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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 60, December 30, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 60, December 30, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+Release Date: August 22, 2005 [EBook #16580]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND
+WORLD
+AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.]
+
+    VOL. 1   DECEMBER 30, 1897.   NO. 60
+
+=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.=
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The heavens are affording us an interesting study just now.
+
+Our kind old friend, the sun, it is who is giving us this benefit.
+
+One of the largest sun-spots which has ever been observed is now to be
+seen.
+
+So large is this spot that it is not necessary to look through a
+telescope to see it. By using a smoked glass, to dim the intense light
+of the sun, any one can look at the spot for himself.
+
+Nowadays, when all persons connected with the daily papers are on the
+lookout for some startling fact that shall sell their newspapers, such
+an occurrence as the enormous increase in the size of a sun-spot is too
+good to be let slip by them.
+
+Extra editions about the sun-spot were issued by some of the most
+enterprising journals, which contained sensational pictures, and
+statements that the sun-spot was in fact a new world which was about to
+burst forth from the body of the sun. According to these accounts, the
+new world was to be sent whirling through space, hurled, as it were, at
+our earth, which was to be shattered to pieces by it.
+
+Except that such stories serve to call the attention of unscientific
+people to scientific facts, and teach them to observe the wonders of the
+universe, it really seems a shame that such marvels should be used as
+bogies to scare the ignorant and superstitious.
+
+As a matter of fact, very little is known about these sun-spots. They
+occur in greatest numbers in periods of about eleven years apart, and
+astronomers and geologists agree that periods of rainy and dry seasons
+seem to correspond with the sun-spot periods.
+
+When the greatest number of spots are visible on the sun, scientists
+agree that the climatic conditions on the earth are normal and even.
+When there are fewest spots on the sun we have extreme temperature and
+sudden changes. When we say that astronomers and geologists agree on
+this point, we must also admit that some astronomers are not quite
+satisfied that the fact has been proved.
+
+The only fact that has been actually proved to everybody's satisfaction
+is that, during the time when the most spots are visible on the sun,
+there are always more magnetic storms and displays of the aurora
+borealis.
+
+A magnetic storm is a disturbance of the magnetic field which surrounds
+the earth; its presence is shown by a disturbance of the needle of the
+compass, and it often interferes with the electrical currents, making it
+difficult and sometimes impossible to use the telegraph-wires.
+
+The aurora borealis is a wonderful light seen in the sky in high
+latitudes, and less frequently in other parts of the world--except
+during the activity of the sun-spots.
+
+It appears as irregular patches and dancing columns of light which flame
+across the sky. Red, white, pale green--these shafts are now dim, now
+bright, seeming to throb and pulse as they glow and pale. As you watch
+them they change their form, and, from being pillars of fire, change to
+masses of glowing color.
+
+A flash-light dancing across the sky gives you some, though a very poor
+notion, of an aurora. The aurora has thousands of such flashes of light,
+changing form and color as you watch them--filmy shafts of light, coming
+you know not whence.
+
+The spots on the sun are described as being dark patches which are
+visible on the bright surface of the sun. They often appear in groups,
+and frequently the larger spots will break up into smaller ones. They
+are great depressions or holes in the surface of the sun, and are
+supposed to be formed by descending currents of gases.
+
+Sun-spots are generally found in the neighborhood of the sun's equator,
+and last from a few hours to a few months.
+
+The presence of these spots has enabled scientists to prove that the
+sun, like the earth, revolves on its axis.
+
+The last period of activity for sun-spots was in 1893, and, according to
+the eleven-year theory, there should be few, if any, at this time. Prof.
+Garret P. Serviss, however, tells us that at times during the quiet
+period of the sun, large spots like the present one will appear on its
+surface, and after assuming immense proportions, vanish.
+
+The present phenomenon appears to be about one hundred thousand miles in
+length, and some people insist that they can see it gradually detaching
+itself from the sun and forming itself into a new world.
+
+This is regarded as a hoax by scientific men who understand such
+matters.
+
+It is hard to prove exactly whether the present great sun-spot is a
+large hole in the surface of the sun, or a large mass of the body of the
+sun which is about to be detached from it; but in all such matters it is
+wiser to take the most practical and least sensational view. Similar
+phenomena to that which is now interesting us have been observed before,
+and so, until we have proof to the contrary, it is more sensible to
+believe it is a sun-spot than to listen to sensational tales of a new
+world running wild through space.
+
+Sun-spots were first observed about 1610 by Galileo, so they have been
+known long enough for us to believe that they are not new worlds about
+to be flung into space.
+
+Galileo was the great Italian astronomer who invented the telescope.
+
+The chances are that the present sun-spot may give us an opportunity of
+seeing a fine aurora. In 1892, when the last large spot was visible,
+there was a notable aurora. The light rays reached so far south that to
+the people in New York it appeared like the reflection on the sky from a
+great fire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Francis Kossuth's effort to get the Austro-Hungarian bill delayed has
+not been successful.
+
+You remember he tried to get the bill referred to a certain committee.
+
+His motion was defeated by a large majority.
+
+This looks rather promising for the bill which Baron Banffy is trying to
+get through the House, and which, you remember, is to prolong the
+contract between the two nations for another year; at the same time, the
+best friends of the measure are doubtful if it will be possible to pass
+it.
+
+The mass of the Hungarian people are in sympathy with Kossuth, and would
+be glad if Hungary could regain her freedom. It is therefore supposed
+that when the bill comes up for a final hearing, Kossuth will use all
+his fiery eloquence to dissuade the people from passing it, and that it
+will be defeated.
+
+Persons who are able to look at both sides of the question are of
+opinion that separation would be a great misfortune for both countries.
+Austro-Hungary is now a great and powerful kingdom, holding a position
+in Europe which enables her to preserve the balance of peace in the
+eastern portion of that troubled continent.
+
+With Austria and Hungary divided into two small kingdoms with separate
+aims and interests, Turkey could not be held in check any longer, and
+the Russians, who are so full of ambition for power in the East, could
+do pretty much as they pleased.
+
+The Hungarians are supposed to be a very wide-awake people, and able to
+comprehend the true meaning of a political situation. It is therefore
+supposed that in the present crisis they are not striving so much for
+freedom, which would be a disadvantage to them, as for the supremacy in
+the two kingdoms.
+
+This idea is outlined by Kossuth in a speech made by him the other day,
+in which he said: "We want a separate army and separate treasury. The
+King of Hungary should be Emperor of Austria as a sort of extra
+occupation. Vienna (the capital of Austria) is already a suburb of
+Budapest (the capital of Hungary), and in time Austria will become a
+collection of provinces attached to Hungary."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Rioting still continues in Prague. The troops are patrolling the street,
+and special guards have been stationed at the places where outbreaks are
+feared.
+
+Numbers of arrests have been made, and it is said that the prisons are
+so full that it has been found necessary to take no note of the smaller
+offenders, and only hold those persons who are accused of serious
+crimes.
+
+In Vienna there has been a demonstration, unfriendly to both Hungarians
+and Bohemians.
+
+One morning the inhabitants of the city awoke to find the town covered
+with flaming red placards.
+
+Some of them read, "No new compact between Austria and Hungary"; and
+others, "No language laws. German is the national language."
+
+These placards naturally aroused a great deal of angry feeling between
+the opposing parties. The police tore them down, and made every effort
+to find the persons who had posted them, but without any result.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Treaty of Peace between Turkey and Greece has been finally signed by
+the Powers interested.
+
+Little notice has, however, been taken of the fact; matters in Europe
+are looking so threatening that the affair of Greece is almost
+forgotten.
+
+It is said that war will break out in the Balkan provinces in the
+spring, a war which will involve both Turkey and Austria.
+
+The Balkan provinces are Servia, Roumania, Bulgaria, and Montenegro. If
+you look at your map, you will see that they lie between Hungary and
+Turkey.
+
+The Sultan of Turkey is so convinced that such a war cannot be avoided,
+that he is doing everything in his power to raise money for it.
+
+He has given orders that the taxes must all be collected by the new
+year, instead of May, in which month they are generally paid.
+
+To accomplish this the unfortunate people, particularly the Christian
+population, are being very roughly dealt with.
+
+It is stated that the Sultan will not recall his troops from Thessaly
+until the war indemnity has been paid, and that Germany is upholding him
+in his determination.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The reports of the various officers of our Government have followed the
+Message of President McKinley.
+
+Every one is somewhat shocked to find that the tariff bill, which was to
+put such a lot of money in our treasury, has fallen far short of the
+expected results, and, indeed, has not produced enough revenue to pay
+the expenses of the Government.
+
+If the receipts from customs are not larger during the next few months
+than they have been during the last, the country will be $65,000,000
+behind at the end of the year, and Congress will have to devise some
+plan for raising this sum of money.
+
+This means that some new tax will be imposed upon us, for the Government
+must have the money it needs, and the people must help to make up what
+is lacking.
+
+The friends of the Dingley Bill hope that the custom receipts will
+increase, and think that the reason they have been so small is that the
+merchants brought so much stuff into the country before the bill went
+into effect, that they have not needed to get fresh supplies so far. In
+short, they claim the Dingley Bill needs a longer trial.
+
+The enemies of the measure point out that, as a means of providing an
+income for the Government, the Dingley Bill has been a failure.
+
+We told you about the discussion as to the exact hour at which the bill
+became a law.
+
+The question is not as yet settled.
+
+The importers, if you remember, declared that the bill only became a law
+from the exact hour it was signed; the Government insists that it was a
+law from early morning of the day on which it was signed.
+
+Seventy-three importers have protested against paying duty for all day
+July 24th, because the bill was not signed until six minutes past four
+in the afternoon.
+
+It is expected that a final decision will be given shortly, which will
+put an end to the disagreement.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Side by side with the fact that there is not enough money in the
+treasury to meet the country's expenses, the armor-plate question has
+come into prominence once more.
+
+The naval officers and experts are all crying out against the folly of
+the Government engaging in the manufacture of armor-plate.
+
+The board of naval officers appointed to look into the subject stated,
+in their report to the Government, that if such a factory is to be
+maintained, Congress must order the building of three new battleships
+every year.
+
+The reason they give for this is that specially trained workmen are
+required to operate an armor-plate factory. They think it would be
+necessary to provide sufficient work every year to keep the factory
+going. If the factory were to be shut down and the hands discharged, the
+naval officers declare that the time and money that would have to be
+spent in training fresh men to undertake the work then would cost the
+country more than keeping the works open right along.
+
+The Carnegie and Bethlehem people have succeeded in getting the
+Government to test one of their plates made by the new Krupp process.
+
+The result of the trial, it is expected, will decide whether the
+Government shall buy its armor-plate as of old, or enter into the
+manufacture itself.
+
+If the Krupp process is satisfactory, armor-plates will not have to be
+made so thick, and the smaller quantity of steel in them will perhaps
+make them cheaper and enable the Government and the manufacturers to
+agree upon a price that will be satisfactory to both.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Secretary of the Treasury has handed in the Currency report
+mentioned by the President in his Message.
+
+It proves to be very dry reading for all but men interested in the money
+market, and would not interest you at all.
+
+He suggests a plan, which is supposed to be a very wise one, for
+removing all uncertainty about the soundness of our money. It is,
+however, thought that the plan cannot be put into effect at present.
+
+The Secretary of the Treasury has also made a report on filibustering,
+which is much more interesting.
+
+Spain has accused us of not taking proper steps to prevent these
+unlawful expeditions.
+
+If she can prove the truth of these accusations, she can demand that we
+pay her a large sum of money as damages for every expedition that has
+reached Cuba.
+
+She would be quite justified in making these demands if the United
+States willingly and wilfully helped Cuba to defy Spain, for every
+shipload of supplies landed enables the Cubans to hold out so much
+longer against Spain.
+
+Under these circumstances, it is interesting to learn from the official
+statement of the Secretary of the Treasury that we have done our duty to
+the best of our ability.
+
+Mr. Gage's report, like the Cuban remarks in the Message, has an added
+interest from the fact that it is absolutely true.
+
+Many of the reports we get through the newspapers have to be changed or
+contradicted, no matter how careful the news-gatherers may have been in
+selecting their information. This is because the reporters do not have
+access to the official documents, and are obliged to base their reports
+upon rumors or uncertain information.
+
+When, however, a report comes direct from the Government, there is no
+hearsay in the matter. Each department of the Government has the
+documents relating to its business, and the reports it issues are made
+from the actual letters that have passed between countries--despatches
+and diplomatic documents which no outsider can ever hope to see.
+
+Here, then, is Mr. Gage's report on filibustering.
+
+He says that during two years and a half only six American vessels are
+said to have successfully landed filibustering expeditions from the
+United States in Cuba. Three foreign vessels are said to have been
+successful in the same effort.
+
+With the vessels referred to it is said that a dozen harbor tugs, three
+or four lighters, a few small steamers, and about a dozen small sloops
+and schooners have been associated.
+
+That only six American vessels out of all our large merchant navy
+succeeded in reaching Cuba is, the Secretary thinks, a proof of the
+law-abiding spirit of the American people.
+
+He says that eight revenue-cutters, with 317 men, have cruised 75,768
+miles, patrolling the coast to prevent filibustering. These vessels
+captured seven ships and 115 men, and broke up two expeditions.
+
+He goes into the close examination of sixty expeditions which Spain
+complains of.
+
+Twenty of these he shows were stopped through the efforts of the
+Treasury, five by the United States Navy, four by Spain, two were
+wrecked, and one driven back by storm. One which is laid to our credit
+the Secretary declines to acknowledge as belonging to us at all.
+
+Of the successful expeditions, Mr. Gage points out that much was due to
+the weakness of the Spanish patrol. In all the cases where the offenders
+have been caught, he shows that they have either been punished or are
+awaiting trial.
+
+Concerning the case of the _Silver Heels_, the Secretary says that the
+Collector of the Port of New York informed him that a representative of
+the Spanish Consul stated to him that he did not desire the vessel to be
+seized at the dock, but captured after departure therefrom. It was not,
+therefore, so much negligence on the part of the Government, as speed on
+the part of the _Silver Heels_, which enabled her to slip away from her
+pursuers.
+
+While we are on the subject of the _Silver Heels_, it will interest you
+to know that she has been taken into custody.
+
+She arrived at Wilmington the other day, and was at once seized by the
+collector of that port.
+
+An examination was made of the vessel, but nothing was found on board to
+indicate that the ship had been engaged in unlawful work.
+
+The crew have been subjected to a severe examination. Each man has had
+to make a statement before the court.
+
+The master and mate of the vessel swore that the _Silver Heels_ left New
+York bound for Wilmington, N.C. Her cargo consisted of one hundred tons
+of coal designed for sale in Wilmington.
+
+On account of head winds she could not approach the coast, but was
+buffeted about until a few days ago, when she cast anchor in Wilmington
+harbor.
+
+The two officers declared that no other cargo than the coal had been on
+board, and that there had been no passengers.
+
+The collector found the amount of coal in the ship that the master and
+mate swore was there--and so far everything goes to prove that they have
+been telling the truth.
+
+The statements of the crew have been sent on to the Government, and the
+vessel will be kept in custody as long as it is necessary in order that
+a proper investigation may be made.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+After thinking matters over, the Spaniards have decided that President
+McKinley's Message was not so friendly to them as they at first
+supposed.
+
+They have arrived at the conclusion that the part of the Message which
+refers to intervention on our part in case Home Rule does not succeed,
+is highly offensive to them.
+
+Seņor Sagasta is reported to have said that if the United States should
+try to interfere between Spain and Cuba, Spain would be found ready to
+protect herself and defend her national honor.
+
+The heads of the Government then decided that Spain ought to increase
+her navy, so that she should be ready in case of trouble. An endeavor
+has been made to raise funds for this purpose, and one of the Spanish
+Senators has suggested that a public subscription be opened for the
+purpose.
+
+A meeting of the Carlists has been called to protest against the
+interference clause of the Message, and the Spaniards generally are much
+annoyed over it.
+
+General Weyler has not allowed the opportunity offered him by the
+present unpopularity of the United States to pass him by.
+
+He has been doing his best to convince the people that his recall was
+due to our interference, and that, had he been allowed to remain in
+Cuba, the island would have been pacified in a very short space of time.
+
+He and his friends have been working industriously to raise him to the
+position of a popular hero, and, taking advantage of some of the
+President's remarks about the cruel methods of warfare employed in Cuba,
+he says that he feels proud of the fact that the President attacks him,
+as it is a proof that his conduct was displeasing to Spain's enemies.
+
+Following up these remarks, which were published in all the Spanish
+papers, Weyler determined to visit Madrid and pay his respects to the
+Queen.
+
+He and his friends evidently hoped that there would be some popular
+demonstration in favor of their idol.
+
+A holiday was chosen for his arrival, so that the lower classes might be
+free to greet him, and a party of his admirers, several hundred strong,
+went in a body to the depot to receive him.
+
+Sagasta, learning of these arrangements, feared that some hot heads
+might make an attack on the American embassy, and sent a special guard
+to protect it.
+
+He might, however, have spared himself the anxiety. The people took very
+little notice of the great man's arrival, and made no demonstration
+whatever. His arrival in the city seemed to be of very small importance
+to any but his own personal friends.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+You will be glad to hear that Gen. Rius Rivera, the insurgent leader,
+has been released from the Cabana fortress by a royal decree.
+
+He has sailed for Cadiz, Spain, where he will remain in exile.
+
+It is said that General Blanco sent for Rivera, and asked him if he
+would promise not to take up arms against Spain if he were set free.
+
+Rivera replied that as soon as he was free he would return to the
+insurgent camp and fight for Cuba till the last drop of his blood was
+spilled.
+
+General Blanco then asked him if he would go to the rebels and offer
+Home Rule to them.
+
+This was met by another firm refusal. The Cubans are feeling very proud
+of his bravery and firmness.
+
+You will remember General Sanguilly promised, if he were freed, never to
+fight against Spain, but Rivera prefers imprisonment or exile to giving
+a pledge which he could never keep.
+
+Rius Rivera was the general who took Maceo's command after that leader
+had been killed. He was captured last March, while severely wounded.
+
+There is a rumor that Gen. Julio Sanguilly has gone over to the Spanish
+cause and offered his services to General Blanco.
+
+It is impossible as yet to learn the truth of this rumor. The General,
+over his own signature, indignantly denies it, and begs his friends to
+deny it for him.
+
+In spite of the fact that when he was released, through the intervention
+of our Government, he had to sign an agreement not to return to Cuba, it
+is said that Sanguilly would willingly head an expedition against Spain
+to-morrow, if he only had the chance.
+
+The Cuban Junta (or council) will not, however, send him, and it is said
+that his willingness to go back on his promised word has made the Cubans
+suspicious of him. They think that a man of honor would never have made
+a promise he did not intend to keep, and therefore, in this hour of
+trouble, when he is accused of being a traitor to his cause, he finds
+few people willing to believe in him.
+
+If he is indeed true to the cause, he is in a very sad position.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It has been officially announced that General Pando has been heard from.
+He is fighting Gomez, and from all we hear has the old Cuban leader at a
+disadvantage.
+
+Gomez, so the story goes, is being forced to retreat before him in hot
+haste.
+
+It is also said that none of the messengers has returned who were sent
+out by Pando to offer Home Rule to the Cuban army.
+
+It is supposed that they have been killed by the insurgents.
+
+There is much discouragement in Havana over the present aspect of
+affairs. There seems to be no hope for a speedy end to the revolution.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have had inquiries about the Esquimaux who were brought over here by
+Lieutenant Peary, when he brought the great meteorite from the Arctic
+regions.
+
+These poor people have not been having a happy time of it.
+
+This climate is so much warmer than their own and so different from it
+in every respect, that they had not been here very long before they all
+fell ill.
+
+The attendants at the Natural History Museum, where they were taken,
+said that they first learned there was anything the matter with their
+charges by hearing them give voice to strange and grunting noises.
+
+The party of Esquimaux were allowed to wander at will through the
+museum, and they spent much of their time roaming from room to room
+looking at the exhibits. No one interfered with them.
+
+The museum is a place for study, and loud talking is never permitted.
+When, therefore, the attendants heard these very peculiar grunts, they
+began to look around to find who was daring to make so much noise.
+
+I am afraid they suspected that some small boys were playing tricks.
+
+They were much surprised to find that these dismal sounds came from the
+Esquimaux.
+
+One of the officials, being unable to pacify them, took them all in
+charge and hurried them off to a quiet part of the building, sending at
+the same time for a doctor.
+
+On examination it was found that the poor creatures had caught cold from
+the warmth of our climate, and were suffering from bronchitis.
+
+They were all hurried off to Bellevue Hospital, where they were given
+the kindest care.
+
+It was found that they could not stand the heat of the hospital wards,
+and so a nice cool cellar was prepared for them, and they gradually got
+better.
+
+Lieutenant Peary, who had been told of their illness, telegraphed from
+the West, where he was lecturing, that they must have plenty of fresh
+air; so, as soon as they were able to leave the hospital, they were
+taken out of the city.
+
+A cottage was hired for them at High Bridge, which is a little village
+on the Harlem River, a few miles out of New York.
+
+The Esquimaux are allowed to wander about there pretty much as they
+please, and it is hoped they will continue in good health throughout the
+winter.
+
+They have not been able to do any work as yet, having been too ill to
+attempt it. As soon as they are quite well again they will probably
+begin their task, but great care will be taken to have the temperature
+right for them the next time they are in the museum.
+
+It is said that they were well pleased with the wretched fogs we have
+been having of late. Fogs are very frequent in Greenland, and the
+inclement weather made the Esquimaux feel much more at home.
+
+They are looking forward anxiously to the spring, when Lieutenant Peary
+has promised that he will take them home.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 1st will be an important day for the citizens of New York.
+
+It will be the birthday of the city of Greater New York, which will take
+its rank as the second largest capital in the world.
+
+The mayor, Mr. Strong, is anxious to have some celebration which shall
+mark the passing away of the old New York city.
+
+Many people are, however, opposed to this. They think that the first
+thing in people's minds should be the glory of the great new city which
+is to be born, and declare that anything else would only amount to
+holding funeral services over the old city.
+
+This view seems hardly the correct one to take. There is so much of the
+nation's early history wound around the old city of New York, that it
+seems only fit and proper that some suitable exercises should be held,
+to impress upon the younger generation the importance of the old city,
+before it passes away and loses its identity in the larger city.
+
+If Boston was the scene of the beginning of the War of Independence, New
+York witnessed its close.
+
+On November 25th, 1782, the British finally evacuated the city of New
+York, their last stronghold, and the long and painful war was over.
+
+The history of New York begins in 1524, when Giovanni Verrazano, an
+Italian navigator, entered the beautiful bay of New York, with his
+vessel, the _Dauphine_. Gomez is said to have sailed along the coast as
+far as New York the following year.
+
+Fifty years later, Hendrik Hudson sailed up New York Bay, and discovered
+the beautiful river which flows by the city, the river which still bears
+his name.
+
+This is the same Hudson who searched for the Northwest Passage--the
+passage which was to make a short cut from the Atlantic Ocean to the
+Pacific, along the north shore of America, and afford a highway between
+Europe and Asia, saving the long trip around the Cape of Good Hope,
+which had just been discovered by the Portuguese. South America and Cape
+Horn were as yet undiscovered.
+
+On this search for the Northwest Passage, Hudson's sailors mutinied, and
+put their great commander and eight companions ashore in an open boat in
+the bleak, ice-bound Hudson Bay.
+
+For this cruel deed the spirits of the crew of Hudson's vessel were
+supposed to wander up and down the shores of the Hudson River, unable to
+find rest even in death.
+
+In Washington Irving's fanciful tale of "Rip Van Winkle," Rip encounters
+a strange, ghostly company of seafaring men, and it is often supposed
+that Hudson's crew was intended by the author.
+
+When Hudson went back to Holland after his voyage up the Hudson River,
+he told such wonderful tales of the friendliness of the Indians, the
+number of fur-bearing animals he had seen, and the wonders he had met
+with, that the Hollanders became much excited and determined to send out
+and claim the newly discovered country.
+
+In 1610 a vessel was sent out, and the Indians proving friendly and the
+trade satisfactory, a colony was finally established in 1613 on the
+southern point of Manhattan Island.
+
+This was near where the Battery now is.
+
+The first permanent settlement was made in 1622, the Dutch having taken
+possession of the country around the Hudson River, calling it New
+Netherlands.
+
+In 1626 the West India Company sent out a settlement under Gov. Peter
+Minuit.
+
+He landed on the island of Manhattan, and soon entered into a trade with
+the Indians, buying from them the entire island of Manhattan, fourteen
+thousand acres in size, for twenty-four dollars' worth of scarlet cloth,
+brass buttons, and other trinkets.
+
+The Dutch gave the island the name of New Amsterdam, and established on
+it a settlement consisting of a fort, a stone warehouse, and a cluster
+of log-huts.
+
+After the Dutch had established their colony of New Amsterdam, they
+endeavored to colonize it on the Patroon system.
+
+By this system, any man who undertook to bring fifty settlers to the
+colony within five years was given the title of Patroon, and was allowed
+to lay claim to and hold all the land he desired and could properly
+cultivate.
+
+It was in this way that the Van Rensselaers, the Schuylers, and the Van
+Cortlandts became important families in New York.
+
+In 1647 Peter Stuyvesant came out to New Amsterdam as governor. He was
+the last governor of the province.
+
+He was familiarly known as "Old Silverleg," because, having lost one
+limb in battle, he had it replaced by a sturdy wooden leg securely bound
+with silver.
+
+Many of our traditions date back to the time of this hot-tempered,
+headstrong, and fine old gentleman.
+
+His estate was called the Great Bouery, and there was a long and
+beautiful lane leading from the city to it, which was known as Bouery
+Lane--our present Bowery.
+
+The Governor's house is supposed to have stood near Tenth Street, a
+little east of Third Avenue, now called Stuyvesant Place.
+
+Beyond Governor Stuyvesant's Great Bouery stretched swamps, woods, and
+clearings, until a little village was reached at the junction of the
+Haarlem and East rivers, which was called New Haarlem.
+
+Peter Stuyvesant made many improvements in the city of New Amsterdam. In
+order better to protect it, he built a high and strong wooden palisade
+on the north of the town; in time houses grew up along this wall, and
+the street which they formed was called Wall Street.
+
+The Wall Street of to-day, where so many fortunes are made and lost,
+stands on the site of the old wall built by Peter Stuyvesant to protect
+the city.
+
+The first windmill was built in 1662.
+
+In 1664 Charles II. of England, jealous of the productiveness of this
+Dutch colony, determined to secure it.
+
+In 1621 James I. had claimed it by right of first occupancy.
+
+In 1632 Charles I. reasserted this claim; and in 1654 Cromwell ordered
+an expedition for the conquest of the New Netherlands.
+
+The treaty with Holland stopped these proceedings, and the colony was
+left in peace until 1664, when Charles II. granted the entire territory
+to his brother, the Duke of York.
+
+In August of that year an expedition arrived to capture the city, which
+surrendered to the English fleet without resistance. The name of the
+city was then changed to New York, in honor of its ducal owner.
+
+In 1673 the Dutch recaptured the city, and christened it New Orange. The
+following year, by a treaty of peace with Holland, it was restored to
+the English and again called New York.
+
+In 1702 Wall Street was paved, and in 1711 a regular slave market was
+established.
+
+In 1775, at the beginning of the war, New York declared for
+independence, but in 1776 it fell into the hands of the English, who
+retained possession until 1783, when they finally evacuated it.
+
+In 1788 New York celebrated the adoption of the Constitution--the great
+Constitution under which we live to-day and enjoy our freedom. A ship,
+representing the Ship of State, was drawn through the streets of the
+city by ten milk-white horses.
+
+Alexander Hamilton had done so much to convince the State of the wisdom
+of adopting the Constitution, that in recognition of his great services
+the platform upholding the Ship of State was inscribed in large letters
+with his name.
+
+New Yorkers must never forget that it was in their city that the first
+President was inaugurated, and that that President was George
+Washington. To New York belongs the greatest honor any American city can
+boast, in having placed the sceptre of government in the hands of the
+greatest man the country has ever produced.
+
+On March 4th, 1789, the new Constitution went into operation, but it was
+not until April 30th that the President took the oath of office.
+
+Standing on the balcony of a building in front of Federal Hall, where
+Congress met, and in the presence of an immense multitude, George
+Washington took the following oath:
+
+"I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of
+President of the United States; and to the best of my ability, preserve,
+protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."
+
+Then, amid the ringing of bells, the firing of cannon, a great shout
+went up, "Long live George Washington, President of the United States."
+
+It was the streets of New York that first resounded to this glorious
+cry!
+
+Federal Hall was the old City Hall. It stood on the northeast corner of
+Wall and Nassau streets, on ground now occupied by the United States
+Sub-Treasury.
+
+New Yorkers have much to be proud of in their city.      G.H. ROSENFELD.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 60, December 30, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
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+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 60, December 30, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 60, December 30, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+Release Date: August 22, 2005 [EBook #16580]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+
+<p><a name="Page_1677" id="Page_1677"></a></p>
+
+
+<p class="figcenter"><img src="./images/title.png" alt="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" title="THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT" /></p>
+
+<div class='center'><b><span class='smcap'>Vol.</span> 1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class='smcap'>December</span> 30, 1897.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <span class='smcap'>No.</span> 60</b></div>
+
+<div class='center'><b>Copyright, 1897, by <span class="smcap">The Great Round World</span> Publishing Company.</b></div>
+
+<hr style="width: 45%;" />
+
+<p>The heavens are affording us an interesting study just now.</p>
+
+<p>Our kind old friend, the sun, it is who is giving us this benefit.</p>
+
+<p>One of the largest sun-spots which has ever been observed is now to be
+seen.</p>
+
+<p>So large is this spot that it is not necessary to look through a
+telescope to see it. By using a smoked glass, to dim the intense light
+of the sun, any one can look at the spot for himself.</p>
+
+<p>Nowadays, when all persons connected with the daily papers are on the
+lookout for some startling fact that shall sell their newspapers, such
+an occurrence as the enormous increase in the size of a sun-spot is too
+good to be let slip by them.</p>
+
+<p>Extra editions about the sun-spot were issued by some of the most
+enterprising journals, which contained sensational pictures, and
+statements that the sun-spot was in fact a new world which was about to
+burst forth from the body of the sun. According to these accounts, the
+new world was to be sent whirling through space, hurled, as it were, at our earth, which was to be
+shattered to pieces by it. <a name="Page_1678" id="Page_1678"></a></p>
+
+<p>Except that such stories serve to call the attention of unscientific
+people to scientific facts, and teach them to observe the wonders of the
+universe, it really seems a shame that such marvels should be used as
+bogies to scare the ignorant and superstitious.</p>
+
+<p>As a matter of fact, very little is known about these sun-spots. They
+occur in greatest numbers in periods of about eleven years apart, and
+astronomers and geologists agree that periods of rainy and dry seasons
+seem to correspond with the sun-spot periods.</p>
+
+<p>When the greatest number of spots are visible on the sun, scientists
+agree that the climatic conditions on the earth are normal and even.
+When there are fewest spots on the sun we have extreme temperature and
+sudden changes. When we say that astronomers and geologists agree on
+this point, we must also admit that some astronomers are not quite
+satisfied that the fact has been proved.</p>
+
+<p>The only fact that has been actually proved to everybody's satisfaction
+is that, during the time when the most spots are visible on the sun,
+there are always more magnetic storms and displays of the aurora
+borealis.</p>
+
+<p>A magnetic storm is a disturbance of the magnetic field which surrounds
+the earth; its presence is shown by a disturbance of the needle of the
+compass, and it often interferes with the electrical currents, making it
+difficult and sometimes impossible to use the telegraph-wires.</p>
+
+<p>The aurora borealis is a wonderful light seen in the sky in high
+latitudes, and less frequently in other parts of the world&mdash;except
+during the activity of the sun-spots. <a name="Page_1679" id="Page_1679"></a></p>
+
+<p>It appears as irregular patches and dancing columns of light which flame
+across the sky. Red, white, pale green&mdash;these shafts are now dim, now
+bright, seeming to throb and pulse as they glow and pale. As you watch
+them they change their form, and, from being pillars of fire, change to
+masses of glowing color.</p>
+
+<p>A flash-light dancing across the sky gives you some, though a very poor
+notion, of an aurora. The aurora has thousands of such flashes of light,
+changing form and color as you watch them&mdash;filmy shafts of light, coming
+you know not whence.</p>
+
+<p>The spots on the sun are described as being dark patches which are
+visible on the bright surface of the sun. They often appear in groups,
+and frequently the larger spots will break up into smaller ones. They
+are great depressions or holes in the surface of the sun, and are
+supposed to be formed by descending currents of gases.</p>
+
+<p>Sun-spots are generally found in the neighborhood of the sun's equator,
+and last from a few hours to a few months.</p>
+
+<p>The presence of these spots has enabled scientists to prove that the
+sun, like the earth, revolves on its axis.</p>
+
+<p>The last period of activity for sun-spots was in 1893, and, according to
+the eleven-year theory, there should be few, if any, at this time. Prof.
+Garret P. Serviss, however, tells us that at times during the quiet
+period of the sun, large spots like the present one will appear on its
+surface, and after assuming immense proportions, vanish. <a name="Page_1680" id="Page_1680"></a></p>
+
+<p>The present phenomenon appears to be about one hundred thousand miles in
+length, and some people insist that they can see it gradually detaching
+itself from the sun and forming itself into a new world.</p>
+
+<p>This is regarded as a hoax by scientific men who understand such
+matters.</p>
+
+<p>It is hard to prove exactly whether the present great sun-spot is a
+large hole in the surface of the sun, or a large mass of the body of the
+sun which is about to be detached from it; but in all such matters it is
+wiser to take the most practical and least sensational view. Similar
+phenomena to that which is now interesting us have been observed before,
+and so, until we have proof to the contrary, it is more sensible to
+believe it is a sun-spot than to listen to sensational tales of a new
+world running wild through space.</p>
+
+<p>Sun-spots were first observed about 1610 by Galileo, so they have been
+known long enough for us to believe that they are not new worlds about
+to be flung into space.</p>
+
+<p>Galileo was the great Italian astronomer who invented the telescope.</p>
+
+<p>The chances are that the present sun-spot may give us an opportunity of
+seeing a fine aurora. In 1892, when the last large spot was visible,
+there was a notable aurora. The light rays reached so far south that to
+the people in New York it appeared like the reflection on the sky from a
+great fire.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' /><p><a name="Page_1681" id="Page_1681"></a></p>
+
+<p>Francis Kossuth's effort to get the Austro-Hungarian bill delayed has
+not been successful.</p>
+
+<p>You remember he tried to get the bill referred to a certain committee.</p>
+
+<p>His motion was defeated by a large majority.</p>
+
+<p>This looks rather promising for the bill which Baron Banffy is trying to
+get through the House, and which, you remember, is to prolong the
+contract between the two nations for another year; at the same time, the
+best friends of the measure are doubtful if it will be possible to pass
+it.</p>
+
+<p>The mass of the Hungarian people are in sympathy with Kossuth, and would
+be glad if Hungary could regain her freedom. It is therefore supposed
+that when the bill comes up for a final hearing, Kossuth will use all
+his fiery eloquence to dissuade the people from passing it, and that it
+will be defeated.</p>
+
+<p>Persons who are able to look at both sides of the question are of
+opinion that separation would be a great misfortune for both countries.
+Austro-Hungary is now a great and powerful kingdom, holding a position
+in Europe which enables her to preserve the balance of peace in the
+eastern portion of that troubled continent.</p>
+
+<p>With Austria and Hungary divided into two small kingdoms with separate
+aims and interests, Turkey could not be held in check any longer, and
+the Russians, who are so full of ambition for power in the East, could
+do pretty much as they pleased.</p>
+
+<p>The Hungarians are supposed to be a very wide-awake people, and able to
+comprehend the true meaning of a political situation. It is therefore
+supposed that in the present crisis they are not striving so much for
+freedom, which would be a disadvantage to them, as for the supremacy in
+the two kingdoms. <a name="Page_1682" id="Page_1682"></a></p>
+
+<p>This idea is outlined by Kossuth in a speech made by him the other day,
+in which he said: "We want a separate army and separate treasury. The
+King of Hungary should be Emperor of Austria as a sort of extra
+occupation. Vienna (the capital of Austria) is already a suburb of
+Budapest (the capital of Hungary), and in time Austria will become a
+collection of provinces attached to Hungary."</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Rioting still continues in Prague. The troops are patrolling the street,
+and special guards have been stationed at the places where outbreaks are
+feared.</p>
+
+<p>Numbers of arrests have been made, and it is said that the prisons are
+so full that it has been found necessary to take no note of the smaller
+offenders, and only hold those persons who are accused of serious
+crimes.</p>
+
+<p>In Vienna there has been a demonstration, unfriendly to both Hungarians
+and Bohemians.</p>
+
+<p>One morning the inhabitants of the city awoke to find the town covered
+with flaming red placards.</p>
+
+<p>Some of them read, "No new compact between Austria and Hungary"; and
+others, "No language laws. German is the national language."</p>
+
+<p>These placards naturally aroused a great deal of angry feeling between
+the opposing parties. The police tore them down, and made every effort
+to find the persons who had posted them, but without any result.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' /><p><a name="Page_1683" id="Page_1683"></a></p>
+
+<p>The Treaty of Peace between Turkey and Greece has been finally signed by
+the Powers interested.</p>
+
+<p>Little notice has, however, been taken of the fact; matters in Europe
+are looking so threatening that the affair of Greece is almost
+forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that war will break out in the Balkan provinces in the
+spring, a war which will involve both Turkey and Austria.</p>
+
+<p>The Balkan provinces are Servia, Roumania, Bulgaria, and Montenegro. If
+you look at your map, you will see that they lie between Hungary and
+Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>The Sultan of Turkey is so convinced that such a war cannot be avoided,
+that he is doing everything in his power to raise money for it.</p>
+
+<p>He has given orders that the taxes must all be collected by the new
+year, instead of May, in which month they are generally paid.</p>
+
+<p>To accomplish this the unfortunate people, particularly the Christian
+population, are being very roughly dealt with.</p>
+
+<p>It is stated that the Sultan will not recall his troops from Thessaly
+until the war indemnity has been paid, and that Germany is upholding him
+in his determination.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The reports of the various officers of our Government have followed the
+Message of President McKinley.</p>
+
+<p>Every one is somewhat shocked to find that the tariff bill, which was to
+put such a lot of money in our treasury, has fallen far short of the
+expected results, and, indeed, has not produced enough revenue to pay
+the expenses of the Government. <a name="Page_1684" id="Page_1684"></a></p>
+
+<p>If the receipts from customs are not larger during the next few months
+than they have been during the last, the country will be $65,000,000
+behind at the end of the year, and Congress will have to devise some
+plan for raising this sum of money.</p>
+
+<p>This means that some new tax will be imposed upon us, for the Government
+must have the money it needs, and the people must help to make up what
+is lacking.</p>
+
+<p>The friends of the Dingley Bill hope that the custom receipts will
+increase, and think that the reason they have been so small is that the
+merchants brought so much stuff into the country before the bill went
+into effect, that they have not needed to get fresh supplies so far. In
+short, they claim the Dingley Bill needs a longer trial.</p>
+
+<p>The enemies of the measure point out that, as a means of providing an
+income for the Government, the Dingley Bill has been a failure.</p>
+
+<p>We told you about the discussion as to the exact hour at which the bill
+became a law.</p>
+
+<p>The question is not as yet settled.</p>
+
+<p>The importers, if you remember, declared that the bill only became a law
+from the exact hour it was signed; the Government insists that it was a
+law from early morning of the day on which it was signed.</p>
+
+<p>Seventy-three importers have protested against paying duty for all day
+July 24th, because the bill was not signed until six minutes past four
+in the afternoon. <a name="Page_1685" id="Page_1685"></a></p>
+
+<p>It is expected that a final decision will be given shortly, which will
+put an end to the disagreement.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>Side by side with the fact that there is not enough money in the
+treasury to meet the country's expenses, the armor-plate question has
+come into prominence once more.</p>
+
+<p>The naval officers and experts are all crying out against the folly of
+the Government engaging in the manufacture of armor-plate.</p>
+
+<p>The board of naval officers appointed to look into the subject stated,
+in their report to the Government, that if such a factory is to be
+maintained, Congress must order the building of three new battleships
+every year.</p>
+
+<p>The reason they give for this is that specially trained workmen are
+required to operate an armor-plate factory. They think it would be
+necessary to provide sufficient work every year to keep the factory
+going. If the factory were to be shut down and the hands discharged, the
+naval officers declare that the time and money that would have to be
+spent in training fresh men to undertake the work then would cost the
+country more than keeping the works open right along.</p>
+
+<p>The Carnegie and Bethlehem people have succeeded in getting the
+Government to test one of their plates made by the new Krupp process.</p>
+
+<p>The result of the trial, it is expected, will decide whether the
+Government shall buy its armor-plate as of old, or enter into the
+manufacture itself.</p>
+
+<p>If the Krupp process is satisfactory, armor-plates will not have to be
+made so thick, and the smaller quantity of steel in them will perhaps
+make them cheaper and enable the Government and the manufacturers to
+agree upon a price that will be satisfactory to both. <a name="Page_1686" id="Page_1686"></a></p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>The Secretary of the Treasury has handed in the Currency report
+mentioned by the President in his Message.</p>
+
+<p>It proves to be very dry reading for all but men interested in the money
+market, and would not interest you at all.</p>
+
+<p>He suggests a plan, which is supposed to be a very wise one, for
+removing all uncertainty about the soundness of our money. It is,
+however, thought that the plan cannot be put into effect at present.</p>
+
+<p>The Secretary of the Treasury has also made a report on filibustering,
+which is much more interesting.</p>
+
+<p>Spain has accused us of not taking proper steps to prevent these
+unlawful expeditions.</p>
+
+<p>If she can prove the truth of these accusations, she can demand that we
+pay her a large sum of money as damages for every expedition that has
+reached Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>She would be quite justified in making these demands if the United
+States willingly and wilfully helped Cuba to defy Spain, for every
+shipload of supplies landed enables the Cubans to hold out so much
+longer against Spain.</p>
+
+<p>Under these circumstances, it is interesting to learn from the official
+statement of the Secretary of the Treasury that we have done our duty to
+the best of our ability. <a name="Page_1687" id="Page_1687"></a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Gage's report, like the Cuban remarks in the Message, has an added
+interest from the fact that it is absolutely true.</p>
+
+<p>Many of the reports we get through the newspapers have to be changed or
+contradicted, no matter how careful the news-gatherers may have been in
+selecting their information. This is because the reporters do not have
+access to the official documents, and are obliged to base their reports
+upon rumors or uncertain information.</p>
+
+<p>When, however, a report comes direct from the Government, there is no
+hearsay in the matter. Each department of the Government has the
+documents relating to its business, and the reports it issues are made
+from the actual letters that have passed between countries&mdash;despatches
+and diplomatic documents which no outsider can ever hope to see.</p>
+
+<p>Here, then, is Mr. Gage's report on filibustering.</p>
+
+<p>He says that during two years and a half only six American vessels are
+said to have successfully landed filibustering expeditions from the
+United States in Cuba. Three foreign vessels are said to have been
+successful in the same effort.</p>
+
+<p>With the vessels referred to it is said that a dozen harbor tugs, three
+or four lighters, a few small steamers, and about a dozen small sloops
+and schooners have been associated.</p>
+
+<p>That only six American vessels out of all our large merchant navy
+succeeded in reaching Cuba is, the Secretary thinks, a proof of the
+law-abiding spirit of the American people.</p>
+
+<p>He says that eight revenue-cutters, with 317 men, have cruised 75,768
+miles, patrolling the coast to prevent filibustering. These vessels
+captured seven ships and 115 men, and broke up two expeditions. <a name="Page_1688" id="Page_1688"></a></p>
+
+<p>He goes into the close examination of sixty expeditions which Spain
+complains of.</p>
+
+<p>Twenty of these he shows were stopped through the efforts of the
+Treasury, five by the United States Navy, four by Spain, two were
+wrecked, and one driven back by storm. One which is laid to our credit
+the Secretary declines to acknowledge as belonging to us at all.</p>
+
+<p>Of the successful expeditions, Mr. Gage points out that much was due to
+the weakness of the Spanish patrol. In all the cases where the offenders
+have been caught, he shows that they have either been punished or are
+awaiting trial.</p>
+
+<p>Concerning the case of the <i>Silver Heels</i>, the Secretary says that the
+Collector of the Port of New York informed him that a representative of
+the Spanish Consul stated to him that he did not desire the vessel to be
+seized at the dock, but captured after departure therefrom. It was not,
+therefore, so much negligence on the part of the Government, as speed on
+the part of the <i>Silver Heels</i>, which enabled her to slip away from her
+pursuers.</p>
+
+<p>While we are on the subject of the <i>Silver Heels</i>, it will interest you
+to know that she has been taken into custody.</p>
+
+<p>She arrived at Wilmington the other day, and was at once seized by the
+collector of that port.</p>
+
+<p>An examination was made of the vessel, but nothing was found on board to
+indicate that the ship had been engaged in unlawful work.</p>
+
+<p>The crew have been subjected to a severe examination. Each man has had
+to make a statement before the court. <a name="Page_1689" id="Page_1689"></a></p>
+
+<p>The master and mate of the vessel swore that the <i>Silver Heels</i> left New
+York bound for Wilmington, N.C. Her cargo consisted of one hundred tons
+of coal designed for sale in Wilmington.</p>
+
+<p>On account of head winds she could not approach the coast, but was
+buffeted about until a few days ago, when she cast anchor in Wilmington
+harbor.</p>
+
+<p>The two officers declared that no other cargo than the coal had been on
+board, and that there had been no passengers.</p>
+
+<p>The collector found the amount of coal in the ship that the master and
+mate swore was there&mdash;and so far everything goes to prove that they have
+been telling the truth.</p>
+
+<p>The statements of the crew have been sent on to the Government, and the
+vessel will be kept in custody as long as it is necessary in order that
+a proper investigation may be made.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>After thinking matters over, the Spaniards have decided that President
+McKinley's Message was not so friendly to them as they at first
+supposed.</p>
+
+<p>They have arrived at the conclusion that the part of the Message which
+refers to intervention on our part in case Home Rule does not succeed,
+is highly offensive to them.</p>
+
+<p>Se&ntilde;or Sagasta is reported to have said that if the United States should
+try to interfere between Spain and Cuba, Spain would be found ready to
+protect herself and defend her national honor. <a name="Page_1690" id="Page_1690"></a></p>
+
+<p>The heads of the Government then decided that Spain ought to increase
+her navy, so that she should be ready in case of trouble. An endeavor
+has been made to raise funds for this purpose, and one of the Spanish
+Senators has suggested that a public subscription be opened for the
+purpose.</p>
+
+<p>A meeting of the Carlists has been called to protest against the
+interference clause of the Message, and the Spaniards generally are much
+annoyed over it.</p>
+
+<p>General Weyler has not allowed the opportunity offered him by the
+present unpopularity of the United States to pass him by.</p>
+
+<p>He has been doing his best to convince the people that his recall was
+due to our interference, and that, had he been allowed to remain in
+Cuba, the island would have been pacified in a very short space of time.</p>
+
+<p>He and his friends have been working industriously to raise him to the
+position of a popular hero, and, taking advantage of some of the
+President's remarks about the cruel methods of warfare employed in Cuba,
+he says that he feels proud of the fact that the President attacks him,
+as it is a proof that his conduct was displeasing to Spain's enemies.</p>
+
+<p>Following up these remarks, which were published in all the Spanish
+papers, Weyler determined to visit Madrid and pay his respects to the
+Queen.</p>
+
+<p>He and his friends evidently hoped that there would be some popular
+demonstration in favor of their idol.</p>
+
+<p>A holiday was chosen for his arrival, so that the lower classes might be
+free to greet him, and a party of his admirers, several hundred strong,
+went in a body to the depot to receive him. <a name="Page_1691" id="Page_1691"></a></p>
+
+<p>Sagasta, learning of these arrangements, feared that some hot heads
+might make an attack on the American embassy, and sent a special guard
+to protect it.</p>
+
+<p>He might, however, have spared himself the anxiety. The people took very
+little notice of the great man's arrival, and made no demonstration
+whatever. His arrival in the city seemed to be of very small importance
+to any but his own personal friends.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>You will be glad to hear that Gen. Rius Rivera, the insurgent leader,
+has been released from the Cabana fortress by a royal decree.</p>
+
+<p>He has sailed for Cadiz, Spain, where he will remain in exile.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that General Blanco sent for Rivera, and asked him if he
+would promise not to take up arms against Spain if he were set free.</p>
+
+<p>Rivera replied that as soon as he was free he would return to the
+insurgent camp and fight for Cuba till the last drop of his blood was
+spilled.</p>
+
+<p>General Blanco then asked him if he would go to the rebels and offer
+Home Rule to them.</p>
+
+<p>This was met by another firm refusal. The Cubans are feeling very proud
+of his bravery and firmness.</p>
+
+<p>You will remember General Sanguilly promised, if he were freed, never to
+fight against Spain, but Rivera prefers imprisonment or exile to giving
+a pledge which he could never keep.</p>
+
+<p>Rius Rivera was the general who took Maceo's command after that leader
+had been killed. He was captured last March, while severely wounded. <a name="Page_1692" id="Page_1692"></a></p>
+
+<p>There is a rumor that Gen. Julio Sanguilly has gone over to the Spanish
+cause and offered his services to General Blanco.</p>
+
+<p>It is impossible as yet to learn the truth of this rumor. The General,
+over his own signature, indignantly denies it, and begs his friends to
+deny it for him.</p>
+
+<p>In spite of the fact that when he was released, through the intervention
+of our Government, he had to sign an agreement not to return to Cuba, it
+is said that Sanguilly would willingly head an expedition against Spain
+to-morrow, if he only had the chance.</p>
+
+<p>The Cuban Junta (or council) will not, however, send him, and it is said
+that his willingness to go back on his promised word has made the Cubans
+suspicious of him. They think that a man of honor would never have made
+a promise he did not intend to keep, and therefore, in this hour of
+trouble, when he is accused of being a traitor to his cause, he finds
+few people willing to believe in him.</p>
+
+<p>If he is indeed true to the cause, he is in a very sad position.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>It has been officially announced that General Pando has been heard from.
+He is fighting Gomez, and from all we hear has the old Cuban leader at a
+disadvantage.</p>
+
+<p>Gomez, so the story goes, is being forced to retreat before him in hot
+haste.</p>
+
+<p>It is also said that none of the messengers has returned who were sent
+out by Pando to offer Home Rule to the Cuban army. <a name="Page_1693" id="Page_1693"></a></p>
+
+<p>It is supposed that they have been killed by the insurgents.</p>
+
+<p>There is much discouragement in Havana over the present aspect of
+affairs. There seems to be no hope for a speedy end to the revolution.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>We have had inquiries about the Esquimaux who were brought over here by
+Lieutenant Peary, when he brought the great meteorite from the Arctic
+regions.</p>
+
+<p>These poor people have not been having a happy time of it.</p>
+
+<p>This climate is so much warmer than their own and so different from it
+in every respect, that they had not been here very long before they all
+fell ill.</p>
+
+<p>The attendants at the Natural History Museum, where they were taken,
+said that they first learned there was anything the matter with their
+charges by hearing them give voice to strange and grunting noises.</p>
+
+<p>The party of Esquimaux were allowed to wander at will through the
+museum, and they spent much of their time roaming from room to room
+looking at the exhibits. No one interfered with them.</p>
+
+<p>The museum is a place for study, and loud talking is never permitted.
+When, therefore, the attendants heard these very peculiar grunts, they
+began to look around to find who was daring to make so much noise.</p>
+
+<p>I am afraid they suspected that some small boys were playing tricks.</p>
+
+<p>They were much surprised to find that these dismal sounds came from the
+Esquimaux. <a name="Page_1694" id="Page_1694"></a></p>
+
+<p>One of the officials, being unable to pacify them, took them all in
+charge and hurried them off to a quiet part of the building, sending at
+the same time for a doctor.</p>
+
+<p>On examination it was found that the poor creatures had caught cold from
+the warmth of our climate, and were suffering from bronchitis.</p>
+
+<p>They were all hurried off to Bellevue Hospital, where they were given
+the kindest care.</p>
+
+<p>It was found that they could not stand the heat of the hospital wards,
+and so a nice cool cellar was prepared for them, and they gradually got
+better.</p>
+
+<p>Lieutenant Peary, who had been told of their illness, telegraphed from
+the West, where he was lecturing, that they must have plenty of fresh
+air; so, as soon as they were able to leave the hospital, they were
+taken out of the city.</p>
+
+<p>A cottage was hired for them at High Bridge, which is a little village
+on the Harlem River, a few miles out of New York.</p>
+
+<p>The Esquimaux are allowed to wander about there pretty much as they
+please, and it is hoped they will continue in good health throughout the
+winter.</p>
+
+<p>They have not been able to do any work as yet, having been too ill to
+attempt it. As soon as they are quite well again they will probably
+begin their task, but great care will be taken to have the temperature
+right for them the next time they are in the museum.</p>
+
+<p>It is said that they were well pleased with the wretched fogs we have
+been having of late. Fogs are very frequent in Greenland, and the
+inclement weather made the Esquimaux feel much more at home. <a name="Page_1695" id="Page_1695"></a></p>
+
+<p>They are looking forward anxiously to the spring, when Lieutenant Peary
+has promised that he will take them home.</p>
+
+<hr style='width: 45%;' />
+
+<p>January 1st will be an important day for the citizens of New York.</p>
+
+<p>It will be the birthday of the city of Greater New York, which will take
+its rank as the second largest capital in the world.</p>
+
+<p>The mayor, Mr. Strong, is anxious to have some celebration which shall
+mark the passing away of the old New York city.</p>
+
+<p>Many people are, however, opposed to this. They think that the first
+thing in people's minds should be the glory of the great new city which
+is to be born, and declare that anything else would only amount to
+holding funeral services over the old city.</p>
+
+<p>This view seems hardly the correct one to take. There is so much of the
+nation's early history wound around the old city of New York, that it
+seems only fit and proper that some suitable exercises should be held,
+to impress upon the younger generation the importance of the old city,
+before it passes away and loses its identity in the larger city.</p>
+
+<p>If Boston was the scene of the beginning of the War of Independence, New
+York witnessed its close.</p>
+
+<p>On November 25th, 1782, the British finally evacuated the city of New
+York, their last stronghold, and the long and painful war was over.</p>
+
+<p>The history of New York begins in 1524, when Giovanni Verrazano, an
+Italian navigator, entered the beautiful bay of New York, with his
+vessel, the <i>Dauphine</i>. Gomez is said to have sailed along the coast as
+far as New York the following year. <a name="Page_1696" id="Page_1696"></a></p>
+
+<p>Fifty years later, Hendrik Hudson sailed up New York Bay, and discovered
+the beautiful river which flows by the city, the river which still bears
+his name.</p>
+
+<p>This is the same Hudson who searched for the Northwest Passage&mdash;the
+passage which was to make a short cut from the Atlantic Ocean to the
+Pacific, along the north shore of America, and afford a highway between
+Europe and Asia, saving the long trip around the Cape of Good Hope,
+which had just been discovered by the Portuguese. South America and Cape
+Horn were as yet undiscovered.</p>
+
+<p>On this search for the Northwest Passage, Hudson's sailors mutinied, and
+put their great commander and eight companions ashore in an open boat in
+the bleak, ice-bound Hudson Bay.</p>
+
+<p>For this cruel deed the spirits of the crew of Hudson's vessel were
+supposed to wander up and down the shores of the Hudson River, unable to
+find rest even in death.</p>
+
+<p>In Washington Irving's fanciful tale of "Rip Van Winkle," Rip encounters
+a strange, ghostly company of seafaring men, and it is often supposed
+that Hudson's crew was intended by the author.</p>
+
+<p>When Hudson went back to Holland after his voyage up the Hudson River,
+he told such wonderful tales of the friendliness of the Indians, the
+number of fur-bearing animals he had seen, and the wonders he had met
+with, that the Hollanders became much excited and determined to send out
+and claim the newly discovered country.</p>
+
+<p>In 1610 a vessel was sent out, and the Indians proving friendly and the
+trade satisfactory, a colony was finally established in 1613 on the
+southern point of Manhattan Island. <a name="Page_1697" id="Page_1697"></a></p>
+
+<p>This was near where the Battery now is.</p>
+
+<p>The first permanent settlement was made in 1622, the Dutch having taken
+possession of the country around the Hudson River, calling it New
+Netherlands.</p>
+
+<p>In 1626 the West India Company sent out a settlement under Gov. Peter
+Minuit.</p>
+
+<p>He landed on the island of Manhattan, and soon entered into a trade with
+the Indians, buying from them the entire island of Manhattan, fourteen
+thousand acres in size, for twenty-four dollars' worth of scarlet cloth,
+brass buttons, and other trinkets.</p>
+
+<p>The Dutch gave the island the name of New Amsterdam, and established on
+it a settlement consisting of a fort, a stone warehouse, and a cluster
+of log-huts.</p>
+
+<p>After the Dutch had established their colony of New Amsterdam, they
+endeavored to colonize it on the Patroon system.</p>
+
+<p>By this system, any man who undertook to bring fifty settlers to the
+colony within five years was given the title of Patroon, and was allowed
+to lay claim to and hold all the land he desired and could properly
+cultivate.</p>
+
+<p>It was in this way that the Van Rensselaers, the Schuylers, and the Van
+Cortlandts became important families in New York.</p>
+
+<p>In 1647 Peter Stuyvesant came out to New Amsterdam as governor. He was
+the last governor of the province.</p>
+
+<p>He was familiarly known as "Old Silverleg," because, having lost one
+limb in battle, he had it replaced by a sturdy wooden leg securely bound
+with silver. <a name="Page_1698" id="Page_1698"></a></p>
+
+<p>Many of our traditions date back to the time of this hot-tempered,
+headstrong, and fine old gentleman.</p>
+
+<p>His estate was called the Great Bouery, and there was a long and
+beautiful lane leading from the city to it, which was known as Bouery
+Lane&mdash;our present Bowery.</p>
+
+<p>The Governor's house is supposed to have stood near Tenth Street, a
+little east of Third Avenue, now called Stuyvesant Place.</p>
+
+<p>Beyond Governor Stuyvesant's Great Bouery stretched swamps, woods, and
+clearings, until a little village was reached at the junction of the
+Haarlem and East rivers, which was called New Haarlem.</p>
+
+<p>Peter Stuyvesant made many improvements in the city of New Amsterdam. In
+order better to protect it, he built a high and strong wooden palisade
+on the north of the town; in time houses grew up along this wall, and
+the street which they formed was called Wall Street.</p>
+
+<p>The Wall Street of to-day, where so many fortunes are made and lost,
+stands on the site of the old wall built by Peter Stuyvesant to protect
+the city.</p>
+
+<p>The first windmill was built in 1662.</p>
+
+<p>In 1664 Charles II. of England, jealous of the productiveness of this
+Dutch colony, determined to secure it.</p>
+
+<p>In 1621 James I. had claimed it by right of first occupancy.</p>
+
+<p>In 1632 Charles I. reasserted this claim; and in 1654 Cromwell ordered
+an expedition for the conquest of the New Netherlands. <a name="Page_1699" id="Page_1699"></a></p>
+
+<p>The treaty with Holland stopped these proceedings, and the colony was
+left in peace until 1664, when Charles II. granted the entire territory
+to his brother, the Duke of York.</p>
+
+<p>In August of that year an expedition arrived to capture the city, which
+surrendered to the English fleet without resistance. The name of the
+city was then changed to New York, in honor of its ducal owner.</p>
+
+<p>In 1673 the Dutch recaptured the city, and christened it New Orange. The
+following year, by a treaty of peace with Holland, it was restored to
+the English and again called New York.</p>
+
+<p>In 1702 Wall Street was paved, and in 1711 a regular slave market was
+established.</p>
+
+<p>In 1775, at the beginning of the war, New York declared for
+independence, but in 1776 it fell into the hands of the English, who
+retained possession until 1783, when they finally evacuated it.</p>
+
+<p>In 1788 New York celebrated the adoption of the Constitution&mdash;the great
+Constitution under which we live to-day and enjoy our freedom. A ship,
+representing the Ship of State, was drawn through the streets of the
+city by ten milk-white horses.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander Hamilton had done so much to convince the State of the wisdom
+of adopting the Constitution, that in recognition of his great services
+the platform upholding the Ship of State was inscribed in large letters
+with his name.</p>
+
+<p>New Yorkers must never forget that it was in their city that the first
+President was inaugurated, and that that President was George
+Washington. To New York belongs the greatest honor any American city can
+boast, in having placed the sceptre of government in the hands of the
+greatest man the country has ever produced. <a name="Page_1700" id="Page_1700"></a></p>
+
+<p>On March 4th, 1789, the new Constitution went into operation, but it was
+not until April 30th that the President took the oath of office.</p>
+
+<p>Standing on the balcony of a building in front of Federal Hall, where
+Congress met, and in the presence of an immense multitude, George
+Washington took the following oath:</p>
+
+<p>"I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of
+President of the United States; and to the best of my ability, preserve,
+protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."</p>
+
+<p>Then, amid the ringing of bells, the firing of cannon, a great shout
+went up, "Long live George Washington, President of the United States."</p>
+
+<p>It was the streets of New York that first resounded to this glorious
+cry!</p>
+
+<p>Federal Hall was the old City Hall. It stood on the northeast corner of
+Wall and Nassau streets, on ground now occupied by the United States
+Sub-Treasury.</p>
+
+<p>New Yorkers have much to be proud of in their city.</p>
+
+<div class='right'><span class="smcap">G.H. Rosenfeld.</span></div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 60, December 30, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is Going On
+In It, Vol. 1, No. 60, December 30, 1897, by Various
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Great Round World and What Is Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 60, December 30, 1897
+       A Weekly Magazine for Boys and Girls
+
+Author: Various
+
+Editor: Julia Truitt Bishop
+
+Release Date: August 22, 2005 [EBook #16580]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Juliet Sutherland, Emmy and the Online
+Distributed Proofreading Team.(www.pgdp.net)
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: THE GREAT ROUND
+WORLD
+AND WHAT IS GOING ON IN IT.]
+
+    VOL. 1   DECEMBER 30, 1897.   NO. 60
+
+=Copyright, 1897, by THE GREAT ROUND WORLD Publishing Company.=
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The heavens are affording us an interesting study just now.
+
+Our kind old friend, the sun, it is who is giving us this benefit.
+
+One of the largest sun-spots which has ever been observed is now to be
+seen.
+
+So large is this spot that it is not necessary to look through a
+telescope to see it. By using a smoked glass, to dim the intense light
+of the sun, any one can look at the spot for himself.
+
+Nowadays, when all persons connected with the daily papers are on the
+lookout for some startling fact that shall sell their newspapers, such
+an occurrence as the enormous increase in the size of a sun-spot is too
+good to be let slip by them.
+
+Extra editions about the sun-spot were issued by some of the most
+enterprising journals, which contained sensational pictures, and
+statements that the sun-spot was in fact a new world which was about to
+burst forth from the body of the sun. According to these accounts, the
+new world was to be sent whirling through space, hurled, as it were, at
+our earth, which was to be shattered to pieces by it.
+
+Except that such stories serve to call the attention of unscientific
+people to scientific facts, and teach them to observe the wonders of the
+universe, it really seems a shame that such marvels should be used as
+bogies to scare the ignorant and superstitious.
+
+As a matter of fact, very little is known about these sun-spots. They
+occur in greatest numbers in periods of about eleven years apart, and
+astronomers and geologists agree that periods of rainy and dry seasons
+seem to correspond with the sun-spot periods.
+
+When the greatest number of spots are visible on the sun, scientists
+agree that the climatic conditions on the earth are normal and even.
+When there are fewest spots on the sun we have extreme temperature and
+sudden changes. When we say that astronomers and geologists agree on
+this point, we must also admit that some astronomers are not quite
+satisfied that the fact has been proved.
+
+The only fact that has been actually proved to everybody's satisfaction
+is that, during the time when the most spots are visible on the sun,
+there are always more magnetic storms and displays of the aurora
+borealis.
+
+A magnetic storm is a disturbance of the magnetic field which surrounds
+the earth; its presence is shown by a disturbance of the needle of the
+compass, and it often interferes with the electrical currents, making it
+difficult and sometimes impossible to use the telegraph-wires.
+
+The aurora borealis is a wonderful light seen in the sky in high
+latitudes, and less frequently in other parts of the world--except
+during the activity of the sun-spots.
+
+It appears as irregular patches and dancing columns of light which flame
+across the sky. Red, white, pale green--these shafts are now dim, now
+bright, seeming to throb and pulse as they glow and pale. As you watch
+them they change their form, and, from being pillars of fire, change to
+masses of glowing color.
+
+A flash-light dancing across the sky gives you some, though a very poor
+notion, of an aurora. The aurora has thousands of such flashes of light,
+changing form and color as you watch them--filmy shafts of light, coming
+you know not whence.
+
+The spots on the sun are described as being dark patches which are
+visible on the bright surface of the sun. They often appear in groups,
+and frequently the larger spots will break up into smaller ones. They
+are great depressions or holes in the surface of the sun, and are
+supposed to be formed by descending currents of gases.
+
+Sun-spots are generally found in the neighborhood of the sun's equator,
+and last from a few hours to a few months.
+
+The presence of these spots has enabled scientists to prove that the
+sun, like the earth, revolves on its axis.
+
+The last period of activity for sun-spots was in 1893, and, according to
+the eleven-year theory, there should be few, if any, at this time. Prof.
+Garret P. Serviss, however, tells us that at times during the quiet
+period of the sun, large spots like the present one will appear on its
+surface, and after assuming immense proportions, vanish.
+
+The present phenomenon appears to be about one hundred thousand miles in
+length, and some people insist that they can see it gradually detaching
+itself from the sun and forming itself into a new world.
+
+This is regarded as a hoax by scientific men who understand such
+matters.
+
+It is hard to prove exactly whether the present great sun-spot is a
+large hole in the surface of the sun, or a large mass of the body of the
+sun which is about to be detached from it; but in all such matters it is
+wiser to take the most practical and least sensational view. Similar
+phenomena to that which is now interesting us have been observed before,
+and so, until we have proof to the contrary, it is more sensible to
+believe it is a sun-spot than to listen to sensational tales of a new
+world running wild through space.
+
+Sun-spots were first observed about 1610 by Galileo, so they have been
+known long enough for us to believe that they are not new worlds about
+to be flung into space.
+
+Galileo was the great Italian astronomer who invented the telescope.
+
+The chances are that the present sun-spot may give us an opportunity of
+seeing a fine aurora. In 1892, when the last large spot was visible,
+there was a notable aurora. The light rays reached so far south that to
+the people in New York it appeared like the reflection on the sky from a
+great fire.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Francis Kossuth's effort to get the Austro-Hungarian bill delayed has
+not been successful.
+
+You remember he tried to get the bill referred to a certain committee.
+
+His motion was defeated by a large majority.
+
+This looks rather promising for the bill which Baron Banffy is trying to
+get through the House, and which, you remember, is to prolong the
+contract between the two nations for another year; at the same time, the
+best friends of the measure are doubtful if it will be possible to pass
+it.
+
+The mass of the Hungarian people are in sympathy with Kossuth, and would
+be glad if Hungary could regain her freedom. It is therefore supposed
+that when the bill comes up for a final hearing, Kossuth will use all
+his fiery eloquence to dissuade the people from passing it, and that it
+will be defeated.
+
+Persons who are able to look at both sides of the question are of
+opinion that separation would be a great misfortune for both countries.
+Austro-Hungary is now a great and powerful kingdom, holding a position
+in Europe which enables her to preserve the balance of peace in the
+eastern portion of that troubled continent.
+
+With Austria and Hungary divided into two small kingdoms with separate
+aims and interests, Turkey could not be held in check any longer, and
+the Russians, who are so full of ambition for power in the East, could
+do pretty much as they pleased.
+
+The Hungarians are supposed to be a very wide-awake people, and able to
+comprehend the true meaning of a political situation. It is therefore
+supposed that in the present crisis they are not striving so much for
+freedom, which would be a disadvantage to them, as for the supremacy in
+the two kingdoms.
+
+This idea is outlined by Kossuth in a speech made by him the other day,
+in which he said: "We want a separate army and separate treasury. The
+King of Hungary should be Emperor of Austria as a sort of extra
+occupation. Vienna (the capital of Austria) is already a suburb of
+Budapest (the capital of Hungary), and in time Austria will become a
+collection of provinces attached to Hungary."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Rioting still continues in Prague. The troops are patrolling the street,
+and special guards have been stationed at the places where outbreaks are
+feared.
+
+Numbers of arrests have been made, and it is said that the prisons are
+so full that it has been found necessary to take no note of the smaller
+offenders, and only hold those persons who are accused of serious
+crimes.
+
+In Vienna there has been a demonstration, unfriendly to both Hungarians
+and Bohemians.
+
+One morning the inhabitants of the city awoke to find the town covered
+with flaming red placards.
+
+Some of them read, "No new compact between Austria and Hungary"; and
+others, "No language laws. German is the national language."
+
+These placards naturally aroused a great deal of angry feeling between
+the opposing parties. The police tore them down, and made every effort
+to find the persons who had posted them, but without any result.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Treaty of Peace between Turkey and Greece has been finally signed by
+the Powers interested.
+
+Little notice has, however, been taken of the fact; matters in Europe
+are looking so threatening that the affair of Greece is almost
+forgotten.
+
+It is said that war will break out in the Balkan provinces in the
+spring, a war which will involve both Turkey and Austria.
+
+The Balkan provinces are Servia, Roumania, Bulgaria, and Montenegro. If
+you look at your map, you will see that they lie between Hungary and
+Turkey.
+
+The Sultan of Turkey is so convinced that such a war cannot be avoided,
+that he is doing everything in his power to raise money for it.
+
+He has given orders that the taxes must all be collected by the new
+year, instead of May, in which month they are generally paid.
+
+To accomplish this the unfortunate people, particularly the Christian
+population, are being very roughly dealt with.
+
+It is stated that the Sultan will not recall his troops from Thessaly
+until the war indemnity has been paid, and that Germany is upholding him
+in his determination.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The reports of the various officers of our Government have followed the
+Message of President McKinley.
+
+Every one is somewhat shocked to find that the tariff bill, which was to
+put such a lot of money in our treasury, has fallen far short of the
+expected results, and, indeed, has not produced enough revenue to pay
+the expenses of the Government.
+
+If the receipts from customs are not larger during the next few months
+than they have been during the last, the country will be $65,000,000
+behind at the end of the year, and Congress will have to devise some
+plan for raising this sum of money.
+
+This means that some new tax will be imposed upon us, for the Government
+must have the money it needs, and the people must help to make up what
+is lacking.
+
+The friends of the Dingley Bill hope that the custom receipts will
+increase, and think that the reason they have been so small is that the
+merchants brought so much stuff into the country before the bill went
+into effect, that they have not needed to get fresh supplies so far. In
+short, they claim the Dingley Bill needs a longer trial.
+
+The enemies of the measure point out that, as a means of providing an
+income for the Government, the Dingley Bill has been a failure.
+
+We told you about the discussion as to the exact hour at which the bill
+became a law.
+
+The question is not as yet settled.
+
+The importers, if you remember, declared that the bill only became a law
+from the exact hour it was signed; the Government insists that it was a
+law from early morning of the day on which it was signed.
+
+Seventy-three importers have protested against paying duty for all day
+July 24th, because the bill was not signed until six minutes past four
+in the afternoon.
+
+It is expected that a final decision will be given shortly, which will
+put an end to the disagreement.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Side by side with the fact that there is not enough money in the
+treasury to meet the country's expenses, the armor-plate question has
+come into prominence once more.
+
+The naval officers and experts are all crying out against the folly of
+the Government engaging in the manufacture of armor-plate.
+
+The board of naval officers appointed to look into the subject stated,
+in their report to the Government, that if such a factory is to be
+maintained, Congress must order the building of three new battleships
+every year.
+
+The reason they give for this is that specially trained workmen are
+required to operate an armor-plate factory. They think it would be
+necessary to provide sufficient work every year to keep the factory
+going. If the factory were to be shut down and the hands discharged, the
+naval officers declare that the time and money that would have to be
+spent in training fresh men to undertake the work then would cost the
+country more than keeping the works open right along.
+
+The Carnegie and Bethlehem people have succeeded in getting the
+Government to test one of their plates made by the new Krupp process.
+
+The result of the trial, it is expected, will decide whether the
+Government shall buy its armor-plate as of old, or enter into the
+manufacture itself.
+
+If the Krupp process is satisfactory, armor-plates will not have to be
+made so thick, and the smaller quantity of steel in them will perhaps
+make them cheaper and enable the Government and the manufacturers to
+agree upon a price that will be satisfactory to both.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Secretary of the Treasury has handed in the Currency report
+mentioned by the President in his Message.
+
+It proves to be very dry reading for all but men interested in the money
+market, and would not interest you at all.
+
+He suggests a plan, which is supposed to be a very wise one, for
+removing all uncertainty about the soundness of our money. It is,
+however, thought that the plan cannot be put into effect at present.
+
+The Secretary of the Treasury has also made a report on filibustering,
+which is much more interesting.
+
+Spain has accused us of not taking proper steps to prevent these
+unlawful expeditions.
+
+If she can prove the truth of these accusations, she can demand that we
+pay her a large sum of money as damages for every expedition that has
+reached Cuba.
+
+She would be quite justified in making these demands if the United
+States willingly and wilfully helped Cuba to defy Spain, for every
+shipload of supplies landed enables the Cubans to hold out so much
+longer against Spain.
+
+Under these circumstances, it is interesting to learn from the official
+statement of the Secretary of the Treasury that we have done our duty to
+the best of our ability.
+
+Mr. Gage's report, like the Cuban remarks in the Message, has an added
+interest from the fact that it is absolutely true.
+
+Many of the reports we get through the newspapers have to be changed or
+contradicted, no matter how careful the news-gatherers may have been in
+selecting their information. This is because the reporters do not have
+access to the official documents, and are obliged to base their reports
+upon rumors or uncertain information.
+
+When, however, a report comes direct from the Government, there is no
+hearsay in the matter. Each department of the Government has the
+documents relating to its business, and the reports it issues are made
+from the actual letters that have passed between countries--despatches
+and diplomatic documents which no outsider can ever hope to see.
+
+Here, then, is Mr. Gage's report on filibustering.
+
+He says that during two years and a half only six American vessels are
+said to have successfully landed filibustering expeditions from the
+United States in Cuba. Three foreign vessels are said to have been
+successful in the same effort.
+
+With the vessels referred to it is said that a dozen harbor tugs, three
+or four lighters, a few small steamers, and about a dozen small sloops
+and schooners have been associated.
+
+That only six American vessels out of all our large merchant navy
+succeeded in reaching Cuba is, the Secretary thinks, a proof of the
+law-abiding spirit of the American people.
+
+He says that eight revenue-cutters, with 317 men, have cruised 75,768
+miles, patrolling the coast to prevent filibustering. These vessels
+captured seven ships and 115 men, and broke up two expeditions.
+
+He goes into the close examination of sixty expeditions which Spain
+complains of.
+
+Twenty of these he shows were stopped through the efforts of the
+Treasury, five by the United States Navy, four by Spain, two were
+wrecked, and one driven back by storm. One which is laid to our credit
+the Secretary declines to acknowledge as belonging to us at all.
+
+Of the successful expeditions, Mr. Gage points out that much was due to
+the weakness of the Spanish patrol. In all the cases where the offenders
+have been caught, he shows that they have either been punished or are
+awaiting trial.
+
+Concerning the case of the _Silver Heels_, the Secretary says that the
+Collector of the Port of New York informed him that a representative of
+the Spanish Consul stated to him that he did not desire the vessel to be
+seized at the dock, but captured after departure therefrom. It was not,
+therefore, so much negligence on the part of the Government, as speed on
+the part of the _Silver Heels_, which enabled her to slip away from her
+pursuers.
+
+While we are on the subject of the _Silver Heels_, it will interest you
+to know that she has been taken into custody.
+
+She arrived at Wilmington the other day, and was at once seized by the
+collector of that port.
+
+An examination was made of the vessel, but nothing was found on board to
+indicate that the ship had been engaged in unlawful work.
+
+The crew have been subjected to a severe examination. Each man has had
+to make a statement before the court.
+
+The master and mate of the vessel swore that the _Silver Heels_ left New
+York bound for Wilmington, N.C. Her cargo consisted of one hundred tons
+of coal designed for sale in Wilmington.
+
+On account of head winds she could not approach the coast, but was
+buffeted about until a few days ago, when she cast anchor in Wilmington
+harbor.
+
+The two officers declared that no other cargo than the coal had been on
+board, and that there had been no passengers.
+
+The collector found the amount of coal in the ship that the master and
+mate swore was there--and so far everything goes to prove that they have
+been telling the truth.
+
+The statements of the crew have been sent on to the Government, and the
+vessel will be kept in custody as long as it is necessary in order that
+a proper investigation may be made.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+After thinking matters over, the Spaniards have decided that President
+McKinley's Message was not so friendly to them as they at first
+supposed.
+
+They have arrived at the conclusion that the part of the Message which
+refers to intervention on our part in case Home Rule does not succeed,
+is highly offensive to them.
+
+Senor Sagasta is reported to have said that if the United States should
+try to interfere between Spain and Cuba, Spain would be found ready to
+protect herself and defend her national honor.
+
+The heads of the Government then decided that Spain ought to increase
+her navy, so that she should be ready in case of trouble. An endeavor
+has been made to raise funds for this purpose, and one of the Spanish
+Senators has suggested that a public subscription be opened for the
+purpose.
+
+A meeting of the Carlists has been called to protest against the
+interference clause of the Message, and the Spaniards generally are much
+annoyed over it.
+
+General Weyler has not allowed the opportunity offered him by the
+present unpopularity of the United States to pass him by.
+
+He has been doing his best to convince the people that his recall was
+due to our interference, and that, had he been allowed to remain in
+Cuba, the island would have been pacified in a very short space of time.
+
+He and his friends have been working industriously to raise him to the
+position of a popular hero, and, taking advantage of some of the
+President's remarks about the cruel methods of warfare employed in Cuba,
+he says that he feels proud of the fact that the President attacks him,
+as it is a proof that his conduct was displeasing to Spain's enemies.
+
+Following up these remarks, which were published in all the Spanish
+papers, Weyler determined to visit Madrid and pay his respects to the
+Queen.
+
+He and his friends evidently hoped that there would be some popular
+demonstration in favor of their idol.
+
+A holiday was chosen for his arrival, so that the lower classes might be
+free to greet him, and a party of his admirers, several hundred strong,
+went in a body to the depot to receive him.
+
+Sagasta, learning of these arrangements, feared that some hot heads
+might make an attack on the American embassy, and sent a special guard
+to protect it.
+
+He might, however, have spared himself the anxiety. The people took very
+little notice of the great man's arrival, and made no demonstration
+whatever. His arrival in the city seemed to be of very small importance
+to any but his own personal friends.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+You will be glad to hear that Gen. Rius Rivera, the insurgent leader,
+has been released from the Cabana fortress by a royal decree.
+
+He has sailed for Cadiz, Spain, where he will remain in exile.
+
+It is said that General Blanco sent for Rivera, and asked him if he
+would promise not to take up arms against Spain if he were set free.
+
+Rivera replied that as soon as he was free he would return to the
+insurgent camp and fight for Cuba till the last drop of his blood was
+spilled.
+
+General Blanco then asked him if he would go to the rebels and offer
+Home Rule to them.
+
+This was met by another firm refusal. The Cubans are feeling very proud
+of his bravery and firmness.
+
+You will remember General Sanguilly promised, if he were freed, never to
+fight against Spain, but Rivera prefers imprisonment or exile to giving
+a pledge which he could never keep.
+
+Rius Rivera was the general who took Maceo's command after that leader
+had been killed. He was captured last March, while severely wounded.
+
+There is a rumor that Gen. Julio Sanguilly has gone over to the Spanish
+cause and offered his services to General Blanco.
+
+It is impossible as yet to learn the truth of this rumor. The General,
+over his own signature, indignantly denies it, and begs his friends to
+deny it for him.
+
+In spite of the fact that when he was released, through the intervention
+of our Government, he had to sign an agreement not to return to Cuba, it
+is said that Sanguilly would willingly head an expedition against Spain
+to-morrow, if he only had the chance.
+
+The Cuban Junta (or council) will not, however, send him, and it is said
+that his willingness to go back on his promised word has made the Cubans
+suspicious of him. They think that a man of honor would never have made
+a promise he did not intend to keep, and therefore, in this hour of
+trouble, when he is accused of being a traitor to his cause, he finds
+few people willing to believe in him.
+
+If he is indeed true to the cause, he is in a very sad position.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It has been officially announced that General Pando has been heard from.
+He is fighting Gomez, and from all we hear has the old Cuban leader at a
+disadvantage.
+
+Gomez, so the story goes, is being forced to retreat before him in hot
+haste.
+
+It is also said that none of the messengers has returned who were sent
+out by Pando to offer Home Rule to the Cuban army.
+
+It is supposed that they have been killed by the insurgents.
+
+There is much discouragement in Havana over the present aspect of
+affairs. There seems to be no hope for a speedy end to the revolution.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+We have had inquiries about the Esquimaux who were brought over here by
+Lieutenant Peary, when he brought the great meteorite from the Arctic
+regions.
+
+These poor people have not been having a happy time of it.
+
+This climate is so much warmer than their own and so different from it
+in every respect, that they had not been here very long before they all
+fell ill.
+
+The attendants at the Natural History Museum, where they were taken,
+said that they first learned there was anything the matter with their
+charges by hearing them give voice to strange and grunting noises.
+
+The party of Esquimaux were allowed to wander at will through the
+museum, and they spent much of their time roaming from room to room
+looking at the exhibits. No one interfered with them.
+
+The museum is a place for study, and loud talking is never permitted.
+When, therefore, the attendants heard these very peculiar grunts, they
+began to look around to find who was daring to make so much noise.
+
+I am afraid they suspected that some small boys were playing tricks.
+
+They were much surprised to find that these dismal sounds came from the
+Esquimaux.
+
+One of the officials, being unable to pacify them, took them all in
+charge and hurried them off to a quiet part of the building, sending at
+the same time for a doctor.
+
+On examination it was found that the poor creatures had caught cold from
+the warmth of our climate, and were suffering from bronchitis.
+
+They were all hurried off to Bellevue Hospital, where they were given
+the kindest care.
+
+It was found that they could not stand the heat of the hospital wards,
+and so a nice cool cellar was prepared for them, and they gradually got
+better.
+
+Lieutenant Peary, who had been told of their illness, telegraphed from
+the West, where he was lecturing, that they must have plenty of fresh
+air; so, as soon as they were able to leave the hospital, they were
+taken out of the city.
+
+A cottage was hired for them at High Bridge, which is a little village
+on the Harlem River, a few miles out of New York.
+
+The Esquimaux are allowed to wander about there pretty much as they
+please, and it is hoped they will continue in good health throughout the
+winter.
+
+They have not been able to do any work as yet, having been too ill to
+attempt it. As soon as they are quite well again they will probably
+begin their task, but great care will be taken to have the temperature
+right for them the next time they are in the museum.
+
+It is said that they were well pleased with the wretched fogs we have
+been having of late. Fogs are very frequent in Greenland, and the
+inclement weather made the Esquimaux feel much more at home.
+
+They are looking forward anxiously to the spring, when Lieutenant Peary
+has promised that he will take them home.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+January 1st will be an important day for the citizens of New York.
+
+It will be the birthday of the city of Greater New York, which will take
+its rank as the second largest capital in the world.
+
+The mayor, Mr. Strong, is anxious to have some celebration which shall
+mark the passing away of the old New York city.
+
+Many people are, however, opposed to this. They think that the first
+thing in people's minds should be the glory of the great new city which
+is to be born, and declare that anything else would only amount to
+holding funeral services over the old city.
+
+This view seems hardly the correct one to take. There is so much of the
+nation's early history wound around the old city of New York, that it
+seems only fit and proper that some suitable exercises should be held,
+to impress upon the younger generation the importance of the old city,
+before it passes away and loses its identity in the larger city.
+
+If Boston was the scene of the beginning of the War of Independence, New
+York witnessed its close.
+
+On November 25th, 1782, the British finally evacuated the city of New
+York, their last stronghold, and the long and painful war was over.
+
+The history of New York begins in 1524, when Giovanni Verrazano, an
+Italian navigator, entered the beautiful bay of New York, with his
+vessel, the _Dauphine_. Gomez is said to have sailed along the coast as
+far as New York the following year.
+
+Fifty years later, Hendrik Hudson sailed up New York Bay, and discovered
+the beautiful river which flows by the city, the river which still bears
+his name.
+
+This is the same Hudson who searched for the Northwest Passage--the
+passage which was to make a short cut from the Atlantic Ocean to the
+Pacific, along the north shore of America, and afford a highway between
+Europe and Asia, saving the long trip around the Cape of Good Hope,
+which had just been discovered by the Portuguese. South America and Cape
+Horn were as yet undiscovered.
+
+On this search for the Northwest Passage, Hudson's sailors mutinied, and
+put their great commander and eight companions ashore in an open boat in
+the bleak, ice-bound Hudson Bay.
+
+For this cruel deed the spirits of the crew of Hudson's vessel were
+supposed to wander up and down the shores of the Hudson River, unable to
+find rest even in death.
+
+In Washington Irving's fanciful tale of "Rip Van Winkle," Rip encounters
+a strange, ghostly company of seafaring men, and it is often supposed
+that Hudson's crew was intended by the author.
+
+When Hudson went back to Holland after his voyage up the Hudson River,
+he told such wonderful tales of the friendliness of the Indians, the
+number of fur-bearing animals he had seen, and the wonders he had met
+with, that the Hollanders became much excited and determined to send out
+and claim the newly discovered country.
+
+In 1610 a vessel was sent out, and the Indians proving friendly and the
+trade satisfactory, a colony was finally established in 1613 on the
+southern point of Manhattan Island.
+
+This was near where the Battery now is.
+
+The first permanent settlement was made in 1622, the Dutch having taken
+possession of the country around the Hudson River, calling it New
+Netherlands.
+
+In 1626 the West India Company sent out a settlement under Gov. Peter
+Minuit.
+
+He landed on the island of Manhattan, and soon entered into a trade with
+the Indians, buying from them the entire island of Manhattan, fourteen
+thousand acres in size, for twenty-four dollars' worth of scarlet cloth,
+brass buttons, and other trinkets.
+
+The Dutch gave the island the name of New Amsterdam, and established on
+it a settlement consisting of a fort, a stone warehouse, and a cluster
+of log-huts.
+
+After the Dutch had established their colony of New Amsterdam, they
+endeavored to colonize it on the Patroon system.
+
+By this system, any man who undertook to bring fifty settlers to the
+colony within five years was given the title of Patroon, and was allowed
+to lay claim to and hold all the land he desired and could properly
+cultivate.
+
+It was in this way that the Van Rensselaers, the Schuylers, and the Van
+Cortlandts became important families in New York.
+
+In 1647 Peter Stuyvesant came out to New Amsterdam as governor. He was
+the last governor of the province.
+
+He was familiarly known as "Old Silverleg," because, having lost one
+limb in battle, he had it replaced by a sturdy wooden leg securely bound
+with silver.
+
+Many of our traditions date back to the time of this hot-tempered,
+headstrong, and fine old gentleman.
+
+His estate was called the Great Bouery, and there was a long and
+beautiful lane leading from the city to it, which was known as Bouery
+Lane--our present Bowery.
+
+The Governor's house is supposed to have stood near Tenth Street, a
+little east of Third Avenue, now called Stuyvesant Place.
+
+Beyond Governor Stuyvesant's Great Bouery stretched swamps, woods, and
+clearings, until a little village was reached at the junction of the
+Haarlem and East rivers, which was called New Haarlem.
+
+Peter Stuyvesant made many improvements in the city of New Amsterdam. In
+order better to protect it, he built a high and strong wooden palisade
+on the north of the town; in time houses grew up along this wall, and
+the street which they formed was called Wall Street.
+
+The Wall Street of to-day, where so many fortunes are made and lost,
+stands on the site of the old wall built by Peter Stuyvesant to protect
+the city.
+
+The first windmill was built in 1662.
+
+In 1664 Charles II. of England, jealous of the productiveness of this
+Dutch colony, determined to secure it.
+
+In 1621 James I. had claimed it by right of first occupancy.
+
+In 1632 Charles I. reasserted this claim; and in 1654 Cromwell ordered
+an expedition for the conquest of the New Netherlands.
+
+The treaty with Holland stopped these proceedings, and the colony was
+left in peace until 1664, when Charles II. granted the entire territory
+to his brother, the Duke of York.
+
+In August of that year an expedition arrived to capture the city, which
+surrendered to the English fleet without resistance. The name of the
+city was then changed to New York, in honor of its ducal owner.
+
+In 1673 the Dutch recaptured the city, and christened it New Orange. The
+following year, by a treaty of peace with Holland, it was restored to
+the English and again called New York.
+
+In 1702 Wall Street was paved, and in 1711 a regular slave market was
+established.
+
+In 1775, at the beginning of the war, New York declared for
+independence, but in 1776 it fell into the hands of the English, who
+retained possession until 1783, when they finally evacuated it.
+
+In 1788 New York celebrated the adoption of the Constitution--the great
+Constitution under which we live to-day and enjoy our freedom. A ship,
+representing the Ship of State, was drawn through the streets of the
+city by ten milk-white horses.
+
+Alexander Hamilton had done so much to convince the State of the wisdom
+of adopting the Constitution, that in recognition of his great services
+the platform upholding the Ship of State was inscribed in large letters
+with his name.
+
+New Yorkers must never forget that it was in their city that the first
+President was inaugurated, and that that President was George
+Washington. To New York belongs the greatest honor any American city can
+boast, in having placed the sceptre of government in the hands of the
+greatest man the country has ever produced.
+
+On March 4th, 1789, the new Constitution went into operation, but it was
+not until April 30th that the President took the oath of office.
+
+Standing on the balcony of a building in front of Federal Hall, where
+Congress met, and in the presence of an immense multitude, George
+Washington took the following oath:
+
+"I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the office of
+President of the United States; and to the best of my ability, preserve,
+protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."
+
+Then, amid the ringing of bells, the firing of cannon, a great shout
+went up, "Long live George Washington, President of the United States."
+
+It was the streets of New York that first resounded to this glorious
+cry!
+
+Federal Hall was the old City Hall. It stood on the northeast corner of
+Wall and Nassau streets, on ground now occupied by the United States
+Sub-Treasury.
+
+New Yorkers have much to be proud of in their city.      G.H. ROSENFELD.
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Great Round World and What Is
+Going On In It, Vol. 1, No. 60, December 30, 1897, by Various
+
+*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GREAT ROUND WORLD AND ***
+
+***** This file should be named 16580.txt or 16580.zip *****
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