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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/17575-h.zip b/17575-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..f003c75 --- /dev/null +++ b/17575-h.zip diff --git a/17575-h/17575-h.htm b/17575-h/17575-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..131a963 --- /dev/null +++ b/17575-h/17575-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,4201 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" + "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html> +<head> +<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> +<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of How to Camp Out, by John M. Gould</title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + p {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + text-indent: 1.25em; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + .unindent {margin-top: .75em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .75em; + } + img {border: 0;} + .tnote {border: dashed 1px; margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;padding-bottom: .5em; padding-top: .5em; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em;} + ins {text-decoration:none; border-bottom: thin dotted gray;} + .right {text-align: right;} + h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { + text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ + clear: both; + } + hr { width: 33%; + margin-top: 2em; + margin-bottom: 2em; + margin-left: auto; + margin-right: auto; + clear: both; + } + + table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} + + body{margin-left: 10%; + margin-right: 10%; + } + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; + left: 92%; + font-size: smaller; + text-align: right; + } /* page numbers */ + + .linenum {position: absolute; top: auto; left: 4%;} /* poetry number */ + .blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;} + .sidenote {width: 20%; + padding-left: .5em; padding-right: .5em; margin-left: 1em; + float: right; clear: right; margin-top: .5em; + font-size: smaller; color: black; border: 0;} + + .bb {border-bottom: solid 2px;} + .bl {border-left: solid 2px;} + .bt {border-top: solid 2px;} + .br {border-right: solid 2px;} + .bbox {border: solid 2px;} + + .center {text-align: center;} + .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} + .u {text-decoration: underline;} + + .caption {font-weight: bold;} + + .figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;} + + .figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top: + 1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;} + + .footnotes {border: 0;} + .footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;} + .footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;} + .fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;} + hr.full { width: 100%; } + pre {font-size: 75%;} + + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> +</head> +<body> +<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, How to Camp Out, by John M. Gould</h1> +<pre> +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at <a href = "http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></pre> +<p>Title: How to Camp Out</p> +<p>Author: John M. Gould</p> +<p>Release Date: January 22, 2006 [eBook #17575]</p> +<p>Language: English</p> +<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> +<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO CAMP OUT***</p> +<p> </p> +<h3>E-text prepared by Suzanne Lybarger, Brian Janes, Emmy,<br /> + and the Project Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> + (http://www.pgdp.net/)</h3> +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p> </p> +<p> </p> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<h3>Hints for Camping and Walking.</h3> + +<h1>HOW TO CAMP OUT.</h1> + +<h3>BY</h3> + +<h2>JOHN M. GOULD,</h2> + +<h3><span class="smcap">Author of History of First-Tenth-Twenty-ninth Maine Regiment</span>.</h3> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<div class='center'>First published in 1877</div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>Contents</h2> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align='right'>CHAPTER. </td><td align='left'></td><td align='left'></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>I. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Getting Ready</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_9'>9</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>II. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Small Parties travelling afoot and camping</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_14'>14</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>III. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Large Parties afoot with Baggage-Wagon</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_25'>25</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>IV. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Clothing</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_35'>35</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>V. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Stoves and Cooking-Utensils</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_39'>39</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VI. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Cooking</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_44'>44</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VII. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Marching</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_50'>50</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>VIII. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">The Camp</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_60'>60</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>IX. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Tents, Tent Poles and Pins</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_72'>72</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>X. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Miscellaneous.—General Advice</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_90'>90</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XI. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Diary</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_107'>107</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XII. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">"How to do it," by Rev. Edward Everett Hale, &c.</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_113'>113</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='right'>XIII. </td><td align='left'><span class="smcap">Hygienic Notes, by Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S.A.</span></td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_117'>117</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PREFACE.</h2> + + +<p>In these few pages I have tried to prepare something about camping and +walking, such as I should have enjoyed reading when I was a boy; and, +with this thought in my mind, I some years ago began to collect the +subject-matter for a book of this kind, by jotting down all questions +about camping, &c., that my young friends asked me. I have also taken +pains, when I have been off on a walk, or have been camping, to notice +the parties of campers and trampers that I have chanced to meet, and +have made a note of their failures or success. The experiences of the +pleasant days when, in my teens, I climbed the mountains of Oxford +County, or sailed through Casco Bay, have added largely to the stock of +notes; and finally the diaries of "the war," and the recollections of +"the field," have contributed generously; so that, with quotations, and +some help from other sources, a sizable volume is ready.</p> + +<p>Although it is prepared for young men,—for students more +especially,—it contains much, I trust, that will prove valuable to +campers-out in general.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + +<p>I am under obligations to Dr. Elliott Coues, of the United States Army, +for the valuable advice contained in Chapter XIII.; and I esteem it a +piece of good fortune that his excellent work ("Field Ornithology") +should have been published before this effort of mine, for I hardly know +where else I could have found the information with authority so +unquestionable.</p> + +<p>Prof. Edward S. Morse has increased the debt of gratitude I already owe +him, by taking his precious time to draw my illustrations, and prepare +them for the engraver.</p> + +<p>Mr. J. Edward Fickett of Portland, a sailmaker, and formerly of the +navy, has assisted in the chapter upon tents; and there are numbers of +my young friends who will recognize the results of their experience, as +they read these pages, and will please to receive my thanks for making +them known to me.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Portland, Me.</span>, January, 1877.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>HOW TO CAMP OUT.</h2> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER I.</h2> + +<h3>GETTING READY.</h3> + + +<p>The hope of camping out that comes over one in early spring, the laying +of plans and arranging of details, is, I sometimes think, even more +enjoyable than reality itself. As there is pleasure in this, let me +advise you to give a practical turn to your anticipations.</p> + +<p>Think over and decide whether you will walk, go horseback, sail, camp +out in one place, or what you will do; then learn what you can of the +route you propose to go over, or the ground where you intend to camp for +the season. If you think of moving through or camping in places unknown +to you, it is important to learn whether you can buy provisions and get +lodgings along your route. See some one, if you can, who has been where +you think of going, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>and put down in a note-book all he tells you that +is important.</p> + +<p>Have your clothes made or mended as soon as you decide what you will +need: the earlier you begin, the less you will be hurried at the last.</p> + +<p>You will find it is a good plan, as fast as you think of a thing that +you want to take, to note it on your memorandum; and, in order to avoid +delay or haste, to cast your eyes over the list occasionally to see that +the work of preparation is going on properly. It is a good plan to +collect all of your baggage into one place as fast as it is ready; for +if it is scattered you are apt to lose sight of some of it, and start +without it.</p> + +<p>As fast as you get your things ready, mark your name on them: mark every +thing. You can easily cut a stencil-plate out of an old postal card, and +mark with a common shoe-blacking brush such articles as tents, poles, +boxes, firkins, barrels, coverings, and bags.</p> + +<p>Some railroads will not check barrels, bags, or bundles, nor take them +on passenger trains. Inquire beforehand, and send your baggage ahead if +the road will not take it on your train.</p> + +<p>Estimate the expenses of your trip, and take more money than your +estimate. Carry also an abundance of small change.</p> + +<p>Do not be in a hurry to spend money on new <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>inventions. Every year there +is put upon the market some patent knapsack, folding stove, +cooking-utensil, or camp trunk and cot combined; and there are always +for sale patent knives, forks, and spoons all in one, drinking-cups, +folding portfolios, and marvels of tools. Let them all alone: carry your +pocket-knife, and if you can take more let it be a sheath or butcher +knife and a common case-knife.</p> + +<p>Take iron or cheap metal spoons.</p> + +<p>Do not attempt to carry crockery or glassware upon a march.</p> + +<p>A common tin cup is as good as any thing you can take to drink from; and +you will find it best to carry it so that it can be used easily.<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p> + +<p>Take nothing nice into camp, expecting to keep it so: it is almost +impossible to keep things out of the dirt, dew, rain, dust, or sweat, +and from being broken or bruised.</p> + +<p>Many young men, before starting on their summer vacation, think that the +barber must give their hair a "fighting-cut;" but it is not best to +shave the head so closely, as it is then too much exposed to the sun, +flies, and mosquitoes. A moderately short cut to the hair, however, is +advisable for comfort and cleanliness. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span></p> + +<p>If you are going to travel where you have never been before, begin early +to study your map. It is of great importance, you will find, to learn +all you can of the neighborhood where you are going, and to fix it in +your mind.</p> + +<p>So many things must be done at the last moment, that it is best to do +what you can beforehand; but try to do nothing that may have to be +undone.</p> + +<p>Wear what you please if it be comfortable and durable: do not mind what +people say. When you are camping you have a right to be independent.</p> + +<p>If you are going on a walking-party, one of the best things you can do +is to "train" a week or more before starting, by taking long walks in +the open air.</p> + +<p>Finally, leave your business in such shape that it will not call you +back; and do not carry off keys, &c., which others must have; nor +neglect to see the dentist about the tooth that <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'usuually'">usually</ins> aches when you +most want it to keep quiet.</p> + +<p>For convenience the following list is inserted here. It is condensed +from a number of notes made for trips of all sorts, except boating and +horseback-riding. It is by no means exhaustive, yet there are very many +more things named than you can possibly use to advantage upon any one +tour. Be careful not to be led astray by it into <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span>overloading yourself, +or filling your camp with useless luggage. Be sure to remember this.</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Supplies"> +<tr><td align='left'>Ammon'd opodeldoc.</td><td align='left'>Fishing-tackle.</td><td align='left'>Paper.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Axe (in cover).</td><td align='left'>Flour (prepared).</td><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1em;">" collars.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Axle-grease.</td><td align='left'>Frying-pan.</td><td align='left'>Pens.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bacon.</td><td align='left'>Guide-book.</td><td align='left'>Pepper.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Barometer (pocket).</td><td align='left'>Half-barrel.</td><td align='left'>Pickles.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bean-pot.</td><td align='left'>Halter.</td><td align='left'>Pins.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beans (in bag).</td><td align='left'>Hammer.</td><td align='left'>Portfolio.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beef (dried).</td><td align='left'>Hard-bread.</td><td align='left'>Postage stamps.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beeswax.</td><td align='left'>Harness (examine!).</td><td align='left'>Postal cards.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bible.</td><td align='left'>Hatchet.</td><td align='left'>Rope.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Blacking and brush.</td><td align='left'>Haversack.</td><td align='left'>Rubber blanket.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Blankets.</td><td align='left'>Ink (portable bottle).</td><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" coat.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Boxes.</td><td align='left'>Knives (sheath, table,</td><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" boots.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bread for lunch.</td><td align='left'>pocket and butcher.)</td><td align='left'>Sail-needle.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brogans (oiled).</td><td align='left'>Lemons.</td><td align='left'>Salt.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Broom.</td><td align='left'>Liniment.</td><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" fish.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Butter-dish and cover.</td><td align='left'>Lunch for day or two.</td><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 0.5em;">" pork.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Canned goods.</td><td align='left'>Maps.</td><td align='left'>Salve.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Chalk.</td><td align='left'>Matches and safe.</td><td align='left'>Saw.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cheese.</td><td align='left'>Marline.</td><td align='left'>Shingles (for plates).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Clothes-brush.</td><td align='left'>Meal (in bag).</td><td align='left'>Shirts.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cod-line.</td><td align='left'>Meal-bag (see <a href='#Page_32'>p. 32</a>).</td><td align='left'>Shoes and strings.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coffee and pot.</td><td align='left'>Medicines.</td><td align='left'>Slippers.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Comb.</td><td align='left'>Milk-can.</td><td align='left'>Soap.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Compass.</td><td align='left'>Molasses.</td><td align='left'>Song-book.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Condensed milk.</td><td align='left'>Money ("change").</td><td align='left'>Spade.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cups.</td><td align='left'>Monkey-wrench.</td><td align='left'>Spoons.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Currycomb.</td><td align='left'>Mosquito-bar.</td><td align='left'>Stove (utensils in bags).</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dates.</td><td align='left'>Mustard and pot.</td><td align='left'>Sugar.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dippers.</td><td align='left'>Nails.</td><td align='left'>Tea.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dishes.</td><td align='left'>Neat's-foot oil.</td><td align='left'>Tents.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dish-towels.</td><td align='left'>Night-shirt.</td><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" poles.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Drawers.</td><td align='left'>Oatmeal.</td><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" pins.</span></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dried fruits.</td><td align='left'>Oil-can.</td><td align='left'>Tooth-brush.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dutch oven.</td><td align='left'>Opera-glass.</td><td align='left'>Towels.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Envelopes.</td><td align='left'>Overcoat.</td><td align='left'>Twine.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Figs.</td><td align='left'>Padlock and key.</td><td align='left'>Vinegar.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Firkin (see <a href='#Page_48'>p. 48</a>).</td><td align='left'>Pails</td><td align='left'>Watch and key.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER II.</h2> + +<h3>SMALL PARTIES TRAVELLING AFOOT AND CAMPING.</h3> + + +<p>We will consider separately the many ways in which a party can spend a +summer vacation; and first we will start into wild and uninhabited +regions, afoot, carrying on our backs blankets, a tent, frying-pan, +food, and even a shot-gun and fishing-tackle. This is <i>very</i> hard work +for a young man to follow daily for any length of time; and, although it +sounds romantic, yet let no party of young people think they can find +pleasure in it many days; for if they meet with a reverse, have much +rainy weather, or lose their way, some one will almost surely be taken +sick, and all sport will end.</p> + +<p>If you have a mountain to climb, or a short trip of only a day or two, I +would not discourage you from going in this way; but for any extended +tour it is too severe a strain upon the physical powers of one not +accustomed to similar hard work.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>AFOOT.—CAMPING OUT.</h3> + +<p>A second and more rational way, especially for small parties, is that of +travelling afoot in the roads of a settled country, carrying a blanket, +tent, food, and cooking-utensils; cooking your meals, and doing all the +work yourselves. If you do not care to travel fast, to go far, or to +spend much money, this is a fine way. But let me caution you first of +all about overloading, for this is the most natural thing to do. It is +the tendency of human nature to accumulate, and you will continually +pick up things on your route that you will wish to take along; and it +will require your best judgment to start with the least amount of +luggage, and to keep from adding to it.</p> + +<p>You have probably read that a soldier carries a musket, cartridges, +blanket, overcoat, rations, and other things, weighing forty or fifty +pounds. You will therefore say to yourself, "I can carry twenty." Take +twenty pounds, then, and carry it around for an hour, and see how you +like it. Very few young men who read this book will find it possible to +<i>enjoy</i> themselves, and carry more than twenty pounds a greater distance +than ten miles a day, for a week. To carry even the twenty pounds ten +miles a day is hard work to many, although every summer there are +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span>parties who do their fifteen, twenty, and more miles daily, with big +knapsacks on their backs; but it is neither wise, pleasant, nor +healthful, to the average young man, to do this.</p> + +<p>Let us cut down our burden to the minimum, and see how much it will be. +First of all, you must take a rubber blanket or a light rubber +coat,—something that will surely shed water, and keep out the dampness +of the earth when slept on. You must have something of this sort, +whether afoot, horseback, with a wagon, or in permanent camp.<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a></p> + +<div class="figright" style="width: 115px;"> +<img src="images/p17.png" width="115" height="300" alt="How to carry gear" title="How to carry gear" /> +</div> + +<p>For carrying your baggage you will perhaps prefer a knapsack, though +many old soldiers are not partial to that article. There are also for +sale broad straps and other devices as substitutes for the knapsack. +Whatever you take, be sure it has broad straps to go over your +shoulders: otherwise you will be constantly annoyed from their cutting +and chafing you.</p> + +<p>You can dispense with the knapsack altogether in the same way that +soldiers do,—by rolling up in your blanket whatever you have to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span>carry. +You will need to take some pains in this, and perhaps call a comrade to +assist you. Lay out the blanket flat, and roll it as tightly as possible +without folding it, enclosing the other baggage<a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> as you roll; then tie +it in a number of places to prevent unrolling, and the shifting about of +things inside; and finally tie or strap together the two ends, and throw +the ring thus made over the shoulder, and wear it as you do the strap of +the haversack,—diagonally across the body.</p> + +<p>The advantages of the roll over the knapsack are important. You save the +two and a half pounds weight; the roll is very much easier to the +shoulder, and is easier shifted from one shoulder to the other, or taken +off; and you can ease the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span>burden a little with your hands. It feels +bulky at first, but you soon become used to it. On the whole, you will +probably prefer the roll to the knapsack; but if you carry much weight +you will very soon condemn whatever way you carry it, and wish for a +change.</p> + +<p>A haversack is almost indispensable in all pedestrian tours. Even if you +have your baggage in a wagon, it is best to wear one, or some sort of a +small bag furnished with shoulder straps, so that you can carry a lunch, +writing materials, guide-book, and such other small articles as you +constantly need. You can buy a haversack at the stores where sportsmen's +outfits are sold; or you can make one of enamel-cloth or rubber +drilling, say eleven inches deep by nine wide, with a strap of the same +material neatly doubled and sewed together, forty to forty-five inches +long, and one and three-quarters inches wide. Cut the back piece about +nineteen inches long, so as to allow for a flap eight inches long to +fold over the top and down the front. Sew the strap on the upper corners +of the back piece, having first sewed a facing inside, to prevent its +tearing out the back.</p> + + +<h3>WOOLLEN BLANKET.</h3> + +<p>Next in the order of necessities is a woollen blanket,—a good stout +one, rather than the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span>light or flimsy one that you may think of taking. +In almost all of the Northern States the summer nights are apt to be +chilly; while in the mountainous regions, and at the seaside, they are +often fairly cold. A lining of cotton drilling will perhaps make a thin +blanket serviceable. This lining does not need to be quite as long nor +as wide as the blanket, since the ends and edges of the blanket are used +to tuck under the sleeper. One side of the lining should be sewed to the +blanket, and the other side and the ends buttoned; or you may leave off +the end buttons. You can thus dry it, when wet, better than if it were +sewed all around. You can lay what spare clothing you have, and your +day-clothes, between the lining and blanket, when the night is very +cold.</p> + +<p>In almost any event, you will want to carry a spare shirt; and in cold +weather you can put this on, when you will find that a pound of shirt is +as warm as two pounds of overcoat.</p> + +<p>If you take all I advise, you will not absolutely need an overcoat, and +can thus save carrying a number of pounds.</p> + +<p>The tent question we will discuss elsewhere; but you can hardly do with +less than a piece of shelter-tent. If you have a larger kind, the man +who carries it must have some one to assist him in carrying his own +stuff, so that the burden may be equalized.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> + +<p>If you take tent-poles, they will vex you sorely, and tempt you to throw +them away: if you do not carry them, you will wonder when night comes +why you did not take them. If your tent is not large, so that you can +use light ash poles, I would at least start with them, unless the tent +is a "shelter," as poles for this can be easily cut.</p> + +<p>You will have to carry a hatchet; and the kind known as the axe-pattern +hatchet is better than the shingling-hatchet for driving tent-pins. I +may as well caution you here not to try to drive tent-pins with the flat +side of the axe or hatchet, for it generally ends in breaking the +handle,—quite an accident when away from home.</p> + +<p>For cooking-utensils on a trip like that we are now proposing, you will +do well to content yourself with a frying-pan, coffee-pot, and perhaps a +tin pail; you can do wonders at cooking with these.</p> + +<p>We will consider the matter of cooking and food elsewhere; but the main +thing now is to know beforehand where you are going, and to learn if +there are houses and shops on the route. Of course you must have food; +but, if you have to carry three or four days' rations in your haversack, +I fear that many of my young friends will fail to see the pleasure of +their trip. Yet carry <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span>them if you must: do not risk starvation, +whatever you do. Also remember to always have something in your +haversack, no matter how easy it is to buy what you want.</p> + +<p>I have now enumerated the principal articles of weight that a party must +take on a walking-tour when they camp out, and cook as they go. If the +trip is made early or late in the season, you must take more clothing. +If you are gunning, your gun, &c., add still more weight. Every one will +carry towel, soap, comb, and toothbrush.</p> + +<p>Then there is a match-safe (which should be air-tight, or the matches +will soon spoil), a box of salve, the knives, fork, spoon, dipper, +portfolio, paper, Testament, &c. Every man also has something in +particular that "he wouldn't be without for any thing."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p> + +<p>There should also be in every party a clothes brush, mosquito-netting, +strings, compass, song-book, guide-book, and maps, which should be +company property.</p> + +<p>I have supposed every one to be dressed about as usual, and have made +allowance only for extra weight; viz.,—<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span></p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" summary="weight of supplies"> +<tr><td align='left'>Rubber blanket</td><td align='left'>2-1/2 pounds.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stout woollen blanket and lining</td><td align='left'>4-1/2 "</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Knapsack, haversack, and canteen</td><td align='left'>4 "</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Drawers, spare shirt, socks, and collars</td><td align='left'>2 "</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Half a shelter-tent, and ropes</td><td align='left'>2 "</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Toilet articles, stationery, and small wares</td><td align='left'>2 "</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Food for one day</td><td align='left'>3 "</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'></td><td align='left'>————</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> Total </td><td align='left'>20 pounds.</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>You may be able to reduce the weight here given by taking a lighter +blanket, and no knapsack or canteen; but most likely the food that you +actually put in your haversack will weigh more than three pounds. You +must also carry your share of the following things:—</p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="Weight of Company articles"> +<tr><td align='left'>Frying-pan, coffee-pot, and pail</td><td align='left'>3 pounds.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hatchet, sheath-knife, case, and belt</td><td align='left'>3 "</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Company property named on last page</td><td align='left'>3 "</td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>Then if you carry a heavier kind of tent than the "shelter," or carry +tent-poles, you must add still more. Allow also nearly three pounds a +day per man for food, if you carry more than enough for one day; and +remember, that when tents, blankets, and clothes get wet, it adds about +a quarter to their weight.</p> + +<p>You see, therefore, that you have the prospect of hard work. I do not +wish to discourage you from going in this way: on the contrary, there is +a great deal of pleasure to be had by doing so. But the majority of men +under twenty years of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span>age will find no pleasure in carrying so much +weight more than ten miles a day; and if a party of them succeed in +doing so, and in attending to all of the necessary work, without being +worse for it, they will be fortunate.</p> + +<p>In conclusion, then, if you walk, and carry all your stuff, camping, and +doing all your work, and cooking as you go, you should travel but few +miles a day, or, better still, should have many days when you do not +move your camp at all.</p> + + +<h3>OTHER WAYS OF GOING AFOOT.</h3> + +<p>It is not necessary to say much about the other ways of going afoot. If +you can safely dispense with cooking and carrying food, much will be +gained for travel and observation. The expenses, however, will be +largely increased. If you can also dispense with camping, you ought then +to be able to walk fifteen or twenty miles daily, and do a good deal of +sight-seeing besides. You should be in practice, however, to do this.</p> + +<p>You must know beforehand about your route, and whether the country is +settled where you are going.</p> + +<p>Keep in mind, when you are making plans, that it is easier for one or +two to get accommodation at the farmhouses than for a larger party.</p> + +<p>I heard once of two fellows, who, to avoid buying and carrying a tent, +slept on hay-mows, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span>usually without permission. It looks to me as if +those young men were candidates for the penitentiary. If you cannot +travel honorably, and without begging, I should advise you to stay at +home.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER III.</h2> + +<h3>LARGE PARTY TRAVELLING AFOOT WITH BAGGAGE-WAGON.</h3> + + +<p>With a horse and wagon to haul your baggage you can of course carry +more. First of all take another blanket or two, a light overcoat, more +spare clothing, an axe, and try to have a larger tent than the +"shelter."</p> + +<p>If the body of the wagon has high sides, it will not be a very difficult +task to make a cloth cover that will shed water, and you will then have +what is almost as good as a tent: you can also put things under the +wagon. You must have a cover of some sort for your wagon-load while on +the march, to prevent injury from showers that overtake you, and to keep +out dust and mud. A tent-fly will answer for this purpose.</p> + +<p>You want also to carry a few carriage-bolts, some nails, tacks, straps, +a hand-saw, and axle-wrench or monkey-wrench. I have always found use +for a sail-needle and twine; and I carry them <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span>now, even when I go for a +few days, and carry all on my person.</p> + +<p>The first drawback that appears, when you begin to plan for a horse and +wagon, is the expense. You can overcome this in part by adding members +to your company; but then you meet what is perhaps a still more serious +difficulty,—the management of a large party.</p> + +<p>Another inconvenience of large numbers is that each member must limit +his baggage. You are apt to accumulate too great bulk for the wagon, +rather than too great weight for the horse.</p> + +<p>Where there are many there must be a captain,—some one that the others +are responsible to, and who commands their respect. It is necessary that +those who join such a party should understand that they ought to yield +to him, whether they like it or not.</p> + +<p>The captain should always consult the wishes of the others, and should +never let selfish considerations influence him. Every day his decisions +as to what the party shall do will tend to make some one dissatisfied; +and although it is the duty of the dissatisfied ones to yield, yet, +since submission to another's will is so hard, the captain must try to +prevent any "feeling," and above all to avoid even the appearance of +tyranny.</p> + +<p>System and order become quite essential as our numbers increase, and it +is well to have the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span>members take daily turns at the several duties; and +during that day the captain must hold each man to a strict performance +of his special trust, and allow no shirking.</p> + +<p>After a few days some of the party will show a willingness to accept +particular burdens all of the time; and, if these burdens are the more +disagreeable ones, the captain will do well to make the detail +permanent.</p> + +<p>Nothing tends to make ill feeling more than having to do another's work; +and, where there are many in a party, each one is apt to leave something +for others to do. The captain must be on the watch for these things, and +try to prevent them. It is well for him, and for all, to know that he +who has been a "good fellow" and genial companion at home may prove +quite otherwise during a tour of camping. Besides this, it is hardly +possible for a dozen young men to be gone a fortnight on a trip of this +kind without some quarrelling; and, as this mars the sport so much, all +should be careful not to give or take offence. If you are starting out +on your first tour, keep this fact constantly in mind.</p> + +<p>Perhaps I can illustrate this division of labor.</p> + +<p>We will suppose a party of twelve with one horse and an open wagon, four +tents, a stove, and other baggage. First, number the party, and assign +to each the duties for the first day.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span></p> + + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Responsibilities"> +<tr><td align='left'>1. Captain. Care of horse and wagon; loading and unloading wagon.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>2. Jack. Loading and unloading wagon.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>3. Joe. Captain's assistant and errand-boy; currying horse.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>4. Mr. Smith. Cooking and purchasing.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>5. Sam. Wood, water, fire, setting of table.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>6. Tom. Wood, water, fire, setting of table.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>7. Mr. Jones.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>8. Henry.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>9. Bob.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>10. Senior.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>11. William.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>12. Jake.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>The party is thus arranged in four squads of three men each, the oldest +at the heads. One half of the party is actively engaged for to-day, +while the other half has little to do of a general nature, except that +all must take turns in leading the horse, and marching behind the wagon. +It is essential that this be done, and it is best that only the stronger +members lead the horse.</p> + +<p>To-morrow No. 7 takes No. 1's place, No. 8 takes No. 2's, and so on; and +the first six have their semi-holiday.</p> + +<p>In a few days each man will have shown a special willingness for some +duty, which by common consent and the captain's approval he is +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span>permitted to take. The party then is re-organized as follows:—</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="How Responsibilities turned out"> +<tr><td align='left'>1. Captain. General oversight; provider of food and provender.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>2. Jack. Washing and the care of dishes.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>3. Joe. (Worthless.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>4. Mr. Smith. Getting breakfast daily, and doing all of the cooking on Sunday.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>5. Sam. (Gone home, sick of camping.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>6. Tom. Wood, water, fire, setting and clearing table.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>7. Mr. Jones. Getting supper all alone.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>8. Henry. Jack's partner. Care of food.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>9. Bob. Currying horse, oiling axles, care of harness and wagon.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>10. Senior. Packing wagon. Marching behind.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>11. William. Packing wagon. Marching behind.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>12. Jake. Running errands.</td></tr> +</table></div> + + +<p>The daily detail for leading the horse will have to be made, as before, +from the stronger members of the party; and if any special duty arises +it must still be done by volunteering, or by the captain's suggestion.</p> + +<p>In this arrangement there is nothing to prevent one member from aiding +another; in fact, where all are employed, a better feeling prevails, +and, the work being done more quickly, there is more time for rest and +enjoyment.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> + +<p>To get a horse will perhaps tax your judgment and capability as much as +any thing in all your preparation; and on this point, where you need so +much good advice, I can only give you that of a general nature.</p> + +<p>The time for camping out is when horses are in greatest demand for +farming purposes; and you will find it difficult to hire of any one +except livery-stable men, whose charges are so high that you cannot +afford to deal with them. You will have to hunt a long time, and in many +places, before you will find your animal. It is not prudent to take a +valuable horse, and I advise you not to do so unless the owner or a man +<i>thoroughly</i> acquainted with horses is in the party. You may perhaps be +able to hire horse, wagon, and driver; but a hired man is an +objectionable feature, for, besides the expense, such a man is usually +disagreeable company.</p> + +<p>My own experience is, that it is cheaper to buy a horse outright, and to +hire a harness and wagon; and, since I am not a judge of horse-flesh, I +get some friend who is, to go with me and advise. I find that I can +almost always buy a horse, even when I cannot hire. Twenty to fifty +dollars will bring as good an animal as I need. He may be old, broken +down, spavined, wind-broken, or lame; but if he is not sickly, or if his +lameness is not from recent injury, it is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span>not hard for him to haul a +fair load ten or fifteen miles a day, when he is helped over the hard +places.</p> + +<p>So now, if you pay fifty dollars for a horse, you can expect to sell him +for about twenty or twenty-five dollars, unless you were greatly +cheated, or have abused your brute while on the trip, both of which +errors you must be careful to avoid. It is a simple matter of arithmetic +to calculate what is best for you to do; but I hope on this horse +question you may have the benefit of advice from some one who has had +experience with the ways of the world. You will need it very much.</p> + + +<h3>WAGONS.</h3> + +<p>If you have the choice of wagons, take one that is made for carrying +light, bulky goods, for your baggage will be of that order. One with a +large body and high sides, or a covered wagon, will answer. In districts +where the roads are mountainous, rough, and rocky, wagons hung on +thoroughbraces appear to suit the people the best; but you will have no +serious difficulty with good steel springs if you put in rubber bumpers, +and also strap the body to the axles, thus preventing the violent +shutting and opening of the springs; for you must bear in mind that the +main leaf of a steel spring is apt to break by the sudden pitching +upward of the wagon-body.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span></p> + +<p>It has been my fortune twice to have to carry large loads in small +low-sided wagons; and it proved very convenient to have two or three +half-barrels to keep food and small articles in, and to roll the bedding +in rolls three or four feet wide, which were packed in the wagon upon +their ends. The private baggage was carried in meal-bags, and the tents +in bags made expressly to hold them; we could thus load the wagon +securely with but little tying.</p> + +<p>For wagons with small and low bodies, it would be well to put a light +rail fourteen to eighteen inches above the sides, and hold it there by +six or eight posts resting on the floor, and confined to the sides of +the body.</p> + +<p>Drive carefully and slowly over bad places. It makes a great deal of +difference whether a wheel strikes a rock with the horse going at a +trot, or at a walk.</p> + + +<h3>HARNESS.</h3> + +<p>If your load is heavy, and the roads very hard, or the daily distance +long, you had better have a collar for the horse: otherwise a +breastplate-harness will do. In your kit of tools it is well to have a +few straps, an awl, and waxed ends, against the time that something +breaks. Oil the harness before you start, and carry about a pint of +neat's-foot oil, which you can also use upon the men's <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span>boots. At night +look out that the harness and all of your baggage are sheltered from dew +and rain, rats and mice.</p> + + +<h3>ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THIS MODE OF TRAVEL.</h3> + +<p>This way of travelling is peculiarly adapted to a party of different +ages, rather than for one exclusively of young men. It is especially +suitable where there are ladies who wish to walk and camp, or for an +entire family, or for a school with its teachers. The necessity of a +head to a party will hardly be recognized by young men; and, even if it +is, they are still unwilling, as a general rule, to submit to +unaccustomed restraint.</p> + +<p>The way out of this difficulty is for one man to invite his comrades to +join his party, and to make all the others understand, from first to +last, that they are indebted to him for the privilege of going. It is +then somewhat natural for the invited guests to look to their leader, +and to be content with his decisions.</p> + +<p>The best of men get into foolish dissensions when off on a jaunt, unless +there is one, whose voice has authority in it, to direct the movements.</p> + +<p>I knew a party of twenty or more that travelled in this way, and were +directed by a trio composed of two gentlemen and one lady.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> This +arrangement proved satisfactory to all concerned.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a></p> + +<p>It has been assumed in all cases that some one will lead the horse,—not +ride in the loaded wagon,—and that two others will go behind and not +far off, to help the horse over the very difficult places, as well as to +have an eye on the load, that none of it is lost off, or scrapes against +the wheels. Whoever leads must be careful not to fall under the horse or +wagon, nor to fall under the horse's feet, should he stumble. These are +daily and hourly risks: hence no small boy should take this duty.<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER IV.</h2> + +<h3>CLOTHING.</h3> + + +<p>If your means allow it, have a suit especially for the summer tour, and +sufficiently in fashion to indicate that you are a traveller or camper.</p> + + +<h3>SHIRTS.</h3> + +<p>Loose woollen shirts, of dark colors and with flowing collars, will +probably always be the proper thing. Avoid gaudiness and too much +trimming. Large pockets, one over each breast, are "handy;" but they +spoil the fit of the shirt, and are always wet from perspiration. I +advise you to have the collar-binding of silesia, and fitted the same as +on a cotton shirt, only looser; then have a number of woollen collars +(of different styles if you choose), to button on in the same manner as +a linen collar. You can thus keep your neck cool or warm, and can wash +the collars, which soil so easily, without washing the whole shirt. The +shirt should reach nearly to the knees, to prevent disorders in the +stomach and bowels. There are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>many who will prefer cotton-and-wool +goods to all-wool for shirts. The former do not shrink as much, nor are +they as expensive, as the latter.</p> + + +<h3>DRAWERS.</h3> + +<p>If you wear drawers, better turn them inside out, so that the seams may +not chafe you. They <i>must</i> be loose.</p> + + +<h3>SHOES.</h3> + +<p>You need to exercise more care in the selection of shoes than of any +other article of your outfit. Tight boots put an end to all pleasure, if +worn on the march; heavy boots or shoes, with enormously thick soles, +will weary you; thin boots will not protect the feet sufficiently, and +are liable to burst or wear out; Congress boots are apt to bind the +cords of the leg, and thus make one lame; short-toed boots or shoes hurt +the toes; loose ones do the same by allowing the foot to slide into the +toe of the boot or shoe; low-cut shoes continually fill with dust, sand, +or mud.</p> + +<p>For summer travel, I think you can find nothing better than brogans +reaching above the ankles, and fastening by laces or buttons as you +prefer, but not so tight as to bind the cords of the foot. See that they +bind nowhere except upon the instep. The soles should be wide, and the +heels wide and low (about two and three-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span>quarter inches wide by one inch +high); have soles and heels well filled with iron nails. Be particular +not to have steel nails, which slip so badly on the rocks.</p> + +<p>Common brogans, such as are sold in every country-store, are the next +best things to walk in; but it is hard to find a pair that will fit a +difficult foot, and they readily let in dust and earth.</p> + +<p>Whatever you wear, break them in well, and oil the tops thoroughly with +neat's-foot oil before you start; and see that there are no nails, +either in sight or partly covered, to cut your feet.</p> + +<p>False soles are a good thing to have if your shoes will admit them: they +help in keeping the feet dry, and in drying the shoes when they are wet.</p> + +<p>Woollen or merino stockings are usually preferable to cotton, though for +some feet cotton ones are by far the best. Any darning should be done +smoothly, since a bunch in the stocking is apt to bruise the skin.</p> + + +<h3>PANTALOONS.</h3> + +<p>Be sure to have the trousers loose, and made of rather heavier cloth +than is usually worn at home in summer. They should be cut high in the +waist to cover the stomach well, and thus prevent sickness.</p> + +<p>The question of wearing "hip-pants," or using <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span>suspenders, is worth some +attention. The yachting-shirt by custom is worn with hip-pantaloons, and +often with a belt around the waist; and this tightening appears to do no +mischief to the majority of people. Some, however, find it very +uncomfortable, and others are speedily attacked by pains and indigestion +in consequence of having a tight waist. If you are in the habit of +wearing suspenders, do not change now. If you do not like to wear them +over the shirt, you can wear them over a light under-shirt, and have the +suspender straps come through small holes in the dress-shirt. In that +case cut the holes low enough so that the dress-shirt will fold over the +top of the trousers, and give the appearance of hip-pantaloons. If you +undertake to wear the suspenders next to the skin, they will gall you. A +fortnight's tramping and camping will about ruin a pair of trousers: +therefore it is not well to have them made of any thing very expensive.</p> + +<p>Camping offers a fine opportunity to wear out old clothes, and to throw +them away when you have done with them. You can send home by mail or +express your soiled underclothes that are too good to lose or to be +washed by your unskilled hands.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER V.</h2> + +<h3>STOVES AND COOKING-UTENSILS.</h3> + + +<p>If you have a permanent camp, or if moving you have wagon-room enough, +you will find a stove to be most valuable property. If your party is +large it is almost a necessity.</p> + +<p>For a permanent camp you can generally get something second-hand at a +stove-dealer's or the junk-shop. For the march you will need a stove of +sheet iron. About the simplest, smallest, and cheapest thing is a +round-cornered box made of sheet iron, eighteen to twenty-four inches +long and nine to twelve inches high. It needs no bottom: the ground will +answer for that. The top, which is fixed, is a flat piece of sheet iron, +with a hole near one end large enough for a pot or pan, and a hole +(collar) for the funnel near the other end. It is well also to have a +small hole, with a slide to open and close it with, in the end of the +box near the bottom, so as to put in wood, and regulate the draught; but +you can dispense with the slide by raising the stove <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>from the ground +when you want to admit fuel or air.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 212px;"> +<img src="images/p40.png" width="212" height="300" alt="Sheet-iron Stove" title="Sheet-iron Stove" /> +</div> + +<p>I have used a more elaborate article than this. It is an old sheet-iron +stove that came home from the army, and has since been taken down the +coast and around the mountains with parties of ten to twenty. It was +almost an indispensable article with such large companies. It is a +round-cornered box, twenty-one inches long by twenty wide, and thirteen +inches high, with a slide in the front end to admit air and fuel. The +bottom is fixed to the body; the top removes, and is fitted loosely to +the body after the style of a firkin-cover, i.e., the flange, which is +deep and strong, goes <i>outside</i> the stove. There are two holes on the +top 5-1/2 inches in diameter, and two 7-1/2 inches, besides the collar +for the funnel; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span>and these holes have covers neatly fitted. All of the +cooking-utensils and the funnel can be packed inside the stove; and, if +you fear it may upset on the march, you can tie the handles of the stove +to those of the top piece.</p> + +<p>A stove like this will cost about ten dollars; but it is a treasure for +a large party or one where there are ladies, or those who object to +having their eyes filled with smoke. The coffee-pot and tea-pot for this +stove have "sunk bottoms," and hence will boil quicker by presenting +more surface to the fire. You should cover the bottom of the stove with +four inches or more of earth before making a fire in it.</p> + +<p>To prevent the pots and kettles from smutting every thing they touch, +each has a separate bag in which it is packed and carried.</p> + +<p>The funnel was in five joints, each eighteen inches long, and made upon +the "telescope" principle, which is objectionable on account of the smut +and the jams the funnel is sure to receive. In practice we have found +three lengths sufficient, but have had two elbows made; and with these +we can use the stove in an old house, shed, or tent, and secure good +draught.</p> + +<p>If you have ladies in your party, or those to whom the rough side of +camping-out offers few attractions, it is well to consider this stove +question. Either of these here described must be handled and transported +with care.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + +<p>A more substantial article is the Dutch oven, now almost unknown in many +of the States. It is simply a deep, bailed frying-pan with a heavy +cast-iron cover that fits on and overhangs the top. By putting the oven +on the coals, and making a fire on the cover, you can bake in it very +well. Thousands of these were used by the army during the war, and they +are still very extensively used in the South. If their weight is no +objection to your plans, I should advise you to have a Dutch oven. They +are not expensive if you can find one to buy. If you cannot find one for +sale, see if you cannot improvise one in some way by getting a heavy +cover for a deep frying-pan. It would be well to try such an +improvisation at home before starting, and learn if it will bake or +burn, before taking it with you.</p> + +<p>Another substitute for a stove is one much used nowadays by +camping-parties, and is suited for permanent camps. It is the top of an +old cooking-stove, with a length or two of funnel. If you build a good +tight fireplace underneath, it answers pretty well. The objection to it +is the difficulty of making and keeping the fireplace tight, and it +smokes badly when the wind is not favorable for draught. I have seen a +great many of these in use, but never knew but one that did well in all +weathers, and this had a fireplace nicely built of brick and mortar, and +a tight iron door.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> + +<p>Still another article that can be used in permanent camps, or if you +have a wagon, is the old-fashioned "Yankee baker," now almost unknown. +You can easily find a tinman who has seen and can make one. There is +not, however, very often an occasion for baking in camp, or at least +most people prefer to fry, boil, or broil.</p> + +<p>Camp-stoves are now a regular article of trade; many of them are good, +and many are worthless. I cannot undertake to state here the merits or +demerits of any particular kind; but before putting money into any I +should try to get the advice of some practical man, and not buy any +thing with hinged joints or complicated mechanism.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER VI.</h2> + +<h3>COOKING, AND THE CARE OF FOOD.</h3> + + +<p>When living in the open air the appetite is so good, and the pleasure of +getting your own meals is so great, that, whatever may be cooked, it is +excellent.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/p44.png" width="200" height="79" alt="Tin-plate Frying Pan" title="Tin-plate Frying Pan" /> +</div> + +<p>You will need a frying-pan and a coffee-pot, even if you are carrying +all your baggage upon your back. You can do a great deal of good cooking +with these two utensils, after having had experience; and it is +experience, rather than recipes and instructions, that you need. +Soldiers in the field used to unsolder their tin canteens, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span>and make two +frying-pans of them; and I have seen a deep pressed-tin plate used by +having two loops riveted on the edges opposite each other to run a +handle through. Food fried in such plates needs careful attention and a +low fire; and, as the plates themselves are somewhat delicate, they +cannot be used roughly.</p> + +<p>It is far better to carry a real frying-pan, especially if there are +three or more in your party. If you have transportation, or are going +into a permanent camp, do not think of the tin article.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/p45.png" width="300" height="161" alt="Coffee-pot with Bail and Handle" title="Coffee-pot with Bail and Handle" /> +</div> + +<p>A coffee-pot with a bail and handle is better than one with a handle +only, and a lip is better than a spout; since handles and spouts are apt +to unsolder.</p> + +<p>Young people are apt to put their pot or frying-pan on the burning wood, +and it soon tips over. Also they let the pot boil over, and presently it +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span>unsolders for want of water. Few think to keep the handle so that it +can be touched without burning or smutting; and hardly any young person +knows that pitchy wood will give a bad flavor to any thing cooked over +it on an open fire. Live coals are rather better, therefore, than the +blaze of a new fire.</p> + +<p>If your frying-pan catches fire inside, do not get frightened, but take +it off instantly, and blow out the fire, or smother it with the cover or +a board if you cannot blow it out.</p> + +<p>You will do well to consult a cook-book if you wish for variety in your +cooking; but some things not found in cook-books I will give you here.</p> + +<p>Stale bread, pilot-bread, dried corn-cakes, and crumbs, soaked a few +minutes in water, or better still in milk, and fried, are all quite +palatable.</p> + +<p>In frying bread, or any thing else, have the fat boiling hot before you +put in the food: this prevents it from soaking fat.</p> + + +<h3>BAKED BEANS, BEEF, AND FISH.</h3> + +<p>Lumbermen bake beans deliciously in an iron pot that has a cover with a +projecting rim to prevent the ashes from getting in the pot. The beans +are first parboiled in one or two waters until the outside skin begins +to crack. They are then put into the baking-pot, and salt pork <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span>at the +rate of a pound to a quart and a half of dry beans is placed just under +the surface of the beans. The rind of the pork should be gashed so that +it will cut easily after baking. Two or three tablespoonfuls of molasses +are put in, and a little salt, unless the pork is considerably lean. +Water enough is added to cover the beans.</p> + +<p>A hole three feet or more deep is dug in the ground, and heated for an +hour by a good hot fire. The coals are then shovelled out, and the pot +put in the hole, and immediately buried by throwing back the coals, and +covering all with dry earth. In this condition they are left to bake all +night.</p> + +<p>On the same principle very tough beef was cooked in the army, and made +tender and juicy. Alternate layers of beef, salt pork, and hard bread +were put in the pot, covered with water, and baked all night in a hole +full of coals.</p> + +<p>Fish may also be cooked in the same way. It is not advisable, however, +for parties less than six in number to trouble themselves to cook in +this manner.</p> + + +<h3>CARE OF FOOD.</h3> + +<p>You had better <i>carry</i> butter in a tight tin or wooden box. In permanent +camp you can sink it in strong brine, and it will keep some weeks. +Ordinary butter will not keep sweet a long time in hot weather unless in +a cool place or in brine. Hence it is better to replenish your stock +often, if it is possible for you to do so.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span></p> + +<p>You perhaps do not need to be told that when camping or marching it is +more difficult to prevent loss of food from accidents, and from want of +care, than when at home. It is almost daily in danger from rain, fog, or +dew, cats and dogs, and from flies or insects. If it is necessary for +you to take a large quantity of any thing, instead of supplying yourself +frequently, you must pay particular attention to packing, so that it +shall neither be spoiled, nor spoil any thing else.</p> + +<p>You cannot keep meats and fish fresh for many hours on a summer day; but +you may preserve either over night, if you will sprinkle a little salt +upon it, and place it in a wet bag of thin cloth which flies cannot go +through; hang the bag in a current of air, and out of the reach of +animals.</p> + +<p>In permanent camp it is well to sink a barrel in the earth in some dry, +shaded place; it will answer for a cellar in which to keep your food +cool. Look out that your cellar is not flooded in a heavy shower, and +that ants and other insects do not get into your food.</p> + +<p>The lumbermen's way of carrying salt pork is good. They take a clean +butter-tub with four or five gimlet-holes bored in the bottom near the +chimbs. Then they pack the pork in, and cover it with coarse salt; the +holes let out what little <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>brine makes, and thus they have a dry tub. +Upon the pork they place a neatly fitting "follower," with a cleat or +knob for a handle, and then put in such other eatables as they choose. +Pork can be kept sweet for a few weeks in this way, even in the warmest +weather; and by it you avoid the continual risk of upsetting and losing +the brine. Before you start, see that the cover of the firkin is neither +too tight nor too loose, so that wet or dry weather may not affect it +too much.</p> + +<p>I beg you to clean and wash your dishes as soon as you have done using +them, instead of leaving them till the next meal. Remember to take +dishcloths and towels, unless your all is a frying-pan and coffee-pot +that you are carrying upon your back, when leaves and grass must be made +to do dishcloth duty.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER VII.</h2> + +<h3>MARCHING.<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></h3> + + +<p>It is generally advised by medical men to avoid violent exercise +immediately after eating. They are right; but I cannot advise you to +rest long, or at all, after breakfast, but rather to finish what you +could not do before the meal, and get off at once while it is early and +cool. Do not hurry or work hard at first if you can avoid it.</p> + +<p>On the march, rest often whether you feel tired or not; and, when +resting, see that you do rest.</p> + +<p>The most successful marching that I witnessed in the army was done by +marching an hour, and resting ten minutes. You need not adhere strictly +to this rule: still I would advise you to halt frequently for +sight-seeing, but not to lie perfectly still more than five or ten +minutes, as a reaction is apt to set in, and you will feel fatigued upon +rising.</p> + +<p>Experience has shown that a man travelling <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span>with a light load, or none, +will walk about three miles an hour; but you must not expect from this +that you can easily walk twelve miles in four heats of three miles each +with ten minutes rest between, doing it all in four and a half hours. +Although it is by no means difficult, my advice is for you not to expect +to walk at that rate, even through a country that you do not care to +see. You may get so used to walking after a while that these long and +rapid walks will not weary you; but in general you require more time, +and should take it.</p> + +<p>Do not be afraid to drink good water as often as you feel thirsty; but +avoid large draughts of <i>cold</i> water when you are heated or are +perspiring, and never drink enough to make yourself logy. You are apt to +break these rules on the first day in the open air, and after eating +highly salted food. You can often satisfy your thirst with simply +rinsing the mouth. You may have read quite different advice<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a> from +this, which applies to those who travel far from home, and whose daily +changes bring them to water materially different from that of the day +before. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span></p> + +<p>It is well to have a lemon in the haversack or pocket: a drop or two of +lemon-juice is a great help at times; but there is really nothing which +will quench the thirst that comes the first few days of living in the +open air. Until you become accustomed to the change, and the fever has +gone down, you should try to avoid drinking in a way that may prove +injurious. Base-ball players stir a little oatmeal in the water they +drink while playing, and it is said they receive a healthy stimulus +thereby.</p> + +<p>Bathing is not recommended while upon the march, if one is fatigued or +has much farther to go. This seems to be good counsel, but I do advise a +good scrubbing near the close of the day; and most people will get +relief by frequently washing the face, hands, neck, arms, and breast, +when dusty or heated, although this is one of the things we used to hear +cried down in the army as hurtful. It probably is so to some people: if +it hurts you, quit it.</p> + + +<h3>FOOT-SORENESS AND CHAFING.</h3> + +<p>After you have marched one day in the sun, your face, neck, and hands +will be sunburnt, your feet sore, perhaps blistered, your limbs may be +chafed; and when you wake up on the morning of the second day, after an +almost sleepless night, you will feel as if you had been "dragged +through seven cities."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + +<p>I am not aware that there is any preventive of sunburn for skins that +are tender. A hat is better to wear than a cap, but you will burn under +either. Oil or salve on the exposed parts, applied before marching, will +prevent some of the fire; and in a few days, if you keep in the open air +all the time, it will cease to be annoying.</p> + +<p>To prevent foot-soreness, which is really the greatest bodily trouble +you will have to contend with, you must have good shoes as already +advised. You must wash your feet at least once a day, and oftener if +they feel the need of it. The great preventive of foot-soreness is to +have the feet, toes, and ankles covered with oil, or, better still, +salve or mutton-tallow; these seem to act as lubricators. Soap is better +than nothing. You ask if these do not soil the stockings. Most certainly +they do. Hence wash your stockings often, or the insides of the shoes +will become foul. Whenever you discover the slightest tendency of the +feet to grow sore or to heat, put on oil, salve, or soap, immediately.</p> + +<p>People differ as to these things. To some a salve acts as an irritant: +to others soap acts in the same way. You must know before starting—your +mother can tell you if you don't know yourself—how oil, glycerine, +salve, and soap will affect your skin. Remember, the main thing is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>to +keep the feet clean and lubricated. Wet feet chafe and blister more +quickly than dry.</p> + +<p>The same rule applies to chafing upon any part of the body. Wash and +anoint as tenderly as possible. If you have chafed in any part on +previous marches, anoint it before you begin this.</p> + +<p>When the soldiers found their pantaloons were chafing them, they would +tie their handkerchiefs around their pantaloons, over the place +affected, thus preventing friction, and stopping the evil; but this is +not advisable for a permanent preventive. A bandage of cotton or linen +over the injured part will serve the purpose better.</p> + +<p>Another habit of the soldiers was that of tucking the bottom of the +pantaloons into their stocking-legs when it was dusty or muddy, or when +they were cold. This is something worth remembering. You will hardly +walk a week without having occasion to try it.</p> + +<p>Leather leggins, such as we read about in connection with Alpine travel, +are recommended by those who have used them as good for all sorts of +pedestrianism. They have not come into use much as yet in America.</p> + +<p>The second day is usually the most fatiguing. As before stated, you +suffer from loss of sleep (for few people can sleep much the first night +in camp), you ache from unaccustomed work, smart <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span>from sunburn, and +perhaps your stomach has gotten out of order. For these reasons, when +one can choose his time, it is well to start on Friday, and so have +Sunday come as a day of rest and healing; but this is not at all a +necessity. If you do not try to do too much the first few days, it is +likely that you will feel better on the third night than at any previous +time.</p> + +<p>I have just said that your stomach is liable to become disordered. You +will be apt to have a great thirst and not much appetite the first and +second days, followed by costiveness, lame stomach, and a feeling of +weakness or exhaustion. As a preventive, eat laxative foods on those +days,—figs are especially good,—and try not to work too hard. You +should lay your plans so as not to have much to do nor far to go at +first. Do not dose with medicines, nor take alcoholic stimulants. Physic +and alcohol may give a temporary relief, but they will leave you in bad +condition. And here let me say that there is little or no need of +spirits in your party. You will find coffee or tea far better than +alcohol.</p> + +<p>Avoid all nonsensical waste of strength, and gymnastic feats, before and +during the march; play no jokes upon your comrades, that will make their +day's work more burdensome. Young people are very apt to forget these +things.</p> + +<p>Let each comrade finish his morning nap. A <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span>man cannot dispense with +sleep, and it is cruel to rob a friend of what is almost his life and +health. But, if any one of your party requires more sleep than the +others, he ought to contrive to "turn in" earlier, and so rise with the +company.</p> + +<p>You have already been advised to take all the rest you can at the halts. +Unsling the knapsack, or take off your pack (unless you lie down upon +it), and make yourself as comfortable as you can. Avoid sitting in a +draught of air, or wherever it chills you.</p> + +<p>If you feel on the second morning as if you could never reach your +journey's end, start off easily, and you will limber up after a while.</p> + +<p>The great trouble with young people is, that they are ashamed to own +their fatigue, and will not do any thing that looks like a confession. +But these rules about resting, and "taking it easy," are the same in +principle as those by which a horse is driven on a long journey; and it +seems reasonable that young men should be favored as much as horses.</p> + +<p>Try to be civil and gentlemanly to every one. You will find many who +wish to make money out of you, especially around the summer hotels and +boarding-houses. Avoid them if you can. Make your prices, where +possible, before you engage.</p> + +<p>Do not be saucy to the farmers, nor treat them <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span>as "country greenhorns." +There is not a class of people in the country of more importance to you +in your travels; and you are in honor bound to be respectful to them. +Avoid stealing their apples, or disturbing any thing; and when you wish +to camp near a house, or on cultivated land, obtain permission from the +owner, and do not make any unreasonable request, such as asking to camp +in a man's front-yard, or to make a fire in dry grass or within a +hundred yards of his buildings. Do not ask him to wait on you without +offering to pay him. Most farmers object to having people sleep on their +hay-mows; and all who permit it will insist upon the rule, "No smoking +allowed here." When you break camp in the morning, be sure to put out +the fires wherever you are; and, if you have camped on cleared land, see +that the fences and gates are as you found them, and do not leave a mass +of rubbish behind for the farmer to clear up.</p> + + +<h3>MOUNTAIN CLIMBING.</h3> + +<p>When you climb a mountain, make up your mind for hard work, unless there +is a carriage-road, or the mountain is low and of gentle ascent. If +possible, make your plans so that you will not have to carry much up and +down the steep parts. It is best to camp at the foot of the mountain, or +a part way up, and, leaving the most of your bag<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span>gage there, to take an +early start next morning so as to go up and down the same day. This is +not a necessity, however; but if you camp on the mountain-top you run +more risk from cold, fog, (clouds), and showers, and you need a warmer +camp and more clothing than down below.</p> + +<p>Often there is no water near the top: therefore, to be on the safe side, +it is best to carry a canteen. After wet weather, and early in the +summer, you can often squeeze a little water from the moss that grows on +mountain-tops.</p> + +<p>It is so apt to be chilly, cloudy, or showery at the summit, that you +should take a rubber blanket and some other article of clothing to put +on if needed. Although a man may sometimes ascend a mountain, and stay +on the top for hours, in his shirt-sleeves, it is never advisable to go +so thinly clad; oftener there is need of an overcoat, while the air in +the valley is uncomfortably warm.</p> + +<p>Do not wear the extra clothing in ascending, but keep it to put on when +you need it. This rule is general for all extra clothing: you will find +it much better to carry than to wear it.</p> + +<p>Remember that mountain-climbing is excessively fatiguing: hence go +slowly, make short rests <i>very</i> often, eat nothing between meals, and +drink sparingly.</p> + +<p>There are few mountains that it is advisable for ladies to try to climb. +Where there is a road, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span>or the way is open and not too steep, they may +attempt it; but to climb over loose rocks and through scrub-spruce for +miles, is too difficult for them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER VIII.</h2> + +<h3>THE CAMP.</h3> + + +<p>It pays well to take some time to find a good spot for a camp. If you +are only to stop one night, it matters not so much; but even then you +should camp on a dry spot near wood and water, and where your horse, if +you have one, can be well cared for. Look out for rotten trees that may +fall; see that a sudden rain will not drown you out; and do not put your +tent near the road, as it frightens horses.</p> + +<p>For a permanent camp a good prospect is very desirable; yet I would not +sacrifice all other things to this.</p> + +<p>If you have to carry your baggage any distance by hand, you will find it +convenient to use two poles (tent-poles will serve) as a hand-barrow +upon which to pile and carry your stuff.</p> + +<p>A floor to the tent is a luxury in which some indulge when in permanent +camp. It is not a necessity, of course; but, in a tent occupied by +ladies or children, it adds much to their comfort <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span>to have a few boards, +an old door, or something of that sort, to step on when dressing. Boards +or stepping-stones at the door of the tent partly prevent your bringing +mud inside.</p> + +<p>If you are on a hillside, pitch your tent so that when you sleep, if you +are to sleep on the ground, your feet will be lower than your head: you +will roll all night, and perhaps roll out of the tent if you lie across +the line running down hill.</p> + +<p>As soon as you have pitched your tent, stretch a stout line from the +front pole to the back one, near the top, upon which to hang your +clothes. You can tighten this line by pulling inwards the foot of one +pole before tying the line, and then lifting it back.</p> + +<p>Do not put your clothes and bedding upon the bare ground: they grow damp +very quickly. See, too, that the food is where ants will not get at it.</p> + +<p>Do not forget to take two or three candles, and replenish your stock if +you burn them: they sometimes are a prime necessity. Also do not pack +them where you cannot easily find them in the dark. In a permanent camp +you may be tempted to use a lantern with oil, and perhaps you will like +it better than candles; but, when moving about, the lantern-lamp and +oil-can will give you trouble. If you have no candlestick handy, you can +use your pocket-knife, putting one blade in the bottom or side of the +candle, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span>and another blade into the ground or tent-pole. You can quickly +cut a candlestick out of a potato, or can drive four nails in a block of +wood.</p> + +<p>If your candles get crushed, or if you have no candles, but have grease +without salt in it, you can easily make a "slut" by putting the grease +in a small shallow pan or saucer with a piece of wicking or cotton rag, +one end of which shall be in the grease, and the other, which you light, +held out of it. This is a poor substitute for daylight, and I advise you +to rise and retire early (or "<i>turn in</i>" and "<i>turn out</i>" if you +prefer): you will then have more daylight than you need.</p> + + +<h3>BEDS.</h3> + +<p>Time used in making a bed is well spent. Never let yourself be persuaded +that humps and hollows are good enough for a tired man. If you cut +boughs, do not let large sticks go into the bed: only put in the smaller +twigs and leaves. Try your bed before you "turn in," and see if it is +comfortable. In a permanent camp you ought to take time enough to keep +the bed soft; and I like best for this purpose to carry a mattress when +I can, or to take a sack and fill it with straw, shavings, boughs, or +what not. This makes a much better bed, and can be taken out daily to +the air and sun. By this I avoid the clutter there always is inside a +tent filled with <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span>boughs; and, more than all, the ground or floor does +not mould in damp weather, from the accumulation of rubbish on it.</p> + +<p>It is better to sleep off the ground if you can, especially if you are +rheumatic. For this purpose build some sort of a platform ten inches or +more high, that will do for a seat in daytime. You can make a sort of +spring bottom affair if you can find the poles for it, and have a little +ingenuity and patience; or you can more quickly drive four large stakes, +and nail a framework to them, to which you can nail boards or +barrel-staves.<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a> All this kind of work must be strong, or you can have +no rough-and-tumble sport on it. We used to see in the army sometimes, a +mattress with a bottom of rubber cloth, and a top of heavy drilling, +with rather more cotton quilted<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a> between them than is put into a +thick comforter. Such a mattress is a fine thing to carry in a wagon +when you are on the march; but you can make a softer bed than this if +you are in a permanent camp.</p> + + +<h3>SLEEPING.</h3> + +<p>"Turn in" early, so as to be up with the sun. You may be tempted to +sleep in your clothes; but if you wish to know what luxury is, take them +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span>off as you do at home, and sleep in a sheet, having first taken a bath, +or at least washed the feet and limbs. Not many care to do this, +particularly if the evening air is chilly; but it is a comfort of no +mean order.</p> + +<p>If you are short of bedclothes, as when on the march, you can place over +you the clothes you take off (see <a href='#Page_19'>p. 19</a>); but in that case it is still +more necessary to have a good bed underneath.</p> + +<p>You will always do well to cover the clothes you have taken off, or they +will be quite damp in the morning.</p> + +<p>See that you have plenty of air to breathe. It is not best to have a +draught of air sweeping through the tent, but let a plenty of it come in +at the feet of the sleeper or top of the tent.</p> + +<p>A hammock is a good thing to have in a permanent camp, but do not try to +swing it between two tent-poles: it needs a firmer support.</p> + +<p>Stretch a clothes-line somewhere on your camp-ground, where neither you +nor your visitors will run into it in the dark.</p> + +<p>If your camp is where many visitors will come by carriage, you will find +that it will pay you for your trouble to provide a hitching-post where +the horses can stand safely. Fastening to guy-lines and tent-poles is +dangerous.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>SINKS.</h3> + +<p>In a permanent camp you must be careful to deposit all refuse from the +kitchen and table in a hole in the ground: otherwise your camp will be +infested with flies, and the air will become polluted. These sink-holes +may be small, and dug every day; or large, and partly filled every day +or oftener by throwing earth over the deposits. If you wish for health +and comfort, do not suffer a place to exist in your camp that will toll +flies to it. The sinks should be some distance from your tents, and a +dry spot of land is better than a wet one. Observe the same rule in +regard to all excrementitious and urinary matter. On the march you can +hardly do better than follow the Mosaic law (see Deuteronomy xxiii. 12, +13).</p> + +<p>In permanent camp, or if you propose to stay anywhere more than three +days, the crumbs from the table and the kitchen refuse should be +carefully looked after: to this end it is well to avoid eating in the +tents where you live. Swarms of flies will be attracted by a very little +food.</p> + +<p>A spade is better, all things considered, than a shovel, either in +permanent camp or on the march.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>HOW TO KEEP WARM.</h3> + +<p>When a cold and wet spell of weather overtakes you, you will inquire, +"How can we keep warm?" If you are where wood is very abundant, you can +build a big fire ten or fifteen feet from the tent, and the heat will +strike through the cloth. This is the poorest way, and if you have only +shelter-tents your case is still more forlorn. But keep the fire +a-going: you <i>can</i> make green wood burn through a pelting storm, but you +must have a quantity of it—say six or eight large logs on at one time. +You must look out for storms, and have some wood cut beforehand. If you +have a stove with you, a little ingenuity will enable you to set it up +inside a tent, and run the funnel through the door. But, unless your +funnel is quite long, you will have to improvise one to carry the smoke +away, for the eddies around the tent will make the stove smoke +occasionally beyond all endurance. Since you will need but little fire +to keep you warm, you can use a funnel made of boards, barrel-staves, +old spout, and the like. Old tin cans, boot-legs, birch-bark, and stout +paper can be made to do service as elbows, with the assistance of turf, +grass-ropes, and large leaves. But I forewarn you there is not much fun, +either in rigging your stove and funnel, or in sitting by it and waiting +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>for the storm to blow it down. Still it is best to be busy.</p> + +<p>Another way to keep warm is to dig a trench twelve to eighteen inches +wide, and about two feet deep, running from inside to the outside of the +tent. The inside end of the trench should be larger and deeper; here you +build your fire. You cover the trench with flat rocks, and fill up the +chinks with stones and turf; boards can be used after you have gone a +few feet from the fireplace. Over the outer end, build some kind of a +chimney of stones, boxes, boards, or barrels. The fireplace should not +be near enough to the side of the tent to endanger it; and, the taller +the chimney is, the better it will draw if you have made the trench of +good width and air-tight. If you can find a sheet-iron covering for the +fireplace, you will be fortunate; for the main difficulty in this +heating-arrangement is to give it draught enough without letting out +smoke, and this you cannot easily arrange with rocks. In digging your +trench and fireplace, make them so that the rain shall not flood them.</p> + + +<h3>FIREPLACE.</h3> + +<p>If flat rocks and mud are plenty, you can perhaps build a fireplace at +the door of your tent (outside, of course), and you will then have +something both substantial and valuable. Fold one <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>flap of the door as +far back as you can, and build one side of the fireplace against the +pole,<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a> and the other side against, or nearly over to, the corner of +the tent. Use large rocks for the lower tiers, and try to have all three +walls perpendicular and smooth inside. When up about three feet, or as +high as the flap of the tent will allow without its being scorched, put +on a large log of green wood for a mantle, or use an iron bar if you +have one, and go on building the chimney. Do not narrow it much: the +chimney should be as high as the top of the tent, or eddies of wind will +blow down occasionally, and smoke you out. Barrels or boxes will do for +the top, or you can make a cob-work of split sticks well daubed with +mud. All the work of the fireplace and chimney must be made air-tight by +filling the chinks with stones or chips and mud. When done, fold and +confine the flap of the tent against the stonework and the mantle; +better tie than nail, as iron rusts the cloth. Do not cut the tent +either for this or any other purpose: you will regret it if you do. Keep +water handy if there is much woodwork; and do not leave your tent for a +long time, nor go to sleep with a big fire blazing.</p> + +<p>If you have to bring much water into camp, remember that two pails carry +about as easily as <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span>a single one, provided you have a hoop between to +keep them away from your legs. To prevent the water from splashing, put +something inside the pail, that will float, nearly as large as the top +of the pail.</p> + + +<h3>HUNTERS' CAMP.</h3> + +<p>It is not worth while to say much about those hunters' camps which are +built in the woods of stout poles, and covered with brush or the bark of +trees: they are exceedingly simple in theory, and difficult in practice +unless you are accustomed to using the axe. If you go into the woods +without an axeman, you had better rely upon your tents, and not try to +build a camp; for when done, unless there is much labor put in it, it is +not so <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span>good as a shelter-tent. You can, however, cut a few poles for +rafters, and throw the shelter-tent instead of the bark or brush over +the poles. You have a much larger shelter by this arrangement of the +tent than when it is pitched in the regular way, and there is the +additional advantage of having a large front exposed to the fire which +you will probably build; at the same time also the under side of the +roof catches and reflects the heat downward. When you put up your tent +in this way, however, you must look out not to scorch it, and to take +especial care to prevent sparks from burning small holes in it. In fact, +whenever you have a roaring fire you must guard against mischief from +it.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 200px;"> +<img src="images/p69.png" width="200" height="183" alt="Tent frame with three poles" title="Tent frame with three poles" /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> + +<p>Do not leave your clothes or blanket hanging near a brisk fire to dry, +without confining them so that sudden gusts of wind shall not take them +into the flame.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/p70.png" width="300" height="179" alt="Tent frame with rafters" title="Tent frame with rafters" /> +</div> + +<p>You may some time have occasion to make a shelter on a ledge or floor +where you cannot drive a pin or nail. If you can get rails, poles, +joists, or boards, you can make a frame in some one of the ways figured +here, and throw your tents over it.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/p71.png" width="300" height="226" alt="Tent frame with rails" title="Tent frame with rails" /> +</div> + +<p>These frames will be found useful for other purposes, and it is well to +remember how to make them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER IX.</h2> + +<h3>TENTS.—ARMY SHELTER-TENT (<i>tente d'abri</i>).</h3> + + +<p>The shelter-tent used by the Union soldiers during the Rebellion was +made of light duck<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a> about 31-1/2 inches wide. A tent was made in two +pieces both precisely alike, and each of them five feet long and five +feet and two inches wide; i.e., two widths of duck. One of these pieces +or half-tents was given to every soldier. That edge of the piece which +was the bottom of the tent was faced at the corners with a piece of +stouter duck three or four inches square. The seam in the middle of the +piece was also faced at the bottom, and eyelets were worked at these +three places, through which stout cords or ropes could be run to tie +this side of the tent down to the tent-pin, or to fasten it to whatever +else was handy. Along the other three edges of each piece of tent, at +intervals of about eight inches, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>were button-holes and buttons; the +holes an inch, and the buttons four inches, from the selvage or hem.<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p> + +<p>Two men could button their pieces at the tops, and thus make a tent +entirely open at both ends, five feet and two inches long, by six to +seven feet wide according to the angle of the roof. A third man could +button his piece across one of the open ends so as to close it, although +it did not make a very neat fit, and half of the cloth was not used; +four men could unite their two tents by buttoning the ends together, +thus doubling the length of the tent; and a fifth man could put in an +end-piece.</p> + +<p>Light poles made in two pieces, and fastened together with ferrules so +as to resemble a piece of fishing-rod, were given to some of the troops +when the tents were first introduced into the army; but, nice as they +were at the end of the march, few soldiers would carry them, nor will +you many days.</p> + +<p>The tents were also pitched by throwing them over a tightened rope; but +it was easier to <i>cut</i> a stiff pole than to <i>carry</i> either the pole or +rope.</p> + +<p>You need not confine yourself exactly to the dimensions of the army +shelter-tent, but for a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>pedestrian something of the sort is necessary +if he will camp out. I have never seen a "shelter" made of <i>three</i> +breadths of drilling (seven feet three inches long), but I should think +it would be a good thing for four or five men to take.<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a> And I should +recommend that they make three-sided end-pieces instead of taking +additional half-tents complete, for in the latter case one-half of the +cloth is useless.</p> + +<p>Five feet is <i>long</i> enough for a tent made on the "shelter" principle; +when pitched with the roof at a right angle it is 3-1/2 feet high, and +nearly seven feet wide on the ground.</p> + +<p>Although a shelter-tent is a poor substitute for a house, it is as good +a protection as you can well carry if you propose to walk any distance. +It should be pitched neatly, or it will leak. In <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span>heavy, pelting rains a +fine spray will come through on the windward side. The sides should set +at right angles to each other, or at a sharper angle if rain is +expected.</p> + +<p>There are rubber blankets made with eyelets along the edges so that two +can be tied together to make a tent; but they are heavier, more +expensive, and not much if any better; and you will need other rubber +blankets to lie upon.</p> + +<p>If you wish for a larger and more substantial covering than a "shelter," +and propose to do the work yourself, you will do well to have a +sailmaker or a tent-maker cut the cloth, and show you how the work is to +be done. If you cannot have their help, you must at least have the +assistance of one used to planning and cutting needle-work, to whom the +following hints may not be lost. We will suppose heavy drilling 29-1/2 +inches wide to be used in all instances.</p> + + +<h3>THE A-TENT.</h3> + +<p>To make an A-tent,<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a> draw upon the floor a straight line seven feet +long, to represent the upright pole or height of the tent; then draw a +line at right angles to and across the end of the first one, to +represent the ground or bottom of the tent. Complete the plan by finding +where the corners will be on the ground line, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span>and drawing the two sides +(roof) from the corners<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a> to the top of the pole-line. This triangle +is a trifle larger than the front and back of the tent will be.</p> + +<p>The cloth should be cut so that the twilled side shall be the outside of +the tent, as it sheds the rain better.</p> + +<p>Place the cloth on the floor against the ground-line, and tack it (to +hold it fast) to the pole-line, which it should overlap 3/8 of an inch; +then cut by the roof-line. Turn the cloth over, and cut another piece +exactly like the first; this second piece will go on the back of the +tent. Now place the cloth against the ground-line as before, but upon +the other side of the pole, and tack it to the floor after you have +overlapped the selvage of the piece first cut 3/4 of an inch. Cut by the +roof-line, and turn and cut again for the back of the tent.</p> + +<p>In cutting the four small gores for the corners, you can get all the +cloth from one piece, and thus save waste, by turning and tearing it in +two; these gore-pieces also overlap the longer breadths 3/4 of an inch.</p> + +<p>The three breadths that make the sides or roof are cut all alike; their +length is found by <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span>measuring the plan from corner to corner over the +top; in the plan now under consideration, the distance will be nearly +sixteen feet. When you sew them, overlap the breadths 3/4 of an inch the +same as you do the end-breadths.</p> + +<p>In sewing you can do no better than to run, with a machine, a row of +stitching as near each selvage as possible; you will thus have two rows +to each seam, which makes it strong enough. Use the coarsest cotton, No. +10 or 12.</p> + +<p>The sides and two ends are made separately; when you sew them together +care must be taken, for the edges of the ends are cut cross-grained, and +will stretch very much more than the cloth of the sides (roof). About as +good a seam as you can make, in sewing together the sides and ends, is +to place the two edges together, and fold them outwards (or what will be +downwards when the tent is pitched) twice, a quarter of an inch each +time, and put two rows of stitching through if done on a machine, or one +if with sail-needle and twine. This folding the cloth six-ply, besides +making a good seam, strengthens the tent where the greatest strain +comes. It is also advisable to put facings in the two ends of the top of +the tent, to prevent the poles from pushing through and chafing.</p> + +<p>The bottom of the tent is completed next by folding upwards and inwards +two inches of cloth <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>to make what is called a "tabling," and again +folding in the raw edge about a quarter of an inch, as is usual to make +a neat job. Some makers enclose a marline or other small tarred rope to +strengthen the foot of the tent, and it is well to do so. One edge of +what is called the "sod-cloth" is folded in with the raw edge, and +stitched at the same time. This cloth, which is six to eight inches +wide, runs entirely around the bottom of the tent, excepting the +door-flap, and prevents a current of air from sweeping under the tent, +and saves the bottom from rotting; the sod-cloth, however, will rot or +wear out instead, but you can replace it much more easily than you can +repair the bottom of the tent; consequently it is best to put one on.</p> + +<p>One door is enough in an A-tent; but, if you prefer two, be sure that +one at least is nicely fitted and well provided with tapes or buttons, +or both: otherwise you will have a cheerless tent in windy and rainy +weather. The door-flap is usually made of a strip of cloth six to nine +inches wide, sewed to the selvage of the breadth that laps inside; the +top of it is sewed across the inside of the other breadth, and reaches +to the corner seam. Tent-makers usually determine the height of the door +by having the top of the flap reach from selvage to seam as just +described; the narrower the flap <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span>is, the higher the door will be. Some +make the door-flap considerably wider at the bottom than at the top, and +thus provide against the many annoyances that arise from one too narrow.</p> + +<p>The loops (or "beckets" as they are called) that fasten to the tent-pins +are put in one at each side of the door and at every seam. Some makers +work an eyelet or put a grommet in the seam; but, in the army-tents +which are made of duck, there are two eyelets worked, one on each side +of the seam, and a six-thread manilla rope is run through and held in by +knotting the ends.</p> + +<p>The door is tied together by two double rows of stout tapes<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a> sewed on +at intervals of about eighteen inches; one inside the tent ties the +door-flap to the opposite breadth, and a second set outside pulls +together the two selvages of the centre breadths. Do not slight this +work: a half-closed door, short tapes, and a door-flap that is slapping +all the time, are things that will annoy you beyond endurance.</p> + +<p>The upright poles of a tent such as has been described should be an inch +or two more than seven feet, for the cloth will stretch. If you have a +sod-cloth, the poles should be longer still.<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>THE WALL-TENT.</h3> + +<p>The wall-tent is shaped like a house: the walls or sides, which are +perpendicular, are four feet high. A continuous piece of cloth runs from +the ground to the eaves, thence on toward the ridgepole, and down the +other side to the ground. The tent is made on the same general +principles as the one last described. It is four breadths square, but +the width is usually diminished about one foot by cutting six inches +from each corner breadth. If the cloth is drilling or light duck, you +can overlap the centre breadths a foot, and thus have the doors +ready-made.</p> + +<p>Draw a plan upon the floor as in the other case; the pole nine feet and +two inches high, the corners four breadths apart less the overlappings +and the narrowing; draw the wall (in the plan only) four feet and two +inches high. The roof-line runs of course from the top of the pole to +the top of the wall.</p> + +<p>Cut the cloth, as before, so as to have the twilled side out. Add six +inches to the distance measured on the plan, for the length of the walls +and roof, so as to get cloth for the eaves.</p> + +<p>The wall is to be four feet high; consequently, when you have sewed +together the four breadths that make the roof and walls, measure four +feet 3-1/2 inches from the ends (bottoms), double the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span>cloth, and sew +two rows of stitching by hand across from side to side, 1-1/2 inches +from the doubling; this makes the tabling for the eaves, and you have +two inches left for the bottom tabling. Use stout twine for these seams +at the eaves, and take only three to four stitches to the inch.</p> + +<p>Take the same care as before in sewing together the ends and sides; the +larger the tent, the more this difficulty increases.</p> + +<p>The sod-cloth becomes more of a necessity as we increase the size of the +tent, and add to the difficulty of making it fit snugly to the ground.</p> + +<p>Facings should be put in where the ends of the poles bear, as before +explained; and also in the four upper corners of the wall, to prevent +the strain of the corner guy-lines from ripping apart the eaves and +wall.</p> + +<p>Beckets must be put in the bottom of each seam and the door, the same as +in the A-tent, and strong tapes sewed to the door.</p> + +<p>Guy-lines made of six-thread manilla rope are put in at the four corners +of the eaves, and at every seam along that tabling, making five upon +each side. Work an eyelet, or put a grommet, in the doubled cloth of the +seam; knot the end of the guy-line to prevent its pulling through: tying +the rope makes too bungling a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span>job, and splicing it is too much work. +The six guy-lines in the body of the tent should be about nine feet +long, the four corner ones about a foot longer. The fiddles<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a> should +be made of some firm wood: pine and spruce will not last long enough to +pay for the trouble of making them.</p> + +<p>The poles should be nine feet and four or five inches long. If they are +too long at first, sink the ends in the ground, and do not cut them off +until the tent has stretched all that it will.</p> + +<p>In permanent camp a "fly" over the tent is almost indispensable for +protection from the heat and pelting rains. It should be as long as the +roof of the tent, and project at least a foot beyond the eaves. The +guy-lines should be a foot or more longer than those of the tent, so +that the pins for the fly may be driven some distance outside those of +the tent, and thus lift the fly well off the roof.</p> + + +<h3>CLOTH FOR TENTS.</h3> + +<p>For convenience we have supposed all of the tents to be made of heavy +drilling. Many tent-<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span>makers consider this material sufficiently strong, +and some even use it to make tents larger than the United States army +wall-tent. My own experience leads me to recommend for a wall-tent a +heavier cloth, known to the trade as "eight-ounce Raven's" duck,<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a> +because drilling becomes so thin after it has been used two or three +seasons that a high wind is apt to tear it.</p> + +<p>The cost of the cloth is about the same as the value of the labor of +making the tent; but the difference between the cost of drilling and +eight-ounce duck for a wall-tent of four breadths with a fly is only +three to four dollars, and the duck tent will last nearly twice as long +as the one of drilling. For these reasons it seems best not to put your +labor into the inferior cloth.</p> + +<p>Before you use the tent, or expose to the weather any thing made of +cotton cloth, you should wash it thoroughly in strong soap-suds, and +then soak it in strong brine; this takes the sizing and oil out of the +cloth, and if repeated from year to year will prevent mildew, which soon +spoils the cloth. There are mixtures that are said to be better still, +but a tent-maker <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span>assures me that the yearly washing is better than any +thing applied only once. Some fishermen preserve their sails by soaking +them in a solution of lime and water considerably thinner than +whitewash. Others soak them in a tanner's vat; but the leather-like +color imparted is not pleasing to the eye. Weak lime-water they say does +not injure cotton; but it ruins rope and leather, and some complain that +it rots the thread.</p> + +<p>It will save strain upon any tent, to stay it in windy weather with +ropes running from the iron pins of the upright poles (which should +project through the ridgepole and top of the tent) to the ground in +front and rear of the tent. A still better way is to run four ropes from +the top—two from each pole-pin—down to the ground near the tent-pins +of the four corner guy-lines. The two stays from the rear pole should +run toward the front of the tent; and the two front stays toward the +rear, crossing the other two. The tent is then stayed against a wind +from any quarter, and the stays and guy-lines are all together on the +sides of the tent.</p> + +<p>Loosen the stays and guy-lines a little at night or when rain is +approaching, so as to prevent them from straining the tent by shrinking.</p> + +<p>Around the bottom of any tent you should dig a small trench to catch and +convey away the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span>water when it rains; and I caution you against the +error which even old campers sometimes make,—do not try to have the +water run up hill.</p> + + +<h3>HOW TO PITCH A WALL-TENT QUICKLY.</h3> + +<p>After you have once pitched the tent, and have put the poles and pins in +their exact places, note the distance from one of the upright poles to +the pin holding one of the nearest corner guy-lines, and then mark one +of the poles in such a way that you can tell by it what that distance +is. When you next wish to pitch the tent, drive two small pins in the +ground where the two upright poles are to rest,—the ridgepole will tell +you how far apart they must be,—then, by measuring with your marked +pole, you can drive the four pins for the corner guys in their proper +places.</p> + +<p>Next spread the tent on the ground, and put the ridgepole in its place +in the top of the tent, and the two upright poles in their places. Then +raise the tent. It will take two persons, or, if the tent is large, four +or more, having first moved it bodily, to bring the feet of the upright +poles to touch the two small pins that you drove at the beginning. You +can now catch and tighten the corner guy-lines on the four pins +previously driven. In driving the other pins, it looks well to have them +on a line, if possible; also try to <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span>have the wall of the tent set +square: to do this you must tie the door just right before you tighten a +guy-line.</p> + +<p>You will find this way of pitching a tent convenient when a wind is +blowing, or when your assistant is not a strong person. If the wind is +very high, spread your tent to windward, and catch the windward +guy-lines before raising the tent. You will thus avoid having it blown +over.</p> + + +<h3>TENT-POLES.</h3> + +<p>As tent-poles are not expensive, you may find it convenient to have two +sets for each tent; one stout set for common use, and a lighter set to +take when transportation is limited. Sound spruce, free from large knots +and tolerably straight-grained, makes good poles; pine answers as well, +but is more expensive.</p> + +<p>The upright poles of a stout set for a wall-tent of the United States +Army pattern should be round or eight-sided, and about two inches in +diameter.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a> If you prefer to have them square, round off the edges, or +they will be badly bruised upon handling. Drive a stout iron pin<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a> +seven or eight inches long into the centre of the top until <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span>it projects +only about three and a half or four inches, or enough to go through the +ridgepole and an inch beyond. It will be necessary to bore a hole in the +pole before driving in the pin, to prevent splitting. A ferrule is also +serviceable on this end of the pole.</p> + +<p>The ridgepole should be well rounded on the edges, and be about two and +a half inches wide and two inches thick. If made of stuff thinner than +an inch and a half, it should be wider in the middle than above stated, +or the pole will sag. Bore the holes to receive the pins of the uprights +with an auger a size larger than the pins, so that they may go in and +out easily: these holes should be an inch and a half from the ends. +Ferrules or broad bands are desirable on the ends of the ridgepole; but +if you cannot afford these you may perhaps be able to put a rivet or two +through the pole between the ends and the holes, or, if not rivets, then +screws, which are better than nothing to prevent the pin of the upright +from splitting the ridgepole.</p> + + +<h3>TENT-PINS.</h3> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 26px;"> +<img src="images/p88.png" width="26" height="100" alt="Tent pin" title="Tent pin" /> +</div> + +<p>Tent-pins should be made of sound hard wood; old wheel-spokes are +excellent. Make them pointed at the bottom, so that they will drive +easily; and notch them about two inches from the top, so that they will +hold the rope. Cut away the wood from just above the notch <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span>towards the +back of the head; this will prevent the notch of the pin from splitting +off when it is driven. It is well to have pins differ in length and +size: those for the corners and the stays should be the largest, say +fifteen to eighteen inches long; and those for the wall and door may be +eight or ten inches. But pins of these sizes are apt to pull out in a +heavy storm; and so when you are to camp in one spot for some time, or +when you see a storm brewing, it is well to make pins very stout, and +two feet or more long, for the stays and four corner guy-lines, out of +such stuff as you find at hand.</p> + + +<p>Loosen the pins by striking them on all four sides before you try to +pull them up. A spade is a fine thing to use to pry out a pin that is +deep in the ground, and a wooden mallet is better than an axe or hatchet +to drive them in with; but, unless you have a large number of pins to +drive, it will hardly pay you to get a mallet especially for this +business.</p> + +<p>Make a stout canvas bag to hold the tent-pins; and do not fold them +loose with the tent, as it soils and wears out the cloth.</p> + + +<h3>BEST SIZE OF TENTS.</h3> + +<p>The majority of people who go into permanent camp prefer tents +considerably larger than the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span>army wall-tent; but, unless your camp is +well sheltered from the wind, you will have constant and serious +troubles during every gale and thunder-storm, if you are in a large or +high tent. A large tent is certainly more comfortable in fine weather; +but you can make a small one sufficiently cheerful, and have a sense of +security in it that you cannot feel in one larger. But, if you will have +a large tent, make it of something heavier than drilling.</p> + +<p>If you have two tents of the same height, you can connect the tops with +a pole, and throw a fly, blanket, or sheet over it on pleasant days.</p> + +<p>Do not pack away a tent when it is damp if you can possibly avoid it, as +it will mildew and decay in a few days of warm weather. If you are +compelled to pack it when very damp, you can prevent decay by salting it +liberally inside and out.</p> + +<p>Before you put away your tent for the season be sure that it is +perfectly dry, and that the dead flies and grasshoppers are swept out of +the inside. You should have a stout bag to keep it in, and to prevent +its being chafed and soiled when it is handled and carried. You will +find a hundred good uses for the bag in camp.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER X.</h2> + +<h3>MISCELLANEOUS.—GENERAL ADVICE.</h3> + + +<p>If you travel horseback, singly or in parties, a previous experience in +riding and in the care of your animal are necessary for pleasure. What +is said about overloading applies here: you must go light; let your +saddlebags be small, and packed so as not to chafe the horse. If you +have the choice of a saddle, take a "McClellan" or a similar one, so +that you can easily strap on your blankets and bags. If you have time +before starting, try to teach your horse, what so few horses in the +Northern States know, to be guided by the pressure of reins against the +neck instead of a pull at the bit.</p> + + +<h3>BOATING.</h3> + +<p>I do not propose to say much about boating, as the subject can hardly +have justice done to it in a book of this sort. Parties of young men +spend their summer vacation every year in camping and boating. It is a +most delightful <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span>way,—superior in many respects to any other,—but it +requires both experience and caution, neither of which is usually found +in young men. So I hope that, if you will go in a boat, you may be an +exception to the general rule, and will, for your parents' and friends' +sake, take a small boat without ballast rather than a large one +ballasted so heavily that it will sink when it fills.</p> + +<p>When you belay the sheets of your sail, make a knot that can be untied +by a single pull at the loose end: any boatman will show you how to do +this. <i>Never make fast the sheets in any other way.</i> Hold the sheets in +your hands if the wind is at all squally or strong. Do not venture out +in a heavy wind. Stow your baggage snugly before you start: tubs made by +sawing a flour-barrel in two are excellent to throw loose stuff into. +Remember to be careful; keep your eyes open, and know what you are going +to do before you try it. The saying of an old sea-captain comes to me +here: "I would rather sail a ship around the world, than to go down the +bay in a boat sailed by a boy."</p> + + +<h3>RECKONING LOST.</h3> + +<p>It often happens in travelling, that the sun rises in what appears the +north, west, or south, and we seem to be moving in the wrong direc<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>tion, +so that when we return home our remembrance of the journey is confused. +Perhaps a few hints on this subject may help the reader. Supposing your +day's journey ends at Blanktown, where you find your compass-points +apparently reversed. It then becomes natural for you to make matters +worse by trying to lay out in your mind a new map, with Blanktown for +the "hub," and east in the west, and so on. You can often prevent these +mishaps, and can always make them less annoying, by studying your map +well both before and during your journey; and by keeping in your mind +continually, with all the vividness you can, what you are really doing. +As far as Blanktown is concerned, you will have two impressions, just as +we all have two impressions with regard to the revolution of the earth +on its axis: apparently the sun rises, goes over and down; but in our +minds we can see the sun standing still, and the earth turning from west +to east.</p> + +<p>Upon leaving Blanktown you are likely to carry the error along with you, +and to find yourself moving in what appears to be the wrong way. Keep in +mind with all the vividness possible, the picture of what you are really +doing, and keep out of mind as much as you can the ugly appearance of +going the wrong way. Every important change you make, be sure to "see +it"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> in the mind's eye, and let the natural eye be blind to all that is +deceiving. After a while things will grow real, and you must try to keep +them so. The more perfectly you know the route and all its details, the +less you will be troubled in this way.</p> + +<p>If you are travelling in the cars, and if you have a strong power of +imagination, you can very easily right errors of this kind by learning +from the map exactly what you are doing, and then by sitting next to the +window, shut your eyes as you go around a curve that tends to aggravate +the difficulty, and hold fast what you get on curves that help you. If +you sit on the left side of the car, and look ahead, the cars seem to +sweep continually a little to the right, and <i>vice versa</i>, when really +moving straight ahead,—provided your imagination is good.</p> + +<p>When you are travelling on an unknown road, you should always inquire +all about it, to avoid taking the wrong one, which you are likely to do, +even if you have a good map with you.</p> + + +<h3>LADIES AS PEDESTRIANS.</h3> + +<p>I have once or twice alluded to ladies walking and camping. It is +thoroughly practicable for them to do so. They must have a wagon, and do +none of the heavy work; their gowns must <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span>not reach quite to the ground, +and all of their clothing must be loose and easy.<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a> Of course there +must be gentlemen in the party; and it may save annoyance to have at +least one of the ladies well-nigh "middle-aged." Ladies must be cared +for more tenderly than men. If they are not well, the wagon should go +back for them at the end of the day's march; shelter-tents are not to be +recommended for them, nor are two blankets sufficient bedclothing. They +ought not to be compelled to go any definite distance, but after having +made their day's walk let the tents be pitched. Rainy weather is +particularly unpleasant to ladies in tents; deserted houses, +schoolhouses, saw-mills, or barns should be sought for them when a storm +is brewing.</p> + + +<h3>LADIES AND CHILDREN IN CAMP.</h3> + +<p>In a permanent camp, however, ladies, and children as well, can make +themselves thoroughly at home.<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a> They ought not to "rough it" so <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span>much +as young men expect to: consequently they should be better protected +from the wet and cold.</p> + +<p>I have seen a man with his wife and two children enjoy themselves +through a week of rainy weather in an A-tent; but there are not many +such happy families, and it is not advisable to camp with such limited +accommodations.</p> + +<p>Almost all women will find it trying to their backs to be kept all day +in an A-tent. If you have no other kind, you should build some sort of a +wall, and pitch the tent on top of it. It is not a difficult or +expensive task to put guy-lines and a wall of drilling on an A-tent, and +make new poles, or pitch the old ones upon posts. In either case you +should stay the tent with lines running from the top to the ground.</p> + +<p>It has already been advised that women should have a stove; in general, +they ought not to depart so far from home ways as men do.</p> + +<p>Rubber boots are almost a necessity for women and children during rainy +weather and while the dew is upon the grass.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>SUMMER-HOUSES, SHEDS, AND BRUSH SCREENS.</h3> + +<p>There is little to be said of the summer-houses built at the seaside +near our large cities, since that is rather a matter of carpentry; nor +of portable houses; nor of lattice-work with painted paper; nor even of +a "schbang" such as I have often built of old doors, shutters, outer +windows, and tarred paper: any one who is ingenious can knock together +all the shelter his needs require or means allow. But, where you are +camping for a week or more, it pays you well to use all you have in +making yourself comfortable. A bush house, a canopy under which to eat, +and something better than plain "out-of-doors" to cook in, are among the +first things to attend to.</p> + +<p>If you wish to plant firmly a tree that you have cut down, you may +perhaps be able to drive a stake larger than the trunk of the tree; then +loosen the stake by hitting it on the sides, and pull it out. You can do +this when you have no shovel, or when the soil is too hard to dig. Small +stakes wedged down the hole after putting in the tree will make it firm.</p> + + +<h3>ETIQUETTE.</h3> + +<p>Some things considered essential at the home table have fallen into +disuse in camp. It is pardonable, and perhaps best, to bring on whatever +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span>you have cooked in the dish that it is cooked in, so as to prevent its +cooling off.</p> + +<p>You will also be allowed to help yourself first to whatever is nearest +you, before passing it to another; for passing things around in camp is +risky, and should be avoided as much as possible for that reason.</p> + +<p>Eat with your hats on, as it is more comfortable, and the wind is not so +apt to blow your stray hairs into the next man's dish.</p> + +<p>If you have no fork, do not mind eating with your knife and fingers. +But, however much liberty you take, do not be rude, coarse, or uncivil: +these bad habits grow rapidly in camp if you encourage them, and are +broken off with difficulty on return.</p> + +<p>If there is no separate knife for the butter, cheese, and meat, nor +spoon for the gravy and soup, you can use your own by first wiping the +knife or spoon upon a piece of bread.</p> + +<p>Be social and agreeable to all fellow-travellers you meet. It is a +received rule now, I believe, that you are under no obligations to +consider travelling-acquaintances as permanent: so you are in duty bound +to be friendly to all thrown in your way. However, it is not fair to +thrust your company upon others, nor compel a courtesy from any one. Try +to remember too, that it is nothing wonderful to camp out or walk; and +do <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span>not expect any one to think it is. We frequently meet parties of +young folks walking through the mountains, who do great things with +their tongues, but not much with their feet. If you will refrain from +bragging, you can speak of your short marches without exciting contempt.</p> + +<p>Avoid as much as possible asking another member of the party to do your +work, or to wait upon you: it is surprising how easily you can make +yourself disliked by asking a few trifling favors of one who is tired +and hungry.</p> + + +<h3>MOSQUITOES, BLACK FLIES, AND MIDGE.</h3> + +<p>These pests will annoy you exceedingly almost everywhere in the summer. +In the daytime motion and perspiration keep them off to some extent. At +night, or when lying down, you can do no better than to cover yourself +so that they cannot reach your body, and have a mosquito-bar of some +sort over your head. The simplest thing is a square yard of +mosquito-netting thrown over the head, and tucked in well. You will need +to have your hat first thrown over the head, and your shirt-collar +turned up, to prevent the mosquitoes reaching through the mesh to your +face and neck.</p> + +<p>A better way than this is to make a box-shaped mosquito-bar, large +enough to stretch across the head of the bed, and cover the heads and +shoul<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>ders of all that sleep in the tent. It should be six or eight feet +long, twenty to twenty-six inches wide, and one yard or more high. It +will be more durable, but not quite so well ventilated, if the top is +made of light cloth instead of netting. The seams should be bound with +stout tape, and the sides and ends "gathered" considerably in sewing +them to the top. Even then the side that falls over the shoulders of the +sleepers may not be loose enough to fill the hollows between them; the +netting will then have to be tucked under the blanket, or have something +thrown over its lower edge.</p> + +<p>Sew loops or strings on the four upper corners, and corresponding loops +or strings on the tent, so that you can tie up the bar.</p> + +<p>Bobbinet lace is better than the common netting for all of these +purposes. It comes in pieces twelve to fourteen yards long, and two +yards wide. You cannot often find it for sale; but the large shops in +the principal cities that do a great business by correspondence can send +it to you.</p> + +<p>Oil of cedar and oil of pennyroyal are recommended as serviceable in +driving off mosquitoes, and there are patented compounds whose labels +pretend great things: you will try them only once, I think.</p> + +<p>Ammoniated opodeldoc rubbed upon the bites <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span>will in a great measure stop +the itching, and hasten the cure.</p> + +<p>They say that a little gunpowder flashed in the tent will drive out +flies and mosquitoes. I saw a man try it once, but noticed that he +himself went out in a great hurry, while the flies, if they went at all, +were back again before he was.</p> + +<p>A better thing, really the best, is a smudge made by building a small +fire to the windward of your tent, and nearly smothering it with chips, +moss, bark, or rotten wood. If you make the smudge in an old pan or pot, +you can move it about as often as the wind changes.</p> + + +<h3>HOW TO SKIN FISH.</h3> + +<p>When you camp by the seaside, you will catch cunners and other fish that +need skinning. Let no one persuade you to slash the back fins out with a +single stroke, as you would whittle a stick; but take a sharp knife, cut +on both sides of the fin, and then pull out the whole of it from head to +tail, and thus save the trouble that a hundred little bones will make if +left in. After cutting the skin on the under side from head to tail, and +taking out the entrails and small fins, start the skin where the head +joins the body, and pull it off one side at a time. Some men stick an +awl through a cunner's head, or catch it fast in a stout iron hook, to +hold it while skinning.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span></p> + +<p>Cunners and lobsters are sometimes caught off bold rocks in a net. You +can make one easily out of a hogshead-hoop, and twine stretched across +so as to make a three-inch mesh.<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a> Tie a lot of bait securely in the +middle, sink it for a few minutes, and draw up rapidly. The rush of +water through the net prevents the fish from escaping.</p> + + +<h3>EXPENSES.</h3> + +<p>The expenses of camping or walking vary greatly, of course, according to +the route, manner of going, and other things. The principal items are +railroad-tickets, horse and wagon hire, trucking, land-rent (if you camp +where rent is charged), and the cost of the outfit. You ought to be able +to reckon very nearly what you will have to pay on account of these +before you spend a cent. After this will come the calculation whether to +travel at all by rail, supposing you wish to go a hundred miles to reach +the seaside where you propose to camp, or the mountains you want to +climb. If you have a horse and wagon, or are going horseback, it will +doubtless be cheaper to march than to ride and pay freight. If time is +plenty and money is <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span>scarce, you may perhaps be able to walk the +distance cheaper than to go by rail; but, if you lodge at hotels, you +will find it considerably more expensive. The question then is apt to +turn on whether the hundred miles is worth seeing, and whether it is so +thickly settled as to prevent your camping.</p> + +<p>To walk a hundred miles, carrying your kit all the way, will take from +one to two weeks, according to your age, strength, and the weather. We +have already stated that there is little <i>pleasure</i> in walking more than +sixty miles a week. But if you wish to go as fast as you can, and have +taken pains to practise walking before starting, and can buy your food +in small quantities daily, and can otherwise reduce your baggage, you +can make the hundred miles in a week without difficulty, and more if it +is necessary, unless there is much bad weather.</p> + +<p>The expense for food will also vary according to one's will; but it need +not be heavy if you can content yourself with simple fare. You can +hardly live at a cheaper rate than the following:—</p> + + +<h3>ONE WEEK'S SUPPLY FOR TWO MEN.</h3> + +<p>Ten pounds of pilot-bread; eight pounds of salt pork; one pound of +coffee (roasted and ground); one to two pounds of sugar (granu<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span>lated); +thirty pounds of potatoes (half a bushel).<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a> A little beef and butter, +and a few ginger-snaps, will be good investments.</p> + +<p>Supposing you and I were to start from home in the morning after +breakfast; when noon comes, we eat the lunch we have taken with us, and +press on. As the end of the day's march approaches, we look out to buy +two quarts of potatoes at a farmhouse or store; and we boil or fry, or +boil and mash in milk, enough of these for our supper. The breakfast +next morning is much the same. We cook potatoes in every way we know, +and eat the whole of our stock remaining, thus saving so much weight to +carry. We also soak some pilot-bread, and fry that for a dessert, eating +a little sugar on it if we can spare it. When dinner-time approaches, we +keep a lookout for a chance to buy ten or twelve cents' worth of bread +or biscuits. These are more palatable than the pilot-bread or crackers +in our haversack. If we have a potato left from breakfast, we cook and +eat it now. We cut off a slice of the corned beef, and take a nibble at +the ginger-snaps. If we think we can afford three or four cents more, we +buy a pint of milk, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span>and make a little dip-toast. And so we go; +sometimes we catch a fish, or pass an orchard whose owner gives us all +the windfalls we want. We pick berries too; and keep a sharp lookout +that we supply ourselves in season when our pilot-bread, sugar, pork, +and butter run low. Some days we overtake farmers driving ox-carts or +wagons; we throw our kits aboard, and walk slowly along, willing to lose +a little time to save our aching shoulders. And in due time, if no +accident befalls, nor rainy weather detains us, we arrive at our +seashore or mountain.</p> + +<p>You may like to know that this is almost an exact history, at least as +far as eating is concerned, of a twelve days' tramp I once went on in +company with two other boys. There was about five dollars in the party, +and nearly two dollars of this was spent in paying toll on a boat that +we took through a canal a part of the way. We carried coffee, sugar, +pork, and beef from home, and ate potatoes three times a day. We had a +delightful time, and came home fattened up somewhat; but I will admit +that I did not call for potatoes when I got back to my father's table, +for some days.</p> + +<p>In general, however, it will be noticed that those who camp out for the +season, or go on walking-tours, do so at a moderate expense <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>because +they start with the determination to make it cheap. For this purpose +they content themselves with old clothes, which they fit over or repair, +take cooking-utensils from their own kitchen, and, excepting in the +matter of canned foods, do not live very differently from what they do +at home.</p> + +<p>Nearly all the parties of boys that I have questioned spend all the +money they have, be it little or much. Generally those I have met +walking or camping seem to be impressed with the magnitude of their +operations, and to be carrying constantly with them the determination to +spend their funds sparingly enough to reach home without begging. It is +not bad practice for a young man.</p> + +<p>Here I wish to say a word to parents—having been a boy myself, and +being now a father. Let your boys go when summer comes; put them to +their wits; do not let them be extravagant, nor have money to pay other +men for working for them. It is far better for them to move about than +to remain in one place all the time. The last, especially if the camp is +near some place of public resort, tends to encourage idleness and +dissipation.</p> + +<p>When you return home again from a tour of camping, and go back to a +sedentary life, remember that you do not need to eat all that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span>your +appetite calls for. You may make yourself sick if you go on eating such +meals as you have been digesting in camp. You are apt also upon your +return to feel as you did on the first and second days of your tour; +this is especially liable to be the case if you have overworked +yourself, or have not had enough sleep.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p> + + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER XI.</h2> + +<h3>DIARY.</h3> + + +<p>By all means keep a diary: the act of writing will help you to remember +these good times, and the diary will prove the pleasantest of reading in +after-years. It is not an easy thing to write in camp or on the march, +but if it costs you an effort you will prize it all the more. I beg you +to persevere, and, if you fail, to "try, try again." I cannot overcome +the desire to tell you the results of my experience in diary-writing; +for I have tried it long, and under many different circumstances. They +are as follows:—</p> + +<p>First, Any thing written at the time is far better than no record at +all; so, if you can only write a pocket diary with lead pencil, do that.</p> + +<p>Second, All such small diaries, scraps, letters, and every thing written +illegibly or with lead pencil, are difficult to preserve or to read, and +are very unhandy for reference.</p> + +<p>Third, It is great folly to persuade yourself that after taking notes +for a week or two, or <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span>writing a hurried sketch, you can extend or copy +and illuminate at your leisure.</p> + +<p>Consequently, write what you can, and let it stand with all its blots, +errors, and nonsense. And be careful, when you are five years older, not +to go through the diary with eraser and scissors; for, if you live still +another five years, nothing will interest you more than this diary with +all its defects.</p> + +<p>I find after having written many diaries of many forms, that I have now +to regret I did not at first choose some particular size, say +"letter-size," and so have had all my diaries uniform. I will never +again use "onion-skin," which is too thin, nor any odd-shaped, figured, +cheap, or colored paper. I do not like those large printed diaries which +give you just a page or half-page a day, nor a paper whose ruling shows +conspicuously.</p> + +<p>I like best when at home to write in a blank book; and when I go off on +a summer vacation I leave that diary safely at home, and take a +portfolio with some sheets of blank paper upon which to write the diary, +and mail them as fast as written. These answer for letters to the +friends at home, and save writing any more to them. They also, when +bound, form a diary exclusively of travels. When I return I write an +epitome in the home-diary, and thus prevent a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span>break of dates in that +book. The paper for the diary of travels is strong, but rather thin and +white. I buy enough of it at once to make a volume, and thus have the +diary sheets uniform.</p> + +<p>I am quite sure that you will do well to write a diary of your summer +vacation, upon the plan just named, whether you keep one at home or not. +Try to do it well, but do not undertake too much. Write facts such as +what you saw, heard, did, and failed to do; but do not try to write +poetry or fine writing of any kind. Mention what kind of weather; but do +not attempt a meteorological record unless you have a special liking for +that science. If you camp in Jacob Sawyer's pasture, and he gives you a +quart of milk, say so, instead of "a good old man showed us a favor;" +for in after-years the memory of it will be sweeter than the milk was, +and it will puzzle you to recall the "good old man's" name and what the +favor was. If you have time, try to draw: never mind if it is a poor +picture. I have some of the strangest-looking portraits and most +surprising perspectives in my diaries written when fifteen to twenty +years old; but I would not exchange them now for one of the "old +masters." Do not neglect the narrative, however, for sake of drawing.</p> + +<p>I have noticed that when my paper is down in the bottom of a valise, and +the pen in a wallet, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span>and the penholder in a coat-pocket, and portfolio +somewhere else, it is not so easy to "find time to write" as when I have +penholder, pen, and paper in the portfolio, and the portfolio and ink in +my haversack. Under these favorable conditions it is easy to snatch a +few moments from any halt; and a diary written on the spur of the moment +is a diary that will be worth reading in after-life. If it is +impossible, however, as it so often is, to write oftener than once a +day, you will do well to make a note of events as fast as they happen, +so that you shall not forget them, nor have to stop to recall them when +your time is precious.</p> + +<p>I have heard of diaries with side-notes on each page, and even an index +at the end of the book; but not many men, and but few boys, can do all +this; and my advice to the average boy is, not to undertake it, nor any +thing else that will use the time, patience, and perseverance, needed to +write the narrative.</p> + +<p>You will find it convenient for reference if you make a paragraph of +every subject. Date every day distinctly, with a much bolder handwriting +than the body of the diary; and write the date on the right margin of +the right page, and left margin of the left page, with the year at the +top of the page only. Skip a line or two instead of ruling between the +days. Thus:—<br /><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><div class="sidenote"><b>1876.</b><br /> + +<b>JANUARY 1,<br />SATURDAY.</b></div> + +<p><i>Pleasant and mild.</i></p> + +<p><i>Vacation ends to-day.</i></p> + +<p><i>Jo. Harding is full of going on a walk to the +White Mountains next summer, and he wants me to go +too.</i></p> + +<p><i>Made New-Year calls on Susie Smith, Mary Lyman, +Ellen Jenkins, Christie Jameson, and Martha +Buzzell.</i><br /><br /></p> + + +<div class="sidenote"><b>JANUARY 2,<br />SUNDAY.</b></div> +<p><i>Warm again and misty.</i></p> + +<p><i>Went to church. Mr. Simpson's pup followed him +in; and it took Simpson, Jenks the sexton, and two +small boys, to put him out.</i></p> + +<p><i>Accompanied Susie Smith to the Baptist's this +evening, and went home by way of Centre Street to +avoid the crowd. Crowds are not so bad sometimes.</i><br /><br /></p> + + +<div class="sidenote"><b>JANUARY 3,<br />MONDAY.</b></div> +<p><i>Still mild and pleasant, but cooler.</i></p> + +<p><i>Went to school, and failed in algebra. This X +business is too much for me.</i></p> + +<p><i>Abel's shoe-factory, next to our schoolhouse, +caught fire this afternoon while we were at +recess, and Mr. Nason dismissed the school. We all +hurrahed for Nason, and went to the fire. Steamer +No. 1 put it out in less than ten minutes after +she got there.</i></p> + +<p><i>Home all the evening, studying.</i> </p><br /><br /></div> + +<p>If you are like me, you will be glad by and by if you note in your diary +of the summer vacation a few dry statistics, such as distances walked, +names of people you meet, steamers you take passage on, and, in general, +every thing that interested you at the time, even to the songs you sing; +for usually some few songs run in your <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span>head all through the tour, and +it is pleasant to recall them in after-years.</p> + +<p>Do not write so near the margins of the paper that the binder will cut +off the writing when he comes to trim them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER XII.</h2> + +<h3>"HOW TO DO IT."</h3> + + +<p>The following advice by Rev. Edward Everett Hale is so good that I have +appropriated it. You will find more good advice in the same book.<a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a></p> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>"First, never walk before breakfast. If you like +you may make two breakfasts, and take a mile or +two between; but be sure to eat something before +you are on the road.</p> + +<p>"Second, do not walk much in the middle of the +day. It is dusty and hot then; and the landscape +has lost its special glory. By ten o'clock you +ought to have found some camping-ground for the +day,—a nice brook running through a grove; a +place to draw, or paint, or tell stories, or read +them or write them; a place to make waterfalls and +dams, to sail chips, or build boats; a place to +make a fire and a cup of tea for the oldsters. +Stay here till four in the afternoon, and then +push on in the two or three <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span>hours which are left +to the sleeping-place agreed upon. Four or five +hours on the road is all you want in each day. +Even resolute idlers, as it is to be hoped you all +are on such occasions, can get eight miles a day +out of that; and that is enough for a true +walking-party. Remember all along that you are not +running a race with the railway-train. If you +were, you would be beaten certainly; and the less +you think you are, the better. You are travelling +in a method of which the merit is that it is not +fast, and that you see every separate detail of +the glory of the world. What a fool you are, then, +if you tire yourself to death, merely that you may +say that you did in ten hours what the locomotive +would gladly have finished in one, if by that +effort you have lost exactly the enjoyment of +nature and society that you started for!" </p></div> + + +<p>The advice to rest in the heat of the day is good for very hot weather; +young people, however, are too impatient to follow it unless there is an +apparent necessity. The feeling at twelve o'clock that you have yet to +walk as far as you have come is not so pleasant as that of knowing you +have all the afternoon for rest. For this reason nearly every one will +finish the walk as soon as possible; still Mr. Hale's plan is a good +one—the best for very hot weather.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>STILL ANOTHER WAY TO TRAVEL.</h3> + +<p>Mr. Hale also tells an amusing story of his desire when young to sail +down the Connecticut River; but he was dissuaded from doing so when the +chance finally came, by people who thought the road was the only place +to travel in. And now he is sorry he did not sail.</p> + +<p>The reading of his story brings to mind a similar experience that I had +when young, and it is now one of the keen regrets of my manhood, that I +likewise was laughed out of a boyish plan that would have given me +untold pleasure and profit had it been carried out. I loved to walk, and +I wanted to see the towns within a circuit of twenty or thirty miles of +home; but I could not afford to pay hotel-bills, and I was not strong +enough to carry a camping-outfit. But I had an old cart, strong and +large enough to hold all I should need. I could load it with the same +food that I should eat if I staid at home; could wear my old clothes, +take my oilcloth overcoat, an axe, frying-pan, pail, and a borrowed tent +and poles; and I would learn the county by heart before vacation was +over, and not cost my father a cent more than if I staid at home. Oh, +why didn't I go! Simply because I was laughed out of it. I was told that +people did not travel in that way; I should be arrested; the boys would +hoot at and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span>stone me; the men would set their dogs on me; I should be +driven out of my camping-place; thieves would steal my seventy-five cent +cart; dogs would eat up my stock of food; and the first man who overtook +me would tell the people that a crazy boy from Portland was coming along +the road dragging a baby-wagon, whereupon every woman would leave her +kitchen, and every man his field, to see and laugh at me. But, above +all, the thing would be known in our neighborhood, and the boys and +girls would join in their abuse of the county explorer.</p> + +<p>That was the end of it; the being made sport of by <i>my own friends</i>, and +hearing the <i>small boys in our street</i> sing out "How's your cart?" and +to be known all through life perhaps as "<i>one-horse John</i>"—the +punishment would be too severe.</p> + +<p>But, my young friends, I made a great mistake; and I want to caution you +<i>not</i> to surrender to any such nonsense as I did. If you wish to go to +sea in a skiff, it is well to give in to a fisherman's advice to stay at +home, for he can assure you that winds and waves will be the death of +you; but if you have a good hand-wagon, and are willing to stand a few +taunts, by all means go on your walk, and pull your wagon after you. You +will learn a lesson in independence that will be of value to you, if you +learn nothing else.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>CHAPTER XIII.</h2> + +<h3>HYGIENIC NOTES.</h3> + +<div class="blockquot"><p><small>[This chapter is taken in full from a work on +ornithology, written by Dr. Coues of the +Smithsonian Institution. It is the advice of an +accomplished naturalist and sportsman to his +fellow-naturalists, but is equally adapted to the +young camper. Hardly any one can write more +understandingly on the subjects here presented +than the doctor, who has had long experience with +the army, both in the field and garrison, and is +an enthusiastic student of natural history +besides. The remarks upon alcoholic stimulants are +especially recommended to the reader, coming as +they do from an army officer, and not a temperance +reformer.</small></p> + +<p><small>Those who wish to become familiar with the details +of bird-collecting will find a treasure in the +doctor's book, "Field Ornithology, comprising a +Manual of Instruction for procuring, preparing, +and preserving Birds; and a check list of North +American Birds. By Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S.A. +Salem: Naturalists' Agency."]</small></p></div> + + +<h3>ACCIDENTS.</h3> + +<p>The secret of safe <i>climbing</i> is never to relax one hold until another +is secured; it is in spirit equally applicable to scrambling over rocks, +a particularly difficult thing to do safely with a loaded gun. Test +rotten, slippery, or otherwise suspicious holds, before trusting them. +In lift<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span>ing the body up anywhere, keep the mouth shut, breathe through +the nostrils, and go slowly.</p> + +<p>In <i>swimming</i> waste no strength unnecessarily in trying to stem a +current; yield partly, and land obliquely lower down; if exhausted, +float: the slightest motion of the hands will ordinarily keep the face +above water; in any event keep your wits collected. In fording deeply, a +heavy stone [in the hands, above water] will strengthen your position.</p> + +<p>Never sail a boat experimentally: if you are no sailor, take one with +you, or stay on land.</p> + +<p>In crossing a high narrow foot-path, never look lower than your feet; +the muscles will work true if not confused with faltering instructions +from a giddy brain. On soft ground see what, if any thing, has preceded +you; large hoof-marks generally mean that the way is safe: if none are +found, inquire for yourself before going on. Quicksand is the most +treacherous because far more dangerous than it looks; but I have seen a +mule's ears finally disappear in genuine mud.</p> + +<p>Cattle-paths, however erratic, commonly prove the surest way out of a +difficult place, whether of uncertain footing or dense undergrowth.</p> + + +<h3>"TAKING COLD."</h3> + +<p>This vague "household word" indicates one or more of a long varied train +of unpleasant affec<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span>tions nearly always traceable to one or the other of +only two causes,—<i>sudden change</i> of temperature, and <i>unequal +distribution</i> of temperature. No extremes of heat or cold can alone +affect this result: persons frozen to death do not "take cold" during +the process. But if a part of the body be rapidly cooled, as by +evaporation from a wet article of clothing, or by sitting in a draught +of air, the rest of the body remaining at an ordinary temperature; or if +the temperature of the whole be suddenly changed by going out into the +cold, or especially by coming into a warm room,—there is much liability +of trouble.</p> + +<p>There is an old saying,—</p> + + +<div class='center'> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary="Old saying"> +<tr><td align='left'>"When the air comes through a hole,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: .5em;">Say your prayers to save your soul."</span></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<p>And I should think almost any one could get a "cold " with a spoonful of +water on the wrist held to a key-hole. Singular as it may seem, sudden +warming when cold is more dangerous than the reverse: every one has +noticed how soon the handkerchief is required on entering a heated room +on a cold day. Frost-bite is an extreme illustration of this. As the +Irishman said on picking himself up, it was not the fall, but stopping +so quickly, that hurt him: it is not the lowering of the temperature to +freezing point, but its subsequent elevation, that devi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span>talizes the +tissue. This is why rubbing with snow, or bathing in cold water, is +required to restore safely a frozen part: the arrested circulation must +be very gradually re-established, or inflammation, perhaps +mortification, ensues.</p> + +<p>General precautions against taking cold are almost self-evident in this +light. There is ordinarily little if any danger to be apprehended from +wet clothes, so long as exercise is kept up; for the "glow" about +compensates for the extra cooling by evaporation. Nor is a complete +drenching more likely to be injurious than wetting of one part. But +never sit still wet, and in changing rub the body dry. There is a +general tendency, springing from fatigue, indolence, or indifference, to +neglect damp feet,—that is to say, to dry them by the fire; but this +process is tedious and uncertain. I would say especially, "Off with +muddy boots and sodden socks at once:" dry stockings and slippers after +a hunt may make just the difference of your being able to go out again, +or never. Take care never to check perspiration: during this process the +body is in a somewhat critical condition, and the sudden arrest of the +function may result disastrously, even fatally. One part of the business +of perspiration is to equalize bodily temperature, and it must not be +interfered with. The secret of much that is said about <i>bathing</i> when +heated <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span>lies here. A person overheated, panting it may be, with +throbbing temples and a <i>dry</i> skin, is in danger partly because the +natural cooling by evaporation from the skin is denied; and this +condition is sometimes not far from a "sunstroke." Under these +circumstances, a person of fairly good constitution may plunge into the +water with impunity, even with benefit. But, if the body be already +cooling by sweating, rapid abstraction of heat from the surface may +cause internal congestion, never unattended with danger.</p> + +<p>Drinking ice-water offers a somewhat parallel case; even on stopping to +drink at the brook, when flushed with heat, it is well to bathe the face +and hands first, and to taste the water before a full draught. It is a +well-known excellent rule, not to bathe immediately after a full meal; +because during digestion the organs concerned are <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'comparativey'">comparatively</ins> engorged +and any sudden disturbance of the circulation may be disastrous.</p> + +<p>The imperative necessity of resisting drowsiness under extreme cold +requires no comment.</p> + +<p>In walking under a hot sun, the head may be sensibly protected by green +leaves or grass in the hat; they may be advantageously moistened, but +not enough to drip about the ears. Under such circumstances the +slightest giddiness, dimness of sight, or confusion of ideas, should <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span>be +taken as a warning of possible sunstroke, instantly demanding rest, and +shelter if practicable.</p> + + +<h3>HUNGER AND FATIGUE</h3> + +<p>are more closely related than they might seem to be: one is a sign that +the fuel is out, and the other asks for it. Extreme fatigue, indeed, +destroys appetite: this simply means temporary incapacity for digestion. +But, even far short of this, food is more easily digested and better +relished after a little preparation of the furnace. On coming home tired +it is much better to make a leisurely and reasonably nice toilet, than +to eat at once, or to lie still thinking how tired you are; after a +change and a wash you feel like a "new man," and go to the table in +capital state. Whatever dietetic irregularities a high state of +civilization may demand or render practicable, a normally healthy person +is inconvenienced almost as soon as his regular mealtime passes without +food; and few can work comfortably or profitably fasting over six or +eight hours. Eat before starting; if for a day's tramp, take a lunch; +the most frugal meal will appease if it do not satisfy hunger, and so +postpone its urgency. As a small scrap of practical wisdom, I would add, +Keep the remnants of the lunch if there be any; for you cannot always be +sure of getting in to supper.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> + + +<h3>STIMULATION.</h3> + +<p>When cold, fatigued, depressed in mind, and on other occasions, you may +feel inclined to resort to artificial stimulus. Respecting this +many-sided theme I have a few words to offer—of direct bearing on the +collector's case. It should be clearly understood, in the first place, +that a stimulant confers no strength whatever: it simply calls the +powers that be into increased action, at their own expense. Seeking real +strength in stimulus is as wise as an attempt to lift yourself up by +your boot-straps. You may gather yourself to leap the ditch, and you +clear it; but no such muscular energy can be sustained: exhaustion +speedily renders further expenditure impossible. But now suppose a very +powerful mental impression be made, say the circumstance of a succession +of ditches in front, and a mad dog behind: if the stimulus of terror be +sufficiently strong, you may leap on till you drop senseless. Alcoholic +stimulus is a parallel case, and is not seldom pushed to the same +extreme. Under its influence you never can tell when you <i>are</i> tired; +the expenditure goes on, indeed, with unnatural rapidity, only it is not +felt at the time; but the upshot is, you have all the original fatigue +to endure and to recover from, <i>plus</i> the fatigue resulting from +over-exci<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span>tation of the system. Taken as a fortification against cold, +alcohol is as unsatisfactory as a remedy for fatigue. Insensibility to +cold does not imply protection. The fact is, the exposure is greater +than before; the circulation and respiration being hurried, the waste is +greater; and, as sound fuel cannot be immediately supplied, the +temperature of the body is soon lowered. The transient warmth and glow +over the system has both cold <i>and</i> depression to endure. There is no +use in borrowing from yourself, and fancying you are richer.</p> + +<p>Secondly, the value of any stimulus (except in a few exigencies of +disease or injury) is in proportion, not to the intensity, but to the +equableness and durability, of its effect. This is one reason why tea, +coffee, and articles of corresponding qualities, are preferable to +alcoholic drinks: they work so smoothly that their effect is often +unnoticed, and they "stay by" well. The friction of alcohol is +tremendous in comparison. A glass of grog may help a veteran over the +fence; but no one, young or old, can shoot all day on whiskey.</p> + +<p>I have had so much experience in the use of tobacco as a mild stimulant, +that I am probably no impartial judge of its merits. I will simply say, +I do not use it in the field, because it indisposes to muscular +activity, and favors reflection <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span>when observation is required; and +because temporary abstinence provokes the morbid appetite, and renders +the weed more grateful afterwards.</p> + +<p>Thirdly, undue excitation of any physical function is followed by a +corresponding depression, on the simple principle that action and +reaction are equal; and the balance of health turns too easily to be +wilfully disturbed. Stimulation is a draft upon vital capital, when +interest alone should suffice: it may be needed at times to bridge a +chasm; but habitual living beyond vital income infallibly entails +bankruptcy in health. The use of alcohol in health seems practically +restricted to purposes of sensuous gratification on the part of those +prepared to pay a round price for this luxury. The three golden rules +here are,—Never drink before breakfast; never drink alone; and never +drink bad liquor. Their observance may make even the abuse of alcohol +tolerable. Serious objections, for a naturalist at least, are that +science, viewed through a glass, seems distant and uncertain, while the +joys of rum are immediate and unquestionable; and that intemperance, +being an attempt to defy certain physical laws, is therefore eminently +unscientific.</p> + +<hr style='width: 45%;' /> + +<p>Besides the above good advice by Dr. Coues, the following may prove +useful to the camper:—<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> + +<p>Diarrhœa may result from overwork and gluttony combined, and from +eating indigestible or uncooked food, and from imperfect protection of +the stomach. "Remove the cause, and the effect will cease." A flannel +bandage six to twelve inches wide, worn around the stomach, is good as a +preventive and cure.</p> + +<p>The same causes may produce cholera morbus; symptoms, violent vomiting +and purging, faintness, and spasms in the arms and limbs. Unless +accompanied with cramp (which is not usual), nature will work its own +cure. Give warm drinks if you have them. Do not get frightened, but keep +the patient warm, and well protected from a draught of air.</p> + +<p>The liability to costiveness, and the remedies therefor, are noted on +<a href='#Page_55'>p. 55</a> of this book.</p> + +<p>A very rare occurrence, but a constant dread with some people, is an +insect crawling into the ear. If you have oil, spirits of turpentine, or +alcoholic liquor at hand, fill the ear at once. If you have not these, +use coffee, tea, warm water (not too hot), or almost any liquid which is +not hurtful to the skin.</p> + + +<h3>MARSHALL HALL'S READY METHOD IN SUFFOCATION, DROWNING, ETC.</h3> + +<p>1st, Treat the patient <i>instantly on the spot</i>, in the <i>open air</i>, +freely exposing the face, neck, and chest to the breeze, except in +severe weather.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span></p> + +<p>2d, In order <i>to clear the throat</i>, place the patient gently on the +face, with one wrist under the forehead, that all fluid, and the tongue +itself, may fall forward, and leave the entrance into the windpipe free.</p> + +<p>3d, <i>To excite respiration</i>, turn the patient slightly on his side, and +apply some irritating or stimulating agent to the nostrils, as +<i>veratrine</i>, <i>dilute ammonia</i>, &c.</p> + +<p>4th, Make the face warm by brisk friction; then dash cold water upon it.</p> + +<p>5th, If not successful, lose no time; but, <i>to imitate respiration</i>, +place the patient on his face, and turn the body gently but completely +<i>on the side and a little beyond</i>, then again on the face, and so on +alternately. Repeat these movements deliberately and perseveringly, +<i>fifteen times only</i> in a minute. (When the patient lies on the thorax, +this cavity is <i>compressed</i> by the weight of the body, and <i>ex</i>piration +takes place. When he is turned on the side, this pressure is removed, +and <i>in</i>spiration occurs.)</p> + +<p>6th, When the prone position is resumed, make a uniform and efficient +pressure <i>along the spine</i>, removing the pressure immediately, before +rotation on the side. (The pressure augments the <i>ex</i>piration, the +rotation commences <i>in</i>spiration.) Continue these measures.</p> + +<p>7th, Rub the limbs <i>upward</i>, with <i>firm pressure</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> and with <i>energy</i>. +(The object being to aid the return of venous blood to the heart.)</p> + +<p>8th, Substitute for the patient's wet clothing, if possible, such other +covering as can be instantly procured, each bystander supplying a coat +or cloak, &c. Meantime, and from time to time, <i>to excite inspiration</i>, +let the surface of the body be <i>slapped</i> briskly with the hand.</p> + +<p>9th, Rub the body briskly till it is dry and warm, then dash <i>cold</i> +water upon it, and repeat the rubbing.</p> + +<p>Avoid the immediate removal of the patient, as it involves a <i>dangerous +loss of time</i>; also the use of bellows or any <i>forcing</i> instrument; also +the <i>warm bath</i> and <i>all rough treatment</i>.</p> + + +<h3>POISONS.</h3> + +<p>In all cases of poisoning, the first step is to evacuate the stomach. +This should be effected by an emetic which is <i>quickly</i> obtained, and +most powerful and speedy in its operation. Such are, powdered mustard (a +large tablespoonful in a tumblerful of warm water), powdered alum (in +half-ounce doses), sulphate of zinc (ten to thirty grains), tartar +emetic (one to two grains) combined with powdered ipecacuanha (twenty +grains), and sulphate of copper (two to five grains). When vomiting has +already taken place, copious draughts of warm water or warm mucilaginous +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span>drinks should be given, to keep up the effect till the poisoning +substance has been thoroughly evacuated.</p> + + +<h3>PARTING ADVICE.</h3> + +<p>Be independent, but not impudent. See all you can, and make the most of +your time; "time is money;" and, when you grow older, you may find it +even more difficult to command time than money.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/p129.png" width="300" height="195" alt="Tent" title="Tent" /> +</div> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>INDEX.</h2> + + +<div> +Accidents, boy run over, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how to avoid, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Advice to parents, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Afoot, ways to travel, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>-<a href='#Page_24'>24</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Alcoholic stimulants, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Ammoniated <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'opoldeldoc'">opodeldoc</ins> for bites, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Appetite, none first days, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on return home, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +A-tents, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>-<a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">too small for ladies, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Babies in camp, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baggage:—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barrel, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Blanket, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>-<a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Candles and lamps, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clothing, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>-<a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooking utensils, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>-<a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cover for wagon, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Food, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>-<a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haversack, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Knapsack, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ladies' outfits, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mattress, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Overcoat, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Overloading, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Packing a wagon, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poles, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pork, how carried, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shirts, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stove, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>-<a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tents, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>-<a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tub, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wagon, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>-<a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Baked beans, beef, and fish, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Baker, Yankee, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Barrel, on march for baggage, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">sunk for cellar, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cut in two for tubs, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Bathing, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beans and pork, how baked, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beckets for tents, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Beds, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>-<a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Black flies, protection from, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Blanket, woollen, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">instead of knapsack, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">lining, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rubber, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Board floor for tent, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boat, don't sail experimentally, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boating, general advice, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bobbinet lace mosquito-bar, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Boots and brogans, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Brush or bush houses, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bug in ear, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Bumpers for wagon-springs, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Butter, how to keep, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Camp, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>-<a href='#Page_71'>71</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beds, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>-<a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brush-houses, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Candles and sluts, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Care of food, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>-<a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cellar, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Children, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clothes-line, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cold weather, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooking, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Etiquette, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Expenses, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fire, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>-<a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Flies and mosquitoes, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hammock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hitching-post, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Independence, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ladies, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>-<a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lamp and lantern, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mattress, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mosquito-bar, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Outfit, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>-<a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>-<a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shelters, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>-<a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sleeping, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stoves, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>-<a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tents, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>-<a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.</span><br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> +<br /> +Camp-stoves, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>-<a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Candles and candlesticks, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Captain for large party, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>-<a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Care of food, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>-<a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cart, pulling a, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Catching fish in nets, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cattle-paths the safest, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cellar, sunk barrel, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chafing the skin, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>-<a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cheap living, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Children in camp, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Chimneys, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cholera morbus, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cloth for tent, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how to preserve, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Clothes-line in tent, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">on camp-ground, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Clothing, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>-<a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made early, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for mountain climbing, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at night, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Climbing mountains, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with safety, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Coffee better than alcohol, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pot, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>, <a href='#Page_45'>45</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Cold weather, what to do in, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"taking cold," <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Collars to shirts, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Compass points not known, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cooking, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>-<a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">utensils, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>-<a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">stoves, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>-<a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Costiveness, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cover for wagon, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Cunners, how skinned, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how caught in net, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Daily tour of duty, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>-<a href='#Page_29'>29</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Diary, how to keep, <a href='#Page_107'>107</a>-<a href='#Page_112'>112</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Diarrhœa, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dishes, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to be brought on table, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Dish-cloths, <a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Drawers, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Drawing sketches advised, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Drinking water, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">coffee and tea, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">oatmeal, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">liquors, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Driving a wagon, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">a stake into ground, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Drowning, to revive from, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>-<a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Dutch oven, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Eat sparingly on return home, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">before walking, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Etiquette of camp, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Exercise not good after meals, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Expenses, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of trips to White Mts., <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">of a supposed trip, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>-<a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Farmers, how to treat, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fatigue, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fiddles of a tent, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"Fighting cut" to hair, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fire, danger from, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>-<a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">kind of to cook upon, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for cold weather, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +First day's march, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Fish, how preserved, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how to skin, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><ins title="Transcriber's Note: This word omitted in original text">how</ins> to catch in nets, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fishermen's treatment of cloth, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Flies and mosquitoes, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">short hair no protection, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mosquito-bars, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Fly for tent, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Floor for tent, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Food, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">care of, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>-<a href='#Page_49'>49</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expense of, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Foot-soreness, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>-<a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(<i>see</i> shoes), <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Frying, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>-<a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Frying-pan, tin plate, or canteen, <a href='#Page_44'>44</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">bring it on the table, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Getting ready, 9-<a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Glycerine for sunburn, &c., <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Guy-lines of tent, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Hair, how cut, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hammock, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hand-barrow, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Harness, <a href='#Page_30'>30</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hatchet, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Haversack, how made, <a href='#Page_18'>18</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hip-pantaloons, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hitching-post, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Horse and wagon for baggage, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>-<a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Horseback tour, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hotels to be avoided, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +"How to do it," <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>-<a href='#Page_116'>116</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hunger, none first day, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and fatigue, <a href='#Page_122'>122</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Hunter's camp, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Hygienic notes, <a href='#Page_117'>117</a>-<a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Independence in camp, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in modes of travel, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Insect in ear, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Knapsack, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">the roll a substitute, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>-<a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Ladies need a stove, <a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">climbing mountains, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">as pedestrians, <a href='#Page_93'>93</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">outfits for, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">and children in camp, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Lamp and lantern, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Leggings for foot-travellers, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lime-water on tent-cloth, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Liquors not needed, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lobsters caught in net, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lost, whereabouts, and direction, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Lumbermen's way to carry pork, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> +<br /> +Lumbermen's way to cook beans, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Map, study before travel, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Management of party, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>-<a href='#Page_29'>29</a>, <a href='#Page_33'>33</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Marching, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>-<a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in army, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">first day's troubles, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">second day's fatigue, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how fast, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hundred miles a week, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"How to do it," <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mark name on baggage, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mattress, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Medicines, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mildew, how to prevent, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mosaic law, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mosquitoes and flies, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Mountain climbing, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_57'>57</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for ladies, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Mutton tallow for chafing, &c., <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Nails in shoes, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Net, mosquito, <a href='#Page_98'>98</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to catch fish, <a href='#Page_101'>101</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Note-book, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>, <a href='#Page_110'>110</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Oatmeal in water, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Offal to be buried, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Oil of cedar and pennyroyal, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for sunburn, chafing, &c., <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for harness and boots, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Opodeldoc for mosquito-bites, <a href='#Page_99'>99</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Outfit, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>-<a href='#Page_13'>13</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>-<a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Overcoat not needed, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">needed on mountains, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Overloading, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Packing a wagon, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_32'>32</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">away tents, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Pantaloons, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">in stockings, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Parents, advice to, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Perspiration, nature of, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pillow carried by officer, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Poisons, treatment for, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Poles for tent, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how made, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Politeness, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Pork and beans baked, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how carried, <a href='#Page_48'>48</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Postal cards as stencil-plates, <a href='#Page_10'>10</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Potatoes for food, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">candlesticks, <a href='#Page_61'>61</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Preparations, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Privies, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Public resorts to be avoided, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>, <a href='#Page_105'>105</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Racing with locomotives, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rations, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>-<a href='#Page_104'>104</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Recipes for cooking, <a href='#Page_46'>46</a>-<a href='#Page_47'>47</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Reckoning lost, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rests frequent advised, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">should not be long, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at halts, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_56'>56</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to prevent sunstroke, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Roll better than knapsack, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rotten trees dangerous, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Route should be known, <a href='#Page_9'>9</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_92'>92</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Rubber blanket, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for tents, <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boots for dew, <a href='#Page_95'>95</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Sail-boat, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Salve for sunburn, chafing, &c., <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Screens of bushes, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Second day's march fatiguing, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shaving the head not advised, <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shelters, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>-<a href='#Page_71'>71</a>, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Shelter-tent, <a href='#Page_17'>17</a>, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>-<a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how to pitch, <a href='#Page_70'>70</a>, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>-<a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how made, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>-<a href='#Page_74'>74</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">not good for ladies, <a href='#Page_94'>94</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">illustration of, <a href='#Page_129'>129</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Shirts instead of overcoat, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how made, <a href='#Page_35'>35</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">undershirts, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Shoes, <a href='#Page_36'>36</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">slippers, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sickness:—<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Liability to, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_106'>106</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Remedies, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Insect in ear, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cholera morbus, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drowning, to restore from, <a href='#Page_126'>126</a>-<a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poisons, treatment for, <a href='#Page_128'>128</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Sinks, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sketching advised, <a href='#Page_109'>109</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Skinning fish, <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sleep on a hay-mow, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">difficult first night, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for your comrades, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">(<i>see</i> beds), <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">general advice about, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Slippers, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sluts for light, <a href='#Page_62'>62</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Smudge for mosquitoes, &c., <a href='#Page_100'>100</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Soap for foot-soreness, &c., <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">tents, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Socks, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sod-cloth of tents, <a href='#Page_78'>78</a>, <a href='#Page_81'>81</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Soldier's weight of outfit, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">German, <a href='#Page_16'>16</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rule for drinking, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">trousers in socks, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">preventive for chafing, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">mattress, <a href='#Page_63'>63</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shelter-tents, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">rations, <a href='#Page_103'>103</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Spade, uses of, <a href='#Page_47'>47</a>, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Speed proper to walk, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Spirits not needed, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stake, how driven, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Starvation, do not risk, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stays to tent, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stencil-plate of postal card, <a href='#Page_10'>11</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Stimulation, nature and effects, <a href='#Page_123'>123</a>.<br /><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +<br /> +Stockings, best kind on march, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">pantaloons tucked into, <a href='#Page_54'>54</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">take off when wet, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Stoves, &c., <a href='#Page_11'>11</a>, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>-<a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">portable, <a href='#Page_39'>39</a>-<a href='#Page_41'>41</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">inside tent when cold, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">top, <a href='#Page_42'>42</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Summer-houses, screens, &c., <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sunburn, <a href='#Page_53'>53</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Sunstroke, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Suspenders, <a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Supplies for camping enumerated, <a href='#Page_13'>13</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Swimming, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Table manners in camp, <a href='#Page_96'>96</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Taking cold, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tanning tent-cloth, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tea better than alcohol, <a href='#Page_55'>55</a>, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tents, <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>-<a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">best kind to use, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_88'>88</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made in wagon, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how to make "shelter," <a href='#Page_72'>72</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how to make "A," <a href='#Page_75'>75</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how to make "wall," <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how to pitch "wall," <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cloth for, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">cloth, how preserved, <a href='#Page_83'>83</a>, <a href='#Page_89'>89</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">fly, <a href='#Page_82'>82</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tent-poles, whether to carry, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how made, <a href='#Page_73'>73</a>, <a href='#Page_79'>79</a>, <a href='#Page_86'>86</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">hand-barrow, <a href='#Page_60'>60</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Tent-pins, <a href='#Page_20'>20</a>, <a href='#Page_87'>87</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Thirst, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>, <a href='#Page_52'>52</a>, <a href='#Page_121'>121</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tobacco, when to use, <a href='#Page_124'>124</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tools, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Training before journey, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Travelling acquaintances, <a href='#Page_97'>97</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Travelling afoot, <a href='#Page_12'>12</a>, <a href='#Page_14'>14</a>-<a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">horseback, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">boating, <a href='#Page_90'>90</a>, <a href='#Page_118'>118</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">expenses, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_26'>26</a>, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how fast, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">with hand-cart, <a href='#Page_115'>115</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Trench for offal, <a href='#Page_65'>65</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">around tent, <a href='#Page_84'>84</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">for fireplace, <a href='#Page_67'>67</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Trousers, <a href='#Page_37'>37</a>-<a href='#Page_38'>38</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Tub in boat, <a href='#Page_91'>91</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Ventilation, <a href='#Page_64'>64</a>.<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Wagon, general advice, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>, <a href='#Page_31'>31</a>-<a href='#Page_33'>33</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">made into tent, <a href='#Page_25'>25</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">man to walk behind, <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Walking, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>-<a href='#Page_59'>59</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how fast, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>, <a href='#Page_50'>50</a>, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">at noon, <a href='#Page_114'>114</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">parties in White Mts., <a href='#Page_34'>34</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">one hundred miles, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">eat before, <a href='#Page_113'>113</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Wall-tent, how made, &c., <a href='#Page_80'>80</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">to pitch quickly, <a href='#Page_85'>85</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Warm, how to keep, <a href='#Page_66'>66</a>-<a href='#Page_70'>70</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Water for drinking, <a href='#Page_51'>51</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">how to carry in pails, <a href='#Page_68'>68</a>.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">none on mountains, <a href='#Page_58'>58</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Weekly supply for two men, <a href='#Page_102'>102</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Weight of outfit, <a href='#Page_15'>15</a>, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>-<a href='#Page_23'>23</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Wet and taking cold, <a href='#Page_120'>120</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">clothes, weight, <a href='#Page_22'>22</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +Whims of soldiers, <a href='#Page_21'>21</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Woodman's camp, <a href='#Page_69'>69</a>.<br /> +<br /> +Woollen blanket, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>, <a href='#Page_23'>23</a>.<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">shirt, <a href='#Page_19'>19</a>.</span><br /> +<br /> +<br /> +Yankee baker, <a href='#Page_43'>43</a>.<br /> +</div> + + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> + +<div class="footnotes"><h3>FOOTNOTES:</h3> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> If your haversack-flap has a strap which buckles down upon +the front, you can run the strap through the cup-handle before buckling; +or you can buy a rein-hitch at the saddlery-hardware shop, and fasten it +wherever most convenient to carry the cup.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> A German officer tells me that his comrades in the +Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1 had no rubber blankets; nor had they any +shelter-tents such as our Union soldiers used in 1861-5 as a make-shift +when their rubbers were lost. But this is nothing to you: German +discipline compelled the soldiers to carry a big cloak which sheds water +quite well, and is useful to a soldier for other purposes: but the +weight and bulk condemn it for pleasure-seekers.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> In general it is better to put the shelter-tent in the +roll, and to keep out the rubber blanket, for you may need the last +before you camp. You can roll the rubber blanket tightly around the +other roll (the cloth side out, as the rubber side is too slippery), and +thus be able to take it off readily without disturbing the other things. +You can also roll the rubber blanket separately, and link it to the +large roll after the manner of two links of a chain.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> I knew an officer in the army, who carried a rubber +air-pillow through thick and thin, esteeming it, after his life and his +rations, the greatest necessity of his existence. Another officer, when +transportation was cut down, held to his camp-chair. Almost every one +has his whim.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> I never heard of a party exclusively of young men going on +a tour of this kind, and consequently I cannot write their experiences; +but I can easily imagine their troubles, quarrels, and separation into +cliques. I once went as captain of a party of ten, composed of ladies, +gentlemen, and schoolboys. We walked around the White Mountains from +North Conway to Jefferson and back, by way of Jackson. It cost each of +us a dollar and thirty-two cents a day for sixteen days, including +railroad fares to and from Portland, but excluding the cost of clothes, +tents, and cooking-utensils. Another time a similar party of twelve +walked from Centre Harbor, N.H., to Bethel, Me., in seventeen days, at a +daily cost of a dollar and two cents, reckoning as before. In both +cases, "my right there was none to dispute;" and by borrowing a horse +the first time, and selling at a loss of only five dollars the second, +our expenses for the horse were small.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> In one of my tours around the mountains, a lad of sixteen, +in attempting to hold up the horse's head as they were running down +hill, was hit by the horse's fore-leg, knocked down, and run over by +both wheels.</p></div> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Some of the questions which properly belong under this +heading are discussed elsewhere, and can be found by referring to the +index.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> This advice also differs from that generally given to +soldiers; the army rule is as follows: "Drink well in the morning before +starting, and nothing till the halt; keep the mouth shut; chew a straw +or leaf, or keep the mouth covered with a cloth: all these prevent +suffering from extreme thirst. Tying a handkerchief well wetted with +salt water around the neck, allays thirst for a considerable +time."—<span class="smcap">Craghill's</span> <i>Pocket Companion</i>: Van Nostrand, N.Y.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Barrel-staves will not do for a double bed.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> It will roll up easier if the quilting runs from side to +side only.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> This applies, as will be seen, only to tents having two +uprights, as the wall, "A," and shelter.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> You cannot find this sort of duck in the market now, but +"heavy drilling" 29-1/2 inches wide is nearly as strong, and will make a +good tent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Tents made of heavy drilling were also furnished to the +troops, the dimensions of which varied a trifle from those here given: +they had the disadvantage of two seams instead of one.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> If the party is of four, or even five, a shelter-tent made +of three breadths of heavy drilling will accommodate all. <i>Sew</i> one +end-piece to each half-tent, since sewing is better than buttoning, and +the last is not necessary when your party will always camp together. +Along the loose border of the end-piece work the button-holes, and sew +the corresponding buttons upon the main tent an inch or more from the +edge of the border. Sew on facings at the corners and seams as in the +army shelter, and also on the middle of the bottom of the end-pieces; +and put loops of small rope or a foot or two of stout cord through all +of these facings, for the tent-pins. You will then have a tent with the +least amount of labor and material in it. The top edges, like those of +the army shelter, are to have buttons and button-holes; the tent can +then be taken apart into two pieces, each of which will weigh about two +pounds and a quarter. Nearly all of the work can be done on a +sewing-machine; run two rows of stitching at each seam as near the +selvage as you can.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Called also wedge-tent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> To find the distance of the corners, multiply the width of +the cloth (29-1/2 inches) by 3 (three breadths), and subtract 2-1/4 +inches (or three overlappings of 3/4 inch each, as will be explained).</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> What is known by shoemakers as "webbing" is good for this +purpose, or you can double together and sew strips of sheeting or +drilling. Cod-lines and small ropes are objectionable, as they are not +easily untied when in hard knots.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> The poles for army A-tents are seven feet six inches.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> This name is given to the piece of wood that tightens the +guy-line. The United States army tent has a fiddle 5-1/4 inches long, +1-3/4 wide, and 1 inch thick; the holes are 3-1/2 inches apart from +centre to centre. If you make a fiddle shorter, or of thinner stock, it +does not hold its <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'gripe'">grip</ins> so well. One hole should be just large enough to +admit the rope, and the other a size larger so that the rope may slide +through easily.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Seven-ounce duck is made, but it is not much heavier than +drilling, and since it is little used it is not easily found for sale. +United States army wall-tents are made from a superior quality of +ten-ounce duck, but they are much stouter than is necessary for summer +camping. There are also "sail-ducks," known as "No. 8," "No. 9," &c., +which are very much too heavy for tents.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> The length of tent-poles, as has been previously stated, +depends upon the size of the tent.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> What are known as "bolt-ends" can be bought at the +hardware stores for this purpose.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> A flannel dress, the skirt coming to the top of the boots, +and having a blouse waist, will be found most comfortable.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> It is no novelty for women and children to camp out: we +see them every summer at the seaside and on the blueberry-plains. A +great many families besides live in rude cabins, which are preferable on +many accounts, but are expensive. Sickness sometimes results, but +usually all are much benefited. I know a family that numbered with its +guests nine ladies, five children ("one at the breast"), and the +<i>paterfamilias</i>, which camped several weeks through some of the best and +some of the worst of weather. The whooping-cough broke out the second or +third day; shortly after, the tent of the mother and children blew down +in the night, and turned them all out into the pelting rain in their +night-clothes. Excepting the misery of that night and day, nothing +serious came of it; and in the fall all returned home better every way +for having spent their summer in camp.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> The mesh of a net is measured by pulling it diagonally as +far as possible, and finding the distance from knot to knot; +consequently a three-inch mesh will open so as to make a square of about +an inch and a half.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> The field allowance in the United States army is nearly +1-1/8 pounds of coffee and 2-1/8 pounds of sugar (damp brown) for two +men seven days; the bread and pork ration is also larger than that above +given; but the allowance of potatoes is almost nothing.</p></div> + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> How to Do It. Published by Roberts Brothers, Boston.</p></div> +</div> + + + + +<hr style='width: 65%;' /> +<div class='tnote'><h3>Transcriber's Notes:</h3> + +<p>Punctuation normalized.</p> + +<p>Hyphenation changed to conform to majority of text.</p> + +<p>Capitalization corrected.</p> + +<p>The remaining corrections made are indicated by dotted lines under the corrections. +Scroll the mouse over the word and the original text will <ins title="Transcriber's Note: original reads 'apprear'">appear</ins>.</p> +</div> + + +<p> </p> +<hr class="full" /> +<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO CAMP OUT***</p> +<p>******* This file should be named 17575-h.txt or 17575-h.zip *******</p> +<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> +<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/5/7/17575">http://www.gutenberg.org/1/7/5/7/17575</a></p> +<p>Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed.</p> + +<p>Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Gould + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + + + + +Title: How to Camp Out + + +Author: John M. Gould + + + +Release Date: January 22, 2006 [eBook #17575] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO CAMP OUT*** + + +E-text prepared by Suzanne Lybarger, Brian Janes, Emmy, and the Project +Gutenberg Online Distributed Proofreading Team (https://www.pgdp.net/) + + + +Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this + file which includes the original illustrations. + See 17575-h.htm or 17575-h.zip: + (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/5/7/17575/17575-h/17575-h.htm) + or + (https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/5/7/17575/17575-h.zip) + + + + + +Hints for Camping and Walking. + +HOW TO CAMP OUT. + +by + +JOHN M. GOULD, + +Author of History of First-Tenth-Twenty-Ninth Maine Regiment. + +First published in 1877 + + + + + + + +CONTENTS. + + +CHAPTER. + + I. GETTING READY 9 + + II. SMALL PARTIES TRAVELLING AFOOT AND CAMPING 14 + + III. LARGE PARTIES AFOOT WITH BAGGAGE-WAGON 25 + + IV. CLOTHING 35 + + V. STOVES AND COOKING-UTENSILS 39 + + VI. COOKING 44 + + VII. MARCHING 50 + +VIII. THE CAMP 60 + + IX. TENTS, TENT POLES AND PINS 72 + + X. MISCELLANEOUS.--GENERAL ADVICE 90 + + XI. DIARY 107 + + XII. "HOW TO DO IT," BY REV. EDWARD EVERETT HALE, &C. 113 + +XIII. HYGIENIC NOTES, BY DR. ELLIOTT COUES, U.S.A. 117 + + + + +PREFACE. + + +In these few pages I have tried to prepare something about camping and +walking, such as I should have enjoyed reading when I was a boy; and, +with this thought in my mind, I some years ago began to collect the +subject-matter for a book of this kind, by jotting down all questions +about camping, &c., that my young friends asked me. I have also taken +pains, when I have been off on a walk, or have been camping, to notice +the parties of campers and trampers that I have chanced to meet, and +have made a note of their failures or success. The experiences of the +pleasant days when, in my teens, I climbed the mountains of Oxford +County, or sailed through Casco Bay, have added largely to the stock of +notes; and finally the diaries of "the war," and the recollections of +"the field," have contributed generously; so that, with quotations, and +some help from other sources, a sizable volume is ready. + +Although it is prepared for young men,--for students more especially,--it +contains much, I trust, that will prove valuable to campers-out in general. + +I am under obligations to Dr. Elliott Coues, of the United States Army, +for the valuable advice contained in Chapter XIII.; and I esteem it a +piece of good fortune that his excellent work ("Field Ornithology") +should have been published before this effort of mine, for I hardly know +where else I could have found the information with authority so +unquestionable. + +Prof. Edward S. Morse has increased the debt of gratitude I already owe +him, by taking his precious time to draw my illustrations, and prepare +them for the engraver. + +Mr. J. Edward Fickett of Portland, a sailmaker, and formerly of the +navy, has assisted in the chapter upon tents; and there are numbers of +my young friends who will recognize the results of their experience, as +they read these pages, and will please to receive my thanks for making +them known to me. + +PORTLAND, ME., January, 1877. + + + + +HOW TO CAMP OUT. + + + + +CHAPTER I. + +GETTING READY. + + +The hope of camping out that comes over one in early spring, the laying +of plans and arranging of details, is, I sometimes think, even more +enjoyable than reality itself. As there is pleasure in this, let me +advise you to give a practical turn to your anticipations. + +Think over and decide whether you will walk, go horseback, sail, camp +out in one place, or what you will do; then learn what you can of the +route you propose to go over, or the ground where you intend to camp for +the season. If you think of moving through or camping in places unknown +to you, it is important to learn whether you can buy provisions and get +lodgings along your route. See some one, if you can, who has been where +you think of going, and put down in a note-book all he tells you that +is important. + +Have your clothes made or mended as soon as you decide what you will +need: the earlier you begin, the less you will be hurried at the last. + +You will find it is a good plan, as fast as you think of a thing that +you want to take, to note it on your memorandum; and, in order to avoid +delay or haste, to cast your eyes over the list occasionally to see that +the work of preparation is going on properly. It is a good plan to +collect all of your baggage into one place as fast as it is ready; for +if it is scattered you are apt to lose sight of some of it, and start +without it. + +As fast as you get your things ready, mark your name on them: mark every +thing. You can easily cut a stencil-plate out of an old postal card, and +mark with a common shoe-blacking brush such articles as tents, poles, +boxes, firkins, barrels, coverings, and bags. + +Some railroads will not check barrels, bags, or bundles, nor take them +on passenger trains. Inquire beforehand, and send your baggage ahead if +the road will not take it on your train. + +Estimate the expenses of your trip, and take more money than your +estimate. Carry also an abundance of small change. + +Do not be in a hurry to spend money on new inventions. Every year +there is put upon the market some patent knapsack, folding stove, +cooking-utensil, or camp trunk and cot combined; and there are always +for sale patent knives, forks, and spoons all in one, drinking-cups, +folding portfolios, and marvels of tools. Let them all alone: carry your +pocket-knife, and if you can take more let it be a sheath or butcher +knife and a common case-knife. + +Take iron or cheap metal spoons. + +Do not attempt to carry crockery or glassware upon a march. + +A common tin cup is as good as any thing you can take to drink from; and +you will find it best to carry it so that it can be used easily.[1] + +Take nothing nice into camp, expecting to keep it so: it is almost +impossible to keep things out of the dirt, dew, rain, dust, or sweat, +and from being broken or bruised. + +Many young men, before starting on their summer vacation, think that the +barber must give their hair a "fighting-cut;" but it is not best to +shave the head so closely, as it is then too much exposed to the sun, +flies, and mosquitoes. A moderately short cut to the hair, however, is +advisable for comfort and cleanliness. + +If you are going to travel where you have never been before, begin early +to study your map. It is of great importance, you will find, to learn +all you can of the neighborhood where you are going, and to fix it in +your mind. + +So many things must be done at the last moment, that it is best to do +what you can beforehand; but try to do nothing that may have to be +undone. + +Wear what you please if it be comfortable and durable: do not mind what +people say. When you are camping you have a right to be independent. + +If you are going on a walking-party, one of the best things you can do +is to "train" a week or more before starting, by taking long walks in +the open air. + +Finally, leave your business in such shape that it will not call you +back; and do not carry off keys, &c., which others must have; nor +neglect to see the dentist about the tooth that usually aches when you +most want it to keep quiet. + +For convenience the following list is inserted here. It is condensed +from a number of notes made for trips of all sorts, except boating and +horseback-riding. It is by no means exhaustive, yet there are very many +more things named than you can possibly use to advantage upon any one +tour. Be careful not to be led astray by it into overloading yourself, +or filling your camp with useless luggage. Be sure to remember this. + + Ammon'd opodeldoc. + Axe (in cover). + Axle-grease. + Bacon. + Barometer (pocket). + Bean-pot. + Beans (in bag). + Beef (dried). + Beeswax. + Bible. + Blacking and brush. + Blankets. + Boxes. + Bread for lunch. + Brogans (oiled). + Broom. + Butter-dish and cover. + Canned goods. + Chalk. + Cheese. + Clothes-brush. + Cod-line. + Coffee and pot. + Comb. + Compass. + Condensed milk. + Cups. + Currycomb. + Dates. + Dippers. + Dishes. + Dish-towels. + Drawers. + Dried fruits. + Dutch oven. + Envelopes. + Figs. + Firkin (see p. 48). + Fishing-tackle. + Flour (prepared). + Frying-pan. + Guide-book. + Half-barrel. + Halter. + Hammer. + Hard-bread. + Harness (examine!). + Hatchet. + Haversack. + Ink (portable bottle). + Knives (sheath, table, pocket and butcher.) + Lemons. + Liniment. + Lunch for day or two. + Maps. + Matches and safe. + Marline. + Meal (in bag). + Meal-bag (see p. 32). + Medicines. + Milk-can. + Molasses. + Money ("change"). + Monkey-wrench. + Mosquito-bar. + Mustard and pot. + Nails. + Neat's-foot oil. + Night-shirt. + Oatmeal. + Oil-can. + Opera-glass. + Overcoat. + Padlock and key. + Pails. + Paper. + " collars. + Pens. + Pepper. + Pickles. + Pins. + Portfolio. + Postage stamps. + Postal cards. + Rope. + Rubber blanket. + " coat. + " boots. + Sail-needle. + Salt. + " fish. + " pork. + Salve. + Saw. + Shingles (for plates). + Shirts. + Shoes and strings. + Slippers. + Soap. + Song-book. + Spade. + Spoons. + Stove (utensils in bags). + Sugar. + Tea. + Tents. + " poles. + " pins. + Tooth-brush. + Towels. + Twine. + Vinegar. + Watch and key. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[1] If your haversack-flap has a strap which buckles down upon the +front, you can run the strap through the cup-handle before buckling; or +you can buy a rein-hitch at the saddlery-hardware shop, and fasten it +wherever most convenient to carry the cup. + + + + +CHAPTER II. + +SMALL PARTIES TRAVELLING AFOOT AND CAMPING. + + +We will consider separately the many ways in which a party can spend a +summer vacation; and first we will start into wild and uninhabited +regions, afoot, carrying on our backs blankets, a tent, frying-pan, +food, and even a shot-gun and fishing-tackle. This is _very_ hard work +for a young man to follow daily for any length of time; and, although it +sounds romantic, yet let no party of young people think they can find +pleasure in it many days; for if they meet with a reverse, have much +rainy weather, or lose their way, some one will almost surely be taken +sick, and all sport will end. + +If you have a mountain to climb, or a short trip of only a day or two, +I would not discourage you from going in this way; but for any extended +tour it is too severe a strain upon the physical powers of one not +accustomed to similar hard work. + + +AFOOT.--CAMPING OUT. + +A second and more rational way, especially for small parties, is that of +travelling afoot in the roads of a settled country, carrying a blanket, +tent, food, and cooking-utensils; cooking your meals, and doing all the +work yourselves. If you do not care to travel fast, to go far, or to +spend much money, this is a fine way. But let me caution you first of +all about overloading, for this is the most natural thing to do. It is +the tendency of human nature to accumulate, and you will continually +pick up things on your route that you will wish to take along; and it +will require your best judgment to start with the least amount of +luggage, and to keep from adding to it. + +You have probably read that a soldier carries a musket, cartridges, +blanket, overcoat, rations, and other things, weighing forty or fifty +pounds. You will therefore say to yourself, "I can carry twenty." Take +twenty pounds, then, and carry it around for an hour, and see how you +like it. Very few young men who read this book will find it possible to +_enjoy_ themselves, and carry more than twenty pounds a greater distance +than ten miles a day, for a week. To carry even the twenty pounds ten +miles a day is hard work to many, although every summer there are +parties who do their fifteen, twenty, and more miles daily, with big +knapsacks on their backs; but it is neither wise, pleasant, nor +healthful, to the average young man, to do this. + +Let us cut down our burden to the minimum, and see how much it will be. +First of all, you must take a rubber blanket or a light rubber +coat,--something that will surely shed water, and keep out the dampness +of the earth when slept on. You must have something of this sort, +whether afoot, horseback, with a wagon, or in permanent camp.[2] + +For carrying your baggage you will perhaps prefer a knapsack, though +many old soldiers are not partial to that article. There are also for +sale broad straps and other devices as substitutes for the knapsack. +Whatever you take, be sure it has broad straps to go over your +shoulders: otherwise you will be constantly annoyed from their cutting +and chafing you. + +You can dispense with the knapsack altogether in the same way that +soldiers do,--by rolling up in your blanket whatever you have to carry. +You will need to take some pains in this, and perhaps call a comrade to +assist you. Lay out the blanket flat, and roll it as tightly as possible +without folding it, enclosing the other baggage[3] as you roll; then tie +it in a number of places to prevent unrolling, and the shifting about of +things inside; and finally tie or strap together the two ends, and throw +the ring thus made over the shoulder, and wear it as you do the strap of +the haversack,--diagonally across the body. + +[Illustration] + +The advantages of the roll over the knapsack are important. You save the +two and a half pounds weight; the roll is very much easier to the +shoulder, and is easier shifted from one shoulder to the other, or taken +off; and you can ease the burden a little with your hands. It feels +bulky at first, but you soon become used to it. On the whole, you will +probably prefer the roll to the knapsack; but if you carry much weight +you will very soon condemn whatever way you carry it, and wish for a +change. + +A haversack is almost indispensable in all pedestrian tours. Even if you +have your baggage in a wagon, it is best to wear one, or some sort of a +small bag furnished with shoulder straps, so that you can carry a lunch, +writing materials, guide-book, and such other small articles as you +constantly need. You can buy a haversack at the stores where sportsmen's +outfits are sold; or you can make one of enamel-cloth or rubber +drilling, say eleven inches deep by nine wide, with a strap of the same +material neatly doubled and sewed together, forty to forty-five inches +long, and one and three-quarters inches wide. Cut the back piece about +nineteen inches long, so as to allow for a flap eight inches long to +fold over the top and down the front. Sew the strap on the upper corners +of the back piece, having first sewed a facing inside, to prevent its +tearing out the back. + + +WOOLLEN BLANKET. + +Next in the order of necessities is a woollen blanket,--a good stout +one, rather than the light or flimsy one that you may think of taking. +In almost all of the Northern States the summer nights are apt to be +chilly; while in the mountainous regions, and at the seaside, they are +often fairly cold. A lining of cotton drilling will perhaps make a thin +blanket serviceable. This lining does not need to be quite as long nor +as wide as the blanket, since the ends and edges of the blanket are used +to tuck under the sleeper. One side of the lining should be sewed to the +blanket, and the other side and the ends buttoned; or you may leave off +the end buttons. You can thus dry it, when wet, better than if it were +sewed all around. You can lay what spare clothing you have, and your +day-clothes, between the lining and blanket, when the night is very +cold. + +In almost any event, you will want to carry a spare shirt; and in cold +weather you can put this on, when you will find that a pound of shirt is +as warm as two pounds of overcoat. + +If you take all I advise, you will not absolutely need an overcoat, and +can thus save carrying a number of pounds. + +The tent question we will discuss elsewhere; but you can hardly do with +less than a piece of shelter-tent. If you have a larger kind, the man +who carries it must have some one to assist him in carrying his own +stuff, so that the burden may be equalized. + +If you take tent-poles, they will vex you sorely, and tempt you to throw +them away: if you do not carry them, you will wonder when night comes +why you did not take them. If your tent is not large, so that you can +use light ash poles, I would at least start with them, unless the tent +is a "shelter," as poles for this can be easily cut. + +You will have to carry a hatchet; and the kind known as the axe-pattern +hatchet is better than the shingling-hatchet for driving tent-pins. I +may as well caution you here not to try to drive tent-pins with the flat +side of the axe or hatchet, for it generally ends in breaking the +handle,--quite an accident when away from home. + +For cooking-utensils on a trip like that we are now proposing, you will +do well to content yourself with a frying-pan, coffee-pot, and perhaps a +tin pail; you can do wonders at cooking with these. + +We will consider the matter of cooking and food elsewhere; but the main +thing now is to know beforehand where you are going, and to learn if +there are houses and shops on the route. Of course you must have food; +but, if you have to carry three or four days' rations in your haversack, +I fear that many of my young friends will fail to see the pleasure of +their trip. Yet carry them if you must: do not risk starvation, +whatever you do. Also remember to always have something in your +haversack, no matter how easy it is to buy what you want. + +I have now enumerated the principal articles of weight that a party must +take on a walking-tour when they camp out, and cook as they go. If the +trip is made early or late in the season, you must take more clothing. +If you are gunning, your gun, &c., add still more weight. Every one will +carry towel, soap, comb, and toothbrush. + +Then there is a match-safe (which should be air-tight, or the matches +will soon spoil), a box of salve, the knives, fork, spoon, dipper, +portfolio, paper, Testament, &c. Every man also has something in +particular that "he wouldn't be without for any thing."[4] + +There should also be in every party a clothes brush, mosquito-netting, +strings, compass, song-book, guide-book, and maps, which should be +company property. + +I have supposed every one to be dressed about as usual, and have made +allowance only for extra weight; viz.,-- + + Rubber blanket 2-1/2 pounds. + Stout woollen blanket and lining 4-1/2 " + Knapsack, haversack, and canteen 4 " + Drawers, spare shirt, socks, and collars 2 " + Half a shelter-tent, and ropes 2 " + Toilet articles, stationery, and small wares 2 " + Food for one day 3 " + ---- + Total 20 pounds. + +You may be able to reduce the weight here given by taking a lighter +blanket, and no knapsack or canteen; but most likely the food that you +actually put in your haversack will weigh more than three pounds. You +must also carry your share of the following things:-- + + Frying-pan, coffee-pot, and pail 3 pounds. + Hatchet, sheath-knife, case, and belt 3 " + Company property named on last page 3 " + +Then if you carry a heavier kind of tent than the "shelter," or carry +tent-poles, you must add still more. Allow also nearly three pounds a +day per man for food, if you carry more than enough for one day; and +remember, that when tents, blankets, and clothes get wet, it adds about +a quarter to their weight. + +You see, therefore, that you have the prospect of hard work. I do not +wish to discourage you from going in this way: on the contrary, there is +a great deal of pleasure to be had by doing so. But the majority of men +under twenty years of age will find no pleasure in carrying so much +weight more than ten miles a day; and if a party of them succeed in +doing so, and in attending to all of the necessary work, without being +worse for it, they will be fortunate. + +In conclusion, then, if you walk, and carry all your stuff, camping, and +doing all your work, and cooking as you go, you should travel but few +miles a day, or, better still, should have many days when you do not +move your camp at all. + + +OTHER WAYS OF GOING AFOOT. + +It is not necessary to say much about the other ways of going afoot. If +you can safely dispense with cooking and carrying food, much will be +gained for travel and observation. The expenses, however, will be +largely increased. If you can also dispense with camping, you ought then +to be able to walk fifteen or twenty miles daily, and do a good deal of +sight-seeing besides. You should be in practice, however, to do this. + +You must know beforehand about your route, and whether the country is +settled where you are going. + +Keep in mind, when you are making plans, that it is easier for one or +two to get accommodation at the farmhouses than for a larger party. + +I heard once of two fellows, who, to avoid buying and carrying a tent, +slept on hay-mows, usually without permission. It looks to me as if +those young men were candidates for the penitentiary. If you cannot +travel honorably, and without begging, I should advise you to stay at +home. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[2] A German officer tells me that his comrades in the Franco-Prussian +war of 1870-1 had no rubber blankets; nor had they any shelter-tents +such as our Union soldiers used in 1861-5 as a make-shift when their +rubbers were lost. But this is nothing to you: German discipline +compelled the soldiers to carry a big cloak which sheds water quite +well, and is useful to a soldier for other purposes: but the weight and +bulk condemn it for pleasure-seekers. + +[3] In general it is better to put the shelter-tent in the roll, and to +keep out the rubber blanket, for you may need the last before you camp. +You can roll the rubber blanket tightly around the other roll (the cloth +side out, as the rubber side is too slippery), and thus be able to take +it off readily without disturbing the other things. You can also roll +the rubber blanket separately, and link it to the large roll after the +manner of two links of a chain. + +[4] I knew an officer in the army, who carried a rubber air-pillow +through thick and thin, esteeming it, after his life and his rations, +the greatest necessity of his existence. Another officer, when +transportation was cut down, held to his camp-chair. Almost every one +has his whim. + + + + +CHAPTER III. + +LARGE PARTY TRAVELLING AFOOT WITH BAGGAGE-WAGON. + + +With a horse and wagon to haul your baggage you can of course carry +more. First of all take another blanket or two, a light overcoat, more +spare clothing, an axe, and try to have a larger tent than the +"shelter." + +If the body of the wagon has high sides, it will not be a very difficult +task to make a cloth cover that will shed water, and you will then have +what is almost as good as a tent: you can also put things under the +wagon. You must have a cover of some sort for your wagon-load while on +the march, to prevent injury from showers that overtake you, and to keep +out dust and mud. A tent-fly will answer for this purpose. + +You want also to carry a few carriage-bolts, some nails, tacks, straps, +a hand-saw, and axle-wrench or monkey-wrench. I have always found use +for a sail-needle and twine; and I carry them now, even when I go for a +few days, and carry all on my person. + +The first drawback that appears, when you begin to plan for a horse and +wagon, is the expense. You can overcome this in part by adding members +to your company; but then you meet what is perhaps a still more serious +difficulty,--the management of a large party. + +Another inconvenience of large numbers is that each member must limit +his baggage. You are apt to accumulate too great bulk for the wagon, +rather than too great weight for the horse. + +Where there are many there must be a captain,--some one that the others +are responsible to, and who commands their respect. It is necessary that +those who join such a party should understand that they ought to yield +to him, whether they like it or not. + +The captain should always consult the wishes of the others, and should +never let selfish considerations influence him. Every day his decisions +as to what the party shall do will tend to make some one dissatisfied; +and although it is the duty of the dissatisfied ones to yield, yet, +since submission to another's will is so hard, the captain must try to +prevent any "feeling," and above all to avoid even the appearance of +tyranny. + +System and order become quite essential as our numbers increase, and it +is well to have the members take daily turns at the several duties; and +during that day the captain must hold each man to a strict performance +of his special trust, and allow no shirking. + +After a few days some of the party will show a willingness to accept +particular burdens all of the time; and, if these burdens are the more +disagreeable ones, the captain will do well to make the detail +permanent. + +Nothing tends to make ill feeling more than having to do another's work; +and, where there are many in a party, each one is apt to leave something +for others to do. The captain must be on the watch for these things, and +try to prevent them. It is well for him, and for all, to know that he +who has been a "good fellow" and genial companion at home may prove +quite otherwise during a tour of camping. Besides this, it is hardly +possible for a dozen young men to be gone a fortnight on a trip of this +kind without some quarrelling; and, as this mars the sport so much, all +should be careful not to give or take offence. If you are starting out +on your first tour, keep this fact constantly in mind. + +Perhaps I can illustrate this division of labor. + +We will suppose a party of twelve with one horse and an open wagon, four +tents, a stove, and other baggage. First, number the party, and assign +to each the duties for the first day. + + 1. Captain. Care of horse and wagon; loading and unloading wagon. + 2. Jack. Loading and unloading wagon. + 3. Joe. Captain's assistant and errand-boy; currying horse. + 4. Mr. Smith. Cooking and purchasing. + 5. Sam. Wood, water, fire, setting of table. + 6. Tom. " " " " " + 7. Mr. Jones. + 8. Henry. + 9. Bob. + 10. Senior. + 11. William. + 12. Jake. + +The party is thus arranged in four squads of three men each, the oldest +at the heads. One half of the party is actively engaged for to-day, +while the other half has little to do of a general nature, except that +all must take turns in leading the horse, and marching behind the wagon. +It is essential that this be done, and it is best that only the stronger +members lead the horse. + +To-morrow No. 7 takes No. 1's place, No. 8 takes No. 2's, and so on; and +the first six have their semi-holiday. + +In a few days each man will have shown a special willingness for +some duty, which by common consent and the captain's approval he is +permitted to take. The party then is re-organized as follows:-- + + 1. Captain. General oversight; provider of food and provender. + 2. Jack. Washing and the care of dishes. + 3. Joe. (Worthless.) + 4. Mr. Smith. Getting breakfast daily, and doing all of the + cooking on Sunday. + 5. Sam. (Gone home, sick of camping.) + 6. Tom. Wood, water, fire, setting and clearing table. + 7. Mr. Jones. Getting supper all alone. + 8. Henry. Jack's partner. Care of food. + 9. Bob. Currying horse, oiling axles, care of harness and wagon. + 10. Senior. Packing wagon. Marching behind. + 11. William. " " " " + 12. Jake. Running errands. + +The daily detail for leading the horse will have to be made, as before, +from the stronger members of the party; and if any special duty arises +it must still be done by volunteering, or by the captain's suggestion. + +In this arrangement there is nothing to prevent one member from aiding +another; in fact, where all are employed, a better feeling prevails, +and, the work being done more quickly, there is more time for rest and +enjoyment. + +To get a horse will perhaps tax your judgment and capability as much as +any thing in all your preparation; and on this point, where you need so +much good advice, I can only give you that of a general nature. + +The time for camping out is when horses are in greatest demand for +farming purposes; and you will find it difficult to hire of any one +except livery-stable men, whose charges are so high that you cannot +afford to deal with them. You will have to hunt a long time, and in many +places, before you will find your animal. It is not prudent to take a +valuable horse, and I advise you not to do so unless the owner or a man +_thoroughly_ acquainted with horses is in the party. You may perhaps be +able to hire horse, wagon, and driver; but a hired man is an +objectionable feature, for, besides the expense, such a man is usually +disagreeable company. + +My own experience is, that it is cheaper to buy a horse outright, and to +hire a harness and wagon; and, since I am not a judge of horse-flesh, I +get some friend who is, to go with me and advise. I find that I can +almost always buy a horse, even when I cannot hire. Twenty to fifty +dollars will bring as good an animal as I need. He may be old, broken +down, spavined, wind-broken, or lame; but if he is not sickly, or if his +lameness is not from recent injury, it is not hard for him to haul a +fair load ten or fifteen miles a day, when he is helped over the hard +places. + +So now, if you pay fifty dollars for a horse, you can expect to sell him +for about twenty or twenty-five dollars, unless you were greatly +cheated, or have abused your brute while on the trip, both of which +errors you must be careful to avoid. It is a simple matter of arithmetic +to calculate what is best for you to do; but I hope on this horse +question you may have the benefit of advice from some one who has had +experience with the ways of the world. You will need it very much. + + +WAGONS. + +If you have the choice of wagons, take one that is made for carrying +light, bulky goods, for your baggage will be of that order. One with a +large body and high sides, or a covered wagon, will answer. In districts +where the roads are mountainous, rough, and rocky, wagons hung on +thoroughbraces appear to suit the people the best; but you will have no +serious difficulty with good steel springs if you put in rubber bumpers, +and also strap the body to the axles, thus preventing the violent +shutting and opening of the springs; for you must bear in mind that the +main leaf of a steel spring is apt to break by the sudden pitching +upward of the wagon-body. + +It has been my fortune twice to have to carry large loads in small +low-sided wagons; and it proved very convenient to have two or three +half-barrels to keep food and small articles in, and to roll the bedding +in rolls three or four feet wide, which were packed in the wagon upon +their ends. The private baggage was carried in meal-bags, and the tents +in bags made expressly to hold them; we could thus load the wagon +securely with but little tying. + +For wagons with small and low bodies, it would be well to put a light +rail fourteen to eighteen inches above the sides, and hold it there by +six or eight posts resting on the floor, and confined to the sides of +the body. + +Drive carefully and slowly over bad places. It makes a great deal of +difference whether a wheel strikes a rock with the horse going at a +trot, or at a walk. + + +HARNESS. + +If your load is heavy, and the roads very hard, or the daily distance +long, you had better have a collar for the horse: otherwise a +breastplate-harness will do. In your kit of tools it is well to have a +few straps, an awl, and waxed ends, against the time that something +breaks. Oil the harness before you start, and carry about a pint of +neat's-foot oil, which you can also use upon the men's boots. At night +look out that the harness and all of your baggage are sheltered from dew +and rain, rats and mice. + + +ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THIS MODE OF TRAVEL. + +This way of travelling is peculiarly adapted to a party of different +ages, rather than for one exclusively of young men. It is especially +suitable where there are ladies who wish to walk and camp, or for an +entire family, or for a school with its teachers. The necessity of a +head to a party will hardly be recognized by young men; and, even if it +is, they are still unwilling, as a general rule, to submit to +unaccustomed restraint. + +The way out of this difficulty is for one man to invite his comrades to +join his party, and to make all the others understand, from first to +last, that they are indebted to him for the privilege of going. It is +then somewhat natural for the invited guests to look to their leader, +and to be content with his decisions. + +The best of men get into foolish dissensions when off on a jaunt, unless +there is one, whose voice has authority in it, to direct the movements. + +I knew a party of twenty or more that travelled in this way, and were +directed by a trio composed of two gentlemen and one lady. This +arrangement proved satisfactory to all concerned.[5] + +It has been assumed in all cases that some one will lead the horse,--not +ride in the loaded wagon,--and that two others will go behind and not +far off, to help the horse over the very difficult places, as well as to +have an eye on the load, that none of it is lost off, or scrapes against +the wheels. Whoever leads must be careful not to fall under the horse or +wagon, nor to fall under the horse's feet, should he stumble. These are +daily and hourly risks: hence no small boy should take this duty.[6] + +FOOTNOTES: + +[5] I never heard of a party exclusively of young men going on a tour of +this kind, and consequently I cannot write their experiences; but I can +easily imagine their troubles, quarrels, and separation into cliques. I +once went as captain of a party of ten, composed of ladies, gentlemen, +and schoolboys. We walked around the White Mountains from North Conway +to Jefferson and back, by way of Jackson. It cost each of us a dollar +and thirty-two cents a day for sixteen days, including railroad fares to +and from Portland, but excluding the cost of clothes, tents, and +cooking-utensils. Another time a similar party of twelve walked from +Centre Harbor, N.H., to Bethel, Me., in seventeen days, at a daily cost +of a dollar and two cents, reckoning as before. In both cases, "my right +there was none to dispute;" and by borrowing a horse the first time, and +selling at a loss of only five dollars the second, our expenses for the +horse were small. + +[6] In one of my tours around the mountains, a lad of sixteen, in +attempting to hold up the horse's head as they were running down hill, +was hit by the horse's fore-leg, knocked down, and run over by both +wheels. + + + + +CHAPTER IV. + +CLOTHING. + + +If your means allow it, have a suit especially for the summer tour, and +sufficiently in fashion to indicate that you are a traveller or camper. + + +SHIRTS. + +Loose woollen shirts, of dark colors and with flowing collars, will +probably always be the proper thing. Avoid gaudiness and too much +trimming. Large pockets, one over each breast, are "handy;" but they +spoil the fit of the shirt, and are always wet from perspiration. I +advise you to have the collar-binding of silesia, and fitted the same as +on a cotton shirt, only looser; then have a number of woollen collars +(of different styles if you choose), to button on in the same manner as +a linen collar. You can thus keep your neck cool or warm, and can wash +the collars, which soil so easily, without washing the whole shirt. The +shirt should reach nearly to the knees, to prevent disorders in the +stomach and bowels. There are many who will prefer cotton-and-wool +goods to all-wool for shirts. The former do not shrink as much, nor are +they as expensive, as the latter. + + +DRAWERS. + +If you wear drawers, better turn them inside out, so that the seams may +not chafe you. They _must_ be loose. + + +SHOES. + +You need to exercise more care in the selection of shoes than of any +other article of your outfit. Tight boots put an end to all pleasure, if +worn on the march; heavy boots or shoes, with enormously thick soles, +will weary you; thin boots will not protect the feet sufficiently, and +are liable to burst or wear out; Congress boots are apt to bind the +cords of the leg, and thus make one lame; short-toed boots or shoes hurt +the toes; loose ones do the same by allowing the foot to slide into the +toe of the boot or shoe; low-cut shoes continually fill with dust, sand, +or mud. + +For summer travel, I think you can find nothing better than brogans +reaching above the ankles, and fastening by laces or buttons as you +prefer, but not so tight as to bind the cords of the foot. See that they +bind nowhere except upon the instep. The soles should be wide, and the +heels wide and low (about two and three-quarter inches wide by one inch +high); have soles and heels well filled with iron nails. Be particular +not to have steel nails, which slip so badly on the rocks. + +Common brogans, such as are sold in every country-store, are the next +best things to walk in; but it is hard to find a pair that will fit a +difficult foot, and they readily let in dust and earth. + +Whatever you wear, break them in well, and oil the tops thoroughly with +neat's-foot oil before you start; and see that there are no nails, +either in sight or partly covered, to cut your feet. + +False soles are a good thing to have if your shoes will admit them: they +help in keeping the feet dry, and in drying the shoes when they are wet. + +Woollen or merino stockings are usually preferable to cotton, though for +some feet cotton ones are by far the best. Any darning should be done +smoothly, since a bunch in the stocking is apt to bruise the skin. + + +PANTALOONS. + +Be sure to have the trousers loose, and made of rather heavier cloth +than is usually worn at home in summer. They should be cut high in the +waist to cover the stomach well, and thus prevent sickness. + +The question of wearing "hip-pants," or using suspenders, is worth some +attention. The yachting-shirt by custom is worn with hip-pantaloons, and +often with a belt around the waist; and this tightening appears to do no +mischief to the majority of people. Some, however, find it very +uncomfortable, and others are speedily attacked by pains and indigestion +in consequence of having a tight waist. If you are in the habit of +wearing suspenders, do not change now. If you do not like to wear them +over the shirt, you can wear them over a light under-shirt, and have the +suspender straps come through small holes in the dress-shirt. In that +case cut the holes low enough so that the dress-shirt will fold over the +top of the trousers, and give the appearance of hip-pantaloons. If you +undertake to wear the suspenders next to the skin, they will gall you. A +fortnight's tramping and camping will about ruin a pair of trousers: +therefore it is not well to have them made of any thing very expensive. + +Camping offers a fine opportunity to wear out old clothes, and to throw +them away when you have done with them. You can send home by mail or +express your soiled underclothes that are too good to lose or to be +washed by your unskilled hands. + + + + +CHAPTER V. + +STOVES AND COOKING-UTENSILS. + + +If you have a permanent camp, or if moving you have wagon-room enough, +you will find a stove to be most valuable property. If your party is +large it is almost a necessity. + +For a permanent camp you can generally get something second-hand at a +stove-dealer's or the junk-shop. For the march you will need a stove of +sheet iron. About the simplest, smallest, and cheapest thing is a +round-cornered box made of sheet iron, eighteen to twenty-four inches +long and nine to twelve inches high. It needs no bottom: the ground will +answer for that. The top, which is fixed, is a flat piece of sheet iron, +with a hole near one end large enough for a pot or pan, and a hole +(collar) for the funnel near the other end. It is well also to have a +small hole, with a slide to open and close it with, in the end of the +box near the bottom, so as to put in wood, and regulate the draught; but +you can dispense with the slide by raising the stove from the ground +when you want to admit fuel or air. + +[Illustration] + +I have used a more elaborate article than this. It is an old sheet-iron +stove that came home from the army, and has since been taken down the +coast and around the mountains with parties of ten to twenty. It was +almost an indispensable article with such large companies. It is a +round-cornered box, twenty-one inches long by twenty wide, and thirteen +inches high, with a slide in the front end to admit air and fuel. The +bottom is fixed to the body; the top removes, and is fitted loosely to +the body after the style of a firkin-cover, i.e., the flange, which is +deep and strong, goes _outside_ the stove. There are two holes on the +top 5-1/2 inches in diameter, and two 7-1/2 inches, besides the collar +for the funnel; and these holes have covers neatly fitted. All of the +cooking-utensils and the funnel can be packed inside the stove; and, if +you fear it may upset on the march, you can tie the handles of the stove +to those of the top piece. + +A stove like this will cost about ten dollars; but it is a treasure for +a large party or one where there are ladies, or those who object to +having their eyes filled with smoke. The coffee-pot and tea-pot for this +stove have "sunk bottoms," and hence will boil quicker by presenting +more surface to the fire. You should cover the bottom of the stove with +four inches or more of earth before making a fire in it. + +To prevent the pots and kettles from smutting every thing they touch, +each has a separate bag in which it is packed and carried. + +The funnel was in five joints, each eighteen inches long, and made upon +the "telescope" principle, which is objectionable on account of the smut +and the jams the funnel is sure to receive. In practice we have found +three lengths sufficient, but have had two elbows made; and with these +we can use the stove in an old house, shed, or tent, and secure good +draught. + +If you have ladies in your party, or those to whom the rough side of +camping-out offers few attractions, it is well to consider this stove +question. Either of these here described must be handled and transported +with care. + +A more substantial article is the Dutch oven, now almost unknown in many +of the States. It is simply a deep, bailed frying-pan with a heavy +cast-iron cover that fits on and overhangs the top. By putting the oven +on the coals, and making a fire on the cover, you can bake in it very +well. Thousands of these were used by the army during the war, and they +are still very extensively used in the South. If their weight is no +objection to your plans, I should advise you to have a Dutch oven. They +are not expensive if you can find one to buy. If you cannot find one for +sale, see if you cannot improvise one in some way by getting a heavy +cover for a deep frying-pan. It would be well to try such an +improvisation at home before starting, and learn if it will bake or +burn, before taking it with you. + +Another substitute for a stove is one much used nowadays by +camping-parties, and is suited for permanent camps. It is the top of an +old cooking-stove, with a length or two of funnel. If you build a good +tight fireplace underneath, it answers pretty well. The objection to it +is the difficulty of making and keeping the fireplace tight, and it +smokes badly when the wind is not favorable for draught. I have seen a +great many of these in use, but never knew but one that did well in all +weathers, and this had a fireplace nicely built of brick and mortar, and +a tight iron door. + +Still another article that can be used in permanent camps, or if you +have a wagon, is the old-fashioned "Yankee baker," now almost unknown. +You can easily find a tinman who has seen and can make one. There is +not, however, very often an occasion for baking in camp, or at least +most people prefer to fry, boil, or broil. + +Camp-stoves are now a regular article of trade; many of them are good, +and many are worthless. I cannot undertake to state here the merits or +demerits of any particular kind; but before putting money into any I +should try to get the advice of some practical man, and not buy any +thing with hinged joints or complicated mechanism. + + + + +CHAPTER VI. + +COOKING, AND THE CARE OF FOOD. + + +When living in the open air the appetite is so good, and the pleasure of +getting your own meals is so great, that, whatever may be cooked, it is +excellent. + +[Illustration] + +You will need a frying-pan and a coffee-pot, even if you are carrying +all your baggage upon your back. You can do a great deal of good cooking +with these two utensils, after having had experience; and it is +experience, rather than recipes and instructions, that you need. +Soldiers in the field used to unsolder their tin canteens, and make two +frying-pans of them; and I have seen a deep pressed-tin plate used by +having two loops riveted on the edges opposite each other to run a +handle through. Food fried in such plates needs careful attention and a +low fire; and, as the plates themselves are somewhat delicate, they +cannot be used roughly. + +[Illustration] + +It is far better to carry a real frying-pan, especially if there are +three or more in your party. If you have transportation, or are going +into a permanent camp, do not think of the tin article. + +A coffee-pot with a bail and handle is better than one with a handle +only, and a lip is better than a spout; since handles and spouts are apt +to unsolder. + +Young people are apt to put their pot or frying-pan on the burning wood, +and it soon tips over. Also they let the pot boil over, and presently it +unsolders for want of water. Few think to keep the handle so that it +can be touched without burning or smutting; and hardly any young person +knows that pitchy wood will give a bad flavor to any thing cooked over +it on an open fire. Live coals are rather better, therefore, than the +blaze of a new fire. + +If your frying-pan catches fire inside, do not get frightened, but take +it off instantly, and blow out the fire, or smother it with the cover or +a board if you cannot blow it out. + +You will do well to consult a cook-book if you wish for variety in your +cooking; but some things not found in cook-books I will give you here. + +Stale bread, pilot-bread, dried corn-cakes, and crumbs, soaked a few +minutes in water, or better still in milk, and fried, are all quite +palatable. + +In frying bread, or any thing else, have the fat boiling hot before you +put in the food: this prevents it from soaking fat. + + +BAKED BEANS, BEEF, AND FISH. + +Lumbermen bake beans deliciously in an iron pot that has a cover with a +projecting rim to prevent the ashes from getting in the pot. The beans +are first parboiled in one or two waters until the outside skin begins +to crack. They are then put into the baking-pot, and salt pork at the +rate of a pound to a quart and a half of dry beans is placed just under +the surface of the beans. The rind of the pork should be gashed so that +it will cut easily after baking. Two or three tablespoonfuls of molasses +are put in, and a little salt, unless the pork is considerably lean. +Water enough is added to cover the beans. + +A hole three feet or more deep is dug in the ground, and heated for an +hour by a good hot fire. The coals are then shovelled out, and the pot +put in the hole, and immediately buried by throwing back the coals, and +covering all with dry earth. In this condition they are left to bake all +night. + +On the same principle very tough beef was cooked in the army, and made +tender and juicy. Alternate layers of beef, salt pork, and hard bread +were put in the pot, covered with water, and baked all night in a hole +full of coals. + +Fish may also be cooked in the same way. It is not advisable, however, +for parties less than six in number to trouble themselves to cook in +this manner. + + +CARE OF FOOD. + +You had better _carry_ butter in a tight tin or wooden box. In permanent +camp you can sink it in strong brine, and it will keep some weeks. +Ordinary butter will not keep sweet a long time in hot weather unless in +a cool place or in brine. Hence it is better to replenish your stock +often, if it is possible for you to do so. + +You perhaps do not need to be told that when camping or marching it is +more difficult to prevent loss of food from accidents, and from want of +care, than when at home. It is almost daily in danger from rain, fog, or +dew, cats and dogs, and from flies or insects. If it is necessary for +you to take a large quantity of any thing, instead of supplying yourself +frequently, you must pay particular attention to packing, so that it +shall neither be spoiled, nor spoil any thing else. + +You cannot keep meats and fish fresh for many hours on a summer day; but +you may preserve either over night, if you will sprinkle a little salt +upon it, and place it in a wet bag of thin cloth which flies cannot go +through; hang the bag in a current of air, and out of the reach of +animals. + +In permanent camp it is well to sink a barrel in the earth in some dry, +shaded place; it will answer for a cellar in which to keep your food +cool. Look out that your cellar is not flooded in a heavy shower, and +that ants and other insects do not get into your food. + +The lumbermen's way of carrying salt pork is good. They take a clean +butter-tub with four or five gimlet-holes bored in the bottom near the +chimbs. Then they pack the pork in, and cover it with coarse salt; the +holes let out what little brine makes, and thus they have a dry tub. +Upon the pork they place a neatly fitting "follower," with a cleat or +knob for a handle, and then put in such other eatables as they choose. +Pork can be kept sweet for a few weeks in this way, even in the warmest +weather; and by it you avoid the continual risk of upsetting and losing +the brine. Before you start, see that the cover of the firkin is neither +too tight nor too loose, so that wet or dry weather may not affect it +too much. + +I beg you to clean and wash your dishes as soon as you have done using +them, instead of leaving them till the next meal. Remember to take +dishcloths and towels, unless your all is a frying-pan and coffee-pot +that you are carrying upon your back, when leaves and grass must be made +to do dishcloth duty. + + + + +CHAPTER VII. + +MARCHING.[7] + + +It is generally advised by medical men to avoid violent exercise +immediately after eating. They are right; but I cannot advise you to +rest long, or at all, after breakfast, but rather to finish what you +could not do before the meal, and get off at once while it is early and +cool. Do not hurry or work hard at first if you can avoid it. + +On the march, rest often whether you feel tired or not; and, when +resting, see that you do rest. + +The most successful marching that I witnessed in the army was done by +marching an hour, and resting ten minutes. You need not adhere strictly +to this rule: still I would advise you to halt frequently for +sight-seeing, but not to lie perfectly still more than five or ten +minutes, as a reaction is apt to set in, and you will feel fatigued upon +rising. + +Experience has shown that a man travelling with a light load, or none, +will walk about three miles an hour; but you must not expect from this +that you can easily walk twelve miles in four heats of three miles each +with ten minutes rest between, doing it all in four and a half hours. +Although it is by no means difficult, my advice is for you not to expect +to walk at that rate, even through a country that you do not care to +see. You may get so used to walking after a while that these long and +rapid walks will not weary you; but in general you require more time, +and should take it. + +Do not be afraid to drink good water as often as you feel thirsty; but +avoid large draughts of _cold_ water when you are heated or are +perspiring, and never drink enough to make yourself logy. You are apt to +break these rules on the first day in the open air, and after eating +highly salted food. You can often satisfy your thirst with simply +rinsing the mouth. You may have read quite different advice[8] from +this, which applies to those who travel far from home, and whose daily +changes bring them to water materially different from that of the day +before. + +It is well to have a lemon in the haversack or pocket: a drop or two of +lemon-juice is a great help at times; but there is really nothing which +will quench the thirst that comes the first few days of living in the +open air. Until you become accustomed to the change, and the fever has +gone down, you should try to avoid drinking in a way that may prove +injurious. Base-ball players stir a little oatmeal in the water they +drink while playing, and it is said they receive a healthy stimulus +thereby. + +Bathing is not recommended while upon the march, if one is fatigued or +has much farther to go. This seems to be good counsel, but I do advise a +good scrubbing near the close of the day; and most people will get +relief by frequently washing the face, hands, neck, arms, and breast, +when dusty or heated, although this is one of the things we used to hear +cried down in the army as hurtful. It probably is so to some people: if +it hurts you, quit it. + + +FOOT-SORENESS AND CHAFING. + +After you have marched one day in the sun, your face, neck, and hands +will be sunburnt, your feet sore, perhaps blistered, your limbs may be +chafed; and when you wake up on the morning of the second day, after an +almost sleepless night, you will feel as if you had been "dragged +through seven cities." + +I am not aware that there is any preventive of sunburn for skins that +are tender. A hat is better to wear than a cap, but you will burn under +either. Oil or salve on the exposed parts, applied before marching, will +prevent some of the fire; and in a few days, if you keep in the open air +all the time, it will cease to be annoying. + +To prevent foot-soreness, which is really the greatest bodily trouble +you will have to contend with, you must have good shoes as already +advised. You must wash your feet at least once a day, and oftener if +they feel the need of it. The great preventive of foot-soreness is to +have the feet, toes, and ankles covered with oil, or, better still, +salve or mutton-tallow; these seem to act as lubricators. Soap is better +than nothing. You ask if these do not soil the stockings. Most certainly +they do. Hence wash your stockings often, or the insides of the shoes +will become foul. Whenever you discover the slightest tendency of the +feet to grow sore or to heat, put on oil, salve, or soap, immediately. + +People differ as to these things. To some a salve acts as an irritant: +to others soap acts in the same way. You must know before starting--your +mother can tell you if you don't know yourself--how oil, glycerine, +salve, and soap will affect your skin. Remember, the main thing is to +keep the feet clean and lubricated. Wet feet chafe and blister more +quickly than dry. + +The same rule applies to chafing upon any part of the body. Wash and +anoint as tenderly as possible. If you have chafed in any part on +previous marches, anoint it before you begin this. + +When the soldiers found their pantaloons were chafing them, they would +tie their handkerchiefs around their pantaloons, over the place +affected, thus preventing friction, and stopping the evil; but this is +not advisable for a permanent preventive. A bandage of cotton or linen +over the injured part will serve the purpose better. + +Another habit of the soldiers was that of tucking the bottom of the +pantaloons into their stocking-legs when it was dusty or muddy, or when +they were cold. This is something worth remembering. You will hardly +walk a week without having occasion to try it. + +Leather leggins, such as we read about in connection with Alpine travel, +are recommended by those who have used them as good for all sorts of +pedestrianism. They have not come into use much as yet in America. + +The second day is usually the most fatiguing. As before stated, you +suffer from loss of sleep (for few people can sleep much the first night +in camp), you ache from unaccustomed work, smart from sunburn, and +perhaps your stomach has gotten out of order. For these reasons, when +one can choose his time, it is well to start on Friday, and so have +Sunday come as a day of rest and healing; but this is not at all a +necessity. If you do not try to do too much the first few days, it is +likely that you will feel better on the third night than at any previous +time. + +I have just said that your stomach is liable to become disordered. You +will be apt to have a great thirst and not much appetite the first and +second days, followed by costiveness, lame stomach, and a feeling of +weakness or exhaustion. As a preventive, eat laxative foods on those +days,--figs are especially good,--and try not to work too hard. You +should lay your plans so as not to have much to do nor far to go at +first. Do not dose with medicines, nor take alcoholic stimulants. Physic +and alcohol may give a temporary relief, but they will leave you in bad +condition. And here let me say that there is little or no need of +spirits in your party. You will find coffee or tea far better than +alcohol. + +Avoid all nonsensical waste of strength, and gymnastic feats, before and +during the march; play no jokes upon your comrades, that will make their +day's work more burdensome. Young people are very apt to forget these +things. + +Let each comrade finish his morning nap. A man cannot dispense with +sleep, and it is cruel to rob a friend of what is almost his life and +health. But, if any one of your party requires more sleep than the +others, he ought to contrive to "turn in" earlier, and so rise with the +company. + +You have already been advised to take all the rest you can at the halts. +Unsling the knapsack, or take off your pack (unless you lie down upon +it), and make yourself as comfortable as you can. Avoid sitting in a +draught of air, or wherever it chills you. + +If you feel on the second morning as if you could never reach your +journey's end, start off easily, and you will limber up after a while. + +The great trouble with young people is, that they are ashamed to own +their fatigue, and will not do any thing that looks like a confession. +But these rules about resting, and "taking it easy," are the same in +principle as those by which a horse is driven on a long journey; and it +seems reasonable that young men should be favored as much as horses. + +Try to be civil and gentlemanly to every one. You will find many who +wish to make money out of you, especially around the summer hotels and +boarding-houses. Avoid them if you can. Make your prices, where +possible, before you engage. + +Do not be saucy to the farmers, nor treat them as "country greenhorns." +There is not a class of people in the country of more importance to you +in your travels; and you are in honor bound to be respectful to them. +Avoid stealing their apples, or disturbing any thing; and when you wish +to camp near a house, or on cultivated land, obtain permission from the +owner, and do not make any unreasonable request, such as asking to camp +in a man's front-yard, or to make a fire in dry grass or within a +hundred yards of his buildings. Do not ask him to wait on you without +offering to pay him. Most farmers object to having people sleep on their +hay-mows; and all who permit it will insist upon the rule, "No smoking +allowed here." When you break camp in the morning, be sure to put out +the fires wherever you are; and, if you have camped on cleared land, see +that the fences and gates are as you found them, and do not leave a mass +of rubbish behind for the farmer to clear up. + + +MOUNTAIN CLIMBING. + +When you climb a mountain, make up your mind for hard work, unless there +is a carriage-road, or the mountain is low and of gentle ascent. If +possible, make your plans so that you will not have to carry much up and +down the steep parts. It is best to camp at the foot of the mountain, or +a part way up, and, leaving the most of your baggage there, to take an +early start next morning so as to go up and down the same day. This is +not a necessity, however; but if you camp on the mountain-top you run +more risk from cold, fog, (clouds), and showers, and you need a warmer +camp and more clothing than down below. + +Often there is no water near the top: therefore, to be on the safe side, +it is best to carry a canteen. After wet weather, and early in the +summer, you can often squeeze a little water from the moss that grows on +mountain-tops. + +It is so apt to be chilly, cloudy, or showery at the summit, that you +should take a rubber blanket and some other article of clothing to put +on if needed. Although a man may sometimes ascend a mountain, and stay +on the top for hours, in his shirt-sleeves, it is never advisable to go +so thinly clad; oftener there is need of an overcoat, while the air in +the valley is uncomfortably warm. + +Do not wear the extra clothing in ascending, but keep it to put on when +you need it. This rule is general for all extra clothing: you will find +it much better to carry than to wear it. + +Remember that mountain-climbing is excessively fatiguing: hence go +slowly, make short rests _very_ often, eat nothing between meals, and +drink sparingly. + +There are few mountains that it is advisable for ladies to try to climb. +Where there is a road, or the way is open and not too steep, they may +attempt it; but to climb over loose rocks and through scrub-spruce for +miles, is too difficult for them. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[7] Some of the questions which properly belong under this heading are +discussed elsewhere, and can be found by referring to the index. + +[8] This advice also differs from that generally given to soldiers; the +army rule is as follows: "Drink well in the morning before starting, and +nothing till the halt; keep the mouth shut; chew a straw or leaf, or +keep the mouth covered with a cloth: all these prevent suffering from +extreme thirst. Tying a handkerchief well wetted with salt water around +the neck, allays thirst for a considerable time."--CRAGHILL'S _Pocket +Companion_: Van Nostrand, N.Y. + + + + +CHAPTER VIII. + +THE CAMP. + + +It pays well to take some time to find a good spot for a camp. If you +are only to stop one night, it matters not so much; but even then you +should camp on a dry spot near wood and water, and where your horse, if +you have one, can be well cared for. Look out for rotten trees that may +fall; see that a sudden rain will not drown you out; and do not put your +tent near the road, as it frightens horses. + +For a permanent camp a good prospect is very desirable; yet I would not +sacrifice all other things to this. + +If you have to carry your baggage any distance by hand, you will find it +convenient to use two poles (tent-poles will serve) as a hand-barrow +upon which to pile and carry your stuff. + +A floor to the tent is a luxury in which some indulge when in permanent +camp. It is not a necessity, of course; but, in a tent occupied by +ladies or children, it adds much to their comfort to have a few boards, +an old door, or something of that sort, to step on when dressing. Boards +or stepping-stones at the door of the tent partly prevent your bringing +mud inside. + +If you are on a hillside, pitch your tent so that when you sleep, if you +are to sleep on the ground, your feet will be lower than your head: you +will roll all night, and perhaps roll out of the tent if you lie across +the line running down hill. + +As soon as you have pitched your tent, stretch a stout line from the +front pole to the back one, near the top, upon which to hang your +clothes. You can tighten this line by pulling inwards the foot of one +pole before tying the line, and then lifting it back. + +Do not put your clothes and bedding upon the bare ground: they grow damp +very quickly. See, too, that the food is where ants will not get at it. + +Do not forget to take two or three candles, and replenish your stock if +you burn them: they sometimes are a prime necessity. Also do not pack +them where you cannot easily find them in the dark. In a permanent camp +you may be tempted to use a lantern with oil, and perhaps you will like +it better than candles; but, when moving about, the lantern-lamp and +oil-can will give you trouble. If you have no candlestick handy, you can +use your pocket-knife, putting one blade in the bottom or side of the +candle, and another blade into the ground or tent-pole. You can quickly +cut a candlestick out of a potato, or can drive four nails in a block of +wood. + +If your candles get crushed, or if you have no candles, but have grease +without salt in it, you can easily make a "slut" by putting the grease +in a small shallow pan or saucer with a piece of wicking or cotton rag, +one end of which shall be in the grease, and the other, which you light, +held out of it. This is a poor substitute for daylight, and I advise you +to rise and retire early (or "_turn in_" and "_turn out_" if you +prefer): you will then have more daylight than you need. + + +BEDS. + +Time used in making a bed is well spent. Never let yourself be persuaded +that humps and hollows are good enough for a tired man. If you cut +boughs, do not let large sticks go into the bed: only put in the smaller +twigs and leaves. Try your bed before you "turn in," and see if it is +comfortable. In a permanent camp you ought to take time enough to keep +the bed soft; and I like best for this purpose to carry a mattress when +I can, or to take a sack and fill it with straw, shavings, boughs, or +what not. This makes a much better bed, and can be taken out daily to +the air and sun. By this I avoid the clutter there always is inside a +tent filled with boughs; and, more than all, the ground or floor does +not mould in damp weather, from the accumulation of rubbish on it. + +It is better to sleep off the ground if you can, especially if you are +rheumatic. For this purpose build some sort of a platform ten inches or +more high, that will do for a seat in daytime. You can make a sort of +spring bottom affair if you can find the poles for it, and have a little +ingenuity and patience; or you can more quickly drive four large stakes, +and nail a framework to them, to which you can nail boards or +barrel-staves.[9] All this kind of work must be strong, or you can have +no rough-and-tumble sport on it. We used to see in the army sometimes, a +mattress with a bottom of rubber cloth, and a top of heavy drilling, +with rather more cotton quilted[10] between them than is put into a +thick comforter. Such a mattress is a fine thing to carry in a wagon +when you are on the march; but you can make a softer bed than this if +you are in a permanent camp. + + +SLEEPING. + +"Turn in" early, so as to be up with the sun. You may be tempted to +sleep in your clothes; but if you wish to know what luxury is, take them +off as you do at home, and sleep in a sheet, having first taken a bath, +or at least washed the feet and limbs. Not many care to do this, +particularly if the evening air is chilly; but it is a comfort of no +mean order. + +If you are short of bedclothes, as when on the march, you can place over +you the clothes you take off (see p. 19); but in that case it is still +more necessary to have a good bed underneath. + +You will always do well to cover the clothes you have taken off, or they +will be quite damp in the morning. + +See that you have plenty of air to breathe. It is not best to have a +draught of air sweeping through the tent, but let a plenty of it come in +at the feet of the sleeper or top of the tent. + +A hammock is a good thing to have in a permanent camp, but do not try to +swing it between two tent-poles: it needs a firmer support. + +Stretch a clothes-line somewhere on your camp-ground, where neither you +nor your visitors will run into it in the dark. + +If your camp is where many visitors will come by carriage, you will find +that it will pay you for your trouble to provide a hitching-post where +the horses can stand safely. Fastening to guy-lines and tent-poles is +dangerous. + + +SINKS. + +In a permanent camp you must be careful to deposit all refuse from the +kitchen and table in a hole in the ground: otherwise your camp will be +infested with flies, and the air will become polluted. These sink-holes +may be small, and dug every day; or large, and partly filled every day +or oftener by throwing earth over the deposits. If you wish for health +and comfort, do not suffer a place to exist in your camp that will toll +flies to it. The sinks should be some distance from your tents, and a +dry spot of land is better than a wet one. Observe the same rule in +regard to all excrementitious and urinary matter. On the march you can +hardly do better than follow the Mosaic law (see Deuteronomy xxiii. 12, +13). + +In permanent camp, or if you propose to stay anywhere more than three +days, the crumbs from the table and the kitchen refuse should be +carefully looked after: to this end it is well to avoid eating in the +tents where you live. Swarms of flies will be attracted by a very little +food. + +A spade is better, all things considered, than a shovel, either in +permanent camp or on the march. + + +HOW TO KEEP WARM. + +When a cold and wet spell of weather overtakes you, you will inquire, +"How can we keep warm?" If you are where wood is very abundant, you can +build a big fire ten or fifteen feet from the tent, and the heat will +strike through the cloth. This is the poorest way, and if you have only +shelter-tents your case is still more forlorn. But keep the fire +a-going: you _can_ make green wood burn through a pelting storm, but you +must have a quantity of it--say six or eight large logs on at one time. +You must look out for storms, and have some wood cut beforehand. If you +have a stove with you, a little ingenuity will enable you to set it up +inside a tent, and run the funnel through the door. But, unless your +funnel is quite long, you will have to improvise one to carry the smoke +away, for the eddies around the tent will make the stove smoke +occasionally beyond all endurance. Since you will need but little fire +to keep you warm, you can use a funnel made of boards, barrel-staves, +old spout, and the like. Old tin cans, boot-legs, birch-bark, and stout +paper can be made to do service as elbows, with the assistance of turf, +grass-ropes, and large leaves. But I forewarn you there is not much fun, +either in rigging your stove and funnel, or in sitting by it and waiting +for the storm to blow it down. Still it is best to be busy. + +Another way to keep warm is to dig a trench twelve to eighteen inches +wide, and about two feet deep, running from inside to the outside of the +tent. The inside end of the trench should be larger and deeper; here you +build your fire. You cover the trench with flat rocks, and fill up the +chinks with stones and turf; boards can be used after you have gone a +few feet from the fireplace. Over the outer end, build some kind of a +chimney of stones, boxes, boards, or barrels. The fireplace should not +be near enough to the side of the tent to endanger it; and, the taller +the chimney is, the better it will draw if you have made the trench of +good width and air-tight. If you can find a sheet-iron covering for the +fireplace, you will be fortunate; for the main difficulty in this +heating-arrangement is to give it draught enough without letting out +smoke, and this you cannot easily arrange with rocks. In digging your +trench and fireplace, make them so that the rain shall not flood them. + + +FIREPLACE. + +If flat rocks and mud are plenty, you can perhaps build a fireplace at +the door of your tent (outside, of course), and you will then have +something both substantial and valuable. Fold one flap of the door as +far back as you can, and build one side of the fireplace against the +pole,[11] and the other side against, or nearly over to, the corner of +the tent. Use large rocks for the lower tiers, and try to have all three +walls perpendicular and smooth inside. When up about three feet, or as +high as the flap of the tent will allow without its being scorched, put +on a large log of green wood for a mantle, or use an iron bar if you +have one, and go on building the chimney. Do not narrow it much: the +chimney should be as high as the top of the tent, or eddies of wind will +blow down occasionally, and smoke you out. Barrels or boxes will do for +the top, or you can make a cob-work of split sticks well daubed with +mud. All the work of the fireplace and chimney must be made air-tight by +filling the chinks with stones or chips and mud. When done, fold and +confine the flap of the tent against the stonework and the mantle; +better tie than nail, as iron rusts the cloth. Do not cut the tent +either for this or any other purpose: you will regret it if you do. Keep +water handy if there is much woodwork; and do not leave your tent for a +long time, nor go to sleep with a big fire blazing. + +If you have to bring much water into camp, remember that two pails carry +about as easily as a single one, provided you have a hoop between to +keep them away from your legs. To prevent the water from splashing, put +something inside the pail, that will float, nearly as large as the top +of the pail. + + +HUNTERS' CAMP. + +[Illustration] + +It is not worth while to say much about those hunters' camps which are +built in the woods of stout poles, and covered with brush or the bark of +trees: they are exceedingly simple in theory, and difficult in practice +unless you are accustomed to using the axe. If you go into the woods +without an axeman, you had better rely upon your tents, and not try to +build a camp; for when done, unless there is much labor put in it, it is +not so good as a shelter-tent. You can, however, cut a few poles for +rafters, and throw the shelter-tent instead of the bark or brush over +the poles. You have a much larger shelter by this arrangement of the +tent than when it is pitched in the regular way, and there is the +additional advantage of having a large front exposed to the fire which +you will probably build; at the same time also the under side of the +roof catches and reflects the heat downward. When you put up your tent +in this way, however, you must look out not to scorch it, and to take +especial care to prevent sparks from burning small holes in it. In fact, +whenever you have a roaring fire you must guard against mischief from +it. + +[Illustration] + +Do not leave your clothes or blanket hanging near a brisk fire to dry, +without confining them so that sudden gusts of wind shall not take them +into the flame. + +[Illustration] + +You may some time have occasion to make a shelter on a ledge or floor +where you cannot drive a pin or nail. If you can get rails, poles, +joists, or boards, you can make a frame in some one of the ways figured +here, and throw your tents over it. + +These frames will be found useful for other purposes, and it is well to +remember how to make them. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[9] Barrel-staves will not do for a double bed. + +[10] It will roll up easier if the quilting runs from side to side only. + +[11] This applies, as will be seen, only to tents having two uprights, +as the wall, "A," and shelter. + + + + +CHAPTER IX. + +TENTS.--ARMY SHELTER-TENT (_tente d'abri_). + + +The shelter-tent used by the Union soldiers during the Rebellion was +made of light duck[12] about 31-1/2 inches wide. A tent was made in two +pieces both precisely alike, and each of them five feet long and five +feet and two inches wide; i.e., two widths of duck. One of these pieces +or half-tents was given to every soldier. That edge of the piece which +was the bottom of the tent was faced at the corners with a piece of +stouter duck three or four inches square. The seam in the middle of the +piece was also faced at the bottom, and eyelets were worked at these +three places, through which stout cords or ropes could be run to tie +this side of the tent down to the tent-pin, or to fasten it to whatever +else was handy. Along the other three edges of each piece of tent, at +intervals of about eight inches, were button-holes and buttons; the +holes an inch, and the buttons four inches, from the selvage or hem.[13] + +Two men could button their pieces at the tops, and thus make a tent +entirely open at both ends, five feet and two inches long, by six to +seven feet wide according to the angle of the roof. A third man could +button his piece across one of the open ends so as to close it, although +it did not make a very neat fit, and half of the cloth was not used; +four men could unite their two tents by buttoning the ends together, +thus doubling the length of the tent; and a fifth man could put in an +end-piece. + +Light poles made in two pieces, and fastened together with ferrules so +as to resemble a piece of fishing-rod, were given to some of the troops +when the tents were first introduced into the army; but, nice as they +were at the end of the march, few soldiers would carry them, nor will +you many days. + +The tents were also pitched by throwing them over a tightened rope; but +it was easier to _cut_ a stiff pole than to _carry_ either the pole or +rope. + +You need not confine yourself exactly to the dimensions of the army +shelter-tent, but for a pedestrian something of the sort is necessary +if he will camp out. I have never seen a "shelter" made of _three_ +breadths of drilling (seven feet three inches long), but I should think +it would be a good thing for four or five men to take.[14] And I should +recommend that they make three-sided end-pieces instead of taking +additional half-tents complete, for in the latter case one-half of the +cloth is useless. + +Five feet is _long_ enough for a tent made on the "shelter" principle; +when pitched with the roof at a right angle it is 3-1/2 feet high, and +nearly seven feet wide on the ground. + +Although a shelter-tent is a poor substitute for a house, it is as good +a protection as you can well carry if you propose to walk any distance. +It should be pitched neatly, or it will leak. In heavy, pelting rains a +fine spray will come through on the windward side. The sides should set +at right angles to each other, or at a sharper angle if rain is +expected. + +There are rubber blankets made with eyelets along the edges so that two +can be tied together to make a tent; but they are heavier, more +expensive, and not much if any better; and you will need other rubber +blankets to lie upon. + +If you wish for a larger and more substantial covering than a "shelter," +and propose to do the work yourself, you will do well to have a +sailmaker or a tent-maker cut the cloth, and show you how the work is to +be done. If you cannot have their help, you must at least have the +assistance of one used to planning and cutting needle-work, to whom the +following hints may not be lost. We will suppose heavy drilling 29-1/2 +inches wide to be used in all instances. + + +THE A-TENT. + +To make an A-tent,[15] draw upon the floor a straight line seven feet +long, to represent the upright pole or height of the tent; then draw a +line at right angles to and across the end of the first one, to +represent the ground or bottom of the tent. Complete the plan by finding +where the corners will be on the ground line, and drawing the two sides +(roof) from the corners[16] to the top of the pole-line. This triangle +is a trifle larger than the front and back of the tent will be. + +The cloth should be cut so that the twilled side shall be the outside of +the tent, as it sheds the rain better. + +Place the cloth on the floor against the ground-line, and tack it (to +hold it fast) to the pole-line, which it should overlap 3/8 of an inch; +then cut by the roof-line. Turn the cloth over, and cut another piece +exactly like the first; this second piece will go on the back of the +tent. Now place the cloth against the ground-line as before, but upon +the other side of the pole, and tack it to the floor after you have +overlapped the selvage of the piece first cut 3/4 of an inch. Cut by the +roof-line, and turn and cut again for the back of the tent. + +In cutting the four small gores for the corners, you can get all the +cloth from one piece, and thus save waste, by turning and tearing it in +two; these gore-pieces also overlap the longer breadths 3/4 of an inch. + +The three breadths that make the sides or roof are cut all alike; their +length is found by measuring the plan from corner to corner over the +top; in the plan now under consideration, the distance will be nearly +sixteen feet. When you sew them, overlap the breadths 3/4 of an inch the +same as you do the end-breadths. + +In sewing you can do no better than to run, with a machine, a row of +stitching as near each selvage as possible; you will thus have two rows +to each seam, which makes it strong enough. Use the coarsest cotton, No. +10 or 12. + +The sides and two ends are made separately; when you sew them together +care must be taken, for the edges of the ends are cut cross-grained, and +will stretch very much more than the cloth of the sides (roof). About as +good a seam as you can make, in sewing together the sides and ends, is +to place the two edges together, and fold them outwards (or what will be +downwards when the tent is pitched) twice, a quarter of an inch each +time, and put two rows of stitching through if done on a machine, or one +if with sail-needle and twine. This folding the cloth six-ply, besides +making a good seam, strengthens the tent where the greatest strain +comes. It is also advisable to put facings in the two ends of the top of +the tent, to prevent the poles from pushing through and chafing. + +The bottom of the tent is completed next by folding upwards and inwards +two inches of cloth to make what is called a "tabling," and again +folding in the raw edge about a quarter of an inch, as is usual to make +a neat job. Some makers enclose a marline or other small tarred rope to +strengthen the foot of the tent, and it is well to do so. One edge of +what is called the "sod-cloth" is folded in with the raw edge, and +stitched at the same time. This cloth, which is six to eight inches +wide, runs entirely around the bottom of the tent, excepting the +door-flap, and prevents a current of air from sweeping under the tent, +and saves the bottom from rotting; the sod-cloth, however, will rot or +wear out instead, but you can replace it much more easily than you can +repair the bottom of the tent; consequently it is best to put one on. + +One door is enough in an A-tent; but, if you prefer two, be sure that +one at least is nicely fitted and well provided with tapes or buttons, +or both: otherwise you will have a cheerless tent in windy and rainy +weather. The door-flap is usually made of a strip of cloth six to nine +inches wide, sewed to the selvage of the breadth that laps inside; the +top of it is sewed across the inside of the other breadth, and reaches +to the corner seam. Tent-makers usually determine the height of the door +by having the top of the flap reach from selvage to seam as just +described; the narrower the flap is, the higher the door will be. Some +make the door-flap considerably wider at the bottom than at the top, and +thus provide against the many annoyances that arise from one too narrow. + +The loops (or "beckets" as they are called) that fasten to the tent-pins +are put in one at each side of the door and at every seam. Some makers +work an eyelet or put a grommet in the seam; but, in the army-tents +which are made of duck, there are two eyelets worked, one on each side +of the seam, and a six-thread manilla rope is run through and held in by +knotting the ends. + +The door is tied together by two double rows of stout tapes[17] sewed on +at intervals of about eighteen inches; one inside the tent ties the +door-flap to the opposite breadth, and a second set outside pulls +together the two selvages of the centre breadths. Do not slight this +work: a half-closed door, short tapes, and a door-flap that is slapping +all the time, are things that will annoy you beyond endurance. + +The upright poles of a tent such as has been described should be an inch +or two more than seven feet, for the cloth will stretch. If you have a +sod-cloth, the poles should be longer still.[18] + + +THE WALL-TENT. + +The wall-tent is shaped like a house: the walls or sides, which are +perpendicular, are four feet high. A continuous piece of cloth runs from +the ground to the eaves, thence on toward the ridgepole, and down the +other side to the ground. The tent is made on the same general +principles as the one last described. It is four breadths square, but +the width is usually diminished about one foot by cutting six inches +from each corner breadth. If the cloth is drilling or light duck, you +can overlap the centre breadths a foot, and thus have the doors +ready-made. + +Draw a plan upon the floor as in the other case; the pole nine feet and +two inches high, the corners four breadths apart less the overlappings +and the narrowing; draw the wall (in the plan only) four feet and two +inches high. The roof-line runs of course from the top of the pole to +the top of the wall. + +Cut the cloth, as before, so as to have the twilled side out. Add six +inches to the distance measured on the plan, for the length of the walls +and roof, so as to get cloth for the eaves. + +The wall is to be four feet high; consequently, when you have sewed +together the four breadths that make the roof and walls, measure four +feet 3-1/2 inches from the ends (bottoms), double the cloth, and sew +two rows of stitching by hand across from side to side, 1-1/2 inches +from the doubling; this makes the tabling for the eaves, and you have +two inches left for the bottom tabling. Use stout twine for these seams +at the eaves, and take only three to four stitches to the inch. + +Take the same care as before in sewing together the ends and sides; the +larger the tent, the more this difficulty increases. + +The sod-cloth becomes more of a necessity as we increase the size of the +tent, and add to the difficulty of making it fit snugly to the ground. + +Facings should be put in where the ends of the poles bear, as before +explained; and also in the four upper corners of the wall, to prevent +the strain of the corner guy-lines from ripping apart the eaves and +wall. + +Beckets must be put in the bottom of each seam and the door, the same as +in the A-tent, and strong tapes sewed to the door. + +Guy-lines made of six-thread manilla rope are put in at the four corners +of the eaves, and at every seam along that tabling, making five upon +each side. Work an eyelet, or put a grommet, in the doubled cloth of the +seam; knot the end of the guy-line to prevent its pulling through: tying +the rope makes too bungling a job, and splicing it is too much work. +The six guy-lines in the body of the tent should be about nine feet +long, the four corner ones about a foot longer. The fiddles[19] should +be made of some firm wood: pine and spruce will not last long enough to +pay for the trouble of making them. + +The poles should be nine feet and four or five inches long. If they are +too long at first, sink the ends in the ground, and do not cut them off +until the tent has stretched all that it will. + +In permanent camp a "fly" over the tent is almost indispensable for +protection from the heat and pelting rains. It should be as long as the +roof of the tent, and project at least a foot beyond the eaves. The +guy-lines should be a foot or more longer than those of the tent, so +that the pins for the fly may be driven some distance outside those of +the tent, and thus lift the fly well off the roof. + + +CLOTH FOR TENTS. + +For convenience we have supposed all of the tents to be made of heavy +drilling. Many tent-makers consider this material sufficiently strong, +and some even use it to make tents larger than the United States army +wall-tent. My own experience leads me to recommend for a wall-tent a +heavier cloth, known to the trade as "eight-ounce Raven's" duck,[20] +because drilling becomes so thin after it has been used two or three +seasons that a high wind is apt to tear it. + +The cost of the cloth is about the same as the value of the labor of +making the tent; but the difference between the cost of drilling and +eight-ounce duck for a wall-tent of four breadths with a fly is only +three to four dollars, and the duck tent will last nearly twice as long +as the one of drilling. For these reasons it seems best not to put your +labor into the inferior cloth. + +Before you use the tent, or expose to the weather any thing made of +cotton cloth, you should wash it thoroughly in strong soap-suds, and +then soak it in strong brine; this takes the sizing and oil out of the +cloth, and if repeated from year to year will prevent mildew, which soon +spoils the cloth. There are mixtures that are said to be better still, +but a tent-maker assures me that the yearly washing is better than any +thing applied only once. Some fishermen preserve their sails by soaking +them in a solution of lime and water considerably thinner than +whitewash. Others soak them in a tanner's vat; but the leather-like +color imparted is not pleasing to the eye. Weak lime-water they say does +not injure cotton; but it ruins rope and leather, and some complain that +it rots the thread. + +It will save strain upon any tent, to stay it in windy weather with +ropes running from the iron pins of the upright poles (which should +project through the ridgepole and top of the tent) to the ground in +front and rear of the tent. A still better way is to run four ropes from +the top--two from each pole-pin--down to the ground near the tent-pins +of the four corner guy-lines. The two stays from the rear pole should +run toward the front of the tent; and the two front stays toward the +rear, crossing the other two. The tent is then stayed against a wind +from any quarter, and the stays and guy-lines are all together on the +sides of the tent. + +Loosen the stays and guy-lines a little at night or when rain is +approaching, so as to prevent them from straining the tent by shrinking. + +Around the bottom of any tent you should dig a small trench to catch and +convey away the water when it rains; and I caution you against the +error which even old campers sometimes make,--do not try to have the +water run up hill. + + +HOW TO PITCH A WALL-TENT QUICKLY. + +After you have once pitched the tent, and have put the poles and pins in +their exact places, note the distance from one of the upright poles to +the pin holding one of the nearest corner guy-lines, and then mark one +of the poles in such a way that you can tell by it what that distance +is. When you next wish to pitch the tent, drive two small pins in the +ground where the two upright poles are to rest,--the ridgepole will tell +you how far apart they must be,--then, by measuring with your marked +pole, you can drive the four pins for the corner guys in their proper +places. + +Next spread the tent on the ground, and put the ridgepole in its place +in the top of the tent, and the two upright poles in their places. Then +raise the tent. It will take two persons, or, if the tent is large, four +or more, having first moved it bodily, to bring the feet of the upright +poles to touch the two small pins that you drove at the beginning. You +can now catch and tighten the corner guy-lines on the four pins +previously driven. In driving the other pins, it looks well to have them +on a line, if possible; also try to have the wall of the tent set +square: to do this you must tie the door just right before you tighten a +guy-line. + +You will find this way of pitching a tent convenient when a wind is +blowing, or when your assistant is not a strong person. If the wind is +very high, spread your tent to windward, and catch the windward +guy-lines before raising the tent. You will thus avoid having it blown +over. + + +TENT-POLES. + +As tent-poles are not expensive, you may find it convenient to have two +sets for each tent; one stout set for common use, and a lighter set to +take when transportation is limited. Sound spruce, free from large knots +and tolerably straight-grained, makes good poles; pine answers as well, +but is more expensive. + +The upright poles of a stout set for a wall-tent of the United States +Army pattern should be round or eight-sided, and about two inches in +diameter.[21] If you prefer to have them square, round off the edges, or +they will be badly bruised upon handling. Drive a stout iron pin[22] +seven or eight inches long into the centre of the top until it projects +only about three and a half or four inches, or enough to go through the +ridgepole and an inch beyond. It will be necessary to bore a hole in the +pole before driving in the pin, to prevent splitting. A ferrule is also +serviceable on this end of the pole. + +The ridgepole should be well rounded on the edges, and be about two and +a half inches wide and two inches thick. If made of stuff thinner than +an inch and a half, it should be wider in the middle than above stated, +or the pole will sag. Bore the holes to receive the pins of the uprights +with an auger a size larger than the pins, so that they may go in and +out easily: these holes should be an inch and a half from the ends. +Ferrules or broad bands are desirable on the ends of the ridgepole; but +if you cannot afford these you may perhaps be able to put a rivet or two +through the pole between the ends and the holes, or, if not rivets, then +screws, which are better than nothing to prevent the pin of the upright +from splitting the ridgepole. + + +TENT-PINS. + +Tent-pins should be made of sound hard wood; old wheel-spokes are +excellent. Make them pointed at the bottom, so that they will drive +easily; and notch them about two inches from the top, so that they will +hold the rope. Cut away the wood from just above the notch towards the +back of the head; this will prevent the notch of the pin from splitting +off when it is driven. It is well to have pins differ in length and +size: those for the corners and the stays should be the largest, say +fifteen to eighteen inches long; and those for the wall and door may be +eight or ten inches. But pins of these sizes are apt to pull out in a +heavy storm; and so when you are to camp in one spot for some time, or +when you see a storm brewing, it is well to make pins very stout, and +two feet or more long, for the stays and four corner guy-lines, out of +such stuff as you find at hand. + +[Illustration] + +Loosen the pins by striking them on all four sides before you try to +pull them up. A spade is a fine thing to use to pry out a pin that is +deep in the ground, and a wooden mallet is better than an axe or hatchet +to drive them in with; but, unless you have a large number of pins to +drive, it will hardly pay you to get a mallet especially for this +business. + +Make a stout canvas bag to hold the tent-pins; and do not fold them +loose with the tent, as it soils and wears out the cloth. + + +BEST SIZE OF TENTS. + +The majority of people who go into permanent camp prefer tents +considerably larger than the army wall-tent; but, unless your camp is +well sheltered from the wind, you will have constant and serious +troubles during every gale and thunder-storm, if you are in a large or +high tent. A large tent is certainly more comfortable in fine weather; +but you can make a small one sufficiently cheerful, and have a sense of +security in it that you cannot feel in one larger. But, if you will have +a large tent, make it of something heavier than drilling. + +If you have two tents of the same height, you can connect the tops with +a pole, and throw a fly, blanket, or sheet over it on pleasant days. + +Do not pack away a tent when it is damp if you can possibly avoid it, as +it will mildew and decay in a few days of warm weather. If you are +compelled to pack it when very damp, you can prevent decay by salting it +liberally inside and out. + +Before you put away your tent for the season be sure that it is +perfectly dry, and that the dead flies and grasshoppers are swept out of +the inside. You should have a stout bag to keep it in, and to prevent +its being chafed and soiled when it is handled and carried. You will +find a hundred good uses for the bag in camp. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[12] You cannot find this sort of duck in the market now, but "heavy +drilling" 29-1/2 inches wide is nearly as strong, and will make a good +tent. + +[13] Tents made of heavy drilling were also furnished to the troops, the +dimensions of which varied a trifle from those here given: they had the +disadvantage of two seams instead of one. + +[14] If the party is of four, or even five, a shelter-tent made of three +breadths of heavy drilling will accommodate all. _Sew_ one end-piece to +each half-tent, since sewing is better than buttoning, and the last is +not necessary when your party will always camp together. Along the loose +border of the end-piece work the button-holes, and sew the corresponding +buttons upon the main tent an inch or more from the edge of the border. +Sew on facings at the corners and seams as in the army shelter, and also +on the middle of the bottom of the end-pieces; and put loops of small +rope or a foot or two of stout cord through all of these facings, for +the tent-pins. You will then have a tent with the least amount of labor +and material in it. The top edges, like those of the army shelter, are +to have buttons and button-holes; the tent can then be taken apart into +two pieces, each of which will weigh about two pounds and a quarter. +Nearly all of the work can be done on a sewing-machine; run two rows of +stitching at each seam as near the selvage as you can. + +[15] Called also wedge-tent. + +[16] To find the distance of the corners, multiply the width of the +cloth (29-1/2 inches) by 3 (three breadths), and subtract 2-1/4 inches +(or three overlappings of 3/4 inch each, as will be explained). + +[17] What is known by shoemakers as "webbing" is good for this purpose, +or you can double together and sew strips of sheeting or drilling. +Cod-lines and small ropes are objectionable, as they are not easily +untied when in hard knots. + +[18] The poles for army A-tents are seven feet six inches. + +[19] This name is given to the piece of wood that tightens the guy-line. +The United States army tent has a fiddle 5-1/4 inches long, 1-3/4 wide, +and 1 inch thick; the holes are 3-1/2 inches apart from centre to +centre. If you make a fiddle shorter, or of thinner stock, it does not +hold its grip so well. One hole should be just large enough to admit the +rope, and the other a size larger so that the rope may slide through +easily. + +[20] Seven-ounce duck is made, but it is not much heavier than drilling, +and since it is little used it is not easily found for sale. United +States army wall-tents are made from a superior quality of ten-ounce +duck, but they are much stouter than is necessary for summer camping. +There are also "sail-ducks," known as "No. 8," "No. 9," &c., which are +very much too heavy for tents. + +[21] The length of tent-poles, as has been previously stated, depends +upon the size of the tent. + +[22] What are known as "bolt-ends" can be bought at the hardware stores +for this purpose. + + + + +CHAPTER X. + +MISCELLANEOUS.--GENERAL ADVICE. + + +If you travel horseback, singly or in parties, a previous experience in +riding and in the care of your animal are necessary for pleasure. What +is said about overloading applies here: you must go light; let your +saddlebags be small, and packed so as not to chafe the horse. If you +have the choice of a saddle, take a "McClellan" or a similar one, so +that you can easily strap on your blankets and bags. If you have time +before starting, try to teach your horse, what so few horses in the +Northern States know, to be guided by the pressure of reins against the +neck instead of a pull at the bit. + + +BOATING. + +I do not propose to say much about boating, as the subject can hardly +have justice done to it in a book of this sort. Parties of young men +spend their summer vacation every year in camping and boating. It is a +most delightful way,--superior in many respects to any other,--but it +requires both experience and caution, neither of which is usually found +in young men. So I hope that, if you will go in a boat, you may be an +exception to the general rule, and will, for your parents' and friends' +sake, take a small boat without ballast rather than a large one +ballasted so heavily that it will sink when it fills. + +When you belay the sheets of your sail, make a knot that can be untied +by a single pull at the loose end: any boatman will show you how to do +this. _Never make fast the sheets in any other way._ Hold the sheets in +your hands if the wind is at all squally or strong. Do not venture out +in a heavy wind. Stow your baggage snugly before you start: tubs made by +sawing a flour-barrel in two are excellent to throw loose stuff into. +Remember to be careful; keep your eyes open, and know what you are going +to do before you try it. The saying of an old sea-captain comes to me +here: "I would rather sail a ship around the world, than to go down the +bay in a boat sailed by a boy." + + +RECKONING LOST. + +It often happens in travelling, that the sun rises in what appears the +north, west, or south, and we seem to be moving in the wrong direction, +so that when we return home our remembrance of the journey is confused. +Perhaps a few hints on this subject may help the reader. Supposing your +day's journey ends at Blanktown, where you find your compass-points +apparently reversed. It then becomes natural for you to make matters +worse by trying to lay out in your mind a new map, with Blanktown for +the "hub," and east in the west, and so on. You can often prevent these +mishaps, and can always make them less annoying, by studying your map +well both before and during your journey; and by keeping in your mind +continually, with all the vividness you can, what you are really doing. +As far as Blanktown is concerned, you will have two impressions, just as +we all have two impressions with regard to the revolution of the earth +on its axis: apparently the sun rises, goes over and down; but in our +minds we can see the sun standing still, and the earth turning from west +to east. + +Upon leaving Blanktown you are likely to carry the error along with you, +and to find yourself moving in what appears to be the wrong way. Keep in +mind with all the vividness possible, the picture of what you are really +doing, and keep out of mind as much as you can the ugly appearance of +going the wrong way. Every important change you make, be sure to "see +it" in the mind's eye, and let the natural eye be blind to all that is +deceiving. After a while things will grow real, and you must try to keep +them so. The more perfectly you know the route and all its details, the +less you will be troubled in this way. + +If you are travelling in the cars, and if you have a strong power of +imagination, you can very easily right errors of this kind by learning +from the map exactly what you are doing, and then by sitting next to the +window, shut your eyes as you go around a curve that tends to aggravate +the difficulty, and hold fast what you get on curves that help you. If +you sit on the left side of the car, and look ahead, the cars seem to +sweep continually a little to the right, and _vice versa_, when really +moving straight ahead,--provided your imagination is good. + +When you are travelling on an unknown road, you should always inquire +all about it, to avoid taking the wrong one, which you are likely to do, +even if you have a good map with you. + + +LADIES AS PEDESTRIANS. + +I have once or twice alluded to ladies walking and camping. It is +thoroughly practicable for them to do so. They must have a wagon, and do +none of the heavy work; their gowns must not reach quite to the ground, +and all of their clothing must be loose and easy.[23] Of course there +must be gentlemen in the party; and it may save annoyance to have at +least one of the ladies well-nigh "middle-aged." Ladies must be cared +for more tenderly than men. If they are not well, the wagon should go +back for them at the end of the day's march; shelter-tents are not to be +recommended for them, nor are two blankets sufficient bedclothing. They +ought not to be compelled to go any definite distance, but after having +made their day's walk let the tents be pitched. Rainy weather is +particularly unpleasant to ladies in tents; deserted houses, +schoolhouses, saw-mills, or barns should be sought for them when a storm +is brewing. + + +LADIES AND CHILDREN IN CAMP. + +In a permanent camp, however, ladies, and children as well, can make +themselves thoroughly at home.[24] They ought not to "rough it" so much +as young men expect to: consequently they should be better protected +from the wet and cold. + +I have seen a man with his wife and two children enjoy themselves +through a week of rainy weather in an A-tent; but there are not many +such happy families, and it is not advisable to camp with such limited +accommodations. + +Almost all women will find it trying to their backs to be kept all day +in an A-tent. If you have no other kind, you should build some sort of a +wall, and pitch the tent on top of it. It is not a difficult or +expensive task to put guy-lines and a wall of drilling on an A-tent, and +make new poles, or pitch the old ones upon posts. In either case you +should stay the tent with lines running from the top to the ground. + +It has already been advised that women should have a stove; in general, +they ought not to depart so far from home ways as men do. + +Rubber boots are almost a necessity for women and children during rainy +weather and while the dew is upon the grass. + + +SUMMER-HOUSES, SHEDS, AND BRUSH SCREENS. + +There is little to be said of the summer-houses built at the seaside +near our large cities, since that is rather a matter of carpentry; nor +of portable houses; nor of lattice-work with painted paper; nor even of +a "schbang" such as I have often built of old doors, shutters, outer +windows, and tarred paper: any one who is ingenious can knock together +all the shelter his needs require or means allow. But, where you are +camping for a week or more, it pays you well to use all you have in +making yourself comfortable. A bush house, a canopy under which to eat, +and something better than plain "out-of-doors" to cook in, are among the +first things to attend to. + +If you wish to plant firmly a tree that you have cut down, you may +perhaps be able to drive a stake larger than the trunk of the tree; then +loosen the stake by hitting it on the sides, and pull it out. You can do +this when you have no shovel, or when the soil is too hard to dig. Small +stakes wedged down the hole after putting in the tree will make it firm. + + +ETIQUETTE. + +Some things considered essential at the home table have fallen into +disuse in camp. It is pardonable, and perhaps best, to bring on whatever +you have cooked in the dish that it is cooked in, so as to prevent its +cooling off. + +You will also be allowed to help yourself first to whatever is nearest +you, before passing it to another; for passing things around in camp is +risky, and should be avoided as much as possible for that reason. + +Eat with your hats on, as it is more comfortable, and the wind is not so +apt to blow your stray hairs into the next man's dish. + +If you have no fork, do not mind eating with your knife and fingers. +But, however much liberty you take, do not be rude, coarse, or uncivil: +these bad habits grow rapidly in camp if you encourage them, and are +broken off with difficulty on return. + +If there is no separate knife for the butter, cheese, and meat, nor +spoon for the gravy and soup, you can use your own by first wiping the +knife or spoon upon a piece of bread. + +Be social and agreeable to all fellow-travellers you meet. It is a +received rule now, I believe, that you are under no obligations to +consider travelling-acquaintances as permanent: so you are in duty bound +to be friendly to all thrown in your way. However, it is not fair to +thrust your company upon others, nor compel a courtesy from any one. Try +to remember too, that it is nothing wonderful to camp out or walk; and +do not expect any one to think it is. We frequently meet parties of +young folks walking through the mountains, who do great things with +their tongues, but not much with their feet. If you will refrain from +bragging, you can speak of your short marches without exciting contempt. + +Avoid as much as possible asking another member of the party to do your +work, or to wait upon you: it is surprising how easily you can make +yourself disliked by asking a few trifling favors of one who is tired +and hungry. + + +MOSQUITOES, BLACK FLIES, AND MIDGE. + +These pests will annoy you exceedingly almost everywhere in the summer. +In the daytime motion and perspiration keep them off to some extent. At +night, or when lying down, you can do no better than to cover yourself +so that they cannot reach your body, and have a mosquito-bar of some +sort over your head. The simplest thing is a square yard of +mosquito-netting thrown over the head, and tucked in well. You will need +to have your hat first thrown over the head, and your shirt-collar +turned up, to prevent the mosquitoes reaching through the mesh to your +face and neck. + +A better way than this is to make a box-shaped mosquito-bar, large +enough to stretch across the head of the bed, and cover the heads and +shoulders of all that sleep in the tent. It should be six or eight feet +long, twenty to twenty-six inches wide, and one yard or more high. It +will be more durable, but not quite so well ventilated, if the top is +made of light cloth instead of netting. The seams should be bound with +stout tape, and the sides and ends "gathered" considerably in sewing +them to the top. Even then the side that falls over the shoulders of the +sleepers may not be loose enough to fill the hollows between them; the +netting will then have to be tucked under the blanket, or have something +thrown over its lower edge. + +Sew loops or strings on the four upper corners, and corresponding loops +or strings on the tent, so that you can tie up the bar. + +Bobbinet lace is better than the common netting for all of these +purposes. It comes in pieces twelve to fourteen yards long, and two +yards wide. You cannot often find it for sale; but the large shops in +the principal cities that do a great business by correspondence can send +it to you. + +Oil of cedar and oil of pennyroyal are recommended as serviceable in +driving off mosquitoes, and there are patented compounds whose labels +pretend great things: you will try them only once, I think. + +Ammoniated opodeldoc rubbed upon the bites will in a great measure stop +the itching, and hasten the cure. + +They say that a little gunpowder flashed in the tent will drive out +flies and mosquitoes. I saw a man try it once, but noticed that he +himself went out in a great hurry, while the flies, if they went at all, +were back again before he was. + +A better thing, really the best, is a smudge made by building a small +fire to the windward of your tent, and nearly smothering it with chips, +moss, bark, or rotten wood. If you make the smudge in an old pan or pot, +you can move it about as often as the wind changes. + + +HOW TO SKIN FISH. + +When you camp by the seaside, you will catch cunners and other fish that +need skinning. Let no one persuade you to slash the back fins out with a +single stroke, as you would whittle a stick; but take a sharp knife, cut +on both sides of the fin, and then pull out the whole of it from head to +tail, and thus save the trouble that a hundred little bones will make if +left in. After cutting the skin on the under side from head to tail, and +taking out the entrails and small fins, start the skin where the head +joins the body, and pull it off one side at a time. Some men stick an +awl through a cunner's head, or catch it fast in a stout iron hook, to +hold it while skinning. + +Cunners and lobsters are sometimes caught off bold rocks in a net. You +can make one easily out of a hogshead-hoop, and twine stretched across +so as to make a three-inch mesh.[25] Tie a lot of bait securely in the +middle, sink it for a few minutes, and draw up rapidly. The rush of +water through the net prevents the fish from escaping. + + +EXPENSES. + +The expenses of camping or walking vary greatly, of course, according to +the route, manner of going, and other things. The principal items are +railroad-tickets, horse and wagon hire, trucking, land-rent (if you camp +where rent is charged), and the cost of the outfit. You ought to be able +to reckon very nearly what you will have to pay on account of these +before you spend a cent. After this will come the calculation whether to +travel at all by rail, supposing you wish to go a hundred miles to reach +the seaside where you propose to camp, or the mountains you want to +climb. If you have a horse and wagon, or are going horseback, it will +doubtless be cheaper to march than to ride and pay freight. If time is +plenty and money is scarce, you may perhaps be able to walk the +distance cheaper than to go by rail; but, if you lodge at hotels, you +will find it considerably more expensive. The question then is apt to +turn on whether the hundred miles is worth seeing, and whether it is so +thickly settled as to prevent your camping. + +To walk a hundred miles, carrying your kit all the way, will take from +one to two weeks, according to your age, strength, and the weather. We +have already stated that there is little _pleasure_ in walking more than +sixty miles a week. But if you wish to go as fast as you can, and have +taken pains to practise walking before starting, and can buy your food +in small quantities daily, and can otherwise reduce your baggage, you +can make the hundred miles in a week without difficulty, and more if it +is necessary, unless there is much bad weather. + +The expense for food will also vary according to one's will; but it need +not be heavy if you can content yourself with simple fare. You can +hardly live at a cheaper rate than the following:-- + + +ONE WEEK'S SUPPLY FOR TWO MEN. + +Ten pounds of pilot-bread; eight pounds of salt pork; one pound of +coffee (roasted and ground); one to two pounds of sugar (granulated); +thirty pounds of potatoes (half a bushel).[26] A little beef and butter, +and a few ginger-snaps, will be good investments. + +Supposing you and I were to start from home in the morning after +breakfast; when noon comes, we eat the lunch we have taken with us, and +press on. As the end of the day's march approaches, we look out to buy +two quarts of potatoes at a farmhouse or store; and we boil or fry, or +boil and mash in milk, enough of these for our supper. The breakfast +next morning is much the same. We cook potatoes in every way we know, +and eat the whole of our stock remaining, thus saving so much weight to +carry. We also soak some pilot-bread, and fry that for a dessert, eating +a little sugar on it if we can spare it. When dinner-time approaches, we +keep a lookout for a chance to buy ten or twelve cents' worth of bread +or biscuits. These are more palatable than the pilot-bread or crackers +in our haversack. If we have a potato left from breakfast, we cook and +eat it now. We cut off a slice of the corned beef, and take a nibble at +the ginger-snaps. If we think we can afford three or four cents more, we +buy a pint of milk, and make a little dip-toast. And so we go; +sometimes we catch a fish, or pass an orchard whose owner gives us all +the windfalls we want. We pick berries too; and keep a sharp lookout +that we supply ourselves in season when our pilot-bread, sugar, pork, +and butter run low. Some days we overtake farmers driving ox-carts or +wagons; we throw our kits aboard, and walk slowly along, willing to lose +a little time to save our aching shoulders. And in due time, if no +accident befalls, nor rainy weather detains us, we arrive at our +seashore or mountain. + +You may like to know that this is almost an exact history, at least as +far as eating is concerned, of a twelve days' tramp I once went on in +company with two other boys. There was about five dollars in the party, +and nearly two dollars of this was spent in paying toll on a boat that +we took through a canal a part of the way. We carried coffee, sugar, +pork, and beef from home, and ate potatoes three times a day. We had a +delightful time, and came home fattened up somewhat; but I will admit +that I did not call for potatoes when I got back to my father's table, +for some days. + +In general, however, it will be noticed that those who camp out for the +season, or go on walking-tours, do so at a moderate expense because +they start with the determination to make it cheap. For this purpose +they content themselves with old clothes, which they fit over or repair, +take cooking-utensils from their own kitchen, and, excepting in the +matter of canned foods, do not live very differently from what they do +at home. + +Nearly all the parties of boys that I have questioned spend all the +money they have, be it little or much. Generally those I have met +walking or camping seem to be impressed with the magnitude of their +operations, and to be carrying constantly with them the determination to +spend their funds sparingly enough to reach home without begging. It is +not bad practice for a young man. + +Here I wish to say a word to parents--having been a boy myself, and +being now a father. Let your boys go when summer comes; put them to +their wits; do not let them be extravagant, nor have money to pay other +men for working for them. It is far better for them to move about than +to remain in one place all the time. The last, especially if the camp is +near some place of public resort, tends to encourage idleness and +dissipation. + +When you return home again from a tour of camping, and go back to a +sedentary life, remember that you do not need to eat all that your +appetite calls for. You may make yourself sick if you go on eating such +meals as you have been digesting in camp. You are apt also upon your +return to feel as you did on the first and second days of your tour; +this is especially liable to be the case if you have overworked +yourself, or have not had enough sleep. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[23] A flannel dress, the skirt coming to the top of the boots, and +having a blouse waist, will be found most comfortable. + +[24] It is no novelty for women and children to camp out: we see them +every summer at the seaside and on the blueberry-plains. A great many +families besides live in rude cabins, which are preferable on many +accounts, but are expensive. Sickness sometimes results, but usually all +are much benefited. I know a family that numbered with its guests nine +ladies, five children ("one at the breast"), and the _paterfamilias_, +which camped several weeks through some of the best and some of the +worst of weather. The whooping-cough broke out the second or third day; +shortly after, the tent of the mother and children blew down in the +night, and turned them all out into the pelting rain in their +night-clothes. Excepting the misery of that night and day, nothing +serious came of it; and in the fall all returned home better every way +for having spent their summer in camp. + +[25] The mesh of a net is measured by pulling it diagonally as far as +possible, and finding the distance from knot to knot; consequently a +three-inch mesh will open so as to make a square of about an inch and a +half. + +[26] The field allowance in the United States army is nearly 1-1/8 +pounds of coffee and 2-1/8 pounds of sugar (damp brown) for two men +seven days; the bread and pork ration is also larger than that above +given; but the allowance of potatoes is almost nothing. + + + + +CHAPTER XI. + +DIARY. + + +By all means keep a diary: the act of writing will help you to remember +these good times, and the diary will prove the pleasantest of reading in +after-years. It is not an easy thing to write in camp or on the march, +but if it costs you an effort you will prize it all the more. I beg you +to persevere, and, if you fail, to "try, try again." I cannot overcome +the desire to tell you the results of my experience in diary-writing; +for I have tried it long, and under many different circumstances. They +are as follows:-- + +First, Any thing written at the time is far better than no record at +all; so, if you can only write a pocket diary with lead pencil, do that. + +Second, All such small diaries, scraps, letters, and every thing written +illegibly or with lead pencil, are difficult to preserve or to read, and +are very unhandy for reference. + +Third, It is great folly to persuade yourself that after taking notes +for a week or two, or writing a hurried sketch, you can extend or copy +and illuminate at your leisure. + +Consequently, write what you can, and let it stand with all its blots, +errors, and nonsense. And be careful, when you are five years older, not +to go through the diary with eraser and scissors; for, if you live still +another five years, nothing will interest you more than this diary with +all its defects. + +I find after having written many diaries of many forms, that I have now +to regret I did not at first choose some particular size, say +"letter-size," and so have had all my diaries uniform. I will never +again use "onion-skin," which is too thin, nor any odd-shaped, figured, +cheap, or colored paper. I do not like those large printed diaries which +give you just a page or half-page a day, nor a paper whose ruling shows +conspicuously. + +I like best when at home to write in a blank book; and when I go off on +a summer vacation I leave that diary safely at home, and take a +portfolio with some sheets of blank paper upon which to write the diary, +and mail them as fast as written. These answer for letters to the +friends at home, and save writing any more to them. They also, when +bound, form a diary exclusively of travels. When I return I write an +epitome in the home-diary, and thus prevent a break of dates in that +book. The paper for the diary of travels is strong, but rather thin and +white. I buy enough of it at once to make a volume, and thus have the +diary sheets uniform. + +I am quite sure that you will do well to write a diary of your summer +vacation, upon the plan just named, whether you keep one at home or not. +Try to do it well, but do not undertake too much. Write facts such as +what you saw, heard, did, and failed to do; but do not try to write +poetry or fine writing of any kind. Mention what kind of weather; but do +not attempt a meteorological record unless you have a special liking for +that science. If you camp in Jacob Sawyer's pasture, and he gives you a +quart of milk, say so, instead of "a good old man showed us a favor;" +for in after-years the memory of it will be sweeter than the milk was, +and it will puzzle you to recall the "good old man's" name and what the +favor was. If you have time, try to draw: never mind if it is a poor +picture. I have some of the strangest-looking portraits and most +surprising perspectives in my diaries written when fifteen to twenty +years old; but I would not exchange them now for one of the "old +masters." Do not neglect the narrative, however, for sake of drawing. + +I have noticed that when my paper is down in the bottom of a valise, and +the pen in a wallet, and the penholder in a coat-pocket, and portfolio +somewhere else, it is not so easy to "find time to write" as when I have +penholder, pen, and paper in the portfolio, and the portfolio and ink in +my haversack. Under these favorable conditions it is easy to snatch a +few moments from any halt; and a diary written on the spur of the moment +is a diary that will be worth reading in after-life. If it is +impossible, however, as it so often is, to write oftener than once a +day, you will do well to make a note of events as fast as they happen, +so that you shall not forget them, nor have to stop to recall them when +your time is precious. + +I have heard of diaries with side-notes on each page, and even an index +at the end of the book; but not many men, and but few boys, can do all +this; and my advice to the average boy is, not to undertake it, nor any +thing else that will use the time, patience, and perseverance, needed to +write the narrative. + +You will find it convenient for reference if you make a paragraph of +every subject. Date every day distinctly, with a much bolder handwriting +than the body of the diary; and write the date on the right margin of +the right page, and left margin of the left page, with the year at the +top of the page only. Skip a line or two instead of ruling between the +days. Thus:-- + + =1876.= + + =JANUARY 1, + SATURDAY.= + + _Pleasant and mild._ + + _Vacation ends to-day._ + + _Jo. Harding is full of going on a walk to the + White Mountains next summer, and he wants me to go + too._ + + _Made New-Year calls on Susie Smith, Mary Lyman, + Ellen Jenkins, Christie Jameson, and Martha + Buzzell._ + + =JANUARY 2, + SUNDAY.= + + _Warm again and misty._ + + _Went to church. Mr. Simpson's pup followed him + in; and it took Simpson, Jenks the sexton, and two + small boys, to put him out._ + + _Accompanied Susie Smith to the Baptist's this + evening, and went home by way of Centre Street to + avoid the crowd. Crowds are not so bad sometimes._ + + + =JANUARY 3, + MONDAY.= + + _Still mild and pleasant, but cooler._ + + _Went to school, and failed in algebra. This X + business is too much for me._ + + _Abel's shoe-factory, next to our schoolhouse, + caught fire this afternoon while we were at + recess, and Mr. Nason dismissed the school. We all + hurrahed for Nason, and went to the fire. Steamer + No. 1 put it out in less than ten minutes after + she got there._ + + _Home all the evening, studying._ + +If you are like me, you will be glad by and by if you note in your diary +of the summer vacation a few dry statistics, such as distances walked, +names of people you meet, steamers you take passage on, and, in general, +every thing that interested you at the time, even to the songs you sing; +for usually some few songs run in your head all through the tour, and +it is pleasant to recall them in after-years. + +Do not write so near the margins of the paper that the binder will cut +off the writing when he comes to trim them. + + + + +CHAPTER XII. + +"HOW TO DO IT." + + +The following advice by Rev. Edward Everett Hale is so good that I have +appropriated it. You will find more good advice in the same book.[27] + + "First, never walk before breakfast. If you like + you may make two breakfasts, and take a mile or + two between; but be sure to eat something before + you are on the road. + + "Second, do not walk much in the middle of the + day. It is dusty and hot then; and the landscape + has lost its special glory. By ten o'clock you + ought to have found some camping-ground for the + day,--a nice brook running through a grove; a + place to draw, or paint, or tell stories, or read + them or write them; a place to make waterfalls and + dams, to sail chips, or build boats; a place to + make a fire and a cup of tea for the oldsters. + Stay here till four in the afternoon, and then + push on in the two or three hours which are left + to the sleeping-place agreed upon. Four or five + hours on the road is all you want in each day. + Even resolute idlers, as it is to be hoped you all + are on such occasions, can get eight miles a day + out of that; and that is enough for a true + walking-party. Remember all along that you are not + running a race with the railway-train. If you + were, you would be beaten certainly; and the less + you think you are, the better. You are travelling + in a method of which the merit is that it is not + fast, and that you see every separate detail of + the glory of the world. What a fool you are, then, + if you tire yourself to death, merely that you may + say that you did in ten hours what the locomotive + would gladly have finished in one, if by that + effort you have lost exactly the enjoyment of + nature and society that you started for!" + +The advice to rest in the heat of the day is good for very hot weather; +young people, however, are too impatient to follow it unless there is an +apparent necessity. The feeling at twelve o'clock that you have yet to +walk as far as you have come is not so pleasant as that of knowing you +have all the afternoon for rest. For this reason nearly every one will +finish the walk as soon as possible; still Mr. Hale's plan is a good +one--the best for very hot weather. + + +STILL ANOTHER WAY TO TRAVEL. + +Mr. Hale also tells an amusing story of his desire when young to sail +down the Connecticut River; but he was dissuaded from doing so when the +chance finally came, by people who thought the road was the only place +to travel in. And now he is sorry he did not sail. + +The reading of his story brings to mind a similar experience that I had +when young, and it is now one of the keen regrets of my manhood, that I +likewise was laughed out of a boyish plan that would have given me +untold pleasure and profit had it been carried out. I loved to walk, and +I wanted to see the towns within a circuit of twenty or thirty miles of +home; but I could not afford to pay hotel-bills, and I was not strong +enough to carry a camping-outfit. But I had an old cart, strong and +large enough to hold all I should need. I could load it with the same +food that I should eat if I staid at home; could wear my old clothes, +take my oilcloth overcoat, an axe, frying-pan, pail, and a borrowed tent +and poles; and I would learn the county by heart before vacation was +over, and not cost my father a cent more than if I staid at home. Oh, +why didn't I go! Simply because I was laughed out of it. I was told that +people did not travel in that way; I should be arrested; the boys would +hoot at and stone me; the men would set their dogs on me; I should be +driven out of my camping-place; thieves would steal my seventy-five cent +cart; dogs would eat up my stock of food; and the first man who overtook +me would tell the people that a crazy boy from Portland was coming along +the road dragging a baby-wagon, whereupon every woman would leave her +kitchen, and every man his field, to see and laugh at me. But, above +all, the thing would be known in our neighborhood, and the boys and +girls would join in their abuse of the county explorer. + +That was the end of it; the being made sport of by _my own friends_, and +hearing the _small boys in our street_ sing out "How's your cart?" and +to be known all through life perhaps as "_one-horse John_"--the +punishment would be too severe. + +But, my young friends, I made a great mistake; and I want to caution you +_not_ to surrender to any such nonsense as I did. If you wish to go to +sea in a skiff, it is well to give in to a fisherman's advice to stay at +home, for he can assure you that winds and waves will be the death of +you; but if you have a good hand-wagon, and are willing to stand a few +taunts, by all means go on your walk, and pull your wagon after you. You +will learn a lesson in independence that will be of value to you, if you +learn nothing else. + +FOOTNOTES: + +[27] How to Do It. Published by Roberts Brothers, Boston. + + + + +CHAPTER XIII. + +HYGIENIC NOTES. + + [This chapter is taken in full from a work on + ornithology, written by Dr. Coues of the + Smithsonian Institution. It is the advice of an + accomplished naturalist and sportsman to his + fellow-naturalists, but is equally adapted to the + young camper. Hardly any one can write more + understandingly on the subjects here presented + than the doctor, who has had long experience with + the army, both in the field and garrison, and is + an enthusiastic student of natural history + besides. The remarks upon alcoholic stimulants are + especially recommended to the reader, coming as + they do from an army officer, and not a temperance + reformer. + + Those who wish to become familiar with the details + of bird-collecting will find a treasure in the + doctor's book, "Field Ornithology, comprising a + Manual of Instruction for procuring, preparing, + and preserving Birds; and a check list of North + American Birds. By Dr. Elliott Coues, U.S.A. + Salem: Naturalists' Agency."] + + +ACCIDENTS. + +The secret of safe _climbing_ is never to relax one hold until another +is secured; it is in spirit equally applicable to scrambling over rocks, +a particularly difficult thing to do safely with a loaded gun. Test +rotten, slippery, or otherwise suspicious holds, before trusting them. +In lifting the body up anywhere, keep the mouth shut, breathe through +the nostrils, and go slowly. + +In _swimming_ waste no strength unnecessarily in trying to stem a +current; yield partly, and land obliquely lower down; if exhausted, +float: the slightest motion of the hands will ordinarily keep the face +above water; in any event keep your wits collected. In fording deeply, a +heavy stone [in the hands, above water] will strengthen your position. + +Never sail a boat experimentally: if you are no sailor, take one with +you, or stay on land. + +In crossing a high narrow foot-path, never look lower than your feet; +the muscles will work true if not confused with faltering instructions +from a giddy brain. On soft ground see what, if any thing, has preceded +you; large hoof-marks generally mean that the way is safe: if none are +found, inquire for yourself before going on. Quicksand is the most +treacherous because far more dangerous than it looks; but I have seen a +mule's ears finally disappear in genuine mud. + +Cattle-paths, however erratic, commonly prove the surest way out of a +difficult place, whether of uncertain footing or dense undergrowth. + + +"TAKING COLD." + +This vague "household word" indicates one or more of a long varied train +of unpleasant affections nearly always traceable to one or the other of +only two causes,--_sudden change_ of temperature, and _unequal +distribution_ of temperature. No extremes of heat or cold can alone +affect this result: persons frozen to death do not "take cold" during +the process. But if a part of the body be rapidly cooled, as by +evaporation from a wet article of clothing, or by sitting in a draught +of air, the rest of the body remaining at an ordinary temperature; or if +the temperature of the whole be suddenly changed by going out into the +cold, or especially by coming into a warm room,--there is much liability +of trouble. + +There is an old saying,-- + + "When the air comes through a hole, + Say your prayers to save your soul." + +And I should think almost any one could get a "cold" with a spoonful of +water on the wrist held to a key-hole. Singular as it may seem, sudden +warming when cold is more dangerous than the reverse: every one has +noticed how soon the handkerchief is required on entering a heated room +on a cold day. Frost-bite is an extreme illustration of this. As the +Irishman said on picking himself up, it was not the fall, but stopping +so quickly, that hurt him: it is not the lowering of the temperature to +freezing point, but its subsequent elevation, that devitalizes the +tissue. This is why rubbing with snow, or bathing in cold water, is +required to restore safely a frozen part: the arrested circulation must +be very gradually re-established, or inflammation, perhaps +mortification, ensues. + +General precautions against taking cold are almost self-evident in this +light. There is ordinarily little if any danger to be apprehended from +wet clothes, so long as exercise is kept up; for the "glow" about +compensates for the extra cooling by evaporation. Nor is a complete +drenching more likely to be injurious than wetting of one part. But +never sit still wet, and in changing rub the body dry. There is a +general tendency, springing from fatigue, indolence, or indifference, to +neglect damp feet,--that is to say, to dry them by the fire; but this +process is tedious and uncertain. I would say especially, "Off with +muddy boots and sodden socks at once:" dry stockings and slippers after +a hunt may make just the difference of your being able to go out again, +or never. Take care never to check perspiration: during this process the +body is in a somewhat critical condition, and the sudden arrest of the +function may result disastrously, even fatally. One part of the business +of perspiration is to equalize bodily temperature, and it must not be +interfered with. The secret of much that is said about _bathing_ when +heated lies here. A person overheated, panting it may be, with +throbbing temples and a _dry_ skin, is in danger partly because the +natural cooling by evaporation from the skin is denied; and this +condition is sometimes not far from a "sunstroke." Under these +circumstances, a person of fairly good constitution may plunge into the +water with impunity, even with benefit. But, if the body be already +cooling by sweating, rapid abstraction of heat from the surface may +cause internal congestion, never unattended with danger. + +Drinking ice-water offers a somewhat parallel case; even on stopping to +drink at the brook, when flushed with heat, it is well to bathe the face +and hands first, and to taste the water before a full draught. It is a +well-known excellent rule, not to bathe immediately after a full meal; +because during digestion the organs concerned are comparatively engorged +and any sudden disturbance of the circulation may be disastrous. + +The imperative necessity of resisting drowsiness under extreme cold +requires no comment. + +In walking under a hot sun, the head may be sensibly protected by green +leaves or grass in the hat; they may be advantageously moistened, but +not enough to drip about the ears. Under such circumstances the +slightest giddiness, dimness of sight, or confusion of ideas, should be +taken as a warning of possible sunstroke, instantly demanding rest, and +shelter if practicable. + + +HUNGER AND FATIGUE + +are more closely related than they might seem to be: one is a sign that +the fuel is out, and the other asks for it. Extreme fatigue, indeed, +destroys appetite: this simply means temporary incapacity for digestion. +But, even far short of this, food is more easily digested and better +relished after a little preparation of the furnace. On coming home tired +it is much better to make a leisurely and reasonably nice toilet, than +to eat at once, or to lie still thinking how tired you are; after a +change and a wash you feel like a "new man," and go to the table in +capital state. Whatever dietetic irregularities a high state of +civilization may demand or render practicable, a normally healthy person +is inconvenienced almost as soon as his regular mealtime passes without +food; and few can work comfortably or profitably fasting over six or +eight hours. Eat before starting; if for a day's tramp, take a lunch; +the most frugal meal will appease if it do not satisfy hunger, and so +postpone its urgency. As a small scrap of practical wisdom, I would add, +Keep the remnants of the lunch if there be any; for you cannot always be +sure of getting in to supper. + + +STIMULATION. + +When cold, fatigued, depressed in mind, and on other occasions, you may +feel inclined to resort to artificial stimulus. Respecting this +many-sided theme I have a few words to offer--of direct bearing on the +collector's case. It should be clearly understood, in the first place, +that a stimulant confers no strength whatever: it simply calls the +powers that be into increased action, at their own expense. Seeking real +strength in stimulus is as wise as an attempt to lift yourself up by +your boot-straps. You may gather yourself to leap the ditch, and you +clear it; but no such muscular energy can be sustained: exhaustion +speedily renders further expenditure impossible. But now suppose a very +powerful mental impression be made, say the circumstance of a succession +of ditches in front, and a mad dog behind: if the stimulus of terror be +sufficiently strong, you may leap on till you drop senseless. Alcoholic +stimulus is a parallel case, and is not seldom pushed to the same +extreme. Under its influence you never can tell when you _are_ tired; +the expenditure goes on, indeed, with unnatural rapidity, only it is not +felt at the time; but the upshot is, you have all the original fatigue +to endure and to recover from, _plus_ the fatigue resulting from +over-excitation of the system. Taken as a fortification against cold, +alcohol is as unsatisfactory as a remedy for fatigue. Insensibility to +cold does not imply protection. The fact is, the exposure is greater +than before; the circulation and respiration being hurried, the waste is +greater; and, as sound fuel cannot be immediately supplied, the +temperature of the body is soon lowered. The transient warmth and glow +over the system has both cold _and_ depression to endure. There is no +use in borrowing from yourself, and fancying you are richer. + +Secondly, the value of any stimulus (except in a few exigencies of +disease or injury) is in proportion, not to the intensity, but to the +equableness and durability, of its effect. This is one reason why tea, +coffee, and articles of corresponding qualities, are preferable to +alcoholic drinks: they work so smoothly that their effect is often +unnoticed, and they "stay by" well. The friction of alcohol is +tremendous in comparison. A glass of grog may help a veteran over the +fence; but no one, young or old, can shoot all day on whiskey. + +I have had so much experience in the use of tobacco as a mild stimulant, +that I am probably no impartial judge of its merits. I will simply say, +I do not use it in the field, because it indisposes to muscular +activity, and favors reflection when observation is required; and +because temporary abstinence provokes the morbid appetite, and renders +the weed more grateful afterwards. + +Thirdly, undue excitation of any physical function is followed by a +corresponding depression, on the simple principle that action and +reaction are equal; and the balance of health turns too easily to be +wilfully disturbed. Stimulation is a draft upon vital capital, when +interest alone should suffice: it may be needed at times to bridge a +chasm; but habitual living beyond vital income infallibly entails +bankruptcy in health. The use of alcohol in health seems practically +restricted to purposes of sensuous gratification on the part of those +prepared to pay a round price for this luxury. The three golden rules +here are,--Never drink before breakfast; never drink alone; and never +drink bad liquor. Their observance may make even the abuse of alcohol +tolerable. Serious objections, for a naturalist at least, are that +science, viewed through a glass, seems distant and uncertain, while the +joys of rum are immediate and unquestionable; and that intemperance, +being an attempt to defy certain physical laws, is therefore eminently +unscientific. + + * * * * * + +Besides the above good advice by Dr. Coues, the following may prove +useful to the camper:-- + +Diarrhoea may result from overwork and gluttony combined, and from +eating indigestible or uncooked food, and from imperfect protection of +the stomach. "Remove the cause, and the effect will cease." A flannel +bandage six to twelve inches wide, worn around the stomach, is good as a +preventive and cure. + +The same causes may produce cholera morbus; symptoms, violent vomiting +and purging, faintness, and spasms in the arms and limbs. Unless +accompanied with cramp (which is not usual), nature will work its own +cure. Give warm drinks if you have them. Do not get frightened, but keep +the patient warm, and well protected from a draught of air. + +The liability to costiveness, and the remedies therefor, are noted on +p. 55 of this book. + +A very rare occurrence, but a constant dread with some people, is an +insect crawling into the ear. If you have oil, spirits of turpentine, or +alcoholic liquor at hand, fill the ear at once. If you have not these, +use coffee, tea, warm water (not too hot), or almost any liquid which is +not hurtful to the skin. + + +MARSHALL HALL'S READY METHOD IN SUFFOCATION, DROWNING, ETC. + +1st, Treat the patient _instantly on the spot_, in the _open air_, +freely exposing the face, neck, and chest to the breeze, except in +severe weather. + +2d, In order _to clear the throat_, place the patient gently on the +face, with one wrist under the forehead, that all fluid, and the tongue +itself, may fall forward, and leave the entrance into the windpipe free. + +3d, _To excite respiration_, turn the patient slightly on his side, and +apply some irritating or stimulating agent to the nostrils, as +_veratrine_, _dilute ammonia_, &c. + +4th, Make the face warm by brisk friction; then dash cold water upon it. + +5th, If not successful, lose no time; but, _to imitate respiration_, +place the patient on his face, and turn the body gently but completely +_on the side and a little beyond_, then again on the face, and so on +alternately. Repeat these movements deliberately and perseveringly, +_fifteen times only_ in a minute. (When the patient lies on the thorax, +this cavity is _compressed_ by the weight of the body, and _ex_piration +takes place. When he is turned on the side, this pressure is removed, +and _in_spiration occurs.) + +6th, When the prone position is resumed, make a uniform and efficient +pressure _along the spine_, removing the pressure immediately, before +rotation on the side. (The pressure augments the _ex_piration, the +rotation commences _in_spiration.) Continue these measures. + +7th, Rub the limbs _upward_, with _firm pressure_ and with _energy_. +(The object being to aid the return of venous blood to the heart.) + +8th, Substitute for the patient's wet clothing, if possible, such other +covering as can be instantly procured, each bystander supplying a coat +or cloak, &c. Meantime, and from time to time, _to excite inspiration_, +let the surface of the body be _slapped_ briskly with the hand. + +9th, Rub the body briskly till it is dry and warm, then dash _cold_ +water upon it, and repeat the rubbing. + +Avoid the immediate removal of the patient, as it involves a _dangerous +loss of time_; also the use of bellows or any _forcing_ instrument; also +the _warm bath_ and _all rough treatment_. + + +POISONS. + +In all cases of poisoning, the first step is to evacuate the stomach. +This should be effected by an emetic which is _quickly_ obtained, and +most powerful and speedy in its operation. Such are, powdered mustard +(a large tablespoonful in a tumblerful of warm water), powdered alum +(in half-ounce doses), sulphate of zinc (ten to thirty grains), tartar +emetic (one to two grains) combined with powdered ipecacuanha (twenty +grains), and sulphate of copper (two to five grains). When vomiting has +already taken place, copious draughts of warm water or warm mucilaginous +drinks should be given, to keep up the effect till the poisoning +substance has been thoroughly evacuated. + + +PARTING ADVICE. + +Be independent, but not impudent. See all you can, and make the most of +your time; "time is money;" and, when you grow older, you may find it +even more difficult to command time than money. + +[Illustration] + + + + +INDEX. + + + Accidents, boy run over, 34. + how to avoid, 117. + + Advice to parents, 105. + + Afoot, ways to travel, 9-24. + + Alcoholic stimulants, 55, 123. + + Ammoniated opodeldoc for bites, 99. + + Appetite, none first days, 55. + on return home, 105. + + A-tents, 75-79, 95. + too small for ladies, 95. + + + Babies in camp, 94. + + Baggage:-- + Barrel, 32. + Blanket, 16-19. + Candles and lamps, 61. + Clothing, 35-38. + Cooking utensils, 42-46. + Cover for wagon, 25. + Food, 20, 47-49. + Haversack, 18. + Knapsack, 16. + Ladies' outfits, 94. + Mattress, 63. + Overcoat, 19, 58. + Overloading, 15, 90. + Packing a wagon, 26, 32. + Poles, 60, 73. + Pork, how carried, 48. + Shirts, 19. + Stove, 39-41. + Tents, 72-80. + Tub, 91. + Wagon, 31-33. + + Baked beans, beef, and fish, 46. + + Baker, Yankee, 43. + + Barrel, on march for baggage, 32. + sunk for cellar, 48. + cut in two for tubs, 91. + + Bathing, 52, 53, 64, 120. + + Beans and pork, how baked, 46. + + Beckets for tents, 79, 81. + + Beds, 62-64. + + Black flies, protection from, 98. + + Blanket, woollen, 19, 22, 25, 94. + instead of knapsack, 16. + lining, 19. + rubber, 16, 22, 75. + + Board floor for tent, 60. + + Boat, don't sail experimentally, 118. + + Boating, general advice, 90. + + Bobbinet lace mosquito-bar, 99. + + Boots and brogans, 36, 37. + + Brush or bush houses, 69, 96. + + Bug in ear, 126. + + Bumpers for wagon-springs, 31. + + Butter, how to keep, 47. + + + Camp, 60-71. + Beds, 62-64. + Brush-houses, 69, 96. + Candles and sluts, 62. + Care of food, 47-49. + Cellar, 48. + Children, 94. + Clothes-line, 61, 64. + Cold weather, 66. + Cooking, 44, 47. + Etiquette, 96. + Expenses, 83, 101. + Fire, 46, 66-69. + Flies and mosquitoes, 98. + Hammock, 64. + Hitching-post, 64, 96. + Independence, 12, 97. + Ladies, 41, 93-95. + Lamp and lantern, 61. + Mattress, 63. + Mosquito-bar, 98. + Outfit, 10-13, 20-22. + Shelters, 69-71, 96. + Sleeping, 55, 62. + Stoves, 39-43. + Tents, 72-89. + + Camp-stoves, 39-43. + + Candles and candlesticks, 61. + + Captain for large party, 25-34. + + Care of food, 47-49. + + Cart, pulling a, 115. + + Catching fish in nets, 101. + + Cattle-paths the safest, 118. + + Cellar, sunk barrel, 48. + + Chafing the skin, 16, 52-54. + + Cheap living, 102. + + Children in camp, 94. + + Chimneys, 67, 68. + + Cholera morbus, 126. + + Cloth for tent, 82. + how to preserve, 83. + + Clothes-line in tent, 61. + on camp-ground, 64. + + Clothing, 35-38. + made early, 10. + for mountain climbing, 58. + at night, 19, 64. + + Climbing mountains, 14, 57. + with safety, 117. + + Coffee better than alcohol, 55, 124. + pot, 41, 45. + + Cold weather, what to do in, 66. + "taking cold," 118. + + Collars to shirts, 35. + + Compass points not known, 91. + + Cooking, 44-47. + utensils, 20, 42-46. + stoves, 39-41. + + Costiveness, 55. + + Cover for wagon, 25. + + Cunners, how skinned, 100. + how caught in net, 101. + + + Daily tour of duty, 26-29. + + Diary, how to keep, 107-112. + + Diarrhoea, 126. + + Dishes, 11. + to be brought on table, 97. + + Dish-cloths, 49. + + Drawers, 36. + + Drawing sketches advised, 109. + + Drinking water, 51, 121. + coffee and tea, 55, 124. + oatmeal, 52. + liquors, 55, 123. + + Driving a wagon, 32, 34. + a stake into ground, 96. + + Drowning, to revive from, 126-128. + + Dutch oven, 42. + + + Eat sparingly on return home, 105. + before walking, 113. + + Etiquette of camp, 96. + + Exercise not good after meals, 50. + + Expenses, 10, 15, 23, 26, 83. + of trips to White Mts., 34. + of a supposed trip, 101-105. + + + Farmers, how to treat, 56. + + Fatigue, 54, 56, 122. + + Fiddles of a tent, 82. + + "Fighting cut" to hair, 11. + + Fire, danger from, 68-70. + kind of to cook upon, 46. + for cold weather, 66, 69. + + First day's march, 51, 52, 55. + + Fish, how preserved, 48. + how to skin, 100. + how to catch in nets, 101. + + Fishermen's treatment of cloth, 84. + + Flies and mosquitoes, 98. + short hair no protection, 12. + mosquito-bars, 99. + + Fly for tent, 82. + + Floor for tent, 60. + + Food, 20. + care of, 47-49. + expense of, 102. + + Foot-soreness, 52-54. + (_see_ shoes), 36. + + Frying, 44-46. + + Frying-pan, tin plate, or canteen, 44. + bring it on the table, 97. + + + Getting ready, 9-13. + + Glycerine for sunburn, &c., 53. + + Guy-lines of tent, 81. + + + Hair, how cut, 11. + + Hammock, 64. + + Hand-barrow, 60. + + Harness, 30, 32. + + Hatchet, 20. + + Haversack, how made, 18. + + Hip-pantaloons, 37. + + Hitching-post, 64, 96. + + Horse and wagon for baggage, 25-34. + + Horseback tour, 90. + + Hotels to be avoided, 56, 105. + + "How to do it," 113-116. + + Hunger, none first day, 55. + and fatigue, 122. + + Hunter's camp, 69. + + Hygienic notes, 117-129. + + + Independence in camp, 12, 97. + in modes of travel, 115. + + Insect in ear, 126. + + + Knapsack, 11, 16. + the roll a substitute, 16-17. + + + Ladies need a stove, 41. + climbing mountains, 58. + as pedestrians, 93. + outfits for, 94, 95. + and children in camp, 94. + + Lamp and lantern, 61. + + Leggings for foot-travellers, 54. + + Lime-water on tent-cloth, 84. + + Liquors not needed, 55, 123. + + Lobsters caught in net, 101. + + Lost, whereabouts, and direction, 91. + + Lumbermen's way to carry pork, 48. + + Lumbermen's way to cook beans, 46. + + + Map, study before travel, 92. + + Management of party, 25-29, 33, 34. + + Marching, 50-59. + in army, 50. + first day's troubles, 51. + second day's fatigue, 54. + how fast, 23, 50, 102, 114. + hundred miles a week, 102. + "How to do it," 113, 114. + + Mark name on baggage, 10. + + Mattress, 63. + + Medicines, 55. + + Mildew, how to prevent, 83. + + Mosaic law, 65. + + Mosquitoes and flies, 11, 98. + + Mountain climbing, 14, 57. + for ladies, 58. + + Mutton tallow for chafing, &c., 53. + + + Nails in shoes, 37. + + Net, mosquito, 98. + to catch fish, 101. + + Note-book, 10, 110. + + + Oatmeal in water, 52. + + Offal to be buried, 65. + + Oil of cedar and pennyroyal, 99. + for sunburn, chafing, &c., 53. + for harness and boots, 32. + + Opodeldoc for mosquito-bites, 99. + + Outfit, 10-13, 19-22, 102. + + Overcoat not needed, 19. + needed on mountains, 58. + + Overloading, 15, 90, 102. + + + Packing a wagon, 26, 32. + away tents, 89. + + Pantaloons, 37. + in stockings, 54. + + Parents, advice to, 105. + + Perspiration, nature of, 120. + + Pillow carried by officer, 21. + + Poisons, treatment for, 128. + + Poles for tent, 60, 73, 79, 82. + how made, 86. + + Politeness, 56, 97. + + Pork and beans baked, 47. + how carried, 48. + + Postal cards as stencil-plates, 10. + + Potatoes for food, 103. + candlesticks, 61. + + Preparations, 9. + + Privies, 65. + + Public resorts to be avoided, 56, 105. + + + Racing with locomotives, 114. + + Rations, 22, 102-104. + + Recipes for cooking, 46-47. + + Reckoning lost, 91. + + Rests frequent advised, 50, 113, 114. + should not be long, 50. + at halts, 50, 56. + to prevent sunstroke, 121. + + Roll better than knapsack, 17. + + Rotten trees dangerous, 60. + + Route should be known, 9, 23, 92. + + Rubber blanket, 16, 22, 58. + for tents, 75. + boots for dew, 95. + + + Sail-boat, 90, 118. + + Salve for sunburn, chafing, &c., 53. + + Screens of bushes, 69, 96. + + Second day's march fatiguing, 54. + + Shaving the head not advised, 11. + + Shelters, 69-71, 96. + + Shelter-tent, 17, 19, 70, 72-75. + how to pitch, 70, 73-75. + how made, 72-74. + not good for ladies, 94. + illustration of, 129. + + Shirts instead of overcoat, 19. + how made, 35. + undershirts, 38. + + Shoes, 36. + slippers, 120. + + Sickness:-- + Liability to, 14, 23, 55, 106. + Remedies, 120, 121, 126. + Insect in ear, 126. + Cholera morbus, 126. + Drowning, to restore from, 126-128. + Poisons, treatment for, 128. + + Sinks, 65. + + Sketching advised, 109. + + Skinning fish, 100. + + Sleep on a hay-mow, 23. + difficult first night, 54. + for your comrades, 55. + (_see_ beds), 62. + general advice about, 63, 64. + + Slippers, 120. + + Sluts for light, 62. + + Smudge for mosquitoes, &c., 100. + + Soap for foot-soreness, &c., 53. + tents, 83. + + Socks, 37. + + Sod-cloth of tents, 78, 81. + + Soldier's weight of outfit, 15. + German, 16. + rule for drinking, 51. + trousers in socks, 54. + preventive for chafing, 54. + mattress, 63. + shelter-tents, 72. + rations, 103. + + Spade, uses of, 47, 65, 88. + + Speed proper to walk, 23, 51, 102, 114. + + Spirits not needed, 55. + + Stake, how driven, 96. + + Starvation, do not risk, 21. + + Stays to tent, 84. + + Stencil-plate of postal card, 11. + + Stimulation, nature and effects, 123. + + Stockings, best kind on march, 37. + pantaloons tucked into, 54. + take off when wet, 120. + + Stoves, &c., 11, 39-43. + portable, 39-41. + inside tent when cold, 66. + top, 42. + + Summer-houses, screens, &c., 96. + + Sunburn, 53. + + Sunstroke, 121. + + Suspenders, 38. + + Supplies for camping enumerated, 13. + + Swimming, 118. + + + Table manners in camp, 96. + + Taking cold, 118. + + Tanning tent-cloth, 84. + + Tea better than alcohol, 55, 124. + + Tents, 72-89. + best kind to use, 19, 88. + made in wagon, 25. + how to make "shelter," 72. + how to make "A," 75. + how to make "wall," 80. + how to pitch "wall," 85. + cloth for, 82. + cloth, how preserved, 83, 89. + fly, 82. + + Tent-poles, whether to carry, 20. + how made, 73, 79, 86. + hand-barrow, 60. + + Tent-pins, 20, 87. + + Thirst, 51, 52, 121. + + Tobacco, when to use, 124. + + Tools, 25. + + Training before journey, 12, 102. + + Travelling acquaintances, 97. + + Travelling afoot, 12, 14-34. + horseback, 90. + boating, 90, 118. + expenses, 15, 23, 26, 34, 102. + how fast, 23, 50, 102, 114. + with hand-cart, 115. + + Trench for offal, 65. + around tent, 84. + for fireplace, 67. + + Trousers, 37-38. + + Tub in boat, 91. + + + Ventilation, 64. + + + Wagon, general advice, 25, 31-33. + made into tent, 25. + man to walk behind, 34. + + Walking, 50-59. + how fast, 23, 50, 102, 114. + at noon, 114. + parties in White Mts., 34. + one hundred miles, 102. + eat before, 113. + + Wall-tent, how made, &c., 80. + to pitch quickly, 85. + + Warm, how to keep, 66-70. + + Water for drinking, 51. + how to carry in pails, 68. + none on mountains, 58. + + Weekly supply for two men, 102. + + Weight of outfit, 15, 21-23. + + Wet and taking cold, 120. + clothes, weight, 22. + + Whims of soldiers, 21. + + Woodman's camp, 69. + + Woollen blanket, 19, 23. + shirt, 19. + + + Yankee baker, 43. + + + + * * * * * + + + +Transcriber's Note: + + Punctuation normalized. + + Hyphenation changed to conform to majority of text. + + Capitalization corrected. + + Page 13, "usuually" changed to "usually" (tooth that usually) + + Page 90, "gripe" changed to "grip" (hold its grip so) + + Page 121, "comparativey" changed to "comparatively" + (comparatively engorged) + + Page 131, "opoldeldoc" changed to "opodeldoc" to conform to + rest of text (ammoniate opodeldoc) + + Page 132, added word "how" to conform to rest of text (how to + catch in nets) + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW TO CAMP OUT*** + + +******* This file should be named 17575.txt or 17575.zip ******* + + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: +https://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/7/5/7/17575 + + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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