they derived their entire subsistence
+from it; though, on account of the short allowance, they but poorly
+satiated their appetites. About the time succor appeared to them in
+the shape of this Mexican town, even the maize was nearly used up.
+They were delighted to reach a place where they would be able to
+replenish their provisions. It was well known to their commander that,
+as a _dernier resort_, he could kill and live upon his riding animals,
+but in so doing, he would cripple his means so much, that the business
+he was on might prove a failure. While so much depended on it, he felt
+that he ought not to leave any other means untried before resorting to
+such a procedure. It was true, the Mexicans at that time were at
+war; but, there were scattered over New Mexico, in almost every town,
+former friends of Kit Carson, who would, he felt confident, serve him
+in the hour of trial. At the first ranche they came to, they halted
+and made a rest of two or three days, while Kit employed himself
+in purchasing supplies, in which he succeeded beyond even his
+expectations.
+
+It was while obeying instructions, in traveling as fast as possible,
+that one day, the sixth of October, 1846, the party discerned
+something which, at first, looked like a mere speck moving on the
+prairies. Watching it with intense anxiety, the little speck increased
+in size until they saw it emerge, as it were, from the apparent
+junction of the heavens with the earth, and form a visible line; as
+the front of this column came nearer to view, they discovered that
+it was a strong detachment of United States troops. The truth was now
+evident to them all that this was an expedition sent out by government
+to operate in California. Spurring on their animals, Kit and his men
+soon met the advance guard of the soldiers and learned that their
+commander was Gen. Kearney, who was further back in the lines. On
+coming to the general, Kit Carson reported himself, informed him
+of the business he was on, and also furnished him with all the
+intelligence in his power in reference to the disposal of the American
+forces in California, besides detailing to him what had already been
+accomplished in that quarter.
+
+After due deliberation, Gen. Kearney determined to send Mr.
+Fitzpatrick on to Washington with the dispatches and to order Kit
+Carson to join him as guide. In fulfilling this duty, he well knew
+that Kit would be invaluable to him. Acting on this decision, he
+sent for Kit Carson and informed him of what he wished him to do. Kit
+Carson replied, "As the general thinks best." The fact was, that Kit
+well knew he could be of great service to the command, and he was too
+honest not to confess it, though he was now nearly in reach of his
+happy home and its loved inmates, from whom he had been so long
+separated and whom he fondly wished to see. In facing about, Kit took
+upon his shoulders the prospect of encountering fearful dangers; but,
+he undertook his new duties without allowing a murmur to escape his
+lips, and without even asking additional pay; though, had he but
+mentioned it, the general could not have well refused the demand. A
+noble motive engrossed Kit Carson's mind. He has ever labored to win
+and wear the confidence and respect of his countrymen, being ambitious
+to leave a name behind him that shall be an honor to his friends and
+family.
+
+On the eighteenth day of October, 1846, General Kearney and his
+command left the Rio Del Norte, in New Mexico. The services of Kit
+Carson in directing the route, proved the wisdom of General Kearney
+in making the change in the bearers of dispatches. So true was Kit
+Carson's guidance, that the command traveled with so much dispatch as
+to reach Warner's Ranche, in California, on the third day of December
+following. From this place it took up a line of march for San Diego.
+
+While on their march, news was brought in by their spies that a strong
+command of Mexican Californians had taken up a position on their
+route, evidently awaiting their advance with the view of attacking
+them. This occurred on the sixth day of the same month. General
+Kearney made no change in his route, but advanced to within fifteen
+miles of the enemy's encampment. Here he commanded a halt. A
+reconnoitering party, consisting of fifteen dragoons, commanded by
+Lieutenant Hammond, was sent on in advance to note the position and
+force of the enemy. He proceeded upon the duty, but was discovered
+by the Mexicans. Nevertheless, he fortunately succeeded in making his
+observations previous to being seen. His report to General Kearney,
+among other facts, stated that these Mexican soldiers had strongly
+established themselves in an Indian village.
+
+General Kearney determined, without delay to attack them. Orders were
+given to resume the march; and, by one o'clock the next morning the
+American soldiers had fastened all their packs on their mules, and
+were themselves mounted and ready for the command to move. The order
+came without delay, and the little army was immediately in motion.
+Fourteen miles of the space which separated the two parties were
+passed without interruption. When within one mile of the Mexican
+position, the advance guard of the Americans suddenly came upon a
+small advance guard of the Mexicans, who were evidently posted
+to watch their approach and guard the road. As soon as they were
+discovered, the trumpets of the dragoons sounded, in quick succession,
+the orders to trot, and to gallop. The Americans were so prompt in
+making their charge that they came upon the Mexicans, when a sharp
+skirmish ensued, in which several of the enemy were killed. The
+remainder of the outpost were driven in, bearing the news of the
+attack to their friends. Captain Johnson, Kit Carson and fifteen
+American soldiers formed the attacking party in this affair. They had
+been ordered to secure the loose animals belonging to the enemy. In
+this they failed, the animals being too strongly guarded, and because,
+upon the first alarm, they were driven out of harm's way.
+
+This attack, however, proved to be the commencement of a serious
+fight. Seeing that his orders could not be obeyed in regard to the
+animals of the enemy, Captain Johnson and his party joined a party
+under Captain Moore. The force of the latter consisted of twenty-five
+American volunteers from California, who had attached themselves to
+General Kearney's command since its arrival in the country. Moore's
+command also comprised parts of two companies of United States
+dragoons. Captain Moore had been ordered to make an attack on the
+centre of the enemy, in order to cut their forces in two, and thereby
+cause confusion in their ranks. As has been stated, Captain Johnson,
+with his little force, joined Captain Moore in making this attack.
+While the charge was in progress, and when within one hundred yards of
+the Mexican camp, Kit Carson's horse, occupying a leading position in
+the column of attack, accidentally fell, and threw his rider with such
+force as to break the wood part, or stock, of his rifle into several
+pieces, rendering it useless. His position, for a short time, was
+precarious. Being foremost in the charge when the accident happened,
+the whole troop of horse came galloping over him as he lay upon the
+ground. His escape was almost a miracle. When the last horseman had
+passed, Kit arose, and was quite happy to find that he had received
+only slight contusions, which did not in the least impair his
+movements or strength of body. Casting a hasty glance over the field,
+he discovered a dead dragoon, not far distant from the spot where
+he himself had fallen. Instantly running up to the poor fellow, he
+relieved him of his gun and cartridge-box. Being once more armed, he
+rushed forward at the top of his speed and plunged into the thickest
+of the fight, which was then severely contested. Captain Johnson and
+several of the more advanced soldiers had been killed by the bullets
+of the enemy, almost at the same instant that Kit Carson's horse had
+fallen. It is not at all unlikely, therefore, that the accidental
+falling of his horse had been the means of saving Kit Carson's life.
+After a desperate and deadly conflict, Moore and his men dislodged the
+enemy, causing them to retreat. They were followed by the Americans,
+but, unfortunately for their complete success, the large majority of
+the latter were mounted on mules. These, when the firing commenced,
+became almost unmanageable. But forty of the entire command of General
+Kearney were mounted on horses, and these were none the best for
+cavalry purposes, having been but recently broken to the saddle. They
+had been captured since the arrival of the American forces in the
+country, from a party of Mexicans, who were en route to Sonora, by
+Lieutenant Davidson and twenty-five dragoons, assisted by Kit Carson.
+By the uncontrollable actions of the stubborn mules, Moore's men
+became greatly separated and could not act in concert. This rendered
+the pursuit, so far as the enemy was concerned, nearly harmless.
+
+The Mexicans, quickly perceiving the condition of their assailants,
+and comprehending the chances, which the apparent difficulty gave
+them, at once rallied and turned on their pursuers. The fight was
+renewed with most determined courage. The Mexicans fought with a
+bravery and success which turned the hitherto, comparatively speaking,
+bloodless victory of the Americans, into a terrible slaughter. Every
+moment saw some brave dragoon yield up his life to the deadly bullets
+or blows of the exasperated Mexicans. Out of the forty dragoons who
+were mounted on horses, thirty-six were either killed or severely
+wounded. Among the names to be added to the sad list already killed,
+was Captain Moore, "as brave a man," says Kit Carson, "as ever drew
+breath in any service." As fast as the scattered American soldiers
+could reach the scene of carnage, they joined in the battle; but, the
+Mexicans, elated by their success, fought like demons, and seemed to
+sweep everything before them.
+
+General Kearney, seeing his officers thus shot down, drawing his
+sword, placed himself at the head of his remaining forces; and, though
+severely wounded, he made a desperate attempt to cause the enemy,
+once more, to retreat. At this crisis of affairs, Lieutenant Davidson
+arrived on the ground with two mountain howitzers. Before he could get
+his guns unlimbered and ready to commence firing, nearly every man he
+had to work them was shot down, being either killed or badly wounded.
+Following up their success, the Mexicans charged right up to the guns,
+and, with the lasso, unerring in their hands, captured the horses
+attached to, and, on the instant, made off with one of the guns. On
+reaching a distance of three hundred yards, they halted and prepared
+to turn the fire of the howitzer upon the Americans. From some
+unaccountable reason, it would not go off. Lieutenant Davidson did
+his utmost to prevent the loss of this gun, and after several narrow
+escapes from dangerous lance wounds, as his clothing and saddle
+sufficiently attested, he was finally stricken down, and nearly gave
+his life a sacrifice to his heroism.
+
+After being thus badly cut up, and with not more than one or two
+officers left who had not been either killed or wounded, while the men
+had been handled with equal severity, the Americans were obliged to
+take refuge at a point of rocks which chanced to be near where
+their advance had been defeated. A rally was made at this place. The
+Mexicans, however, did not venture to attack them. Both sides were
+apparently weary of fighting for that day. The firing ceased, and soon
+after, night closed over the scene of the battle field.
+
+These California Mexicans, previous to the war with the United States,
+were considered by the mountaineers as the bravest Spanish blood in
+the Mexican provinces. During the war, they proved that they had not
+been over-estimated, as they met their foes, at the commencement of
+hostilities, with a determination to win, or sell their lives dearly.
+The reason of this difference of courage in their favor over their
+countrymen who inhabited the internal States, is supposed to be owing
+to their opportunities for intercourse with the bold mariners from
+different countries who visited them in ships for the purpose of
+trade. This commerce consisted in the transporting into the country of
+such articles as arms, ammunition, groceries, and dry goods, for which
+were bartered, hides, tallow, and furs. The currency of California
+at that time was hides, which were estimated as so many dollars. The
+raising of cattle and horses was the leading employment of the people,
+and occupied most of their time. On the discovery of gold, these
+affairs underwent a change, and the rapid strides of civilization has
+left this people far in the minority. The horses of California were
+celebrated as being larger than the ponies of New Mexico, and also for
+being much fleeter of foot. The California rider, at that time,
+was looked upon as being unrivaled by those who had witnessed his
+performances. However, the intercourse between the two countries was
+very limited among the Mexicans, and it was difficult to find a New
+Mexican who had seen the Pacific. Their dialects were also slightly
+different, as much so as happens in the dependencies of any other
+country. It was fear of the Indians that put a damper on the travel
+between these adjoining districts. The society of the man who had
+had the boldness to make a journey to California from New Mexico was
+courted, he being considered a renowned traveler. His amusing stories
+of large ships and the men who managed them, and also, of the great
+expanse of the ocean, amazed his auditors and made them deeply
+interested in his conversation and information. It has become a
+strange sight to look upon whole communities of men, who have
+only heard of steamboats, telegraphs, railroads and other great
+improvements and inventions of the age, yet there are thousands of men
+living in the great interior of the North American continent who
+have only vague ideas of these things; and many there are, who cannot
+realize them, but believe that they are fabulous stories, and will
+meet the narrator of them with equal wonders, which they manufacture
+to suit the occasion. To give a specimen: we remember one night to
+have tried to explain these advancements to an old Mexican of some
+eighty winters, while we were the guest of his house. He listened
+attentively, but evidently could comprehend but little that we said.
+We changed the subject, and began to describe to him the great beasts
+of the forest, such as the lion, the tiger, and the elephant, and soon
+found that we had struck the theme which pleased him. In reply, he
+told us that in his younger days he himself was a famous hunter; and
+that, on one occasion, while on the chase, he met _Adam_, who, he
+informed us, was the greatest hunter of his age. We were somewhat
+surprised to hear this old man thus annihilate time and space, but
+not more so than when we heard him relate the conversation that passed
+between himself and Adam. It was both short and sweet. The Mexican
+demanded of Adam what was the particular game he was seeking in these
+parts, and the reply was deer. He said that he wished to kill a few
+choice bucks, in order to get their skins to clothe _Eve_ with, and
+hence he had come to the Rocky Mountains. The flavor of this yarn
+was so good, I attempted to try the old man on another adventure, by
+asking him if he ever, by chance, in his travels, met the _Evil One_.
+Immediately, he informed me that at one time, that gentleman lived in
+a salt marsh, which is to be found in the valley of _San Louis_. The
+object of his staying there was to watch a very fine band of horses
+which he was raising near by. The Indians and Mexicans one day
+determined to deprive Satan of his stock, and arranged things
+accordingly; but, on coming upon the horses, they were surprised
+to find that they could not overtake them, and that the horses ran
+directly into the swamp and vanished by easily sinking out of sight.
+While looking for a path that led into this marsh, they were all
+at once scared nearly out of their senses by seeing the devil raise
+himself up in the midst of the bog. The sequel was, that the Mexicans
+and their Indian friends retreated as fast as possible, and never
+stopped until they had reached a place of safety. My companions became
+vexed to think any man could perpetrate such a story on travelers, who
+considered they knew a thing or two, and commenced quizzing the old
+gentleman by asking him what the Indians knew of Satan; but the old
+Mexican evaded the answer by taking down the little wooden cross which
+hung on the wall of the room and expressed the desire to confirm the
+truth of his story by swearing to it; this, of course, was said to be
+entirely unnecessary. From it, we had learned the lesson never to try
+to impress on the minds of the ignorant too weighty matters. This is
+true with the Indian also; for, he is incredulous of anything beyond
+the grasp of his own mind; which fact is illustrated by the following
+incident. An American had some business to transact with a certain
+band of Indians, who were celebrated as being very treacherous. Being
+a bold man, he thought he would beard the lions in their den, and
+accordingly, traveled alone to where the band was located; but,
+instead of being received with open arms, as he expected, he was made
+a prisoner, and so held until it could be decided what was to be done
+with him. At last, a council was formed, before which he was to be
+tried. The first question asked by the head chief was, "How do your
+white people get gunpowder?" The reply was instantaneous: "We sow it
+in a peculiar soil and it grows up like wheat." This was responded to
+by a grunt from the examiner. A pause ensued, when the chief looked
+the captive full in the eyes, and thus addressed him: "Know you, young
+man, that the Great Spirit came into our camp this morning, and after
+resting a short time he took yonder large hill and placed it on the
+top of its fellow, and after leaving it there two hours, he returned
+it to its former site. He then bid his Indian children good bye. Young
+man, your tongue is split: one fork is for telling lies, and the other
+is for telling truths." This was enough to convince the white man that
+he had made a mistake, and, that if he had attempted to presume on too
+much knowledge, his scalp might soon be dangling on some lodge-pole.
+The Indians admired the brave and manly course he had pursued in
+coming to them single-handed, and this, with the importance of the
+business he came on, saved his life.
+
+The California Mexicans were so remote from their capital, that,
+although they acknowledged their allegiance to the general government,
+yet they were accustomed, in many things, to act with great
+independence. Whenever a governor was sent to them who would not
+conform to their rules and regulations, or made himself in the least
+obnoxious, he was immediately placed on board ship, with orders to
+take himself out of the country as fast as possible, which he never
+failed to obey, in order to save his life. Attempts were made by the
+home department to make them suffer for these disobediences of the
+general laws, but, in all of these contests, the Californians came
+out victorious, and hence they believed they were beyond the power of
+being vanquished. They were taught differently by the Americans.
+
+These few cursory remarks will serve to show the reader that General
+Kearney had no despicable foe to overcome and subdue. His care now
+was to attend to the wounded. There was no rest for his command that
+night, as, during the hours of darkness, his men were busy interring
+their dead and looking after the wants of the sufferers. A sharp
+look-out, also, was kept on the movements of the enemy, who were
+continually receiving reinforcements. A council of war was held in
+the American camp, when Gen. Kearney, after taking the advice of his
+remaining officers, decided to move on early in the morning, with the
+hope of meeting reinforcements. He had dispatched three men as bearers
+of dispatches to Commodore Stockton at San Diego before the battle;
+but, whether they had been successful, or not, in reaching the
+commodore, the general did not know. Just before the late fight, they
+had returned to within sight of their friends, when they were taken
+prisoners by the Mexicans. The order of the march on the following
+day was as follows: Kit Carson, with a command of twenty-five men,
+proceeded in the advance, while the remainder, of the now very much
+crippled band of soldiers, followed after on the trail made by their
+guide. Steadily and compactly these brave men moved forward, being
+continually in expectancy of a charge from the enemy, who would show
+themselves, from time to time, on the neighboring hills, and then
+again, for a time, disappear. During the previous day, a Mexican
+lieutenant had his horse shot from under him and he himself had been
+taken prisoner. On a favorable opportunity occurring, General Kearney
+ordered the "halt" to be sounded; when, through a flag of truce, he
+asked a parley. It being granted, he succeeded in making an exchange
+of the lieutenant for one of his expressmen. He gained nothing by
+this, for the man stated that he and his companions had found it
+impossible to reach their point of destination, and hence they had
+turned back. The manoeuvering on the part of the Mexicans, which we
+have alluded to as consisting of making temporary stands on the hills,
+and then changing their positions as the Americans drew near to them,
+continued for the greater part of the day. Finally, as Gen. Kearney
+and his men were approaching the water, where they, intended to camp,
+and were not over five hundred yards from it, down came the Mexicans,
+divided into two separate commands, for the purpose of making a
+charge. They were at first warmly received by the Americans, who,
+after a time, were obliged to give way to superior numbers; but, in
+doing so, they retreated in good order to a hill about two hundred
+yards to their left. Here they halted and determined to decide the
+battle; but the wary Mexicans, on seeing the strength of the position
+taken by their foes, declined to attack them and drew off to a
+neighboring height, from which they commenced and maintained a
+deadly fire on the Americans. Captains Emery and Turner, with all
+the available dragoons, were sent to dislodge them. This they did in
+splendid style, after a sharp encounter, and when their companions saw
+them take possession of this position, General Kearney, with all
+his wounded and luggage trains, joined them there. Here a permanent
+resting-place, for the time being, was made. In fact, the men had
+no other choice, as they were now pretty effectually used up from
+fighting, severe loss and fatigue. The Americans found on this hill
+water barely sufficient for their own use, and were obliged to exclude
+the idea of sharing it with their animals. Although within sight of
+abundance of this much-needed article, yet they did not dare to drive
+the latter to it, for they were too weak to defend them from the
+assaults of the enemy. The situation of Gen. Kearney's force was now
+critical in the extreme; as, besides the dangers that surrounded him,
+the men were reduced to living on their mules. That afternoon another
+council of war was called, at which desperate efforts to be made for
+immediate relief were discussed. When every spark of hope had almost
+died within them, and when they were in a dilemma as to what still
+remained for them to do, Kit Carson was found to act as the reader
+has previously seen him act to parties almost similarly situated--the
+right man in the right place. Rising to his feet, he addressed a few
+simple words to those present, saying that he was willing to make the
+attempt of creeping through the Mexican lines. Should he succeed, he
+pledged his word that he could carry information to Commodore Stockton
+at San Diego, and thus bring them succor. No sooner had he made this
+proposition than he was seconded by Lieutenant Beale, then of the
+United States Navy, who, equally as brave and daring as Kit Carson,
+volunteered his services in the undertaking.
+
+This gentleman, since the time he first turned landsman up to the
+present date, has been adding fresh laurels to his fame. His recent
+career in exploring new routes across the great western girdle of
+prairies and mountains is so well known through his valuable and
+interesting reports as not to require recapitulation at our hands. His
+life has been one series of rare adventures; while, to the scientific
+world, he has proved a valuable acquisition. To the United States
+Government his services are inestimable; and, as an explorer, he has
+but few equals.
+
+General Kearney at once accepted the noble and generous offers of
+these two men, knowing that if he waited until the following day
+and then attempted to leave the hill, the consequences would be most
+disastrous; for, in so doing, a sanguinary battle must certainly
+ensue, with the chances greatly against him. Having made the few
+preparations necessary, Kit Carson and Lieutenant Beale waited the
+setting in of night, under the cover of which they had both resolved
+to succeed in the performance of their mission or die in the attempt.
+Having got well under way, and while stealthily crawling over the
+rocks and brush, they found their shoes would often, even with the
+greatest preventive care being taken, strike against the various
+impediments to their progress and make sounds which might lead to
+their detection. To avoid this, they took them off and pushed them
+under their belts. Slowly, but surely, they evaded the vigilant guard
+of the Mexican sentinels, who they found to be mounted and three rows
+deep, evidently being determined not to be eluded. So near would they
+often come to these Mexican sentinels, that but a few yards would
+measure the distance between them and their enemies; yet, with brave
+hearts they crept along over the ground foot by foot; they were almost
+safe beyond these barriers, when all their hopes came near being
+dashed to pieces. This alarm was caused by one of the sentinels riding
+up near to where they were, dismounting from his horse and lighting,
+by his flint and steel, his cigarretto. On seeing this, Kit Carson,
+who was just ahead of Lieutenant Beale, pushed back his foot and
+kicked softly his companion, as a signal for him to lie flat on the
+ground as he (Carson) was doing. The Mexican was some time, being
+apparently very much at his leisure, in lighting his cigarretto; and,
+during these moments of suspense, so quietly did Kit Carson and his
+companion lie on the ground, that Carson said, and still affirms, that
+he could distinctly hear Lieutenant Beale's heart pulsate. Who can
+describe the agony of mind to which these brave hearts were subjected
+during this severe trial. Everything--the lives of their friends as
+well as their own--so hung on chance, that they shuddered; not at the
+thought of dying, but for fear they would fail in accomplishing what
+was dearer to them than life, the rescue of the brave men whose lives
+hung on their success. After quite a long time, the Mexican, as if
+guided by the hand of Providence, mounted his horse and made off in
+a contrary direction from the one where these bold adventurers were
+biding their time to accept either good, if possible, or evil, if
+necessary, from the wheel of fortune. For a distance of about two
+miles, Kit Carson and Lieutenant Beale thus worked along on their
+hands and knees. Continually, during this time, Kit Carson's eagle eye
+was penetrating through the darkness, ever on the alert to discover
+whatever obstacle that might present itself on which was stamped the
+least appearance of danger. Having passed the last visible image in
+the shape of a sentinel and left the lines behind them at a suitable
+distance, both men regained their feet, and once more breathed freely.
+Their first thought was to look for their shoes, but, alas, they were
+gone. In the excitement of the journey, they had not given them a
+thought since depositing them beneath their belts. Hardly a word had
+hitherto passed between these two companions in danger, but now they
+spoke hurriedly and congratulated each other on the success that so
+far had attended them, and thanked God in their hearts that He had so
+mercifully aided them. There was no time for delay, as they were by
+no means yet free from danger, though they thought that the worst
+was over. Kit Carson was familiar with the country, and well knew
+the necessity of avoiding, for fear of being discovered, all the well
+trodden trails and roads which led to San Diego, every one of which
+was closely watched by the enemy. He chose a circuitous route, over
+rocks, hills and wild lands. The soil was lined with the prickly pear,
+the thorns of which were penetrating, at almost every step, deep into
+their bare feet, which, owing to the darkness and the thickness of the
+plants, they could not avoid. The town of San Diego was located many
+miles in a straight line from the point from whence they had started,
+but, by the round-about route they were obliged to travel, this
+distance was much lengthened. All the following day they continued
+their tramp and made as much progress as possible. Their mental
+excitement kept them in good spirits, though, from previous fatigue,
+the want of food during this time, and by the rapid pace at which they
+were traveling, they were putting their physical powers to their full
+test. Another night closed in around them, yet "ONWARD" was their
+watchword, for they thought not of rest while those behind them were
+in such imminent peril. Kit Carson's only compass was his eye, which
+served him so well that soon the dark outlines of the houses of San
+Diego could just be discerned. Both men were ready to leap with joy.
+They were challenged by the American sentinels about the town,
+and answered in pure English, "Friends," which same English was
+unmistakable proof to the guard from whence they came. On stating
+their important business, they were conducted into the presence
+of Commodore Stockton, to whom they related what we have tried to
+describe. Commodore Stockton, with his usual promptitude, immediately
+detailed a command of about one hundred and seventy men to make forced
+marches in order to reach and relieve their besieged countrymen. With
+as much dispatch as possible, this force set out, taking with them
+a piece of heavy ordnance, which, for want of animals, the men
+themselves were obliged to draw, by attaching ropes to it. Kit Carson
+did not return with them, for it was considered that he had seen
+service enough for the present; besides, his feet were badly swollen
+and inflamed from the rough usage they had recently been obliged to
+submit to. He graphically described the position of Gen. Kearney,
+so that the relief party could have no difficulty in finding him. He
+remained to recruit in San Diego; though, had the commodore expressed
+the least wish to have Kit Carson return, every man who knows him
+can bear witness with me that he would have been the last person to
+object, so long as there was life in his body. Unused then to such
+hardships and mental excitements on land, as was his more experienced
+companion, Lieutenant Beale, from the trials of the service performed,
+became partially deranged; and for treatment, was sent on board the
+frigate Congress, which ship lay in the harbor, being one of the
+vessels attached to the commodore's fleet. Two long years elapsed
+before the gallant lieutenant fully recovered from the effects of this
+adventure, which, for the bravery and unselfishness evinced in its
+planning, and the boldness with which it was carried out, without
+mentioning the good results it produced, was not excelled by any one
+feat performed during the Mexican War. Better than all, had these
+two men known previously the poor rewards which were afterwards to
+be bestowed upon them by their government for this heroic deed, I
+hesitate not in saying, that it would have had no effect in changing
+their purpose. The reinforcements sent out to meet General Kearney,
+by traveling both by day and night, soon reached and released him,
+without coming in contact with the enemy. They kept a bright look-out
+and were early apprised, through their spies, of what was transpiring
+among the Americans; hence, as the naval brigade drew near, they
+retreated. The road being now clear, General Kearney, with his
+soldiers and the marines, marched on to San Diego, where his wounded
+men were comfortably housed and received the attentions of skillful
+surgeons.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XII.
+
+    A Command of Six Hundred Men is sent against Los Angelos--The
+    Mexican Army evacuates the Town--Its Capture--Rumors of
+    an Attack to be made on Fremont's Command--The Mexicans
+    surrender--The Winter Quarters--Kit Carson is ordered to
+    carry Dispatches overland to Washington--Lieutenant Beale
+    accompanies him--A Night Attack made by the Indians--Arrival
+    in the United States--Kit Carson's Introduction to Col.
+    Benton and Mrs. Fremont--Hospitality offered to him at
+    Washington--Kit Carson receives the Appointment of Lieutenant
+    in the Rifle Corps of the U.S. Army from President Polk--He
+    is ordered to carry Dispatches to California--The Journey--A
+    Brush with the Camanche Indians--Arrival at Santa
+    Fe--More trouble with hostile Indians--Arrival at Los
+    Angelos--Dispatches delivered--Kit Carson is assigned to do
+    Duty with the Dragoons--Is ordered to Guard Tajon Pass--The
+    Winter spent there--Is ordered again to carry Dispatches to
+    Washington--The Journey and its Adventures--The return to New
+    Mexico.
+
+
+One month elapsed before the forces of the United States that were
+concentrated at San Diego were entirely recruited, and in fine trim
+for taking the field again. At the expiration of this time, a command
+of six hundred men was detailed for the purpose of capturing Los
+Angelos. The commanding officers of this force were General Kearney
+and Commodore Stockton. At Los Angelos was assembled the main strength
+of the Mexicans then in California; the number of their fighting men
+was about seven hundred. Towards this town the Americans took up their
+line of march, and, in the course of a few days, they arrived within
+fifteen miles of it. The Mexican forces had taken a strong position
+on a hill, near by where they had pitched their tents and strongly
+fortified their camp. Between the Americans' and the enemy's camp
+ran a small river. It was decided to postpone the attack until the
+following day. Early the next morning, General Kearney ordered two
+pieces of artillery to be brought to bear upon the Mexican position.
+The guns were so well and successfully served, that the Mexicans were
+forced to break up their camp. As soon as this state of things became
+apparent, General Kearney and Commodore Stockton crossed the river and
+marched on the town. On entering Los Angelos, they found that it
+had been evacuated by the Mexicans, and that only a few stragglers
+remained in or near the place. From some of these they learned that
+the retreating army had gone to attack Col. Fremont; who, with a force
+of four hundred Americans collected in Monterey, was also on the march
+for Los Angelos. It turned out afterwards that the Mexicans succeeded
+in finding Col. Fremont, but, for unknown reasons, failed to give him
+battle, as they had boasted they would; but instead, they gave him the
+preference over the other American commanders by surrendering to him.
+Col. Fremont continued his journey, and finally reached Los Angelos,
+where he and all the officers and men heretofore spoken of as engaged
+in this campaign, rested for the winter, and managed to pass the time
+very agreeably, considering their remote position. Carson, who had,
+for a great length of time, been rendering valuable services to
+Kearney, rejoined Fremont, when that officer arrived in town, and once
+more enrolled himself on his old commander's muster roll.
+
+We have said that the cold and dreary winter days were passed at Los
+Angelos as agreeably and happily as the circumstances of the case
+would permit. This is only true to a certain extent. It was at Los
+Angelos, and during this winter, that the seeds of discord were first
+sown between the rival commanders, and the plot carefully laid,
+which finally led to Colonel Fremont's court martial. Rank, with its
+green-eyed monster, jealousy, which is ever watching with a restless
+and caustic determination to snatch from the subaltern his hard-earned
+laurels, was actively at work during these winter months. By the
+programme, cut and dried, the ambitious young soldier, who was nobly
+breasting the conflicts against the enemies of his country, was to
+be summarily put down, and his career quickly guillotined. These
+ungenerous plans had their birth and were carefully fostered at Los
+Angelos; but, the wise decrees of the American people, ever just in
+the cause of truth, although tardy, came at last to the rescue, and
+stamped the course with its approval and complete indorsement which
+had led the bold Explorer to unfurl the standard of his country over
+the modern El Dorado. In this view the course of the Mexican forces
+at Los Angelos in surrendering their swords to Colonel Fremont becomes
+significant. A brave though fallen enemy, seldom fails to admire
+a heroic, chivalrous and discreet victor. The choice here plainly
+indicated between Colonel Fremont and General Kearney, we repeat, is
+sufficiently significant. In Colonel Fremont the fallen chieftains of
+the brave Californian-Mexicans discerned all the qualities which make
+up true nobility of character. Many of the men under him were well
+known to the Mexicans as being upright, honorable and generous. For
+many years they had lived among them. Hence we discover the reason of
+their preference in laying down their arms in their presence.
+
+Kit Carson took no active part in these unhappy differences, but, his
+simple action in leaving General Kearney's command and reenlisting
+under his old commander shows plainly to a discerning public, that he
+could not be alienated from his friend by acts of injustice. It also
+spoke more significantly than words that he adjudged his friend to
+have performed in behalf of his country, meritorious actions and a
+great service. Such was Kit Carson's view; and no man was capable of
+forming a better judgment in the premises than he. As an occupant of
+an inferior rank, he then kept his counsel to himself; the time has
+at last arrived when he should fully and appropriately express his
+opinion, though that opinion he is well aware has been rendered
+entirely unnecessary by the honorable mention since attached to the
+name of Fremont by the highest officer in the American service, by
+the recommendation to the President of the officers of the court to
+commute the sentence, and by the President of the United States in
+appointing, unsolicited, the court-martialed Conqueror of California
+to the high and important trust of commissioner to run the boundary
+line between the United States and Mexico, and finally, by the
+spontaneous outburst of enthusiasm which greeted the name of John C.
+Fremont, from around the firesides of the American people, when his
+name was placed at the head of one of the great political parties of
+the nation.
+
+It is not for or against regulations that these remarks are directed.
+The transactions with which they deal have not been forgotten. They
+are recorded as historical facts, and, as such, are always open for
+investigation or deductions. In the month of March, 1847, Kit Carson
+was ordered to carry important dispatches to the war department at
+Washington. Lieutenant Beale, who was still a great invalid, was
+permitted to accompany him. In order to show the regard which Kit
+Carson entertained for this brave officer, and also to portray to the
+reader the goodness of heart which has ever been the actuating impulse
+in all of Kit Carson's actions, we will give his own words in relating
+this part of his adventures. He says: "Lieutenant Beale went with me
+as bearer of dispatches intended for the Navy Department. During the
+first twenty days of our journey, he was so weak that I had to lift
+him on and off of his riding animal. I did not think for some time
+that he could live; but, I bestowed as much care and attention on
+him as any one could have done under the circumstances. Before the
+fatiguing and dangerous part of our route was passed over, he had so
+far recovered as to be able to take care of himself. For my attention
+(which was only my duty) to my friend, I was doubly repaid by the
+kindness shown to me by his family while I staid in Washington, which
+was more than I had any reason for expecting, and which will never be
+forgotten by me." On the river Gila, Kit Carson's party was attacked
+by Indians during the night, while they were encamped. These savages
+threw a good round number of arrows into the midst of his men, which,
+however, did no damage, as, early in the commencement of the assault,
+he had directed them to hold up before them their pack-saddles, behind
+which they could pretty securely conceal themselves while lying upon
+the ground. He also directed the men not to talk, lest they should
+indicate their positions. It was very dark, and the Indians, from the
+above precautions being taken, were frustrated in their plans. His men
+lay very still; and, having previously received the order so to do,
+they awaited the near approach of the red men, when they were to use
+their rifles as clubs. The reason which made this latter command best
+was, because no man could see to shoot; hence, were they to fire at
+random, they would only expend their ammunition, a loss they were in
+no situation to sustain. However, the Indians became weary of their
+shooting after a few hours, and did not hazard a close attack, but
+went away to parts unknown.
+
+Kit Carson and Lieutenant Beale arrived at Washington in the following
+June, having accomplished their journey overland, a distance of nearly
+4,000 miles, in about three months, a record which shows that they
+had not been idle while on the route. With the exception of the Indian
+attack sustained on the Gila, they were not again annoyed by the red
+men, although, over the vast tract of wild territory which they
+had traversed, there roam thousands of savages who often, for the
+slightest pretext, and frequently without any reason whatever, will
+murder the unsuspecting traveler, as it chances to please them. Hence,
+to accomplish this journey, it was not only necessary to know the
+direction to shape their course, but also to be familiar with the
+haunts and habits of these various tribes, in order to avoid them. All
+of this knowledge, Kit Carson, the mainspring of this little party,
+was well possessed of, and, as a matter of business, guided himself
+and men in a direct and safe course.
+
+The hardships and privations of this trip were trivial affairs
+when compared to most of Kit Carson's previous adventures, and not
+considered by him as worthy of mention. Indeed, Kit Carson appears so
+hardened in all kinds of vicissitudes, that a man, in his eyes,
+must have stood on the brink of death before he has seen much real
+suffering; but, probably, if the reader had been one of the members of
+this party, he would, unless equally experienced in Western frontier
+life, have considered that he had seen something of the world, and the
+rough side of it at that.
+
+It requires no small amount of courage and determination to start out
+with but a handful of men to perform the difficult and dangerous task
+of threading the American continent from tide to tide, even at the
+present epoch; but, eleven years ago, there were few men living who
+had ever performed, or were able to perform the feat at all; much less
+with the certainty and speed which lay within the power and experience
+possessed by Kit Carson. In describing these trips, he now speaks of
+them as lightly as a man would after making a journey of a few hundred
+miles in a railroad car. He seems to have acted with the idea that
+this duty was expected of him, and it required but the official orders
+to send him bounding over the country, without regard to obstacles or
+dangers. His final object was his destination; which, on reaching, he
+was ready to quit at a moment's warning, with as much _sang froid_ as
+a Russian courier possesses when doing his master's bidding. Yet so
+cautious is he when traveling, that, at first, to a new companion, he
+often appears to be wanting in courage. Not a bush, a tree, a rock,
+or any other hiding-place on his path, escapes his notice. Towards the
+heavens, in search of smoke ascending from, or crows, as they hover
+about Indian encampments which are deserted, or for ravens, and back
+again to the earth, on the look-out for moccasin or horse tracks, his
+eyes are continually turning. There is a nervous action about the man
+that shows he is ever alive to meet and be ready for any emergency.
+These traits are sure to instill confidence in his followers.
+
+On starting from Los Angelos, Kit Carson took but a few rations of
+provisions with him, as he could not burden the few animals he had,
+too heavily; hence, he was compelled to depend on the rifle and the
+chances of meeting with game. This, of course, is always an uncertain
+mode of supporting life, and, consequently, it not unfrequently
+happened, that the party were out of food and went fasting; yet, not
+a murmur was heard. On they sped, in the hopes of reaching their homes
+and firesides, where kind friends were awaiting them, and where
+their cares and troubles would be buried in the past, and appear like
+dreams. In the breast of the leader of this expedition, there was
+throbbing a heart that was anxious to do its duty well, for he was
+approaching, not his family circle, but instead, the fireside of
+strangers to whom he was only known by name. Yet, in the common cause
+of his country's honor, he recognized in every American with whom
+he came in contact his true friend, and therefore he, also, was very
+happy as he neared Washington. There he looked confidently forward
+to hear the words: "Well done thou good and faithful servant." At St.
+Louis, Kit Carson had the honor of an introduction to the Hon. Thomas
+H. Benton, who was greatly interested in him, and who kindly invited
+him to make his house in Washington his home during his stay there. Of
+this invitation Kit Carson availed himself, and since considers that
+he was very fortunate in doing so, for the best of everything was
+heaped upon him, while he enjoyed the satisfaction of meeting and
+conversing with the great men of his country.
+
+Mrs. John C. Fremont, daughter of Colonel Benton, and wife of the
+distinguished explorer, was in attendance at the railroad depot,
+when the train of cars in which Kit Carson was traveling arrived
+in Washington. It was quite late in the evening when he reached the
+terminus of his journey; yet, notwithstanding this, Kit had hardly
+landed on the platform of the depot, before he was addressed by a lady
+who said that she knew him from her husband's descriptions of him, and
+that he must accept the hospitalities of her father's house.
+
+The distinguished father-in-law of John C. Fremont became, from the
+time of their first meeting in St. Louis, the warm friend and patron
+of Kit Carson; and, up to the time of his death, he had no cause to
+change his first impressions of him. There was not a friendly favor
+within his power which would not have been freely given, had it been
+asked. It is one thing to make a friend, but another to keep him; and
+those who knew the true character of Mr. Benton are cognizant of the
+fact, that he was not easily won; but, when gained, that he was true
+as steel, as is beautifully illustrated by the able and devoted manner
+in which he stood by General Andrew Jackson.
+
+It is indeed a valuable possession to know that one has friends who
+cannot be bought by wealth or other sordid attractions; men, who can
+discern through the rough garb of the working, as well as thinking
+man, those noble qualities which place them on a par. This acquisition
+Kit Carson holds. He easily makes a friend, and never deserts him;
+hence, those, with whom he comes in contact, who are worthy of this
+name, are enrolled on his side; and he seldom has occasion to call
+a man his enemy. Kit Carson was so embarrassed and overcome by the
+expressions of kindness and hospitality which greeted his first
+arrival at Washington, that he could hardly essay a reply; and yet,
+he was almost too happy at the opportunity presented of accepting Mrs.
+Fremont's invitation. If there was anything wanted to cement Carson
+more firmly in his friendship and admiration for Colonel Fremont, it
+was thus to know his accomplished and gifted lady. The situation
+of Jessie Fremont has often been comparable with that of the
+noble-hearted Lady Franklin. Again and again has she been compelled
+to part from her husband when he started out to battle in the cause of
+science, and, in the words of the poet, she seemingly said:
+
+  "Go, wondrous creature! mount where science guides;
+  Go, measure earth, weigh air, and state the tides."
+
+Kit Carson remained some time in Washington; but had it not been for
+the many tokens of kindness which he there received, he would
+have grown weary of the restraints of civilization. As it was, he
+continually longed to be once more in the mountains and prairies. His
+desire, in time, was granted; for, having received the appointment of
+lieutenant in the rifle corps of the United States army from President
+Polk, he was ordered, as bearer of dispatches, to return across the
+continent from whence he had but recently come. Lieutenant Beale
+had intended to return with him, but did not eventually proceed any
+further than St. Louis. There he became too ill to continue on the
+journey. After arriving at Fort Leavenworth, Kit Carson was furnished
+with an escort of fifty men, who were volunteers in the war which was
+then being carried on against Mexico. With his usual promptness
+and dispatch, Kit Carson was soon under way crossing the plains. At
+Leavenworth he had learned that the Camanche Indians were at war with
+the whites. As he knew them to be a numerous and treacherous tribe,
+he had taken this strong escort in order to give them battle, if they
+should be anxious for it. However, he arrived at a place called the
+"Point of Rocks," which is not far from the Rocky Mountains, and on
+their east side, without discovering any signs of these Indians. At
+this place they made their appearance.
+
+The "Point of Rocks" appears to be a favorite place of resort for
+the Indians of the plains. It is notorious as being one of the most
+dangerous places for the traveler in all the far West. It is a series
+of continuous hills, which project out on the prairies in bold relief.
+They end abruptly in a mass of rocks, out of which gushes a cold and
+refreshing spring, which is the main attraction about the place. The
+road winds about near this point, and therefore it is a chosen spot
+for the Indians to lurk, in order to catch the unwary pilgrim. Several
+encounters with the savages have taken place here, which has caused it
+to be pointed out as the scene of bloody tragedies, thereby making it
+quite historical. The Indians themselves have made this spot the stage
+on which has been enacted several desperate battles. In making the
+journey to Santa Fe, when these rocks are passed, the traveler
+counts his march as being drawn to a close. Government troops, on the
+look-out for Indians on the plains, rarely fail, when they come from
+New Mexico, to give this place a visit.
+
+Kit Carson had arrived at the place with his escort, and was about
+establishing his camp. His men were under orders to keep a vigilant
+watch for Indians, while Kit Carson's restless eye was searching
+the country in every direction to discover their signs. About three
+hundred yards distant he discovered white men, and found there was
+encamped a company of United States volunteers, under the command of
+Lieutenant Mulony. With this company was a large train of wagons bound
+for New Mexico. Kit Carson ordered his men to go into camp. The night
+passed by without any signs of the Indians; but, early in the morning
+of the subsequent day, as Lieutenant Mulony's men were leading out
+their animals to picket them in fresh grass, the savages suddenly
+made their appearance and began an attack upon the picketing party,
+capturing all their cattle and twenty-six horses. Mulony's men had
+left their rifles in camp, and therefore, in order to escape being
+killed, they retreated to their wagons. The cattle, in the confusion
+which ensued, turned and came towards Kit Carson's camp. He and his
+men, who were instantly on the alert, made an unexpected charge upon
+the Indians and recaptured the oxen. During the skirmish which ensued,
+two of his men dismounted, in order to be more certain of a deliberate
+aim, but, in so doing, they accidentally let their own horses go
+loose, and lost them, as they ran away with those that were being
+stampeded by the red men.
+
+In this affair three of the volunteers were wounded. With the
+two horses lost by Kit Carson's men, twenty-eight riding animals,
+belonging to the United States government, were stolen by this band of
+Camanches. But, had it not been for Kit Carson and his men, Lieutenant
+Mulony would have lost his cattle likewise.
+
+Young oxen, when stampeded, are sometimes lost by the Indians. When
+not killed by wolves they usually join with the herds of buffalo and
+soon become wild. In this state, they are represented as being quite
+fleet of foot. More generally, they fall a prey to the wolves, and
+sometimes, again into the hands of the savages. A party was crossing
+the plains in the year 1854; the advance of the party sent back word
+that the first buffalo was in sight. Many amateur hunters eagerly
+volunteered for the chase, and soon, quite a squad of men were
+traveling at a good round gallop towards the supposed game. On
+approaching the game, it was found to be an old lame ox, which had
+been turned out by some caravan to die. The disappointment which
+prevailed in this crowd of neophyte hunters, on discovering this
+mistake, can be better imagined than described. The poor ox,
+apparently, had no idea of giving up the ghost quite yet. He was in
+good health and spirits, and showed signs of being pleased to see a
+white man again. The little birds of the prairies had used him as a
+perch. This office he appeared quite accustomed to perform, for he
+did not disturb the flock that was then occupying his back. How he had
+escaped the wolves is a miracle.
+
+From signs discovered after the Indians had decamped, it became
+evident that several of the thieves had been mortally wounded; but,
+being tied on their horses, they were carried out of sight before they
+died. This is a fair sample of many of the Indian fights which have
+occurred, and are yet not unfrequent, on the prairies; the object of
+the savages is to plunder; therefore, an unguarded moment is selected
+for their attacks. In this instance, by the time the whites had got
+their firearms and men ready to commence the contest, the Indians had
+perpetrated their intended assault and were off.
+
+[Illustration: CAMANCHE WARRIOR.]
+
+The Camanches are excelled by no men in the world in their
+horsemanship, not excepting the famous Cossacks of Europe. The level
+prairies are beautiful fields for them to act on. It is in a skirmish
+similar to the one we have endeavored to describe, that they put these
+qualifications to the test. The arena where these scenes are enacted
+is a very undesirable place for a mere spectator. Kit Carson and party
+resumed their march the same day, and arrived safely at Santa Fe,
+without meeting with any other adventures. At this town he left his
+escort of fifty volunteers, and hired sixteen other men with which
+to perform the remainder of his journey. This was in obedience to
+the orders he had received at Fort Leavenworth. Pursuing his route on
+Muddy Creek, a tributary of Virgin River, he came upon a village of
+some three hundred Indians, so suddenly, as his route twisted about
+among the hills, that he had to make a bold matter of it, and go into
+camp, for the purpose of having a "talk." Kit Carson had learned some
+time before that these very red men had massacred seven Americans. For
+this reason he determined not to trust them, even if they professed
+friendship. The Indians wished to come into his camp, but this
+privilege he would by no means grant to them. He posted his men and
+selected a place so that he himself could talk, and at the same time
+let them see that if the least hostile demonstration was made by their
+side, it would be answered by a volley of bullets from the rifles of
+the white men. Kit Carson harangued them and informed them that he
+knew of the murders they had committed on his people during the past
+year. He told them that they bore a treacherous character and could
+not be treated as friends, and wound up his discourse by adding, that
+he would not allow himself to be deceived, for he knew that their only
+object in gaining admission into his camp was to repeat their bloody
+acts. He now gave them a limited period of time in which to be off,
+at the expiration of which, several lounged about, apparently doubting
+his words. He now gave the order to fire. In consequence, a few shots
+were aimed at them, which killed one and wounded three or four others.
+This had the tendency to hurry the movements of the remainder, who
+retired from the dangerous proximity to his camp. This was a case
+which required some nerve and great experience in the commander of the
+little party. Nothing but the personal courage and promptness of Kit
+Carson saved his command. The success of fifteen men against three
+hundred Indians in this manner, is chiefly due to their commander.
+
+The party proceeded on their journey, but soon were troubled for food.
+Having used up all the game they could find, they were obliged to kill
+two mules, on which they lived until they arrived at Los Angelos. Kit
+Carson, finding that the officers to whom he was ordered to deliver
+his dispatches were at Monterey, journeyed thither, and having reached
+that town in safety, gave the documents to Col. Mason, then of the
+First Regiment of United States dragoons, who was in command. Obeying
+orders, Kit Carson, now an acting lieutenant in the United States
+army, returned to Los Angelos and was assigned to do duty in the
+company of United States dragoons commanded by Captain Smith. Kit was
+allowed little time to recruit, but his restless disposition did
+not ask, nor his habits require it; consequently, he remained at Los
+Angelos only a short period. With a command of twenty-five dragoons,
+he was ordered to proceed to Tajon Pass, the main outlet through which
+hostile Indians went out of California, bearing the proceeds of their
+incursions, such as cattle, horses, sheep and captives. Kit Carson's
+duty in this place was to intercept the Indians and examine their
+_papers_ and _cargoes_. He spent the winter in doing much good in this
+service. In the spring, he was again ordered to proceed overland to
+Washington, with dispatches. An escort being furnished him, he was
+soon under way, and had reached Grand River without encountering any
+serious difficulty. At this place an accident happened to his party
+while crossing the river on rafts.
+
+During the early part of summer, the fording of streams which have
+their source in the Rocky Mountains is no safe or easy task. When the
+sun and the warm south winds begin to melt the immense piles of snow
+and ice in the mountains, the water comes tumbling down in torrents;
+and, having overflowed the rivers' banks, floods the adjacent country.
+By this means, new gullies and ravines are continually forming, which,
+when the melting process ceases, are converted into dry beds. With
+this rush of angry water, large rocks and masses of earth are swept
+from their natural seat, leaving a wreck behind that is fearfully
+grand to behold. The roaring of these torrents as they come leaping
+past and over every obstacle, resembles a low, rumbling thunder, which
+is reechoed through the deep forests and canons. Sometimes travelers
+are compelled to wait weeks before these rivers fall sufficiently
+to allow a safe transit. Heavy rains have the same effect to enlarge
+them; and, in one instance, a body of soldiers, while crossing the
+plains, were overtaken by these rains, which fell with such rapidity
+and in such quantity as to make the level prairies almost one sheet of
+water, while every ravine was converted into a river, swift and deep.
+To cross these, the men were obliged to use their best exertions with
+very poor means to guard against loss; and, even with the best care,
+one man was drowned, while several mules shared the same fate. In the
+prospective construction of bridges for highroads and railroad tracks
+across the continent, in certain seasons of the year, this sudden
+accumulation and explosion of water may cause trouble by sweeping them
+suddenly away.
+
+This accident crippled the resources of Kit Carson's party very much
+and caused them afterwards great suffering. The accident occurred
+something after the following manner. One division of the men, with
+their leader as a companion, had constructed a float of logs, on which
+they had crossed the stream in safety; but the second branch of the
+party, under charge of Lieutenant Brewerton, then of the United States
+army, and who was traveling in company with Kit Carson, were not so
+successful with their raft; for, no sooner did they get it into the
+swift current than it became unmanageable, and finally precipitated
+its contents, among which were included several of the men and their
+luggage, into the water. The wrecked men with great difficulty saved
+their lives by swimming to the shore from which they had started. The
+day was far spent and no attempt to succor them could be made that
+evening; so, in their semi-state of nudity, and without the means of
+making a fire, they passed a miserably cold night; but, early the next
+morning, one of their friends recrossed and carried them an axe, by
+the aid of which a new raft was made, on which they embarked a second
+time and were soon safe with their companions. Among the very useful
+articles that were lost by this mishap there were several saddles and
+six valuable rifles. What made this loss peculiarly unpleasant was,
+that they could not be replaced until the party could reach the
+settlements. The owners of the saddles were now in a sad plight; for,
+neither to the rider or his horse is it a very pleasant prospect to
+make a long journey without these useful articles. After repairing
+their damages as best they could, they struck out afresh. Setting
+aside hunger and the suffering experienced from exposure to cold,
+they were not again incommoded in any way until they had come to the
+vicinity of the Mexican towns. Here they met several hundred Utah and
+Apache Indians. These red skins showed some warlike symptoms which
+Kit Carson did not in the least fancy; but, to make the best of his
+situation, he ordered his men to post themselves in a neighboring
+thicket and be ready to act on the defensive. Kit Carson then informed
+the Indians that they must keep at a proper distance, or otherwise he
+would direct his men to fire into them. He told them that if they were
+disposed to be friendly, which they professed to be, towards the white
+men, they could show it by leaving and not annoying his party, who,
+being nearly naked and in a destitute condition, could give them
+nothing. Evidently the savages saw this was true, and so did not
+hazard a fight, but departed. Kit Carson traveled that night ten miles
+further. It was late in the day when he again ventured on the trail,
+but this distance was all that his animals could accomplish without
+food and rest, for they were fatigued and poor. His object in thus
+resuming his march, was to separate himself and men as far as he
+could from the Indians, fearing that they might change their minds and
+conclude to attack him. Being too weak, his party was in no condition
+for an engagement. At the end of this distance he fortunately met
+with a party of volunteers, who had been out in search of these very
+savages, in order that they might punish them for some rascality they
+had been recently guilty of. The next day Kit Carson reached
+Taos, where he allowed himself a short respite for the purpose of
+recruiting, and also to have the pleasure of a visit to his family
+and friends. These were privileges which, during his life in the
+mountains, had been seldom granted to him, though his feelings of
+attachment for relatives and intimate acquaintances are not exceeded
+by those of any living man. Indeed, his love for his children is
+unbounded. We have several times heard him assert, that if there was
+any one thing that could make him a coward, it would be the thoughts
+of his little ones. When his party was sufficiently recruited, Kit
+Carson left Taos and proceeded to Santa Fe. At this time Colonel
+Newby, of the Illinois Volunteers, was in command of the United States
+forces stationed there. This gentleman informed Kit Carson that his
+appointment as lieutenant, made by President Polk, was not confirmed
+by the United States Senate. Many of Kit's friends, on hearing this,
+came to him and advised him not to carry the dispatches any further;
+but, instead, they counseled him to deliver them to the commanding
+officer of the post he was at, advising him that he was doing duty as
+an officer in the army and yet was not recognized by government. The
+language used by Kit Carson on this occasion, in reply to his friends,
+is so much to his credit and is so like the man, that every American
+citizen ought to know it. It was as follows: "I was intrusted with
+these dispatches, having been chosen in California, from whence I
+come, as the most competent person to take them through safely. I
+would try to fulfill this duty even if I knew it would cost me my
+life. It matters not to me, while I am performing this service for my
+country, whether I hold the rank of a lieutenant in the United States
+army, or am known merely as an experienced mountaineer. I have gained
+some little honor and credit for the manner in which I have always
+conducted myself when detailed on any special and important business,
+and I would on no account now wish to forfeit the good opinion formed
+of me by a majority of my countrymen because the United States Senate
+did not deem it proper to confer on me an appointment which I never
+solicited, and one which, had I been confirmed, I would have resigned
+at the termination of the war."
+
+The reasons why the wishes of the President were not carried out by
+Congress in this instance, we know not; but, certain it is, that the
+lucky aspirant who eventually received this office at the hands of the
+same United States, had no credentials to present that could, as far
+as merit was concerned, compare with those held by Christopher Carson.
+It is fair to infer, that Kit Carson had but few friends at court,
+though it cannot for one moment be supposed that his name was not
+well known at Washington, when for five long years he had been the
+right-hand man of John C. Fremont in his explorations. The privates
+and the hardships which that commander and his guide willingly
+submitted to during those years, it is impossible to describe through
+reports. The whole newspaper press of the United States, together with
+several volumes of well-written books, have attempted it, but all have
+failed in giving a true picture of the reality. These things availed
+nothing when brought in contact with political moves; and Kit Carson
+was doomed to go by the board. He had, however, met, during his
+eventful life, with too many disappointments to be much chagrined at
+this, and we find him, soon afterwards, making inquiries in relation
+to the state of feeling among the Indians who inhabited the country
+through which he had to pass.
+
+The appointment of civilians to the responsible duties of a command in
+the United States army has, of late years, become, in many instances,
+very unfortunate. Perhaps it is this that has taught our legislators
+a lesson. But there is a truth which lies above this difficulty. The
+severe ordeal necessary to be gone through with at West Point, in
+order to make military men of the proper standard, has very naturally
+raised a jealousy between these two classes of men. This is very
+healthy for the country, as it stimulates each to noble exertions.
+In order to make the army less secluded, it is necessary to appoint
+a certain per-centage of men from the walks of private life, and
+therefore the most meritorious should be selected. West Point men, as
+a body, are a great credit to our country; and, as a scientific corps,
+they cannot be surpassed; but, the fact is incontrovertible, that
+many, if not most of the leading officers of the United States army,
+are self-educated, and have risen to their exalted positions by
+untiring industry and distinguished services. For frontier work, men,
+to be capable of taking command, are required to have great experience
+in Indian strategy, and to become accustomed to endure privations and
+vicissitudes. These cannot be taught by schools or books. For these
+positions those are best fitted who have been trained to the mountains
+from earliest boyhood, and where is the man in North America who has
+battled in this service longer or more successfully than Christopher
+Carson? But Kit Carson could see no reason why the votes of the United
+States Senators, refusing to confirm the President's effort to reward
+him for his services to his country, should cause him for one moment
+to swerve from his duty. He pocketed at once his disappointment, and
+went to work. Colonel Newby informed him that the Camanches had
+of late been very hostile, and that they were then roaming in war
+parties, numbering from two to three hundred, scattered along the old
+Santa Fe road, on which their depredations had, so far, been mostly
+committed. On learning this, Kit Carson determined to make a trail of
+his own, and endeavor thus to avoid them. He reduced the number of his
+escort to ten trusty followers. With them, he returned to Taos, and
+after a halt there of two days, once more was on the march. At first,
+he traveled to the northward, until he reached a tract of country
+which these Indians seldom visited; then, changing his route by
+compass, he struck the Bijoux River, which is a tributary of the
+Platte River, and followed it down stream. At about twenty-five miles
+from the mouth of the Bijoux, he quit that stream, and struck out
+diagonally across the prairies, and soon reached the Platte itself,
+down which he journeyed to Fort Kearney. Here he again changed his
+course for the Republican Fork. On leaving this last-named stream, he
+traveled direct to Fort Leavenworth, finally reaching that post with
+his men and animals in fine condition, for the journey had been as
+pleasant as could have been expected. Here he left his escort, and
+set out alone for Washington. After reaching the land of railroads and
+steamboats, he was but a few days in bringing the latter part of his
+journey to an end. Handing his dispatches to the proper authorities,
+Kit Carson turned right about and made his way to New Mexico, where he
+arrived in the month of October, 1848.
+
+It will be seen by following on a map the route which Kit Carson
+planned on this occasion, that it was very circuitous, and led him a
+great distance out of his way. Indeed he was, at times, far beyond the
+roaming grounds of the Camanches, but this was necessary. He was not,
+however, free from danger; but was obliged to be on the lookout for
+their allies, the Kiowas, who are usually at war whenever the Camanche
+nation is. His trail led him through a country which is celebrated as
+abounding in game, and also in being well watered, and last, but not
+least, the desideratum of finding grass of a good quality, whenever
+he desired it, was proved a valuable assistant on the march. It may be
+well to mention here, that one of the most curious of the phenomena of
+the plains, to the inexperienced traveler, are those mirages which,
+on every clear day, are sure to meet and delude his eyes. So wonderful
+are these deceptions, that often the vision leads one to believe he is
+beholding, in the distance, a beautiful city which is located on the
+banks of some attractive lake. The outlines of the palaces, spires of
+cathedrals, and even the lesser buildings themselves, all surrounded
+with trees, bearing luxuriant and green foliage, together, form
+an imaginary picture which throws into the background any of the
+realities which are the work of man. The shading is oftentimes very
+captivating, and on it the traveler can be entertained for hours,
+until a change in the rays of light or intervening clouds, or else by
+approaching the delusion itself, the magic scene fades away. A mirage
+and a prairie on fire, seen by night, the one a delusion, the other a
+fearful reality, are two of the grandest sights to be seen in the far
+West; we might add, on the American continent.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIII.
+
+    Kit Carson at his Home--The Apache Indians become hostile--An
+    Expedition sent against them--It is not successful--Another
+    is organized, with which, Kit Carson goes as Guide--Two Indian
+    Chiefs captured--Other Incidents of the Trip--Colonel Beall
+    attempts to force the Indians to give up Mexican Captives--Two
+    thousand Savages on the Arkansas River--The Visit to them--Kit
+    Carson emigrates and builds a Ranche at Rayado--Description of
+    the Valley--The Massacre of a Santa Fe Merchant--His Wife is
+    made Prisoner--The Expedition sent to rescue her--The Indians
+    overtaken--Bad Counsel and Management--The commanding Officer
+    wounded--Mrs. White's Body found--Severe Snow Storm on
+    the Plains--One Man frozen to Death--Kit Carson returns to
+    Rayado--The occupation of a Farmer resumed--The Apaches steal
+    from the Settlers nearly all their Animals--Kit Carson with
+    thirteen others in the Pursuit--The Surprise--A running
+    Fight--The Animals recovered--A gallant Sergeant and his
+    Fate--Kit Carson and Goodel go on a Trading Expedition to meet
+    California Emigrants at Fort Laramie--Humorous Adventures--The
+    Dangers that beset the Road to New Mexico--Hair-breadth
+    Escape--Arrival at Taos.
+
+
+Being comfortably housed in his own pleasant home at Taos, Kit Carson
+made up his mind to treat himself to a more lengthy stay there than he
+had for some time enjoyed. While he was quietly enjoying the pleasures
+of home, active operations were transpiring about him, for the
+neighboring Indians had dug up the tomahawk and buried the calumet,
+and were holding in defiance the United States forces, which had been
+stationed in New Mexico to protect its inhabitants. Colonel Beall was
+at that time commanding officer of the district, and had established
+his head-quarters at Taos. The colonel, soon after assuming the
+command, being a resolute man, saw that there was but one way to deal
+with these Indians, and that was to bring them to a strict account,
+and make them amenable for their many crimes. This tribe of Apaches
+has given the government of the United States almost as much trouble
+as have the Seminoles in Florida, and I hesitate not in saying, that
+before they are exterminated, which is the only sure plan of making
+a peace with them, they will have surpassed their red brethren of the
+swamps of the South in the number and enormity of their crimes. Before
+New Mexico came under the jurisdiction of the United States, the
+Apaches, for many years, had committed all kinds of heinous offences
+against the Mexicans; and, for a period of ten years after that event,
+these same savages were continually on the war path, notwithstanding
+military expeditions, one after another, were organized and sent out
+against them. Their mountain retreats are almost inaccessible to white
+men, while the Indians, apparently, play about in them like rabbits.
+The amount of physical endurance and the length of the journeys these
+red men can make, appear very astonishing to one not accustomed to
+them. The Apaches, as an Indian race, are not wanting in bravery, the
+best evidence of which statement is, that nearly all their warriors
+_die in battle_. Their country is the healthiest in America.
+Besides waging war against the whites and Mexicans, they have their
+differences to settle with their neighboring tribes, with whom they
+are punctilious in vindicating their national honor. Colonel Beall
+commenced his operations against these Indians by dispatching a junior
+officer, backed by a strong force, with orders to pursue, overtake,
+and chastise them. This expedition started; but, on coming to the
+mountains, the guides reported that there was too much snow on them
+for the command to pass through in safety; so the undertaking was
+given up, and the men were marched back to Taos.
+
+The most famous war chief of the Apaches, during these troubles,
+was called by the Mexicans _Chico Velasques_, and his name, for many
+years, was a terror to the surrounding country. His savage brutality
+knew no bounds, and he was truly in his element, only when he was
+tearing the bloody scalp from his half-lifeless victim. He was the
+sworn enemy of the Americans and Mexicans, and his hunting-knife was
+rarely clean of human blood, until his cruel life, by the wise decrees
+of an all-seeing Providence, was suddenly cut short. He fought against
+his disease (small pox) with that rashness that had been his ruling
+spirit through life, and thus ingloriously terminated his days. The
+pride of this man was to strut through the Mexican towns and gloat
+over his many crimes. To the gazing crowd, he would point out the
+trophies of his murders, which he never failed to have about him. To
+his fringed leggins were attached the phalanges (or finger bones) of
+those victims whom he had killed with his own hands. On the one side,
+he proclaimed to his auditors, were the fingers of the Mexicans, while
+on the other, were the same tokens from the Americans; and it gave him
+great delight, ironically, to dwell upon the latter name. With whip
+in hand, he struck out right and left when anything displeased him.
+He met one day more than his match in the person of the famous Mexican
+hunter, Armador Sanchez, of whom we have previously spoken. The
+circumstances of this rencounter were as follows: The bold Indian,
+with but few followers, was on a visit of pleasure to the Mexican
+town of Culebro. He had agreed to a temporary peace, to suit his
+convenience and ends; and, taking advantage of it, he made his
+appearance in the settlements, to lord it over the peaceable
+inhabitants. After indulging in a little fire-water, his wicked
+propensities could be controlled no longer, and broke forth in minor
+cruelties. At last he found himself in the house belonging to Sanchez,
+who was quietly conversing with his aged father, for whom he had great
+veneration, and also with his son. The Indian peremptorily demanded
+that some whisky should be given him. He was informed by Sanchez that
+he did not keep the article. A second demand was now made, with the
+threat that if it was not forthcoming immediately, he would whip the
+person who refused him. This had the effect of bringing Sanchez to
+his feet, when the following colloquy, in Spanish, between him and the
+Indian transpired: "Chico Velasques, you have long been accustomed to
+treat our people almost as you please. You have robbed and murdered us
+at your will, notwithstanding we have given you no cause thus to act.
+Had you asked for bread, I would have given it to you, for the door of
+my house is always open to the friendly red man; but, as for whisky,
+you can have none from my hands. Raise that whip but once to strike
+me, and I will dash your brains out with this mass of lead." Suiting
+his actions to his words, Sanchez drew forth from the pocket of his
+hunting-shirt a slung shot that weighed nearly four ounces, which
+he always carried to dispatch his game with when it was in the last
+agonies of death. With uplifted hand, the Indian hesitated; for, he
+knew the character of the man who stood before him, as they had hunted
+together during many moons gone by, on the same mountains and on the
+same trail. At last, using his own savage dialect, in order that his
+words could not be understood by others about him, the savage answered
+the Mexican hunter by saying, "that by chance they might some day meet
+again;" a threat which fell harmless at the feet of Sanchez. As he
+took his departure, the chief added, in Spanish, "I will tell these
+things to my father,[20] Kit Carson," as if further attempting to
+intimidate the hunter; but Sanchez knew that his own and Carson's
+opinions were the same in regard to this man; therefore, he smiled
+at the rascal's knavery. _Chico Velasques_ was followed in his
+chieftainship by _Blanco_, who did his utmost to walk in the footsteps
+of his illustrious predecessor; but, he was not so cunning, and was
+less successful in his encounters with the Americans and Mexicans,
+and therefore had not that influence with his tribe which the former
+possessed. Still, he performed his quantum of mischief, and yet lives
+to play his part in the great drama of Indian life. An Apache Indian
+is rather small in stature, but everything about him denotes symmetry
+and strength. His limbs are almost straight, and their muscles are
+as hard as iron. The elasticity of his movements, when in the least
+excited, shows a high degree of physical training. His coal-black eye
+exhibits an amount of treachery rarely seen elsewhere, proving the
+truth of the Chinese adage, that "the tongue may deceive, but the eye
+can never play the rogue."
+
+[Footnote 20: This expression of "father," with these Indians, means
+their agent.]
+
+But to return to the narrative. The commanding officer of the party
+sent out against these Indians, on arriving again at Taos, reported to
+Col. Beall that the reason he had returned was because, at the present
+time, it was impracticable to cross the mountains. That brave
+and experienced officer replied, "that there was no such word as
+impracticable in the soldier's vocabulary, and that nothing ought
+to be impossible for the 1st regiment of United States dragoons to
+accomplish." Suiting his actions to his words, Col. Beall reorganized
+the command, took charge of it himself, and employed Kit Carson as his
+guide. When everything was in proper trim, this expedition set
+out, and after surmounting many obstacles and privations, finally
+accomplished the feat of crossing the snow-clad mountains, and after
+a long and fruitless search for the Indians, the men were obliged to
+turn about, because their stock of provisions was running low. As
+the command emerged through the "_Sangre de Christo Pass_," on their
+return route, they came suddenly into view of a village of Apaches.
+As soon as the Indians were discovered the charge was sounded, but the
+animals of the dragoons were too much jaded to obey the summons with
+the celerity wished for by their riders; the result was that, besides
+a considerable amount of plunder, only two persons were taken, but
+they, fortunately, proved to be no less than two important chiefs. In
+order to impress these Indians with the fairness and liberality which
+his government wished to show to the red men, after a long talk,
+in which the colonel exacted promises of good behavior, he let the
+prisoners go. They departed, to forget as quickly as possible all
+their vows and promises; for, seemingly, they will act in no other
+way than as their own savage instinct teaches. After this affair, Col.
+Beall made a direct march for Taos, where he remained for some time,
+attending to the ordinary duties of his garrison.
+
+In the treaty between the United States and New Mexico, entered into
+at the close of the Mexican War, a clause was inserted binding the
+former to turn over to the latter all the Mexican captives then held
+by the Indians who inhabited territory belonging to the first named
+government. The carrying out of this provision of the treaty involved
+the United States government in a large and constant bill of expense.
+This was, undoubtedly, unavoidable, for even had the clause not been
+inserted in the treaty, the maintenance of about the same frontier
+military forces would have been necessary. It would have proved a
+difficult matter to carry out this treaty to the letter.
+
+If it had been so carried out to the letter, the Camanches would have
+been great sufferers, for at least one third of the blood that now
+runs in their veins is Mexican. During the last half century, and
+perhaps longer, they have been accustomed to make annual visits into
+the Mexican settlements of Old Mexico. The object of these hostile
+incursions has ever been to load themselves with plunder. They steal
+all the horses that fall in their way, and also take for captives as
+many young children as they can lay hands on. The latter are brought
+up in true Indian style, and, having cast off all remembrance of their
+former habits and friends, they gradually become the wild men of the
+plains. The female captives, on arriving at the suitable age, are
+married to the young warriors of the tribe, and thus the true Indian
+stock, becoming amalgamated with the Mexico-Spanish blood, is fast
+becoming degenerated. The reason, therefore, why the fulfillment of
+this treaty would have militated strongly against the Camanche Indians
+especially, is clearly apparent.
+
+In the following February, Col. Beall learned that on the Arkansas
+River there were congregated a large body of Indians, who had quite
+a number of Mexicans in bondage. He felt it to be his duty to visit
+these savages and endeavor to have them deliver up all such captives,
+using peaceable means to accomplish this result in the first instance;
+and, should they fail, he made up his mind to resort to more forcible
+and potent arguments. With this determination, and with two companies
+of dragoons to back him and Kit Carson as his guide, he set out on
+his mission. In due time he reached the Arkansas, and there found
+congregated four tribes of Indians who numbered in the vicinity of
+two thousand souls. Their object in thus coming together was to have a
+grand council and lay out plans for the future, and also to meet their
+agent. This agent, who was an experienced mountaineer, informed the
+colonel that, considering the present state of ill feeling existing
+among these Indians towards the whites, it would be useless to make
+the demand for the prisoners; and as to using force, it would almost
+certainly prove a failure, when such a large number of well armed
+warriors were arrayed against him. It required a great deal of
+persuasion to bring the colonel around to this mode of thinking; but,
+at last he yielded to the advice of his friends and concluded to make
+no demonstration against the Indians at the present time, concluding,
+as his anger cooled, that it was the wisest policy to await a more
+favorable opportunity, when a treaty could be made with them, in
+which there could be an article inserted that would stipulate for the
+restoration of the captives.
+
+In parting with these red men without accomplishing the main object
+for which they came, both officers and men felt that their labors had
+not been entirely thrown away. Their presence must have left lasting
+impressions on the minds of the savages, in showing them that they no
+longer had poorly clad and poorly armed Mexican soldiers to deal with.
+
+On arriving again in Taos, Kit Carson returned to his home to ruminate
+over what was best for him to take up as a business for the future.
+He revolved in his thoughts his past career, and, in the end, finished
+the mental study by resolving to give up his roaming life, as he
+rightly considered that now was the time, if ever, that he should be
+making a substantial home for himself and family, before old age crept
+upon and disabled him from the undertaking. About the time that he was
+in this frame of mind, his old mountaineer friend, Maxwell, was about
+going to a pretty little valley called by the Mexicans _Rayado_.
+Maxwell proposed to Kit Carson to join him in the enterprise of
+building a ranche on the site which he had selected. This offer the
+latter gladly accepted. Rayado would have, long before, been settled
+by the Mexicans, had they not been deterred by its exposure, and
+consequent inviting position for Indian depredations. The valley is
+about fifty miles east from Taos; and, for its scenery, cannot be
+surpassed by anything of the kind in America. Standing at the head
+of it on a blunt bluff, you look down and out on the prairies, and
+nothing can be more enchanting than the view that is thus presented.
+On each side there are lofty hills, which, when green with grass and
+foliage, add a magic beauty to the scene. Through the valley, as if it
+had been intended for its dividing line, runs a broad mountain stream,
+the banks of which are now metamorphosed into beautiful fields.
+
+We stop here to undeceive the reading public concerning an idea which
+has gained currency by the extraordinary imaginative writings of
+novelists. These trashy fictions represent the western plains,
+or prairies, as flower-beds. In this a great mistake has become
+prevalent. A traveler often pursues his way over them for many days
+without seeing anything to interrupt the continuity of green grass
+except it be the beautiful road over which he is journeying. Near the
+slopes of the mountains and on the river banks the remark will
+apply. There, fields of wild flowers are often found growing in great
+luxuriance.
+
+The settlement was soon after commenced by Kit Carson and Maxwell,
+and, as now completed, is really a beautiful spot. It is located about
+midway down the valley. Among its several houses, there are two which
+are more conspicuous than the rest. In the finest of these two, the
+owner of which has taken great pains and spent much valuable time
+with its construction, lives Maxwell, whose honest pride is the being
+master of a model farm. In the residence next most to be admired in
+Rayado, Kit Carson sometimes sojourns.
+
+The mansion which belongs to Maxwell would be an ornament to any
+country. At one time, it was used as a garrison for American troops,
+and on it, the soldiers made many improvements. It is built one story
+high, in the shape of a hollow square, and has the size of an ordinary
+block in a city. Around the whole runs a fine veranda. With its lofty
+ceilings, large and airy rooms, and its fine yard in the centre of the
+square, which is well stored with its fowls, pigeons, and other pet
+animals, with appropriate kennels; with antlers of noble buck and elk;
+hams of venison, buffalo meat, wild turkeys, etc., and near by a
+fine vegetable garden; altogether, it presents a picture of sumptuous
+living rarely seen within the pale of civilization. Maxwell counts
+his steeds and cattle by hundreds, while his flocks of sheep are
+enumerated by thousands. Near by stands Kit Carson's ranche, which,
+though more modest, yet, when the hunter occupies it, in dead game and
+comfort, it fully rivals its compeer. Around these two hunters live
+a handful of Mexican friends, who are either engaged in agricultural
+pursuits for themselves, or else in the employ of the "lords of the
+manor," Carson and Maxwell.
+
+In this his residence at Rayado, Kit Carson is only kept from spending
+his whole time by business for which his tastes are more suited. Soon
+after the commencement of the settlement, and while he was engaged
+in his vocation as farmer, news reached him that the Apaches had been
+committing a most wicked murder, the details of which are horrible
+in the extreme. A merchant by the name of White, who was engaged in
+business at Santa Fe, had been into the United States for the purpose
+of purchasing goods. With his train of wagons and his small escort
+of men, traveled his private carriage, in which there were, as
+passengers, his accomplished but unfortunate lady and her only child.
+On arriving at a point where he anticipated no further danger, Mr.
+White started on ahead of his caravan, in order that he might reach
+Santa Fe as soon as possible, and thus relieve his family from the
+privations of camp life. He had proceeded but a few miles when he was
+attacked by some Indians who had concealed themselves in the rocks
+on either side of the road. The savages, as the carriage neared their
+hiding-place, fired with such accuracy of aim that they killed, by
+their first volley, all of the men who were with the carriage before
+they were aware of the danger which surrounded them. Mrs. White and
+her child were reserved for a worse fate. They were carried off
+into captivity. The child proved to be a source of annoyance to the
+blood-thirsty savages, and its angel spirit was released from earth by
+their cruel ferocity. Before the eyes of its captive mother the fatal
+tomahawk was raised, and by one dastard blow its keen edge was made to
+mingle with its brains. The horrid work failed not to bring the bitter
+woes and anguish of despair to the breast of the unhappy mother. It
+was then thrown into Red River, which was the stream nearest to the
+scene of the bloody tragedy.
+
+Red River and its great canon has always been to the Apache Indians a
+favorite haunt of refuge, either when pursued, or after the committal
+of some terrible crime. There are several streams in the West called
+by this name. The one here referred to is the Red River of the plains,
+and is one of the upper tributaries of the Arkansas River. In olden
+times it went by the name of the Canadian River. Several sharp
+conflicts have occurred on this stream between the Apache Indians and
+parties of United States troops. It has also formed the stage of many
+an Indian tragedy in conflicts between the mountain Indians and the
+Indians of the plains. Quite recently, attempts have been made by
+whites to use its banks for grazing purposes, but every enterprise
+which has been set on foot to establish ranches in its vicinity,
+have been warmly contested by the Camanches, who have killed several
+persons who have dared to essay such attempts.
+
+The intelligence of this terrible butchery having been carried to New
+Mexico, a command was organized in hot haste, which had for its object
+the immediate rescue of Mrs. White from her bondage, worse than death.
+Two men went with this party as guides, named Leroux and Fisher.
+Watkins Leroux is an old and famous trapper and mountaineer, whose
+reputation and skill as a guide in the far West, is second only to Kit
+Carson's. A few of his warm partisans, who are ever very warm in their
+praise of their friend, at one time considered him superior even to
+Kit Carson; but, when the skill of the two men came to be tried in
+the same cause, the palm was yielded to Kit Carson. Leroux has
+guided several parties over new routes with meritorious success. His
+knowledge of Indian character is nearly equal to that possessed by Kit
+Carson, and he is endowed with a wonderful amount of forethought and
+prudence; but, in an Indian fight, or on any great emergency, his
+faculties appear to be less active, and his judgment less certain,
+than those exhibited by the great Nestor of the Rocky Mountains. It
+is a well well-understood maxim, that there are more or less
+narrow-minded persons who are ready and eager to pull down any and
+every rising man; and, for this purpose, such must choose a champion.
+Kit Carson's association with Colonel Fremont had won him so great
+renown, as a mountaineer and guide, that an opposition party was
+formed to detract from his merits and capabilities. Leroux, owing to
+his popularity, was chosen for the leader of this party, and whenever
+the name of Kit Carson was mentioned, the friends of Leroux always
+saw fit to compare the deeds of the two men together. This strife, of
+course, could not be lasting, and now it is almost forgotten. It is
+a just tribute of praise due to both of these brave men, to say
+that they do not sanction, by word or deed, either party to the
+controversy. They could but appreciate each other, and, as friends,
+ever felt elated, the one at the success of the other, and _vice
+versa_. They mutually considered that every fresh laurel of glory
+added a measure-full of honor and renown to their common brotherhood
+of mountaineers, among whom the good reputation of their cloth was as
+dear as it was among the knights attached to the orders of chivalry.
+Their ranches are located in the same valley, and in the same
+town; where, having lived together as fast friends in life, in all
+probability they will find their last resting-places in the same
+graveyard. Few men can say aught against the character of Watkins
+Leroux, but in this estimate of his actions, we are only reviving what
+has already been given to the public.
+
+With Leroux and Fisher employed as guides, the expedition for the
+rescue of Mrs. White set out on its route, and, on its journey, passed
+by Rayado. Kit Carson immediately proffered his services for the
+expedition. They were accepted, but, much to the surprise of many of
+the party, instead of being at once placed in the position which his
+great experience demanded, he was assigned to an inferior position
+under the command of Leroux. Kit Carson, however, was too good a
+soldier to exhibit the conduct which the little buzzing talkers so
+anxiously looked for from their supposed kindling of his jealousy,
+and quietly took the post assigned him, eager to lend a helping hand,
+which might even thus be instrumental in saving a valuable life. It
+is proper, however, that we should add, that this slight upon his
+reputation and experience wounded his feelings. But, especially, as
+the life in jeopardy belonged to a woman, he would not, and did not,
+think of allowing his actions to partake of his feelings. We have
+reason to believe that this slight, at least on the part of the
+commanding officer of the expedition, was not intentional. That
+gentleman was an honorable man, and would not have committed an act
+which he considered would have resulted otherwise than for the best;
+and, in appointing Leroux his chief counsellor, he had selected a good
+man, but, one whom he afterwards learned, to his sorrow, was every way
+the subordinate of Kit Carson in managing Indian affairs.
+
+A few years subsequent to the transpiring of this murder and the
+skirmish which succeeded it, we traveled near to the spot under the
+same officer who had the command of the above expedition. He reverted
+to the affair with much feeling, and from his actions and remarks, we
+could plainly see that his sympathies had been, perhaps, too greatly
+enlisted in behalf of his unfortunate countrywoman, and that his
+better judgment had been overcome by giving way to the urgent advice
+of others. If it had been a battle where either scientific attainments
+or manly courage could have succeeded, he would, doubtless, have been
+himself, and carried everything through with success. This is no mere
+assertion, for his long and well tried military career warrants us
+in this belief. We have the greatest respect for this gentleman, and
+consider him a very able man; but, as a biographer, we are called
+upon to narrate the facts as they come to us. If he had succeeded,
+everything would have been considered as well done; but he failed, and
+the cause of his failure is plain.
+
+The party being thus constituted, and no delay having been occasioned
+by any unforeseen accident, the party arrived in good season at the
+place where the cold-blooded murder had been consummated. Around the
+spot, there was strewn, in great confusion, boxes, trunks, pieces of
+harness, and many other things, which had belonged to the unfortunate
+party, and which the villains did not fancy and carry away with them.
+The path taken by these Indians was soon found, and on it, the command
+traveled in full chase for twelve days, without seeing the outline of
+a savage. Carson describes this as being the most difficult trail to
+follow he remembers ever to have undertaken, for the rascally Apaches,
+on breaking up their camps, would divide into parties of two and
+three, and then scatter over the vast expanse of the prairies to meet
+again at some preconcerted place, where they knew water could be had.
+In several of these camps the pursuers found remnants of dress and
+other articles, that were known to have belonged to Mrs. White. By
+these signs, they were led to believe that she still lived. Although
+these things would be trifles on ordinary occasions, yet, at the
+present time, they were the cause of stimulating the white men to
+their utmost exertions; and, as they grew fresher, the excitement
+among the party increased. At last, the camp, and even the persons
+of the savages, became visible to the foremost of the pursuers; and,
+among the first to get a glimpse of them was Kit Carson. At the time
+the discovery was made, Kit Carson was considerably in advance of most
+of the men. Turning to those near him, he shouted to have the command
+come on as fast as possible, for he saw at once that there was no
+time to be lost in consultation as to the best mode of assaulting the
+Indians. They, already, were in commotion, and were making hurried
+preparations to decamp. Riding on at full speed for some distance, Kit
+Carson again turned his head and saw, to his dismay, that he was
+not followed; but instead, the command had halted. The cause of this
+curious order being given, at such a precarious moment, was, as he
+afterwards learned, brought about by the advice of the chief guide,
+who told the commanding officer that the Indians wished to have a
+parley. On seeing what was transpiring behind him, Kit Carson had no
+alternative but to rein up his horse also; for, to ride on alone into
+the midst of the savages, would have been unjustifiable rashness, and
+might, perhaps, have destroyed the plans his superior officers were
+concocting. So, he stood paralyzed and confounded at the inactivity of
+his companions. Just about this time, a bullet, fired from the Indian
+camp, struck the commanding officer in the breast, and bent him
+forward. Those around him, for a little while, supposed that he had
+received a mortal wound. Still, he retained his seat in the saddle,
+but could not speak. Thus again was precious time lost, as the party,
+during this time, were virtually without a leader, and did not seem to
+be inclined to make one. Fortunately for this officer, just before he
+received the shot, he had taken off his thick buckskin gauntlets and
+crowded them into a breast pocket. The ball had struck this bundle;
+and, as its force was somewhat expended by the distance it had come,
+it was unable to more than penetrate the mass and contuse the soft
+parts of the chest.
+
+This accident assisted in preventing this well known military man from
+inflicting such a blow on these savages, that they would have been
+long in recovering from it. He had undoubtedly seen, soon after he had
+halted, that Kit Carson was right in recommending a charge; for,
+as quick as he recovered sufficiently from his injury to be able
+to speak, he commanded the men to make the attack, and leave him to
+himself. Unfortunately, the time had passed to accomplish the desired
+effect when this order was given, for, on arriving among the lodges,
+the men found only one warrior. He, as a matter of course, was slain.
+The body of Mrs. White was also found in the camp. Life was extinct,
+though her soul had but just flown to heaven. There was still warmth
+in the corpse when the men first discovered it. An arrow had pierced
+her breast. Evidently she had been conscious that friends were near,
+and was trying to make her escape when the missile of death produced
+the fatal wound.
+
+Much has been written and said about this sad affair, and much unjust
+calumny has been heaped upon the head of the leader of the expedition;
+therefore, the opinion of Kit Carson in reference to the matter may
+not be out of place; hence, we give it word for word. "I am certain"
+says Kit Carson, "that if the Indians had been charged immediately on
+our arrival, Mrs. White would have been saved. At first, the savages
+were much confused at our approach, and I do not hesitate to say that
+she saw us as quick as any one of the redskins did, for it undoubtedly
+was the all absorbing topic of her mind that her rescue would be
+attempted by her friends and countrymen. On seeing us coming, she
+had attempted to run towards us, when she was shot down. Had she been
+liberated, she could not have long survived the brutality, hardships
+and vicissitudes she had experienced. Words cannot describe the bitter
+cup that she had been obliged to drink during her captivity. It was
+the will of Providence that, having suffered like a martyr on earth,
+she should be taken to himself before we arrived to where her remains
+lay; upon coming upon which, we shed tears at thus being defeated in
+what had been our cherished hopes even had it cost some of us our own
+lives."
+
+By this language it can be readily seen that Kit Carson regretted the
+failure of this attempt made to rescue Mrs. White as deeply as any
+one, either in the expedition, or among her friends at the home from
+which she had so recently, in health and happiness, been torn. "Yet I
+cannot," says Kit Carson, "blame the commanding officer, or the other
+guide, for the action they took in the affair. They evidently did as
+they thought best, but I have no doubt that they now can see, that
+if my advice had been taken, the life of Mrs. White might have been
+spared for at least a short period." This expedition was far from
+being a failure, for the Indians lost all their provisions, camp
+equipage and a few animals. Many of these savages ran away leaving
+behind them everything they possessed in the world, except the scanty
+amount of clothing they had on.
+
+For six miles they were pursued over the level prairies when another
+brave was killed, several wounded and three children taken prisoners.
+The horses belonging to the Expedition broke down, one by one, until
+at last, the chase had to be given over, after which the Indians made
+short work in getting out of sight. Among the trinkets and baggage
+found in the captured camp, there was a novel which described Kit
+Carson as a great hero who was able to slay Indians by scores. This
+book was shown to Kit and was the first of the kind he had ever seen.
+After glancing at it he made the remark, "that perhaps Mrs. White,
+to whom it belonged, knowing he lived not very far off, had prayed to
+have him make his appearance and assist in freeing her. He wished that
+it might have been so, but consoled himself by thinking that he had
+performed his duty." While on their route back to Taos, the command
+was overtaken by a terrible snow storm which was accompanied by a high
+wind; as there were no hills to break its force, it amounted almost
+to a tornado. The snow was driven with such force into the men's faces
+that they became nearly blind, and were bewildered as to the course
+they should travel. During its continuance, they wandered about on the
+prairies. Finally they were so fortunate that at last they reached a
+clump of timber in the neighborhood of _Las Vegas_ in New Mexico; but,
+during the tramp, one man had been frozen to death and others had come
+near to perishing.
+
+After arriving in the settlements; the party learned from some
+friendly Indians, that the Apaches had suffered severely by being
+exposed to this same storm, and the report was that many of them had
+since died in consequence thereof. From this, it would appear as if
+an all seeing power had protected the whites, while it had dealt out
+a fearful judgment upon these wicked savages, who have more than vague
+ideas of the sin of murdering, in cold blood, innocent people, sages
+and philanthropists far distant and safe in great cities to the
+contrary notwithstanding. There are no set of men in the world who can
+draw the line between right and wrong based on its first principle,
+and taught to them by the great lessons of nature, as can many tribes
+of Indians. Among themselves, and especially among their individual
+bands, in regard to all crimes, the Indian has his moral code of laws
+which, in many respects, is not surpassed by those of his pale-faced
+brother. They have their civil chief who is responsible for the peace
+and good order of the camp; and, before him, are tried, by the lawyers
+of the tribe, all cases worthy of notice. If the parties are found
+guilty, the offender or offenders are summarily dealt with--therefore,
+"with his untutored mind," in his intercourse with white men, the
+Indian is not altogether excusable in committing crime.
+
+There are many people who believe that the Indians, as a race, have
+been greatly sinned against, and to sustain their views, have called
+in the assistance of flowery-written romances and the high-sounding
+language of prose and poetry. Much of this novelty and interest
+rubs off by coming in contact with the savage as he really exists.
+Admiration often changes, in this case, into distrust and even enmity.
+It is natural that this should be so, for mere book-education biases
+the mind always, either for or against, and therefore, it is not
+strange that in the far West, we should often meet with men who
+unhesitatingly declare that the red man, if capable, is unwilling
+to entertain in his character even one redeeming trait; but, on
+investigating their individual case, we find that they are but
+superficial observers who are prone to find fault with everything that
+does not exactly suit their tastes. It is necessary to spend a whole
+life with Indians, in order to judge them without prejudice. The Great
+Spirit has endowed his red children with reason, the same in quality
+as possessed by any other race, but their habits, mode of life and
+experience is of such a kind, that, when taken, as a whole, they are
+truly original. Looking upon this class of people, either in the light
+of an enthusiast or as a detractor, cannot be otherwise than wrong;
+for, as is usually the case, the truth lies between the extremes.
+
+To be caught in one of these winter storms on the plains is a very
+serious affair; and one only needs to have been through a fearful gale
+on the seas to render him dubious of which to choose. To the faint
+heart, death seems inevitable in either case; and, to such a one, a
+choice between a watery grave or a bed of snow, when hunger and cold
+are his attendants while life is gradually ebbing out, is a question
+in which the contrast appears small. During many of the winter months,
+a life on the prairies becomes a necessity to the frontiersman and not
+a pleasure. The force and power of the winds on the level earth of the
+far West, are beyond human imagination. The snow storms there, at
+the proper period of the year, are terrific in their grandeur. The
+quantity of the snow that falls is not so much a matter of notice as
+the force with which it comes, being almost blinding in its effects
+and requiring all the physical powers of both man and beast to meet
+and contend against it. It but seldom happens, during one of these
+seasons, that the roads are so blocked up by snow that human ingenuity
+cannot overcome the obstacle; for the wind drifts the snow, rendering
+the path clear at intervals which vary in their area. The poor mail
+parties are the ones who experience this undesirable life; and, in
+their attempts to make their journeys, they are often driven near to
+death's door, although every precaution is taken to make the transit
+safe. The mules of these parties are well protected with india rubber
+coverings which are lined with blankets, and, so snugly are they
+made to fit every available part of the animal, that it seems almost
+impossible for cold to touch them. Corn and fodder, to a limited
+extent, is transported; but, even with these precautions, the mules
+now and then succumb to cold. The man covers his body with warm
+clothing and carries with him furs and robes enough to be seemingly
+able to defy the storms. He can provide himself only with a scanty
+amount of fuel, for his means of conveyance are very contracted. When
+overtaken by the storms, which may last several days, he is rendered
+almost powerless, and is at the tender mercies of the gale; for he
+cannot make fires,--and without them he may perish. This is not true
+of every trip made across the plains during the winter, for, like
+on the ocean, the passage may be frequently gone through with the
+encountering of but little real suffering. One thing in favor of
+making the journey in this season of the year is, the probability
+of not seeing an Indian. They, usually, during the cold months,
+stow themselves away in their, comparatively speaking, warm mountain
+retreats. In crossing the plains, small parties find the item of
+meeting Indians to be of considerable importance, as, even in the
+time of peace, they are very exacting and troublesome, demanding that
+provisions should be given them, by way of toll. To refuse is apt
+to bring down their ire, when they will usually help themselves to
+whatever suits their fancy. They are very partial to sugar, which,
+when they cannot say the word in English, they call "Shoog." If not
+understood, they make their wants known by the Indian sign of touching
+with the index finger the tip of the tongue, thereby indicating the
+sweetness of the article. Many of them come armed with a piece of
+paper, which testimonial of good behavior they have obtained from
+their agent or forced from some traveler. As they cannot read, it
+makes but little difference what is the sense of the writing so long
+as it is _bona fide_ penmanship. I once saw one of these documents
+which the owner prized very highly, but, had he known the purport of
+his paper, he would have sighed for the scalp of his _kind friend_
+who wrote it. The language was as follows: "Crossing of the Arkansas,"
+etc. "The bearer, _Young Antelope_, is a good Indian and will not take
+anything out of his reach. This is to warn traders and travelers
+to beware of his race, breed, seed, and generation." It was signed
+evidently with a fictitious name, and answered the purpose for which
+it was intended, which was, to get rid of an ugly customer and to put
+strangers on their guard against the man who carried it.
+
+On arriving at Taos, Kit Carson left this party and proceeded
+to Rayado, where he was, soon after, actively engaged in farming
+pursuits.
+
+During the subsequent winter, a detachment of ten dragoons under the
+command of sergeant Holbrook was stationed at Rayado to protect the
+little settlement. In order that their animals might have the benefit
+of the good grass which was to be found in the mountains at a place
+where but little snow fell, the settlers established there a herder's
+ranche, posting two men there to look after and guard the property.
+The cold months were passed in peace and quiet, but, in the spring the
+marauding Apaches came, and, after wounding both of the herders, stole
+all the gentle animals, including both horses and mules. One of the
+wounded men made his way to Rayado, notwithstanding his injuries, and
+gave information of what had happened to himself and companion.
+On learning these facts, Kit Carson, the dragoons and three of the
+settlers, immediately proceeded to the ranche. They arrived there just
+as the shades of night began to fall. Nothing could be attempted until
+the dawn of another day, consequently, a camp was ordered and duly
+arranged. As the first faint beam of light gilded anew the mountain
+tops, the party were up and moving. They soon found the trail made
+by the thieves and commenced a sharp pursuit. The pace at which they
+traveled became so rapid, that, at the distance of only twenty-five
+miles from the spot where they first struck the trail, the Indians
+were discovered moving on the prairie a long way in advance. There
+remained nothing but an open chase.
+
+Orders were issued to accelerate even the hitherto rapid march. Each
+man resumed his exertions to put his horse to his best speed.
+The chase was growing intensely exciting when four of the animals
+belonging to the pursuers gave out, completely ridden down. Their
+riders were the most unhappy of any of the party at this circumstance,
+for it precluded even the chances of engaging in the expected affray.
+Leaving the four men behind, the remainder of the party pushed on in
+the pursuit, and every bound made by their horses brought them nearer
+to their foes. After several hours of this hard riding, they came near
+enough to the warriors to count their numbers. Their force consisted
+of twenty well armed and equipped Indians. They showed no fear of
+the party pursuing them, but clung to their stolen property with such
+pertinacity that they allowed themselves to be overtaken. A running
+fight was immediately commenced which became most exciting, as well
+as dangerous, to the participants; but, all the more exciting because
+thus dangerous. The Indians were all skillful horsemen and fought
+with great dexterity. Their animals being comparatively fresh, in
+this respect they had the advantage. Notwithstanding this fact, the
+pursuing party administered to them a severe lesson. Five of the
+rascally Indians were killed and several wounded, while all of
+the stolen animals, with the exception of four, were overtaken and
+recaptured. The whole of this pursuit and the running fight which
+terminated so successfully was accomplished under the advice of Kit
+Carson. Each man in the pursuing party felt that the simple fact that
+Kit Carson's eagle eye and experienced hand watched and guided their
+movements was a guaranty of certain and ample success. Hence, the
+labor of the long chase and the demands upon their personal skill,
+activity and courage made by the necessities of the fight, were all
+met with that kind of readiness and determination which seldom fails
+to make the soldier invincible. Every man in that party knew well
+that an Indian chase with Kit Carson for a leader, meant fight and win
+success or die.
+
+In referring to this adventure Kit Carson, when speaking of the
+gallant men who accompanied him, said, "They all proved themselves to
+be men of the very best material."
+
+Unfortunately, two of this gallant party have since fallen by the
+hands of these same Apache warriors. One of these was Sergeant
+Holbrook, a brave man, a skillful soldier and a noble friend. He was
+one who adorned his profession of arms and who was an honor to the
+country whose uniform he wore. He was killed at the well known battle
+of Ceneguilla while bravely fighting against overwhelming odds. This
+battle was fought in New Mexico in the year 1854. In it, a company
+of United States dragoons were worsted and cut to pieces by a greatly
+superior force of these Indians who succeeded in drawing them into an
+ambuscade.
+
+The other person referred to as having been since killed by this tribe
+of Apaches was a brave and experienced trapper, well known throughout
+the range of Indian depredations as a fearless and dangerous
+adversary. His name was William New. He was literally murdered at
+Rayado by these Apaches. This occurred only a few months after he had
+formed one of the party to pursue and recover the animals stolen from
+their ranche. When he was attacked, New was engaged tilling the soil
+on his own farm. The rascally Indians surrounded him before he became
+aware of their presence. Having an empty rifle with him, he succeeded,
+for some time, in keeping his assailants at bay, by pretending that
+the piece was loaded and pointing it at the foremost warrior as if
+he intended to fire it. The savages, however, finally discovered the
+truth and immediately made a rush upon him. A most desperate fight
+ensued, for William New, even thus defenceless, was not one who
+would yield up his life without a struggle. He made almost superhuman
+efforts to effect his escape, using the rifle as a club; wound after
+wound was given him in rapid succession in return for the desperate
+blows which he dealt with the rifle. His efforts, however, proved
+futile. Gradually the red blood was gathered from his body and drank
+up by the soil to which he looked for the sustenance of himself and
+family, until finally, he sank upon the ground fainting from its loss,
+literally covered from head to foot with frightful wounds. Thus died
+one more of the sparse race of original mountaineers, now fast passing
+away, bravely meeting the fate that has hitherto usually awaited this
+band of fearless men.
+
+We again turn to the adventures of Kit Carson. On the fifth day of
+May, 1850, accompanied by an old mountaineer named Timothy Goodel,
+he started with fifty head of mules and horses for Fort Laramie. This
+fort is distant from Rayado, over five hundred miles. The object which
+the two men had in view was to trade their animals with the emigrants
+who were, at that time, thronging the overland route to California.
+The journey was safely accomplished, Kit Carson and Goodel arriving
+at the fort, with their animals all in good condition, sometime in the
+following June. They remained here about one month disposing of their
+animals at good bargains.
+
+A few rather amusing anecdotes have had their rise connected with
+this visit which Kit Carson made to Fort Laramie. Among several other
+incidents the following is somewhat laughable and seems to us worth
+relating. Among the line of emigrants then on the road, the report was
+circulated for some distance back that the famous Kit Carson was at
+the fort. The result was that every man, woman and child, as fast as
+they arrived at the fort, were eager to gratify their curiosity by a
+sight of the man whose name and exploits had already been the theme of
+many a conversation among them. If ever Yankee, or American, (which
+is the more appropriate term, we will not attempt to decide)
+inquisitiveness was exhibited, it certainly could be then seen at Fort
+Laramie. The large majority of those who were thus anxious to see the
+famous guide, were led astray by the descriptions which they had heard
+and read, and picked out some powerfully built trader who chanced to
+present himself, especially if the man was tastefully dressed in a
+hunting shirt, with buck-skin leggins, and whose appearance indicated
+ferocity. Of this kind of personages there were quite a number present
+at the fort. Usually they would accost the man whom they had thus
+selected. Sometimes, if their address was appropriate and the humor
+of the person accosted so inclined, they would get put right, but more
+frequently they were left to enjoy and cherish their mistake, or were
+made the subject of a joke. Among the rest there came along quite a
+rough looking individual fresh from the cane-brakes of Arkansas. He,
+also, was seeking to place his eyes upon Kit Carson. Accidentally, or
+intentionally, it matters not for the story, he was directed to the
+place where the _bona fide_ Kit Carson stood. His powerful frame and
+determined looks, as he put his inquiries, made those inquired of,
+apparently, cautious how they perpetrated a joke upon the Arkansas
+man. At last, standing face to face with Kit Carson, he thus
+interrogated him. "I say, stranger, are you Kit Carson?" Being
+modestly answered in the affirmative, he stood a moment, apparently
+quite taken aback at beholding the short, compact and mild-looking
+man that stood before him. Evidently his beau ideal of the great
+mountaineer did not compare with the man whom he thus faced. This
+momentary hesitation resulted in the conviction that he was being
+deceived. The conviction, at last, took form in words. Rolling an
+immense quid of his beloved Indian weed from one cheek to its brother
+he said, "Look 'ere _stranger_, you can't come that over me any how.
+You ain't the kind of Kit Carson I am looking for."
+
+This was too much for Kit Carson to hear without treating the person
+addressed to his _beau ideal_ of Kit Carson, so suppressing a laugh,
+and assuming a very meek expression of countenance, as if he was
+afraid to impose upon the Arkansas man, he quietly pointed to a
+powerfully built trader, who chanced to be passing near by, dressed
+in true prairie style. The Arkansas emigrant followed around after the
+trader until, seemingly, he was perfectly satisfied, that he had, at
+last, found the famous person of whom he had heard so many wonderful
+stories narrated. After gazing at the man for some time, he departed,
+no doubt with one more perfect description of what sort of personage
+Kit Carson was.
+
+From the time Kit Carson's name began to be heralded throughout the
+world up to the present date, impostors have presented themselves in
+various cities; and, acting on the credulity of the people, they have
+palmed themselves off as the individual of whom we write; but, from
+the perusal of this work, it can be seen how seldom the real Kit
+Carson has enjoyed the luxuries of civilized life. It is in this way,
+many persons have gathered wrong impressions concerning Kit Carson.
+
+Within the past few years, a stranger one day presented himself in
+the quiet town of Taos, and, being a fellow of words, he soon let
+everybody there know his business, both past and present. In one of
+the principal stores of the town, there happened to be congregated a
+small party of friends, among whom was Kit Carson. They were talking
+of the important affairs of their section of country, when this
+strange individual entered. His familiarity with all things soon gave
+him an introduction; and, after a short conversation, a wag present
+was tempted, by the fellow's boasting, to quiz him. Addressing the
+traveler he asked, "What part of the world, pray sir, do you come
+from?"
+
+The answer was prompt.
+
+"I kum from the Cheyenne Nation. I've been living with them Injins fur
+several years. Indeed, I consider myself more of an Injin than a white
+man."
+
+The conversation then turned upon other matters. The fellow made
+some remarks which led the party to believe that he was entirely
+unacquainted with the Cheyenne Indians, or any other Indians. When he
+was apparently off of his guard, the wag resumed his questioning.
+
+"I presume, stranger, you accompany the Cheyennes when they go out on
+war parties, as you say that you have turned warrior."
+
+The reply was:
+
+"When they go out 'gainst t'other Injins, I do; but when they hunt
+white men's hair, I am allowed to stay behind. This was one of the
+stip'lations when I took a squaw and jined the tribe."
+
+"Oh ho! that is the way you manage!" exclaimed the wag.
+
+"Yes! and I've bin the means of saving some scalps for my race too,
+fur the Injins believe in me, they do," continued the fellow.
+
+The wag resumed--
+
+"Perhaps, stranger, you have heard of Kit Carson. It is said he is on
+the prairies somewhere, either dead or alive."
+
+The fellow answered:
+
+"You've got me! Know Kit Carson! I reckon I do. It is strange that you
+should ask me that, when Kit was the very last man I laid eyes on as I
+left our tribe."
+
+Here the fellow lowered his voice and said, as if exemplifying
+sympathy.
+
+"Poor Kit was in a very bad way one hour before we parted. The fact
+is, you know, he'd bin playin' the papers (meaning gambling) and had
+lost everything. However, I made him happy by giving him my gun and
+powder-horn. With them, you know, he will git along anywhere!"
+
+All hands, except Kit Carson, joined in the laugh at the fellow's
+impudence. Kit Carson's patience was exhausted in listening to the
+barefaced falsehoods which the man was uttering; so, with some excuse,
+he left the party. The fellow was unapprised of the farce which he had
+been acting; and, shortly after, left the town, believing that he had
+acquitted himself as became a hero.
+
+By way of episode, and while story-telling keeps its hold on our pen,
+we may as well relate a short anecdote, which, though it does not
+form any close connection with this part of the narrative, seems to
+illustrate the practical jokes which are sometimes played off by the
+western men upon those who have yet to undergo their novitiate.
+
+A German accidentally wandered out to and located himself in company
+with others on or near the Greenhorn River, which is one of the
+tributaries of the Arkansas. Their business was trading with the
+Mormons, many of whom at that time traveled to Salt Lake, by what is
+known as the Arkansas River route. In so doing, they came near
+the vicinity of the site selected for trading purposes. In the
+commencement, the German was very inexperienced in matters that
+pertained to trading with these emigrants, and, as a matter of
+course, in an Indian country, met with many singular adventures. It
+so happened that this man was exceedingly afraid of rattlesnakes,
+and those he was associated with, by way of amusement, delighted in
+augmenting his fears by telling him wonderful stories of what feats
+the reptile had been known to perform. On the first trip which he made
+to the camp of some Mormons located about nine miles off, his ride
+took him through a perfect hot-bed of these snakes. Behind his saddle,
+on the horse's back which he rode, he had tied a bag of rice which he
+had intended to barter. The German, not being used to riding, was a
+poor horseman, while unfortunately, his steed was a spirited animal,
+and at once, on his mounting, started off on a trot. The string of the
+bag of rice became loosened by the severe jolting, and its contents
+came tumbling on the ground in great quantities, but afterwards as the
+stock on hand decreased, this was lessened. The German, who had his
+hands full to keep his seat in the saddle, heard the rattling noise
+behind him, but dared not look around, for fear of being thrown off
+from his horse. He supposed he was chased by a ferocious snake, and,
+at once, thought only of escape; therefore, seizing the mane of the
+horse, he gave him the spurs. He was soon going at a flying gait;
+still, the rattling noise pursued him as the increased speed sent the
+little grains of rice out of the sack in greater quantities. At last
+the sound died away, as the cause of the trouble was expended. The
+frightened rider now considered himself safe, and began to rein in his
+horse. After a while, he brought him to a stand-still, and turned to
+look for his retreating enemy, but instead, found the origin and cause
+of the mischief. His loss was irrecoverable, and he could only laugh
+at the ridiculous figure he must have cut. This adventure gave his
+friends much merriment, and served to open his eyes in reference to
+the much vaunted capabilities of this snake. He has since often told
+this story of himself, and considers it a capital joke.
+
+The labor of settling up their business at Fort Laramie was soon over,
+when Kit Carson and Goodel took their departure. Goodel started
+for California, while Kit Carson commenced his tramp homeward. As a
+traveling companion, he took with him a Mexican. They pursued their
+journey quite pleasantly and safely enough, but, on their arrival
+at the Greenhorn River, the scene of the German's adventure with a
+rattle-snake, they were obliged to be very wary in their progress, for
+Kit had learned that the Apache Indians were out on the warpath, and
+were waylaying the road which, he intended to pursue with the avowed
+purpose of attacking, plundering and murdering whoever chanced to fall
+in their savage clutches. Kit Carson, therefore, halted for six days
+on the banks of the Greenhorn, and spent the time recruiting his
+animals. While here and thus engaged, a party of white men, whom he
+found encamped on the same river, formed the subject of his earnest
+attention. They had come thus far on their route to New Mexico, but,
+on learning the news of the hostile attitude of the Apache nation,
+their courage had entirely deserted them. They did not dare venture
+into New Mexico, and counselled the retracing of their steps. Kit
+Carson set himself to work, but found he had a difficult task to talk
+courage into these men. By dint of much argument, he succeeded in
+persuading one of them to accompany him. On the seventh day, with this
+one companion--for the Mexican had left him--he broke up his little
+camp on the Greenhorn, and set out upon his dangerous journey.
+
+By taking a zigzag course, avoiding, in the mountains, all the usually
+traveled trails, he advanced on his route forty miles without seeing
+any very fresh Indian signs. As often as the moon was unclouded, the
+two men embraced the assistance of its pale light to make progress
+through the dangers that beset them; and, on the days which succeeded
+this night-work, they would conceal themselves and animals in some
+out of the way place, where they were not to be easily discovered. Kit
+Carson had not sufficient confidence in the quickness of perception
+of his companion to trust him as a sentinel, therefore, he had to
+take upon himself all of that important duty. While on the lookout, he
+usually posted himself in the top limbs of a tree and always took
+care to select one that commanded a good prospect of the surrounding
+country. After several days passed without having proper rest, Kit,
+in the monotony of his position as sentinel, would feel sleep stealing
+over him, until it was difficult to keep longer awake. He would close
+his eyes and commence to nod, but on these occasions he was sure to
+be quickly aroused on almost losing his balance, by which, however, he
+endangered his neck. One day, while thus employed, he was perched in
+the highest branches of a lofty old cotton-wood on the banks of the
+River Timchera and not far off from the "Spanish Peaks." Nearly
+ten hours had passed without anything special having attracted his
+attention, when, all at once, a band of straggling Apaches came into
+view not over one half mile distant. A single look was sufficient to
+convince him that, as yet, neither himself nor his companion had been
+discovered. No time was to be lost, so Kit, as quickly as possible,
+descended and ran to where his friend was, and informed him of their
+danger. The animals were soon saddled, and the two men mounting them,
+struck out in a direction just the opposite to that in which the
+Indians were traveling. Fortune favored them, as, soon after they had
+emerged from the timber into the open prairies, night set in, thus
+shutting them out from the view of the savages. Profiting by the
+darkness and the level country which lay before them, they reached, by
+the rising of the next morning's sun, the Mexican town of Red River,
+which was sixty-five miles distant from the place they had last
+started from. All dangers having been now surmounted, they made a
+sufficient stay at Red River to rest themselves and animals.
+
+On resuming their journey, they jogged along over the now rough trail
+and, after a ride of thirty miles, came to Taos, where they were once
+more safe from the perils that had so recently surrounded them, and
+where they were well provided for by kind friends.
+
+Rio Colorado, or Red River settlement, is, next to Taos, the oldest
+town in northern New Mexico. It is located on a small stream of the
+same name, which flows into the Rio Grande. The town itself contains
+some two or three hundred inhabitants, and occupies rather a pretty
+site, being built on a high bank, while between it and the river
+there is a large strip of bottom land, which is under cultivation.
+The scenery about is picturesque, embracing lofty and bold mountains,
+beautiful wood-land and open prairies. The external appearance of the
+village is that of abject poverty; and, on entering it, one readily
+sees that his eyesight has not deceived him, but that his first
+impressions are fully realized. It was here that Fremont and his men
+found a haven of safety after meeting their trying reverses on the
+fourth exploring expedition. To them, the sight of this town must have
+been hailed with delight. In Red River there live two old trappers,
+who have long since been weaned from the habits and manners of
+civilization. These two men are Canadians, one of them notorious for
+the "yarns" he can spin; but as they are many of them past belief,
+they are listened to by the traveler as a help to pass the time while
+he is obliged to tarry in the place. A young English nobleman who was
+on a visit of pleasure to the western country, once fell into this
+man's clutches, and, from the trapper's after boasting, we infer that
+he (the trapper) more than surpassed himself in story-telling. Among
+other things, he informed this nobleman that he had once mastered
+a grizzly bear in a hand-to-hand fight by cramming a stick that was
+sharpened at both ends into the bear's mouth in such a way that the
+monster could not close his jaws, because it fastened and kept them
+open. Being asked by the nobleman how large were the _hare_ in that
+vicinity of country, his answer was, that he had seen them of such
+a magnitude that one would be a load for a man, and that when strung
+across the hunter's shoulder, one part was sure to be dragging on the
+ground. He then boasted that he had killed a grasshopper that, with
+his head cut off, weighed _six ounces_. Notwithstanding his love of
+talk, this old man had once been a brave and famous hunter; but no
+confidence could be placed in him, owing to his habituated want of
+regard for truth and honor; hence, he has long since been excluded
+from the companionship of the mountaineers. The English gentleman
+above spoken of was an experienced traveler, and therefore undoubtedly
+knew how to weigh the truth of his astonishing information.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XIV.
+
+    Kit Carson reaches Home--Himself and Neighbors robbed by the
+    Apaches--Major Grier goes in Pursuit of, and recaptures the
+    stolen Stock--A Plot organized by White Men to murder two
+    Santa Fe Traders for their Money--The Disclosure--Kit Carson
+    goes to the Rescue of the Traders--The Camp of United States
+    Recruits--Captain Ewell with twenty Men joins Kit Carson and
+    they two make the Arrest of Fox--Gratitude expressed by the
+    Traders--Money offered but refused--The Prisoner taken to Taos
+    and incarcerated--Kit Carson receives a magnificent Pair of
+    Revolvers as a Present from the grateful Traders--The return
+    to Rayado--A Trading Expedition to the United States--The
+    return Journey--An Encounter with the Cheyenne Indians--A
+    State of Suspense--The Deliverance from Danger by a Message
+    sent by a Mexican Runner--The arrival at Rayado.
+
+
+After finishing the pleasant visit which he was thus enabled to make,
+while recruiting himself among the good people of Taos, Kit Carson
+bent his way to his home at Rayado. He safely reached there and had
+but just dismounted at his own door, when he was informed of a recent
+calamity that had befallen himself and neighbors during his absence.
+It was the old story, viz. that the Indians had come in and boldly
+stole all the animals belonging to the settlement--At the time this
+depredation had been committed, there was a small detachment of United
+States troops stationed in the place, but the soldiers were too few
+in number to attempt a rescue of the property from the savages.
+The latter had visited the little town with a strong force on this
+occasion; the settlers, therefore, made application to the commanding
+officer of the territory, who promptly dispatched Major Grier with
+a command of dragoons to hunt up the guilty parties and punish them.
+This the major did and was so fortunate as to recover nearly all of
+the stolen stock which he had the satisfaction of returning to its
+owners.
+
+Kit Carson remained through the following summer months at his ranche
+at Rayado, busying himself in efforts to improve his house and lands.
+
+In his employment Kit Carson had several faithful Mexicans. His task
+was to superintend their labors, which occupied only a part of his
+time. When anything required it he lent a hand to assist them; but,
+these men had to be provided with provisions which, to purchase in
+those distant parts, would have entailed a great item of expense;
+indeed, more than equal to the profits arising from their labor.
+Therefore, a certain amount of time had to be set apart for hunting,
+which kind of employment he truly enjoyed. Mounted on a fine horse,
+with his faithful gun and dog, early each day, he would start out on
+the prairies to engage in the chase. In a few hours he would return on
+foot, with his noble hunter loaded down with choice game. Sometimes
+it would be antelope or elk; on another occasion, it would consist of
+black tailed deer, which are celebrated as being the largest and the
+finest species of venison that roam the forests of any country and are
+only to be found in the Rocky Mountains; on another, wild-turkeys; and
+then mountain grouse and prairie chickens helped to complete the load.
+When thus provided for, it is no wonder that Kit's workmen loved their
+employment and labored with good will. While thus engaged Kit Carson's
+weather eye was always open for Indian signs. His horses, cattle and
+sheep which he had bought since the last depredation were watched with
+great vigilance, as no one could foretell what the next hour would
+bring forth. In his mountain home Kit was often visited by Indian
+friends who came to smoke the pipe of peace with him and enjoy his
+hospitality. When thus surrounded by rival hunters worthy of his
+steel, who had sprung up, like oaks of the forest, he felt truly
+happy. This happiness was greatly enhanced and augmented by the
+thrifty appearance of everything that pertained to him.
+
+He saw himself in the possession of fine lands, well watered and well
+timbered. Also plenty which was ready for the plow. It was almost a
+farm, made to order by the most perfect Workman. The soil, unsurpassed
+in richness and fertility, was a safe and sure depository for his
+seeds, telling him, in its silent, but unmistakable language, of the
+rich harvest in store for him. His stock was the best which heart
+could wish; and last, but with him not least, he was within a stone's
+throw of splendid hunting grounds, which, to his unerring rifle, as
+the reader has already seen, proved as safe an assistant, as would
+have been a Wall street bank with a large credit side to his account.
+
+We have here a picture of Kit Carson enjoying the rewards of a home
+congenial to his taste and knowledge of life, while around him are
+gathered the objects which his manly soul had learned to love and
+live for. The painting is one which we find beautiful to the sight
+and which is rich in its lessons of life. But these deductions must be
+left for the sensitive and honest hearted imagination to draw. It is
+not fitting to add them to these pages, however truthful they may be,
+until the last sad rites which are measured out to all, shall have
+been performed for the brave man of whom we write, and his noble
+soul shall have winged its flight to the happier hunting grounds of
+eternity.
+
+The duties of farming and hunting were only once interrupted during
+the summer which Kit Carson thus enjoyed with his family. The exploit
+which called him, on this occasion, from his home, was caused by an
+effort to save the lives of two well known traders. To accomplish
+this, he assumed the character and duties of a detective police
+officer. The circumstances of the case were as follows.
+
+An American, by the name of Fox, had organized a party to accompany as
+a guard over the plains, and, while professedly engaged in this duty,
+to murder Messrs. Brevoort and Weatherhead, two gentlemen who were
+traveling into the United States, as the rascal and party supposed,
+with a large sum of money which they expected to expend in the
+purchase of goods to be used for trading purposes. Fox played his part
+so well that when he offered himself and men as an escort, the offer
+was accepted by the intended and unsuspicious victims, as if it had
+been a mark of particular favor. Before the route was entered upon,
+Fox visited Taos for the purpose of enlisting among his band of
+desperadoes, a fellow who resided in that town. He was a person
+who bore a very bad character, but for some reason, which has never
+transpired, he refused to go; yet, proving true as a wicked confidant,
+he waited until he thought his friend Fox was sufficiently advanced on
+the road to accomplish his hellish purposes without any chance of his
+being overtaken and arrested. He then saw fit to divulge the plot.
+
+Every new country is the favorite place of resort for desperadoes and
+rascals of all grades, who cannot live in their native districts on
+account of their many crimes.
+
+Until the machinery of law and order begins to work smoothly, these
+fellows, in their new homes, have every thing their own way unless
+they go to too great excesses, when their neighbors will rise
+for their own protection and treat them with summary and severe
+punishment. Often, by thus making an example of a few, large numbers
+are prevented from doing further mischief. In the early history
+of nearly every one of our western territories, escaped convicts,
+murderers, thieves and the worst sort of humanity, mingled in with
+good men, have commenced their nefarious practices on a grand scale.
+These things have brought such sections of our country into bad
+repute abroad. It needs but time for communities to ferret these
+human monsters out and visit upon them a just retribution. The inland
+position of New Mexico and the consequent difficulty of intercourse
+with the General Government of the United States, made it an inviting
+place, from time to time, for men of this stamp to visit; but, as they
+have met on most occasions with a reception from the friends of order,
+not in the least suited to their tastes, they have almost ceased their
+coming, thereby showing what a few resolute men can accomplish at the
+commencement of such trouble. The reforming work of mitigating the
+evil, which is sure to result among a mixed population under the best
+regulations, is slowly progressing, and the day is not far distant,
+when New Mexico, in this respect, will compare favorable with her
+sister (and older) territories.
+
+The purport of this diabolical plot accidentally came to the ears of
+an officer in the army, who chanced to be in Taos at the time. This
+gentleman was one of the first to hear of it, and at once sought Kit
+Carson; but instead of directly telling him what he had just heard,
+from some strange reason of his own, he demanded of Kit whether
+he would be willing to pursue and apprehend Fox for debt. To this
+proposition Kit Carson replied in the negative.
+
+On hearing Kit's indignant refusal to be employed in such a menial
+undertaking, the officer concluded to lay the true state of the case
+before him, who, he naturally enough thought, could, above all others
+in that territory, devise some plan that would result in rescuing
+Brevoort and Weatherhead from their impending fate. Here it may be
+proper for us to add that the officer who had thus indiscreetly acted,
+must have had previously a very slight acquaintance with Kit Carson,
+or he would not have selected him as a man ready and anxious for any
+dirty job which might offer, as it is entirely foreign to his
+true character. Kit Carson, on being apprised of the facts, became
+interested, and took the management of the affair, for the most part,
+into his own hands; and, on investigating it more thoroughly, he came
+to the conclusion that Fox and his companions contemplated committing
+the crime on the Cimaron River.
+
+This river is nearly east from Taos; and the point at which Carson
+anticipated overhauling the party was between two and three hundred
+miles distant. At this time, the Mountain Indians were unusually
+hostile; but Kit Carson was always well informed of their
+movements--as much so as it was in the power of any one to be. With
+the little command under him he was willing, where so weighty a matter
+as saving the lives of two of his countrymen demanded his services,
+to march anywhere--even if he had to contest his way. One hour was
+sufficient time for him to make ready for the undertaking, but not
+so with the soldiers. They had to put their horses and themselves in
+trim, for it might be severe and taxing duty. The route taken by the
+party was a trail, which leads direct to Rayado, and on which, just
+before reaching the last-named place, there are many curious piles
+of stones, which are scattered over the side of a mountain, and have
+formed a puzzle to many an inquiring mind. By some they are supposed
+to be Indian graves; but, by others, they are thought to have been
+made as a sort of landmark by the older inhabitants of the plains,
+when they started into New Mexico on some marauding incursion. These
+latter persons believe that the Indians were unacquainted with the
+country they were invading, and had left these marks to assist them in
+making their way out again. Most likely the first hypothesis is true,
+and that the stones were thus heaped up to protect the corpses from
+being devoured by the wolves. On quitting Rayado Kit Carson struck out
+on the open prairies.
+
+By making an expeditious march, Kit Carson felt that the traders could
+yet be saved. His party consisted of ten picked men of the dragoons,
+and it was splendidly mounted on horses furnished him to assist in the
+undertaking. The pace which Kit commanded and required was one which
+would try the nerves and courage of most good horsemen. Onward, over
+the level prairie, the party galloped--every man feeling proud of the
+guide, whose spirit they caught and imitated. The second night out
+from Taos they came upon the camp of a detachment of United States
+recruits who were under the command of Captain Ewell, and who were
+bound for New Mexico, where they were to reinforce the regiments of
+the army which were stationed in that territory.
+
+It is customary to send out, each year, detachments of recruits to
+the different departments of the West. These men are enlisted and
+collected at the depots within the States; and, whenever a sufficient
+force is collected to fill up the requisitions, they are dispatched,
+at the proper seasons, to their respective regiments. Those intended
+for New Mexico set out during the summer months. They are rarely sent
+at the same time, or as the same command of men. These recruits are
+a hard set to manage, especially when traveling through the States,
+where they are exposed to temptation. On arriving at the commencement
+of their hardships, on the plains, it is usually found that many have
+deserted, and also that many might have done so with benefit to the
+government. Military service with recruits, and the same with old
+soldiers, are two different things. With the former, officers are
+obliged to command, threaten and punish, to accomplish in one day,
+what the latter would perform without much trouble in half the time.
+Recruits know little or nothing about marching or camp duty; and,
+in taking care of them, an officer has his hands full. Even the most
+minute items have to be looked to; for example, they are men rarely
+used to fire-arms, being, for the most part, foreigners by birth, and
+are just as apt to load a gun with the ball of the cartridge first
+down, as with the powder. Old soldiers look upon these new comers as
+verdant in the extreme, and the pranks they often play upon them are
+very humorous. With patient discipline, they become serviceable men,
+and are an honor to the standard which they carry; and, what appears
+to be the strangest fact of all, frequently the poorest looking
+recruit may make the best soldier. This is a fair picture of the men
+Capt. Ewell was commanding.
+
+Kit Carson at once informed the captain of the duty he was on, when
+that distinguished officer, generously determined to assist in putting
+a damper on the wicked designs of the wretches. Taking with him twenty
+men, Captain Ewell joined Kit Carson, and together they proceeded in
+the pursuit. By using every precaution in their power, and forcing
+their marches, they entered into the camp of the traders, and arrested
+Fox before he had time even to suspect the business upon which
+the party had come. After Fox was secured, Messrs. Weatherhead and
+Brevoort, were informed of the dangers through which they had passed.
+These gentlemen, at first were astounded, but they soon became assured
+of the truth of what they heard. They then selected fifteen men whom
+they knew to be innocent, and ordered the remainder of their escort,
+numbering thirty-five souls, to leave their camp instanter, which
+command was promptly obeyed. To Kit Carson, they offered any sum of
+money that was in their power to bestow, in return for the invaluable
+service he had rendered them. Kit Carson replied, "that it was reward
+sufficient for him to have been instrumental in saving the lives of
+two worthy citizens, and that he could not think of receiving one cent
+of money."
+
+A long colloquy was held that night around a good camp fire, that was
+freely fed with "buffalo chips."[21] At midnight, most of the party
+were asleep, and nothing could then be heard except the barking of
+wolves and the heavy tread of the guard, as they walked to and fro
+on their respective beats. On the first appearance of day-light, all
+hands were up and preparing to strike their tents. Soon after the
+parties separated, but, before doing so, the traders again expressed
+their thanks, and then resumed their journey. Fox was first taken
+to Captain Ewell's camp, then he was turned over to Kit Carson, who
+conveyed him to Taos, where he was imprisoned for some time; but was
+finally released, as nothing positive could be proved against him,
+chiefly because he had committed no overt act, but had only, thus far,
+engaged in plotting the double murder and robbery. This is always a
+difficult crime to establish. In this instance, the difficulty was
+greatly augmented from the fact that the witnesses in the case, as
+soon as they heard of Fox's capture, scattered and left for parts
+unknown. He was finally set at liberty.
+
+[Footnote 21: Buffalo chips form the principal fuel of the plains. It
+is dry buffalo manure.]
+
+At that day the keeping of a prisoner in close confinement in New
+Mexico, or of having him continually under the surveillance of the
+military was no ordinary, or easy matter. The only places which
+could be converted into jails, were the common _adobe_ houses of the
+inhabitants. From these a wide awake and determined prisoner with the
+free use of his hands, and the assistance of the smallest kind of
+a tool, as a jack-knife or pair of scissors, could dig out of his
+dungeon in five or six hours. The large majority of the criminals who
+were thus incarcerated, managed to effect their escape. In the case of
+Fox, however, he had a man to deal with who was seldom thwarted in any
+of his undertakings. With so much convicting evidence of his wicked
+intentions, and with so much trouble to bring him to trial, it was
+greatly regretted, that he did not receive a suitable punishment. As
+soon as he was set free, Fox made his way out of the country; but his
+further history is not known.
+
+The general impression left upon the minds of the people who were
+familiar with the minutiae of this affair was, that Fox was guilty.
+As he was known to be a finished villain, it was universally believed
+that, after murdering and plundering the two traders, he intended to
+grasp the "lion's share," and with his portion, to proceed to Texas,
+where, as he was there entirely unknown, he hoped to enjoy the rewards
+of his rascality.
+
+This valuable service rendered to Messrs. Brevoort and Weatherhead,
+was most gracefully and handsomely rewarded by them. In the course of
+the following spring, they presented Kit with a pair of magnificent
+revolvers. Upon the silver mountings, there were engraved a very few,
+but expressive words, indicating the obligations which the donors
+considered themselves laboring under towards their deliverer. Such a
+testimonial to an unselfish heart like that which beats in the breast
+of Kit Carson, is a prize of greater value than any more substantial
+gift, which money could purchase. These beautiful weapons, Kit Carson
+prizes very highly; and, the donors may here learn the fact that, in
+the hands of their owner, they have since been duly initiated into
+active service, and found to perform their necessary duties most
+admirably.
+
+After the task of the arrest of Fox was thus successfully undertaken
+and consummated, by his being securely lodged in jail and placed under
+suitable guard, Kit Carson returned to Rayado, where he spent the
+winter in a very quiet manner. We use the term quiet manner: it should
+be qualified with the phrase, quiet manner for him. He found plenty
+of employment in looking after his animals, besides spending a large
+share of his time in hunting. This, however, although always attended
+with paying practical results, he did as much for pleasure as from
+necessity. He always found a large number of hungry mouths ready to
+relieve him from any superabundance of game; and, as his hospitality
+to all classes is unbounded, he took especial delight in feeding and
+liberally bestowing his bounties upon his poor Mexican neighbors, to
+whom powder and lead were more of a desideratum than to himself,
+and with whom his experience and skill as a hunter, were a source of
+support which they could only wish for.
+
+Early the next summer Kit Carson, in charge of a train of wagons
+belonging to himself and his friend Maxwell, set out for the United
+States. After an unusually pleasant journey, he reached the Missouri
+River, and proceeded down it, in a steamboat, to St. Louis. Here he
+purchased a large stock of goods. With this freight, he returned to
+Kansas, where he had left his caravan, into which, on his arrival, he
+transferred his merchandise. He then started on his return trip to
+New Mexico. In order that his animals might take advantage of the fine
+grass to be found there, he chose the route, known to all traders on
+the plains, as well as to the reader, as the road by Bent's Fort. He
+was progressing on his journey quite happily, when unfortunately, at
+a point that is located about fifteen miles above the fording of the
+Arkansas, he fell in with a village of Cheyenne Indians who were just
+at that time violently hostile towards the whites and were waiting an
+opportunity to wreak their vengeance on them. This state of feeling
+had been brought about only a few days previous, and was due to an
+officer who was attached to a command of recruits that some ten days
+before Kit Carson's arrival had passed by. He had flogged a warrior
+for some liberty which the fellow had taken while he was in the camp
+of the soldiers. These Cheyennes are very fond of dress and show; but,
+as a body, they are as noble and athletic looking men as tread this
+earth. Singular though the contrast may appear, a greater set of
+rascals never went unhung; yet, they are Indians, and, as such, they
+ought to command sympathy and forbearance.
+
+The young men who belong to the Cheyenne nation, are fond of dress,
+and when arrayed in full costume one of them is a picture to look
+upon; when thus gilded no man could be prouder. These Indians wear
+their hair in a long cue a la Chinese style. They take great pleasure
+in ornamenting this cue with innumerable pieces of silver, which are
+made from half dollar pieces, and are beat out in the shape of small
+shields. With their blue, or red blankets, long ribbons of different
+colored flannel, fancy leggins and bead decorations, and finally (as
+I once saw one) with a red cotton umbrella, they represent the very
+Paris tip of Indian fashion. Their squaws do not possess as regular
+and fine features as the men; but, this may be said to be true of most
+of the wild tribes of savages in North America, for it requires an
+enormous stretch of the imagination to call them handsome, while many
+of the men are fine looking. Hard work spoils the beauty of the Indian
+women. To admire an Indian woman one must seclude himself from the
+society of other females; under such circumstances it may be that
+a person might be inclined to change his opinion and think the race
+lovely. The lazy brave considers it beneath his station to work;
+therefore all camp labor and the packing, saddling and looking after
+the ponies devolves upon the squaw. When there is a scanty supply of
+horses, she is obliged to give her lord the preference in taking his
+ease, and go herself on foot and carry her pappoose. In fact it is
+lowering to the Indian's pride to do else than hunt and fight.
+Owing to the scarcity of timber on the western prairies the Indians
+transport their lodge poles from camp to camp. This is done by
+attaching them to the sides of the pack animals while the free ends
+drag on the ground, and in time of war this constitutes one of the
+signs of the trail by which to follow when in pursuit of them.
+
+The reason why the commanding officer of this party of recruits
+inflicted the summary punishment referred to, is not known to the
+writer; but, it surely does appear as if the person who ordered its
+execution or perhaps courageously performed it himself, might have
+reflected, that a savage, least of all men, allows a supposed injury
+done to him or his tribe to pass by unrevenged, and also that it is a
+matter of perfect indifference to him as to who the victim is, if he
+only gets the chance to strike a blow on the same nation. This revenge
+will quench his cruel thirst for blood quite as effectually as if
+he had the satisfaction of scalping the perpetrator of his real or
+supposed injury. It is a fact--alas too frequently true--that the
+parties who are strong in numbers, courage, and equipment, while
+crossing the plains, are prone to treat, in an overbearing and
+insolent manner, the bands of Indians with whom they chance to come
+into contact. For these insults and injuries weaker parties who travel
+upon the same road are held to a strict and revengeful account by
+being made to suffer even with their lives, as well as effects. Kit
+Carson and his small force, unfortunately, or rather, fortunately, so
+far as Kit himself was concerned, for no man could be better fitted to
+deal with such a crisis of trouble than he, were the first white men
+who came along after the flogging of their warrior had wrought up the
+temper of the Cheyenne nation to a degree which nearly bordered on
+frenzy.
+
+As soon as the whites were discovered, the Indians went into council
+evidently to decide on the best mode of attacking and making away with
+them. Kit Carson, though he did not know that this tribe had declared
+war, and much less their reasons for so doing, when he first saw them,
+was not long in coming to a conclusion, from their actions, that there
+was a screw loose somewhere. He, therefore, began to act with more
+than usual sagacity and caution. He ordered his men to keep their
+wagons close together, to have their rifles in good trim and be ready
+for an instant fight. In this manner, with every man on the watch,
+he pushed on for a distance of twenty miles. Although he had left
+the Indians far behind, he did not relax his vigilance, being still
+impressed with the belief that a storm was brewing. His surmises began
+to be verified soon after, for the Indians, in parties of two, three,
+and four, appeared in sight, arrayed and painted in their full
+war costume. Having approached some of them to within a distance
+sufficiently near so to do, Kit Carson commenced talking to them in
+a conciliatory manner. They were inclined to heed his words; and, in
+order to make it appear that he was not intimidated by their actions,
+he went into camp, and invited these advance parties of the Indians to
+come in and have a talk and smoke with him. The savages accepted the
+invitation and were soon seated in a circle. After the pipe had passed
+from one to the other, until all present had had a puff or two from
+it, they began to talk loud among themselves.
+
+At the time we now speak of, several years, as the reader can readily
+compute, had elapsed since Kit Carson was a hunter at Bent's Fort, and
+then well known to most of the Cheyenne nation; but, these few years
+had so altered him, together with his new style of dress, that it is
+no doubt that, at first, not one of the Indians remembered ever having
+seen him before.
+
+Kit Carson remained quiet and allowed the Indians to open the talk, as
+he was watching to find out what had so suddenly aroused their anger,
+and he well knew, that if they supposed that he and his men did not
+understand what they were conversing about, they might refer to the
+cause of the trouble, and thus give him a clue whereby he might take
+advantage and form a line of conduct. It was clear to his mind that
+the Indians were resolved to have revenge on his party, and that
+there was time enough to let himself be known to them, which, in their
+present excited state, would serve him but little. The Indians had
+at first conversed in the Sioux tongue. The reason for this was, to
+conceal their own nationality and thus, if necessary, in the future,
+they could shield themselves by laying the massacre, which they were
+about to commit, on the shoulders of that tribe. This is a ruse often
+employed by the Indians; but, in this case, in their heated state they
+forgot their native cunning and commenced conversing in the language
+which was most familiar to them. A Frenchman, called in the mountains
+Pete, who spoke English fluently and who was with Carson during these
+trying scenes, informed the writer, on one occasion, that he never
+fully knew or appreciated Kit Carson until this occurrence. "Why,"
+said he in his enthusiasm, "Kit knew just what was to be done and did
+it too. With any other man, we would _have gone under_[22] The Indians
+were more afraid of him than all the rest of us put together. There
+were red fellows enough there to eat us up, and at one time I could
+almost feel my hair _leaving my head_. We had two women traveling with
+us and their crying made me feel so bad that I was sartin there was
+no fight in me. Women (he added) are poor plunder to have along when
+going out on a war party, but Kit talked to them and then to the
+Indians, and put them both finally on the right trail. Wah!! but them
+were ticklish times."
+
+[Footnote 22: A trapper phrase for being killed.]
+
+As soon as the Indians, in their excitement, began to speak their
+own language, they became very violent, and so unguarded were they in
+expressing their individual sentiments that they treated Kit and his
+party with perfect indifference, and openly, though secretly as they
+thought, arranged for the massacre.
+
+Little did they imagine that Kit Carson, whom they had at first sight
+selected as the leader of the company, understood every word that was
+said. Kit listened attentively to their plans and heard them decide
+that the time to kill him was, when he again took the pipe to smoke;
+for, in so doing, he would lay down his weapons. They could be
+instantly seized, and therefore he would be prevented from doing them
+any harm. As to the Mexicans who accompanied him, they said they could
+kill them as easily as they could buffalo. Already enough had passed
+among the Indians to arouse in Kit Carson's breast the greatest
+feeling of alarm as to what would be the result of the position in
+which he was placed. He had with him fifteen men, two only of which
+number, were men on whom he felt that he could rely. The other members
+of the party, who counted thirteen in all, were Mexicans of whom he
+had a poor opinion as to their bravery. Nothing daunted by such an
+accumulation of unfavorable circumstances, he at once saw that a bold
+face was to be put on in order to extricate himself from the grasp
+of the Indians. Springing to his feet with his weapons ready for
+immediate use, Kit Carson, as he advanced into the centre of the
+seated warriors, gave directions for his men to be ready to defend
+their lives. Then, turning to the Indians, who sat rooted to the
+earth, as it were, with astonishment at the suddenness of such actions
+and such coolness, he commenced addressing them. He informed them
+"that they might readily see from the fluency with which he spoke
+their language, that he had comprehended all that they had been
+talking about. What puzzled him most, however, was the cause of their
+wishing to have his scalp. Never," said he, "to his knowledge had he
+been guilty of any wrong to their tribe; that, on the contrary,
+there were braves among those present, who, if they turned to their
+memories, would recognize his face as that of an old friend in years
+gone by, and who could testify to the many acts of kindness which he
+had performed in their behalf." He reminded them "how that, even
+now, he had received them into his camp and treated them with all the
+hospitality in his power; and yet they persisted in repaying him by
+taking his life." In the end, he wound up his discourse by giving
+peremptory orders for them to leave his camp, and should any one
+refuse, he would be shot. The Indians were completely nonplused, and
+not feeling inclined to risk a fight without their usual accompaniment
+of a surprise, after saying something about returning, to which they
+were answered "that if they did they would be received by a volley of
+bullets," they departed to join their friends who were in swarms upon
+the neighboring hills. It is supposed that a grand council was called,
+in which the proceedings that had transpired in the camp of the
+white men were fully reported, and perchance, many of the braves, in
+refreshing their memories, began to recollect some of the daring deeds
+which Kit Carson had performed when he lived in their country.
+This, doubtless, led them to the conclusion that they had caught
+an experienced traveler; for, certain it was, that afterwards their
+actions became somewhat disconcerted and not so rash as they had
+been. No sooner had the savages retired from the camp, than Kit Carson
+ordered his men to harness their animals to the wagons so that they
+could resume their journey.
+
+As the train moved on, the Indians were once more left behind,
+although they had, by no means, formed the idea of allowing the white
+men to depart in peace. They were busy concocting some scheme whereby
+they could accomplish their ends without loss to themselves. The
+muleteers, as they walked beside their teams, by order of Kit Carson
+held in one hand their rifles, while in the other were their whips,
+which, from time to time, they were obliged to apply freely to their
+animals in order to keep the caravan in compact order. Mounted on a
+fine horse, with his rifle and pistols so adjusted that he could lay
+his hands on them at a moment's notice, Kit Carson rode from one end
+of the line to the other, inspiring his men with his own courage. He
+felt that upon him was rested the responsibility of saving the lives
+of his companions, and that it was to him they all looked to be
+rescued from the perils that surrounded them. As he rode along, his
+eyes were busy scanning the prairies in every direction. Now and then
+he rested from this duty as his mind became somewhat relieved, when he
+could discover nothing except bands of antelope, or, here and there,
+a hungry wolf, who, with his white, canine looking teeth, seemingly,
+spoke volumes of the empty condition of his stomach. For the remainder
+of that day, the train traveled on in apparent safety. When the shades
+of evening had fairly set in, a camping-ground was selected on a small
+stream. The wagons were formed in a circle, in which were huddled the
+men and animals so that both could be protected by the weapons of the
+former. Grass was cut with the butcher knives belonging to the
+members of the party and was laid before the mules. In this dangerous
+locality, they could not be allowed to procure this food for
+themselves. As strong a guard as their forces would permit of was
+posted. The remainder of the party gathered some wood that had floated
+down the stream from the mountains and was sparingly scattered along
+the shores of the river near to the camp. This was brought in, when
+small fires were made over which their frugal meal was prepared, after
+which the men lay down to rest. Many persons there are who would
+think that after escaping such perils once, it would take very
+great inducements to make them thus expose themselves a second time.
+Nevertheless, there exist in our land hundreds upon hundreds of men
+who take delight in returning into the midst of these dangers.
+
+A life on the prairies of the "Far West" has its good chances as
+well as its counter chances, and no man can be happier than the
+true mountaineer. At first, to one accustomed to luxuries and modern
+refinement, nothing can be more unpleasant than a journey over the
+plains; but each day thus spent, hardens the traveler until meals,
+that a beggar in our towns or cities would hardly deign to touch, are
+by him eaten with a relish to which he has long been a stranger. It
+is on these long tramps that the dyspeptic and melancholic man becomes
+the liveliest of the party; his sociability often increases to such a
+degree that he soon can spin a yarn in a true Baron Munchausen style.
+
+Eat Carson, as he rode silently along all the following day, had been
+meditating over the scenes through which he had so recently passed,
+and also the most practicable means to be employed for the future.
+When the night had fully set in, without saying one word to the other
+members of the party, he called to a young Mexican whom he knew to be
+very fleet of foot and whose powers of endurance were wonderful. On
+his coming to him he led him one side, when, after he had depicted to
+the boy their fearful situation in its true colors, he told him that
+he held the power of saving the lives of the whole party.
+
+The New Mexicans of the north are famous as being very fleet of foot,
+and the great distance which they can run in a short period of time is
+astonishing. As a general rule, they are very partial to horses,
+but, when they have no riding animal, they will start on a journey
+of hundreds of miles and accomplish it in an incredibly short time. A
+journey of forty or fifty miles in a day is an ordinary circumstance
+with them, even when the inducement for making it has in its behalf
+only a minor consideration. Owing to want of mail routes, it sometimes
+becomes necessary to dispatch them on express duty, such as carrying
+one, or several letters to some distant point. Their charge is wrapped
+up in a handkerchief and tied about their waists to prevent being
+lost. Then, on a jog trot, they will start out; and over mountains
+and broken country they will not alter the pace for many consecutive
+hours, and this for a reward of one or two dollars per diem. It is not
+uncommon to meet traveling companions where one is on horseback and
+the other on foot; but notwithstanding, they will keep together for
+an entire journey, and complete it as quickly as if the horseman
+had undertaken it alone. When, by chance, they come to and stop at
+a village where there is a fandango or other festive scene in full
+blast, they will, notwithstanding their long tramp, join in and
+dissipate as hard as any member present. Their healthy climate, coarse
+but plain diet, and the great amount of exercise which they take in
+the open air, make them capable of a wonderful amount of physical
+endurance, under which they seem never to grow weary. In this respect,
+the only successful rivals which they have, are the Indians. This was
+the kind of material Kit Carson had in the Mexican boy, whom he was
+now about to part with, having detailed him for a very important duty.
+
+That youth had long been known by and had the full confidence of
+his employer. He was ready at his bidding to undertake anything.
+Therefore, on hearing the mission which Kit proposed sending him on,
+he promised to use every exertion in its accomplishment, and at once
+set about its execution. Having obtained a few rations of provisions,
+he soon rejoined Carson. They then proceeded outside of the camp,
+where he was to receive his final instructions. By the dim light of
+the moon, Kit pointed in the direction of Rayado, where he was to
+travel; and, after warning him of the dangerous places that lay in
+his route, and giving him the message that he was to deliver to the
+commanding officer at Rayado, he bid him good bye, with the words, "be
+sure and leave a good many miles between us, by to-morrow's sunrise."
+The distance to the settlement of Rayado, from Kit Carson's camp, was
+between two and three hundred miles, yet, this runner was capable
+of travelling it in as short a period of time, as could any ordinary
+horse. Kit now returned among his men, not to sleep, but to watch.
+This he did until the break of the following day, when he summoned
+all hands to hitch up the teams and proceed. Until twelve o'clock no
+Indians were visible; but, at about that hour, five of the savages
+were seen approaching. On they came, and when within speaking
+distance, Kit Carson ordered them to halt. They obeyed his command. On
+scanning them closer he bade them come nearer, when, he informed
+them, "that the night before he had sent an express to Rayado, for the
+purpose of letting the troops there know of the annoyances their tribe
+were causing him. Among the soldiers," he said, "he had many friends,
+who would be certain to come to his relief, and, if they should find
+that his party was massacred, which he let the Indians know could only
+be accomplished by his men being overpowered, they would be already
+informed by whom it was done, and would be sure to visit upon the
+perpetrators of the crime, a terrible retribution." The Indians said
+they would look for the moccasin tracks made by the messenger, and
+thus decide whether that which they had just heard was true, or not.
+Kit Carson hearing this, at once considered it as the turning point in
+favor of the safety of his party. The Indians immediately went to look
+for the trail. Shortly afterwards the entire Indian village passed
+within sight, and were evidently making the best of their time in
+seeking some safe hiding-place. The five warriors had, therefore,
+evidently found the expressman's trail, as they had been informed that
+they would, and that the boy had proceeded too far on his journey to
+think of pursuing him. On his way to Rayado, the messenger overtook
+the detachment of recruits to which was attached the officer who had
+caused the trouble. To the commander of these men, the young
+Mexican reported the position, as he left them, of his employer and
+companions, but that gentleman, for some unaccountable reason, would
+not then grant the desired aid; therefore, the boy pushed on to
+Rayado, where he found a warm-hearted and brave soldier in the person
+of Major Grier, who commanded the post. The major, on hearing
+the message sent by Kit Carson, immediately ordered Lieutenant R.
+Johnston, his subaltern officer, to take a squad of dragoons and
+proceed to the assistance of his countrymen. While on his march,
+Lieutenant Johnston met with the command of recruits of whom we
+have before spoken. In the course of the conversation which ensued,
+Johnston was asked, by the officer in charge of the recruits, what
+was the service he was engaged on? and, being informed, that gentleman
+probably gave the subject deeper thought, and it may have occurred
+to him, and such is the opinion of Kit Carson, that if the affair was
+properly managed, there might be some glory accruing from it. At any
+rate, he suddenly changed his mind, and ordered a detail of men to
+go with the lieutenant. The relief party, as thus reinforced, again
+started, and found Kit Carson and his train of wagons at a point that
+is some twenty-five miles below Bent's Fort. Under the escort of the
+soldiers, Kit and his men travelled in safety to Rayado, where he had
+the pleasure of thanking Major Grier for his praise worthy and prompt
+action, in succoring him and a few other American citizens who had
+thus been exposed to the barbarities of savages, made hostile by the
+overbearing conduct of a man whose double blunder was shielded by
+power. Although the fighting qualifications of the soldiers were not
+called into requisition, yet, they performed a meritorious service
+by coming. They might have been instrumental in saving lives while
+protecting commerce, and their frequent visits to remote Indian
+countries always leaves salutary impressions on the minds of the red
+men.
+
+Kit Carson's thorough knowledge of Indian character and his
+established bravery and integrity ought, it appears to us, to have
+been a sufficient guaranty to this officer, that he was acting in good
+faith when he asked, through the proper channel, that protection to
+which he was certainly entitled while pursuing the necessary though
+hazardous business, connected with the commerce of the plains.
+
+Never, throughout his eventful career, had Kit Carson refused to offer
+his services in the cause of a countryman who stood in need of them;
+and now, when the first time came that he felt it necessary to make
+the call for assistance, he could not understand why two valuable days
+were allowed to pass, by an officer who could have aided him, without
+some notice being taken of his urgent requisition. It is true that by
+some, especially those who are not acquainted with the character of
+Kit Carson, he is regarded as being ever anxious for an Indian fight;
+but, had this been the case, he would have long since paid the forfeit
+with his life. To contradict such a statement, we have but to appeal
+to the reader of this narrative, and ask him to bear testimony of the
+marked discretion that has so far coupled itself with Kit Carson's
+fame. An amusing incident which came under the eye of the writer is to
+the point.
+
+In the early part of the so-called gold "fever" of California, when
+parties were organizing in the city of New York, to proceed overland
+to the Pacific, we chanced to be present at a meeting held by one of
+the companies. As most of those present were entirely unacquainted
+with the country to be passed over, and as they were anxious to place
+themselves in a safe position, some one proposed that Kit Carson
+should be employed as a guide, provided his services could be had.
+This was ruled out. The amusing part of this incident consists in the
+reason which governed this judgment. It was on account of the fear
+that he might lead them out of their way in order to engage in some
+bloody Indian fight, it being generally represented and believed that
+he was sanguinarily inclined. Cheap literature had so ferociously made
+the man, that he, of all men most experienced, could not be trusted,
+showing thereby how little had been known of the real Kit Carson.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XV.
+
+    Kit Carson's last Trapping Expedition--He embarks in a
+    Speculation--His Trip to California with a large Flock of
+    Sheep--The Method employed by Mexicans in driving Herds
+    and their Dexterity--Kit Carson goes to San Francisco--Its
+    wonderful Growth--Maxwell joins Kit Carson at Sacramento
+    City--The Lucky Speculation--The Return Trip to New Mexico and
+    its Adventures--The Mormon Delegate to Congress informs Kit
+    Carson of his Appointment as Indian Agent--Kit Carson enters
+    upon the Duties of his Office--Bell's Fight with the
+    Apaches on Red River--Kit Carson's Interview with the
+    same Indians--High-handed Measures on the Part of the
+    Apaches--Davidson's desperate Fight with them--The Soldiers
+    defeated with severe loss--Davidson's Bravery is unjustly
+    questioned--Kit Carson's Opinion of it--The Apaches elated
+    by their Victory--Their Imitations of the Actions of Military
+    Men.
+
+
+The expedition into the United States which terminated with the last
+chapter, proved to be valuable in its results so far as the parties
+engaged in it were concerned. Kit Carson was once more trying hard to
+keep quiet in his comfortable home at Rayado. But his restless spirit
+was not proof against this inactivity. His stay at home therefore was
+short. The memories of other days came upon him, and he longed once
+more to enjoy, in company with the "friends of his youth," the scenes,
+excitements and pleasures of his old life as a trapper. Throughout his
+eventful life, as the reader has been able clearly to see, Kit Carson
+seldom spent his time in idle thinking. His thoughts almost invariably
+take form in actions. This eager longing resulted, therefore, in the
+forming of a regular trapping expedition after the olden style, shape,
+etc, which he organized with great care and attention. The members of
+the party were selected by himself chiefly with great exclusiveness,
+and numbers who wished to join the party were refused, on account of
+their inexperience. After a good deal of inquiry, Kit succeeded in
+collecting eighteen of his old companions. No one among them was not
+entitled to be called a mountaineer. Kit looked upon this party of men
+with an eye of real affection. The meeting previous to the start was a
+scene to behold. Such a greeting of old friends, well tried and true,
+will not soon be again seen on the American continent. The day when
+men went trapping was "long time ago." Kit Carson, as he stood among
+this band of friends, the acknowledged leader of the party, every
+man of whom he knew would have periled his life for either one of the
+company, felt that, indeed, the days of his youth had returned unto
+him.
+
+Everything preliminary was arranged in the most approved style. When
+all was complete, Kit Carson, mounted on his magnificent charger
+Apache, riding to the head of the line, gave the order to march. Kit
+had put it to vote and the result was unanimous, that the expedition
+should be no boy's play. On the contrary, the boldest and one of
+the longest of the routes, known to their experienced footsteps,
+was selected. It comprised many of the mighty rivers of the Rocky
+Mountains, every one of which was almost a hunting ground by itself.
+Onward, over the wild and broad plains, this band of stalwart men,
+brave and kindred spirits, dashed. They soon put many a mile between
+them and the comfortable firesides at Rayado. But these miles, Kit
+Carson has often said, were the shortest he ever traveled. The way
+was beguiled by many a recollection in which every man present could
+participate with a relish, keen as disuse alone can render the palate
+of enjoyment. In a short time the well-remembered waters of the South
+Fork of the River Platte were descried. Their practised eyes soon
+discovered the oft-noted "signs of the beaver." The camp was formed
+and the traps set. The beaver, so long left to mind their
+own business, had increased in great numbers. The hunt proved
+correspondingly successful. The party continued working down this
+stream through the plains of Laramie to the New Park; and from thence,
+on to the Old Park. We cannot follow them through this long and
+enlivening hunt. They trapped a large number of their old streams
+until, finally, the expedition was terminated on the Arkansas River.
+Throughout the whole course the hunt proved to be very successful.
+With a large stock of furs they returned in safety to Rayado, via the
+Raton Mountains, which are spurs of the great Rocky chain.
+
+The fact that most of the old trappers had given up their vocation
+furnishes the reason why the beaver were found, along the entire
+route, to be so plentiful. We desire that the reader shall paint for
+himself the enjoyment which these men gathered in this renewal of a
+pursuit rendered congenial by the experience of long years of activity
+in following it. It has been our purpose to enable the reader to
+gather a spark of this same enjoyment by the endeavor to make of him
+an amateur trapper. He has followed Kit Carson throughout the trapping
+expeditions of his earlier life. It is to be supposed that with Kit he
+has acquired some experience. With Kit therefore he shall now receive
+his final polishing, and if he does not in the end catch a beaver,
+he shall at least learn how they are caught, and all the necessary
+minutiae of toil which he must expect to encounter and undergo.
+
+On striking any river, when on the hunt, the trappers are accustomed
+to keep a bright lookout for signs, often heretofore referred to. The
+word "signs" conveys but a vague idea of its all-important meaning, as
+it was received by the trappers. The news of the presence of "signs"
+sent a thrill of joy through the hunters of the olden time only
+equalled on board of whale-ships when the man at the lookout cries
+"_there she blows_". It rarely happens that this cunning, amphibious
+animal can be seen moving free, either on the river banks, or in the
+water; for nature has given him no powerful weapons with which to
+defend himself when surprised and attacked; but, what is better, she
+has endowed him with exceedingly sensitive eyesight and hearing, which
+enables him to detect the approach of danger in time to escape. The
+marks, however, which he leaves behind are, for a time, ineffaceable.
+These were only to be detected and used for his own purposes, by the
+superior intellect of man. The unequalled industry of gnawing down
+trees and cutting twigs, peeling off the tender cuticle of the willow
+bushes, digging away banks, and carrying on their shovel-shaped tails
+the earth, together with innumerable foot-prints and sometimes dams,
+were the items which filled up the catalogue of "signs" on which the
+trappers' vision was regaled after long and dangerous tramps in search
+of them. These "signs" were not always found together; but instead,
+they each could exist separately and thus would arouse the hunter's
+suspicions of the game near by. The little twig, as it floated down
+the stream, half denuded of its bark, would go unheeded by the casual
+observer, but, to the experienced trapper, it was a prize to be
+obtained; for, by its freshness, it indicated to his mind how near
+he was to the chance of obtaining and adding another pound or so of
+valuable fur to his stock on hand. To him, this small event, or one
+like it, as for instance, a fresh footprint, with its neatly defined
+claw-tracks, as moulded in the moistened earth or sand, was of
+a greater importance than the wonderful and striking workmanship
+exhibited in a dam; for, the latter might be old and deserted,
+whereas, the former was too recent to cause him to be deceived with
+such a sign; and in such a vicinity, he hesitated not to set his trap.
+
+An idea prevails which ought to be exploded. It is boldly asserted
+that the beaver builds his dam for the purpose of having a nice
+swimming pond in the neighborhood of his residence, which is always
+located in the river's bank. This is not true; for, in every stream
+which he inhabits, if this was his sole object, he could select many
+natural places where the water is without a ripple and where it is
+both deep and broad. The animal has a wiser object in view; and, it
+consists in providing against the pinching wants of hunger during
+winter, when nearly everything green has lost its sap and nutrition,
+and is, as a body, without blood and animation. He therefore chooses a
+place favorable for obtaining food, and also where his labors will be
+assisted by natural formations or accidents in the river's course and
+construction. Having pitched upon the right section to build, he
+sets to work with his fellows and falls giant trees. In this he again
+exhibits his wonderful instinct; for, while one party is cutting
+with their sharp teeth the hard wood of one side of the tree, another
+division is actively employed on the other side, never forgetting to
+make, like unto the woodman, the lowest incision on the side the tree
+is to fall, which, to suit their purposes, is always directly into and
+across the stream. When a tree is thus fallen, it is attacked in its
+branches, which are so turned and woven together in the outline of the
+dam as to catch in their meshes any floating material, or receive the
+tail-loads of soil and rubbish which they carry to it. Another and
+another tree are then systematically fallen and arranged as is the
+first, until the work is finished as completely as if it had been
+planned and executed by a reasoning mind. The finishing stroke is
+the transporting of the mud and laying it. In this labor, they show
+themselves to be excellent masons. They now act in concert. A large
+gang marches in a line to the bank where they load each other's tails
+and swim with their cargoes elevated above and free from the water.
+When they arrive at an unfinished point of the dam they dump the mud
+and mould it in place. Their houses they have previously built in the
+river banks. These consist of holes which lead into large and airy
+subterranean rooms, and which are above the water-mark. In these
+houses they are said to sleep and live in pairs; and, if we could
+believe the story of the trapper related many pages back, they imitate
+human beings in managing their household and in keeping house. The
+main object they have in staying the progress of the current of the
+river is to afford a deep place where, having fallen numbers of trees,
+the deep water will preserve tender and fresh the limbs and shrubs on
+which to subsist during, not only time present, but also time to come.
+It is well known that fresh branches of trees and young willows, when
+placed in water, will keep up partial life for a considerable length
+of time. On this principle, the beaver acts in submerging his food
+deep in the water where it will retain its verdure and where the
+freezing process that is going on at the surface of the river will
+not bar his efforts in getting at his store of provisions during the
+winter season. It is said that the beaver goes so far as to bundle up
+small branches of trees and willows which he stows away in the muddy
+bottom of the river. The trapper, in his wondrous yarns, insists that
+there are grades of society among beavers the same as among men; and
+he will have it that they have their "head chiefs," and that often
+individuals among them roll in wealth and that they have slaves who
+stand ready to do their master's bidding at a moment's warning; for
+instance, to bring them a bundle of green twigs on which to feast.
+According to their imaginative stories, the life of a beaver cannot
+be rivaled in happiness; and if we could put full credence in their
+descriptions of the pastimes of the animal, his palaces and luxuries,
+we could only compare a beaver to a citizen of Venice in her most
+palmy days--the difference between the two being, that the former
+enjoyed himself more in the water than the latter did on it in his
+favorite _gondola_.
+
+The beaver, when captured young, can be sufficiently domesticated
+to make him a pet; but their unattractive form is anything but an
+ornament to the house. With young children, they are very friendly,
+though their disposition is amiable to any one. They are very neat in
+their person and, when moved from their comrades and domiciled with
+human beings, nothing do they so much like as being allowed the
+daily privilege of taking a clean bath. When thus engaged, they are
+a curiosity to look at, as they are very agile and particular in
+removing every particle of dirt. We remember seeing one of these pets
+in the Mexican town of _Culebro_ thus enjoying himself. His owner
+hesitated not in taking the animal to the river, which was close by,
+and giving him his freedom. On finishing his ablutions the beaver
+returned to where his owner was standing, without making an effort to
+escape, and by a look as much as said, "I am ready to return to your
+home."
+
+The signs having been discovered, the trappers next select a suitable
+location for a camp, which they soon occupy. After the pack animals
+are unloaded, a part of the men start out to set the traps, while the
+remainder busy themselves in looking after their wants and in cooking
+and guarding their property, etc. The trap is very much like the
+same instrument used in different sections of the United States for
+catching foxes, wolves etc, excepting, that it is smaller and perhaps
+made with more skill. Old trappers were very superstitious in regard
+to the makers of their traps, for they entertained the idea that much
+of their good or bad fortune depended on the tools they worked with;
+hence, they always had their favorite makers, and would pay more for
+their traps than for those of any other maker. This is true also with
+their rifles. For many years a rifle was condemned at first sight if
+it did not have the name of Hawkins[23] stamped on it, and it was not
+uncommon for them, when boasting of the good qualities of their riding
+animals, if they considered them of the maximum degree of superiority,
+to style them "regular Hawkins _horses_", thereby showing how far, in
+this respect, their predilections grounded their opinions.
+
+[Footnote 23: Mr. Hawkins was the owner of a large gun establishment
+at St. Louis, Mo.]
+
+The setting of the trap required expertness and experience, or else it
+availed nothing; for the game to be caught is, as the reader can now
+readily conceive, very wary and his suspicions of there being anything
+wrong near at hand, had to be allayed by concealing as much as
+possible the instrument from view; yet it must not be far from the
+surface of the water; and then again it had to be firmly fixed in its
+position, by being made fast to something that was firm so as prevent
+its being dragged off. The trapper, while thus engaged, is in the
+water. About his waist there is a strap to which is attached a pouch
+in which is carried the bait. Everything being arranged, the trap is
+set and the bait applied, when the man notes the place where he has
+been at work so as to recognize it again, and then takes his departure
+to return early the following morning. The beaver, during this
+interim, is attracted by the peculiar scent of the bait, and, as a
+reward for his curiosity, he generally is caught by one of his paws
+and thus falls a prey to the hunter's pleasure. The traps, when
+visited, are relieved of the contents and then set again. The game is
+put out of its misery and carried to camp, where it is skinned, and
+where all of the pelts recently taken are stretched out, dried, cured,
+and packed in small bales, whenever a sufficient quantity is obtained
+so to do with it. The trapper, when in _full dress_ for an expedition,
+and especially after having been on one with its concomitant
+hair-breadth escapes, Indian and bear fights, etc., cuts, to all
+appearances, a sorrowful figure. His wardrobe is meagre in the
+extreme, yet it answers all of his purposes and the man would have
+no other. When summed up, it would be found to consist usually of
+two pairs of moccasins, one (or two pair) of buckskin pantaloons, two
+woollen shirts, a loose, fringed buckskin coat and an old slouched
+hat (usually made of some kind of skin with the fur on). His baggage,
+limited to a very small bundle, comprises his blankets, a buffalo robe
+or two, a spare hide of dressed buckskin, his extra garments above
+spoken of, and a little tobacco (when it can be had). These, with his
+camp kettle and outfit of powder, lead, extra traps, scanty allowance
+of provisions, guns, pistols, horses, bridles,[24] saddles, etc. make
+up his traveling and working kit; it may be only for a few months or
+it may be for years. With them he was ready to penetrate the loftiest
+mountains and unexplored regions. This is but a true picture, in a
+brief space, of the appearance of Kit Carson and the resources of his
+earlier days, the tools he had to work with, the mode of doing his
+labor, and the habits of the animal he diligently hunted for several
+years in order that his fellow man might convert into a luxury the
+products of his toil; yet had he been allowed the choice, he would not
+have exchanged situations with the consumer of the commodity. In the
+company of his boon companions and enjoying the pure mountain air, he
+had often seen as happy hours as ever fell to the lot of any man. And
+now he was starting out on probably his last trapping expedition.
+
+[Footnote 24: These saddles and bridles are queer-looking articles;
+but, for use, they could not be surpassed either for durability or
+comfort. Their bridle bits are the same as are used by the Mexicans.
+They are very powerful and intended for managing wild horses and
+mules, particularly the latter. With one in his mouth, an animal
+cannot drink or feed. A Mexican only waters his horse twice a day when
+traveling, viz. morning and night.]
+
+The party did not return to their homes until several months had
+expired, and, as much of the excitement that used to pertain to their
+former exploits had been worn off from the changes brought about by
+civilization, they decided that this, as far as they were concerned,
+should be their last trapping expedition; therefore, this visit to
+their old haunts was a sort of funeral service performed over their
+early adventures. On quitting each favorite river, the trappers felt
+that they were shaking hands with the streams and bidding them, one by
+one, a final good bye.
+
+Kit Carson, after disposing of his beaver, occupied himself in
+attending to his ranche, and was thus employed when news was brought
+to New Mexico of the exorbitant prices which sheep were bringing in
+California. He made up his mind to embark in a speculation in those
+animals by collecting a herd and driving it to that territory. He set
+out for the valley of Rio Abajo, which lies to the south of Santa Fe,
+and there, to his satisfaction, made his purchases. In company with
+two friends, after employing a suitable number of shepherds, he
+commenced his journey and traveled northward to Fort Laramie, where
+he came to and followed the emigrant road that leads direct into
+California via Salt Lake, etc. In the month of August, 1853, after
+meeting with very trifling losses, as he traveled very slowly and
+understood thoroughly the business he was employed in, Kit Carson
+with his flock of sixty-five hundred sheep reached the point of his
+destination in California, where he found no difficulty in disposing
+of them at the rate of five dollars and fifty cents per head.
+
+The making of these long journeys with such large herds of sheep, over
+a diversified country, sometimes abounding in water and grass, while
+on the other hand, and not unfrequently, for many miles, the earth is
+barren, is a difficult task. When broad, deep and swift rivers are
+to be forded, it requires dexterity and management to prevent heavy
+losses.
+
+The trail which Kit Carson followed to Fort Laramie is now a
+well-beaten path. It runs almost due north from Taos, and abounds, in
+the proper season, in good grass and water. For about one hundred
+and twenty miles, it passes through a broken country, but when that
+distance is accomplished, the traveler is ushered on to the plains and
+keeps on them for most of the way close under the Rocky Mountains.
+The scenery on this route is most magnificent, and at times as grand
+perhaps as can be seen in any part of the world. The distance from
+Taos, Kit Carson's starting-point, to Laramie River, is counted by
+hundreds of miles; and in this great tract of country, there live
+several of the largest and most troublesome tribes of Indians in
+the far West. The names of these tribes are the Utahs, Apaches,
+Arrapahoes, Cheyennes and Sioux. A man with a large drove of sheep is
+so conspicuous an object that he is certain to attract their notice
+and bring them to him. Kit Carson, however, was well received by
+them and allowed to pass unmolested. They were pleased to find so
+formidable an enemy moving boldly into their country and bearing
+the olive branch of peace. He however forgot not to pay them toll by
+presenting them with a suitable number of the sheep. In this way he
+prevented them from being tempted to steal from him. This is a usual
+custom, and the Indians expect that this sort of attention will be
+shown them. They do not like, at all seasons of the year, to have
+these herds pass through their country. Being so large, they eat up
+much of their grass, which assists greatly to drive away the game.
+We remember on one occasion that an American, in charge of several
+thousand sheep, started on a journey from New Mexico to California.
+Everything went prosperously with the man until he left the Raton
+Mountains and entered the country inhabited by the Arrapahoes and
+Cheyennes. At first, he was received in a friendly manner by these
+Indians; but was commanded by them to rest where he was until they
+went ahead and killed their annual amount of buffalo. This, the man
+could not do; for the season was so far advanced that if he delayed,
+and then attempted to make California, he would be certainly overtaken
+by snow-storms which would bury him and his property in the mountains.
+In vain he used his best endeavors to impress this state of affairs on
+the minds of the Indians. They would not listen to him or sanction
+his going on, and threatened to punish him if he undertook to disobey
+them. Bidding defiance to these threats, this man started; but had
+only proceeded a few miles, when a band of one hundred squaws, mounted
+on horseback, overtook him and dashed into his herd, and with savage
+delight put to death one hundred and fifty of the sheep before their
+owner's eyes and without his being able to stop them. The carcasses
+of the slaughtered animals were left to rot on the ground, thereby
+showing that the Indians did not stand in need of food, but that
+they wished to teach the intruder a lesson which he would be apt to
+remember. These women had been sent out by their husbands, who no
+doubt were close by in case their services should be needed, to show
+to the white man the contempt they had of his power. The result was
+that the American was obliged to return to New Mexico from whence he
+came. When he set out again, he chose what is known as the Southern
+Route, which runs via the Rio Gila and strikes California in its lower
+section.
+
+In the Rocky Mountains, the Indian women are rather small in stature,
+but, from their constant exercise they are physically very strong.
+They are naturally not wanting in modesty; but, being compelled to
+work and even engage in war, they soon become roughened and hardened.
+Their dresses consist principally of deer skins, and sometimes they
+are very tastefully arranged. They give birth to their children with
+great ease, and, as they have not become martyrs to fashions, or
+dress, they suffer but little inconvenience from this provision of
+nature. The children learn, during their earliest years, to look out
+for themselves, and soon become expert at it. The marriage ceremony
+amounts to little or nothing, and consists of a mere barter. The
+warrior is obliged to pay so many horses to the father for the bride.
+We remember, on one occasion, buying a superior pony from a trader,
+who said that he had obtained him from his Indian owner with great
+difficulty. The facts were as follows: This Indian was in love with a
+young maiden of his tribe. The young girl wished some silver ornaments
+which the trader had. The only thing the warrior had to exchange for
+these trinkets, was his prized pony. An old chief stood by with the
+trader and saw the warrior look and sigh at his horse. The chief gave
+the trader a wink, and said in a low tone of voice to him: "That man
+loves his horse and he loves his affianced bride, but the bride elect
+will conquer. Hold on and he will sacrifice the horse to please the
+girl. His love for her is the deepest feeling." Sure enough this
+came true, and we never regretted that it was so. The pony proved a
+valuable addition to our stock of animals.
+
+Besides the many dangers to his flock which a person runs the risk
+of, both from the numerous accidents to which it is liable, and the
+unwelcome visits of the Indians when thus traveling, there are others
+which may occasionally happen to his own person. He may be, while
+standing guard, suddenly attacked and bitten by a mad wolf. On this
+event occurring, he is almost certain to be seized with that terrible,
+and we might as well add incurable disease, hydrophobia, which renders
+him a most pitiful object to behold. From a human being so recently
+respected and beloved by his companions, a person, thus unfortunate,
+is suddenly changed into an object most dreaded and detested. A party
+of Mexicans in charge of a large herd of sheep, a few years since,
+were bound to California. One night a large, ferocious wolf entered
+the camp, and bit a man in the leg. Symptoms of hydrophobia very soon
+set in, and in a short time the victim was a confirmed case of the
+disease. His comrades had no proper means of taking care of and
+transporting him, as they were hundreds of miles from the nearest
+house. They were superstitious, and believed that all would die if
+they kept the man's company any longer; accordingly, they drove a
+stake in the ground, to which they inhumanly secured him; and, after
+depositing a small allowance of provisions near by, they left him to
+die. Human bones were afterwards found near the identical spot where
+it was said this unfortunate incident happened, which afforded
+strong circumstantial evidence that the man had eked out a miserable
+existence soon after he was deserted by his so-called friends, and
+also, that the truth of this story rested upon strong probability.
+
+When the Americans first obtained possession of New Mexico, sheep
+could be bought at the rate of twenty-five cents per head. The reason
+of this was, the want of a market and the ease with which they were
+raised. Cheapness of labor, also, assisted in reducing their value.
+The wool of these sheep was rather coarse, resembling hair more than
+wool. The only use in which it was employed, was for manufacturing
+blankets, rough carpet, and in filling mattresses. The valley of
+the Rio Grande is wonderful as a sheep growing country. The mountain
+districts also cannot be excelled in this respect. Their fitness for
+grazing is best exemplified by their abounding in the famous Rocky
+Mountain sheep. In many respects this animal resembles the chamois.
+They live on the tops of the highest peaks, eat the tenderest grass,
+and produce the finest flavored mutton in the world. One of their
+heads, with the horns, often weighs one hundred pounds. To shoot
+them, requires all of an experienced hunter's skill, and, when he has
+brought down one of these trophies, he feels he has done more than if
+he had killed ten deer. The sight of one of these mountain sheep, as
+perched on a high, rocky peak, is beautiful. The hostile Indians are
+the main drawback in New Mexico, to the successful raising of sheep.
+
+The usual modus operandi employed by Mexican herders, who cannot be
+surpassed in their vocation, to which they appear to take intuitively,
+although many of them serve an apprenticeship at it, which begins with
+early life and ends only by death, is, to send a youth who leads a
+goat in advance of the flock. From some strange and unaccountable
+reason, the sheep will follow after him even to the crossing of rivers
+whose currents are deep and swift. The shepherds, with their dogs to
+assist them when necessary, allow the herd to scatter over a space
+varying in its size, but always allowing sufficient area so that the
+animals can move on at their ease and at the same time be able to
+feed. The danger above all others that is to be apprehended and
+guarded against, while thus travelling, is crowding; for, in this
+manner, when journeying through deep gorges in the mountains and over
+the precipitous banks of rivers, hundreds of sheep can be, and not
+unfrequently are, smothered. When this crowding commences, it is next
+to impossible to arrest it; a sort of panic prevails over the entire
+herd, and they rush on, one on top of another, until a mass of dead
+and dying is thus piled up and a barrier is made; or else, until, as
+most frequently happens, a bridge of carcasses is formed over which
+the survivors pass in safety. The Indians who inhabit the country
+on the various routes to California, have a strong predilection for
+mutton, which is a fact to bear in mind when migrating with this
+sort of property. Such accidents as having a few sheep bitten by
+rattlesnakes, and also a certain percentage becoming foot-sore and
+breaking down from fatigue, are common to every herd that crosses the
+Rocky Mountains. Economy in living is the great fundamental principle
+among the lower classes of the Mexicans; therefore, when a sheep is
+going to die from fatigue, or any simple disease, natural death is
+anticipated by the herders with the aid of the hunting-knife, and the
+meat, being dressed and cooked, is unhesitatingly eaten by them.
+Next to the Mexican shepherd, his dog, although he is not generally a
+handsome animal, is found to be ever faithful in guarding the flocks.
+The greatest enemy to the herds is the wolf; and in keeping them at
+bay, and preventing their inroads by night, the dog is capable of
+performing valuable service; hence, no band of sheep should cross the
+plains and mountains without a full complement of them. It was at one
+of the frontier towns of California that Kit Carson disposed of his
+flock. There having heard of the rapid and marvelous growth of San
+Francisco, he made up his mind to verify these reports with his own
+eyes, for he was well acquainted with its ancient aspect.
+
+San Francisco had now had since the year 1848 to grow under the
+impulse of the gold fever. Kit Carson remembered it, a Spanish
+settlement as it existed in 1845--6--7, then containing not over two
+hundred inhabitants. In 1847, the first gold discovery was made at
+Sutter's Fort. In two months thereafter, about $250,000 in gold dust
+were carried into the town. The next two months $600,000 more. In
+February, 1849, the population of the town was two thousand. In the
+six months following, it increased to five thousand. In the early
+part of the year 1850, the population had increased to nearly twenty
+thousand. In 1852, according to the census, it was thirty-four
+thousand eight hundred and seventy. The first settlement made at San
+Francisco, was commenced in the year 1776. The place was then called
+Yerba Buena, or Good Herb, from the fact that an herb of that name,
+which was supposed to have great medicinal value, grew in rich
+luxuriance over the surrounding country. The houses were at first
+built of adobes, or sun dried bricks. It is now one of the most
+important cities on the western continent.
+
+As Kit Carson neared this great emporium of California, possessed of
+some of the details of its astonishing growth, and remembering it as
+it existed when its inhabitants could be easily counted in an hour, he
+was perfectly astonished to behold the great changes which a few short
+years had produced.
+
+Had it not been for the immovable landmarks about the city and the
+familiar scenery of the bay, he would have been entirely at a loss in
+considering that this was the spot, called San Francisco, which he had
+visited in former years. This metropolis, however, like all others,
+presented few attractions to Kit Carson's vision, further than its
+objects of curiosity, which were a source of interest and amusement to
+him. When he had finished sight seeing he was ready and anxious to
+be on his way to New Mexico. Previous to his setting out, he went on
+business to Sacramento City. While there, he received a message from
+his friend and partner, Maxwell, asking him to wait until the latter
+could come in with a herd of sheep from Carson River, when they could
+join forces and return home together.
+
+Kit Carson's stay in California was shortened by the annoyance (as
+he considered it) of being made a lion. His society was constantly
+courted by men whom he had never seen; he was passed free on
+steamboats and to all places of public amusement; and, in fact,
+the people, in acknowledging his worth, treated him with marked
+distinction. He was pointed out wherever he went as a man who had done
+the State great service. This reward of his merit was indeed a just
+tribute to his worth. Kit felt himself highly honored and favored,
+but he did not expect or wish such attention. He felt himself to be a
+humble individual, who had honestly and faithfully performed his duty,
+as it had been assigned to him, and his modesty would not allow him to
+ask or be willing to receive any other than the unexpressed opinion
+of the people. There were some men (there always are such persons in
+every community) who sought his company expecting to hear him boast
+of his deeds and proclaim himself a hero such as had never before
+existed; but, what must have been their surprise on seeing his
+unassuming bearing, his disregard of notoriety, and his anxiety to
+escape that popularity which they themselves would have highly prized.
+Tired, by the anxiety and hard work of bringing his property over a
+long and dangerous journey to a good market, he had looked for rest
+and retirement; but instead, he was everywhere sought out and made
+conspicuous.
+
+And here we pause to speak of the noble qualities of moral character
+and good judgment evinced by Kit Carson on this occasion of his
+eventful life. He found himself surrounded with the choice spirits of
+the new El Dorado; his name a prestige of strength and position, and
+his society courted by everybody. The siren voice of pleasure
+failed not to speak in his ear her most flattering invitations.
+Good-fellowship took him incessantly by the hand, desiring to lead
+him into the paths of dissipation. But the gay vortex, with all
+its brilliancy, had no attractions for him; the wine cup, with its
+sparkling arguments, failed to convince his calm earnestness of
+character, that his simple habits of life needed remodeling. To the
+storm, however, he was exposed; but, like a good ship during the gale,
+he weathered the fierce blast, and finally took his departure from the
+new city of a day, with his character untarnished, but nevertheless
+leaving behind him many golden opinions. With a hurried farewell and
+many kind remembrances of the good people of California, he left their
+great city to return to a home where he was certain to find a life
+better suited to his tastes. Money-getting had no charms for him.
+Had he chosen to accept some of the offers made him while then in San
+Francisco, he could easily have amassed an immense fortune. But his
+home had now the greater allurements, and a legitimate business gave
+him the certainty of comfort. The power merely which wealth assumes,
+Kit Carson never has desired to grasp.
+
+The time had nearly arrived for the appearance of Maxwell. He finally
+joined Kit Carson, when the two immediately engaged in the very
+profitable work of disposing of their sheep. The market proved to be
+quite active--so much so that they disposed of their entire flock at
+high cash values without the least difficulty. The speculation thus
+proved to be highly satisfactory to all concerned. In a monetary point
+of view, the adventure proved to be the most fortunate in which
+Kit Carson had been engaged. Heretofore, money had been a second
+consideration with Kit Carson. He had directed his energies and
+attention to almost everything, or at least to many things besides its
+accumulation.
+
+The sums which he had received for the important services rendered
+both to government officers and private individuals, had been
+expended on the wants of his family and on his suffering friends and
+countrymen. A trifling amount had always sufficed to satisfy his own
+immediate desires. The calls upon his purse, at the end of each year
+had left, therefore, but little which he could call his own. The snug
+sum now at his disposal, Kit Carson determined to lay by; and serving
+as a nucleus, around it, he has since accumulated enough amply to
+supply those comforts which will tend, in his old age, to make him
+happy. Maxwell and Carson decided to return to their homes by the
+southern route which runs through the country on and adjacent to the
+Rio Gila. Maxwell determined to take a steamer down the coast as far
+as Los Angelos, distant from San Francisco about three hundred and
+fifty miles, and used his best endeavors to persuade his friend Kit
+Carson to accompany him. In this however, he failed. Already one
+cruise over a part of the ocean route which Maxwell contemplated
+making, had been made by Kit Carson in 1846, and which had so sickened
+him of sea life, that he resolved never to travel on salt water again
+while it was in his power to obtain a mule to assist him in journeying
+by land. Maxwell, by his water conveyance, reached Los Angelos fifteen
+days in advance of Kit Carson, and employed himself in making the
+necessary preparations for their trip to New Mexico. When Kit rejoined
+his companion, everything was in readiness for them to proceed on
+their route, and, in a day or so afterwards, they started. Everything
+favored them until they reached a village belonging to some Pimo
+Indians, and located on the Rio Gila. Here the grass became suddenly
+very scarce. They learned from these Indians that the season had been
+unusually dry, and that, if they attempted to proceed on the regular
+trail, they would do so at the risk of losing their animals by
+starvation. While undecided as to which was the best course to pursue,
+Kit Carson informed the party that he could guide them over a new
+route which, though difficult and rough to travel, he felt confident
+would afford sufficient forage to answer all their purposes. At once
+the men agreed to be governed by their experienced friend's advice,
+and, having signified to him their willingness to do so, they resumed
+their march, following up the Rio Gila, until they came to the mouth
+of the San Pedro, when they struck out up the latter for three days,
+and then parted with it to risk the chances of reaching, at the end
+of each day, the small mountain creeks that lay on their contemplated
+route. After traveling in as direct a course as the nature of the
+country would admit, they arrived seasonably at the copper mines of
+New Mexico.
+
+While pursuing this experimental journey, Kit Carson, who was well
+acquainted with the general outline of the country, but was not
+equally conversant with it in reference to the certainty of finding
+eligible camping-sites, where wood, water and grass presented
+themselves in abundance, was frequently made the subject of a
+tantalizing joke by the men of the party.
+
+Occasionally his memory would not solve the question, what is the next
+course? He had neither map, chart, nor compass, and depended entirely
+upon old landmarks. Occasionally, the resemblance of different
+mountains, one to another, would serve to embarrass him. For a time,
+he would become doubtful as to the exact course to pursue. At such
+moments, the mischievous dispositions of the men would get the better
+of their judgment, and they would exert their lungs in shouting to
+him, as he spurred his riding animal to keep out of the sound of their
+raillery. He was not always successful in this, and occasionally a few
+sentences reached him like the following:
+
+"Hurrah!"
+
+"I say! are you the famous Kit Carson, who knows this country so
+well?"
+
+"Are you really a good pilot, or are you lost?"
+
+These and similar expressions saluted Kit's ear--a language to which
+he had not been heretofore accustomed--as some impediment, such as a
+fallen tree, a rock, a swamp, or a creek staid, for a brief period,
+his progress, thus allowing the party to approach within speaking
+distance. The remarks might have temporarily chafed his spirit; but,
+he had too much good sense to allow his friends to see that they had
+gained any advantage over him. He rode boldly on, and answered their
+raillery with silence. He knew, however, very well, that his turn
+would come; and, when he had brought them in safety to a spot with
+which all were familiar, he turned the tables on them by retorting
+to their questions in a playful manner, which made their future
+interpretation of his occasional doubts, less sweeping in its
+conclusions.
+
+Kit succeeded in guiding the party safely to the Copper Mines, from
+whence their route was plain. From the Copper Mines the party traveled
+through to the Rio del Norte. This river is 1,800 miles in length and
+forms the boundary line between Texas and Mexico. It takes its rise
+in the Rocky Mountains and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. It is
+navigable for small steamers, sloops and schooners, for a distance of
+about four hundred and fifty miles from its mouth. About nine hundred
+miles from its mouth, there is a spot where the river is only about
+three or four feet deep. Here the Apache and Camanche Indians always
+cross when on their depredatory tramps into Mexico.
+
+Leaving the Rio Grande or del Norte, the party pursued their homeward
+route through the settlements of the Rio Abajo and Santa Fe and
+finally reached Taos on the twenty-third day of December, 1853.
+
+Soon after the party entered the Territory of New Mexico, Kit Carson
+accidentally met the Mormon delegate to Congress. That person informed
+Kit Carson that the appointment of an Indian Agent had been conferred
+upon him.
+
+On learning this piece of intelligence, Kit was much elated. He
+felt that the office was perfectly suited to his tastes, and he was
+honestly impressed with the belief that he was capable of performing
+the duties of this office, and of accomplishing much good. His
+happiness and pride were heightened by thinking that, finally, his
+services had met the approbation of his government, the substantial
+proof of which, was the offering to him of an important trust without
+solicitation on his part. Immediately on arriving at Taos, he wrote
+an answer to the authorities at Washington, in which he expressed
+his willingness to serve the government, and the pleasure he felt
+in accepting the office; at the same time he sent the necessary bond
+required of persons who hold this appointment.
+
+Hardly had Kit Carson been ushered into his new duties before the
+Jiccarilla Apaches, who formed one of the tribes of his agency, began
+to show new signs of dissatisfaction by committing various kinds of
+outrages on the property and lives of the citizens of the northern
+part of New Mexico. To arrest them in their career and make them
+amenable for the crimes they had already committed, Lieutenant Bell,
+of the 2d Regiment of United States dragoons, was sent in quest of
+them. He found them on the Red River, and at once commenced operations
+against them. At first, these red men were equally ready to break a
+lance in combat with their foes; but, after the soldiers had made two
+charges and penetrated through and through their ranks, they were,
+although in superior numbers, glad to give up the mastership of the
+field, and run away. In this fight, the Apaches lost, by his being
+killed, one of their great chiefs, besides many warriors. On the side
+of the soldiers, two men were killed and several seriously wounded.
+
+A short time after the news of this skirmish had reached Taos,
+Kit Carson found it necessary, in order to attend to some official
+business, to proceed to Santa Fe; but, just as he was on the point of
+setting out, he was informed that a large party of these Jiccarilla
+Apaches had recently arrived at a place in the mountains only about
+twenty miles from Taos, and were there encamped. With the view of
+pacifying them if it was possible, Kit Carson immediately
+posted thither; and, with no small degree of peril attending his
+movements--for he went unattended, and among Indians who were at the
+time very bitter against the whites--he confronted their "head men" in
+their den. He needed no introduction, for, during many years, he had
+been well known to them. Therefore he proceeded, at once, to business.
+After passing through the usual Indian salutations, he commenced by
+haranguing them, in a style that most pleases their fancy, thereby
+fixing their attention on what he was saying. Among other things, he
+forewarned them that the course they were pursuing, if persisted in,
+would prove the cause of their being exterminated, as their "Great
+Father," the President, had at his disposal thousands of soldiers
+to replace those who fell in battle, while, when their warriors were
+killed, they could not immediately place others in their moccasins.
+When a warrior was killed, they were compelled to wait until their
+children grew up. He added, that the "Great Father" loved his red
+children, and through him, whose servant he was, he wished to give
+them annuities and otherwise aid them in living at peace. These
+Indians, on learning that Kit Carson was their agent, expressed great
+pleasure, and, at his earnest solicitation, came forward and professed
+friendship. So little reliance, however, was to be placed in this
+tribe, that Kit Carson doubted their sincerity; although he exacted
+every pledge which he thought would in the least tend to bind them to
+their promises, he feared they would not prove true. Having finished
+his business, Kit bent his way to Santa Fe; but, he had not more than
+reached there before he heard that the Jiccarillas had already become
+tired of the restraints which he had placed upon them, and had broken
+out in open defiance of the authorities. From this time onward,
+so thick and fast did their wicked crimes increase, that coercive
+measures became necessary to put them down. This finally resulted, in
+as sanguinary a battle being fought between a small band of soldiers
+and this tribe, as was ever recorded. A rapid sketch of it must
+suffice to illustrate to the reader what kind of a fight this was, and
+what plucky fellows these Apaches are. Lieutenant J.W. Davidson,
+with a command of sixty men belonging to F and I companies of the 1st
+Regiment of United States dragoons, was ordered out to seek and act
+against these red men. Both the soldiers and their officers were
+renowned for their bravery and experience in Indian mode of warfare;
+hence, more than ordinary deeds were expected to be performed by
+them. The result will show that they did not disappoint any reasonable
+expectation. Lieutenant Davidson marched to the "_Embuda Mountains_"
+(which range lies between fifteen and twenty miles southwest of Taos),
+as he had been informed by good authority that the Indians were to be
+found there.
+
+On reaching the mountains he soon came upon the savages and found them
+fully prepared to meet him. They had selected their ground with great
+skill. The site which they had chosen was upon a high elevation, and
+at the first glance, to get at them, appeared to be an impossibility
+on account of the roughness of the country. If the Indians had hunted
+over the whole of the Rocky Mountains they could not have hit upon a
+place that offered them so many advantages for the use to which they
+intended to put it; but, as the red men had, by great labor, reached
+the tops of the crags, therefore, the soldiers resolved not to be
+outdone, even if they had to be the assaulting party.
+
+The strength of the Apaches amounted to eight lodges, or two hundred
+and forty warriors; and, as they were on foot and without their
+families, they were entirely unencumbered. Lieutenant Davidson's first
+manoeuvre was to send in advance a small party, whose duty it was to
+act as spies, while at the same time they endeavoured to engage the
+Indians in a talk, of which they are usually so fond; but, the courage
+of the red men was apparently much elevated on seeing the smallness
+of the whole force sent against them; therefore, they received the
+advance with such coldness that the latter soon after gladly retreated
+to their companions, who were halted on the little creek that runs by
+the foot of the mountains. Lieutenant Davidson now saw that his only
+course was to commence the attack and trust to fortune and the bravery
+of his men. Therefore he ordered the gallant fellows to dismount, and
+after leaving their horses with a small guard, they commenced the work
+of scrambling up the rocks so that they might get at, and dislodge
+the enemy. In this they succeeded, notwithstanding they met with a
+powerful and determined resistance. In the attempt, five soldiers were
+killed; and when the dragoons had reached the highest eminence of the
+mountain, they found, to their disappointment, that the Apaches had
+not taken to flight according to their anticipations, but instead,
+they were scattering and surrounding them. There being great danger,
+as already demonstrations were visible in that quarter, that the
+Indians would capture the horses of the soldiers, therefore Lieutenant
+Davidson placed himself at the head of his men and led them back
+to the spot where the animals were congregated. In so doing, he was
+obliged to fight his way, as every foot of ground he passed over was
+stoutly contested; but at last he arrived, just in time to save them.
+The fight then became desultory, but desperate, on the part of the
+soldiers; for the Indians, by concealing themselves behind rocks,
+trees and whatever came in their way, were quite secure against injury
+from the carbines and revolvers of the whites, while, from their
+side, came a deadly fire that fast diminished the numbers of their
+adversaries. In vain did the dragoons charge them and cause the
+foremost of the enemy to retreat to their friends in the rear.
+Lieutenant Davidson soon found his party so much crippled in strength
+that he saw he could no longer protect his horses and at the same time
+carry on the combat against such great odds. When there was little
+left that he could do except to offer himself and men as targets to be
+shot at, Lieutenant Davidson reluctantly ordered his men to retreat.
+
+In obeying this command, the soldiers had not more than wheeled about,
+when down came the foe in full pursuit, making the very air ring
+with their war-whoops and unearthly shouts. So bold did these Indians
+become from the victory which they had achieved, that they charged
+so hotly and so near the soldiers that the latter were compelled, in
+self-defence, to turn and, in a hand to hand contest, beat them off.
+After resisting a succession of these assaults, the command finally
+gained the main road. Upon counting his men, Lieutenant Davidson found
+that twenty of them were killed and left behind on the battle-field;
+and that, out of the surviving forty, hardly one man had escaped being
+wounded, thereby showing, considering the numbers engaged, how
+bravely the fight had been maintained, and how gallantly each one had
+endeavored to turn the tide of affairs to a more favorable result.
+
+The course pursued by, and even the bravery of, Lieutenant Davidson in
+this affair, has been unjustly assailed and questioned by some persons
+who have probably been misinformed on the subject. Judging from the
+evidence of his companions, there was not a more courageous man
+on that ground than the officer in command. Kit Carson refutes the
+accusation made against his friend in the following strain: "I am
+intimately acquainted with Lieutenant Davidson and have been in
+engagements with him where he has taken a prominent part and can
+testify that he is as brave and discreet as it is possible for a man
+to be. Nearly every person engaged in and who survived that day's
+bloody battle has since told me that his commanding officer never once
+sought shelter, but stood manfully exposed to the aim of the Indians,
+encouraging his men and apparently entirely unmindful of his own
+life. It was, however, in the retreat they say that he acted the most
+gallantly, for, when everything was going badly with the soldiers, he
+was as cool and collected as if under the guns of his fort. The only
+anxiety he exhibited was for the safety of his remaining men."
+
+The Indians must have lost many of their warriors in this fight, but
+the exact number has never been ascertained. The news of the defeat
+was brought by the retreating soldiers themselves to the town of Taos,
+where on hearing it, for short time, consternation seized hold of its
+inhabitants; but slowly they calmed down, and a party, consisting
+of Americans and Mexicans with wagons, was sent out to bring in the
+mutilated remains of the fallen. On reaching the field, the dead were
+found, but they were all mutilated and stripped of all their clothing.
+The Indians had left nothing which they thought might be turned to the
+least account. One poor fellow had escaped the rigid scrutiny of the
+red men by crawling to an obscure place where he had died from his
+wounds. On his body was found a belt that contained three hundred
+dollars in gold--his hard earnings that he had been saving up against
+a day of need. Had the savages known of this money, they would not
+have left it, for they are quite familiar with the use, if not with
+the real value of gold. A few days later, the Apaches made their
+appearance in a small Mexican settlement which was far distant from
+the scene of their success. They were dressed in portions of the
+uniforms and accoutrements taken from the dead dragoons; and, as they
+sauntered about the town, they would salute each other in military
+style, and otherwise mock the actions of the military men. Calling
+for a piece of paper, one fellow, with a bit of charcoal, pretended
+to write on it an order. No doubt, by so doing, he thought he was
+imitating something of the kind which he had seen done at a military
+post. After making a few scratches on the paper, he handed it to one
+of his red companions, and, with a smile on his rough countenance,
+addressed to him some directions in reference to the document.
+Although the Mexicans were much amused at these burlesque actions
+of the Indians, yet they did not dare to show their mirth until the
+latter had departed and left them in possession of their lives.
+
+The day following the one on which the fight had taken place, Kit
+Carson returned from Santa Fe and passed near to the spot where the
+soldiers had been so roughly handled; but he did not see a visage of
+an Apache. They had, by that time, traveled to the west side of the
+Rio del Norte. Indeed, he anticipated no danger to himself, as he was
+well aware, that the safest time to travel through any section of an
+Indian country, is just after the savages have been guilty of some
+highhanded act. They are then, instinctively, as some may say, but, as
+the fact appears to us, by use of their reasoning powers, well aware
+that active measures will be set on foot to repay them for their
+rascality.
+
+The trail which, on this occasion, Kit Carson traveled over in coming
+from Santa Fe, is one of the most interesting routes, in safe times,
+that the mere traveler can select. It comprises some of the most
+beautiful scenery in New Mexico. The length of the trail is about
+seventy-five miles, and so many windings and turns does it make
+through mountains, forests and gorges, that every hundred yards
+furnishes a suitable place for an Indian ambuscade. The largest part
+of the country which lies between Taos and Santa Fe, is mountainous;
+therefore, this trail is one series of ascents and descents. The
+greatest pitch is near the scene of the fight in which Lieutenant
+Davidson and his command were engaged, where the path, in order to
+avoid an almost perpendicular declivity, makes a zig zag course. To
+accomplish the ascent of this mountain on a good riding animal, it
+takes, at least, two hours; therefore, the height of the mountain
+can be easily imagined by those accustomed to mountain climbing. On
+reaching some of these immense eminences, the scenery is principally
+formed by the broken country, studded here and there with mountains,
+which appear as if in miniature, as well as real. Between are valleys,
+rivers, creeks, canons, etc., which render the views truly grand.
+There is sufficient woodland, plenty of pure air, and different
+species of game, in great abundance, playing about, and filling up the
+picture with life. To use the words of romance, this does not fail to
+make the scenery perfect. The trail runs through hamlets and villages,
+which come in at the proper distances and form great auxiliaries to
+the traveler, when fatigued by horseback riding; for, at most of these
+places, the traveler can find rest for the night, always provided that
+he be willing to submit to a multitude of inconveniences.
+
+The most desirable place at which to stop, on this trail, is a town
+nearly midway between Taos and Santa Fe. It is called Rio Arriba. In
+this village, the traveler can obtain many comforts which are denied
+him even in the larger towns. At the present time it is a very
+difficult matter for loaded caravans to pass direct from Santa Fe to
+Taos; but the United States government has taken the matter in hand
+and has appropriated large sums of money for making a good road
+between the two places; therefore, it will not be a long time before
+the transit will be accomplished with ease and safety. Scattered over
+the country adjacent to this trail now under consideration, there are
+many hamlets and villages which are being greatly augmented by new
+settlers yearly. Many of these have been seldom, if ever, visited by
+white men, and the minute geography of this tract of country is still
+in the embryo. Perhaps a new El Dorado is there in store for mankind,
+and that some day its resources will receive an impetus and be
+developed by the sudden discovery of valuable mines therein. This is
+no chimerical illusion; it scarcely rests upon an uncertainty; for,
+the mineral wealth of New Mexico, we are firmly persuaded, is still in
+its infancy. To use trapper language, judging from "signs" which exist
+there in abundance, we shall not be surprised to hear, in time, that
+this territory has turned out to be a second California. Rumors of
+gold, and even specimens of the article itself, are frequent in many
+parts of the country; but the poverty of the inhabitants keeps them
+from searching as they ought in order to make the discovery. The
+Americans find a more profitable business in commerce and trade,
+therefore they but seldom indulge in speculations designed to develop
+the mineral wealth of the country; but nevertheless, they have faith
+that gold, in immense quantities, exists there, and believe that, in
+time, scientific men will disclose the fact and position. We have seen
+_quills_ full of gold dust which has been collected there, and we are
+well acquainted with men who have washed out from several streams
+in the northern part of the Territory, the value of two and a half
+dollars per diem; but, with the high prices of living, this rate of
+produce cannot be made to pay unless the work shall be carried on by
+the assistance of capital.
+
+On this trail to Santa Fe, there are several small Pueblos which are
+inhabited by the descendants of the ancient Aztecs. These settlements,
+generally, are quite thrifty, and exhibit many external appearances
+of comfort. To prepare and cultivate the soil, it takes much labor
+in irrigating and bestowing other farming operations upon the land in
+order to bring crops to perfection. Hence these people, like the New
+Mexicans, can realize from their toil but little beyond their own
+subsistence. This trail, as it approaches Santa Fe, enters through
+groves of small pines which are many miles in extent. In such places
+the ground is sandy and the vegetation poor in the extreme. It has
+proved an exceedingly difficult problem, for more than one mind, to
+solve the reason why the capital of the Territory should have been
+located in such a barren section of the country. Perhaps it was
+because this was the most central spot that could be selected,
+although such a reason can hardly be offered in sober earnestness. The
+most charitable reasoning which we can offer for it, is because the
+Mexicans knew no better. It is true there are valuable silver mines
+near by; but this could only cause a town to be raised to suit the
+miners and not to form the attraction where the _elite_ of New Mexican
+society should for so many years congregate.
+
+Santa Fe is located on a plateau of ground which is about seven
+thousand feet above the level of the sea. The town itself contains
+about five or six thousand inhabitants which includes all races. It
+is built of _adobes_, or sun-burnt brick, and occupies both sides of
+a small stream which is called the _Rio Chicito_ and which flows into
+the Rio Grande nearly twenty miles from the town. The site of Santa
+Fe is low when compared with the altitude of the surrounding country,
+being bounded on nearly all sides by lofty mountains. One of these
+mountains is quite famous. It is the loftiest of all in that section
+of country, and is capped during the greater part of the year with
+snow. As is invariably the case with the large majority of Mexican
+towns, there is but little regularity in the streets of Santa Fe; but
+yet, the plaza is easily reached by several avenues. Santa Fe forms
+the grand commercial emporium of the great interior continent of North
+America; and its trade diverges to every point of the compass. The
+extent of this trade can be realized when we assert the fact that with
+the State of Missouri alone it amounts annually to several millions of
+dollars. In the south it has overland communication even with the city
+of Mexico. If the tariff between the two countries could be arranged
+upon a more equitable footing than it now is, the Mexican trade would
+swell into an enormous sum. Every acquisition of a new territory in
+the far west and southwest aids in developing the commerce of Santa
+Fe; therefore, until steam shall cause a revolution in the course of
+trade, this town must necessarily increase greatly in importance.
+The stores in the town are mostly owned, and the mercantile business
+chiefly carried on, by Americans. These American speculators are
+celebrated for the daring manner with which they launch out their
+money upon various enterprises. With them, the greater the risk when
+their chances appear that the gain will be large, the more eager they
+are in facing the hazard. They sometimes lose, but oftentimes realize
+large fortunes. The appearance of these stores is captivating to the
+fancy, and many of them would be ornaments to any of the larger cities
+or towns of the east. The most expensive articles of luxury and dress
+are to be found in them, and in these distant parts, such property
+commands a price which would startle and quite shake the nerves of
+a prince; but, when the people can obtain the money, they purchase
+everything which their fancy dictates. A Santa Fe senorita dashes in
+her rich silks which have cost hundreds of dollars with as much grace
+as does one of the Washington or Fifth Avenue belles, clothed in the
+same luxuriant style. In Santa Fe, we are sorry to say, it requires
+vice of the worst shade for women to support such a style of living;
+but the morals of the Mexicans are so loose in all classes, that
+virtue is boldly parted with by both sexes in a spirit which the
+triumphs of natural reason alone ought to prevent, and which no lover
+of humanity can admire or tolerate. Gambling, in this town, has
+long held its full sway, and many is the victim which this wretched
+wickedness has prematurely hurried into a vortex, from which there has
+been no recovery.
+
+The palmy days of gambling, in San Francisco, have been rivaled in
+the little town of Santa Fe, and the boldness with which the Mexican
+player will part with his last dollar, shows the hardened state
+to which the man, and, what is perhaps worse, the woman, have been
+brought, by years of habitual playing for money. In olden times, the
+Mexicans used to travel hundreds of miles, and bring their money with
+them in order to squander it at their favorite game of _monte_. Not
+only this fact is true, but men will often sell themselves into the
+slavery of debt in order to satisfy their craving desire to gamble.
+
+The town of Santa Fe is watered by azequias or small canals, which
+are used in every section of the Territory, with which to irrigate the
+soil. Near the town, and on a hill adjoining, stands the ruins of Fort
+Marcy, which was used by the American Volunteers during the conquest
+of the country in the year 1846. This fort commands the town; and, for
+the purpose which governed its building it answered very well. There
+are several good boarding-houses in Santa Fe, and one hotel, which is
+well fitted up and well kept. It forms the rendezvous for the
+whole town. The commanding general of the military department which
+comprises the Territory of New Mexico, with his staff, makes this
+town his head-quarters. There is also a garrison of American soldiers
+stationed in the town. The governor of the territory, the judges,
+surveyor and all the government officials of any importance, make
+this place their home. The Territorial buildings, being the halls of
+legislation, and such other buildings as are necessary for the State
+and Territorial purposes, both finished and under process of erection,
+are located in Santa Fe. On one side of the plaza there stands a long,
+low building known as the Palace. No one, however, would be aware
+of the fact if not informed of it; for the building has more the
+appearance of having been intended for a rope-walk than for the
+assemblage of _savants_ who were to discuss and arrange matters of
+state and public interest. Notwithstanding the small pretensions
+in the way of architecture which the Palace presents, nevertheless,
+within it, there have lived old Mexican governors who ruled their
+people with a rod of iron, and whose fiery impulses went forth as just
+and equitable law. These tyrants--for it was very seldom that the
+poor and ignorant New Mexicans were favored with a good, wise and just
+governor--governed on the principle of self aggrandizement. Being far
+separated from their home government, they took care to smother all
+evil reports, while the good, only, were allowed to circulate; and
+these, so far as the home government was concerned, solely by their
+authority, in order to have the desired effect to retain them in
+office. In this they were usually successful, as they generally
+retained their lucrative positions until cut off by death, or until
+they had amassed a fortune which made their tasks burdensome. Many of
+these men might have been envied by the richest among Americans, so
+far as wealth is considered. They were so envied by the wealthy men at
+the capital of the republic. These provinces of Mexico were the Indies
+where troublesome opponents were to be sent by government, to suck,
+like leeches, the public treasury, and thus obtain their fill
+to repletion. When the United States came into possession of the
+territory of New Mexico, affairs were somewhat tempered to the state
+of reason and justice; but, a people who had so long been kept down,
+could not at once appreciate the value of the changes; consequently,
+they have been slow in elevating their heads to the proper standard
+of men. The legislature of New Mexico, as it has been recognized
+under the constitution of the United States, resembles other forms of
+territorial governments. This statement is true in theory, but not in
+practice; for it is impossible to collect an uneducated people,
+unused to self government, and allow them to steer their own bark as
+law-makers, without observing that they make many openings for serious
+mistakes to creep in, which are and should be severely criticised.
+The pioneer laws, as they came from the first New Mexican legislature,
+were faulty in the extreme. They seemed to point out wickedness as
+a punishment for wickedness. If we desired to afford our readers a
+laugh, we should permit them to read many of these laws. The simple
+perusal of them would cause merriment equal to the most laughable
+comedy. Had it not been for the few white men, who, from time to time,
+have found their way into the legislature of New Mexico, the whole
+body would long since have lost themselves in the depth of learning
+which their untutored minds had undertaken to engraft upon their
+statute books. The members of this body, for a long time, turned their
+attention more to the emoluments which naturally accrued from their
+position, than to endeavors to steady the helm of government for
+the good of their country. In order to save their pay, they studied
+economy, which caused them to make a beggarly appearance, and, in
+the eyes of the white men, they were often contemptibly mean. Greatly
+predominating in numbers, the Mexicans of course had no difficulty in
+ruling the country; and they naturally preferred their own countrymen
+in filling the law-making department of their government. The
+consequence was, that they thus obtained a crowd of legislators who
+could hardly read. By the aid of a few schools, an enlightened press,
+and the examples of a few worthy Americans, they are gradually mending
+their ways in this respect; and the time will come in a few years,
+when the legislature of New Mexico will compare favorably with
+its sister territories; but this, not until education has made her
+indelible mark upon the people.
+
+The town of Santa Fe is provided with a Roman Catholic church, which,
+under the judicious management of the present bishop and clergy, is
+doing what it can to improve the condition of the Mexican population.
+Other religious denominations have not yet been fully developed;
+although the attempt is being made to establish churches of the
+Protestant faith on a sure and permanent footing; but this, although
+we regard it as certain, will take time, for the majority of the
+people lean strongly to the Roman Catholic faith. It is a very
+singular fact that among a population of seventy thousand souls
+included in the limits of the Territory of New Mexico, there have been
+such feeble and vain attempts made by Protestant missionaries to
+bring the people to their mode of thinking. The task might have been
+impossible when the country was under the jurisdiction of old Mexico;
+but, since it has changed masters, this excuse does not hold good. The
+Mexicans, as a body, learn readily; they easily discern between right
+and wrong; and, as the field for Christian enterprise to work in is
+large enough for all sects, it is strange that the Protestant church
+is not found laboring in the good cause, side by side with its Roman
+Catholic friend. It is true, there are a few persons struggling on
+under the auspices of the Protestant church; but they are so few that
+they are seldom met in the great expanse of the country. Santa Fe has
+long been celebrated as having a depraved population; but, as honest
+and honorable men are now working with satisfactory success for a
+reformation, the day cannot be far distant when this town will redeem
+itself. It is true that, not many years back, Santa Fe was filled with
+gamblers and desperadoes of all grades; but, at the present time, law
+and order is beginning to predominate, and it is to be hoped that the
+next generation will see a better state of affairs. The vices which
+have characterized the inhabitants have not been confined, by any
+means, to the Mexicans; but rather they have been exemplified in those
+Americans with bad characters, who have, from time to time, crept in
+among the people. These men, in several instances, have set examples
+which the most debased Mexican would hesitate to follow.
+
+The appearance of Santa Fe, from an outside view, is anything but
+striking. Its houses, like most Mexican buildings, are seldom higher
+than one story, and, with few exceptions, they are entirely wanting
+in beauty. They are built after what may be styled a Mexican mode of
+architecture, and consist of a series of rooms which encircle an open
+square or court, the access to which is through a large portal. These
+buildings are usually huddled together towards the centre or plaza,
+while, in the outskirts of the town, they are greatly scattered. The
+arrangement of the streets appears as if they were mere matters of
+accident rather than matters of system or intention. The town is
+ornamented by few, if any, trees, while the general appearance of the
+adjacent country, as has been seen, is barren. The markets of the town
+are but sparingly supplied with a variety, and those articles which
+are the most common, bring, comparatively speaking, good prices. Not
+many miles from Santa Fe there are famous silver mines, which for
+many years were worked almost entirely by hand. Within a recent date
+machinery has been introduced by some enterprising Americans, and the
+precious silver ore is being brought to light in large quantities.
+In point of amusement the people still cling to the pleasures of the
+fandango; and, as this town is much in advance of any other in the
+Territory, the Santa Fe balls are carried on, sometimes, on quite a
+grand scale. The majority of them are the places of resort for the
+free classes of society. The more respectable people seldom attend
+them, and then only when they are certain that they will find the
+ceremonies conducted in the spirit which administers really to
+pleasure and not to excess. The distance from Santa Fe to the Missouri
+River is in the neighborhood of nine hundred miles. The road, for the
+first one hundred miles towards the Santa Fe terminus, is rough and
+hilly; but, after that, it strikes out on the open plains, and is as
+level as can possibly be for such an immense distance. It is over this
+beautiful road that we have several times described Kit Carson as he
+traveled to and from the United States, though, more frequently, as
+has been seen, he preferred routes of his own selection, which enabled
+him, with his small escorts, to elude the vigilant watch of hostile
+Indians. The rich merchandise which finds its market in New
+Mexico passes over this road; and, during the summer months, the
+heavily-laden caravans are continually traversing it.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVI.
+
+    A fresh Campaign set on foot--Col. Cook in Command--Kit Carson
+    goes as Guide--The Apaches and Utahs leagued together--The
+    Roughness of the Country and the Privations to which the
+    Command was exposed--The Indians overhauled--A running
+    Fight--The Advantages gained--The Chase resumed--The Apaches
+    resort to their old Tricks--Col. Cook is obliged to return
+    to Abiquiu--A Utah taken Prisoner through Mistake--Kit Carson
+    goes to Taos and has a Conference with the Chiefs of the
+    Utah Nation--Cook's second Scout--He is caught in a furious
+    Snow-storm and obliged to return to Rio Colorado--Major Brooks
+    and Reinforcements come to the Rescue--Major Brooks on
+    the Lookout, but fails to find the Indians--Carleton's
+    Expedition--Kit Carson goes with it as Guide--The Adventures
+    met with--Kit Carson's Prophecy comes true--The Muache Band
+    of Utahs summoned by Kit Carson to a Grand Council--Troubles
+    brewing among these Indians--The Small Pox carries off their
+    Head Men.
+
+
+To retrieve the ground lost, and also, to show the Jiccarilla Apaches
+that their recent victory had tended only to stimulate the movements
+of the Americans to a display of greater activity and energy, after a
+brief space of time, a large body of regular troops were made ready to
+take the field against them. The commander of this expedition was Col.
+Cook of the 2d Regiment of United States dragoons. That officer chose
+for his principal guide Kit Carson, whose peace duties as Indian Agent
+had been abruptly arrested by the warlike attitude of some of his
+Indians. It was necessary, also, that Kit Carson should be on the
+ground in case the red men were overtaken, in order to ascertain
+whether, or no, the Utahs were mixed up with the operations of the
+Apaches. A large branch of the former tribe were part and parcel of
+his agency, and the two nations were known to be on very friendly
+terms with each other; consequently, it was surmised that they might
+be secretly, and under disguise, acting together in the war.
+
+Col. Cook employed, besides the troops of the line which were under
+his command, some forty men selected from among the Mexican and Pueblo
+Indians, whose duties were to act as spies and trailers.
+
+These Pueblos were selected for spies on account of their being
+familiar with Indian habits and their mode of warfare. They were taken
+from among the best hunters which the Pueblo villages could furnish.
+They presented themselves provided with their own horses, rifles, and,
+in most cases, with their own ammunition, and were supplied only with
+their rations of food. When it was practicable, they were allowed to
+kill game; and, being very expert at it, they seldom returned from
+a hunt open-handed. Their peaceful mode of life prevented them from
+engaging in any deep league with the hostile Indians; but yet, there
+is no doubt that when the different tribes were at war with the
+whites, the Pueblos harbored the warlike Indians and supplied them,
+in many instances, with such articles as they stood most in need of.
+Their policy in thus acting might have been to retain the friendship
+of these Indians and thus prevent their committing any depredations
+on themselves. The Pueblos may have taken advantage of the state of
+affairs when war existed, and doubtless frequently did, under disguise
+of the enemy, become guilty of crimes which could easily have been
+proven against them. The Mexicans have often tried to criminate the
+Pueblos for thus acting; but they have proceeded with such bungling
+policy, that it has seldom happened that anything criminal has been
+definitely proven against them. If a part of them have thus acted,
+there is not the least doubt but that the majority are guiltless. They
+are, as a body, loyal to the government of the United States; but, not
+so much from love of the Americans as from being shrewd. They know it
+is for self interest to keep good friends with the strongest power.
+On these war scouts they rendered valuable service, and in this light,
+have been long regarded with favor by the whites.
+
+The command of these forty Mexicans and Pueblo Indians was conferred
+upon James H. Quinn, a well-known and prominent citizen of New Mexico.
+This gentleman became intimately associated with the Territory of New
+Mexico soon after that country was annexed to the United States. In
+politics, military life, farming and mercantile pursuits, he was most
+actively engaged, and by his talents and industry took a prominent
+position and became an influential member of society. He had some
+faults; (who has not?) but his unexpected death came so suddenly
+upon his friends that they could only think of him for the many good
+qualities both of his head and heart. Hence, his faults were most
+willingly passed over in silence.
+
+All things being in readiness, the command entered upon the pursuit
+of the Indians. They marched from Taos, ten miles north, to a stream
+called the Arroya Hondo. Thence, following the banks of this stream
+down through its deep and rocky canon, they came to the Rio del Norte.
+
+On the first-named stream, there is a small and unattractive
+settlement, which bears the same name. Several years since, there was
+a large distillery in full operation at this place. This establishment
+was owned by an American, and was very extensive. The building was
+celebrated as being the place where several Americans were slaughtered
+by the Mexicans during the revolution, in which Governor Bent lost his
+life, heretofore spoken of. On the plain which is contiguous with the
+south bank of the Arroya Hondo, there are to be found the remains of
+a large Aztec town, which was, at some remote period, the largest
+settlement inhabited by that interesting people to be found in
+northern New Mexico. At the present day, can be seen the size and
+almost the number of houses which formed the town--which are very
+numerous. The building material, as here used by the Aztecs, was small
+cobble-stones which undoubtedly were mixed with mud and thus formed
+the structure. Pieces of pottery, flint arrow-points; stone pipe and
+rude tools have been, from time to time, found on the site of the
+town, going to prove that the people were not wandering in their
+habits, but that instead, they occupied their time in farming, raising
+cattle and mining. The wild Indians may have murdered the inhabitants,
+and then destroyed the town; or, civil war and pestilence might have
+caused it to become deserted, when, as a natural result, it fell to
+decay. The most plausible theory to entertain is the former, as every
+old Mexican town of the north contains relics which could not have
+been designed merely in case of an emergency. Not one of these towns
+in olden times was without a large well, which, in most instances,
+was bountifully supplied with water. In time of peace, these extensive
+reservoirs were covered over and concealed from view, and therefore,
+but few strangers could be made aware of their existence. On the
+breaking out of war, these wells were thrown open for public use, and,
+being located in the centre of the towns, the inhabitants escaped that
+danger in procuring water which necessarily would have surrounded them
+in case they had been obliged, as they are now, to bring it from the
+neighboring streams. As time rolled on, and danger was lessened,
+these wells were almost forgotten, until the timber which covered them
+rotted and allowed their fragments and the earth to cave in, when
+the object of the digging these reservoirs became apparent. It is an
+established fact in history, that the town of Taos once withstood
+a long and fearful siege, but finally escaped, as did its people,
+uninjured. The besieging party, in this instance, was composed of
+the Indians of the plains; they were present to the number of many
+thousand, and were at last compelled to depart, as is supposed, in
+consequence of their provisions giving out. Reasoning from analogy,
+it is no more than proper to suppose, that if the early settlements of
+the Mexicans were thus annoyed, the case of the Aztecs must have
+been still harder, and that being overcome by numbers, they were
+necessitated to succumb; and hence, were swept, by the Indians of the
+plains, from the face of the earth, leaving but a dim outline of their
+ancient grandeur.
+
+The party found the stream very much swollen by the melting of the
+snows in the mountains. When they arrived at its fording-place,
+notwithstanding a torrent rolled before them, the command was, of a
+necessity, given to cross. There was no shrinking. Without a single
+murmur, the entire command set themselves about the perilous task. The
+bed of the river at this place is rocky and shelving. At low water,
+these facts offer no great obstacles in crossing. The case is very
+different when the torrent has reached high-water mark--then, a single
+step will often plunge horse and rider into the angry waters beyond
+their depth. Kit Carson boldly took the lead, and before the infantry
+had all passed, the horses of the dragoons had to be sent back to
+assist them. To facilitate this fording, Kit Carson crossed and
+recrossed the stream at least twenty times. No serious accident
+occurred, although three of the dragoons came near being swept down
+the current, which, at the time, was very swift and strong. Had they
+gone below the fording-place, they would most assuredly have been
+drowned, as the river there takes a fearful leap through a cut in the
+rocks. Having safely gained the opposite shore, the men found
+that their labors had but just commenced. In front of them stood a
+precipice that was, at the least calculation, six hundred feet in
+height, of solid rock, and almost perpendicular. Up this ascent the
+command had to mount, by following a zigzag trail. With much trouble
+and toil, the summit of the height was reached, when they once more
+commenced their journey over a diversified country, made up of plains
+and ravines. No grass or water was found until the expedition arrived
+at a small Mexican town called Sirvilletta. Here an encampment was
+formed for one night, and here their animals were to have their last
+rations of corn and forage. The sale of these latter articles proved
+a windfall to, and made glad the hearts of the inhabitants of the
+settlement; for the money which they received, in exchange for their
+produce, was the largest sum they had ever possessed. Thus, in more
+ways than one, these campaigns in the mountains caused good results.
+
+These settlements on the remote frontiers of the territory of
+New Mexico are composed of very poor people, who, for many years
+succeeding their first efforts on establishing their small farms, find
+great difficulty in doing more than to feed themselves. Their distance
+from markets such as Taos affords, prevents them from transporting
+thither more than their small surplus of grain; but, as in this
+case, on thus finding many hungry horses and mules to feed, their
+corn-stalks and wheat-straw come into demand, and bring them in a
+remuneration in ready money, in sums which they have not even dreamed
+of before. The only difficulty in trading with such people is to fix a
+fair price on their produce; for they are so fearful of not receiving
+enough, that they often overshoot the mark, and charge so much as to
+prevent other expeditions of the same sort from visiting them. With
+the few dollars in their pockets thus gained from the party, these
+Mexicans for once felt themselves rich men.
+
+Early on the subsequent day the whole force was again in motion, and
+continued an active march for two days over a rough country. At last
+Kit Carson struck the Indian trail. The course was instantly made to
+suit this trail, when the party marched on two days more at a rapid
+pace. On the second day's march, the Indians were overhauled. The band
+of Apaches had been jogging on slowly, and consequently, their animals
+were in good order. The case was far different with their pursuers;
+their horses were much used up by overwork and privations. Thus, when
+their strength was most needed, it was found wanting. The Indians
+espied the soldiers in time to make good their flight, but not quick
+enough to save the lives of all their warriors. Several of them were
+killed and many more were wounded. They also lost a few of their
+horses, and nearly all their camp equipage. The roughness of the
+section of the country where they were overtaken, assisted the savages
+in escaping, notwithstanding every effort was made by the Americans
+to prevent their leaving so easily. Kit Carson, when describing these
+events, says: "To Capt. Sykes, who commanded the infantry, is due the
+greatest amount of praise for the part he acted in our adventures.
+When his men were almost broken down with sore feet, long and
+difficult marches, want of provisions, the coldness of the weather,
+and with their clothing nearly worn out, and when they were on the
+point of giving up with despair, they were prevented from so doing by
+witnessing the noble example set them by their captain. He showed them
+what a soldier's duty really was, and this so touched their pride that
+they hobbled along as if determined to follow him until death relieved
+them from their sufferings. Although this officer had a riding animal
+at his disposal, yet never for once did he mount him; but instead,
+he lent the horse to some deserving soldier who was on the point of
+succumbing to overwork. When the Indian village was discovered, he
+cheered his men from a limping walk into a sort of run, and dashing
+through a swollen mountain stream, that was nearly up to their
+arm-pits and full of floating ice, he was, with his company, the
+foremost in the attack."
+
+Two soldiers of Captain Sykes's company[25] were wounded, and one
+of them afterwards died. The other man was severely injured, but
+eventually recovered. The Indians, on being routed, were pursued
+through a deep canon for about four miles. A few who had been
+previously wounded were overtaken and slain. Night now came on;
+therefore, the men had to give up the chase, and on returning to their
+own encampment they found their friends had located it on the same
+ground which the Indians had occupied when they were first discovered.
+The next morning the surviving wounded man, with an escort, was sent
+back to the nearest military post, so that he could receive proper
+attention. The pursuit at an early hour was then resumed, by the
+soldiers' taking the fresh trail of the Indians. Away went both
+parties through valleys, canons, and over snow clad mountains, until,
+in the end, the Americans saw that it was impossible to overtake
+the red men, who began to break up into squads of two and three and
+scatter in every direction. During the latter days of the chase, the
+routes which the Indians traveled were the worst they could select;
+their object being, entirely to use up the animals of their pursuers,
+who were thus vigorously driving them from one haunt to another. Very
+often, at night, the soldiers would find themselves bivouacked but
+a short distance from the place which they had left on the previous
+morning; and this happened, when not once during the whole day, had
+they missed the trail or ceased travelling; but the fact was, that the
+enemy were so familiar with the country that they made these crooked
+trails with impunity. Finally, the Indians saw that in this trial of
+muscles and nerves they gained nothing, and could not thus shake
+off their pursuers, but that it was necessary for them to try
+other expedients; therefore, they separated, to meet again at some
+preconcerted rendezvous. On this occasion, as so often heretofore, the
+Apaches did not belie the character formed of them by some of our most
+experienced military men, and of which we have before spoken: viz.,
+that they have no equals for endurance, and such a thing as overtaking
+them when once put to flight is almost out of the category of the
+white man's feats.
+
+[Footnote 25: Company D, 2d Regiment U.S. Artillery.]
+
+There being nothing more that could be accomplished by the pursuit,
+consequently, Col. Cook ordered his men to face about, and they having
+done so, he made a direct march to Abiquiu, a Mexican village that is
+located on the Rio Chamo, a tributary of the Rio del Norte. The
+design he had in going there was to recruit his men and animals. Their
+sufferings had been severe. Although performing constantly more than
+double duty, the entire command was put upon half allowance of food,
+and that little could not be properly cooked. For this reason, the
+trials and hardships which they experienced were of no ordinary
+character.
+
+The town of Abiquiu, where Colonel Cook arrived, is about sixty miles
+northwest from Santa Fe, and a traveler can make a journey through
+valleys from one town to the other. It stands next to Taos in point
+of magnitude and importance in the matter of townships in the north of
+New Mexico. The scenery about this settlement is very attractive, and,
+as it lies on the borders of the Utah Indian country, it is frequently
+visited by these Indians. The neighbors of the Utahs, the Navajoes,
+occasionally make their appearance in the town. The Mexicans of
+Abiquiu, from their continued intercourse with bands of the Utah
+Indians, are more or less linked in with them; and, in time of war,
+the Americans can place but little confidence in the inhabitants of
+Abiquiu on this account. The grazing and farming facilities of the
+country adjacent to this town are quite progressive, and were it not
+for the Indians, its resources would be much more rapidly developed
+than they now are.
+
+Utah was originally part of the territory of Upper California. The
+United States came into possession of it by treaty with Mexico in
+1848. The population is chiefly Mormon. The new territory, as set
+off by the United States in 1850, includes an area of one hundred and
+eighty-seven thousand, nine hundred and twenty-three square miles, or
+one hundred and twenty millions, two hundred and seventy thousand and
+seven hundred and twenty acres. Near the eastern base of the Sierra
+Nevada range there are several lakes which receive the waters of the
+eastern slope of these leviathan mountains. One of these lakes bears
+the name of Kit Carson, having been named Carson Lake by Colonel
+Fremont.
+
+In one respect this country has characteristics seldom met with in
+any part of the globe. Large numbers of the lakes and rivers have no
+outlets. Such is the fact in regard to Carson Lake. The only means by
+which their waters are reduced is by evaporation. The Great Salt Lake
+of Utah, to the traveler is of great interest. It may well be called
+the Dead Sea of Utah.
+
+As has been seen, Col. Cook and party were now halted at a Mexican
+village on the Rio Chama, a tributary of the Rio Grande or del Norte.
+
+The party that had been sent back with the wounded man, while on their
+journey met and captured an Indian. Supposing him to be an Apache,
+they deprived him of his horse and arms and otherwise treated him as
+a prisoner. While they were en route, the Indian made his escape and
+joined his tribe. This captive they afterwards learned was a Utah,
+whose tribe had the external appearance of being friendly towards the
+whites, although there were existing good reasons for doubting their
+sincerity. Col. Cook, fearing that such treatment might offer the
+Utahs a plausible excuse for openly declaring war, determined to clear
+himself of censure by making such reparation as was in his power.
+Accordingly, he dispatched Kit Carson to the head-quarters of his
+Agency, in order to settle matters. On reaching Taos, Kit Carson sent
+an expressman to the Utah village with the request that their chiefs
+would come and have a talk with him. They obeyed his summons, and when
+they were seated in Council with their "Father Kit," he explained to
+them how that the soldiers had taken prisoner their _brave_ through
+mistake and ignorance. He informed them, that his countrymen did not
+wish to do their tribe any injury, and he trusted that they would
+overlook the affair; advising them that the best way to show to the
+white men that their intentions were honest would be by not rendering
+aid to the Apaches. He said that he had not sent for them through
+fear, as their warriors were but a handful when compared to the
+soldiers of their "Great Father;" but the main object, always to be
+held in view in their deliberations, was to cultivate friendship, as
+the country was large enough for both parties to live in. The Indians
+replied that they were satisfied with the explanation made to them,
+and declared that their hearts were not in the least inimical towards
+the whites. On hearing this, Kit Carson restored to them the captured
+property, and also made to the chiefs themselves a few useful
+presents.
+
+Col. Cook, after granting a sufficient rest to his men, and after
+obtaining supplies at Abiquiu, started out again to hunt the
+Jiccarillas. He was so fortunate soon after as to find a fresh trail,
+and in hot haste followed it for several days, when, unfortunately, he
+was caught in a furious snow-storm which obliterated the tracks of the
+Indians, besides otherwise greatly damaging his resources. The fair
+prospects of a successful termination to the expedition being so
+suddenly frustrated, the commander had no other alternative open to
+him but to return. This he did by going to the Rito Colorado, a small
+town that lay on his route. Here the command was joined by Major
+Brooks of the 3d Regiment of U.S. Infantry, who had marched to the
+relief of Col. Cook with reinforcements. As soon as the necessary
+preparations were gone through with, another scout was undertaken
+under charge of this last-named officer, while Col. Cook and his men
+retired from their active service.
+
+Major Brooks, without much difficulty, struck upon a recent path made
+by the enemy, and on it, gave them chase. The Indians were making
+their way to the Utah country, and on arriving there, the plans of
+the major were completely balked, owing to the great numbers of fresh
+trails that he discovered in those parts. They were so numerous that
+they crossed and recrossed one another at all points, and were so
+similar that his best guides could not distinguish the one made by the
+Apaches from those belonging to the Utahs. The result was that this
+command, after being in the field for fifteen days, was compelled to
+return without accomplishing anything.
+
+These two nations, the Utahs and Apaches, have been so long intimate,
+that many of their habits and customs are the same, and very often it
+requires them to speak their respective languages, before they can
+be recognized; but, usually, the Utahs are cleaner and better dressed
+than their faithful allies, the Apaches, whom they use, in time of
+peace and war, as tools.
+
+After allowing sufficient time for the Apaches to collect and
+reorganize so that they would be more accessible, a third expedition
+was made ready and placed under the command of Major Carlton of the
+First Regiment of United States dragoons. Major Carlton employed as
+his guide, Kit Carson.
+
+This command, at first, traveled to the north one hundred miles, until
+it reached Fort Massachusetts. Here it halted for one day until the
+final arrangement could be finished. Major Carlton then divided his
+party, sending one division, which consisted of his spy company, under
+Captain Quinn, to examine the country on the west side of the White
+Mountains, while he took it upon himself to inspect the territory on
+the east side of the same range.
+
+Captain Quinn followed up the valley of San Luis. When he reached the
+Mosco Pass, he turned off through it, in order to get into the Wet
+Mountain Valley, where it had been previously agreed upon that he
+should meet with and report progress to his commanding officer.
+
+The Mosco Pass is a narrow opening in the White Mountains, which
+latter is but another name for a branch of the Rocky Chain. This pass
+has been traversed by Col. St. Vrain, many years ago, with
+wagons; but, at the present time, such a feat would prove to be an
+impossibility, as the mountain streams have washed down large rocks
+and other obstacles, which now present difficulties which simply men
+and animals cannot overcome. The pass itself is but a few miles in
+length. It is but a deep cut through very lofty mountains. Its sides
+are rocky, craggy and very rough, defying, in many places, the most
+experienced climber to ascend them. It is a favorite route, which
+the Apaches delight to take when hotly pursued, as it offers them the
+saving of many miles of difficult and circuitous traveling, when they
+wish to reach the open prairies.
+
+On reaching the place of rendezvous, Carlton, while in the Sangre de
+Christo Pass, by the aid of his guide Kit Carson, discovered a trail
+made by three of the enemy, and on following it up, it was found to
+join the main path on the Huerfano Creek. On the arrival of Quinn, who
+had discovered signs which indicated the direction the Indians were
+taking, a conference was called, when all the old guides and spies of
+the party agreed in believing they were on the right scent. The skill
+shown by men accustomed to the business of tracking Indians, either
+for friendly or warlike purposes, is oftentimes truly wonderful, and
+especially is it so to a person brought up in a civilized community,
+only familiar with the reports of such things. The age of the trail,
+the haunts the red men are bound to, their object in going there, the
+numbers on the trail, and the tribe, or tribes to which they belong,
+can, in the majority of cases, be told with the greatest accuracy. It
+is by philosophizing on minute things, which in ordinary life would be
+considered mere trifles, and hardly worth a consideration, that this
+knowledge is arrived at. Thus, it takes but a minimum amount of
+wisdom to realize that a spear of grass, when trodden upon, is usually
+crushed to the earth; but, few reflect that the attempt is made by
+nature to restore the blade to its naturally upright position, and in
+doing so, requires a certain period of time to accomplish the task.
+This process, to the trailer, is an index by which he judges the age
+of the visit made by the Indians, to that section of country. The
+shape of the sole of the moccasin, or the carvings on arrows when they
+are found, which not unfrequently happens, and many other like things,
+are sure signs in guiding the experienced trailer to the particular
+party he is seeking.
+
+Carleton and his men became flushed with the prospects of success on
+finding the main trail, and they lost no time in following it up. For
+six days they made rapid progress, and at the end of that time espied
+the Indians encamped on "Fisher's Peak" in the Raton Mountains.
+Although the mountain was none the easiest to climb, yet the soldiers
+went at its performance with a determination that brought them upon
+the Indians before they could collect their animals and be off, and
+the consequence was, that many a brave warrior then and there drew
+his last breath. However, the most of the Indians ran away, but were
+pursued and a few were overtaken and shot.
+
+The mountain on which the Apaches were concealed, as described in
+this adventure with them, is devoid of trees, and hence, is what, in
+western language is known as a "bald mountain." Its summit contained
+a dry basin; which, besides the open lookout that the eminence
+commanded, formed another inducement to these Indians in selecting it
+for a hiding-place. The route from New Mexico to the United States,
+which we have before spoken of as the Bent's Fort road, runs through,
+or rather, close to, the Raton Mountains. On account of its being well
+timbered, and offering somewhat of a protection, this route is often
+chosen late in the autumn and early in the spring, as the safest for
+caravans to travel. As a hunting district it cannot be surpassed,
+especially in the seasons of the year above mentioned, as the game
+collects there for shelter from cold and storms.
+
+At night, a squad of men under command of Lieutenant R. Johnston, of
+the First Regiment of United States Dragoons, secreted themselves in
+the camp lately occupied by the Indians, in the expectancy that some
+of them would return to reconnoitre and see what had been done there.
+Along with this detachment, there was a man belonging to the spy
+company who could counterfeit the call used by these Indians when they
+wish to find each other and collect their forces. At about midnight,
+when all was still, this peculiar-toned whistle was sounded, when
+lo and behold! two warriors and two squaws came forth and commenced
+groping about in the darkness. They were fired upon, but as no
+accurate aim could be taken, only one of the men was mortally wounded.
+There is no reason to doubt that there were more of these Indians
+concealed in the neighborhood, but the report of the rifles and
+the yells of their exposed brothers, caused them to cling to their
+hiding-places; and, as the shades of night advanced, they thought it
+was best to be on the move to distant parts. Hence, they escaped. The
+Apaches, in this affray, parted with forty head of horses and also
+their scanty allowance of camp equipage; for, by prosecuting the war,
+they were fast becoming poverty stricken; but, to do them as much harm
+as possible, all the articles that could be of any service to them
+were collected and destroyed.
+
+A spectator, not used to seeing Indians in all phases, on beholding
+these Apaches in their most nourishing condition, would at once decide
+they had but little else to lose than their bodies, for they usually
+have but a small quantity of clothing on them; but this is but an
+instance where human eyes can be easily deluded. As long as he has his
+rifle with plenty of ammunition, or even when he is reduced to his bow
+and arrows, the Apache still considers that he is amply provided to
+carry on war. Least of all the Indians in the far West does this race
+prepare for the future. When deprived of his horse, which he is ready,
+at a moment's warning, to convert into food by killing, his spirits
+are as buoyant as if he was mounted on the fleetest charger. He is
+equally careless about partaking of his last morsel of nourishment,
+although his rashness may drive him, and often does, to the
+alternative of subsisting on roots and bark, or such other articles as
+may fall in his way.
+
+On the morning of the day that the Apache village was discovered and
+captured, Kit Carson rode up to his superior officer and said, "Major,
+if no accident shall happen to prevent us, we are certain to overtake
+the Indians by two o'clock this afternoon. The signs are becoming so
+fresh that I feel confident that I will not be mistaken." Carleton
+replied that if his words came true, he would present him with the
+finest hat that could be purchased in the United States. Strange as
+it may appear, the Indians were found at the hour which the guide had
+predicted. Sometime afterward, as it required quite a length of time
+to write and have the commission executed, Kit Carson was
+presented with a superb hat, in which there was a very appropriate
+inscription--viz.
+
+    +----------------+
+    |  AT 2 O'CLOCK. |
+    |                |
+    |   KIT CARSON,  |
+    |                |
+    |      FROM      |
+    |                |
+    | MAJOR CARLETON.|
+    +----------------+
+
+This prophecy was not guesswork. On the contrary, it was a matter of
+calculation, made on the same principle which any experienced workman
+would adopt, in reference to some undertaking that was within the
+range of his calling. A few years later, an officer, who had been an
+eye-witness of this incident, had the opportunity of trying Kit Carson
+a second time on the same business, but Kit was not mistaken. The
+Indians were overtaken within five minutes from the time he had
+foretold they would be.
+
+Major Carleton, having performed all that lay in his power, commenced
+his homeward-bound march. While _en route_ he traveled by the head
+waters of the Canadian River and its tributaries, and passed over bold
+and lofty mountains, and through a picturesque country. Finally he
+reached Taos. His command was in a very good condition, considering
+the hardships to which it had been exposed.
+
+Although we say, in common parlance, that this command returned in
+good condition, yet it must not be presumed by this assertion that
+they came back making a fine appearance, like that presented by
+soldiers on a parade. When out on these campaigns, the comfort of the
+men is considered to be of more importance than either pomp or show;
+hence, those military trappings which are not particularly essential,
+are left behind, while there is just enough uniformity of dress
+remaining, to make them recognizable as soldiers. But little luggage
+can be transported on these trips, hence, the soldiers are obliged to
+limit their wants to actual necessity, which seldom amounts to more
+than the clothes they have on. When about starting out, the soldiers
+bear the appearance of being ready for hard work; which, after
+finishing, they are glad to return, even if they present themselves
+at their quarters in rags. It is wonderful what a change in personal
+appearance a few weeks can make by traveling in the mountains. The
+person thus exposed partially conforms to the habits of the wild
+Indians, both in appearance and mode of life. Such toilet articles
+as mirrors and razors, with their paraphernalia, are dispensed
+with, personal beauty being a thing the most to be despised. In lieu
+thereof, robust health shows itself in the cheek, the eye, and the
+whole economy of the man. The blood courses through his veins as pure
+as the water in the mountain streams about him. By this training, the
+mind becomes clear and well balanced, and the whole system reaches a
+condition which far surpasses the finest constructed machinery. This
+happy state of the body does not, however, communicate itself to the
+fantastical appearance of the soldiers as they come marching along.
+Were they to enter a town belonging to a civilized community, when
+arrayed in this mountain costume, they would be at once judged as a
+band of desperadoes.
+
+On arriving at his home, Kit Carson resumed the duties of his office
+as Indian Agent, which occupied his time during the remainder of
+the year. Soon after, another expedition was organized and sent out
+against the Apaches, but it returned unsuccessful.
+
+We have used this word "organizing," when speaking of the fitting out
+of various expeditions against the Indians, and it seems proper that
+here we should give the reader an idea of what kind of preparation is
+necessary to put one of these commands in proper trim. The company, or
+companies, of soldiers will be first detailed for the arduous
+duties of the field to castigate the Indians. This matter is easy to
+accomplish; but the next thing to be thought of is to take care of
+these troops, which is not quite so puerile a task. The quartermaster
+estimates from the number of the soldiers how many mules will be
+required to transport their luggage, equipments and provisions. This
+having been determined upon, he collects the animals and has them
+provided with pack-saddles. The task of shoeing the horses and mules
+is also no easy matter, for they cannot go until after they have been
+properly shod. A certain weight of freight is assigned to each pack
+mule, and a suitable number of men are employed to take care of, load
+and unload these animals when in camp. When on the march, these
+men perform duty as drivers, and otherwise look after their charge.
+Notwithstanding their proverbial obstinacy, these pack mules quickly
+learn the labor which they have to perform. After finishing their
+usual day's work, they often exhibit impatience to be relieved of
+their burdens. In the morning they are correspondingly reluctant about
+being loaded, and by their hostile demonstrations, they plainly show
+their unwillingness to engage in further labor. Especially is this
+true, when, by careless management, their backs have become injured;
+or when, from the steadiness of pressure from the "_dead_ weight" of
+their cargoes, the same result has been brought about. The Mexicans
+understand the art of packing animals to perfection, hence they are
+preferred before other men to serve in this capacity. It is often a
+laughable scene to witness a mule who is used to the business, having
+his load strapped on and otherwise arranged in proper place. The
+packer, with the lashing rope in hand, and with his foot braced
+against the side of the animal, by the assistance of a kind of pulley
+arrangement in the saddle gearing, uses his utmost endeavors to make
+things as firm as possible. Every effort which he thus put forth, is
+strenuously and obstinately resisted by a trick which we will call a
+straining process that is resorted to by the mule. The animal seems
+to know when his pack is securely and properly adjusted; for, if it is
+not, he is ready to dump it on the first opportunity occurring. When
+the mules are loaded, they start out in a drove, but are allowed to
+select their own path, provided they follow on after the command.
+It generally happens that one of them is more ambitious than his
+companions. This one taking the lead, the others resign to him
+their right to the place, and are content to keep his company at a
+respectful distance in the rear. One of the duties of the Commissary
+Department in fitting out such expeditions is, to provide a sufficient
+quantity of rations for the men, such as beef, bacon, beans, sugar
+and coffee. These form the reliable subsistence of the soldiers while
+absent from their posts or the settlements. The estimate is judged of
+by the number of days which the expedition will require to be absent,
+in order to perform a certain amount of work. From this result is
+calculated the weight and number of the rations required, always,
+when practicable, allowing a small surplus. In this respect old and
+experienced soldiers are far superior to volunteers. The former will
+allow of no waste. They are accustomed to be methodic in their modes
+of life, while the volunteer is usually ignorant of such teaching;
+hence, he is wanting in making little things go a great way. While
+out on one of these campaigns, it is often practicable to a certain
+extent, provided the undertaking is not a hotly contested chase, to
+drive along beef cattle, which can be killed and used at discretion.
+Bacon, however, is the soldier's sheet anchor; and, the variety of
+forms in which he can cook and prepare for eating this article, while
+in the field, would astonish even a French _chef de cuisine_. It very
+frequently happens, however, that in an Indian country, he is not
+allowed to exercise his talent, for, making large fires might have the
+effect of apprising the enemy of the near approach of danger. In such
+a case he is obliged to make his coffee in a tin cup, over a very
+small fire, the fuel of which consists of a handful of dry twigs,
+which are carefully and cautiously replenished as the first supply is
+consumed. This coffee, together with the remains of his last frugal
+meal, serves to stay his appetite for the time being, _nolens volens_.
+The organization is said to be complete and fit for service when the
+soldiers are judiciously provided with arms, ammunition, and riding
+horses. When the party consists of mounted men, they also are provided
+with such other articles as are deemed necessary, which are included,
+usually, under the heading of an outfit for the especial business in
+which the soldier is to engage.
+
+In the latter part of the summer, Kit Carson departed from the agency,
+on a visit to the band of Utahs, one of the tribes who were placed
+under his special charge. Although, usually, he went to their country
+several times in a year, yet, more frequently, these Indians came to
+him in order that they might enjoy the hospitality of his house, and
+receive from him presents of tobacco and other little commodities
+which he was always sure to give them--articles which he generally had
+to pay for himself. In visiting them at their home on this particular
+occasion, Kit Carson had the double object in view of notifying them
+of the _moon_ when they must meet the superintendent of the Indian
+affairs of the territory at Abiquiu, a town adjacent to their
+hunting-grounds, and one which they often frequented, and also, to
+inform himself of the schemes which they had on foot and their actual
+wants, so that he could report to the proper authorities the necessary
+articles of which they stood most in need. To define the actual wants
+and requirements of Indians, is a subject which has puzzled many a
+person who has endeavored thoroughly to investigate their character,
+and who has understood their mode of life. If the question was left to
+themselves, it would be readily settled; for, they desire to possess
+everything which in the least pleases their active fancy; and, so
+extensive are their demands in this respect, that they know no limit,
+provided their own inclinations are consulted. By some, it is supposed
+that the presents of blankets and trinkets which they annually receive
+from government, are more than sufficient rewards for depriving them
+of parts of their country. Others there are who charitably add to
+these things, presents of weapons and ammunition, arguing that thus
+they can kill their game, and gain their own subsistence without
+resorting to plunder; but alas! this latter argument is not found,
+in the majority of instances, to be the peaceful manner in which
+they employ these gifts. Very often the weapons which they have
+but recently received, are turned upon their donors with a view
+of destroying them. The reasoning of the Indian in regard to these
+presents is perhaps right and just, yet it is by no means pleasing to
+the exposed frontiersman. The Indian argues that these gifts are but
+rights which he is forced to receive in lieu of his hunting grounds,
+with which he is very loath to part, no matter what be the terms or
+consideration offered. The inference which he draws is, that he can
+use these presents as he pleases. Money, in the hands of wild Indians,
+is almost worthless to them, and paying it for their lands by way of
+annuity, is extreme folly. Some of them in time, as they have become
+half civilized, begin to appreciate the value of money. Such only,
+should be allowed to receive or accept it. They sometimes desire it by
+way of ornament. Then by the usual means of exchanging property, they
+know how, easily, to obtain it. Every tribe has its own peculiarities
+in respect to its wants, and the best judge of these is the agent, who
+should be first chosen for his honor, integrity and skill, and then
+allowed a large discretion in his decisions.
+
+The distance to be traveled over while on this duty was in the
+vicinity of two hundred and fifty miles, and was performed, like all
+of Kit's previous journeys, on horseback. Indeed, there are but
+few men living or dead, who have ridden in the saddle over as much
+territory as the man we write of. On his way to the Utah village, Kit
+accidentally fell in with the Apaches; but as he was constantly on the
+look out, and therefore first in making the discovery, he lost no time
+in effecting his escape from them, by changing his course. He thus
+was able to pass around them in perfect safety. Kit Carson met with
+no difficulty in finding the Utahs, among whom he spent two days
+investigating their affairs. Just before parting with them, he left
+directions for them to be at the council at the time appointed, which
+was in the _new moon_ of October. Notwithstanding his path was beset
+with the same perils that existed on his outward journey, yet by
+careful traveling he surmounted them all, and arrived at his home safe
+and sound. Little or nothing worth noting transpired until the
+time arrived for him to set out for Abiquiu, where all parties soon
+assembled in grand council and proceeded to business. Speeches were
+made by the superintendent, by Kit Carson, and also by the head
+chiefs. After these interesting proceedings were gone through with,
+the annuities, to which the band were entitled according to their
+treaty, were presented to them, which they received with outward signs
+of friendship, though the knowing ones who were on the ground could
+see, lurking beneath that stoic appearance which a savage usually
+assumes when facing his white brother, that the red men were not
+entirely satisfied with past events. However, every means had been
+employed to pacify the band, who, on first coming into the council,
+had succeeded in showing that they had been greatly outraged and
+injured, and that they had sufficient cause for resentment. The
+following circumstances will show the truth of this.
+
+Just previous to the holding of this council, one of the warriors who
+was much esteemed by his tribe, had been waylaid and murdered by a
+small party of Mexicans. The only excuse offered by the latter for
+committing this bloody deed was, that they wished to deprive the
+warrior of an old coat, which, by some means, had come into his
+possession.
+
+The killing of a human being to deprive him of a garment which
+was almost worthless, is perfectly characteristic of the depravity
+exhibited by the lower classes of Mexicans. It is a singular fact that
+these people love to steal trifling articles, or, sums of money. We
+remember two instances where this trait is singularly illustrated. An
+American, on one occasion, left on a table, in his log house, a large
+sum of money in gold. He sent a Mexican into this room to bring him
+something which he wanted, but the man returned saying he could not
+find it. The American now went himself to look for the article, and,
+while in the house, recounted his money and found one of the smallest
+coins missing. He at once called the thief and charged him with the
+crime. The Mexican knew this American to be very resolute; when,
+therefore, he heard him threaten him with severe and summary
+punishment if he did not, at once, produce the money, he knew there
+was no escape, and accordingly drew from its hiding-place, on his
+person, the missing coin and restored it to its owner. The American,
+being used to such every-day occurrences, passed by the affair without
+further notice. In the other instance an American was traveling and
+had occasion to stop at a Mexican's house during the night. On going
+to pay his bill for his lodging in the morning, he noticed that two
+pieces of his money had been abstracted while he was sleeping. These
+coins had been taken one from either end of his purse. This was what
+drew his attention to the fact of his having been robbed. The host
+was informed of what had happened and at once proceeded to restore the
+missing money. He called his son to him, a boy twenty years of age,
+and after threatening a good deal, he made the lad take his choice
+between owning the theft or submitting to the risk of being discovered
+by a search of his person for the missing coins. This had the desired
+effect, and at once the stolen property was returned to its rightful
+owner.
+
+Both of these facts are simple, and perhaps, uninteresting; but they
+serve to exhibit a characteristic of the lower classes of Mexicans.
+Doubtless, such paltry thieving is the result of a want of animal
+courage, easily discernible by the close observer of the Mexican race.
+Of course there are many exceptions to this statement.
+
+The white men interested in the council had their hands full in
+their endeavors to smooth over this affair, for the Indians were
+much dissatisfied with such treatment. At first they demanded that
+reparation should be made them by their agents giving them a certain
+number of horses. The Superintendent explained to them that he had not
+the power to do this, but he assured them that the murderers should
+be arrested and dealt with according to law. The Indians willingly
+received this promise, but seemed to feel, as finally was the fact,
+that they were doomed to be disappointed as far as the punishment was
+concerned. It afterwards happened that only one of the murderers was
+apprehended, and in a very short time after he was locked up as a
+prisoner, he succeeded in making his escape and was never retaken.
+This was all that was ever done by those in authority to render the
+justice that had been agreed upon and which was richly due to the
+Indians. After quitting the council, and while on their way back to
+their hunting-ground, the small pox broke out among the red men, and
+carried off, in its ravages, the leading men of this band of Muache
+Utahs. On the first appearance of this trouble, the Indians held a
+council among themselves, and decided that the Superintendent was the
+cause of the pestilence that had visited them. They, also, decided
+that he had collected them together in order thus to injure them,
+and to further his designs he had presented, to each of their
+distinguished warriors, a blanket-coat. They found that nearly every
+Indian who had accepted and worn this article, had died.
+
+It so happened that the writer, several years after these events
+occurred, visited the camp where this pestilence reigned in its full
+vigor. The site of this camp was very beautiful. Perhaps it was this,
+aided by other circumstances, which caused the red men to select it as
+a refuge for their sick. The place is located on the west side of the
+Valley of San Luis, and is about midway between its upper and lower
+extremes. Two mountain streams have so joined as to form a peninsula
+of tableland which is well shaded by cotton-wood trees. This ground,
+when the writer saw it, was literally strewn with the bleached bones
+of the Indian victims who had died from the scourge. As we lifted up
+one skull and another, the thought struck us that, perhaps, we might
+have touched the bones which once belonged to the famous chief, Chico
+Velasques, of whom we have before spoken, as it was here that he died.
+Had we done so knowingly, on account of that man's many cruel deeds, a
+thrill of horror must have run through our veins. The funeral rites of
+the dead among the Indians were clearly exemplified here.
+
+Whatever may be these rites observed among the Indians on the west
+side of the Rocky Mountains, I am satisfied that most of the tribes
+of Indians on the east side of this same range, use but few, if any,
+imposing ceremonies in committing the body to the dust. It is very
+difficult to find the bones of an Indian on the plains, and therefore
+I believe, and herein I am assisted by the observations of experienced
+men, that these Indians burn their dead bodies when they can do so, or
+completely hide them in the mountains by covering them with rocks, so
+that it is impossible to find them. Such a course would also serve
+the purpose of preventing the wolves from digging them up. The
+high-colored novels, referred to heretofore, which have, during the
+past few years, had for their theme the Indian race, love to dwell
+on the imposing and affecting spectacle of an Indian burial. When
+stripped of fancy, the truth is, that beyond the lamenting of a few
+hysterical squaws and the crackling of the flames of the funeral pile,
+there is little else done that is noticeable.
+
+But to return to results of the council. The Indians naturally enough,
+argued and persuaded themselves that these presents were intended as
+poisonous destroyers, and that they had been steeped in contagion for
+that end. It wanted but the happening of this affair, or a
+similar one, to destroy the small amount of confidence which the
+superintendent had hitherto enjoyed with these savages. While they
+were secretly preparing for war, they anxiously inquired of the
+traders who came among them, what was transpiring in regard to the
+Mexican prisoners who had wantonly murdered their brave. On each
+separate occasion they were answered with intelligence that did not
+in the least satisfy them. They, therefore, renewed their energies
+in order soon to be ready to take the redress in their own hands.
+Kit Carson apprehended difficulty, even at the council; but, after it
+broke up, he was early apprised of the trouble which was brewing; and,
+to prevent any outbreak, he brought all his Indian experience to bear
+upon the task. In him they said that they knew they had a true friend;
+but, their nation had received too many wrongs to allow any more to be
+thrust upon them without showing to the world that they were worthy of
+the names which their fathers had given to them.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER XVII.
+
+    The Commencement of a formidable Indian War--High-handed
+    Measures on the Part of the Indians--The Governor of New
+    Mexico raises five hundred Mexican Volunteers and places them
+    under the Command of Colonel St. Vrain--Colonel Fauntleroy
+    placed in Command of all the Forces--Kit Carson is chosen
+    as Chief Guide--The Campaign commenced--The Trail found--The
+    Indians are met and the first Fight and its Consequences--An
+    Excitement in Camp--The Indians again overtaken--The return
+    to Fort Massachusetts--Intense Cold Weather experienced--The
+    Second Campaign--Colonel Fauntleroy surprises the Main Camp
+    of the Enemy--The War and Scalp Dance broken up--Terrible
+    Slaughter of the Indians--The Great Amount of Plunder taken
+    and destroyed--Another small Party of Indians surprised and
+    routed--St. Vrain equally fortunate in his Campaign--The
+    Indians sue for Peace--The Council held and Treaties
+    signed--Kit Carson opposes the making of them--The poor
+    Protection Indian Treaties usually afford to Settlers--Kit
+    Carson's House at Taos and his Indian Friends--His Attachment
+    for his Family put to the test--Cowardice of a Mexican--Kit
+    Carson's Friends as they look upon him--His influence over
+    Indians--General remarks--Conclusion.
+
+
+The Muache band of Utahs, under their renowned Chief Blanco, after
+trading for all the powder and lead which they required, joined the
+Apaches and commenced the war in earnest. They waylaid and murdered
+travelers on the roads, attacked towns, killed and made prisoners the
+people who inhabited them, and became so formidable that for a length
+of time everything was at their mercy. They lost no opportunity in
+showing their power and in possessing themselves of the finest herds
+of horses, mules, cattle and sheep within their reach.
+
+This Chief Blanco is a man who stands in his moccasins about five feet
+nine inches. He is rather thickset but, to use an Indian phrase, he
+is straight as an arrow. The chief attraction about this Indian is his
+head, which is finely developed. His lustrous black eye is filled with
+animation and shows an active brain, which, unfortunately, is turned
+to bad account. His forehead is lofty, yet it is symmetrically
+chiselled, and every feature about his face is as regular as if it
+had been carved for sculptured perfection. Blanco is a man who, in any
+sphere of life, would have become most certainly distinguished;
+and, under the influence of education, he might have risen even
+to greatness. In his present unreclaimed state, he shows to a
+disadvantage.
+
+It is within my province fully to attest to the earnestness, the
+savageness and the brutality with which these Indians commenced this
+contest. I was then stationed in their country and came very near
+being one of their first victims. The circumstances of this narrow
+escape happened as follows. For a considerable length of time the
+post to which I was then attached, was kept in a constant state of
+excitement by receiving authentic accounts, daily, of murders
+and robberies committed by the Indians. While these events were
+transpiring, the officers and soldiers were anxious to take the field
+in order that they might punish the perpetrators of the crimes; but,
+as the force of the Indians was, numerically speaking, very strong,
+therefore it required, in order to insure success, a well organized
+command to match them and checkmate their plans at once. It required
+time and much labor for the officers in charge of the military
+district to arrange and complete their plans. Every man who left our
+post ran the risk of losing his life; for, the enemy kept an eye on
+the road which led away from it to the principal towns of New Mexico,
+as often there was rich booty, for them to obtain, passing over it.
+Notwithstanding this critical state of affairs, express duty had to be
+performed, and it required brave men for the task. There were present,
+however, those who stood ready to volunteer to execute all express
+orders. Before proceeding with our own case, we will illustrate these
+critical times. It was necessary to dispatch an expressman to Fort
+Union. This post, from Fort Massachusetts, was one hundred and fifty
+miles distant. The ever faithful Mexican, Armador Sanchez, was then
+attached to Fort Massachusetts as a hunter and interpreter. On account
+of extensive experience with the habits and customs of the hostile
+Indians, Armador was selected to perform this dangerous mission. In
+his usually quiet manner, this noble hunter soon prepared himself for
+the undertaking. By using every precaution, he reached his point of
+destination in safety. Having finished up his business, he instantly
+began his homeward-bound journey. While on the rough trail which leads
+from Fort Union to Taos, he came near being surprised and captured by
+the enemy, under the following circumstances. Armador had selected
+the night as the safest time to travel; and, as it was quite dark, in
+order to pick out his way and prevent his growing sleepy by riding, he
+traveled on foot and led his animal. He had made good progress on his
+journey when suddenly his hunter-trained ear detected a noise on ahead
+of him which sounded like the rolling of stones down the side of
+the hills, over which the trail ran. He stopped and listened more
+attentively. This time he was certain that he was not deceived, and
+thought that he could hear voices singing Indian war songs. This was
+convincing proof to him that danger was near at hand; therefore he
+turned off from the trail and led his animal as high up the steep
+hill as he could, where, fortunately, he found sufficient under-brush,
+aided by the darkness of the night, to conceal himself from view.
+Hardly had he taken up this position when the noises suddenly became
+very distinct. The Indians, while following the trail, had made a turn
+round a bluff and were almost beneath him. Now the hunter felt his
+situation to be most precarious, for, should his mule bray, as these
+animals are apt to do when others are approaching, his own life would
+have to pay the forfeit; but, to prevent this, Armador held the mule's
+nostrils firmly with his hands and otherwise drew off the animal's
+attention by various gentle manipulations bestowed upon him. He
+saw the outlines of the Indians as they passed along in single file
+beneath him and estimated them to be at least twenty strong. Had these
+savages known that a victim was so close by, they would have made
+short work of him; but, before they could have killed him, it is safe
+to affirm that Armador Sanchez would have had a companion with whom
+to draw in his last breath. Fortunately affairs took a better turn and
+the expressman finished his journey without further trouble.
+
+To return to my own case--I was obliged to visit Taos. As an escort, I
+was allowed one faithful and brave soldier. We traveled together over
+the first half of our journey, and as we had considered, far the most
+dangerous part, in perfect safety. At the Mexican town of Costillo,
+after our day's ride, we rested for the night. Our fears of meeting
+Indians were now almost dispelled; but still, we took the precaution
+to question the Mexicans of the town in regard to their knowledge of
+their whereabouts. In reply we were invariably answered that no fresh
+signs had been discovered and that intercourse was both safe and free
+for the remainder of our route. By the first appearance of daylight
+on the following morning we were up and preparing for our journey, and
+but a little time elapsed before we were leisurely traveling along on
+the main road. We had left the town but a few miles behind us when
+the morning sun began to make its appearance in all his splendor. The
+country through which we were journeying was prairie land, and was
+bounded on either side by lofty and picturesque mountains, and the
+distance of the one range from the other was considerable, but yet
+could fully be taken in by the eye almost at a single view. As we rode
+along, we were amusing ourselves admiring the beauty of the morning,
+and especially directed our attention to the rising of the sun. All at
+once, just as we had reached a high plateau of land, the soldier
+made the discovery of a flock of sheep at a great distance off on
+the prairie. They appeared to be moving under rather suspicious
+circumstances. We reined up our horses, for the purpose of obtaining
+a better observation. What puzzled us, was the dim figures of,
+apparently, mounted men, who were moving at great speed from one point
+of the band of sheep to another, as if hurrying them along. After
+taking a searching look, we came to the conclusion that the horsemen
+which we saw were hostile Indians, as we had not been accustomed to
+see Mexican herders mounted and acting so strangely.
+
+The herders, near the towns in New Mexico, are usually small boys, who
+are under the surveillance of one or two men stationed near by. When
+the Apaches and Utahs steal these herds they always take the young
+herders along in order to look after the property in their mountain
+retreats. They rarely mortally injure these boys, for they say that
+it is against their own interest to do so; but instead, they prefer to
+save their lives, so that they may be useful in guarding other flocks
+which, perchance, may fall into their hands. Most of these youthful
+prisoners in time make their escape; and, after a series of hardships,
+return safe to their homes. Many Mexicans can give such adventures of
+their early experience, but scarcely one of them can recall a single
+kind act shown them by their captors save the mere sparing of their
+lives.
+
+As we were viewing the herd, we thought that we noticed the figures of
+the horsemen throwing themselves from one side to the other of their
+horses, as if very busily employed in frightening the sheep. We now
+held a council, and decided that our best policy was to quit the main
+road, as it was crooked, and make a straight march across the prairies
+for the town of Red River, which was located about twenty miles in our
+advance. It was our opinion, which afterwards proved to be correct,
+that, if the Indians were stealing the stock belonging to the town of
+Costillo, they were also engaged in attacking the place itself. For,
+while a strong party were engaged in drawing off the attention of
+the people, another would be driving off the cattle, sheep, etc. To
+return, therefore, would be almost certain death; so, at a full gallop
+we commenced our direct course. As the sage bushes were thick and high
+and the ground much broken by various kind of holes, we soon found
+that we had our hands full in managing our horses. We had hardly
+started afresh before our eyes were attracted to one side of us; and
+in the direction of the Rio del Norte, which runs through the
+valley, saw, what we at first considered to be, antelope; but which,
+afterwards, proved to be Indians in pursuit of us. As we watched
+closely these supposed antelope; we remarked that they kept in Indian
+file, and that the course they were on would diagonally intercept
+our own point of the compass. We began now to suspect that the white
+appearance assumed by these objects was owing to the strong sunlight
+which dazzled our eyesight, and struck on the dressed side of buffalo
+robes, and that in these robes were concealed human beings who had
+formed the determination to have our scalps.
+
+During the cold weather, most of the Indians who dwell in the country
+adjacent to the Rocky Mountains, and especially those living on the
+eastern side of them, wear buffalo robes with the fur next to their
+bodies. These robes serve the double purpose of shirts or coats, and
+a covering by night. The wearers make them fast around the waist, and,
+in the heat of the day, they are allowed to fold over and hang down;
+but, as the cool air of the evening comes on, they are wrapped around
+the head and body, something after the Spanish fashion of wearing
+a cloak. The Indians, frequently, for the purpose of decoying their
+enemies into battle, go out on the prairies, and by turning the fur
+side of these robes out, and covering their persons, having previously
+assumed a half bent position, imitate the Simon Pure buffalo while in
+the act of grazing. In order to keep up the ruse, they move about
+with a rocking motion. When taken for the buffalo, which frequently
+happens, they are enabled to gain an advantage in approaching a party
+or village which they wish to attack. The Cheyenne Indians are very
+partial to loose sack-coats which are made out of white blankets. To
+these coats a hood is attached, which is thrown over the head at the
+wearer's pleasure. In addition to this, during the winter season, they
+also resort to the buffalo robe. The squaws of the various tribes
+of Indians on the plains are well versed in the art of tanning and
+dressing buffalo hides. They frequently ornament them with beads,
+porcupine quills and rude paintings. In times long since gone
+by, these robes could be purchased, or rather traded for, at good
+bargains; but, the unlimited and increasing demand for them has
+greatly enhanced their value. Now days they bring standard prices.
+
+Being satisfied that the Indians were in pursuit of us, we carefully
+guided our horses, at the same time using our spurs freely and keeping
+them at their maximum speed. As the Indians drew nearer, we could
+see distinctly that they were urging on their animals. Our safety,
+therefore, depended entirely on outriding them. The race became most
+exciting, and demanded the greatest caution, for we well knew, that
+one misstep made by either of our horses, would prove fatal to the
+rider. We had decided, on commencing the race, that neither of us
+should fire a shot except as a last resort, and that we should do
+it only on the principle of man for man. While putting our horses to
+their speed, our weapons were held in our hands and kept ready for
+instant service. The most dangerous point was that at which the two
+trails would inevitably intersect. To gain this place in advance of
+our savage enemies, all our hopes now centered. For twelve miles we
+dashed along, laboring under a state of suspense not to be easily
+forgotten. When, at last, we arrived at the desired point, we were
+only about two hundred yards in the advance of our savage pursuers;
+still, we felt that our lives, for the time being, were saved, and
+accordingly breathed a prayer to the Almighty in thanks for our
+deliverance thus far. The pace now became tremendous; and here our
+grain-fed horses proved to be too much (and their powers of endurance
+were fully put to the test), for the grass-fed ponies of the Indians.
+After a short run, the savages saw that the advantage belonged to us,
+consequently soon after they halted. We, however, kept steadily, but
+with slackened speed, on our course, fearing that some accident might
+change the happy turn of affairs in their favor. On finding themselves
+thwarted in their designs, the Indians fired two or three shots at us,
+but even these final compliments did not, to use nautical phraseology,
+make us "heave to." We reached the settlement of the Red River in good
+season, and concluded that we had traveled the distance in about as
+brief a space of time as it ever had been accomplished either before
+or since our adventure. Our horses were so used up by this race that
+we were obliged to exchange them for fresh ones, on which we finished
+our journey without further annoyance. The Indians, in this incursion
+stole five thousand sheep, besides other property from the Costillo,
+and killed two men who were traveling behind us and on the same
+road. When the bodies of these men were discovered, one of them had a
+mouthful of bullets, which he had evidently put there in order that he
+might drop them into his rifle as he should require them, and not be
+obliged to be delayed in taking them from his ammunition pouch; but,
+evidently, before he could have used more than one from this supply,
+he was shot dead.
+
+It cannot be denied but that this outbreak on the part of the Indians,
+and its subsequent outrages, was the result of mismanagement; and, it
+is but justice to the reputation of Kit Carson to assert, that it was
+no fault of his that affairs had terminated so disastrously. He had
+used every means which human skill could devise to allay the anger of
+the Indians. Had his superiors in power acted with the same discretion
+and judgment, in all probability the Utahs might have been kept at
+peace. It is wonderfully strange that our Government will persist
+in placing at the head of Indian affairs men who are not practically
+acquainted with Indian habits, which can only be learned by a long
+life passed upon the frontiers. If it was a matter where dollars and
+cents alone were to be estimated, it might be different; but where
+valuable lives are legitimately exposed, it seems to us morally wrong
+to give the control of tribes of wild men to politicians, who are
+liable to make all kinds of mistakes, and in whom the Indians will not
+repose the least confidence. It is because such appointments are
+made that, in a great measure, the troubles with these border Indians
+arise; and many is the section of country in western America, where
+apparently the reward for taking a white man's scalp is a blazing red
+or a sky blue blanket, which is paid under the plea of keeping the
+peace. This, too, when efficient means and decided measures are the
+only hopes of a lasting peace.
+
+[Illustration: FORT MASSACHUSETTS, NEW MEXICO, IN 1855.]
+
+While engaged in our travels through the far West, we remember to have
+met with an Indian agent who was, both in years and experience, but
+a mere boy. To him had been intrusted the affairs of a large tribe,
+notorious in the country where they reside, as being great thieves.
+These Indians had so little respect for their agent, that they would
+openly boast of the crimes which they had committed, in his very
+presence. Not only this, but, on horses stolen from the neighboring
+settlers, they would ride by him, thus defying his power. The
+settlers were loud in their complaints against the Government for thus
+neglecting to protect them, and sending them a block of wood for a
+king. The young man of whom we speak, bore an exemplary character,
+but it was plainly and painfully apparent, that he was, in no way
+whatever, fitted for the office he held, and which he had attained
+through the influence of powerful political friends. This is but
+a fair example by which many of the so-called Indian agents may be
+rated, who are the actual managers of Indian affairs on our frontiers.
+
+The Utahs and the Apaches, having now openly combined, met with such
+success in their endeavors to attack the whites, that, during the
+course of a few months, they overran almost the entire northern part
+of the territory of New Mexico. They utterly defied the power of the
+American Government; and, whenever the opportunity offered, boasted to
+the Mexicans "that they no longer stood in fear of the white man."
+The subsequent cruel and barbarous crimes of which they were guilty,
+clearly demonstrated that they had become greatly elated by their
+success. It soon became apparent that, unless checked, they would
+exterminate the population and burn or otherwise destroy their
+settlements.
+
+At this time, it was only by running great risk, that the whites could
+leave their towns and go to the neighboring mountains, for the purpose
+of obtaining even a little firewood. Working parties were daily
+surprised and murdered; women and children were carried into bondage,
+and reserved for a worse fate, and all kinds of business were
+receiving a check, which was becoming ruinous to the country. It was
+even greatly feared, that the boldness of the savages would carry them
+so far as to make them attack Fort Massachusetts. To give them a warm
+reception, should they dare undertake that enterprise, the post was
+strengthened, by cutting down and removing everything which might, in
+the least, tend to aid the Indians, and give them a cover which they
+so much like when fighting; all the trees and brush about the post
+were cut away. Breastworks were thrown up on the block-house attached
+to the fort, so that the soldiers could be well protected in case of
+emergency. In these, sentinels were posted, and the strength of the
+guard doubled and greater vigilance exacted. Haystacks were removed to
+a safe place, for fear they would be fired by the enemy. The sentinels
+were ordered to cry out every half hour of the night while on their
+posts, and no man was allowed to approach after the shades of night
+came on, without giving the countersign. It proved to be well that
+these precautions were taken; for, on the neighboring mountains,
+Indian watch-fires were seen nightly; and, on several mornings,
+Indian moccasin tracks were discovered in close proximity to the
+fort, showing thereby that the enemy was watching and waiting for a
+favorable opportunity to strike a sudden and overwhelming blow upon
+the garrison within. The savages, no doubt, were deterred from making
+a bold attack by the prompt precautionary measures which had been
+taken by the commander to anticipate their plans. The wagons belonging
+to the fort were sent out after wood under a strong escort, and the
+government herd of beef-cattle, horses and mules, were well protected
+by the soldiery. On one occasion, through a false alarm of Indians,
+the whole command of the post, which numbered less than one hundred
+men, was put in great and sudden commotion. The cause will appear in
+connection with the following circumstances. The party in charge of
+the herd had espied a large cavalcade of men and animals approaching
+them. At the long distance they were off, the strangers resembled
+Indians. The commander of the party, immediately sent an expressman to
+the fort to apprise its occupants of the fact. The drums immediately
+sounded the rally, which caused the men to rush for their arms. They
+quickly fell into their ranks, and the order was given to march.
+Headed by a gallant lieutenant, they dashed out of the fort on a fast
+run, in order to reach and save their property from being captured by
+the enemy. The soldiers were elated at the prospect of having a brush
+with the Indians, and, on an open plain, giving them battle, where,
+notwithstanding the great numbers which would certainly be arrayed
+against them, they felt that they could soundly chastise them. On
+reaching the herd, the soldiers scattered, and were soon prepared to
+commence the skirmish; but, lo! when the strangers drew near enough
+to be discernible, they were recognized as a large party of Mexicans,
+under the command of an American. These people had been absent several
+months on a trading voyage among the Cheyennes and Arrapahoes, and for
+the purpose of returning home in safety, they had formed themselves
+into one body. Their dress was similar to that of the Indians, and
+therefore at the great distance at which they were first discovered,
+it is not strange that such a mistake had been made, especially during
+these dangerous times. The reason of the sudden stationing of the
+soldiers about the herd, the traders easily surmised; hence, on
+drawing near, they began to cry out that they were friends. No set
+of men were ever more disappointed than were these soldiers at this
+unexpected termination of the affair.
+
+Matters eventually arrived at such a crisis that the Governor of the
+Territory, by and with the advice of the commanding general, felt
+obliged to issue a proclamation calling upon the people to volunteer
+for the purpose of defending their lives and property.
+
+The inhabitants of New Mexico promptly responded to this call, by
+flocking to the places designated for them to organize. Out of the
+great number who presented themselves and offered their services,
+there were selected men sufficient to fill six companies, each of
+which, when fully organized, contained eighty mounted men. They had
+the power of electing their own officers, by and with the advice and
+consent of the Governor. These volunteers furnished themselves with
+riding horses. The pay which they were to receive amounted to about
+thirty dollars per month, which was considered very liberal, inasmuch
+as they were provided, in most cases, with arms. Rations were issued
+out to them the same as to the regular army. The willingness which
+the Mexicans exhibited on this occasion to volunteer, does them great
+credit, and clearly proves the fact that they do not always lack in
+courage, but that they are prompt to defend their homes when properly
+disciplined and aided with the means necessary to do so.
+
+It is the opinion of many of the most prominent citizens of the
+Territory of New Mexico, that, if the chastisement of the Indians,
+when it was required, was left to the people themselves, the general
+government only supplying them with money and arms, that peace between
+the two parties would, in a short time, be firmly established on a
+sure and permanent footing.
+
+In giving currency to such opinions, we risk them, with the knowledge
+that the previous experiments made on this policy, which have proved
+unsuccessful in the various older territories belonging to the United
+States, will be brought to bear as potent arguments against such a
+course by a large and powerful opposition. But such facts of Indian
+history are exceptions. Indian history clearly demonstrates the
+proposition, that well-organized volunteers, under able leaders, have
+accomplished more in warfare against the savages than regular troops,
+taking into consideration that the same length of time, which each
+have been engaged in actual service, has given them equal experience.
+The cause of this is plain. These two distinct forces are composed,
+entirely, of different material. The one is made up of frontiersmen
+who thoroughly understand the effective use of the rifle, and a life
+in an Indian country, while the regular soldiers have been, for many
+years back, chiefly foreigners who, as has been heretofore stated,
+have to be taught these things; and, as it very often happens, they
+have never seen one of their enemy until sent out in quest of the
+savages.
+
+As matters usually stand, the Indians are almost the actual, although
+not the nominal, masters of the country. In short, they commit
+excesses whenever it suits them, paying no regard to treaties. This
+has been their habit from time immemorial, and it is found to be a
+difficult task to break them from it. Their minor crimes are allowed
+to accumulate, and when, at last, they are actuated by increasing
+success and consequent boldness, to commit some great and overt
+act, it is noticed and expeditions are sent out against them. These,
+usually, fail to punish the really guilty parties, but instead, they
+recover a small share of the property stolen, and with it the thirst
+for revenge must be satiated. The officers and soldiers do their
+utmost to accomplish something more, and readily meet hardships and
+privations in every shape in order to accomplish the desired end; but,
+their time is too limited rightly and efficiently to perform the
+work; for the campaign must be ended, when in reality it has but just
+commenced. The reason exists in the fact that, those high in authority
+are liable to be called to an account for spending a dollar too much
+in a good cause. Perhaps this state of affairs has been brought about
+by the immense expenses which have attended many of the Indian wars
+in which the United States government has been engaged, when
+mismanagement and paltry results have characterized the acts of
+whole campaigns. This charge cannot, however, reach to the military
+department in which New Mexico is included, for the leading officers
+who have, from time to time, been stationed there, have invariably
+exhibited an unusual amount of discretion and sound judgment, and have
+set examples of military science, promptitude and skill which it might
+be well for others to follow.
+
+Under the existing causes for difficulty and peculiarity of
+circumstances, it is sometimes hazardous to assume the responsibility
+of punishing the hostile Indians as they deserve.
+
+By punishing the Indians we do not wish to impress the reader with the
+idea that they must be collected and butchered, like animals, in order
+to bring them to terms. Milder means serve the same purpose; but, when
+they dig up the hatchet, battles must be fought in which they ought
+to be so closely driven as to cause them to see that it is perfect
+rashness to attack the whites. One victory gained by savages over
+white men so exhilarates their pride that they forget the past and
+believe themselves invincible. In these fights, valuable lives are
+sacrificed, but they are necessary sacrifices for the common good.
+When one tribe is severely chastised, the surrounding Indians hear
+of it, and, becoming alarmed, for a time they behave themselves with
+propriety. This happy state of things will continue until some
+weak move on the part of government officials counteracts this good
+influence, when, misconstruing kind acts for fear, the red men at
+once dig up the tomahawk and boldly march upon the war path, to spill
+innocent blood. Such results often follow when the power is taken from
+the experienced military commanders, and vested in the hands of (often
+the fact) inexperienced superintendents. These men pompously
+invite the Indians to grand councils, where unmeaning speeches are
+manufactured to suit the occasion. Usually when thus summoned, the
+wily savages are delighted to go into council, for, as a rejoinder to
+the many concessions which are easily obtained from them, and which
+they are always ready to make after assuming a little coquetry, they
+receive presents which the superintendent informs them are merely
+tokens of the high appreciation with which they are regarded by their
+Great Father at Washington.
+
+It is the opinion of Kit Carson "that the Territory of New Mexico will
+continue to remain in its present impoverished state during the time
+that the mountain Indians are allowed to run at large. The only true
+remedy" (he says) "for this great evil is to compel the savages to
+form settlements by themselves. Then and there assist and teach them
+to cultivate the soil. In time they will be able to gain a maintenance
+independent of the General Government; and, to a certain extent, they
+will become responsible for their acts."
+
+The people who form the chief population of the territory have so
+often been deprived of their property that it is not strange that they
+have become poverty-stricken and indolent. It is enough to strike down
+the enterprise of any nation to have been so long badly governed, and
+then, without any resources in the way of arms and ammunition, to be
+compelled to beat back hostile Indians. Under the provisions of the
+government of the United States, they are improving, but yet, even
+now, they have not the protection which they require, and should
+receive. In their territory it takes a daring man to venture his
+small capital in raising stock. To be sure, claims are allowed them by
+Congress for the losses by Indian depredations, but these usually fall
+into the hands of speculators, and in reality, assist the people to a
+very trifling extent. It can be said, to their credit, that Mexicans
+bear reverses of fortune with a nonchalance seldom seen among any
+other race. Although generally poor they are as happy and joyous as it
+is possible for human beings to be.
+
+The organization of the Mexican volunteers was made complete by the
+governor of the Territory, who selected as their leader, Mr. Ceran St.
+Vrain of Taos. This gentleman, although he had much important business
+which called his attention elsewhere, immediately expressed his
+willingness to accept the responsible position which, without
+solicitation, had been conferred upon him. The commission received by
+St. Vrain gave him the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Without delay
+he set about the difficult and important work that lay before him,
+bringing to bear upon the details, that sound judgment, gentlemanly
+bearing and ready zeal, which have long characterized the man. He had
+the good fortune to secure the services of Lieutenant Creigg of
+the regular army, whom he appointed one of his aids-de-camp. Having
+completed his staff and other arrangements to place his force upon a
+military basis, he was ready to take the field.
+
+The appointment of St. Vrain as commander of the Volunteers, was
+hailed with delight throughout the territory. His great experience in
+the mountains, his knowledge of the Indian mode of warfare, and the
+respect which the people he was called to command invariably paid him,
+seemed to convince every thinking mind that something more than usual
+was to be accomplished. They felt that the wrongs of their country
+would now be certainly redressed. The sequel will prove that the
+people were not doomed to disappointment.
+
+Early in the month of February, 1855, Col. T.T. Fauntleroy of the
+First Regiment of United States Dragoons arrived in Taos from Fort
+Union, New Mexico.
+
+Fort Union is the first post met with on entering the Territory of New
+Mexico from the east. It lies on the Santa Fe road usually traveled
+by parties when crossing the plains, and is about one hundred miles
+distant from the capital. The site of this fort, at the first view, is
+bold and picturesque, as it is located near the west side of a
+broad valley, which is continuous with the open prairies. The houses
+composing the fort are built mostly of logs; and, as there are quite a
+number of them, the post has the appearance of a small settlement. The
+soil about is sandy, and the place being exposed, it suffers when
+the high winds spring up. This fort is usually garrisoned by several
+companies of soldiers.
+
+As it has such free access to the mail communication with the States,
+it is, comparatively speaking, quite a desirable fort for an officer
+to be stationed at. The difficulty of procuring fuel for the fort, and
+also other necessary articles, is the great objection to the present
+location, but its importance more than counterbalances these;
+therefore, the post will probably be kept up either where it is, or in
+the immediate vicinity, for many years to come. Colonel Fauntleroy had
+received orders from the Department General to proceed to the town of
+Taos and take command of the entire expedition. The little force had
+been made as powerful as the resources of the country would permit.
+The Mexican Volunteers, soon after their enrollment, purchased
+woolen shirts and felt hats, the color of which, in each company, was
+similar; this fact, with a little drilling, gave them quite a military
+appearance. Never were men prouder of the position they now held than
+the volunteers under consideration; and a more daring and expert band
+of horsemen has been seldom collected. So pleased were they at being
+recognized as soldiers, that they could not, when afterwards marching
+through their own towns, resist the temptation of jocosely taunting
+their countrymen whom they chanced to meet, for being obliged to till
+the ground. We have before said that these men were mounted. At first
+sight it would appear as though they would soon be on foot, for their
+horses appeared to be in a sad plight for so severe a campaign as
+that which lay before them. As has often occurred before, looks are
+frequently deceptive. In this instance, it was found to be the case;
+for, no sooner did these hardy ponies reach the mountains than their
+wonderful powers of endurance began to be exemplified. When the noble
+dragoon horses began to droop from hunger and overwork, these little
+fellows were fresh and strong as the day they started. The reason of
+this was that the Mexican horses were well versed in taking care of
+themselves, and when the snow fell and prevented their having
+free access to the dry grass beneath, they were not in the least
+disconcerted; for, with the aid of their fore feet, they readily
+pawed the snow away and thus obtained full rations; but, their more
+enlightened rivals did not fully understand this science, and, owing
+to a want of proper nourishment, their strength would fail gradually
+until finally they broke down.
+
+The only real inconvenience under which the ponies seemed to labor,
+arose from tender feet, for, the rocky trails in the mountains rapidly
+wore away, and broke off their hoofs. This continued, so that at last,
+reaching the matrix of these horny growths, their feet became very
+sensitive. Many of the Mexicans had taken the precaution to guard
+against this, before leaving the towns and military posts which lay on
+their route. They had obtained horse-shoes, with which they shod
+the ponies. We remember seeing a large party of them thus engaged as
+blacksmiths. It was at night; while some held burning torches, others
+were busy with hammers, stones and hatchets in applying all sorts and
+sizes of horse and mule shoes, with which they were content, provided
+they approached the diameters of the hoofs to which they were to be
+nailed. Strange to say, this rough work answered the purpose, and but
+few, if any, of the animals so shod, went lame. After the command had
+got under full headway, if any of these ponies became so tender in
+their feet as to be able to travel only with great difficulty,
+their riders resorted to other expedients for relieving them. When
+practicable, they obtained the fresh hides of the beef cattle as they
+were killed, and, binding the material around the injured feet, and
+making it fast about the fetlocks, they allowed it to dry on. In the
+morning, thus protected, the horse could journey on. It is customary
+regularly to shoe these ponies only on the fore feet, as the weight
+of the animal's head and neck, together with that of the rider, comes
+harder on these hoofs and causes them, when traveling over sharp
+rocks, to wear away quickly. It seldom happens that the hind feet
+become tender. The Indians cannot understand the policy of this,
+and one of them philosophizing on the subject, while visiting the
+blacksmith's shop attached to a military post, made the remark in
+Spanish, after apparently having been for some little time engaged in
+a deep study, "that it was not right." Said he, "The horse, with
+his eyes, can see where to put his fore feet when traveling over bad
+places, but he cannot do this with those behind; therefore, you
+white men ought to put the moccasins there." The Mexicans had so much
+confidence in the powers of endurance of their ponies while out on
+this campaign, that they hesitated not to run them on races, whenever
+circumstances and the site of the camp would permit such pastime. The
+only training required for these trials of speed, consisted in the
+rider foregoing the pleasure of riding for a day or two, in order
+to allow his horse to recruit. As their walking did not in the least
+interfere with the order of the march, they of course were permitted
+to race as they pleased, for their services on the march are just as
+valuable on foot.
+
+Col. Fauntleroy's command, when completed, consisted of four companies
+of Mexican volunteers, two companies of dragoons, one company of
+artillery who were performing duty as a rifle corps, and one company
+of spies. The two remaining companies of volunteers were dispatched
+to exposed towns on the remote frontiers in order to protect them. The
+artillery company was the only one on foot; but the soldiers who then
+composed it were known from actual experiment to be more than a match
+for the horses in traveling when the party should reach and penetrate
+the mountains. Col. Fauntleroy engaged the services of Kit Carson as
+his chief guide, and, having arranged all of his plans necessary for a
+vigorous campaign, he set out upon its execution.
+
+The command proceeded at first one hundred miles due north to Fort
+Massachusetts, which was to be their depot. Without delay they left
+this post and proceeded, encountering snow-storms and severe cold
+weather. The mercury of the thermometer, for most of the time, ranged
+several degrees below zero. They marched to the Rio Grande del Norte,
+and thence, on up this river to where it makes its exit through a deep
+canon from the mountains. It was, as will be remembered by the reader,
+on the head-waters of this last-mentioned stream, that Col. Fremont,
+while engaged in his last great exploring expedition, met with severe
+reverses, in which several of his men lost their lives from exposure,
+hunger, etc., while he, and the remainder of his party, barely escaped
+the same fate.
+
+While passing over this point of his journey, Col. Fauntleroy sent out
+as an advance party the company of spies. Their duty was to seek for
+fresh Indian trails. On reaching the mouth of the canon of this river,
+the main portion of the soldiers halted for a short time while their
+trailers penetrated the mountains in search of the much desired Indian
+signs. During this resting spell, an incident occurred which, for an
+hour or two, created some little stir and excitement among part of
+the men present. A large Newfoundland dog belonging to an officer had,
+accidentally, been allowed to follow the soldiers. By his pranks and
+his good disposition he had become a general favorite among them.
+While attempting to drink, this animal lost his foot-hold on the ice
+and slipped into the swift current of the river, which was partially
+frozen over. The dog at once attempted to extricate himself, but with
+all his efforts he could do no more than stem the flood, making no
+progress against it. His situation was very precarious, for, should
+his strength begin to give out, he was certain to be carried under the
+ice and lost. The sympathies of the men were soon well awakened in his
+behalf, and many plans were devised to rescue him, but they all proved
+abortive until, at last, a Mexican approached him with a lasso, and
+after making several vain attempts, succeeded finally in encircling
+the dog's head with the slip noose. On tightening the rope he found
+that he had the animal firm, and soon dragged him from his perilous
+position.
+
+The spies were not long in discovering a trail made by the Indians, to
+which they led the main portion of the command. This trail had been
+so frequently used of late by the Indians in driving stolen bands
+of sheep and cattle over it, that it was now a well-trodden road and
+therefore there was no difficulty in keeping on it at all hours of the
+day and night.
+
+Being accustomed to perform his duty carefully, and, at the same time,
+to use dispatch, the Colonel, in the course of a few days, led his
+party to the entrance of the Saquachi Pass, which is the great natural
+opening in the mountains that bound, on the west, the valley of San
+Luis. As they approached the mouth of the pass, the men were traveling
+close under the hills, therefore, on coming to it, and in order to
+follow it up, it was necessary to turn off almost at a right angle.
+The spies, as was usual when the command was on the march, were
+considerably in the advance. They had hardly entered the pass and had
+just reached the summit of a knoll which lay in their path, and which
+had hitherto prevented their seeing up the valley, when, all at once,
+the long looked for Indians were presented to their view. They were
+but a short distance off, and as if surprised at thus so suddenly
+discovering each other, both parties halted. During this state of
+suspense, the white men noticed that the Indians were arrayed in
+their war costume, showing that they were bound on another plundering
+expedition. Everything went to show that the visit which the white men
+were making to their mountain haunts was unexpected by the red men.
+
+The Indians quickly recovered from their astonishment and began to
+form in line of battle by spreading themselves out across the
+valley. They were evidently emboldened by the small force with which,
+apparently, they had to contend, and felt certain that a victory would
+be both easy and sure. Having taken their position, Blanco, their
+chief, was easily recognized by the red woolen shirt which he wore. He
+was busy, riding along in front of his warriors, occasionally stopping
+to give some command. As they were near enough so to do, the Indians
+opened a warfare of small talk, in the Spanish language. They charged
+their adversaries with being afraid to advance, or to use their
+expressive words, the Americans were as cowardly as squaws. To these
+taunts no reply was made; but to keep up the decoy, the few soldiers
+who were exposed to view, remained stationary, while word was passed
+to the rear of what was transpiring in the advance. Thus several
+minutes passed by; but they were not thrown away. During this time,
+most of the dragoons and volunteers were relieving themselves of
+such extra luggage as overcoats, blankets, etc.; saddle girths were
+tightened and weapons put in order for immediate use. The Indians were
+finely mounted, and about two hundred and fifty strong; and, as their
+wild career had gone so long unchecked, their bravery was aroused to
+its highest pitch. All things being in readiness, the bugles sounded
+the command to charge, when away dashed the gallant soldiers, eager
+for the affray, and each trying to be foremost in the fight. As they
+came bounding over the knoll before spoken of, the Indians began
+to see the delusion under which they had been laboring, and at once
+turned to fly, but not in time to escape, for the soldiers were soon
+among them and with their revolvers and small arms were fast thinning
+their ranks and sending many a brave to his final home. A running
+fight ensued, which was continued up the valley for about eight miles,
+when a majority of the Indians gained the mountains and made good
+their escape. The chase was a splendid affair to behold, and many
+feats of horsemanship were performed that would be difficult to excel.
+Among the foremost in this skirmish was, as the reader might readily
+imagine, Kit Carson. The pursuit was continued far into the mountains
+and was only given over when night came on. The soldiers then retired
+to their reserve-guard, who had established a camp on a small stream
+which runs through the centre of the pass, where their pack animals
+and stores could be easily guarded. During this exciting fight,
+several of the soldiers were slightly wounded. With this exception,
+the command came out of the skirmish unharmed. On the side of the
+Indians, affairs in this respect were quite different. Their blood had
+well sprinkled the battle-ground, and several of their swarthy forms
+were stretched out at full length, sleeping that sleep that knows no
+wakening, except it be at the final judgment day. Had it not been that
+most of the Indians, as is usually the case with them when in action,
+were tied on their horses, this number would have been augmented. The
+bloody trails that were afterwards found in the mountains, went
+to prove that many of the wounds given to the escaped Indians were
+mortal, and, while their horses were carrying them from the danger,
+they themselves were sinking from furious hemorrhage. Early in the
+pursuit, a fine warrior was thrown from his horse. As he had been
+crippled by a ball, he could not recover himself and make off. For
+some time he lay alone and neglected, but when the rear guard came
+along they noticed that he was playing a game by pretending to
+be dead; but he had closed his eyes too firmly for a man in that
+condition, and this fact attracted the notice of the passers-by. A
+Mexican raised his rifle and fired at the brave; but the bullet only
+served to cause another flesh wound. This so irritated the would-be
+dead, savage, that, seizing his lance which lay by his side, he
+attempted to reach and kill his adversary with it; but, others coming
+up, he was soon dispatched.
+
+While this running fight was in progress, the author met with an
+adventure which came near costing him his life. It was my duty to
+follow the charging soldiers in order to be near at hand to render
+professional services to the wounded, should there be any. I was
+mounted on a mule, and when the dragoon horses started off, he became
+frightened and unmanageable. I soon found that this mule lacked the
+speed of the former animals, hence he was in a short time left far
+behind, but not until he had fallen and thrown me into a thrifty bed
+of prickly pears, the thorns of which did not, in the least, save me
+from being hurt. On regaining my feet, I found that my injuries were
+but slight, and that I still retained my bridle rein, therefore
+I quickly regained my seat in the saddle and started on again,
+remembering the old proverb, which says, "All is fair in war." While
+riding on, I was joined by a soldier whose horse had broken down in
+the charge. As we now advanced together, our route led us by some
+large sand hills, behind which several Indians had sought refuge,
+when hotly pursued. Seeing that they had been overlooked during the
+excitement of the moment, they remained quiet until we came along,
+when they made a dash at us and commenced firing their arrows in
+fine-style. We returned their volleys with our revolvers, but, whether
+we produced any result further than preventing their coming too
+near, it is difficult to say. Several of their arrows came in close
+proximity to our bodies, and one struck, the soldier's horse in the
+neck and wounded a main artery, which bled, for a time, furiously. As
+danger was thick about them, the Indians soon left us to effect their
+own escape; when, we halted and attended to the wounded horse, whose
+life we were so fortunate as to save, by putting a ligature about the
+bleeding vessel.
+
+The night succeeding the day on which this fight occurred, with a
+single exception, passed by quietly. A soldier, who lay near the
+centre of the camp, had retired to rest, perhaps impressed with the
+belief that he and his comrades would be attacked by the Indians
+before morning; this train of thought had led him into dreams of
+war, and while reveling in them, he imagined that danger was at hand.
+Suddenly starting up, and seizing his rifle, he fired at random. His
+bullet came near striking a Mexican sentinel who was on duty, and who
+was making his rounds. The sentinel was very naturally startled by
+this unaccountable noise in the camp, and supposing that the Indians
+had, unobserved, crept within the lines, he returned the compliment
+by discharging his piece in the direction of the supposed danger.
+The report of these firearms had the effect of arousing the entire
+command. The men were quickly on their feet and ready for active
+service. In the confusion which ensued, several more rifles were
+fired, but fortunately no harm was done, and as soon as the cause
+of the trouble was explained, quietness and order was promptly
+established.
+
+At the break of day, on the next morning, the soldiers were up and
+preparing for their march. The Indians had, on this morning, made
+fires, and even presented themselves to view on the mountains, but
+they were few in number, and it was well known that this was only a
+ruse to allure the white men to the wrong trail, while their families
+should have time to escape in the contrary direction; hence, but
+little notice was taken of these demonstrations.
+
+Col. Fauntleroy here determined to relieve himself of all drawbacks
+which should in the least tend to prevent his now giving full chase
+to the Indians. Accordingly, he left his baggage and provision train
+under escort of the foot company and quartermaster men, the whole
+being placed under the command of Lieutenant Lloyd Beall, of the
+Second Regiment U.S. Artillery, with instructions to meet him at an
+appointed rendezvous in the Wet Mountain Valley. It required but a
+short search by his guide, Kit Carson, and his spies, to put him on
+the right trail taken by the main portion of the enemy. When it was
+found, the pursuit was resumed and kept up vigorously. Late and
+early, the soldiers followed on this trail, and although the Indians
+purposely led them over the worst conceivable routes, yet they gained
+nothing substantial by it. On one occasion, when the men were pushing
+on as fast as possible, their advance guard surprised three Indians,
+one of them a woman, while they were leisurely watering their ponies.
+These Indians attempted to fly, and succeeded in making a good run for
+about four miles, but, at the end of that distance, two of them were
+overtaken. A Mexican, who was mounted on a very swift horse, was the
+first to come up with the savages. He fired and brought the woman to
+the ground. Quickly dismounting, he made a trophy of her scalp. The
+other Indian, being arrested by a slight wound, was made a prisoner.
+On questioning him, it was found that they all belonged to one family.
+The man who had made his escape, was the husband of the woman who was
+killed, while the prisoner was her brother. These Indians had heard
+nothing of the recent fight in the _Saquachi Pass_, and, had the
+soldiers dropped down from the heavens, they could not have been
+more surprised at thus unceremoniously meeting them. It was very much
+regretted by those present that this Indian woman had lost her life;
+but, as she was dressed in the disguise of a man, her sex could not
+be recognized. There are many of our readers who will perhaps censure
+this Mexican for his barbarous action of scalping a human being, but
+it must be remembered that the education of his people is different
+from our own. The taking of Indian scalps for a long time has been
+authorized by the Mexican Government, as a means of lessening
+their savage enemies, and handsome premiums have been offered as an
+inducement to obtain them. In the case of this Mexican, there were
+extenuating circumstances which, if they did not warrant such a cruel
+act, yet they rendered him somewhat excusable. He had recently lost
+a near and dear relative by the hands of these same Indians, and the
+appearance of this mangled body was still fresh in his memory, making
+him to thirst for revenge. It must not be supposed for a moment that
+the commanding officer of this expedition had sanctioned such a mode
+of procedure, for, he had no knowledge of the matter until after it
+had been ended. It was not within his province to preach humanity to a
+people who had been so greatly outraged by savages. He came to punish
+and not to intercede for wild men who had long been a terror to the
+surrounding country, and upon whom, in order to reconcile them, every
+kind act had been expended in vain.
+
+It may possibly be asked whether or no a man, who has simply lost his
+scalp, can recover. In reply we can safely say that without any other
+wound, and under favorable circumstances, with good care the sufferer
+stands a chance of being restored to health. There was a man who
+formerly was living and working at his trade as a blacksmith in Santa
+Fe, who, in a fight with the Camanches while crossing the plains, was
+wounded by a lance and then scalped. After a long period of suffering
+this person entirely recovered, although the cicatrix of the wound
+was ever afterwards a source of annoyance to him, compelling him
+continually to wear a skull-cap made of oiled silk. The size of the
+scalp, as usually taken off by the Indians, varies. Sometimes they
+remove only the back covering of the head. At other times they cut off
+the whole, running down even with the margin of the ear. When a man
+has died in a manner which the Indians style as "brave"--that is,
+desperately fighting for his life, and never for once showing fear,
+they take two scalps, one from either side of the head. The object of
+this is, to have scalp dances for each, as they consider such a man
+as deserving the fate of two ordinary men. These scalps are often
+stretched, dried, decorated and frequently kept for years as trophies.
+The more scalps a warrior takes, the greater favorite he becomes
+with his tribe; and finally, having obtained a given number, he is
+considered eligible to fill the office of War Chief, provided he has
+other qualifications, such as the power of quickly conceiving the
+right plan on which to act in case of emergency. When a party of
+Indians in the Rocky Mountains have been on a war trail, met the enemy
+and vanquished them, they appoint a brave who is honored as being the
+scalp-bearer. This warrior carries a long pole, to which, at suitable
+distances from each other, the scalps are attached. When the party
+returns to, and enters their own village, this brave is the observed
+of all observers. Eagerly, by the old men, women, and children, these
+bloody trophies are counted, for each of them offers an occasion for
+rejoicing, to be at separate intervals of time. They are, then, each
+synonymous with the phrase, a fete day, and the scalp-bearer is looked
+upon with the same jealous eye which greets the color-bearer of an
+army after having been engaged in some great battle which has proved
+successful to his standard. An Indian will not remove, as a general
+thing, a scalp which contains grey hairs. This he considers to be a
+business fit only for women. The scalp which is to cause a general
+jubilee, on an appointed evening, is attached to the top of a long
+pole, planted in the earth at a suitable place. The warriors who have
+been instrumental in tearing it from the head of its owner, form a
+circle around the pole, outside of which are arranged the spectators.
+By the aid of one drum-stick, the person who has been detailed for
+this duty, keeps up a beating motion on a sort of kettle-drum, the
+noise of which serves the purpose of marking time. The voices of the
+dancers make the music. At first the song is a mere humming sound, but
+after a time, it grows gradually louder, until the participants in the
+dance, being excited to the highest attainable pitch with interest
+in the ceremonies, it becomes terribly hideous. Almost naked, with
+tomahawk and hunting-knife in hand, the warriors imitate the process
+of dispatching and tearing off the scalps of their victims. So excited
+do the dancing savages sometimes become while reveling in these
+fantastical scenes, that they frequently are aroused to a pitch
+which borders on frenzy. The spectators of these sights get so deeply
+interested that it is not an extraordinary matter for them to appear
+as if almost deranged. Their excitement breaks out into exclamations
+of encouragement and applause, until at last they can control
+themselves no longer, and, on their own account, commence making
+bodily demonstrations of joy by jumping about. The scalp dance may
+last an entire night, or until, worn down with fatigue, the actors are
+willing to forego their pleasure and seek rest. The Mexicans on the
+frontiers have fallen into this Indian custom, and they can go into
+the spirit of the scalp dance with a relish which fully equals that
+exhibited by their savage neighbors. This is not true as a general
+rule; but, very many of their people really enjoy these ceremonies.
+
+[Illustration: INDIAN WAR DANCE.]
+
+Colonel Fauntleroy and his men traveled at such a rapid pace, that, in
+the course of a very few days, they succeeded in once more overtaking
+the main village belonging to the enemy. The Indians took refuge in a
+steep and rocky mountain. A skirmishing fight immediately commenced,
+which lasted several hours. During this engagement, a large number of
+the savage warriors were killed, their band completely routed, and the
+inhabitants of the whole village made to scatter in every direction
+in order to save their lives. At first the braves attempted to make a
+stand, but they were driven from rock to rock, until they broke their
+ranks and fled. It was about the time of this crisis, and when they
+were most needed, that the dragoon horses began to break down and die.
+
+The word village has many times appeared in our pages, and as it may
+prove ambiguous to a few of our readers and render them liable to
+confound its meaning with that of a fixed town, we will here stop and
+explain its signification when applied to Indians. An Indian village,
+as understood in border parlance, comprises the lodges, the women,
+children, old men, and such movable property as Indians may chance
+to possess. They are usually found in some safe retreat where the old
+men, women and children stay while the warriors are engaged following
+the hunt or war path. The word has become more generalized since
+it was first given to stationary camps of the savages, and may
+now include any band of Indians traveling with their families and
+property. The village is the home of the red man, where those persons
+and things which he most cherishes, he tries to keep intact and sacred
+from the spoiler's hand. It is also where the Indian allows his
+love, friendship and all the better feelings of his nature to exhibit
+themselves. It is where in early youth he has listened to the legends
+of his tribe, and where he is taught those lessons and forced to
+endure those trials which are to prepare his heart in seeking out
+revenge. It is the place where, as he approaches the age of manhood,
+he takes those steps which are to make for him the reputation of a
+daring hunter and brave warrior. Here he first learns to shoot his
+arrows with precision, and to handle the lance with dexterity. His
+boyish feats in horsemanship, which he daily performs in the village,
+would be witnessed with astonishment by skillful riders. It is here
+that he runs to welcome his father when he returns either from
+the chase or the war path; and, while he listens to the marvellous
+adventures which his sire has encountered, he secretly wishes himself
+a man, so that he can emulate his greatness. In fact, the same
+feelings exist between parent and child with the Indian race, as
+with those who boast of being more civilized. Youth and the vigor of
+manhood, are the golden days with the savage. To be doomed to old age,
+is considered by him to be a punishment. When he is no longer able to
+hunt and seek out his enemy, he loses his desire to live. His life
+is then considered an incumbrance to the camp. The old and infirm,
+therefore, are often willingly deserted, that they may the more
+quickly die. The village is always under the surveillance of men who
+are past the middle age, and who no longer can act out the stirring
+deeds of the warrior. Their experience renders them capable of giving
+good advice, and attending to the less active affairs of the nation.
+They hold the power of restraining the rashness and indiscretion
+of the younger men, therefore they are selected to watch over the
+property of the tribe, while the strong warriors are seeking to
+provide the dependent portion of the band with food, or to revenge
+their real or imaginary wrongs. Order and good fellowship is made to
+prevail in these villages, somewhat similar to the habits found in
+civilized communities, for the passions and evil propensities of all
+men are found to be alike, no matter what differences of education or
+color exist. We find that the Indian tribes have their wise men, whose
+voices are heard and heeded on all occasions. When these villages are
+located, or, to use soldier phrase; when the Indians go into camp,
+care is taken that each lodge shall be placed where it will not
+interfere with the common good. The internal economy of these
+habitations is arranged on a social system which, in many respects,
+is commendable. When one person is poor, generally speaking, the whole
+tribe is found to be so. The herds of horses and mules belonging to
+the tribe, are turned loose in one body as if they were the property
+of one man. If game exists in plenty and danger is not apprehended,
+happiness holds complete sway within these Indian homes. The
+proverbial caution of the red man rarely allows him to be surprised;
+therefore, even in times of peace, he keeps his fleetest horse tied
+at the door of his lodge, so that he may make haste and collect his
+property, and be away before his enemy can harm him. These favorite
+animals are fed by hand. Before trusting his body in sleep, some
+warrior, in whom the tribe repose the utmost confidence, must ascend
+a neighboring eminence, if there chance to be one, and examine the
+country in search of dangers. Parties are always kept out as spies,
+and, at the least appearance of suspicious signs, they become easily
+aroused and vigilant, and if danger really exists, word is immediately
+sent to their village to be ready to move. This is a homely but
+literal interpretation of the term Indian village.
+
+The reader has seen that the dragoon horses gave out before the
+fatigues of the march, while the Mexican ponies performed their tasks
+so admirably and easily.
+
+This was a painful subject to contemplate and one which no man who
+loves the noble horse could wish to witness the second time. The
+dragoon horses, reduced to skeletons from starvation while retaining
+all their natural spirit, with tottering limbs, faithfully tried to
+perform the labor which their riders, seemingly, asked of them. Long
+before the arrival of the time when they could no longer support a
+burden, the soldiers had humanely relieved them from this work and
+were assisting them, by all the means in their power, to reach a haven
+of safety, where food, so essential in restoring their sinking powers
+of life, existed in abundance. As their little remaining strength
+was leaving them, they would exhibit the fact by staggering. Finally,
+breaking down in their hinder legs, they would sink to the ground, but
+not until they had made the effort to drag themselves along with
+their fore feet. To relieve them from their agonies and prevent their
+falling into the hands of the Indians, one by one, they were shot.
+
+When these horses broke down and began to die off, it was decided to
+be best to return to Fort Massachusetts in order to recruit and also
+to allow the Indians an opportunity to concentrate their forces, when
+another effective blow could be struck against them. On his return,
+Colonel Fauntleroy met, at the designated place, Lieutenant Beall,
+who had managed the affairs intrusted to him very much to his credit.
+Having once more consolidated his command, Colonel Fauntleroy retired
+to Fort Massachusetts, which he made, for a time, his head-quarters.
+
+Kit Carson, the guide of this expedition, when afterwards speaking
+of it, says, "During the time our forces were in the field they were
+exposed to the most intense cold weather I ever remember experiencing.
+We were overtaken by several severe snow-storms which came near
+completely using us up."
+
+For the success that had so far attended the labors of this body of
+soldiers, the greatest amount of praise is due to their leader, who
+set a noble example to his men. During those hours when hardships and
+trials came thickest upon the command, all eyes were turned to the
+commander, and, as the result proved, with no lack of confidence. Kit
+Carson's services were found to be invaluable. His long experience
+and untiring energy proved to be one of the best anchors of the goodly
+ship. We should not omit to state, in regard to the severity of the
+cold, that it was early in the morning, just before the break of day,
+that the cold was invariably found to be the most intense. During this
+time, it is the greatest wonder that the Mexicans did not perish, for
+but few of them had more than one blanket as a covering by night, and
+the remainder were but very little better provided for. When wood was
+plenty, and they were allowed so to do, they made large fires and laid
+down near to them to attempt sleep. After about one hour thus spent,
+they were routed out by being nearly frozen. Getting into close
+contact with the fires, they would thaw out and then were ready to
+make another endeavor to repeat the sleeping operation. In this manner
+they managed to live through each night, and on the following day they
+were, apparently, none the worse for wear. A person judging these men
+as he oftentimes sees them during the summer season, basking in the
+sunlight on the sunny side of their houses in New Mexico, would not,
+for an instant, suppose that they could undergo such hardships; and
+yet, they can do so, as the above example sufficiently proves, without
+allowing one murmur of complaint to escape their lips. With the
+regulars, who were amply supplied with blankets and buffalo robes, it
+would appear that they could have obtained sound sleep. But this too
+proved to be almost an impossibility. The heat of the man's body,
+during the early and warmer part of the night, served to melt the icy
+covering of the mother earth just under him. When the cold increased,
+this was again frozen, rendering the portion of the body nearest to
+the ground almost benumbed. By frequently reversing the posture a
+little, some relief from suffering was obtained, but not sufficient to
+reach a degree which could be called comfortable, or, in the least, be
+claimed as desirable. Every member of this expedition can truthfully
+assert that they have experienced a foretaste of what the first
+symptoms of freezing to death must be.
+
+Finally, the command reached Fort Massachusetts, where, in ease and
+plenty, the half starved, half frozen, half used-up men soon forgot
+all their troubles and privations. A few weeks spent at the fort,
+acted like a magic charm in recruiting the men and the remaining
+animals, when they were once more in a fit condition, and, again eager
+to go on the war path, anxiously desiring to surpass the splendid
+deeds of their first tramp.
+
+At the permanent camp, which was made near Fort Massachusetts, the
+Mexican Volunteers, especially, enjoyed themselves hugely. From
+privations of various kinds, to which they had shown themselves to be
+well trained, and which consequently affected them but little, they
+were suddenly placed in a state of comparative comfort and even luxury
+rarely realized at their own homes. They had not much else to do
+beyond guarding their animals and attending to such other minor duties
+as were required by camp duties. Had not their hardy ponies required
+the rest that was now being given them, these troops would have been
+kept in more active service; but, as this could not be, they were
+allowed a respite, which they themselves turned into pleasure. Foot
+races and various athletic games were concocted and played by them,
+making the time pass merrily by. Their discipline and respect for
+their officers had reached a degree seldom, if ever, attained by
+volunteer soldiers, and which, in many respects, could be imitated
+with advantage by regular troops.
+
+But the time soon arrived for the march to be resumed.
+
+At a council held among the chief officers, it was decided that the
+best and surest course to be followed would be to divide the forces
+and send them out in quest of the Indians, as if they were separate
+commands. Thus it might happen that being caught between the two,
+as they were running from danger they would rush into it and receive
+chastisement sufficient to answer all purposes. Acting on this plan,
+Colonel St. Vrain, with most of the Volunteers, was ordered to proceed
+in one direction, while Colonel Fauntleroy, with the main division,
+started in another; while on his route, Colonel Fauntleroy traveled
+close in under the mountains, and kept his men as much concealed as
+possible, making most of his marches by night. He traveled through the
+Valley of San Luis up to its head.
+
+The Valley of San Luis is about one hundred miles in length. Its
+greatest width is fifty miles. On either side, it is bounded
+by snow-capped mountains. The scenery of the valley is very
+prepossessing, being sure to enchant the eye throughout its entire
+length. In the south, the valley is continuous with prairie land,
+which extends down as far as the settlement of Rio Colorado. It is
+well watered by mountain streams and bears the appearance of being an
+excellent farming district; but, the probability is, that its climate
+is too cold for raising crops, and that its true value will be found
+chiefly to consist in using it for grazing purposes. From time to
+time, the Indians have reported that it contains gold mines, but there
+are no authentic proofs that this is a fact.
+
+At one time, the Indians succeeded in making the Mexicans converts
+to the belief in the existence of these mines, as they showed them
+specimens of gold which they affirmed to have been taken from them.
+It was agreed that, for this valuable information, presents, such as
+blankets, horses, and guns, should be made to those Indians who had
+openly proclaimed the good news, provided they could conduct the
+Mexicans to them. A party was formed and started to explore the
+valley, but, as nothing was afterwards heard of their success, and, as
+many of them, to all external appearances, were as poor as ever when
+they returned, it is presumed that they were duped by the Indians. The
+bottom land of the Rio Grande which skirts the southern border of the
+valley of San Luis, is, judging from the luxuriant hay crops which it
+produces, year by year, quite a good farming section; and, no doubt,
+ere long, the Mexicans will there establish a new settlement and thus
+practically demonstrate the use to which this beautiful valley can be
+put.
+
+While passing up the valley of San Luis, Colonel Fauntleroy came to
+the Punchi Pass. This pass is the main opening through the mountains
+which bound the valley of San Luis on the north. The pass itself is
+less than half a mile wide, but yet, it presents some of the grandest
+scenery human eyes ever beheld. The mountains, on either side, are
+not so lofty as their compeers close by, but they are rugged and
+picturesque. Through the pass runs a bold stream, which, at about
+midway (and at this time) was obstructed by a beaver dam, that was so
+scientifically constructed as immediately to attract the attention of
+the entire party. Near to this dam, there is a very large hot spring,
+which is located close under the base of one of the mountain sides,
+and which, under the favorable circumstance of a fine day, lends
+enchantment to the view. The Punchi Pass is but a few miles long and
+leads into a beautiful little valley, called by the Mexicans after the
+same name which is given to the pass.
+
+On arriving at the Punchi Pass, Col. Fauntleroy proceeded on through
+it to the head-waters of the Arkansas river, where, fortunately, a
+fresh trail made by the Indians was found. This trail was followed
+with such assiduity and prudence that the camp of some spies belonging
+to the enemy, and which was in their rear, was passed by the Americans
+one night without their presence being noticed. Early the ensuing
+morning (before the break of day), the main village of the Indians
+was discovered. Its occupants were enjoying a war and scalp dance, and
+their voices, as engaged in the song which usually accompanies
+such festivities, could be heard for a distance of at least a mile.
+Unconscious of danger, they were having a merry time. One can imagine,
+better than can be described, the scene that followed when three
+hundred loaded rifles poured their contents into this crowd. Suffice
+it to say, that among those who survived this terrible retribution,
+the greatest consternation prevailed; but, as a dernier resort, they
+began to fly, when they were hotly pursued by the soldiers. Before
+quitting their late camp, some of the savages had managed to get
+their own rifles, and with them to fire several shots which did some
+execution, as two soldiers were killed and two wounded.
+
+Thus it will be seen that the main village of these Apaches and Utahs
+fell into the hands of the Americans. It proved to be rich in plunder,
+for it contained all their stock of dried buffalo meat, besides other
+provisions. Also several cart-loads of robes, saddles, weapons, ropes,
+skins, blankets, trinkets and camp equipage. Most of this property was
+collected and destroyed by fire, being of little use to the command,
+whose means of conveyance was limited to their own actual wants.
+The number of Indians killed in this surprise has been variously
+estimated, as has been also the number of the red men on the ground
+when the carnage commenced; but all agree that this was the severest
+blow these savages had ever received.
+
+Among the many other objects of curiosity found by the victors, was
+a "Medicine lodge," which had, from appearance, but recently been in
+full blast. It was highly (and to Indian eyes it must have been very
+artistically) decorated, and contained all the emblems and symbols of
+witchcraft. If sickness was to be frightened away, or even coaxed
+to dethrone itself from the afflicted, there was sufficient in this
+temple of the Indian gods, seemingly, to have answered either purpose.
+Some potentate of the magnitude of a great chief had, evidently, but
+a few hours since, been its occupant; for, in his hurry to desert
+the premises, on hearing the music of the white man's rifle, he had
+forgotten his beautiful head-dress of feathers, and other articles
+pertaining to his wardrobe, which designated to the captors his high
+rank. Perhaps, and the surmise may not be far out of the way, this
+chief was suffering from a gun-shot wound inflicted in a recent
+fight by his pale-faced enemy, and having received one of their
+most dangerous potions of lead, he was not anxious for another, and
+therefore made his escape with the activity of a well man.
+
+In this expedition, a company of artillery,[11] who have before been
+described, doing duty as infantry, performed a feat that will compare
+well with anything of the same kind on record. These men, under the
+command of Lieutenant Beall, who shared all the privations of his
+soldiers, marched on foot through a mixture of mud and snow, nearly
+ankle deep, over an uneven country, from the Mosco Pass in the Valley
+of San Luis, to the head-waters of the Arkansas River, a distance
+which is computed at eighty-five miles, in thirty-six hours, including
+all their stoppages. This company had been long celebrated as being
+expert marksmen, therefore, their services were much needed when
+the Indian village was discovered. Although nearly broken down with
+fatigue, yet as soon as the electrifying news of the enemy being so
+near at hand reached them, it seemed to inspire them with new vigor.
+They dashed ahead, and gallantly led the van in this assault which
+terminated so favorably to the side of the Americans.
+
+[Footnote 11: D Company, 2d Regiment U. S. Artillery.]
+
+Colonel Fauntleroy was not satisfied with the victory already
+obtained; but, after having accomplished all that was possible for him
+in this quarter, and having scattered the Indians to the four winds,
+he determined to make forced marches in order to surprise another band
+of them who were supposed to be located in a distant mountain haunt
+well known to his guide. His object in thus hurrying away from the
+scenes of his late triumph, was to reach and surprise the Indians
+before their friends had time to travel to and apprise them of their
+defeat. In this manoeuvre he was also successful. He came upon this
+second band also before they were aware of their danger. They were
+routed, and after severe loss were followed far into the mountains.
+At this camp, Blanco, the celebrated Apache chief, was driven to such
+close quarters that he evidently began to feel that the safety of his
+whole tribe stood in jeopardy. He made his appearance on a high point
+of rocks and asked the white men who occupied the plain beneath for a
+parley, which was granted him. He said, in the Spanish language,
+that he and his Indians wished to make peace; that they were tired of
+fighting. In reply, he was informed that the terms he demanded would
+be listened to on his coming into the soldiers' camp. He was going on
+to say that he was afraid to trust himself there, when a bullet was
+sent whizzing by his head, which caused him to decamp in all haste. It
+was ascertained, afterwards, that a Mexican, who had great antipathy
+to this chief, had, unknown to the rest of the party, crept secretly
+up into the rocks. When he had reached a place where Blanco was within
+the range of his rifle, he fired; but, as the reader has inferred, he
+missed an accurate aim.
+
+At this latter camp or village, and near the close of this same day,
+another incident happened which will long be remembered by those who
+witnessed it. Two Indians who probably had been absent to some distant
+section of the country, having no knowledge of the matters which had
+lately been transpiring, were seen approaching. Gradually, they
+drew near to a cotton-wood grove of trees in which the soldiers were
+resting, thinking no doubt, that they were there about to meet their
+friends. A mountaineer by the name of Stewart, who commanded the Spy
+company, and another man, one of the Mexican Volunteers, immediately
+on seeing the Indians, sprang upon the backs of their horses which
+chanced to be near by, and started out to attack them. Not until these
+Indians saw the men advancing, were they made aware of their danger;
+when instantly they turned around their animals, and put them on a
+keen run for the nearest mountain. They were pursued and the race
+hotly contested for at least two miles; but, the Indians succeeded in
+making their escape, although shots were fired at them, and returned
+by the Indians. In doing so, one of them was obliged to dismount and
+leave his horse behind him, which fell into the hands of his pursuers.
+
+At the time that the chief Blanco was endeavoring to gain a parley,
+a stirring scene was being enacted at the soldiers' camp, which was
+several miles distant. Most of the soldiers had left it and were then
+out engaged in the business of scouring the country. In the camp there
+were all the pack animals, provisions, luggage etc., of the command.
+To guard this property there were only about fifty men left, who,
+anticipating no danger, were employing themselves in cooking and
+otherwise providing for the wants of their absent friends against
+their return. The herd of mules was scattered about, and grazing under
+the charge of a few herders. Suddenly a band of about one hundred
+warriors, were discovered coming down the little valley where the camp
+was located. The alarm was given, when each man seizing his rifle,
+rushed to place himself in the line of sentinels which were forming
+around the property. The mules were quickly driven together in a
+compact body into the centre of the camp. Hardly had this movement
+been performed, before the red men came galloping by. Seeing the
+smallness of the force opposed to them, they made two or three
+attempts at an attack on the weakest points of the lines. They
+were about to succeed, when a shout went up from the Americans, who
+descried relief in the shape of the foot company which, having been
+left behind for one night in order to make easy marches and thus
+partially rest themselves, was now approaching. The Indians saw
+the near approach of this powerful reinforcement, and using that
+discretion which is often the better part of valor, they started off
+and were soon lost sight of. Had not this reinforcement providentially
+thus arrived, the Indians would have certainly captured the pack mules
+belonging to the soldiers, and got away with them. Never was succor
+hailed with more delight, than on this occasion; for, had the red men
+succeeded in this endeavor, the benefits of this whole campaign would
+have been greatly frustrated.
+
+Colonel Fauntleroy, after thoroughly scouring the adjacent country in
+the hope of meeting with parties of straggling Indians, but, as the
+result proved, without success, returned to Fort Massachusetts, where
+he had the satisfaction of learning that Colonel St. Vrain, in his
+expedition, had caught other bands of these same Indians, and most
+severely chastised them.
+
+The Fort Massachusetts here referred to has recently been abandoned
+and another one has been built, distant about six miles from the
+original site. The name is retained for the new defences, which are
+located on the river Trinchera. The present location is picturesque,
+and beautiful in the extreme.
+
+In one of his fights, Col. St. Vrain had overtaken the red men on
+the prairies, where a running battle ensued, in which the volunteers
+killed many of the enemy, and made several prisoners. During this
+skirmish, the Indians tried the ruse of setting fire to the prairie
+grass, and, as the wind was blowing in the direction from which their
+foes were coming, they hoped thereby to impede their progress, and
+thus give themselves time to escape; but the volunteers boldly rode
+through the flames, and successfully continued the chase.
+
+The time for which the New Mexican volunteers had enlisted, was
+fast drawing to a close; but, as the hostile Utahs and Apaches were
+scattered to the four winds, it was thought best not to send out
+again a regularly appointed force to act against them. Instead, while
+awaiting the effect of their late telling blows, it was decided to
+be judicious to keep out, in different directions, small scouting
+parties, who could better follow the trails of the small parties of
+fugitive Indians with some prospect of success. It was now the
+season for the richly laden caravans to arrive on the borders of the
+territory, and perchance they might fall in with bands of the hostile
+savages of sufficient strength to cause them trouble; or, it might
+be, the Indians would combine in sufficient strength, being driven by
+pressing want, to capture some one of these trains, and thus obtain
+the material for renewing the contest. In view of these apprehensions,
+it was decided that the regular troops should go out on the plains,
+where they could be on hand ready to afford protection in case
+of need. Major Blake, in command of the dragoons, started out
+and faithfully performed this mission. After this duty was fully
+accomplished, he visited the mountains to the northeast of Fort
+Massachusetts, and then returned to Taos _via_ the fort and the
+intervening Mexican towns.
+
+While intimating the dangers which may befall trains on their journey
+across the plains, especially in time of Indian war, it may be well
+to narrate a fatal adventure which once happened to a mail party
+while traveling this route. Not many miles from Fort Union, and on
+the plains, there is a clump of hills known as the "Wagon Mound," so
+called from their resemblance to one of those peculiar wagons which
+are used to transport valuable freight across the country. It being
+dangerous times, a party of ten picked men had been sent out to insure
+the safe transit of the mail. Everything went well with the little
+band of travelers, and their prospects were becoming bright for making
+a safe journey, when, suddenly, a large band of hostile Apaches
+and Utahs hove in sight. The mail party, on making this discovery,
+immediately halted and prepared for a fight. The Indians very
+soon granted to them this favor. At first, the attack was sharply
+maintained, but, at last, fortune favored the whites, for the time
+being, and they succeeded in repulsing their foes, who retreated out
+of sight. The mail party, being thus freed from the unpleasant society
+of the Indians, at once hitched up their teams and proceeded on their
+route. It was afterwards learned that the Apaches made the first
+attack, but, they were countenanced by the Utahs, who remained close
+by. On the return of the unsuccessful war party of Apaches to the
+Utahs, the latter at once commenced charging them with cowardice, and
+boasted that they could have done better. The true state of the case
+was, that the Utahs were using the Apaches as tools by which to gain
+plunder, crying "go dog," while they themselves were keeping out
+of harm's way. The anger of the Apaches was fully aroused at these
+derisive imputations. Under the new impulse, they said to the Utahs,
+if you will help, we will return and show you whether we are afraid
+to meet these pale-faces. Another attack having been decided upon,
+the Indians set out and overtook the mail party once more near to this
+"Wagon Mound." It was snowing fast at the time, therefore, the white
+men were comfortably traveling in their vehicles and had their guns
+protected with suitable coverings to prevent their being injured, for
+they anticipated no further danger. The curtains of the mail wagons
+were all fastened down, and there was no look-out kept, for it was
+considered sufficient to prepare for the furies of the storm. The
+Indians accordingly approached unperceived and made such a desperate
+attack that all the white men were quickly killed. Not one, if the
+boasts of the Indians can be believed, had time to get out from his
+seat. Several days elapsed and no tidings were heard of the expected
+mail party; therefore, a body of men started out in quest of the
+missing men and found them sleeping the last sleep which knows no
+awakening. The bodies of the dead were decently interred; and, since
+that day, the "Wagon Mound" is pointed out to the traveler accompanied
+with a historical account of this awful tragedy.
+
+During the campaign under consideration, several Indian children were
+captured. These were generally under the age of ten years. They could
+not stand the kindly-planned treatment which they received while in
+bondage, for many of them died from over-eating, after having so long
+been accustomed to Indian frugality. One of the women prisoners
+taken, openly declared, and there is no reason why she should not be
+believed, that many of the younger children belonging to her tribe had
+been strangled by their parents and friends in order to prevent
+their becoming an inconvenience, and thus prevent their being able to
+prosecute the war, thereby showing that their hatred of the white
+man was deeply rooted, and that their anger had been aroused to its
+highest degree. On the publishing of peace, those Indian children who
+still lived, were collected, and, through the Indian agents, restored
+to their relatives and friends. The good effect which the moral of
+this campaign had on the surrounding Indian nations cannot be denied.
+They soon became loud in proclaiming their friendships for the
+Americans. Taking advantage of the now crippled condition of the Utahs
+and Apaches, their enemies the Arrapahoes and Cheyennes were ready
+to pounce upon them at a moment's warning. The opportunity did not,
+however, present itself until long after peace had been established
+with the white men, when the Utahs and Apaches had been able to
+recover from their losses and collect again.
+
+War party after war party of Cheyennes and Arrapahoes entered the
+country of their old enemies the Apaches and Utahs, but returned
+unable to find them. Yellow Bear, a head war chief of the Arrapahoes,
+did not accompany his braves on these expeditions, and he would
+not believe that they could not find either the Apaches or Utahs;
+therefore, to show his people that there was one warrior living of the
+olden stamp, he started, accompanied only by his youngest squaw,
+to meet and fight them. A severe snow-storm compelled this noble
+chieftain to come into Fort Massachusetts. While he was there the
+commanding officer of the post endeavored to dissuade him from his
+rash undertaking. In reply the chief said:
+
+"Captain, my young men are no longer warriors. They have become
+squaws. I sent them to seek our nation's enemies. They went,
+discovered their fires and counted their lodges, but were afraid to
+attack them. I am now on my way to find the Utah village, where I
+intend, either to smoke the pipe of peace, or offer fight to any three
+of their chiefs. If they kill me otherwise than fairly, perhaps it
+will stir up once more the fire in the breast of the warriors of the
+Arrapahoe nation."
+
+This speech was delivered with so much pathos, and yet with such
+an oratorical air, that the interpreter was enabled to catch and
+translate every word of it. Yellow Bear was now informed of the recent
+campaign against the Utahs and Apaches, but the news made no change in
+his determination. The advice was words thrown away, as he was found
+conversant with the whole proceedings of the campaign. We have brought
+in this incident to show how surrounding tribes are directly affected
+and personally interested in the results of all military transactions
+with hostile Indians. As we have taken up for a theme the story of
+this brave and really noble Indian, it may prove interesting to some
+of our readers if we complete the picture. Yellow Bear has always
+been the firm friend of Kit Carson both by word and action. He is the
+finest specimen of an Indian that the writer ever laid eyes on. He
+stands in his moccasins over six feet; is straight and symmetrically
+proportioned. The head, however, is the main attraction of this
+Indian. Never was a statesman possessed of a better. We once heard him
+address a large council of his warriors, and, although we could not
+understand one word he said, yet our attention was fixed on the man,
+for we never saw either before or since such majestic gestures, mixed
+with equal grace, in any speaker. It was a master-piece of acting,
+and from the "humphs," or grunts, ejaculated by his auditors, we were
+inclined to think that the speech was impressive. There is one great
+point about this chief which those who are familiar with the Indian
+race, as they now exist, cannot but admire. He has never been known
+to beg; rather than do this, we believe, he would actually starve. We
+will finish this description of Yellow Bear by adding that he
+finally listened to the advice of the then commanding officer of Fort
+Massachusetts, and returned to his own nation.
+
+On the final arrival at Taos of the troops engaged in this brilliant
+Indian campaign against the Utahs and Apaches, they received orders
+to disband. Those whose calling was arms, returned to their respective
+military posts, while the New Mexicans scattered to seek their homes,
+where they were received and justly treated as heroes. Before the
+forces were dispersed, the Pueblo Indians, who had been employed in
+the spy companies, gave, with the aid of their friends, by moonlight,
+a grand war-dance entertainment in the plaza of the town. It proved a
+fine display of this time-honored Indian custom.
+
+The combined efforts of the two commanders, Colonel Fauntleroy and
+Lieutenant-Colonel St. Vrain, aided by their followers, among whom Kit
+Carson played a most conspicuous and important part, had the effect to
+compel the Indians to send a delegate to Santa Fe, commissioned to sue
+for peace. Peace was finally granted, which formed a most happy and
+pleasing termination to this brilliant Indian campaign.
+
+It proved afterwards that a great mistake was made in hastily allowing
+these Indians to evade the punishment they so richly deserved, and
+which was being so summarily inflicted, by entertaining so soon
+conciliatory measures. At the council that was subsequently held, it
+was found that only a part of the Apaches were present to sanction the
+proceedings, and that the remainder were still in the mountains and
+were either hostile or undecided what course they would pursue. Kit
+Carson, their agent, was at the meeting, and earnestly opposed the
+policy of making a treaty so long as any portion of the two nations
+were insubordinate, as it offered a loop hole for those present to
+creep out whenever they were so inclined. He said, "that now was the
+time, if ever, when they might, at a small additional expense, and
+with the prospect of saving many valuable lives, show these Indians
+that they were dealing with a powerful government." His voice and
+experience were overruled by the other officials present and the
+treaty was made. It stipulated that the Indians should receive certain
+sums annually in case they would settle down and commence farming,
+and that they should be allowed to select their own locality within
+certain prescribed limits. The making of such offers to tribes of
+savages half subdued is absurd. The wisdom of this assertion has since
+been clearly shown, for hardly one article contained in the treaty
+there made has been carried out. The actions of those Apaches present
+at the council were trifling in the extreme, notwithstanding which,
+they were presented with some cattle. These they objected to receiving
+on the ground that they were not fat enough to suit their fastidious
+tastes. They insolently addressed the Government officials in the
+following strain: "If you do not give us better, we will again take
+the road where we can have our choice."
+
+The fact was that these half-starved rascals saw that the white men
+were anxious to make peace, and hence they assumed a haughty air in
+order to drive a good bargain.
+
+The great results which should have been brought about by the
+teachings of Colonels Fauntleroy and St. Vrain, by this weak
+diplomacy, were more or less frustrated. These gentlemen, however, had
+won great renown. They had the savages driven to such extremes that
+one more expedition, led by them in person, would have subdued all
+their obstinacy and made them over anxious for peace. The Indians had
+been seven times caught, and, on every one of the occasions, they had
+been greatly worsted. They had lost at least five hundred horses, all
+their camp equipage, ammunition, provisions, and most of their
+arms, and were indeed almost at the mercy of the whites. Under
+these circumstances they should have been shown true magnanimity and
+greatness, by forcing them into that course which was and is for their
+own welfare as well as the welfare of the country, and against which,
+they themselves so blindly contend. Say to an Indian, that ere many
+years have passed by the buffalo will all be destroyed, and he will
+answer you "that the 'Great Spirit' rains them down in the mountains
+for his red children." This is a fair example of the manner in which
+most of them listen to the voice of reason. It requires practical and
+active demonstrations by means of rifles and other weapons to
+teach, them that they will not be permitted to plunder and murder at
+pleasure. The wrong of this conduct they are as well aware of as their
+white brethren. It is by rifle arguments that their treaties become
+worth the value of the paper upon which they are written.
+
+It is a well known fact that people who live in Indian countries
+prefer to have the red men at war, rather than bound to peace by such
+slender ties as they are usually called upon to take upon themselves.
+In the former case, the settler knows what to expect and is always
+prepared for the worst so far as it lies in his power; but, in the
+latter position, he is continually exposed to the caprices of a race
+who are in many respects as changeable as the very air they breathe.
+
+In the old Mexican town of Don Fernandez de Taos, as we have before
+said, resides at the present time Kit Carson. A stranger entering this
+town, and especially at a little distance from it, is reminded of a
+number of brick-kilns just previous to being burnt, and all huddled
+together without any regard being paid to symmetry. In order to reach
+the Plaza, which is the main feature of attraction belonging to
+the town, the traveler is obliged to follow the crooks and turns of
+several unattractive streets. The home of Kit Carson faces on the west
+side of this public square. It is a building only one story in height;
+but, as it extends over a considerable space of ground, it makes up in
+part this defect, and within, it is surpassed by but few other houses
+in the country for the degree of comfort which is furnishes to its
+occupants. On most any fair day, around the doors of this house may be
+seen many Indians of various tribes who are either waiting for their
+companions within, or else for the opportunity to present itself so
+that they themselves can enter.
+
+Business or no business to transact with Kit Carson, they cannot come
+to town without visiting "Father Kit," and having a smoke and talk
+with him. Kit Carson enjoys himself in their society, for his heart
+and hand have long since taught them that, irrespective of the office
+which he holds towards them, he is their true friend and benefactor.
+Never is his patience exhausted by their lengthy visits. He listens
+to their narrations of grievances which they lay freely before him for
+his counsel, even in matters exclusively personal. Being familiar with
+all those things which will, in the least, touch their feelings and
+make them interested, he finds no difficulty in entering into the
+spirit of their affairs in a manner that exactly suits their tastes.
+This causes them to look upon him in the same light as they would upon
+some brave and experienced chief of their own race.
+
+Kit Carson takes every opportunity to warn the Indians against the use
+of intoxicating drinks, and shows them by his own example, that "fire
+water" is a dangerous luxury which man does not require and in which
+he should not indulge. Notwithstanding his best efforts, now and then
+they get under its influence. On becoming sober, they are so ashamed
+of their conduct that they often keep clear of their agent until
+they think he has forgotten the occurrence. Kit Carson, to a certain
+extent, treats Indians as a wise father does his own children; hence,
+he has won their respect as well as confidence, which fact has given
+him more influence over them, than any other man in the country where
+he lives. When Kit Carson enters the various villages of the Indians
+under his supervision, he is invariably received with the most marked
+attention. Having selected the warrior whose guest he intends to be,
+he accompanies him to his lodge, which is known during his stay as
+the "soldiers' lodge." He gives himself no concern about his horse,
+saddle, bridle rifle or any minor thing. The brave whom he has thus
+honoured, considers that he has assumed the responsibility of a
+"soldier," and so styles himself. This making of a "soldier" is no
+every day business with the Indians. It is only when they are visited
+by some great personage for whom they have the greatest respect, that
+this ceremony is gone through with. When thus favored, the "soldier,"
+at once, becomes the sworn friend of the white man who occupies his
+lodge, and will fight and die for him even against his own brethren.
+
+It is the opinion of Kit Carson, that Indians should not be allowed
+to come, when it pleases them, into the settlements. Every visit which
+they thus make is detrimental to them in many ways. He thinks that
+the time thus spent could be better employed in hunting or otherwise
+providing for the wants of their families. In the towns of the
+frontiers they do nothing but beg and learn the vices of the white
+man, which, added to their own, make them as dangerous and wicked as
+men can be. In lieu thereof, he advises that mission and agency
+houses should be established in their midst, when supplies should
+be furnished to them in a time of need. As matters stand now, the
+Indians, during a severe winter, or from some unforeseen accident, are
+liable to become suddenly destitute. They are then compelled either
+to starve or to make inroads upon the property of the settlers on the
+frontiers. Besides his Indian friends, Kit Carson is surrounded by
+a host of Mexicans and Americans, to whom he has greatly endeared
+himself. To his children Kit Carson is a kind and indulgent father,
+and to best illustrate his self-sacrificing attachment for them, it
+is only necessary to relate one striking incident of its proof. A few
+years since, he was returning to Taos from Rayado, whither he had been
+on a visit in company with his wife, two children, and two servants
+(a Mexican man and woman). The party had completed the first half of
+their journey, and were jogging along over a tract of prairie land
+that was of considerable extent, when suddenly, Kit Carson discovered,
+far off, a band of about forty Indians. Being so exposed, he at once
+concluded that he also had been seen, for while he was looking, he
+thought he could see the speed of their riding animals increase. The
+glaring rays of the sun impeded his view, so that he could not discern
+at such a distance, either from their dress or appearance, to
+what tribe they belonged. He was in a section of country that was
+frequently visited by the marauding Camanches, and, as their signs had
+been recently seen in the neighborhood, he made up his mind that it
+was a band of this tribe that he now saw. No time was to be lost; so,
+dismounting from the very fleet horse he was riding, he placed in
+his saddle his wife and eldest child. To the first named he gave
+directions "to follow on the trail that led to Taos, and let the
+bridle reins be a little slack, so that the horse would know what was
+expected of him, when he would travel at the top of his speed. He said
+that he intended to ride towards the Indians and engage them at first
+in a parley, and then if necessary offer them a single-handed combat.
+At any rate, before they could manage to kill him, she would have
+sufficient time to lessen her danger. As to the remainder of the party
+he added, there was no alternative but for them to take their chances
+for life or death." Bidding his wife and boy good bye, with one
+heart-rending look, he turned to face his apparent doom. As Kit
+approached the Indians, they began to call out his name. As soon as he
+heard this, he aroused himself from the agonizing frame of mind he had
+been laboring under after parting with all that was so dear to him,
+and as he had thought, for the last time. To his joy, Kit quickly
+recognized before him, the familiar faces of some of his Indian
+friends. They had come, as they afterwards informed him, to see him
+and his helpless charge safely lodged in their home, for they had
+become aware that he was exposed to great danger. While the friends
+were talking, some of the Indians began to laugh, which caused Carson
+to turn his head and look in the direction they were gazing. To his
+astonishment and disgust, he saw (the truth was too evident to be
+mistaken) that the cowardly Mexican man had, on his leaving, pulled
+off from her horse Mrs. Carson and her child, and having mounted the
+animal himself, was making good his escape. The Indians wished to keep
+up the ruse, pursue, Attempt to overtake and punish the poltroon; but
+Kit Carson was too thankful that matters had gone so well; therefore,
+he said that he felt that he could excuse such dastardly conduct, and
+requested the Indians to let it pass unnoticed. It is hardly necessary
+to add that with his faithful body-guard who had come to watch over
+him from feelings of earnest respect, gratitude and affectionate
+regard, the agent accomplished the remainder of his journey in perfect
+safety.
+
+Several years have elapsed, as the reader can easily estimate, since
+Kit Carson met, while traveling home from one of his expeditions,
+the Mormon delegate to Congress who had first informed him of his
+appointment as Indian agent. During this length of time Kit Carson has
+retained this office and rendered satisfactory service. The tract of
+country over which the Indians roam who are especially connected
+with his agency, is about equal in its area, to any one of the larger
+States in the American Confederacy. The Indians who are under his
+jurisdiction, are large and powerful bands of the Apaches and Utahs;
+but, as we have said before, neighboring tribes freely seek his
+counsel, aid and protectorate power as they may require it, and they
+all, from habit, consider that they have a claim on his services.
+To best illustrate this, we have but to cite one instance of which a
+thousand similar exist. Two Indian women were taken prisoners by the
+red men of the plains from a band of savages not under the immediate
+control of Kit Carson, who inhabited a section of New Mexico. These
+squaws, while captives, were subjected to the severest labor and the
+most brutal punishment which Indian ingenuity could invent. For one
+year they submitted without exhibiting any outward symptoms by which
+their condition could be known; but, at the end of that time, they
+resolved to escape, even if they were killed in the attempt. Watching
+a favorable opportunity, they started, and fortunately, so well laid
+their plans, that, for some time, they were not missed. On their
+prolonged absence being noticed, a party who were well mounted
+commenced the pursuit, no doubt believing that, to recapture the
+runaways would be an easy task. The squaws however eluded these
+horsemen, and, on foot, made their way to Kit Carson's house at Taos.
+By him they were hospitably received, entertained and amply provided
+for. They had traveled on foot for hundreds of miles, and, while en
+route, had lived on roots and such other food as fell in their way. In
+their reduced condition, it required kindness, proper diet and rest
+to resuscitate them. In the comfortable house to which they had come,
+these things were at hand, and were freely given, without hoping for
+the rewards which man can give. The pursuers of these unfortunate
+Indian women followed on their trail, which, with native instinct, the
+squaws had made as indistinct as possible, until they found themselves
+at a Mexican settlement, within the boundaries of New Mexico. Here
+they were informed that their late captives were safe under the
+protection of Kit Carson. This name acted like magic in settling their
+future mode of proceedings. They needed nothing more to bid them face
+about and retrace their steps to their own homes. The squaws, in the
+household of Kit Carson, rapidly recruited, and when the time came for
+them to be sent to their own tribe, they went away rejoicing at their
+good fortune; first in making their escape, and second, because they
+had been so humanely treated by a man whose name they had often heard,
+but never before seen. As we have said before and with truth, this is
+but one example out of thousands which have passed by unheralded since
+Kit Carson first commenced his official career as Indian agent.
+
+The duties of an agent are not by Kit Carson confined to the mere
+letter of the law. His is a heart that could not be happy were he not
+daily doing some equitable and humane act to ameliorate the condition
+of the Indian race. The strict duties of an Indian agent require that
+he should receive and disburse certain sums of money in purchasing
+such minor articles as the tribes over which he is placed may require.
+He has to give monthly and quarterly reports to the General Government
+and the superintendent of the Territory he is in, of the condition,
+crimes, practices, habits, intentions, health, and such other things
+as pertain to the economy of his charge. How seldom is this knowledge
+properly attained and how often are these things intrusted to clerks
+while the principal receives the emoluments of his office! Of the
+details which make the Indian happy or miserable, he, too frequently,
+knows but little about, except from routine. The agent, if he be a fit
+man, and the Indian is by no means slow in forming his estimate of
+the person he has to deal with, is received into the confidence of
+the tribes, when, after sufficient trial, he has been proved worthy of
+their esteem and friendship. When once he has gained a foothold in the
+affections of the savages, his task assumes the condition of pleasure
+rather than severe labor; but, if he is ignorant of the minute
+workings of his business, he is generally imposed upon and always
+disliked to such a degree that no honorable man would retain such a
+position longer than to find out his unpopularity and the causes of
+it. The Indian agent, to perform his duties well, must be continually
+at his agency house, or among the Indians, in order that he may
+personally attend to their wants and protect them from the mercenary
+visits and contact of outside intruders, who are continually watching
+their opportunity, like hungry wolves, to prey upon and cheat them in
+every shape and form. In fine, he is to assist the superintendent in
+managing the entire Indian family. .
+
+The business of Indian agent, which he strictly and conscientiously
+attends to, keeps Kit Carson employed during the most of his time;
+yet, as often as once each year, he manages affairs so that he can
+spend a few weeks in the exciting scenes of the chase. On these
+excursions, which are eagerly looked forward to by his friends, he is
+accompanied by the crack shots of the country, including his Indian
+and Mexican friends. On horseback and on open prairies, Kit Carson is
+indisputably the greatest hunter in America, if indeed he is not the
+greatest hunter now living. He has killed, in the brief space of three
+consecutive hours, with his rifle, twenty-two antelope, at a time when
+the game was so scarce, that other men who followed the business of
+hunting under pay, and were no ordinary shots, thought themselves
+doing well to bring down six of the same animals. It gives the
+greatest satisfaction to the people of New Mexico that Kit Carson
+is, from time to time, reinstalled in his office of Indian agent,
+notwithstanding the other great changes that have been and are
+continually making in their politics. His fitness for the position
+which he holds cannot be doubted, when the good already accomplished
+by his efforts is considered. No one would be so loath to part with
+his services as the Indians themselves. His influence reaches far
+beyond his own tribes, and is felt by the Cheyennes, Arrapahoes, and
+Kiowas, who are fast becoming very chary about visiting, with hostile
+intentions, the settlements of northern New Mexico.
+
+Kit Carson is still in the full vigor of his manhood, and is capable
+of undergoing almost any amount of privation and hardship; therefore
+we infer that to the country he has adopted; he will be spared many
+years to come, as one of its most valuable citizens. And when the time
+arrives for his final exit from this stage of life, he will bequeath
+to his family and friends a spotless character and an enviable
+reputation.
+
+
+FINIS.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+RECENTLY ISSUED,
+
+BY W.R.C. CLARK & CO.,
+
+348 BROADWAY,
+
+APPLETON'S BUILDING.
+
+GEORGE MELVILLE,
+
+AN AMERICAN NOVEL.
+
+One handsome 12mo. volume, nearly 400 pages. Price $1.00
+
+CONTENTS.
+
+I. George Melville and Thomas F. Griswold determine that "Old Sassy"
+had better look out.
+
+II. Horses _versus_ Thorn-Apple Tree Limbs.
+
+III. "Wait for the Wagon."
+
+IV. The Boyhood Days of George Melville.
+
+V. The Excursion Party for Niagara--Astor House--James Mordaunt--The
+Plot.
+
+VI. Aurora--Cayuga Lake--The Pic-nic.
+
+VII. Clara Edgemonte's Mistake.
+
+VIII. Melville's and Griswold's Tour--A true Hand and firm Seat always
+come in Play.
+
+IX. Sunset at Niagara--James Mordaunt's Declaration.
+
+X. The Morning Walk--An Old Friend in Duplicate.
+
+XI. Hon. B.F. Mortimer--H.B. Edgemonte, Esq.,--James Mordaunt,
+Esq.--Frederick Mortimer--Thomas F. Griswold--George Melville--Mrs.
+Mortimer--Mrs. Edgemonte--Bell Mortimer--Clara Edgemonte--The
+Breakfast Party.
+
+XII. Bob Shank--The Fire--The Cave.
+
+XIII. Bell hates the Rain, but finally has no Objection to it--Miss
+Blackwood's Party.
+
+XIV. Various Things material both to the Story and the Reader--The
+Catfish Railroad Scheme.
+
+XV. Ahead--Back again.
+
+XVI. Who is Uncle Sam--Syracuse--Camillus--Junction--Auburn--A New
+York Lawyer obtains a Case (a hard one).
+
+XVII. The Dinner Party at Aurora--The Telegram--Mrs. Tryon's Glance.
+
+XVIII. Broadway, New York--James Mordaunt, Esq., at his Office in Wall
+street--Is he a Married Man?
+
+XIX. Rev. John Furnace--The Funeral--The Lawsuit--The Catfish Railroad
+Stock at a Premium.
+
+XX. Arrival of the Liverpool Steamer--New York Firemen--Griswold's
+Heroism--The Catfish Railroad Stock falling--Trouble.
+
+XXI. Short but Interesting.
+
+XXII. A Sail on Cayuga Lake before Breakfast--Thermometer thirty
+Degrees below Zero--Two Miles a Minute under a fair Wind--Bell
+Mortimer takes an Observation--The Surprise not a Surprise--The
+Race Home--The Ice-Boat too much for the Horses--The Runaway--The
+Rescue,--Love told without Words--Death cheated, of his Prey.
+
+XXIII. Plans for the Future.
+
+XXIV. Commencement Day at Hamilton College--William Hastings--How a
+Clerk in New York City may obtain a Partnership.
+
+XXV. A Friend in Need.
+
+XXVI. New York City Corporation Counsel--All Marriage Notices not
+Agreeable.
+
+XXVII. Sarah E. Graham's call at Mordaunt's Law Office--A Cool
+Scene--James Mordaunt in trouble.
+
+XXVIII. George Melville under a Cloud.
+
+XXIX. The Metropolis of America never sleeps--Scene in Twenty-Third
+street late at Night.
+
+XXX. An Arrest--A Promise made, and a Promise given.
+
+XXXI. A Station on the N.Y. Central Railroad--Car
+Manufactory--Reception of a Convict at the Auburn State Prison--The
+Model Prison of the United States.
+
+XXXII. More about the Prison.
+
+XXXIII. James Mordaunt, Esq., triumphs.
+
+XXXIV. Mr. M----l, Chief of the New York Police, puts his Private Seal
+upon a Coffin in Greenwood Cemetery.
+
+XXXV. A Council of War.
+
+XXXVI. A Smash-up in Broadway, N.Y.--The New York Hospital--The New
+York Press--Sarah E. Graham a Lunatic.
+
+XXXVII. Bell and Charger.
+
+XXXVIII. An Ante-Breakfast Ride--The Homestead of an American
+Statesman.
+
+XXXIX. Fort-Hill Cemetery--"Who is there to Mourn for Logan?"--How to
+carry on a Correspondence with a Convict--Distant View of the Auburn
+State Prison--Bell Mortimer in her Sanctum.
+
+XL. A Change in the progress of Events foreshadowed--Exercise of
+Wits--The Statesman proves too much for the Lawyer.
+
+XLI. An Alumnus of Hamilton College, _nolens volens_, becomes a
+Skillful Mechanic.
+
+XLII. A Ray of Hope.
+
+XLIII. Woman's Rights--The State Lunatic Asylum at Utica, Oneida
+County, N.Y.
+
+XLIV. The Arrest--Interview with the Governor of the Empire State.
+
+XLV. A Mountain in Massachusetts--The Home of an ex-President of the
+United States.
+
+XLVI. Another Telegram--Early rising sometimes proves very agreeable.
+
+XLVII. Bell Mortimer makes the Acquaintance of Sarah E. Graham.
+
+XLVIII. The Homestead of an American Mechanic--A Proposition.
+
+XLIX. Trial of the Action "Wilcox against Mordaunt"--Thomas F.
+Griswold, Esquire, addresses the Jury--The Utica Asylum again--One of
+the Biters bitten.
+
+L. Death of a New York City Policeman--A Trial, Sentence, and
+Execution--Ought Governors hold the Pardoning Power?
+
+LI. The Island Martha's Vineyard.
+
+LII. Sunday-school in Prison--The Chaplain and his Convict
+Congregation--A Convict who had well earned his position reflects--Two
+Deaths.
+
+LIII. A Wedding--Wedding Tour--Conclusion.
+
+
+
+NOTICES OF THE PRESS.
+
+From the _Boston Traveller_.
+
+"The language is chaste and dignified, and varies to suit the
+different circumstances. A high-toned integrity, clear common sense,
+and a true representation of life in its real and sound aspects,
+characterize the work."
+
+"One of the best novels of the day."
+
+From the _New York Leader_.
+
+"A work of much power, possessing vastly more of that reality, which
+makes the real charm of a romance, than anything which has preceded it
+this season."
+
+From the _Cincinnati Commercial_.
+
+"A well written volume, spicy with interest, and quite above the every
+day average of the flood of works of fiction."
+
+From the _Chambersburg (Pa.) Independent_.
+
+"We submit the work to the perusal of our readers, as one replete with
+interest and instruction."
+
+From the _Ladies' Visitor_.
+
+"'GEORGE MELVILLE,' coming just now, will be even more certain of a
+warm reception than if he only swelled the crowd of claimants for the
+popular favor."
+
+From the _Albany (N.Y.) Knickerbocker_.
+
+"The style is dashing, and the scenes and incidents in the highest
+degree interesting. We commend 'GEORGE MELVILLE' to our readers."
+
+From the _Morristown (N.J.) Banner_.
+
+"The main features have evidently been actual occurrences, and are
+skillfully worked together by a talented writer, who, with an eye to
+its good moral influence has made a book which is at once pleasing,
+interesting and exciting."
+
+From the _Constitution_ (Middletown, Ct.)
+
+"A book of great interest and spirit, and one that brings out, in a
+strong light, some peculiar traits of American character."
+
+From the _Critic_.
+
+"An unusually well-written and interesting book."
+
+From the _Boston Saturday Evening Gazette_.
+
+"There is a deal of promise in a new novel just out called 'GEORGE
+MELVILLE.' It is a dashing, clever, well-written story; its characters
+talk with animation and plenty of animal spirit, and 'the plot
+converges to an issue' according to the most approved rules. It has
+the American Stamp, and imitates no transatlantic author--a merit
+worth noticing."
+
+From the _New York Sunday Times_.
+
+"Its style is graphic, careless, romping and fanciful, and it is
+really captivating."
+
+From the _Albany Evening Journal_.
+
+"The style is lively; the dialogues frequent and effective; the graver
+scenes well drawn and the book wholly what it purports to be--an
+American Novel, characteristically descriptive of American Life."
+
+From the _New York Sunday Mercury_.
+
+"A book that will repay the reader for the time spent in its perusal.
+A pleasant companion for Saratoga, or the sea-shore."
+
+From the _Educational Herald_.
+
+"Its descriptions and pictures are very graphic."
+
+The following notice from the _Toledo Blade_, is so just and true that
+we copy it entire:
+
+"We had almost said, after reading this story, 'The good old days of
+Cooper have come again.' It is really refreshing, in the midst of so
+much literary pretension, to meet with something of real merit.
+
+"The conception of the plot is admirable--the characters finely
+portrayed--the scenery true to nature and the interest maintained
+throughout. Its life-like pictures, as well as the style of its author
+must commend it to every one who feels any interest in the revival
+of a genuine, home-bred American literature. When such tales as
+this reflecting on our own manners, scenery, morals and laws can be
+produced, there is little reason that our fiction-writers should be
+superseded by foreigners. A tale of equal merit with this, so neatly
+told, so entirely American, has not of late been issued from the
+press.
+
+"The scenery of Central New York--a sail on the placid waters
+of Cayuga Lake in summer, and across the ice which covers it in
+winter--the picturesque views around Auburn and the grand sublimity of
+Niagara, are alike portrayed in vivid characters.
+
+"Character is as well delineated as scenery. Dark and light
+shades--gay and corrupt life--vanity, vice and virtue, all perform
+their appropriate parts, in making up a goodly number of men and
+women, who once fairly introduced, carry themselves very naturally
+through plot and counter plot, to the close of a story which aptly
+illustrates the elements composing American society, in its various
+phases. There are many such victims as Melville, and many such true
+hearted girls as Bell Mortimer.
+
+"We do not pretend that the writer has attained perfection. The book
+has faults--but these may be overcome by a writer of so much real
+ability, and we hope his pen will not be allowed to remain idle.
+
+"GEORGE MELVILLE is a pleasant story--written in a chaste style with a
+good moral, and we cheerfully commend it to our readers."
+
+*** Copies sent by mail to any part of the United States, pre-paid,
+upon receipt of price.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A BEAUTIFUL GIFT BOOK.
+
+SHELLS
+
+FROM THE
+
+SEA-SHORE OF LIFE,
+
+GATHERED BY
+
+PEARLY SHELLEY.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This work comprises the lighter and more sketchy productions of one
+of the most original and distinguished writers in the country.
+The "Shells" are symbolical of the various lights and shades of
+Life--scattered over its surface or lying deep beneath its ocean. They
+embody a series of writings which may be called
+
+THE PARABLES OF THE WORLD!
+
+Every one of the series contains a moral which the Christian as
+well as the man of the world may bring home to his observation or
+experience. They sound the depths of the heart in the womanly as well
+as in the manly breast.
+
+Some of these brilliant sketches symbolized in Shells, were originally
+published in many of the first-class newspaper and periodical press;
+while others, again, have been republished extensively throughout
+the country. They are now "gathered" emphatically not only from the
+"Sea-Shore of Life," by the Author, but from the mass of journals
+through which they have been scattered broadcast far and wide.
+
+The "Shells" are published in a style which makes them, in their
+typographical and external dress, equal to their intellectual and
+moral interest, and renders them one of the most beautiful and
+appropriate presents that can be selected for the holidays.
+
+  One vol., 12mo., with twenty-one original
+         illustrations, cloth,                  $0 75
+  Cloth, full gilt,                              1 25
+
+W.R.C. CLARK & CO., PUBLISHERS,
+
+348 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.
+
+(Appletons' Building.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+ALSO, LATELY ISSUED, THE FOLLOWING
+
+NEW MUSIC.
+
+SISTER SPIRIT, STAY NOT HERE--SONG.
+
+Price Fifty Cents.
+
+WORDS AND MUSIC BY C. HATCH SMITH.
+
+From the _New York Day Book_.
+
+"There is a tenderness and a pathos, both in the words and the music,
+so admirably adapted to each other, that it cannot fail to please all
+who may hear it."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+HO! THE DEEP--SONG.
+
+BY ALLEN N. LEET, JR.
+
+Price Twenty-five Cents.
+
+A very inspiriting song, well adapted to the piano. The novelty of the
+melody has already made it very popular.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+SPIRIT OF THE ISLAND HOME--SONG.
+
+Price Twenty-Five Cents.
+
+WORDS AND MUSIC BY C. HATCH SMITH.
+
+A new and very beautiful song. Its tones bring the murmur of the waves
+to our ears. The imitation of the motion of the sea is admirable.
+
+Either of the above pieces will be sent by mail, post-paid, upon
+receipt of the price, or all of them on receipt of 75 cents.
+
+W.R.C. CLARK & CO., PUBLISHERS,
+
+No. 348 Broadway, New York.
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF KIT
+CARSON, THE NESTOR OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS, FROM FACTS NARRATED BY
+HIMSELF***
+
+
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