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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/16498-8.txt b/16498-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a00720 --- /dev/null +++ b/16498-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1245 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On +In It, Vol. 1, No. 59, December 23, 1897, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 59, December 23, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: August 9, 2005 [EBook #16498] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND +WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] + + VOL. 1 DECEMBER 23, 1897. NO. 59 + +=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.= + + * * * * * + +The troubles in Austria have not been brought to a close by the downfall +of Count Badeni and the appointment of Baron von Gautsch. + +Count Badeni was, as you will remember, particularly obnoxious to the +German element in Austria, and many people thought that his dismissal +would restore harmony. Instead, it has given rise to some very serious +rioting in Bohemia. + +We explained to you in a former number that Austro-Hungary is composed +of a number of states and provinces. + +The leading races in this much-disturbed country are the Germans, the +Slavs, and the Magyars. + +The Germans number about ten and a half millions; the Slavs, who +comprise about nine distinct races, about twenty millions; and the +Magyars about seven and a half millions. + +The most important of the Slavs are the Czechs, or Bohemians, who number +about five and a half of the total twenty millions. + +While, as you can readily see, the Slavonic races considerably outnumber +the Germans and the Magyars, the government is vested in these two +latter races, and therefore the Slavs are forced to obey the will of the +governing people. They do so, as we have seen, with a very bad grace. + +Between the Magyars and the Germans there is no great friendliness, but +the Hungarians have their own parliament, and are independent in many +things. Between the Austrians and the Czechs there is an intense and +undying antipathy, which it seems impossible to overcome. + +The Bohemians would like to be as independent as the Hungarians, but +their desires are not heeded, and they are forced to submit to the +government of the Austrian Reichsrath or parliament. + +In this assembly, however, they can show their true sentiments, and the +friction between the rival races is extraordinary. If the Bohemians want +any special laws made, the Germans oppose them. If the Germans try to +get a measure through the parliament that is for their benefit alone, +the Czechs combine to defeat it. + +When, therefore, the German party succeeded in ousting Count Badeni, the +Czechs were furious. + +The German Austrians foolishly celebrated their victory with bonfires +and illuminations, making a fête of the success which was so hateful to +the Czechs. + +The angry Bohemians sought revenge in riot. + +In Prague, the capital of Bohemia, there were fierce anti-German +risings. + +The houses of the Germans were bombarded with stones, the German theatre +and German restaurants were attacked and damaged, and the German +Quarter, or portion of the city where most of the Germans live, was +visited by an angry mob which plundered the houses and shops. + +All persons speaking the German language were subject to attack, and for +this reason the unfortunate and harmless Jews came in for their share of +the popular hatred. The majority of them do not speak Czech, and many of +the signs over their shops are in the hated German language. Many of +them were therefore robbed, beaten, and cruelly ill-treated. + +The riots grew so serious that they almost amounted to a rebellion. + +Thousands of Czechs streamed into Prague to assist the rioters. The +streets were filled with furious men, who attacked and beat any person +using words of German. The very women on their way to market were not +safe. They were obliged to wear the Bohemian national colors to save +themselves from attack. + +One poor old woman was severely beaten because she could not speak +Czech. About three hundred Germans were taken to the hospitals, +suffering from wounds they had received. + +The disturbances having assumed such a serious character, the troops +were ordered out to restore order. + +They were greeted with showers of stones, broken glass, or any missile +that came handy. The soldiers were finally obliged to fire on the mob, +and in consequence many persons were injured. + +The riots continuing, Prague was put under martial law, and regiments +were drafted from Vienna to assist in quelling them. Twelve thousand in +all have been massed in the city of Prague. It is evident that the +Government considers the situation grave, as the men have been sent out +armed as for war, and furnished with the various necessaries as for a +regular campaign. + +When martial law is proclaimed in a district, it means that all persons +within a certain limit are to be subject to the rules and regulations in +use in times of war. + +These rules are very strict. Persons who resist are arrested, tried, and +severely punished. Sometimes if they cannot give a good account of +themselves they are hanged as spies. + +The law that has been proclaimed in Prague is known as the Standrecht, +and is not exactly martial law. Instead of the military officers sitting +in judgment on suspected persons, the civil judges of the law courts are +given military powers. They try and sentence people with military haste, +and their sentences are put into effect within a few hours after they +have been passed. + +There is no appeal from the judgments of the Standrecht; and so quickly +are they carried out, that if a person is ordered to be hanged, and the +regular executioner is busy, the judge can call on the soldiers to carry +out the sentence. + +No sooner were these severe measures enforced in Prague, than the wrath +of the people began to calm down. + +Four men were handed over to the mercy of the judges; each received a +sentence of twenty years' imprisonment, and was immediately taken away +without time for farewells. + +The hand of the law is very heavy in Prague at this moment, and for this +reason her citizens are gradually returning to their senses. + +Throughout the length and breadth of this great city the people are +forced to live by military rules. Among other orders, the commanding +officer insists that the house doors must be closed at seven every +evening. Shops have to be closed at five, cafés must have their lights +out and doors closed at nine, and every person in the city has to give +an account of himself whenever it is required. + +Under these laws the people of Prague will continue to live until peace +is restored. The condition of the city is very pitiable. The schools are +closed, the hotels are empty, and the tradespeople declare that +bankruptcy lies before them. + +Amazing stories are told of the dreadful things done by the rioters in +their hatred of everything German. It is said that the Children's +Hospital was attacked, and pelted with stones until all the windows were +broken. The poor little invalids were for hours subjected to the +freezing cold, and all because the doctors and nurses were Austrian +Germans. In another part of the city an ambulance with a sick man in it +was attacked by the mob, because the doctor riding with the patient was +known to be a German. + + * * * * * + +While these horrors have been going forward in Prague, matters have not +improved much in Vienna. + +The two parties are more furious against each other than ever. It is +asserted that if the Reichsrath reassembles with the same president, the +previous disgraceful riots will be repeated. + +It is said, however, that there is a chance of an understanding on the +language question, but it is thought that it will be impossible to pass +the Austro-Hungarian Compromise Bill in the Reichsrath. + +This bill is the contract which holds Austria and Hungary together as +one country, and which, as we have told you, expires on December 31st of +this year. + +If it is not renewed, Austria and Hungary must be separated. + +As it has been impossible for the two nations to agree as to the terms +of the new contract, it has, as we have told you, been suggested to make +a temporary one for one year, which will bind the kingdoms while the +permanent contract is being prepared. + +It is this one-year agreement which it is supposed cannot be passed by +the Reichsrath. + +If it becomes evident that the Reichsrath will not pass this necessary +bill, it is thought that the Emperor will finally take advantage of his +right under the constitution, and, dissolving the Reichsrath, act on his +own authority, and accept a one-year's agreement with Hungary. + +If Francis Joseph is forced to take such a step it is likely that he may +not call a new parliament for some time, but govern the country himself. + +In the mean while, Baron Banffy, the Hungarian Prime Minister, has +offered a bill in the Hungarian Reichstag (parliament) on this vexed +question. + +The Austrian parliament is called the "Reichsrath," the Hungarian the +"Reichstag." + +This bill provides that the contract between Hungary and Austria shall +remain in force for another year, till December, 1898, and that if new +arrangements have not been made by that time the compact shall be +finally broken. + +If nothing satisfactory has been proposed by May, 1898, the Government +promises to submit proposals for the regulation of matters between the +two countries, which shall go into force when the contract expires in +December, 1898. + +As soon as this bill had been read, Francis Kossuth (who, as we told +you, is the son of the great Hungarian patriot, Louis Kossuth) asked +leave to make suggestions in regard to the bill. + +It being late, the house adjourned, after granting him permission to +speak on the following day. + +Everybody was eager to know what Kossuth would do. His love for his +country and his desire to see her free were so well known that it was +supposed that he had some plan to secure his hoped-for project. + +As was expected, he made a strong plea that Hungary should declare her +freedom. + +Having pointed out to the members that the present was a golden +opportunity in which to throw off the Austrian yoke, he ended his speech +by asking that Baron Banffy's bill be referred to a committee. + +Those who understand parliamentary procedure will see that this was a +very clever move. Kossuth hoped thus to delay the final discussion of +the bill until after the date of the treaty had expired, and then +Hungary would once more have her freedom. + +In getting the matter referred to a committee, he was submitting it to +all the delays that attend parliamentary work. It would be placed in the +hands of men who would be obliged to discuss it thoroughly before they +could report it, and it would be unlikely that it could be returned to +parliament before the beginning of January, when it would be too late to +be of any use. + +What the result of this clever move was, we have not yet heard. + +It is thought by many people that the fall of the Austrian Empire is at +hand. + +Some fear that the German element may appeal to Emperor William of +Germany, and that a war in which Germany, Austria, and Russia will be +concerned may be the upshot of the present troubles. + + * * * * * + +Germany has a good deal on her hands at this moment. + +In regard to Haiti, the case of young Lueders seems to be more +complicated than it at first appeared. + +By the laws of Haiti he is a Haitian, having been born on Haitian soil +of a native mother; but he was educated in Germany, and served his time +in the German army, so he has voluntarily assumed the duties of German +citizenship. + +This makes the case hard to handle. + +Haiti has a perfect right to insist that he is a citizen, and must be +treated according to her laws, but Germany has also some right to say +that he is a German citizen, and shall not be abused by a foreign +country. Were Haiti a more powerful country than she is, there is little +doubt that she would take a stand and insist on her rights, but as it +is, she does not dare to resist a strong power like Germany. + +There was, as we told you, a report current that Germany did not intend +to send any ship to Haiti, but that the matter would be settled by +arbitration. + +Three days after the announcement, two German cruisers entered the +harbor of Port-au-Prince, and sent in an ultimatum, which is a +government's final decision on a given subject. + +The Haitian Government was informed that unless Germany's demands were +submitted to within eight hours, the town would be bombarded. + +Germany had said that two of her schoolships would visit the West Indies +during the winter, and the two vessels which arrived at Port-au-Prince +are believed to have been the two in question. They were, however, so +fully equipped, and presented such a formidable appearance, that they +were quite sufficient to seriously alarm the Haitians. + +Word had been sent a few days previously that two German vessels were +making all haste to Port-au-Prince, but thinking them the coming +schoolships, the Haitians felt no fear. They determined to resist these +German schoolboys to the last, and armed themselves to fight their foe. + +When the German vessels finally made their appearance, and the Haitians +saw for themselves that these so-called schoolships seemed to have just +as many seamen and murderous-looking guns as the ordinary man-of-war, +their courage oozed out at their finger-tips. + +Before the ships came in sight, they had paraded the city, crying "Down +with the Government!" in their fear that President Simon Sam might +submit. + +Now, in face of the two cruisers, affairs took on a new complexion, and +when they heard that the town would be bombarded if Germany's demands +were not acceeded to within eight hours, the natives' only fear was that +the President would _not_ submit. + +The foreign residents did not feel any more cheerful than the Haitians. + +The members of the French colony took refuge on the French ships in the +harbor; the Germans hurried on board their own vessels; the English +sought shelter on their trading steamers; and the Americans, having no +vessels in the harbor, went to the house of the minister, carrying with +them the most valuable of their possessions. + +President Simon Sam determined to resist as long as he dared. He sent a +request to the commander of the German vessels, for more time to +consider. + +The German commander refused, and one of the "schoolships" cleared its +decks for action, and took up a position close to the Haitian +war-vessels. + +Clearing the decks for action means that everything possible is removed +from the deck, and a clear space left for the sailors to work the ship +in. + +The Haitians then became convinced that Germany would not be trifled +with, and the Government decided to yield. + +President Simon Sam had feared that if he yielded too easily, the people +would be infuriated with him, and try to put down his Government, so he +held out until the cruiser was actually threatening the town, and then +submitted. The money demanded by Germany as damages for Lueders, $30,000 +in all, was sent on board the German vessel. + +The President at the same time issued a notice to the people of Haiti, +telling them he had been compelled to yield the rights of Haiti to the +superior force of Germany. + +The Haitians, besides sending the money, saluted the German flag, and +sent a letter of apology to Germany. + +Had the Haitians held out, and allowed the Germans to bombard their +city, the United States would have been bound to interfere. It is said +that the officials of our Government are very glad that the difficulty +has been settled without our being forced to take part in it. + + * * * * * + +Germany seems to be in great luck at this moment. + +It is reported that China, not being strong enough to fight the Germans, +and drive them out of her country, has decided to give up Kiao-Chou to +them. + +This rumor has not as yet been confirmed, and it seems hardly to be +believed, when we take into consideration the fact that only a week ago +the Chinese Emperor said he would rather give up his crown than yield to +the enormous demands of Germany. + +The day after this announcement was made, two hundred German marines and +sailors entered the city of Kiao-Chou, which is eighteen miles from the +Bay, and took possession of it. + +The Chinese forts protecting the town opened fire on the Germans; but +when the invaders replied with their splendid modern guns, the Chinese +retreated, and the Germans took possession of the city without further +trouble. + +Several German sailors were injured by stones, flung at them by the +inhabitants of the villages through which they marched; but beyond that +they suffered no loss, and their second victory, the taking of the city, +was as easy as their first, when they captured the forts protecting +Kiao-Chou Bay. + +Whether the reports that China has given up Kiao-Chou be true or false, +it is certain that Germany has no intention of letting the prize she +holds slip through her fingers. + +She has just sent out a reinforcement of twelve hundred marines and two +hundred artillerymen, under the command of the Emperor's brother, Prince +Henry of Prussia. + +Marines are soldiers who form a part of the equipment of war-vessels. + +They have none of the sailors' duties, and do not handle the ships, but +are sea troops, so to speak, who fight on shipboard, or are landed to +attack a town, as in the case of Kiao-Chou. + +They are a very useful body of men; but being neither soldiers nor +sailors, according to the recognized idea of the terms, they are looked +down upon by both soldiers and jack tars. In England it is a common +saying that a marine is "neither fish, flesh, fowl, nor good red +herring." + +It is stated that the principal reason for the seizure of Kiao-Chou Bay +was that Germany desired to have her share of the China trade. Finding +that China was indifferent to her wishes, she determined to seize upon a +portion of Chinese soil, and put herself in a position to force the +Asiatic kingdom to listen to her demands and obey them. + +A later telegram from China says that Germany has agreed to give up +Kiao-Chou Bay for a coaling-station at Sam-Sah, which is on the coast of +China, facing Formosa, the island Japan secured from China in the late +war. + +This report is also as yet unconfirmed, and so we must wait until next +week to know which is the correct one. + + * * * * * + +From the latest Cuban news, it would seem that the insurgents are +gaining a good many victories. + +The leader of the Spanish forces, General Pando, was met by the Cubans +in a heavy engagement in Santa Clara province. The first reports that +reached us were that the Cubans had won the victory, and General Pando +had been killed. + +This report was denied by the Spaniards, but nevertheless no news has +been received from this leader since the engagement. + +The Spanish authorities are awaiting information with the deepest +anxiety. The idea is growing daily stronger that some disaster must have +overtaken him, and that he has been cut off from communication with +Havana; otherwise no one can account for the fact that no news of any +kind has been received from him. + +In addition to this, the towns of Guisa and Canto el Embarcadero have +been captured by the Cubans. A force of Spanish guerillas, fifty strong, +have gone over to the insurgents, carrying with them arms, ammunition, +and a large sum of money. Gomez is busy in Santa Clara, organizing his +forces to make a strong stand against the Spanish troops. + +As we told you, the Government has issued an order permitting the +grinding of the sugar-cane. + +Gomez is determined to prevent this. In the Western provinces, the +rebels have divided themselves into small bands, and are burning such +cane-fields as the desolation of the war has left growing. + +Gomez himself will destroy the fields of Santa Clara. + +You probably remember the methods employed by the insurgents for burning +the cane at the beginning of the war. + +They caught snakes, which are very plentiful in the swampy districts of +Cuba, and rubbing their bodies with kerosene, set fire to them, and then +threw them into the cane-fields. + +The agonized reptiles, in their efforts to rub the burning oil from +their bodies, twined around the cane, twisted from stem to stem, and set +the fields on fire in a hundred places at once. + +A big engagement is reported near Sancti Spiritus, and it is also said +that the rebels have hanged fifteen persons who have approached them +with proposals of Home Rule. + +This does not look as if the island would soon be pacified. + + * * * * * + +The Government in Spain appears to be satisfied with the President's +Message, the substance of which you will find in this number of THE +GREAT ROUND WORLD. + +You will see, when you look at it, that the President does not think it +wise to interfere for the present, but thinks it right to give Spain +time to try what Home Rule will do. + +It is doubtful, however, whether the proposed reforms can be made +acceptable to the majority of the Cubans. + +A fresh proclamation, signed by a number of the lesser Cuban chiefs, has +been issued. In it the insurgents state very decidedly that they are +fighting for liberty, and will have nothing but liberty from Spain. They +declare, in so many words, that their watchword is "Freedom or Death." + +It is not going to be easy to pacify so determined a people. + +The Havana volunteers are now giving the Government much trouble and +putting fresh obstacles in the way of the success of the reforms. + +We spoke about this body of men at the time of Weyler's leave-taking, +and told you how opposed they were to showing kindness or mercy to the +Cubans, believing only in Weyler's cruel methods. + +These volunteers are violently enraged against the proposed Home Rule, +and in addition have another grievance against the Government. + +They have been in the habit of doing the kid-glove soldiering of the +island, mustering and parading in handsome uniforms; their heaviest work +has been to occasionally go on guard duty at the palace, where the +Captain-General lives, or at the bank. + +General Blanco is anxious to suppress the revolution, and, wishing to +make use of every man who can carry arms, decided to put this idle force +into the field. + +This the volunteers refused to submit to. It is said that they will +mutiny rather than undertake any useful duties. + +Perhaps a little ashamed to state the true cause of their anger, they +have laid it all to the score of Home Rule, and declare that if Spain +cannot protect them they would rather submit to American government than +be ruled by Cubans. + +The disaffected volunteers have declared their intention of wearing the +white badge of Don Carlos, and will appeal to him rather than allow the +hated Home Rule to be carried out. + +In Spain, also, the Carlist party is making strong protests against the +establishment of Home Rule, and it is thought that Don Carlos will seize +this measure as a pretext for coming forward and making one more effort +to gain the throne of Spain. + +Several of the Spanish journals have begun to speak of him as "the +king," and, strange to say, this treasonable conduct has been allowed to +go unpunished. + + * * * * * + +The stone house at Tappan on the Hudson River, in which Major John André +was imprisoned before he was hanged as a spy, is about to be opened to +the public. + +For forty years it has been owned by a gentleman who absolutely refused +to allow any one to enter it. + +A few weeks ago a heavy storm of wind and rain threw down the whole +front of the house, and immediately scores of relic-hunters descended +upon the house, and, delighted that they no longer need be deterred from +satisfying their curiosity, roamed at will over the ruin, carrying away +scraps of wood and stone as mementos of their visit. + +Disgusted that he could no longer keep his property to himself, the +owner sold the old house. The present proprietor intends to rebuild the +front wall and preserve the rest of the building as it is, using it as a +picnic resort. + +This old house has a very interesting record. + +During the Revolutionary times it was known as the Mabie Tavern, and the +old tap-room, with its ancient bar, is still as it was in those +troublous times. + +Major André was the officer who, as the representative of the British +general, Sir Henry Clinton, made arrangements with the infamous traitor, +Benedict Arnold, for the surrender of West Point. + +On returning from his interview with Arnold at Stony Point, André was +arrested at Tarrytown and taken across the Tappan Zee. He was tried by +court-martial and sentenced to be hanged as a spy. The sentence was +carried out in October, 1780. + +The tavern was used as a prison, and the room in which André was visited +by Alexander Hamilton, and the window from which the doomed man was +supposed to have looked out on his place of execution, are still in good +preservation. + + G.H. ROSENFELD. + + + + +THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE. + + +On Monday, December 6th, the first regular session of the Fifty-fifth +Congress began. + +At twelve o'clock precisely the Senate and the House of Representatives +were called to order by their respective presiding officers. + +The usual form of business was then gone through. + +After a prayer by the chaplain, both bodies appointed two members to +inform the President that Congress was in session, and ready to receive +any communication from him. + +At half-past one the President's secretary presented the Message to the +Senate, and a few minutes later handed another in to the House of +Representatives. + +The Message, which is President McKinley's first annual message, was +listened to with the closest attention. + +After a greeting to Congress, and congratulations on the good work done +in the extra session last summer, the President took up the + +CURRENCY QUESTION.--You will remember that he was very anxious to make +some changes in our money system, which he did not consider +satisfactory. He asked Congress to appoint a committee to examine into +the subject, but Congress referred the matter to the Committee on +Finance, and no special committee was appointed. + +The President realized from this that the country was not ready or +willing to have changes made in its money system, and therefore, in his +Message, he treats the currency with the utmost care. + +He warns Congress that the present money system is unsound and needs +changing. He reminds the lawmakers that the country has undertaken to +pay out a certain amount of gold every year, but that it has not made +any arrangements for receiving gold. The consequence is that the +treasury has every year to buy the gold it needs to pay its debts. + +This the President does not approve of. + +He suggests that some arrangement should be made whereby debts due to +the Government shall be paid in gold, so that the treasury may receive +enough gold for its needs. + +He leaves the matter in the hands of Congress, suggesting that it might +help matters if the bank-notes which the Government has to redeem in +gold shall only be paid out again in exchange for gold. He also asks +that earnest attention be given to the plan of the Secretary of the +Treasury. + +THE CUBAN QUESTION is treated in a very impartial and statesmanlike +manner. + +The President goes over its history in a way that is most interesting to +us, because he is in possession of facts that no private citizen can +obtain. We print a portion of his remarks: + +"The story of Cuba for many years has been one of unrest, growing +discontent; an effort toward a larger enjoyment of liberty and +self-control; of organized resistance to the mother country. + +"The prospect from time to time that the weakness of Spain's hold upon +the island might lead to the transfer of Cuba to a continental power +called forth, between 1823 and 1860, various emphatic declarations of +the policy of the United States to permit no disturbance of Cuba's +connection with Spain, unless in the direction of independence or +acquisition by us through purchase; nor has there been any change of +this declared policy since upon the part of the Government. + +"The revolution which began in 1868 lasted for ten years, despite the +strenuous efforts of the successive Peninsular governments to suppress +it. Then, as now, the Government of the United States testified its +grave concern and offered its aid to put an end to bloodshed in Cuba. +The overtures made by General Grant were refused, and the war dragged +on, entailing great loss of life and treasure and increased injury to +American interests, besides throwing enhanced burdens of neutrality upon +this Government. In 1878 peace was brought about by the truce of Zanjon, +obtained by negotiations between the Spanish commander, Martinez de +Campos, and the insurgent leaders. + +"The present insurrection broke out in February, 1895." + +He goes on to say that the friendly offers of mediation made in April, +1896, by this Government, were refused by Spain. He mentions the cruel +policy of driving the peasants into the towns, the abuse of the rights +of war which were perpetrated, speaks of Minister Woodford's mission, +and finally shows that action on our part was rendered unnecessary by +the death of Canovas and the coming in to power of Sagasta. + +He declares that the present Government of Spain seems determined to +give liberal Home Rule to the island of Cuba, and to give it in spite of +the serious objections raised by certain powerful political parties in +Spain. + +In the face of these facts, he asks Congress to give Spain time, before +making any demands, to end the war. + +He refuses to recognize the belligerency of Cuba, and bases his decision +on the action taken by President Grant in 1875, when the situation in +Cuba was similar to the present state of affairs. + +He quotes the following words of General Grant: + +"A recognition of the independence of Cuba being, in my opinion, +impracticable and indefensible, the question which next presents itself +is that of the recognition of belligerent rights in the parties to the +contest. In a former message to Congress I had occasion to consider this +question, and reached the conclusion that the conflict in Cuba, dreadful +and devastating as were its incidents, did not rise to the fearful +dignity of war...." + +He declares that as regards filibustering, he thinks the Government has +simply done its duty. He leaves the Cuban question practically as it +was, asking Congress to wait and see how the Home Rule principle works +before taking any further steps. + +He promises that if, in the future, intervention in the affairs of Cuba +seems necessary, he will face the necessity without hesitation. + +HAWAIIAN ANNEXATION is treated very clearly by President McKinley. + +He thinks the time is ripe for annexation, and recommends that the +treaty shall be confirmed as speedily as possible. + +He seems to think there is no doubt that Congress will pass the treaty, +for he goes on to recommend that Home Rule shall be given to Hawaiians +as soon as the islands shall belong to the United States. + +He reports progress on THE NICARAGUA CANAL, states that the surveys and +examinations are being made, and that he hopes soon to have a full +statement to submit to Congress. + +THE SEALING QUESTION received some consideration. The Message gives the +history of the matter, with which we are all familiar (or can easily +become so by looking up the back numbers of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD, from +page 732, and through several numbers following). + +The President announces the treaty arranged between Russia, Japan, and +the United States, and that on certain important points England is also +agreed. He thinks there will be little difficulty in getting measures +adopted for the preservation of the seal herd. + +ARBITRATION.--On this matter he states that the "best sentiment of the +civilized world is moving toward the settlement of differences between +nations without the horrors of war." + +He adds that he will give his constant encouragement to all such +treaties, provided they do not endanger our interests. + +THE EXPOSITION OF 1900, which will be held in Paris, also comes in for +consideration. + +President McKinley states that from the reports received from the +special commissioner who was appointed to look into the matter, he is of +opinion that the coming event in Paris will be one of the most important +of the many wonderful expositions which the world has seen. + +He therefore asks Congress to make a liberal appropriation of money, so +that the United States may be properly represented. + +In regard to THE NAVY, the President says: + +"The present force of the navy consists of 4 battleships of the first +class, 2 of the second, and 48 other vessels, ranging from armored +cruisers to torpedo-boats. There are under construction 5 battleships of +the first class, 16 torpedo-boats, and 1 submarine boat. No provision +has yet been made for the armor for three of the five battleships, as it +has been impossible to obtain it at the price fixed by Congress. It is +of great importance that Congress provide for the purchase of this +armor, as until then the ships are of no fighting value." + +Considering that five battleships of the largest class are now on the +stocks, the President only recommends the building of one more +battleship, which shall be for the Pacific Coast. + +He also asks for several torpedo-boats, in connection with the system of +coast defence, and recommends that floating-docks for the repairing of +battleships be provided on all our coasts. + +As to ALASKA, the government of the territory is, the President says, +not strong or effective enough to take care of the crowds that have +hurried into the country since the discovery of gold. + +He therefore suggests that a more thorough system of government shall be +established. + +He states that he agrees with General Alger, the Secretary of War, that +Alaska also needs a military force for the safety of her citizens. A +military post is about to be established at St. Michaels, which, as you +probably remember, is on Norton Sound, and is one of the principal +seaports of Alaska. + +THE CIVILIZED TRIBES OF INDIANS were next in consideration. + +President McKinley recommends that the relations with the five civilized +tribes shall be readjusted, giving the Indians citizenship and +individual ownership of their lands. + +The five civilized tribes are the Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, +Muscogees or Creeks, and the Seminoles. + +(This latter point opens a very interesting subject for us. We have not +space to talk about it now, but hope to do so shortly. We should all of +us be familiar with the history of the Indians.) + +The President recommends that to prevent the further invasion of the +United States by yellow fever it is important to discover the exact +cause of the disease. He suggests that investigations to that end shall +be made. + +The quarantine laws, he thinks, should also be amended and improved. + +He expresses a hope that now that the Congressional Library has been +finished, and is such a magnificent building, and so perfect in its form +and detail, Congress will appropriate sums sufficient to develop it, +until it shall be among the richest and most useful in the world. + +Begging Congress to keep its expenditures within the limit of its +receipts, President McKinley brought his Message to a close. + + G.H. ROSENFELD. + + + + +INVENTION AND DISCOVERY. + + +This is a good idea for house plants, which are such a trouble to keep +properly watered. + +All gardeners tell you that plants never do so well in jardinières as in +the red earthen pots. It is for the reason that the common pots are +porous and allow evaporation, so that the water does not become stagnant +and injure the plant, while the glazed jardinières effectually prevent +it. + +The great objection to the red pots is that they need a saucer under +them, and when moved are difficult to handle without spilling the +contents of the saucer. + +Plants are not a bit greedy. They don't drink all the water that is +given them at once; they love to let a little water run through and +remain in the saucer until they need it. It is therefore necessary to +the health of plants to let them stand in a vessel that will permit them +to make their little reserve store if they wish to. + +The new invention accomplishes all of these purposes. + +It is a deep saucer, which gives room for an ample reservoir. Attached +to it are two uprights with hinged handles at the top. + +These handles are to clasp the flower pot and attach it firmly to the +saucer. + +The pot is placed in the saucer, and the uprights are bent toward the +plant until they touch it. Then the spring handles are turned down and +clasp the inside rim of the pot, making pot and saucer practically one +piece, giving all the advantages of the jardinière, with the health +qualities of the earthen pot. + + * * * * * + +CLOTHES-PIN.--The old-fashioned clothes-pin is such a clumsy, unhandy +thing, that this new invention should be hailed with delight by +housekeepers. + +Any one who has tried to hang out washing knows the trick that +clothes-pins have of standing on their heads just when they seem most +firmly gripping the rope--slipping off and letting the clothes fall to +the ground. + +The new pin will allow no such pranks. It is a double affair, and can +grip the whole of a stocking or the shoulder of a garment, and hold it +with absolute security. + +It is made of galvanized wire, so that it is quite smooth, and there are +none of the rough pieces and splinters which we sometimes find on +clothes-pins. As the pin is of galvanized wire, it does not rust. + + G.H.R. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 59, December 23, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + +***** This file should be named 16498-8.txt or 16498-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/4/9/16498/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 59, December 23, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: August 9, 2005 [EBook #16498] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + + +</pre> + + + + +<p><a name="Page_1651" id="Page_1651"></a></p> + + +<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/title.png" alt="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" title="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" /></p> + +<div class='center'><b><span class='smcap'>Vol.</span> 1 <span class='smcap'>December</span> 23, 1897. <span class='smcap'>No.</span> 59</b></div> + +<div class='center'><b>Copyright, 1897, by <span class="smcap">The Great Round World</span> Publishing Company.</b></div> + +<hr style="width: 45%;" /> + + +<p>The troubles in Austria have not been brought to a close by the downfall +of Count Badeni and the appointment of Baron von Gautsch.</p> + +<p>Count Badeni was, as you will remember, particularly obnoxious to the +German element in Austria, and many people thought that his dismissal +would restore harmony. Instead, it has given rise to some very serious +rioting in Bohemia.</p> + +<p>We explained to you in a former number that Austro-Hungary is composed +of a number of states and provinces.</p> + +<p>The leading races in this much-disturbed country are the Germans, the +Slavs, and the Magyars.</p> + +<p>The Germans number about ten and a half millions; the Slavs, who +comprise about nine distinct races, about twenty millions; and the +Magyars about seven and a half millions.</p> + +<p>The most important of the Slavs are the Czechs, or Bohemians, who number +about five and a half of the total twenty millions.</p> + +<p>While, as you can readily see, the Slavonic races considerably outnumber +the Germans and the Magyars, the government is vested in these two<a name="Page_1652" id="Page_1652"></a> +latter races, and therefore the Slavs are forced to obey the will of the +governing people. They do so, as we have seen, with a very bad grace.</p> + +<p>Between the Magyars and the Germans there is no great friendliness, but +the Hungarians have their own parliament, and are independent in many +things. Between the Austrians and the Czechs there is an intense and +undying antipathy, which it seems impossible to overcome.</p> + +<p>The Bohemians would like to be as independent as the Hungarians, but +their desires are not heeded, and they are forced to submit to the +government of the Austrian Reichsrath or parliament.</p> + +<p>In this assembly, however, they can show their true sentiments, and the +friction between the rival races is extraordinary. If the Bohemians want +any special laws made, the Germans oppose them. If the Germans try to +get a measure through the parliament that is for their benefit alone, +the Czechs combine to defeat it.</p> + +<p>When, therefore, the German party succeeded in ousting Count Badeni, the +Czechs were furious.</p> + +<p>The German Austrians foolishly celebrated their victory with bonfires +and illuminations, making a fête of the success which was so hateful to +the Czechs.</p> + +<p>The angry Bohemians sought revenge in riot.</p> + +<p>In Prague, the capital of Bohemia, there were fierce anti-German +risings.</p> + +<p>The houses of the Germans were bombarded with stones, the German theatre +and German restaurants were attacked and damaged, and the German +Quarter, or portion of the city where most of the Germans live, was<a name="Page_1653" id="Page_1653"></a> +visited by an angry mob which plundered the houses and shops.</p> + +<p>All persons speaking the German language were subject to attack, and for +this reason the unfortunate and harmless Jews came in for their share of +the popular hatred. The majority of them do not speak Czech, and many of +the signs over their shops are in the hated German language. Many of +them were therefore robbed, beaten, and cruelly ill-treated.</p> + +<p>The riots grew so serious that they almost amounted to a rebellion.</p> + +<p>Thousands of Czechs streamed into Prague to assist the rioters. The +streets were filled with furious men, who attacked and beat any person +using words of German. The very women on their way to market were not +safe. They were obliged to wear the Bohemian national colors to save +themselves from attack.</p> + +<p>One poor old woman was severely beaten because she could not speak +Czech. About three hundred Germans were taken to the hospitals, +suffering from wounds they had received.</p> + +<p>The disturbances having assumed such a serious character, the troops +were ordered out to restore order.</p> + +<p>They were greeted with showers of stones, broken glass, or any missile +that came handy. The soldiers were finally obliged to fire on the mob, +and in consequence many persons were injured.</p> + +<p>The riots continuing, Prague was put under martial law, and regiments +were drafted from Vienna to assist in quelling them. Twelve thousand in +all have been massed in the city of Prague. It is evident that the +Government considers the situation grave, as the men have been sent out<a name="Page_1654" id="Page_1654"></a> +armed as for war, and furnished with the various necessaries as for a +regular campaign.</p> + +<p>When martial law is proclaimed in a district, it means that all persons +within a certain limit are to be subject to the rules and regulations in +use in times of war.</p> + +<p>These rules are very strict. Persons who resist are arrested, tried, and +severely punished. Sometimes if they cannot give a good account of +themselves they are hanged as spies.</p> + +<p>The law that has been proclaimed in Prague is known as the Standrecht, +and is not exactly martial law. Instead of the military officers sitting +in judgment on suspected persons, the civil judges of the law courts are +given military powers. They try and sentence people with military haste, +and their sentences are put into effect within a few hours after they +have been passed.</p> + +<p>There is no appeal from the judgments of the Standrecht; and so quickly +are they carried out, that if a person is ordered to be hanged, and the +regular executioner is busy, the judge can call on the soldiers to carry +out the sentence.</p> + +<p>No sooner were these severe measures enforced in Prague, than the wrath +of the people began to calm down.</p> + +<p>Four men were handed over to the mercy of the judges; each received a +sentence of twenty years' imprisonment, and was immediately taken away +without time for farewells.</p> + +<p>The hand of the law is very heavy in Prague at this moment, and for this +reason her citizens are gradually returning to their senses.<a name="Page_1655" id="Page_1655"></a></p> + +<p>Throughout the length and breadth of this great city the people are +forced to live by military rules. Among other orders, the commanding +officer insists that the house doors must be closed at seven every +evening. Shops have to be closed at five, cafés must have their lights +out and doors closed at nine, and every person in the city has to give +an account of himself whenever it is required.</p> + +<p>Under these laws the people of Prague will continue to live until peace +is restored. The condition of the city is very pitiable. The schools are +closed, the hotels are empty, and the tradespeople declare that +bankruptcy lies before them.</p> + +<p>Amazing stories are told of the dreadful things done by the rioters in +their hatred of everything German. It is said that the Children's +Hospital was attacked, and pelted with stones until all the windows were +broken. The poor little invalids were for hours subjected to the +freezing cold, and all because the doctors and nurses were Austrian +Germans. In another part of the city an ambulance with a sick man in it +was attacked by the mob, because the doctor riding with the patient was +known to be a German.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>While these horrors have been going forward in Prague, matters have not +improved much in Vienna.</p> + +<p>The two parties are more furious against each other than ever. It is +asserted that if the Reichsrath reassembles with the same president, the +previous disgraceful riots will be repeated.</p> + +<p>It is said, however, that there is a chance of an un<a name="Page_1656" id="Page_1656"></a>derstanding on the +language question, but it is thought that it will be impossible to pass +the Austro-Hungarian Compromise Bill in the Reichsrath.</p> + +<p>This bill is the contract which holds Austria and Hungary together as +one country, and which, as we have told you, expires on December 31st of +this year.</p> + +<p>If it is not renewed, Austria and Hungary must be separated.</p> + +<p>As it has been impossible for the two nations to agree as to the terms +of the new contract, it has, as we have told you, been suggested to make +a temporary one for one year, which will bind the kingdoms while the +permanent contract is being prepared.</p> + +<p>It is this one-year agreement which it is supposed cannot be passed by +the Reichsrath.</p> + +<p>If it becomes evident that the Reichsrath will not pass this necessary +bill, it is thought that the Emperor will finally take advantage of his +right under the constitution, and, dissolving the Reichsrath, act on his +own authority, and accept a one-year's agreement with Hungary.</p> + +<p>If Francis Joseph is forced to take such a step it is likely that he may +not call a new parliament for some time, but govern the country himself.</p> + +<p>In the mean while, Baron Banffy, the Hungarian Prime Minister, has +offered a bill in the Hungarian Reichstag (parliament) on this vexed +question.</p> + +<p>The Austrian parliament is called the "Reichsrath," the Hungarian the +"Reichstag."</p> + +<p>This bill provides that the contract between Hungary and Austria shall +remain in force for another year, till December, 1898, and that if new +arrange<a name="Page_1657" id="Page_1657"></a>ments have not been made by that time the compact shall be +finally broken.</p> + +<p>If nothing satisfactory has been proposed by May, 1898, the Government +promises to submit proposals for the regulation of matters between the +two countries, which shall go into force when the contract expires in +December, 1898.</p> + +<p>As soon as this bill had been read, Francis Kossuth (who, as we told +you, is the son of the great Hungarian patriot, Louis Kossuth) asked +leave to make suggestions in regard to the bill.</p> + +<p>It being late, the house adjourned, after granting him permission to +speak on the following day.</p> + +<p>Everybody was eager to know what Kossuth would do. His love for his +country and his desire to see her free were so well known that it was +supposed that he had some plan to secure his hoped-for project.</p> + +<p>As was expected, he made a strong plea that Hungary should declare her +freedom.</p> + +<p>Having pointed out to the members that the present was a golden +opportunity in which to throw off the Austrian yoke, he ended his speech +by asking that Baron Banffy's bill be referred to a committee.</p> + +<p>Those who understand parliamentary procedure will see that this was a +very clever move. Kossuth hoped thus to delay the final discussion of +the bill until after the date of the treaty had expired, and then +Hungary would once more have her freedom.</p> + +<p>In getting the matter referred to a committee, he was submitting it to +all the delays that attend parliamentary work. It would be placed in the +hands of men who would be obliged to discuss it thoroughly before they +could report it, and it would be unlikely <a name="Page_1658" id="Page_1658"></a>that it could be returned to +parliament before the beginning of January, when it would be too late to +be of any use.</p> + +<p>What the result of this clever move was, we have not yet heard.</p> + +<p>It is thought by many people that the fall of the Austrian Empire is at +hand.</p> + +<p>Some fear that the German element may appeal to Emperor William of +Germany, and that a war in which Germany, Austria, and Russia will be +concerned may be the upshot of the present troubles.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Germany has a good deal on her hands at this moment.</p> + +<p>In regard to Haiti, the case of young Lueders seems to be more +complicated than it at first appeared.</p> + +<p>By the laws of Haiti he is a Haitian, having been born on Haitian soil +of a native mother; but he was educated in Germany, and served his time +in the German army, so he has voluntarily assumed the duties of German +citizenship.</p> + +<p>This makes the case hard to handle.</p> + +<p>Haiti has a perfect right to insist that he is a citizen, and must be +treated according to her laws, but Germany has also some right to say +that he is a German citizen, and shall not be abused by a foreign +country. Were Haiti a more powerful country than she is, there is little +doubt that she would take a stand and insist on her rights, but as it +is, she does not dare to resist a strong power like Germany.</p> + +<p>There was, as we told you, a report current that<a name="Page_1659" id="Page_1659"></a> Germany did not intend +to send any ship to Haiti, but that the matter would be settled by +arbitration.</p> + +<p>Three days after the announcement, two German cruisers entered the +harbor of Port-au-Prince, and sent in an ultimatum, which is a +government's final decision on a given subject.</p> + +<p>The Haitian Government was informed that unless Germany's demands were +submitted to within eight hours, the town would be bombarded.</p> + +<p>Germany had said that two of her schoolships would visit the West Indies +during the winter, and the two vessels which arrived at Port-au-Prince +are believed to have been the two in question. They were, however, so +fully equipped, and presented such a formidable appearance, that they +were quite sufficient to seriously alarm the Haitians.</p> + +<p>Word had been sent a few days previously that two German vessels were +making all haste to Port-au-Prince, but thinking them the coming +schoolships, the Haitians felt no fear. They determined to resist these +German schoolboys to the last, and armed themselves to fight their foe.</p> + +<p>When the German vessels finally made their appearance, and the Haitians +saw for themselves that these so-called schoolships seemed to have just +as many seamen and murderous-looking guns as the ordinary man-of-war, +their courage oozed out at their finger-tips.</p> + +<p>Before the ships came in sight, they had paraded the city, crying "Down +with the Government!" in their fear that President Simon Sam might +submit.</p> + +<p>Now, in face of the two cruisers, affairs took on a new complexion, and +when they heard that the town <a name="Page_1660" id="Page_1660"></a>would be bombarded if Germany's demands +were not acceeded to within eight hours, the natives' only fear was that +the President would <i>not</i> submit.</p> + +<p>The foreign residents did not feel any more cheerful than the Haitians.</p> + +<p>The members of the French colony took refuge on the French ships in the +harbor; the Germans hurried on board their own vessels; the English +sought shelter on their trading steamers; and the Americans, having no +vessels in the harbor, went to the house of the minister, carrying with +them the most valuable of their possessions.</p> + +<p>President Simon Sam determined to resist as long as he dared. He sent a +request to the commander of the German vessels, for more time to +consider.</p> + +<p>The German commander refused, and one of the "schoolships" cleared its +decks for action, and took up a position close to the Haitian +war-vessels.</p> + +<p>Clearing the decks for action means that everything possible is removed +from the deck, and a clear space left for the sailors to work the ship +in.</p> + +<p>The Haitians then became convinced that Germany would not be trifled +with, and the Government decided to yield.</p> + +<p>President Simon Sam had feared that if he yielded too easily, the people +would be infuriated with him, and try to put down his Government, so he +held out until the cruiser was actually threatening the town, and then +submitted. The money demanded by Germany as damages for Lueders, $30,000 +in all, was sent on board the German vessel.</p> + +<p>The President at the same time issued a notice to the people of Haiti, +telling them he had been com<a name="Page_1661" id="Page_1661"></a>pelled to yield the rights of Haiti to the +superior force of Germany.</p> + +<p>The Haitians, besides sending the money, saluted the German flag, and +sent a letter of apology to Germany.</p> + +<p>Had the Haitians held out, and allowed the Germans to bombard their +city, the United States would have been bound to interfere. It is said +that the officials of our Government are very glad that the difficulty +has been settled without our being forced to take part in it.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Germany seems to be in great luck at this moment.</p> + +<p>It is reported that China, not being strong enough to fight the Germans, +and drive them out of her country, has decided to give up Kiao-Chou to +them.</p> + +<p>This rumor has not as yet been confirmed, and it seems hardly to be +believed, when we take into consideration the fact that only a week ago +the Chinese Emperor said he would rather give up his crown than yield to +the enormous demands of Germany.</p> + +<p>The day after this announcement was made, two hundred German marines and +sailors entered the city of Kiao-Chou, which is eighteen miles from the +Bay, and took possession of it.</p> + +<p>The Chinese forts protecting the town opened fire on the Germans; but +when the invaders replied with their splendid modern guns, the Chinese +retreated, and the Germans took possession of the city without further +trouble.</p> + +<p>Several German sailors were injured by stones, <a name="Page_1662" id="Page_1662"></a>flung at them by the +inhabitants of the villages through which they marched; but beyond that +they suffered no loss, and their second victory, the taking of the city, +was as easy as their first, when they captured the forts protecting +Kiao-Chou Bay.</p> + +<p>Whether the reports that China has given up Kiao-Chou be true or false, +it is certain that Germany has no intention of letting the prize she +holds slip through her fingers.</p> + +<p>She has just sent out a reinforcement of twelve hundred marines and two +hundred artillerymen, under the command of the Emperor's brother, Prince +Henry of Prussia.</p> + +<p>Marines are soldiers who form a part of the equipment of war-vessels.</p> + +<p>They have none of the sailors' duties, and do not handle the ships, but +are sea troops, so to speak, who fight on shipboard, or are landed to +attack a town, as in the case of Kiao-Chou.</p> + +<p>They are a very useful body of men; but being neither soldiers nor +sailors, according to the recognized idea of the terms, they are looked +down upon by both soldiers and jack tars. In England it is a common +saying that a marine is "neither fish, flesh, fowl, nor good red +herring."</p> + +<p>It is stated that the principal reason for the seizure of Kiao-Chou Bay +was that Germany desired to have her share of the China trade. Finding +that China was indifferent to her wishes, she determined to seize upon a +portion of Chinese soil, and put herself in a position to force the +Asiatic kingdom to listen to her demands and obey them.</p> + +<p>A later telegram from China says that Germany <a name="Page_1663" id="Page_1663"></a>has agreed to give up +Kiao-Chou Bay for a coaling-station at Sam-Sah, which is on the coast of +China, facing Formosa, the island Japan secured from China in the late +war.</p> + +<p>This report is also as yet unconfirmed, and so we must wait until next +week to know which is the correct one.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>From the latest Cuban news, it would seem that the insurgents are +gaining a good many victories.</p> + +<p>The leader of the Spanish forces, General Pando, was met by the Cubans +in a heavy engagement in Santa Clara province. The first reports that +reached us were that the Cubans had won the victory, and General Pando +had been killed.</p> + +<p>This report was denied by the Spaniards, but nevertheless no news has +been received from this leader since the engagement.</p> + +<p>The Spanish authorities are awaiting information with the deepest +anxiety. The idea is growing daily stronger that some disaster must have +overtaken him, and that he has been cut off from communication with +Havana; otherwise no one can account for the fact that no news of any +kind has been received from him.</p> + +<p>In addition to this, the towns of Guisa and Canto el Embarcadero have +been captured by the Cubans. A force of Spanish guerillas, fifty strong, +have gone over to the insurgents, carrying with them arms, ammunition, +and a large sum of money. Gomez is busy in Santa Clara, organizing his +forces to make a strong stand against the Spanish troops.<a name="Page_1664" id="Page_1664"></a></p> + +<p>As we told you, the Government has issued an order permitting the +grinding of the sugar-cane.</p> + +<p>Gomez is determined to prevent this. In the Western provinces, the +rebels have divided themselves into small bands, and are burning such +cane-fields as the desolation of the war has left growing.</p> + +<p>Gomez himself will destroy the fields of Santa Clara.</p> + +<p>You probably remember the methods employed by the insurgents for burning +the cane at the beginning of the war.</p> + +<p>They caught snakes, which are very plentiful in the swampy districts of +Cuba, and rubbing their bodies with kerosene, set fire to them, and then +threw them into the cane-fields.</p> + +<p>The agonized reptiles, in their efforts to rub the burning oil from +their bodies, twined around the cane, twisted from stem to stem, and set +the fields on fire in a hundred places at once.</p> + +<p>A big engagement is reported near Sancti Spiritus, and it is also said +that the rebels have hanged fifteen persons who have approached them +with proposals of Home Rule.</p> + +<p>This does not look as if the island would soon be pacified.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The Government in Spain appears to be satisfied with the President's +Message, the substance of which you will find in this number of <span class="smcap">The +Great Round World</span>.</p> + +<p>You will see, when you look at it, that the President does not think it +wise to interfere for the present, <a name="Page_1665" id="Page_1665"></a>but thinks it right to give Spain +time to try what Home Rule will do.</p> + +<p>It is doubtful, however, whether the proposed reforms can be made +acceptable to the majority of the Cubans.</p> + +<p>A fresh proclamation, signed by a number of the lesser Cuban chiefs, has +been issued. In it the insurgents state very decidedly that they are +fighting for liberty, and will have nothing but liberty from Spain. They +declare, in so many words, that their watchword is "Freedom or Death."</p> + +<p>It is not going to be easy to pacify so determined a people.</p> + +<p>The Havana volunteers are now giving the Government much trouble and +putting fresh obstacles in the way of the success of the reforms.</p> + +<p>We spoke about this body of men at the time of Weyler's leave-taking, +and told you how opposed they were to showing kindness or mercy to the +Cubans, believing only in Weyler's cruel methods.</p> + +<p>These volunteers are violently enraged against the proposed Home Rule, +and in addition have another grievance against the Government.</p> + +<p>They have been in the habit of doing the kid-glove soldiering of the +island, mustering and parading in handsome uniforms; their heaviest work +has been to occasionally go on guard duty at the palace, where the +Captain-General lives, or at the bank.</p> + +<p>General Blanco is anxious to suppress the revolution, and, wishing to +make use of every man who can carry arms, decided to put this idle force +into the field.</p> + +<p>This the volunteers refused to submit to. It is <a name="Page_1666" id="Page_1666"></a>said that they will +mutiny rather than undertake any useful duties.</p> + +<p>Perhaps a little ashamed to state the true cause of their anger, they +have laid it all to the score of Home Rule, and declare that if Spain +cannot protect them they would rather submit to American government than +be ruled by Cubans.</p> + +<p>The disaffected volunteers have declared their intention of wearing the +white badge of Don Carlos, and will appeal to him rather than allow the +hated Home Rule to be carried out.</p> + +<p>In Spain, also, the Carlist party is making strong protests against the +establishment of Home Rule, and it is thought that Don Carlos will seize +this measure as a pretext for coming forward and making one more effort +to gain the throne of Spain.</p> + +<p>Several of the Spanish journals have begun to speak of him as "the +king," and, strange to say, this treasonable conduct has been allowed to +go unpunished.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>The stone house at Tappan on the Hudson River, in which Major John André +was imprisoned before he was hanged as a spy, is about to be opened to +the public.</p> + +<p>For forty years it has been owned by a gentleman who absolutely refused +to allow any one to enter it.</p> + +<p>A few weeks ago a heavy storm of wind and rain threw down the whole +front of the house, and immediately scores of relic-hunters descended +upon the house, and, delighted that they no longer need be deterred from +satisfying their curiosity, roamed at will <a name="Page_1667" id="Page_1667"></a>over the ruin, carrying away +scraps of wood and stone as mementos of their visit.</p> + +<p>Disgusted that he could no longer keep his property to himself, the +owner sold the old house. The present proprietor intends to rebuild the +front wall and preserve the rest of the building as it is, using it as a +picnic resort.</p> + +<p>This old house has a very interesting record.</p> + +<p>During the Revolutionary times it was known as the Mabie Tavern, and the +old tap-room, with its ancient bar, is still as it was in those +troublous times.</p> + +<p>Major André was the officer who, as the representative of the British +general, Sir Henry Clinton, made arrangements with the infamous traitor, +Benedict Arnold, for the surrender of West Point.</p> + +<p>On returning from his interview with Arnold at Stony Point, André was +arrested at Tarrytown and taken across the Tappan Zee. He was tried by +court-martial and sentenced to be hanged as a spy. The sentence was +carried out in October, 1780.</p> + +<p>The tavern was used as a prison, and the room in which André was visited +by Alexander Hamilton, and the window from which the doomed man was +supposed to have looked out on his place of execution, are still in good +preservation.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 28em;">G.</span><span class="smcap">H. Rosenfeld.</span><br /> +<a name="Page_1668" id="Page_1668"></a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE.</h2> + + +<p>On Monday, December 6th, the first regular session of the Fifty-fifth +Congress began.</p> + +<p>At twelve o'clock precisely the Senate and the House of Representatives +were called to order by their respective presiding officers.</p> + +<p>The usual form of business was then gone through.</p> + +<p>After a prayer by the chaplain, both bodies appointed two members to +inform the President that Congress was in session, and ready to receive +any communication from him.</p> + +<p>At half-past one the President's secretary presented the Message to the +Senate, and a few minutes later handed another in to the House of +Representatives.</p> + +<p>The Message, which is President McKinley's first annual message, was +listened to with the closest attention.</p> + +<p>After a greeting to Congress, and congratulations on the good work done +in the extra session last summer, the President took up the</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Currency Question.</span>—You will remember that he was very anxious +to make some changes in our money system, which he did not consider +satisfactory. He asked Congress to appoint a committee to examine into +the subject, but Congress referred the matter to the Committee on +Finance, and no special committee was appointed.</p> + +<p>The President realized from this that the country was not ready or +willing to have changes made in its money system, and therefore, in his +Message, he treats the currency with the utmost care.<a name="Page_1669" id="Page_1669"></a></p> + +<p>He warns Congress that the present money system is unsound and needs +changing. He reminds the lawmakers that the country has undertaken to +pay out a certain amount of gold every year, but that it has not made +any arrangements for receiving gold. The consequence is that the +treasury has every year to buy the gold it needs to pay its debts.</p> + +<p>This the President does not approve of.</p> + +<p>He suggests that some arrangement should be made whereby debts due to +the Government shall be paid in gold, so that the treasury may receive +enough gold for its needs.</p> + +<p>He leaves the matter in the hands of Congress, suggesting that it might +help matters if the bank-notes which the Government has to redeem in +gold shall only be paid out again in exchange for gold. He also asks +that earnest attention be given to the plan of the Secretary of the +Treasury.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Cuban Question</span> is treated in a very impartial and +statesmanlike manner.</p> + +<p>The President goes over its history in a way that is most interesting to +us, because he is in possession of facts that no private citizen can +obtain. We print a portion of his remarks:</p> + +<p>"The story of Cuba for many years has been one of unrest, growing +discontent; an effort toward a larger enjoyment of liberty and +self-control; of organized resistance to the mother country.</p> + +<p>"The prospect from time to time that the weakness of Spain's hold upon +the island might lead to the transfer of Cuba to a continental power +called forth, between 1823 and 1860, various emphatic declarations of +the policy of the United States to permit no dis<a name="Page_1670" id="Page_1670"></a>turbance of Cuba's +connection with Spain, unless in the direction of independence or +acquisition by us through purchase; nor has there been any change of +this declared policy since upon the part of the Government.</p> + +<p>"The revolution which began in 1868 lasted for ten years, despite the +strenuous efforts of the successive Peninsular governments to suppress +it. Then, as now, the Government of the United States testified its +grave concern and offered its aid to put an end to bloodshed in Cuba. +The overtures made by General Grant were refused, and the war dragged +on, entailing great loss of life and treasure and increased injury to +American interests, besides throwing enhanced burdens of neutrality upon +this Government. In 1878 peace was brought about by the truce of Zanjon, +obtained by negotiations between the Spanish commander, Martinez de +Campos, and the insurgent leaders.</p> + +<p>"The present insurrection broke out in February, 1895."</p> + +<p>He goes on to say that the friendly offers of mediation made in April, +1896, by this Government, were refused by Spain. He mentions the cruel +policy of driving the peasants into the towns, the abuse of the rights +of war which were perpetrated, speaks of Minister Woodford's mission, +and finally shows that action on our part was rendered unnecessary by +the death of Canovas and the coming in to power of Sagasta.</p> + +<p>He declares that the present Government of Spain seems determined to +give liberal Home Rule to the island of Cuba, and to give it in spite of +the serious <a name="Page_1671" id="Page_1671"></a>objections raised by certain powerful political parties in +Spain.</p> + +<p>In the face of these facts, he asks Congress to give Spain time, before +making any demands, to end the war.</p> + +<p>He refuses to recognize the belligerency of Cuba, and bases his decision +on the action taken by President Grant in 1875, when the situation in +Cuba was similar to the present state of affairs.</p> + +<p>He quotes the following words of General Grant:</p> + +<p>"A recognition of the independence of Cuba being, in my opinion, +impracticable and indefensible, the question which next presents itself +is that of the recognition of belligerent rights in the parties to the +contest. In a former message to Congress I had occasion to consider this +question, and reached the conclusion that the conflict in Cuba, dreadful +and devastating as were its incidents, did not rise to the fearful +dignity of war...."</p> + +<p>He declares that as regards filibustering, he thinks the Government has +simply done its duty. He leaves the Cuban question practically as it +was, asking Congress to wait and see how the Home Rule principle works +before taking any further steps.</p> + +<p>He promises that if, in the future, intervention in the affairs of Cuba +seems necessary, he will face the necessity without hesitation.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hawaiian Annexation</span> is treated very clearly by President +McKinley.</p> + +<p>He thinks the time is ripe for annexation, and recommends that the +treaty shall be confirmed as speedily as possible.</p> + +<p>He seems to think there is no doubt that Congress <a name="Page_1672" id="Page_1672"></a>will pass the treaty, +for he goes on to recommend that Home Rule shall be given to Hawaiians +as soon as the islands shall belong to the United States.</p> + +<p>He reports progress on <span class="smcap">The Nicaragua Canal</span>, states that the +surveys and examinations are being made, and that he hopes soon to have +a full statement to submit to Congress.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Sealing Question</span> received some consideration. The Message +gives the history of the matter, with which we are all familiar (or can +easily become so by looking up the back numbers of <span class="smcap">The Great Round +World</span>, from page 732, and through several numbers following).</p> + +<p>The President announces the treaty arranged between Russia, Japan, and +the United States, and that on certain important points England is also +agreed. He thinks there will be little difficulty in getting measures +adopted for the preservation of the seal herd.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Arbitration.</span>—On this matter he states that the "best sentiment +of the civilized world is moving toward the settlement of differences +between nations without the horrors of war."</p> + +<p>He adds that he will give his constant encouragement to all such +treaties, provided they do not endanger our interests.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Exposition of 1900</span>, which will be held in Paris, also comes +in for consideration.</p> + +<p>President McKinley states that from the reports received from the +special commissioner who was appointed to look into the matter, he is of +opinion that the coming event in Paris will be one of the most important +of the many wonderful expositions which the world has seen.<a name="Page_1673" id="Page_1673"></a></p> + +<p>He therefore asks Congress to make a liberal appropriation of money, so +that the United States may be properly represented.</p> + +<p>In regard to <span class="smcap">The Navy</span>, the President says:</p> + +<p>"The present force of the navy consists of 4 battleships of the first +class, 2 of the second, and 48 other vessels, ranging from armored +cruisers to torpedo-boats. There are under construction 5 battleships of +the first class, 16 torpedo-boats, and 1 submarine boat. No provision +has yet been made for the armor for three of the five battleships, as it +has been impossible to obtain it at the price fixed by Congress. It is +of great importance that Congress provide for the purchase of this +armor, as until then the ships are of no fighting value."</p> + +<p>Considering that five battleships of the largest class are now on the +stocks, the President only recommends the building of one more +battleship, which shall be for the Pacific Coast.</p> + +<p>He also asks for several torpedo-boats, in connection with the system of +coast defence, and recommends that floating-docks for the repairing of +battleships be provided on all our coasts.</p> + +<p>As to <span class="smcap">Alaska</span>, the government of the territory is, the President +says, not strong or effective enough to take care of the crowds that +have hurried into the country since the discovery of gold.</p> + +<p>He therefore suggests that a more thorough system of government shall be +established.</p> + +<p>He states that he agrees with General Alger, the Secretary of War, that +Alaska also needs a military force for the safety of her citizens. A +military post is about to be established at St. Michaels, which, as <a name="Page_1674" id="Page_1674"></a>you +probably remember, is on Norton Sound, and is one of the principal +seaports of Alaska.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Civilized Tribes of Indians</span> were next in consideration.</p> + +<p>President McKinley recommends that the relations with the five civilized +tribes shall be readjusted, giving the Indians citizenship and +individual ownership of their lands.</p> + +<p>The five civilized tribes are the Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, +Muscogees or Creeks, and the Seminoles.</p> + +<p>(This latter point opens a very interesting subject for us. We have not +space to talk about it now, but hope to do so shortly. We should all of +us be familiar with the history of the Indians.)</p> + +<p>The President recommends that to prevent the further invasion of the +United States by yellow fever it is important to discover the exact +cause of the disease. He suggests that investigations to that end shall +be made.</p> + +<p>The quarantine laws, he thinks, should also be amended and improved.</p> + +<p>He expresses a hope that now that the Congressional Library has been +finished, and is such a magnificent building, and so perfect in its form +and detail, Congress will appropriate sums sufficient to develop it, +until it shall be among the richest and most useful in the world.</p> + +<p>Begging Congress to keep its expenditures within the limit of its +receipts, President McKinley brought his Message to a close.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 28em;">G.</span><span class="smcap">G.H. Rosenfeld.</span><br /> +<a name="Page_1675" id="Page_1675"></a></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INVENTION AND DISCOVERY.</h2> + + +<p>This is a good idea for house plants, which are such a trouble to keep +properly watered.</p> + +<p>All gardeners tell you that plants never do so well in jardinières as in +the red earthen pots. It is for the reason that the common pots are +porous and allow evaporation, so that the water does not become stagnant +and injure the plant, while the glazed jardinières effectually prevent +it.</p> + +<p>The great objection to the red pots is that they need a saucer under +them, and when moved are difficult to handle without spilling the +contents of the saucer.</p> + +<p>Plants are not a bit greedy. They don't drink all the water that is +given them at once; they love to let a little water run through and +remain in the saucer until they need it. It is therefore necessary to +the health of plants to let them stand in a vessel that will permit them +to make their little reserve store if they wish to.</p> + +<p>The new invention accomplishes all of these purposes.</p> + +<p>It is a deep saucer, which gives room for an ample reservoir. Attached +to it are two uprights with hinged handles at the top.</p> + +<p>These handles are to clasp the flower pot and attach it firmly to the +saucer.</p> + +<p>The pot is placed in the saucer, and the uprights are bent toward the +plant until they touch it. Then the spring handles are turned down and +clasp the in<a name="Page_1676" id="Page_1676"></a>side rim of the pot, making pot and saucer practically one +piece, giving all the advantages of the jardinière, with the health +qualities of the earthen pot.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p><span class="smcap">Clothes-pin.</span>—The old-fashioned clothes-pin is such a clumsy, +unhandy thing, that this new invention should be hailed with delight by +housekeepers.</p> + +<p>Any one who has tried to hang out washing knows the trick that +clothes-pins have of standing on their heads just when they seem most +firmly gripping the rope—slipping off and letting the clothes fall to +the ground.</p> + +<p>The new pin will allow no such pranks. It is a double affair, and can +grip the whole of a stocking or the shoulder of a garment, and hold it +with absolute security.</p> + +<p>It is made of galvanized wire, so that it is quite smooth, and there are +none of the rough pieces and splinters which we sometimes find on +clothes-pins. As the pin is of galvanized wire, it does not rust.</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 28em;">G.H.R.</span><br /> +</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 59, December 23, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + +***** This file should be named 16498-h.htm or 16498-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/4/9/16498/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 59, December 23, 1897 + A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls + +Author: Various + +Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop + +Release Date: August 9, 2005 [EBook #16498] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + + + + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + + + + +[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND +WORLD +AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.] + + VOL. 1 DECEMBER 23, 1897. NO. 59 + +=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.= + + * * * * * + +The troubles in Austria have not been brought to a close by the downfall +of Count Badeni and the appointment of Baron von Gautsch. + +Count Badeni was, as you will remember, particularly obnoxious to the +German element in Austria, and many people thought that his dismissal +would restore harmony. Instead, it has given rise to some very serious +rioting in Bohemia. + +We explained to you in a former number that Austro-Hungary is composed +of a number of states and provinces. + +The leading races in this much-disturbed country are the Germans, the +Slavs, and the Magyars. + +The Germans number about ten and a half millions; the Slavs, who +comprise about nine distinct races, about twenty millions; and the +Magyars about seven and a half millions. + +The most important of the Slavs are the Czechs, or Bohemians, who number +about five and a half of the total twenty millions. + +While, as you can readily see, the Slavonic races considerably outnumber +the Germans and the Magyars, the government is vested in these two +latter races, and therefore the Slavs are forced to obey the will of the +governing people. They do so, as we have seen, with a very bad grace. + +Between the Magyars and the Germans there is no great friendliness, but +the Hungarians have their own parliament, and are independent in many +things. Between the Austrians and the Czechs there is an intense and +undying antipathy, which it seems impossible to overcome. + +The Bohemians would like to be as independent as the Hungarians, but +their desires are not heeded, and they are forced to submit to the +government of the Austrian Reichsrath or parliament. + +In this assembly, however, they can show their true sentiments, and the +friction between the rival races is extraordinary. If the Bohemians want +any special laws made, the Germans oppose them. If the Germans try to +get a measure through the parliament that is for their benefit alone, +the Czechs combine to defeat it. + +When, therefore, the German party succeeded in ousting Count Badeni, the +Czechs were furious. + +The German Austrians foolishly celebrated their victory with bonfires +and illuminations, making a fete of the success which was so hateful to +the Czechs. + +The angry Bohemians sought revenge in riot. + +In Prague, the capital of Bohemia, there were fierce anti-German +risings. + +The houses of the Germans were bombarded with stones, the German theatre +and German restaurants were attacked and damaged, and the German +Quarter, or portion of the city where most of the Germans live, was +visited by an angry mob which plundered the houses and shops. + +All persons speaking the German language were subject to attack, and for +this reason the unfortunate and harmless Jews came in for their share of +the popular hatred. The majority of them do not speak Czech, and many of +the signs over their shops are in the hated German language. Many of +them were therefore robbed, beaten, and cruelly ill-treated. + +The riots grew so serious that they almost amounted to a rebellion. + +Thousands of Czechs streamed into Prague to assist the rioters. The +streets were filled with furious men, who attacked and beat any person +using words of German. The very women on their way to market were not +safe. They were obliged to wear the Bohemian national colors to save +themselves from attack. + +One poor old woman was severely beaten because she could not speak +Czech. About three hundred Germans were taken to the hospitals, +suffering from wounds they had received. + +The disturbances having assumed such a serious character, the troops +were ordered out to restore order. + +They were greeted with showers of stones, broken glass, or any missile +that came handy. The soldiers were finally obliged to fire on the mob, +and in consequence many persons were injured. + +The riots continuing, Prague was put under martial law, and regiments +were drafted from Vienna to assist in quelling them. Twelve thousand in +all have been massed in the city of Prague. It is evident that the +Government considers the situation grave, as the men have been sent out +armed as for war, and furnished with the various necessaries as for a +regular campaign. + +When martial law is proclaimed in a district, it means that all persons +within a certain limit are to be subject to the rules and regulations in +use in times of war. + +These rules are very strict. Persons who resist are arrested, tried, and +severely punished. Sometimes if they cannot give a good account of +themselves they are hanged as spies. + +The law that has been proclaimed in Prague is known as the Standrecht, +and is not exactly martial law. Instead of the military officers sitting +in judgment on suspected persons, the civil judges of the law courts are +given military powers. They try and sentence people with military haste, +and their sentences are put into effect within a few hours after they +have been passed. + +There is no appeal from the judgments of the Standrecht; and so quickly +are they carried out, that if a person is ordered to be hanged, and the +regular executioner is busy, the judge can call on the soldiers to carry +out the sentence. + +No sooner were these severe measures enforced in Prague, than the wrath +of the people began to calm down. + +Four men were handed over to the mercy of the judges; each received a +sentence of twenty years' imprisonment, and was immediately taken away +without time for farewells. + +The hand of the law is very heavy in Prague at this moment, and for this +reason her citizens are gradually returning to their senses. + +Throughout the length and breadth of this great city the people are +forced to live by military rules. Among other orders, the commanding +officer insists that the house doors must be closed at seven every +evening. Shops have to be closed at five, cafes must have their lights +out and doors closed at nine, and every person in the city has to give +an account of himself whenever it is required. + +Under these laws the people of Prague will continue to live until peace +is restored. The condition of the city is very pitiable. The schools are +closed, the hotels are empty, and the tradespeople declare that +bankruptcy lies before them. + +Amazing stories are told of the dreadful things done by the rioters in +their hatred of everything German. It is said that the Children's +Hospital was attacked, and pelted with stones until all the windows were +broken. The poor little invalids were for hours subjected to the +freezing cold, and all because the doctors and nurses were Austrian +Germans. In another part of the city an ambulance with a sick man in it +was attacked by the mob, because the doctor riding with the patient was +known to be a German. + + * * * * * + +While these horrors have been going forward in Prague, matters have not +improved much in Vienna. + +The two parties are more furious against each other than ever. It is +asserted that if the Reichsrath reassembles with the same president, the +previous disgraceful riots will be repeated. + +It is said, however, that there is a chance of an understanding on the +language question, but it is thought that it will be impossible to pass +the Austro-Hungarian Compromise Bill in the Reichsrath. + +This bill is the contract which holds Austria and Hungary together as +one country, and which, as we have told you, expires on December 31st of +this year. + +If it is not renewed, Austria and Hungary must be separated. + +As it has been impossible for the two nations to agree as to the terms +of the new contract, it has, as we have told you, been suggested to make +a temporary one for one year, which will bind the kingdoms while the +permanent contract is being prepared. + +It is this one-year agreement which it is supposed cannot be passed by +the Reichsrath. + +If it becomes evident that the Reichsrath will not pass this necessary +bill, it is thought that the Emperor will finally take advantage of his +right under the constitution, and, dissolving the Reichsrath, act on his +own authority, and accept a one-year's agreement with Hungary. + +If Francis Joseph is forced to take such a step it is likely that he may +not call a new parliament for some time, but govern the country himself. + +In the mean while, Baron Banffy, the Hungarian Prime Minister, has +offered a bill in the Hungarian Reichstag (parliament) on this vexed +question. + +The Austrian parliament is called the "Reichsrath," the Hungarian the +"Reichstag." + +This bill provides that the contract between Hungary and Austria shall +remain in force for another year, till December, 1898, and that if new +arrangements have not been made by that time the compact shall be +finally broken. + +If nothing satisfactory has been proposed by May, 1898, the Government +promises to submit proposals for the regulation of matters between the +two countries, which shall go into force when the contract expires in +December, 1898. + +As soon as this bill had been read, Francis Kossuth (who, as we told +you, is the son of the great Hungarian patriot, Louis Kossuth) asked +leave to make suggestions in regard to the bill. + +It being late, the house adjourned, after granting him permission to +speak on the following day. + +Everybody was eager to know what Kossuth would do. His love for his +country and his desire to see her free were so well known that it was +supposed that he had some plan to secure his hoped-for project. + +As was expected, he made a strong plea that Hungary should declare her +freedom. + +Having pointed out to the members that the present was a golden +opportunity in which to throw off the Austrian yoke, he ended his speech +by asking that Baron Banffy's bill be referred to a committee. + +Those who understand parliamentary procedure will see that this was a +very clever move. Kossuth hoped thus to delay the final discussion of +the bill until after the date of the treaty had expired, and then +Hungary would once more have her freedom. + +In getting the matter referred to a committee, he was submitting it to +all the delays that attend parliamentary work. It would be placed in the +hands of men who would be obliged to discuss it thoroughly before they +could report it, and it would be unlikely that it could be returned to +parliament before the beginning of January, when it would be too late to +be of any use. + +What the result of this clever move was, we have not yet heard. + +It is thought by many people that the fall of the Austrian Empire is at +hand. + +Some fear that the German element may appeal to Emperor William of +Germany, and that a war in which Germany, Austria, and Russia will be +concerned may be the upshot of the present troubles. + + * * * * * + +Germany has a good deal on her hands at this moment. + +In regard to Haiti, the case of young Lueders seems to be more +complicated than it at first appeared. + +By the laws of Haiti he is a Haitian, having been born on Haitian soil +of a native mother; but he was educated in Germany, and served his time +in the German army, so he has voluntarily assumed the duties of German +citizenship. + +This makes the case hard to handle. + +Haiti has a perfect right to insist that he is a citizen, and must be +treated according to her laws, but Germany has also some right to say +that he is a German citizen, and shall not be abused by a foreign +country. Were Haiti a more powerful country than she is, there is little +doubt that she would take a stand and insist on her rights, but as it +is, she does not dare to resist a strong power like Germany. + +There was, as we told you, a report current that Germany did not intend +to send any ship to Haiti, but that the matter would be settled by +arbitration. + +Three days after the announcement, two German cruisers entered the +harbor of Port-au-Prince, and sent in an ultimatum, which is a +government's final decision on a given subject. + +The Haitian Government was informed that unless Germany's demands were +submitted to within eight hours, the town would be bombarded. + +Germany had said that two of her schoolships would visit the West Indies +during the winter, and the two vessels which arrived at Port-au-Prince +are believed to have been the two in question. They were, however, so +fully equipped, and presented such a formidable appearance, that they +were quite sufficient to seriously alarm the Haitians. + +Word had been sent a few days previously that two German vessels were +making all haste to Port-au-Prince, but thinking them the coming +schoolships, the Haitians felt no fear. They determined to resist these +German schoolboys to the last, and armed themselves to fight their foe. + +When the German vessels finally made their appearance, and the Haitians +saw for themselves that these so-called schoolships seemed to have just +as many seamen and murderous-looking guns as the ordinary man-of-war, +their courage oozed out at their finger-tips. + +Before the ships came in sight, they had paraded the city, crying "Down +with the Government!" in their fear that President Simon Sam might +submit. + +Now, in face of the two cruisers, affairs took on a new complexion, and +when they heard that the town would be bombarded if Germany's demands +were not acceeded to within eight hours, the natives' only fear was that +the President would _not_ submit. + +The foreign residents did not feel any more cheerful than the Haitians. + +The members of the French colony took refuge on the French ships in the +harbor; the Germans hurried on board their own vessels; the English +sought shelter on their trading steamers; and the Americans, having no +vessels in the harbor, went to the house of the minister, carrying with +them the most valuable of their possessions. + +President Simon Sam determined to resist as long as he dared. He sent a +request to the commander of the German vessels, for more time to +consider. + +The German commander refused, and one of the "schoolships" cleared its +decks for action, and took up a position close to the Haitian +war-vessels. + +Clearing the decks for action means that everything possible is removed +from the deck, and a clear space left for the sailors to work the ship +in. + +The Haitians then became convinced that Germany would not be trifled +with, and the Government decided to yield. + +President Simon Sam had feared that if he yielded too easily, the people +would be infuriated with him, and try to put down his Government, so he +held out until the cruiser was actually threatening the town, and then +submitted. The money demanded by Germany as damages for Lueders, $30,000 +in all, was sent on board the German vessel. + +The President at the same time issued a notice to the people of Haiti, +telling them he had been compelled to yield the rights of Haiti to the +superior force of Germany. + +The Haitians, besides sending the money, saluted the German flag, and +sent a letter of apology to Germany. + +Had the Haitians held out, and allowed the Germans to bombard their +city, the United States would have been bound to interfere. It is said +that the officials of our Government are very glad that the difficulty +has been settled without our being forced to take part in it. + + * * * * * + +Germany seems to be in great luck at this moment. + +It is reported that China, not being strong enough to fight the Germans, +and drive them out of her country, has decided to give up Kiao-Chou to +them. + +This rumor has not as yet been confirmed, and it seems hardly to be +believed, when we take into consideration the fact that only a week ago +the Chinese Emperor said he would rather give up his crown than yield to +the enormous demands of Germany. + +The day after this announcement was made, two hundred German marines and +sailors entered the city of Kiao-Chou, which is eighteen miles from the +Bay, and took possession of it. + +The Chinese forts protecting the town opened fire on the Germans; but +when the invaders replied with their splendid modern guns, the Chinese +retreated, and the Germans took possession of the city without further +trouble. + +Several German sailors were injured by stones, flung at them by the +inhabitants of the villages through which they marched; but beyond that +they suffered no loss, and their second victory, the taking of the city, +was as easy as their first, when they captured the forts protecting +Kiao-Chou Bay. + +Whether the reports that China has given up Kiao-Chou be true or false, +it is certain that Germany has no intention of letting the prize she +holds slip through her fingers. + +She has just sent out a reinforcement of twelve hundred marines and two +hundred artillerymen, under the command of the Emperor's brother, Prince +Henry of Prussia. + +Marines are soldiers who form a part of the equipment of war-vessels. + +They have none of the sailors' duties, and do not handle the ships, but +are sea troops, so to speak, who fight on shipboard, or are landed to +attack a town, as in the case of Kiao-Chou. + +They are a very useful body of men; but being neither soldiers nor +sailors, according to the recognized idea of the terms, they are looked +down upon by both soldiers and jack tars. In England it is a common +saying that a marine is "neither fish, flesh, fowl, nor good red +herring." + +It is stated that the principal reason for the seizure of Kiao-Chou Bay +was that Germany desired to have her share of the China trade. Finding +that China was indifferent to her wishes, she determined to seize upon a +portion of Chinese soil, and put herself in a position to force the +Asiatic kingdom to listen to her demands and obey them. + +A later telegram from China says that Germany has agreed to give up +Kiao-Chou Bay for a coaling-station at Sam-Sah, which is on the coast of +China, facing Formosa, the island Japan secured from China in the late +war. + +This report is also as yet unconfirmed, and so we must wait until next +week to know which is the correct one. + + * * * * * + +From the latest Cuban news, it would seem that the insurgents are +gaining a good many victories. + +The leader of the Spanish forces, General Pando, was met by the Cubans +in a heavy engagement in Santa Clara province. The first reports that +reached us were that the Cubans had won the victory, and General Pando +had been killed. + +This report was denied by the Spaniards, but nevertheless no news has +been received from this leader since the engagement. + +The Spanish authorities are awaiting information with the deepest +anxiety. The idea is growing daily stronger that some disaster must have +overtaken him, and that he has been cut off from communication with +Havana; otherwise no one can account for the fact that no news of any +kind has been received from him. + +In addition to this, the towns of Guisa and Canto el Embarcadero have +been captured by the Cubans. A force of Spanish guerillas, fifty strong, +have gone over to the insurgents, carrying with them arms, ammunition, +and a large sum of money. Gomez is busy in Santa Clara, organizing his +forces to make a strong stand against the Spanish troops. + +As we told you, the Government has issued an order permitting the +grinding of the sugar-cane. + +Gomez is determined to prevent this. In the Western provinces, the +rebels have divided themselves into small bands, and are burning such +cane-fields as the desolation of the war has left growing. + +Gomez himself will destroy the fields of Santa Clara. + +You probably remember the methods employed by the insurgents for burning +the cane at the beginning of the war. + +They caught snakes, which are very plentiful in the swampy districts of +Cuba, and rubbing their bodies with kerosene, set fire to them, and then +threw them into the cane-fields. + +The agonized reptiles, in their efforts to rub the burning oil from +their bodies, twined around the cane, twisted from stem to stem, and set +the fields on fire in a hundred places at once. + +A big engagement is reported near Sancti Spiritus, and it is also said +that the rebels have hanged fifteen persons who have approached them +with proposals of Home Rule. + +This does not look as if the island would soon be pacified. + + * * * * * + +The Government in Spain appears to be satisfied with the President's +Message, the substance of which you will find in this number of THE +GREAT ROUND WORLD. + +You will see, when you look at it, that the President does not think it +wise to interfere for the present, but thinks it right to give Spain +time to try what Home Rule will do. + +It is doubtful, however, whether the proposed reforms can be made +acceptable to the majority of the Cubans. + +A fresh proclamation, signed by a number of the lesser Cuban chiefs, has +been issued. In it the insurgents state very decidedly that they are +fighting for liberty, and will have nothing but liberty from Spain. They +declare, in so many words, that their watchword is "Freedom or Death." + +It is not going to be easy to pacify so determined a people. + +The Havana volunteers are now giving the Government much trouble and +putting fresh obstacles in the way of the success of the reforms. + +We spoke about this body of men at the time of Weyler's leave-taking, +and told you how opposed they were to showing kindness or mercy to the +Cubans, believing only in Weyler's cruel methods. + +These volunteers are violently enraged against the proposed Home Rule, +and in addition have another grievance against the Government. + +They have been in the habit of doing the kid-glove soldiering of the +island, mustering and parading in handsome uniforms; their heaviest work +has been to occasionally go on guard duty at the palace, where the +Captain-General lives, or at the bank. + +General Blanco is anxious to suppress the revolution, and, wishing to +make use of every man who can carry arms, decided to put this idle force +into the field. + +This the volunteers refused to submit to. It is said that they will +mutiny rather than undertake any useful duties. + +Perhaps a little ashamed to state the true cause of their anger, they +have laid it all to the score of Home Rule, and declare that if Spain +cannot protect them they would rather submit to American government than +be ruled by Cubans. + +The disaffected volunteers have declared their intention of wearing the +white badge of Don Carlos, and will appeal to him rather than allow the +hated Home Rule to be carried out. + +In Spain, also, the Carlist party is making strong protests against the +establishment of Home Rule, and it is thought that Don Carlos will seize +this measure as a pretext for coming forward and making one more effort +to gain the throne of Spain. + +Several of the Spanish journals have begun to speak of him as "the +king," and, strange to say, this treasonable conduct has been allowed to +go unpunished. + + * * * * * + +The stone house at Tappan on the Hudson River, in which Major John Andre +was imprisoned before he was hanged as a spy, is about to be opened to +the public. + +For forty years it has been owned by a gentleman who absolutely refused +to allow any one to enter it. + +A few weeks ago a heavy storm of wind and rain threw down the whole +front of the house, and immediately scores of relic-hunters descended +upon the house, and, delighted that they no longer need be deterred from +satisfying their curiosity, roamed at will over the ruin, carrying away +scraps of wood and stone as mementos of their visit. + +Disgusted that he could no longer keep his property to himself, the +owner sold the old house. The present proprietor intends to rebuild the +front wall and preserve the rest of the building as it is, using it as a +picnic resort. + +This old house has a very interesting record. + +During the Revolutionary times it was known as the Mabie Tavern, and the +old tap-room, with its ancient bar, is still as it was in those +troublous times. + +Major Andre was the officer who, as the representative of the British +general, Sir Henry Clinton, made arrangements with the infamous traitor, +Benedict Arnold, for the surrender of West Point. + +On returning from his interview with Arnold at Stony Point, Andre was +arrested at Tarrytown and taken across the Tappan Zee. He was tried by +court-martial and sentenced to be hanged as a spy. The sentence was +carried out in October, 1780. + +The tavern was used as a prison, and the room in which Andre was visited +by Alexander Hamilton, and the window from which the doomed man was +supposed to have looked out on his place of execution, are still in good +preservation. + + G.H. ROSENFELD. + + + + +THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE. + + +On Monday, December 6th, the first regular session of the Fifty-fifth +Congress began. + +At twelve o'clock precisely the Senate and the House of Representatives +were called to order by their respective presiding officers. + +The usual form of business was then gone through. + +After a prayer by the chaplain, both bodies appointed two members to +inform the President that Congress was in session, and ready to receive +any communication from him. + +At half-past one the President's secretary presented the Message to the +Senate, and a few minutes later handed another in to the House of +Representatives. + +The Message, which is President McKinley's first annual message, was +listened to with the closest attention. + +After a greeting to Congress, and congratulations on the good work done +in the extra session last summer, the President took up the + +CURRENCY QUESTION.--You will remember that he was very anxious to make +some changes in our money system, which he did not consider +satisfactory. He asked Congress to appoint a committee to examine into +the subject, but Congress referred the matter to the Committee on +Finance, and no special committee was appointed. + +The President realized from this that the country was not ready or +willing to have changes made in its money system, and therefore, in his +Message, he treats the currency with the utmost care. + +He warns Congress that the present money system is unsound and needs +changing. He reminds the lawmakers that the country has undertaken to +pay out a certain amount of gold every year, but that it has not made +any arrangements for receiving gold. The consequence is that the +treasury has every year to buy the gold it needs to pay its debts. + +This the President does not approve of. + +He suggests that some arrangement should be made whereby debts due to +the Government shall be paid in gold, so that the treasury may receive +enough gold for its needs. + +He leaves the matter in the hands of Congress, suggesting that it might +help matters if the bank-notes which the Government has to redeem in +gold shall only be paid out again in exchange for gold. He also asks +that earnest attention be given to the plan of the Secretary of the +Treasury. + +THE CUBAN QUESTION is treated in a very impartial and statesmanlike +manner. + +The President goes over its history in a way that is most interesting to +us, because he is in possession of facts that no private citizen can +obtain. We print a portion of his remarks: + +"The story of Cuba for many years has been one of unrest, growing +discontent; an effort toward a larger enjoyment of liberty and +self-control; of organized resistance to the mother country. + +"The prospect from time to time that the weakness of Spain's hold upon +the island might lead to the transfer of Cuba to a continental power +called forth, between 1823 and 1860, various emphatic declarations of +the policy of the United States to permit no disturbance of Cuba's +connection with Spain, unless in the direction of independence or +acquisition by us through purchase; nor has there been any change of +this declared policy since upon the part of the Government. + +"The revolution which began in 1868 lasted for ten years, despite the +strenuous efforts of the successive Peninsular governments to suppress +it. Then, as now, the Government of the United States testified its +grave concern and offered its aid to put an end to bloodshed in Cuba. +The overtures made by General Grant were refused, and the war dragged +on, entailing great loss of life and treasure and increased injury to +American interests, besides throwing enhanced burdens of neutrality upon +this Government. In 1878 peace was brought about by the truce of Zanjon, +obtained by negotiations between the Spanish commander, Martinez de +Campos, and the insurgent leaders. + +"The present insurrection broke out in February, 1895." + +He goes on to say that the friendly offers of mediation made in April, +1896, by this Government, were refused by Spain. He mentions the cruel +policy of driving the peasants into the towns, the abuse of the rights +of war which were perpetrated, speaks of Minister Woodford's mission, +and finally shows that action on our part was rendered unnecessary by +the death of Canovas and the coming in to power of Sagasta. + +He declares that the present Government of Spain seems determined to +give liberal Home Rule to the island of Cuba, and to give it in spite of +the serious objections raised by certain powerful political parties in +Spain. + +In the face of these facts, he asks Congress to give Spain time, before +making any demands, to end the war. + +He refuses to recognize the belligerency of Cuba, and bases his decision +on the action taken by President Grant in 1875, when the situation in +Cuba was similar to the present state of affairs. + +He quotes the following words of General Grant: + +"A recognition of the independence of Cuba being, in my opinion, +impracticable and indefensible, the question which next presents itself +is that of the recognition of belligerent rights in the parties to the +contest. In a former message to Congress I had occasion to consider this +question, and reached the conclusion that the conflict in Cuba, dreadful +and devastating as were its incidents, did not rise to the fearful +dignity of war...." + +He declares that as regards filibustering, he thinks the Government has +simply done its duty. He leaves the Cuban question practically as it +was, asking Congress to wait and see how the Home Rule principle works +before taking any further steps. + +He promises that if, in the future, intervention in the affairs of Cuba +seems necessary, he will face the necessity without hesitation. + +HAWAIIAN ANNEXATION is treated very clearly by President McKinley. + +He thinks the time is ripe for annexation, and recommends that the +treaty shall be confirmed as speedily as possible. + +He seems to think there is no doubt that Congress will pass the treaty, +for he goes on to recommend that Home Rule shall be given to Hawaiians +as soon as the islands shall belong to the United States. + +He reports progress on THE NICARAGUA CANAL, states that the surveys and +examinations are being made, and that he hopes soon to have a full +statement to submit to Congress. + +THE SEALING QUESTION received some consideration. The Message gives the +history of the matter, with which we are all familiar (or can easily +become so by looking up the back numbers of THE GREAT ROUND WORLD, from +page 732, and through several numbers following). + +The President announces the treaty arranged between Russia, Japan, and +the United States, and that on certain important points England is also +agreed. He thinks there will be little difficulty in getting measures +adopted for the preservation of the seal herd. + +ARBITRATION.--On this matter he states that the "best sentiment of the +civilized world is moving toward the settlement of differences between +nations without the horrors of war." + +He adds that he will give his constant encouragement to all such +treaties, provided they do not endanger our interests. + +THE EXPOSITION OF 1900, which will be held in Paris, also comes in for +consideration. + +President McKinley states that from the reports received from the +special commissioner who was appointed to look into the matter, he is of +opinion that the coming event in Paris will be one of the most important +of the many wonderful expositions which the world has seen. + +He therefore asks Congress to make a liberal appropriation of money, so +that the United States may be properly represented. + +In regard to THE NAVY, the President says: + +"The present force of the navy consists of 4 battleships of the first +class, 2 of the second, and 48 other vessels, ranging from armored +cruisers to torpedo-boats. There are under construction 5 battleships of +the first class, 16 torpedo-boats, and 1 submarine boat. No provision +has yet been made for the armor for three of the five battleships, as it +has been impossible to obtain it at the price fixed by Congress. It is +of great importance that Congress provide for the purchase of this +armor, as until then the ships are of no fighting value." + +Considering that five battleships of the largest class are now on the +stocks, the President only recommends the building of one more +battleship, which shall be for the Pacific Coast. + +He also asks for several torpedo-boats, in connection with the system of +coast defence, and recommends that floating-docks for the repairing of +battleships be provided on all our coasts. + +As to ALASKA, the government of the territory is, the President says, +not strong or effective enough to take care of the crowds that have +hurried into the country since the discovery of gold. + +He therefore suggests that a more thorough system of government shall be +established. + +He states that he agrees with General Alger, the Secretary of War, that +Alaska also needs a military force for the safety of her citizens. A +military post is about to be established at St. Michaels, which, as you +probably remember, is on Norton Sound, and is one of the principal +seaports of Alaska. + +THE CIVILIZED TRIBES OF INDIANS were next in consideration. + +President McKinley recommends that the relations with the five civilized +tribes shall be readjusted, giving the Indians citizenship and +individual ownership of their lands. + +The five civilized tribes are the Cherokees, Choctaws, Chickasaws, +Muscogees or Creeks, and the Seminoles. + +(This latter point opens a very interesting subject for us. We have not +space to talk about it now, but hope to do so shortly. We should all of +us be familiar with the history of the Indians.) + +The President recommends that to prevent the further invasion of the +United States by yellow fever it is important to discover the exact +cause of the disease. He suggests that investigations to that end shall +be made. + +The quarantine laws, he thinks, should also be amended and improved. + +He expresses a hope that now that the Congressional Library has been +finished, and is such a magnificent building, and so perfect in its form +and detail, Congress will appropriate sums sufficient to develop it, +until it shall be among the richest and most useful in the world. + +Begging Congress to keep its expenditures within the limit of its +receipts, President McKinley brought his Message to a close. + + G.H. ROSENFELD. + + + + +INVENTION AND DISCOVERY. + + +This is a good idea for house plants, which are such a trouble to keep +properly watered. + +All gardeners tell you that plants never do so well in jardinieres as in +the red earthen pots. It is for the reason that the common pots are +porous and allow evaporation, so that the water does not become stagnant +and injure the plant, while the glazed jardinieres effectually prevent +it. + +The great objection to the red pots is that they need a saucer under +them, and when moved are difficult to handle without spilling the +contents of the saucer. + +Plants are not a bit greedy. They don't drink all the water that is +given them at once; they love to let a little water run through and +remain in the saucer until they need it. It is therefore necessary to +the health of plants to let them stand in a vessel that will permit them +to make their little reserve store if they wish to. + +The new invention accomplishes all of these purposes. + +It is a deep saucer, which gives room for an ample reservoir. Attached +to it are two uprights with hinged handles at the top. + +These handles are to clasp the flower pot and attach it firmly to the +saucer. + +The pot is placed in the saucer, and the uprights are bent toward the +plant until they touch it. Then the spring handles are turned down and +clasp the inside rim of the pot, making pot and saucer practically one +piece, giving all the advantages of the jardiniere, with the health +qualities of the earthen pot. + + * * * * * + +CLOTHES-PIN.--The old-fashioned clothes-pin is such a clumsy, unhandy +thing, that this new invention should be hailed with delight by +housekeepers. + +Any one who has tried to hang out washing knows the trick that +clothes-pins have of standing on their heads just when they seem most +firmly gripping the rope--slipping off and letting the clothes fall to +the ground. + +The new pin will allow no such pranks. It is a double affair, and can +grip the whole of a stocking or the shoulder of a garment, and hold it +with absolute security. + +It is made of galvanized wire, so that it is quite smooth, and there are +none of the rough pieces and splinters which we sometimes find on +clothes-pins. As the pin is of galvanized wire, it does not rust. + + G.H.R. + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is +Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 59, December 23, 1897, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND *** + +***** This file should be named 16498.txt or 16498.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + https://www.gutenberg.org/1/6/4/9/16498/ + +Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net) + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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